International Tables for Crystallography, Volume A1: Symmetry relations between space groups [A1, 2 ed.] 9780470660799

Table of contents :
Contents
Foreword
Scope of this volume
List of symbols and abbreviations used in this volume
1.1. Historical introduction
1.2. General introduction to the subgroups of space groups
1.3. Computer checking of the subgroup data
1.4. The mathematical background of the subgroup tables
1.5. Remarks on Wyckoff positions
1.6. Relating crystal structures by group–subgroup relations
1.7. The Bilbao Crystallographic Server
2.1. Guide to the subgroup tables and graphs
2.2. Tables of maximal subgroups of the plane groups
2.3. Tables of maximal subgroups of the space groups
2.4. Graphs for translationengleiche subgroups
2.5. Graphs for klassengleiche subgroups
3.1. Guide to the tables
3.2. Tables of the relations of the Wyckoff positions
Appendix. Differences in the presentation of Parts 2 and 3
Subject index

Citation preview

INTERNATIONAL TABLES FOR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

Volume A1 SYMMETRY RELATIONS BETWEEN SPACE GROUPS

Edited by ¨ LLER H. WONDRATSCHEK AND U. MU Second Edition

Published for

THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF C RYSTALLOG RAPHY by

2010

Dedicated to Paul Niggli and Carl Hermann

In 1919, Paul Niggli (1888– 1953) published the first compilation of space groups in a form that has been the basis for all later space-group tables, in particular for the first volume of the trilingual series Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (1935), for International Tables for X-ray Crystallography Volume I (1952) and for International Tables for Crystallography Volume A (1983). The tables in his book Geometrische Kristallographie des Diskontinuums (1919) contained the lists of the Punktlagen, now known as Wyckoff positions. He was a great universal geoscientist, his work covering all fields from crystallography to petrology. Carl Hermann (1898–1961) published among his seminal works four famous articles in the series Zur systematischen Strukturtheorie I to IV in Z. Kristallogr. 68 (1928) and 69 (1929). The first article contained the background to the Hermann–Mauguin space-group symbolism. The last article was fundamental to the theory of subgroups of space groups and forms the basis of the maximalsubgroup tables in the present volume. In addition, he was the editor of the first volume of the trilingual series Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (1935) and one of the founders of n-dimensional crystallography, n > 3.

Contributing authors M. I. Aroyo: Departamento de Fı´sica de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnologı´a, Universidad del Paı´s Vasco, Apartado 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain. [Computer production of Parts 2 and 3, 1.1, 1.7, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3]

P. B. Konstantinov: Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria. [Computer production of Parts 2 and 3]

Y. Billiet‡: De´partement de Physique, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Universite´ de Bretagne Occidentale, F-29200 Brest, France. [2.1.5, 2.2, 2.3]

E. B. Kroumova: Departamento de Fı´sica de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnologı´a, Universidad del Paı´s Vasco, Apartado 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain. [Computer production of Parts 2 and 3]

C. Capillas: Departamento de Fı´sica de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnologı´a, Universidad del Paı´s Vasco, Apartado 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain. [1.7]

U. Mu¨ller: Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universita¨t, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. [Computer production of Parts 2 and 3, 1.1, 1.5, 1.6, 3, Appendix]

F. Ga¨hler: Fakulta¨t fu¨r Mathematik, Universita¨t Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany. [1.3]

G. Nebe: Lehrstuhl D fu¨r Mathematik, Rheinisch-Westfa¨lische Technische Hochschule, D-52062 Aachen, Germany. [1.4]

V. Gramlichx: Laboratorium fu¨r Kristallographie, Eidgeno¨ssische Technische Hochschule, Sonnegstrasse 5, ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092 Zu¨rich, Switzerland. [2.4, 2.5]

J. M. Perez-Mato: Departamento de Fı´sica de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnologı´a, Universidad del Paı´s Vasco, Apartado 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain. [1.7]

A. Kirov: Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, bulvd. J. Boucher 5, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria. [Computer production of Parts 2 and 3]

H.

Wondratschek: Laboratorium fu¨r Applikationen der Synchrotronstrahlung, Karlsruher Institut fu¨r Technologie (KIT), D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany. [1.1, 1.2, 1.7, 2, Appendix]

‡ Present address: 8 place des Jonquilles, F-29860 Bourg-Blanc, France. x Present address: Guggachstrasse 24, CH-8057 Zu¨rich, Switzerland.

Acknowledgments and technicians at the Institut fu¨r Kristallographie, Universita¨t Karlsruhe, around 1970. M. I. Aroyo rechecked the graphs and transformed the hand-drawn versions into computer graphics. We are grateful to Dr L. L. Boyle, University of Kent, Canterbury, England, who read, commented on and improved all parts of the text, in particular the English. We thank Professors J. M. Perez-Mato and G. Madariaga, Universidad del Paı´s Vasco, Bilbao, for many helpful discussions on the content and the presentation of the data. M. I. Aroyo would like to note that most of his contribution to this volume was made during his previous appointment in the Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Bulgaria, and he is grateful to his former colleagues, especially Drs J. N. Kotzev and M. Mikhov, for their interest and encouragement during this time. We are indebted to Dr G. Nolze, Bundesanstalt fu¨r Materialforschung, Berlin, Germany, for checking the data of Chapter 3.2 using his computer program POWDER CELL. We also thank Mrs S. Funke and Mrs H. Sippel, Universita¨t Kassel, Germany, who rechecked a large part of the relations of the Wyckoff positions in this chapter. Mrs S. E. Barnes and the rest of the staff of the International Union of Crystallography in Chester, in particular Dr N. J. Ashcroft, took care of the successful technical production of this volume. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from various organizations which helped to make this volume possible: in the early stages of the project from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Germany, and more recently from the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, Germany, the International Union for Crystallography, the Sofia University Research Fund and the Universidad del Paı´s Vasco, Bilbao.

Work on Parts 1 and 2 of this volume was spread out over a long period of time and there have been a number of colleagues and friends who have helped us in the preparation of this book. We are particularly grateful to Professor Th. Hahn, RWTH Aachen, Germany, not only for providing the initial impetus for this work but also for his constant interest and support. His constructive proposals on the arrangement and layout of the tables of Part 2 improved the presentation of the data and his stimulating comments contributed considerably to the content and the organization of Part 1, particularly Chapter 1.2. Chapter 1.1 contains a contribution by Professor Y. Billiet, Bourg-Blanc, France, concerning isomorphic subgroups. Nearly all contributors to this volume, but particularly Professors J. Neubu¨ser and W. Plesken, RWTH Aachen, and Professor M. I. Aroyo commented on Chapter 1.2, correcting the text and giving valuable advice. Section 1.2.7 was completely reworked after intensive discussions with Professor V. Janovec, University of Liberec, Czech Republic, making use of his generously offered expertise in the field of domains. We thank Professor H. Ba¨rnighausen, Universita¨t Karlsruhe, Germany, for discussions and advice on Chapter 1.6. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, J. Neubu¨ser and his team at RWTH Aachen calculated the basic lattices of non-isomorphic subgroups by computer. The results now form part of the content of the tables of Chapters 2.2 and 2.3. The team provided a great deal of computer output which was used for the composition of earlier versions of the present tables and for their checking by hand. The typing and checking of the original tables was done with great care and patience by Mrs R. Henke and many other members of the Institut fu¨r Kristallographie, Universita¨t Karlsruhe. The graphs of Chapters 2.4 and 2.5 were drawn and checked by Professor W. E. Klee, Dr R. Cruse and numerous students

vi

Contents PAGE

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

ix

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

x

Computer production of Parts 2 and 3 (P. Konstantinov, A. Kirov, E. B. Kroumova, M. I. Aroyo and U. Mu¨ller) .. .. .. .. .. ..

xi

List of symbols and abbreviations used in this volume .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

xii

Foreword (Th. Hahn)

Scope of this volume (M. I. Aroyo, U. Mu¨ller and H. Wondratschek)

PART 1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

2

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

2

1.1.2. Symmetry and crystal-structure determination .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

2

1.1. Historical introduction (M. I. Aroyo, U. Mu¨ller and H. Wondratschek) 1.1.1. The fundamental laws of crystallography

1.1.3. Development of the theory of group–subgroup relations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

3

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

4

1.2. General introduction to the subgroups of space groups (H. Wondratschek) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

7

1.2.1. General remarks .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

7

1.2.2. Mappings and matrices .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

7

1.2.3. Groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

10

1.2.4. Subgroups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

12

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

14

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

18

1.2.7. Application to domain structures .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

20

1.2.8. Lemmata on subgroups of space groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

23

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

25

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

25

1.1.4. Applications of group–subgroup relations

1.2.5. Space groups

1.2.6. Types of subgroups of space groups

1.3. Computer checking of the subgroup data (F. Ga¨hler) 1.3.1. Introduction

1.3.2. Basic capabilities of the Cryst package

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

25

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

25

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

26

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

27

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

27

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

27

1.4.3. Groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

29

1.3.3. Computing maximal subgroups 1.3.4. Description of the checks

1.4. The mathematical background of the subgroup tables (G. Nebe) 1.4.1. Introduction

1.4.2. The affine space

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

33

1.4.5. Maximal subgroups

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

35

1.4.6. Quantitative results

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

37

1.4.7. Qualitative results

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

38

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

39

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

41

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

41

1.5.2. Derivative structures and phase transitions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

41

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

42

1.6. Relating crystal structures by group–subgroup relations (U. Mu¨ller) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

44

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

44

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

44

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

44

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

46

1.6.5. Handling cell transformations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

52

1.4.4. Space groups

1.4.8. Minimal supergroups

1.5. Remarks on Wyckoff positions (U. Mu¨ller)

1.5.1. Crystallographic orbits and Wyckoff positions

1.5.3. Relations between the positions in group–subgroup relations

1.6.1. Introduction

1.6.2. The symmetry principle in crystal chemistry 1.6.3. Ba¨rnighausen trees

1.6.4. The different kinds of symmetry relations among related crystal structures

vii

CONTENTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

54

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

54

.. .. .. .. .. .. ..

57

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

57

1.6.6. Comments concerning phase transitions and twin domains 1.6.7. Exercising care in the use of group–subgroup relations

1.7. The Bilbao Crystallographic Server (M. I. Aroyo, J. M. Perez-Mato, C. Capillas and H. Wondratschek) 1.7.1. Introduction

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

57

1.7.3. Group–subgroup and group–supergroup relations between space groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

58

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

66

1.7.2. Databases and retrieval tools

1.7.4. Relations of Wyckoff positions for a group–subgroup pair of space groups

PART 2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

2.1. Guide to the subgroup tables and graphs (H. Wondratschek and M. I. Aroyo)

72

2.1.1. Contents and arrangement of the subgroup tables .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

72

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

72

2.1.3. I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups (t-subgroups) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

76

2.1.4. II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups (k-subgroups)

79

2.1.2. Structure of the subgroup tables

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

2.1.5. Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups (Y. Billiet) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

82

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

84

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

86

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

90

2.2. Tables of maximal subgroups of the plane groups (Y. Billiet, M. I. Aroyo and H. Wondratschek)

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

97

2.3. Tables of maximal subgroups of the space groups (Y. Billiet, M. I. Aroyo and H. Wondratschek)

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

115

2.4. Graphs for translationengleiche subgroups (V. Gramlich and H. Wondratschek) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

433

2.1.6. The data for minimal supergroups

2.1.7. Derivation of the minimal supergroups from the subgroup tables 2.1.8. The subgroup graphs

2.4.1. Graphs of the translationengleiche subgroups with a cubic summit

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

434

2.4.2. Graphs of the translationengleiche subgroups with a tetragonal summit

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

440

2.4.3. Graphs of the translationengleiche subgroups with a hexagonal summit

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

447

2.4.4. Graphs of the translationengleiche subgroups with an orthorhombic summit 2.5. Graphs for klassengleiche subgroups (V. Gramlich and H. Wondratschek)

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

450

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

453

2.5.1. Graphs of the klassengleiche subgroups of monoclinic and orthorhombic space groups 2.5.2. Graphs of the klassengleiche subgroups of tetragonal space groups 2.5.3. Graphs of the klassengleiche subgroups of trigonal space groups 2.5.4. Graphs of the klassengleiche subgroups of hexagonal space groups

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

454

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

457

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

460

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

461

2.5.5. Graphs of the klassengleiche subgroups of cubic space groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

462

PART 3. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE WYCKOFF POSITIONS 3.1. Guide to the tables (U. Mu¨ller) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

466

3.1.1. Arrangement of the entries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

466

3.1.2. Cell transformations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

468

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

468

3.1.4. Nonconventional settings of orthorhombic space groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

469

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

470

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

471

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

473

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

761

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

763

3.1.3. Origin shifts

3.1.5. Conjugate subgroups

3.1.6. Monoclinic and triclinic subgroups

3.2. Tables of the relations of the Wyckoff positions (U. Mu¨ller)

Appendix. Differences in the presentation of Parts 2 and 3 (U. Mu¨ller and H. Wondratschek) Subject index

viii

Foreword By Th. Hahn

subgroup types and for IIc only the subgroups of lowest index were given. All these data were presented in the form known in 1983, and this involved certain omissions and shortcomings in the presentation, e.g. no Wyckoff positions of the subgroups and no conjugacy relations were given. Meanwhile, both the theory of subgroups and its application have made considerable progress, and the present Volume A1 is intended to fill the gaps left in Volume A and present the ‘complete story’ of the sub- and supergroups of space groups in a comprehensive manner. In particular, all maximal subgroups of types I, IIa and IIb are listed individually with the appropriate transformation matrices and origin shifts, whereas for the infinitely many maximal subgroups of type IIc expressions are given which contain the complete characterization of all isomorphic subgroups for any given index. In addition, the relations of the Wyckoff positions for each group–subgroup pair of space groups are listed for the first time in the tables of Part 3 of this volume. In the second edition of Volume A1 (2010), additional aspects of group–subgroup relations are included; in particular procedures for the derivation of the minimal supergroups of the space groups are described. Now the minimal supergroups can be calculated from the data for the maximal subgroups to the full extent, with the exception of the low-symmetry (triclinic and monoclinic) space groups. Two new chapters on trees of group– subgroup relations (Ba¨rnighausen trees) and on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server bring these tools closer to the user. Volume A1 is thus a companion to Volume A, and the editors of both volumes have cooperated closely on problems of symmetry for many years. I wish Volume A1 the same acceptance and success that Volume A has enjoyed.

Symmetry and periodicity are among the most fascinating and characteristic properties of crystals by which they are distinguished from other forms of matter. On the macroscopic level, this symmetry is expressed by point groups, whereas the periodicity is described by translation groups and lattices, and the full structural symmetry of crystals is governed by space groups. The need for a rigorous treatment of space groups was recognized by crystallographers as early as 1935, when the first volume of the trilingual series Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen appeared. It was followed in 1952 by Volume I of International Tables for X-ray Crystallography and in 1983 by Volume A of International Tables for Crystallography (fifth edition 2002). As the depth of experimental and theoretical studies of crystal structures and their properties increased, particularly with regard to comparative crystal chemistry, polymorphism and phase transitions, it became apparent that not only the space group of a given crystal but also its ‘descent’ and ‘ascent’, i.e. its sub- and supergroups, are of importance and have to be derived and listed. This had already been done in a small way in the 1935 edition of Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen with the brief inclusion of the translationengleiche subgroups of the space groups (see the first volume, pp. 82, 86 and 90). The 1952 edition of International Tables for X-ray Crystallography did not contain sub- and supergroups, but in the 1983 edition of International Tables for Crystallography the full range of maximal subgroups was included (see Volume A, Section 2.2.15): translationengleiche (type I) and klassengleiche (type II), the latter subdivided into ‘decentred’ (IIa), ‘enlarged unit cell’ (IIb) and ‘isomorphic’ (IIc) subgroups. For types I and IIa, all subgroups were listed individually, whereas for IIb only the

ix

Scope of this volume By Mois I. Aroyo, Ulrich Mu¨ller and Hans Wondratschek

In this second edition all misprints and errors found up to now have been corrected and the number of illustrating examples has been increased. In addition, a few changes and extensions have been introduced to facilitate the use of the volume and to extend its range:

Group–subgroup relations between space groups, the primary subject of this volume, are an important tool in crystallographic, physical and chemical investigations of solids. These relations are complemented by the corresponding relations between the Wyckoff positions of the group–subgroup pairs. The basis for these tables was laid by the pioneering papers of Carl Hermann in the late 1920s. Some subgroup data were made available in Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (1935), together with a graph displaying the symmetry relations between the crystallographic point groups. Since then, the vast number of crystal structures determined and improvements in experimental physical methods have directed the interest of crystallographers, physicists and chemists to the problems of structure classification and of phase transitions. Methods of computational mathematics have been developed and applied to the problems of crystallographic group theory, among them to the group–subgroup relations. When the new series International Tables for Crystallography began to appear in 1983, the subgroup data that were then available were included in Volume A. However, these data were incomplete and their description was only that which was available in the late 1970s. This is still the case in the present (fifth) edition of Volume A. The subgroup data for the space groups are now complete and form the basis of this volume. After introductory chapters on group-theoretical aspects of space groups, on group–subgroup relations and on the underlying mathematical background, this volume provides the reader with:

(7) The subgroup tables, in particular those of the isomorphic subgroups, have been homogenized. (8) The data for the minimal supergroups are sufficient to derive all minimal supergroups starting from the subgroup data, with the exception of the translationengleiche supergroups of triclinic and monoclinic space groups. The procedures by which this derivation can be achieved are described in detail. The supergroup data are useful for the prediction of hightemperature phase transitions, including the search for new ferroelectric and/or ferroelastic materials, for the treatment of the problem of overlooked symmetry in structure determination and for the study of phase transitions in which a hypothetical parent phase plays an important role. (9) A new chapter is devoted to the construction of family trees connecting crystal structures (Ba¨rnighausen trees). In a Ba¨rnighausen tree the relations between the Wyckoff positions occupied in the different crystal structures are accompanied by the relations between the corresponding group–subgroup pairs of space groups. Such trees display the additional degrees of freedom for the structural parameters of the low-symmetry phases: (a) the possibility of distortions due to reduction of site symmetries; (b) chemical variations (atomic substitutions) allowed for atomic positions that have become symmetryindependent.

(1) Complete listings of all maximal non-isomorphic subgroups for each space group, not just by type but individually, including their general positions or their generators, their conjugacy relations and transformations to their conventional settings. (2) Listings of the maximal isomorphic subgroups with index 2, 3 or 4 individually in the same way as for non-isomorphic subgroups. (3) Listings of all maximal isomorphic subgroups as members of infinite series, but with the same information as for the nonisomorphic subgroups. (4) The listings of Volume A for the non-isomorphic supergroups for all space groups. (5) Two kinds of graphs for all space groups displaying their types of translationengleiche subgroups and their types of non-isomorphic klassengleiche subgroups. (6) Listings of all the Wyckoff positions for each space group with their splittings and/or site-symmetry reductions if the symmetry is reduced to that of a maximal subgroup. These data include the corresponding coordinate transformations such that the coordinates in the subgroup can be obtained directly from the coordinates in the original space group.

Ba¨rnighausen trees visualize in a compact manner the structural relations between different polymorphic modifications involved in a phase transition and enable the comparison of crystal structures and their classification into crystal-structure types. (10) A new chapter is dedicated to the Bilbao Crystallographic Server, http://www.cryst.ehu.es/. The server offers freely accessible crystallographic databases and computer programs, in particular those related to the contents of this volume. The available computer tools permit the studies of general group–subgroup relations between space groups and the corresponding Wyckoff positions. The data in this volume are indispensable for a thorough analysis of phase transitions that do not involve drastic structural changes: the group–subgroup relations indicate the possible symmetry breaks that can occur during a phase transition and are essential for determining the symmetry of the driving mechanism and the related symmetry of the resulting phase. The group– subgroup graphs describing the symmetry breaks provide information on the possible symmetry modes taking part in the transition and allow a detailed analysis of domain structures and twins.

x

Computer production of Parts 2 and 3 By Preslav Konstantinov, Asen Kirov, Eli B. Kroumova, Mois I. Aroyo and Ulrich Mu¨ller

The different types of data in the LATEX 2" files were either keyed by hand or computer-generated. The preparation of the data files of Part 2 can be summarized as follows:

The tables of this volume were produced electronically using the LATEX 2" typesetting system [Lamport (1994). A Document Preparation System. 2nd ed. Reading: Addison-Wesley], which has the following advantages:

(i) Headline, origin: hand-keyed. (ii) Generators: hand-keyed. (iii) General positions: created by a program from a set of generators. The algorithm uses the well known generating process for space groups based on their solvability property, cf. Section 8.3.5 of IT A. (iv) Maximal subgroups: hand-keyed. The data for the subgroup generators (or general-position representatives for the cases of translationengleiche subgroups and klassengleiche subgroups with ‘loss of centring translations’), for transformation matrices and for conjugacy relations between subgroups were checked by specially designed computer programs. (v) Minimal supergroups: created automatically from the data for maximal subgroups.

(1) correcting and modifying the layout and the data are easy; (2) correcting or updating these for further editions of this volume should also be simple; (3) the cost of production for the first edition and later editions should be kept low. A separate data file was created for every space group in each setting listed in the tables. These files contained only the information about the subgroups and supergroups, encoded using specially created LATEX 2" commands and macros. These macros were defined in a separate package file which essentially contained the algorithm for the layout. Keeping the formatting information separate from the content as much as possible allowed us to change the layout by redefining the macros without changing the data files. This was done several times during the production of the tables. The data files are relatively simple and only a minimal knowledge of LATEX 2" is required to create and revise them should it be necessary later. A template file was used to facilitate the initial data entry by filling blank spaces and copying pieces of text in a text editor. It was also possible to write computer programs to extract the information from the data files directly. Such programs were used for checking the data in the files that were used to typeset the volume. The data prepared for Part 2 were later converted into a more convenient, machine-readable format so that they could be used in the database of the Bilbao Crystallographic Server at http://www.cryst.ehu.es/. The final composition of all plane-group and space-group tables of maximal subgroups and minimal supergroups was done by a single computer job. References in the tables from one page to another were automatically computed. The run takes 1 to 2 minutes on a modern workstation. The result is a PostScript or pdf file which can be fed to most laser printers or other modern printing/typesetting equipment. The resulting files were also used for the preparation of the fifth edition of International Tables for Crystallography Volume A (2002) (abbreviated as IT A). Sections of the data files of Part 2 of the present volume were transferred directly to the data files for Parts 6 and 7 of IT A to provide the subgroup and supergroup information listed there. The formatting macros were rewritten to achieve the layout used in IT A.

The electronic preparation of the subgroup tables of Part 2 was carried out on various Unix- and Windows-based computers in Sofia, Bilbao, Stuttgart and Karlsruhe. The development of the computer programs and the layout macros in the package file was done in parallel by different members of the team. Th. Hahn (Aachen) contributed to the final arrangement of the data. The tables of Part 3 have a different layout, and a style file of their own was created for their production. Again, separate data files were prepared for every space group, containing only the information concerning the subgroups. The macros of the style file were developed by U. Mu¨ller, who also hand-keyed all files over the course of seven years. Most of the data of Part 2 were checked using computer programs developed by F. Ga¨hler (cf. Chapter 1.3) and A. Kirov. The relations of the Wyckoff positions (Part 3) were checked by G. Nolze (Berlin) with the aid of his computer program POWDER CELL [Nolze (1996). POWDER CELL. Computer program for the calculation of X-ray powder diagrams. Bundesanstalt fu¨r Materialforschung, Berlin]. In addition, all relations were cross-checked with the program WYCKSPLIT [Kroumova et al. (1998). J. Appl. Cryst. 31, 646; http://www. cryst.ehu.es/cryst/wpsplit.html], with the exception of the positions of high multiplicities of some cubic space groups with subgroup indices > 50, which could not be handled by the program.

xi

List of symbols and abbreviations used in this volume By Mois I. Aroyo, Ulrich Mu¨ller and Hans Wondratschek (1) Points and point space

(4) Groups

P, Q, R, X O An ; An ; Pn En ; En x; y; z; or xi x X~ x~ x~ i x0

G R H; U M M P; S; V; Z T ðGÞ; T ðRÞ A E

x0i

points origin n-dimensional affine space n-dimensional Euclidean point space point coordinates column of point coordinates image point column of coordinates of an image point coordinates of an image point column of coordinates in a new coordinate system (after basis transformation) coordinates in a new coordinate system

F I N O

(2) Vectors and vector space a, b, c; or ai r, x o a, b, c , , ; or j r ri (a)T Vn

NG ðHÞ NE ðHÞ NA ðHÞ PG ; PH SG ðXÞ; SH ðXÞ

basis vectors of the space vectors, position vectors zero vector (all coefficients zero) lattice lengths of basis vectors parameters angles between basis vectors column of vector coefficients vector coefficients row of basis vectors n-dimensional vector space

a; b ; g ; h; m; t e

2; 21 ; m; 1; . . . i or [i]

group; space group space group (Chapter 1.4) subgroups of G maximal subgroup of G (Chapter 1.4) Hermann’s group (Chapters 1.2, 1.7, 2.1) groups or sets of group elements, e.g. cosets group of all translations of G; R group of all affine mappings = affine group group of all isometries (motions) = Euclidean group factor group trivial group, consisting of the unit element e only normal subgroup group of all orthogonal mappings = orthogonal group normalizer of H in G Euclidean normalizer of H affine normalizer of H point groups of the space groups G, H site-symmetry groups of point X in the space groups G, H group elements unit element symmetry operations index of H in G

(5) Symbols used in the tables p n, n0 , n00 , n000 q, r, u, v, w a, b, c a0 , b0 , c 0 x, y, z t(1, 0, 0), t(0, 1, 0), . . .

(3) Mappings and their matrices and columns A, W (3  3) matrices T A matrix A transposed I (3  3) unit matrix Aik, Wik coefficients (A, a), (W, w) matrix–column pairs W augmented matrix x; x~ ; t augmented columns P, P transformation matrices A; I ; W mappings w column of the translation part of a mapping wi coefficients of the translation part of a mapping fundamental matrix and its coefficients G, Gik det( . . . ) determinant of a matrix tr( . . . ) trace of a matrix

prime number > 1 arbitrary positive integer numbers arbitrary integer numbers in the given range basis vectors of the space group basis vectors of the subgroup or supergroup point coordinates in the space group generating translations

(6) Abbreviations HM symbol IT A PCA k-subgroup t-subgroup

xii

Hermann–Mauguin symbol International Tables for Crystallography Volume A parent-clamping approximation klassengleiche subgroup translationengleiche subgroup

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Chapter 1.1, pp. 2–6.

1.1. Historical introduction By Mois I. Aroyo, Ulrich Mu¨ller and Hans Wondratschek

concepts of unit cell and of translation symmetry were thus introduced implicitly. The classification of the 14 underlying lattices of translations was completed by Auguste Bravais (1850). In the second half of the nineteenth century, interest turned to the derivation and classification of infinite regular systems of points or figures, in particular by Leonhard Sohncke and Evgraf Stepanovich Fedorov. Sohncke (1879), Fedorov (1891), Arthur Schoenflies (1891) and later William Barlow (1894) turned to the investigation of the underlying groups, the space groups and plane groups. The derivation and classification of these groups were completed in the early 1890s. It was a plausible hypothesis that the structures of crystals were related to combinations of regular systems of atoms (Haag, 1887) and that the symmetry of a crystal structure should be a space group, but both conjectures were speculations at that time with no experimental proof. This also applies to the atom packings described by Sohncke and Barlow, such as a model of the NaCl structure (which they did not assign to any substance).

1.1.1. The fundamental laws of crystallography The documentation concerning group-theoretical aspects of group–subgroup relations and the rising importance of these relations in three-dimensional crystallography is scattered widely in the literature. This short review, therefore, cannot be exhaustive and may even be unbalanced if the authors have missed essential sources. Not included here is the progress made in the general theory of crystallographic groups, e.g. in higher dimensions, which is connected with the names of the mathematicians and physicists Ascher, Brown, Janner, Janssen, Neubu¨ser, Plesken, Souvignier, Zassenhaus and others. This volume A1 of International Tables for Crystallography, abbreviated IT A1, is concerned with objects belonging to the ‘classical’ theory of crystallographic groups. For a long time, the objective of crystallography, as implied by the word itself, was the description of crystals which were found in nature or which grew from solutions of salts or from melts. Crystals often display more-or-less planar faces which are symmetrically equivalent or can be made so by parallel shifting of the faces along their normals such that they form a regular body. The existence of characteristic angles between crystal faces was observed by Niels Stensen in 1669. The importance of the shape of crystals and their regularity was supported by observations on the cleavage of crystals. It was in particular this regularity which attracted mineralogists, chemists, physicists and eventually mathematicians, and led to the establishment of the laws by which this regularity was governed. The law of symmetry and the law of rational indices were formulated by Rene´ Just Hau¨y around 1800. These studies were restricted to the shape of macroscopic crystals and their physical properties, because only these were accessible to measurements until the beginning of the twentieth century. Later in the nineteenth century, interest turned to ‘regular systems’ of points, for which the arrangement of points around every point is the same. These were studied by Wiener (1863) and Sohncke (1874). For such sets, there are isometric mappings of any point onto any other point which are such that they map the whole set onto itself. The primary aim was the classification and listing of such regular systems, while the groups of isometries behind these systems were of secondary importance. These regular systems were at first the sets of crystal faces, of face normals of crystal faces and of directions in crystals which are equivalent with respect to the physical properties or the symmetry of the external shape of the crystal. The listing and the classification of these finite sets was based on the law of rational indices and resulted in the derivation of the 32 crystal classes of point groups by Moritz Ludwig Frankenheim in 1826, Johann Friedrich Christian Hessel in 1830 and Axel V. Gadolin in 1867, cited by Burckhardt (1988). The list of this classification contained crystal classes that had not been observed in any crystal and included group–subgroup relations implicitly. Crystal cleavage led Hau¨y in 1784 to assume small parallelepipeds as building blocks of crystals. In 1824, Ludwig August Seeber explained certain physical properties of crystals by placing molecules at the vertices of the parallelepipeds. The Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

1.1.2. Symmetry and crystal-structure determination In 1895, Wilhelm Ro¨ntgen, then at the University of Wu¨rzburg, discovered what he called X-rays. Medical applications emerged the following year, but it was 17 years later that Max von Laue suggested at a scientific discussion in Munich that a crystal should be able to act as a diffraction grating for X-rays. Two young physicists, Walther Friedrich and Paul Knipping, successfully performed the experiment in May 1912 with a crystal of copper sulfate. In von Laue’s opinion, the experiment was so important that he later publicly donated one third of his 1914 Nobel prize to Friedrich and Knipping. The discovery immediately aroused the curiosity of father William Henry Bragg and son William Lawrence Bragg. The son’s experiments in Cambridge, initially with NaCl and KCl, led to the development of the Bragg equation and to the first crystal-structure determinations of diamond and simple inorganic materials. Since then, the determination of crystal structures has been an ever-growing enterprise. The diffraction of X-rays by crystals is partly determined by the space group and partly by the relative arrangement of the atoms, i.e. by the atomic coordinates and the lattice parameters. The presentations by Fedorov and Schoenflies of the 230 space groups were not yet appropriate for use in structure determinations with X-rays. The breakthrough came with the fundamental book of Paul Niggli (1919), who described the space groups geometrically by symmetry elements and point positions and provided the first tables of what are now called Wyckoff positions. Niggli emphasized the importance of the multiplicity and site symmetry of the positions and demonstrated with examples the meaning of the reflection conditions. Niggli’s book pointed the way. The publication of related tables by Ralph W. G. Wyckoff (1922) included diagrams of the unit cells with special positions and symmetry elements. Additional tables by Astbury & Yardley (1924) listed ‘abnormal

2

1.1. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION spacings’ for the space groups, i.e. the reflection conditions. These tables made the concepts and the data of geometric crystallography widely available and were the basis for the series Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (1935) (abbreviated as IT 35), International Tables for X-ray Crystallography, Vol. I (1952, 1965, 1969) (abbreviated as IT 52) and International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A (1983 and subsequent editions 1987, 1992, 1995, 2002, 2005) (abbreviated as IT A). Group–subgroup relations were used in the original derivation of the space groups and plane groups. However, in the first decades of crystal-structure determinations, the derivation of geometric data (atomic coordinates) was of prime importance and the group-theoretical information in the publications was small, although implicitly present. With the growing number of crystal structures determined, however, it became essential to understand the rules and laws of crystal chemistry, to classify the incomprehensible set of structures into crystal-structure types, to develop methods for ordering the structure types in a systematic way, to show relations among them and to find common underlying principles. To this end, different approaches were presented over time. By 1926, the number of crystal structures was already large enough for Viktor Moritz Goldschmidt to formulate basic principles of packing of atoms and ions in inorganic solids (Goldschmidt, 1926). Shortly afterwards, Linus Pauling (1928, 1929) formulated his famous rules about ionic radii, valence bonds, coordination polyhedra and the joining of these polyhedra. Later, Wilhelm Biltz (1934) focused attention on the volume requirements of atoms. Many other important factors determining crystal structures, such as chemical bonding, molecular shape, valenceelectron concentration, electronic band structures, crystal-orbital overlap populations and others, have been the subject of subsequent studies. Each one of these aspects can serve as an ordering principle in crystal chemistry, giving insights from a different point of view. For the aspects mentioned above, symmetry considerations are only secondary tools or even unimportant, and group–subgroup relations hardly play a role. Although symmetry is indispensable for the description of a specific crystal structure, for a long time crystal symmetry and the group–subgroup relations involved did not attract much attention as possible tools for working out the relations between crystal structures. This has even been the case for most textbooks on solid-state chemistry and physics. The lack of symmetry considerations is almost a characteristic feature of many of these books. There is a reason for this astonishing fact: the necessary group-theoretical material only became available in a useful form in 1965, namely as a listing of the maximal subgroups of all space groups by Neubu¨ser & Wondratschek. However, for another 18 years this material was only distributed among interested scientists before it was finally included in the 1983 edition of IT A. And yet, even in the printing of 2005, the listing of the subgroups in Volume A is incomplete. It is this present Volume A1 which contains the complete listing.

(I) a nomenclature of the space-group types, a predecessor of the Hermann–Mauguin nomenclature; (II) a method for the derivation of the 230 space-group types which is related to the nomenclature in (I); (III) the derivation of the 75 types of rod groups and the 80 types of layer groups; and (IV) the subgroups of space groups. In paper (IV), Hermann introduced two distinct kinds of subgroups. The translationengleiche subgroups of a space group G have retained all translations of G but belong to a crystal class of lower symmetry than the crystal class of G (Hermann used the term zellengleiche instead of translationengleiche, see footnote 10 in Section 1.2.6). The klassengleiche subgroups are those which belong to the same crystal class as G, but have lost translations compared with G. General subgroups are those which have lost translations as well as crystal-class symmetry. Hermann proved the theorem, later called Hermann’s theorem, that any general subgroup is a klassengleiche subgroup of a uniquely determined translationengleiche subgroup M of G. In particular, this implies that a maximal subgroup of G is either a translationengleiche subgroup or a klassengleiche subgroup of G. Because of the strong relation (homomorphism) between a space group G and its point group P G, the set of translationengleiche subgroups of G is in a one-to-one correspondence with the set of subgroups of the point group P G. The crystallographic point groups are groups of maximal order 48 with well known group–subgroup relations and with not more than 96 subgroups. Thus, the maximal translationengleiche subgroups of any space group G can be obtained easily by comparison with the subgroups of its point group P G. The kind of derivation of the space-group types by H. Heesch (1930) also gives access to translationengleiche subgroups. In IT 35, the types of the translationengleiche subgroups were listed for each space group [for a list of corrections to these data, see Ascher et al. (1969)]. A graph of the group–subgroup relations between the crystallographic point groups can also be found in IT 35; the corresponding graphs for the space groups were published by Ascher (1968). In these lists and graphs the subgroups are given only by their types, not individually. The group–subgroup relations between the space groups were first applied in Volume 1 of Strukturbericht (1931). In this volume, a crystal structure is described by the coordinates of the atoms, but the space-group symmetry is stated not only for spherical particles but also for molecules or ions with lower symmetry. Such particles may reduce the site symmetry and with it the space-group symmetry to that of a subgroup. In addition, the symmetry reduction that occurs if the particles are combined into larger structural units is stated. The listing of these detailed data was discontinued both in the later volumes of Strukturbericht and in the series Structure Reports. Meanwhile, experience had shown that there is no point in assuming a lower symmetry of the crystal structure if the geometrical arrangement of the centres of the particles does not indicate it. With time, not only the classification of the crystal structures but also a growing number of investigations of (continuous) phase transitions increased the demand for data on subgroups of space groups. Therefore, when the Executive Committee of the International Union of Crystallography decided to publish a new series of International Tables for Crystallography, an extension of the subgroup data was planned. Stimulated and strongly supported by the mathematician J. Neubu¨ser, the systematic derivation of the subgroups of the plane groups and the space groups

1.1.3. Development of the theory of group–subgroup relations The systematic survey of group–subgroup relations of space groups started with the fundamental publication by Carl Hermann (1929). This paper is the last in a series of four publications, dealing with

3

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS began. The listing was restricted to the maximal subgroups of each space group, because any subgroup of a space group can be obtained by a chain of maximal subgroups. The derivation by Neubu¨ser & Wondratschek started in 1965 with the translationengleiche subgroups of the space groups, because the complete set of these (maximally 96) subgroups could be calculated by computer. All klassengleiche subgroups of indices 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9 were also obtained by computer. As the index of a maximal non-isomorphic subgroup of a space group is restricted to 2, 3 or 4, all maximal non-isomorphic subgroups of all space groups were contained in the computer outputs. First results and their application to relations between crystal structures are found in Neubu¨ser & Wondratschek (1966). In the early tables, the subgroups were only listed by their types. For International Tables, an extended list of maximal non-isomorphic subgroups was prepared. For each space group the maximal translationengleiche subgroups and those maximal klassengleiche subgroups for which the reduction of the translations could be described as ‘loss of centring translations’ of a centred lattice are listed individually. For the other maximal klassengleiche subgroups, i.e. those for which the conventional unit cell of the subgroup is larger than that of the original space group, the description by type was retained, because the individual subgroups of this kind were not completely known in 1983. The deficiency of such a description becomes clear if one realizes that a listed subgroup type may represent 1, 2, 3, 4 or even 8 individual subgroups. In the present Volume A1, all maximal non-isomorphic subgroups are listed individually, in Chapter 2.2 for the plane groups and in Chapters 2.3 and 3.2 for the space groups. In addition, graphs for the translationengleiche subgroups (Chapter 2.4) and for the klassengleiche subgroups (Chapter 2.5) supplement the tables. After several rounds of checking by hand and after comparison with other listings, e.g. those by H. Zimmermann (unpublished) or by Neubu¨ser and Eick (unpublished), intensive computer checking of the hand-typed data was carried out by F. Ga¨hler as described in Chapter 1.3. The mathematician G. Nebe describes general viewpoints and new results in the theory of subgroups and supergroups of space groups in Chapter 1.4. The maximal isomorphic subgroups are a special subset of the maximal klassengleiche subgroups. Maximal isomorphic subgroups are treated separately because each space group G has an infinite number of maximal isomorphic subgroups and, in contrast to non-isomorphic subgroups, there is no limit for the index of a maximal isomorphic subgroup of G. An isomorphic subgroup of a space group seems to have first been described in a crystal–chemical relation when the crystal structure of Sb2ZnO6 (structure type of tapiolite, Ta2FeO6) was determined by Bystro¨m et al. (1941): ‘If no distinction is drawn between zinc and antimony, this structure appears as three cassiterite-like units stacked end-on-end’ (Wyckoff, 1965). The space group of Sb2ZnO6 is a maximal isomorphic subgroup of index 3 with c0 ¼ 3c of the space group P42 =mnm, No. 136, of cassiterite SnO2 (rutile type, TiO2). The first systematic study attempting to enumerate all isomorphic subgroups (not just maximal ones) for each space-group type was by Billiet (1973). However, the listing was incomplete and, moreover, in the case of enantiomorphic pairs of spacegroup types, only those with the same space-group symbol (called isosymbolic subgroups) were taken into account. Sayari (1976) derived the conventional bases for all maximal isomorphic subgroups of all plane groups. The general laws of

number theory which underlie these results for plane-group types p4, p3 and p6 and space-group types derived from point groups 4, 4, 4=m, 3, 3, 6, 6 and 6=m were published by Mu¨ller & Brelle (1995). Bertaut & Billiet (1979) suggested a new analytical approach for the derivation of all isomorphic subgroups of space and plane groups. Because of the infinite number of maximal isomorphic subgroups, only a few representatives of lowest index are listed in IT A with their lattice relations but without origin specification, cf. IT A (2005), Section 2.2.15.2. Part 13 of IT A (Billiet & Bertaut, 2005) is fully devoted to isomorphic subgroups, cf. also Billiet (1980) and Billiet & Sayari (1984). In this volume, all maximal isomorphic subgroups are listed as members of infinite series, where each individual subgroup is specified by its index, its generators, its basis and the coordinates of its conventional origin as parameters. The relations between a space group and its subgroups become more transparent if they are considered in connection with their normalizers in the affine group A and the Euclidean group E (Koch, 1984). Even the corresponding normalizers of Hermann’s group M play a role in these relations, cf. Wondratschek & Aroyo (2001). In addition to subgroup data, supergroup data are listed in IT A. If H is a maximal subgroup of G, then G is a minimal supergroup of H. In IT A, the type of a space group G is listed as a minimal non-isomorphic supergroup of H if H is listed as a maximal non-isomorphic subgroup of G. Thus, for each space group H one can find in the tables the types of those groups G for which H is listed as a maximal subgroup. The supergroup data of IT A1 are listed also not individually but in such a way that most supergroups may be obtained by inversion from the subgroup data. The procedure is described in Sections 2.1.6 and 2.1.7. 1.1.4. Applications of group–subgroup relations Phase transitions. In 1937, Landau introduced the idea of the order parameter for the description of second-order phase transitions (Landau, 1937). Landau theory has turned out to be very useful in the understanding of phase transitions and related phenomena. A second-order transition can only occur if there is a group–subgroup relation between the space groups of the two crystal structures. Often only the space group of one phase is known (usually the high-temperature phase) and subgroup relations help to eliminate many groups as candidates for the unknown space group of the other phase. Landau & Lifshitz (1980) examined the importance of group–subgroup relations further and formulated two theorems regarding the index of the group–subgroup pair. The significance of the subgroup data in second-order phase transitions was also pointed out by Ascher (1966, 1967), who formulated the maximal-subgroup rule: ‘The symmetry group of a phase that arises in a ferroelectric transition is a maximal polar subgroup of the group of the high-temperature phase.’ There are analogous applications of the maximalsubgroup rule (with appropriate modifications) to other types of continuous transitions. The group-theoretical aspects of Landau theory have been worked out in great detail with major contributions by Birman (1966a,b), Cracknell (1975), Stokes & Hatch (1988), Tole´dano & Tole´dano (1987) and many others. For example, Landau theory gives additional criteria based on thermodynamic arguments for second-order phase transitions. The general statements are reformulated into group-theoretical rules which permit a phasetransition analysis without the tedious algebraic treatment

4

1.1. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION oped by Ba¨rnighausen (1980). The work became more widely known through a number of courses taught in Germany, France and Italy from 1976 to 2008. For a script of the 1992 course, see Chapuis (1992). The script of the 2008 course is available at http:// www.crystallography.fr/mathcryst/gargnano2008.htm. The basic ideas can also be found in the textbook by Mu¨ller (2006). For a review see Mu¨ller (2004). Details are presented in Chapter 1.6. Prediction of crystal structures. Ba¨rnighausen trees (see Chapter 1.6) may even include structures as yet unknown, i.e. the symmetry relations can also serve to predict new structure types that are derived from the aristotype, cf. Section 1.6.4.7. In addition, the number of such structure types can be calculated for each space group of the tree. Setting up a Ba¨rnighausen tree not only requires one to find the group–subgroup relations between the space groups involved. It also requires there to be an immediate correspondence between the atomic positions of the crystal structures considered. For a given structure, each atomic position belongs to a certain Wyckoff position of the space group. Upon transition to a subgroup, the Wyckoff position will or will not split into different Wyckoff positions of the subgroup. With the growing number of applications of group–subgroup relations there had been an increasing demand for a list of the relations of the Wyckoff positions for every group–subgroup pair. These listings are accordingly presented in Part 3 of this volume.

involving high-order polynomials. The necessity of having complete subgroup data for the space groups for the successful implementation of these rules was stated by Deonarine & Birman (1983): ‘ . . . there is a need for tables yielding for each of the 230 three-dimensional space groups a complete lattice of decomposition of all its subgroups.’ The group–subgroup relations between space groups are fundamental for the so-called symmetry-mode analysis of phase transitions that allows the determination of the contributions of the primary and secondary order parameters to the structural distortion characterizing the transition (Aroyo & Perez-Mato, 1998). In treating successive phase transitions within Landau theory, Levanyuk & Sannikov (1971) introduced the idea of a hypothetical parent phase whose symmetry group is a supergroup of the observed (initial) space group. Moreover, the detection of pseudosymmetries is necessary for the prediction of highertemperature phase transitions, cf. Kroumova et al. (2002) and references therein. In a number of cases, transitions between two phases with no group–subgroup relations between their space groups have been analysed using common subgroups. For examples, see Sections 1.6.4.5 and 1.7.3.1.5. Domain structures and twinning. Domain-structure analysis (Janovec & Prˇı´vratska´, 2003; Janovec et al., 2003) is another aspect of phase-transition problems where group–subgroup relations between space groups play an essential role. The mutual orientations of twin domains resulting from phase transitions involving a group–subgroup relation can be derived. This is also an aid in the crystal-structure determination of twinned crystals. Domain structures are considered in Sections 1.2.7 and 1.6.6. Topotactic reactions. Bernal (1938) observed that in the solidstate reaction MnðOHÞ2 ! MnOOH ! MnO2 the starting and the product crystal had the same orientation. Chemical reactions in the solid state are now called topotactic reactions if the crystal orientations of the reactant and the product(s) are related (Giovanoli & Leuenberger, 1969; Lotgering, 1959). Frequently, like in the case of phase transitions, the space groups of the reactant and the product(s) are connected by a group–subgroup relation which allows one to explain the domain structure of the product crystals. cf. Sections 1.6.2 and 1.6.6. Overlooked symmetry. Since powerful diffractometers and computer programs for crystal-structure determination have become widespread and easy to handle, the number of crystalstructure determinations with a wrongly assigned space group has been increasing (Baur & Kassner, 1992; Clemente, 2005; Marsh et al., 2002; Marsh & Clemente, 2007). Frequently, space groups with too low a symmetry have been chosen. In most cases, the correct space group is a supergroup of the space group that has been assigned. A criterion for the correct assignment of the space group is given by Fischer & Koch (1983). Computer packages for treating the problem can be made more efficient if the possible supergroups are known. Twinning can also lead to a wrong space-group assignment if it is not recognized, as a twinned crystal can feign a higher or lower symmetry. The true space group of the correct structure is usually a supergroup or subgroup of the space group that has been assumed (Nespolo & Ferraris, 2004). Solution of the phase problem. Group–subgroup relations can be of help in solving the phase problem in the crystal-structure determination of proteins (Di Costanzo et al., 2003). Relations between crystal structures. Working out relations between different crystal structures with the aid of crystallographic group–subgroup relations was systematically devel-

References Aroyo, M. I. & Perez-Mato, J. M. (1998). Symmetry-mode analysis of displacive phase transitions using International Tables for Crystallography. Acta Cryst. A54, 19–30. Ascher, E. (1966). Role of particular maximal subgroups in continuous phase transitions. Phys. Lett. 20, 352–354. Ascher, E. (1967). Symmetry changes in continuous transitions. A simplified theory applied to V3 Si. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1, 69–72. Ascher, E. (1968). Lattices of Equi-translation Subgroups of the Space Groups. Geneva: Battelle Institute. Ascher, E., Gramlich, V. & Wondratschek, H. (1969). Corrections to the sections ‘Untergruppen’ of the space groups in Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (1935) Vol. I. Acta Cryst. B25, 2154–2156. Astbury, W. T. & Yardley, K. (1924). Tabulated data for the examination of the 230 space-groups by homogeneous X-rays. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 224, 221–257. ¨ ber die geometrischen Eigenschaften homogener Barlow, W. (1894). U starrer Strukturen. Z. Kristallogr. Mineral. 23, 1–63. Ba¨rnighausen, H. (1980). Group–subgroup relations between space groups: a useful tool in crystal chemistry. MATCH Commun. Math. Chem. 9, 139–175. Baur, W. H. & Kassner, D. (1992). The perils of Cc: comparing the frequencies of falsely assigned space groups with their general population. Acta Cryst. B48, 356–369. Bernal, J. D. (1938). Conduction in solids and diffusion and chemical change in solids. Geometrical factors in reactions involving solids. Trans. Faraday Soc. 34, 834–839. Bertaut, E. F. & Billiet, Y. (1979). On equivalent subgroups and supergroups of the space groups. Acta Cryst. A35, 733–745. Billiet, Y. (1973). Les sous-groupes isosymboliques des groupes spatiaux. Bull. Soc. Fr. Mine´ral. Cristallogr. 96, 327–334. Billiet, Y. (1980). The subgroups of finite index of the space groups: determination via conventional coordinate systems. MATCH Commun. Math. Chem. 9, 127–190. Billiet, Y. & Bertaut, E. F. (2005). Isomorphic subgroups of space groups. International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A, Space-Group Symmetry, edited by Th. Hahn, Part 13. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Billiet, Y. & Sayari, A. (1984). Les sous-groupes isomorphes d’un group d’espace de type p4. I. De´termination univoque. Acta Cryst. A40, 624– 631. Biltz, W. (1934). Raumchemie der festen Stoffe. Leipzig: L. Voss.

5

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS search. Results for materials with Pba2 and Pmc21 symmetry. Acta Cryst. B58, 921–933. Landau, L. D. (1937). Theory of phase transitions. Zh. Eksp. Teoret. Fiz. 7, pp. 19–32, 627–636. (In Russian.) (German: Phys. Z. Sowjetunion, 11, pp. 20–47, 545–555.) Landau, L. D. & Lifshitz, E. M. (1980). Statistical Physics, Part 1, 3rd ed., pp. 459–471. London: Pergamon. (Russian: Statisticheskaya Fizika, chast 1. Moskva: Nauka, 1976; German: Lehrbuch der theoretischen Physik, 6. Aufl., Bd. 5, Teil 1, S. 436–447. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1984). Levanyuk, A. P. & Sannikov, D. G. (1971). Phenomenological theory of dielectric anomalies in ferroelectric materials with several phase transitions at temperatures close together. Sov. Phys. JETP, 11, 600– 604. Lotgering, F. K. (1959). Topotactical reactions with ferrimagnetic oxides having hexagonal crystal structures – I. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 9, 113– 123. Marsh, R. E. & Clemente, D. A. (2007). A survey of crystal structures published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. Inorg. Chim. Acta, 360, 4017–4024. Marsh, R. E., Kapon, M., Hu, S. & Herbstein, F. H. (2002). Some 60 new space-group corrections. Acta Cryst. B58, 62–77. Mu¨ller, U. (2004). Kristallographische Gruppe–Untergruppe-Beziehungen und ihre Anwendung in der Kristallchemie. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 630, 1519–1537. Mu¨ller, U. (2006). Inorganic Structural Chemistry, 2nd ed., pp. 212–225. Chichester: Wiley. (German: Anorganische Strukturchemie, 6. Aufl., 2008, S. 308–327. Wiesbaden: Teubner.) ¨ ber isomorphe Untergruppen von Mu¨ller, U. & Brelle, A. (1995). U
4=m, 3, 3,
6, 6
und 6=m. Acta Raumgruppen der Kristallklassen 4, 4, Cryst. A51, 300–304. Nespolo, M. & Ferraris, G. (2004). Applied geminography – symmetry analysis of twinned crystals and definition of twinning by reticular polyholohedry. Acta Cryst. A60, 89–95. Neubu¨ser, J. & Wondratschek, H. (1966). Untergruppen der Raumgruppen. Krist. Tech. 1, 529–543. Niggli, P. (1919). Geometrische Kristallographie des Diskontinuums. Leipzig: Gebru¨der Borntraeger. Reprint (1973) Wiesbaden: Dr M. Saendig. Pauling, L. (1928). The coordination theory of the structure of ionic compounds. Probleme der modernen Physik (Sommerfeld-Festschrift), p. 11. Leipzig: S. Hirzel. Pauling, L. (1929). The principles determining the structures of complex ionic crystals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 51, 1010–1026. Sayari, A. (1976). Contribution a` l’e´tude des groupes d’espace bidimensionnels, de´rivation des sous-groupes et des surstructures. Thesis, University of Tunis, Tunisia. Schoenflies, A. M. (1891). Krystallsysteme und Krystallstruktur. Leipzig: Teubner. Reprint (1984): Springer. Sohncke, L. (1874). Die regelma¨ssigen ebenen Punktsysteme von unbegrenzter Ausdehnung. J. Reine Angew. Math. 77, 47–101. Sohncke, L. (1879). Entwickelung einer Theorie der Krystallstruktur. Leipzig: Teubner. Stokes, H. T. & Hatch, D. M. (1988). Isotropy Subgroups of the 230 Crystallographic Space Groups. Singapore: World Scientific. Strukturbericht 1913–1928 (1931). Edited by P. P. Ewald & C. Hermann. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft. Continued by Structure Reports. Tole´dano, J.-C. & Tole´dano, P. (1987). The Landau Theory of Phase Transitions. Singapore: World Scientific. Wiener, C. (1863). Grundzu¨ge der Weltordnung. I. Atomlehre, p. 82. Leipzig, Heidelberg: Wintersche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Wondratschek, H. & Aroyo, M. I. (2001). The application of Hermann’s group M in group–subgroup relations between space groups. Acta Cryst. A57, 311–320. Wyckoff, R. W. G. (1922). The Analytical Expression of the Results of the Theory of Space Groups. Washington: Carnegie Institution. Wyckoff, R. W. G. (1965). Crystal Structures, 2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 361–362. New York: Interscience.

Birman, J. L. (1966a). Full group and subgroup methods in crystal physics. Phys. Rev. 150, 771–782. Birman, J. L. (1966b). Simplified theory of symmetry change in second– order phase transitions: application to V3 Si. Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 1216– 1219. Bravais, A. (1850). Me´moire sur les syste`mes forme´s par les points distribue´s re´gulie`rement sur un plan ou dans l’espace. J. Ecole Polytech. 19, 1–128. (English: Memoir 1, Crystallographic Society of America, 1949.) Burckhardt, J. J. (1988). Die Symmetrie der Kristalle. Basel: Birkha¨user. Bystro¨m, A., Ho¨k, B. & Mason, B. (1941). The crystal structure of zinc metaantimonate and similar compounds. Ark. Kemi Mineral. Geol. 15B, 1–8. Chapuis, G. C. (1992). Symmetry relationships between crystal structures and their practical applications. Modern Perspectives in Inorganic Chemistry, edited by E. Parthe´, pp. 1–16. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Clemente, D. A. (2005). A survey of the 8466 structures reported in Inorganica Chimica Acta: 52 space group changes and their consequences. Inorg. Chim. Acta, 358, 1725–1748. Cracknell, A. P. (1975). Group Theory in Solid State Physics. New York: Taylor and Francis Ltd/Pergamon. Deonarine, S. & Birman, J. L. (1983). Group–subgroup phase transitions, Hermann’s space group decomposition theorem, and chain subduction criterion in crystals. Phys. Rev. B, 27, 4261–4273. Di Costanzo, L., Forneris, F., Geremia, S. & Randaccio, L. (2003). Phasing protein structures using the group–subgroup relation. Acta Cryst. D59, 1435–1439. Fedorov, E. (1891). Symmetry of regular systems and figures. Zap. Mineral. Obshch. (2), 28, 1–46. (In Russian.) (English: Symmetry of Crystals, American Crystallographic Association, 1971.) Fischer, W. & Koch, E. (1983). On the equivalence of point configurations due to Euclidean normalizers (Cheshire groups) of space groups. Acta Cryst. A39, 907–915. ¨ ber die Oxidation von Giovanoli, D. & Leuenberger, U. (1969). U Manganoxidhydroxid. Helv. Chim. Acta, 52, 2333–2347. Goldschmidt, V. M. (1926). Untersuchungen u¨ber den Bau und Eigenschaften von Krystallen. Skr. Nor. Vidensk. Akad. Oslo Mat.Nat. Kl. 1926 No. 2 and 1927 No. 8. Haag, F. (1887). Die regula¨ren Krystallko¨rper. Programm des Ko¨niglichen Gymnasiums in Rottweil zum Schlusse des Schuljahres 1886–1887. Heesch, H. (1930). Zur systematischen Strukturtheorie. II. Z. Kristallogr. 72, 177–201. Hermann, C. (1929). Zur systematischen Strukturtheorie. IV. Untergruppen. Z. Kristallogr. 69, 533–555. International Tables for Crystallography (1983). Vol. A, Space-Group Symmetry, edited by Th. Hahn, 1st ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. International Tables for Crystallography (2005). Vol. A, Space-Group Symmetry, edited by Th. Hahn, 5th ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1952, 1965, 1969). Vol. I, Symmetry Groups, edited by N. F. M. Henry & K. Lonsdale. Birmingham: Kynoch Press. Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (1935). 1. Bd. Edited by C. Hermann. Berlin: Borntraeger. (In German, English and French.) Janovec, V., Hahn, Th. & Klapper, H. (2003). Twinning and domain structures. International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. D, edited by A. Authier, Physical Properties of Crystals, ch. 3.2. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Janovec, V. & Prˇı´vratska´, J. (2003). Domain structures. International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. D, edited by A. Authier, Physical Properties of Crystals, ch. 3.4. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Koch, E. (1984). The implications of normalizers on group–subgroup relations between space groups. Acta Cryst. A40, 593–600. Kroumova, E., Aroyo, M. I. & Pe´rez-Mato, J. M. (2002). Prediction of new displacive ferroelectrics through systematic pseudosymmetry

6

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Chapter 1.2, pp. 7–24.

1.2. General introduction to the subgroups of space groups By Hans Wondratschek

1.2.1. General remarks

applies to isometries. Affine mappings are important for the classification of crystallographic symmetries, cf. Section 1.2.5.2.

The performance of simple vector and matrix calculations, as well as elementary operations with groups, are nowadays common practice in crystallography, especially since computers and suitable programs have become widely available. The authors of this volume therefore assume that the reader has at least some practical experience with matrices and groups and their crystallographic applications. The explanations and definitions of the basic terms of linear algebra and group theory in these first sections of this introduction are accordingly short. Rather than replace an elementary textbook, these first sections aim to acquaint the reader with the method of presentation and the terminology that the authors have chosen for the tables and graphs of this volume. The concepts of groups, their subgroups, isomorphism, coset decomposition and conjugacy are considered to be essential for the use of the tables and for their practical application to crystal structures; for a deeper understanding the concept of normalizers is also necessary. Frequently, however, an ‘intuitive feeling’ obtained by practical experience may replace a full comprehension of the mathematical meaning. From Section 1.2.6 onwards, the presentation will be more detailed because the subjects are more specialized (but mostly not more difficult) and are seldom found in textbooks.

Definition 1.2.2.1.2. A mapping is called a symmetry operation of an object if (1) it is an isometry, (2) it maps the object onto itself.

Instead of ‘maps the object onto itself’, one frequently says ‘leaves the object invariant (as a whole)’. This does not mean that each point of the object is mapped onto itself; rather, the object is mapped in such a way that an observer cannot distinguish the states of the object before and after the mapping. Definition 1.2.2.1.3. A symmetry operation of a crystal pattern is & called a crystallographic symmetry operation. The symmetry operations of a macroscopic crystal are also crystallographic symmetry operations, but they belong to another kind of mapping which will be discussed in Section 1.2.5.4. There are different types of isometries which may be crystallographic symmetry operations. These types are described and discussed in many textbooks of crystallography and in mathematical, physical and chemical textbooks. They are listed here without further treatment. Fixed points are very important for the characterization of isometries.

1.2.2. Mappings and matrices 1.2.2.1. Crystallographic symmetry operations

Definition 1.2.2.1.4. A point P is a fixed point of a mapping if it is mapped onto itself, i.e. the image point P~ is the same as the & original point P: P~ ¼ P.

A crystal is a finite block of an infinite periodic array of atoms in physical space. The infinite periodic array is called the crystal pattern. The finite block is called the macroscopic crystal.1 Periodicity implies that there are translations which map the crystal pattern onto itself. Geometric mappings have the property that for each point P of the space, and thus of the object, there is a ~ the image point. The mapping is uniquely determined point P, reversible if each image point P~ is the image of one point P only. Translations belong to a special category of mappings which leave all distances in the space invariant (and thus within an object and between objects in the space). Furthermore, a mapping of an object onto itself (German: Deckoperation) is the basis of the concept of geometric symmetry. This is expressed by the following two definitions.

The set of all fixed points of an isometry may be the whole space, a plane in the space, a straight line, a point, or the set may be empty (no fixed point). The following kinds of isometries exist: (1) The identity operation, which maps each point of the space onto itself. It is a symmetry operation of every object and, although trivial, is indispensable for the group properties which are discussed in Section 1.2.3. (2) A translation t which shifts every object. A translation is characterized by its translation vector t and has no fixed point: if x is the column of coordinates of a point P, then the coordinates x~ of the image point P~ are x~ ¼ x þ t. If a translation is a symmetry operation of an object, the object extends infinitely in the directions of t and
t. A translation preserves the ‘handedness’ of an object, e.g. it maps any righthand glove onto a right-hand one and any left-hand glove onto a left-hand one. (3) A rotation is an isometry that leaves one line fixed pointwise. This line is called the rotation axis. The degree of rotation about this axis is described by its rotation angle ’. In particular, a rotation is called an N-fold rotation if the rotation angle is ’ ¼ k  360 =N, where k and N are relatively prime integers. A rotation preserves the ‘handedness’ of any object. (4) A screw rotation is a rotation coupled with a translation parallel to the rotation axis. The rotation axis is now called

Definition 1.2.2.1.1. A mapping is called a motion, a rigid motion or an isometry if it leaves all distances invariant (and thus all angles, as well as the size and shape of an object). In this volume & the term ‘isometry’ is used. An isometry is a special kind of affine mapping. In an affine mapping, parallel lines are mapped onto parallel lines; lengths and angles may be distorted but quotients of lengths on the same line are preserved. In Section 1.2.2.3, the description of affine mappings is discussed, because this type of description also 1 A real single crystal is still different from a macroscopic crystal. There are dislocations, point defects like vacancies, interstitial atoms or replacements of atoms, and the atoms are never at rest but vibrate. Therefore, the macroscopic crystal is a more-or-less strongly idealized model of the real crystal.

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

&

7

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

the screw axis. The translation vector is called the screw vector. A screw rotation has no fixed points. The screw axis is invariant as a whole under the screw rotation but not pointwise. An N-fold rotoinversion is an N-fold rotation coupled with inversion through a point on the rotation axis. This point is called the centre of the rotoinversion. For N 6¼ 2 it is the only fixed point. The axis of the rotation is invariant as a whole under the rotoinversion and is called its rotoinversion axis. A rotoinversion changes the handedness by its inversion component: it maps any right-hand glove onto a left-hand one and vice versa. Performed twice it results in a rotation. Special rotoinversions are those for N ¼ 1 and N ¼ 2, which are dealt with separately. The inversion can be considered as a onefold rotoinversion (N ¼ 1). The fixed point is called the inversion centre or the centre of symmetry. A twofold rotoinversion (N ¼ 2) is called a reflection or a reflection through a plane. It is an isometry which leaves a plane perpendicular to the twofold rotoinversion axis fixed pointwise. This plane is called the reflection plane or mirror plane and it intersects the rotation axis in the centre of the rotoinversion. Its orientation is described by the direction of its normal vector, i.e. of the rotation axis. For a twofold rotoinversion, neither the rotation nor the inversion are symmetry operations themselves. As for any other rotoinversion, the reflection changes the handedness of an object. A glide reflection is a reflection through a plane coupled with a translation parallel to this plane. The translation vector is called the glide vector. A glide reflection changes the handedness and has no fixed point. The former reflection plane is now called the glide plane. Under a glide reflection, the glide plane is invariant as a whole but not pointwise.

The primary aim of the choice of the crystallographic coordinate system is to describe the crystal pattern and its set of all symmetry operations in a simple way. This aim holds in particular for the infinitely many symmetry translations of the crystal pattern, which form its translation group. Secondary to this aim are equality of the lengths of, and right angles between, the basis vectors. The vector t belonging to the translation t is called a translation vector or a lattice vector. The set of all translation vectors of the crystal pattern is called its vector lattice L. Both the translation group and the vector lattice are useful tools for describing the periodicity of the crystals. For the description of a vector lattice several kinds of bases are in use. Orthonormal bases are not the most convenient, because the coefficients of the lattice vectors may then be any real number. The coefficients of the lattice vectors are more transparent if the basis vectors themselves are lattice vectors. Definition 1.2.2.2.1. A basis which consists of lattice vectors of a crystal pattern is called a lattice basis or a crystallographic basis. & Referred to a lattice basis, each lattice vector t 2 L is a linear combination of the basis vectors with rational coefficients. One can even select special bases such that the coefficients of all lattice vectors are integers. Definition 1.2.2.2.2. A crystallographic basis is called a primitive & basis if every lattice vector has integer coefficients. A fundamental feature of vector lattices is that for any lattice in a dimension greater than one an infinite number of primitive bases exists. With certain rules, the choice of a primitive basis can be made unique (reduced bases). In practice, however, the conventional bases are not always primitive; the choice of a conventional basis is determined by the matrix parts of the symmetry operations, cf. Section 1.2.5.1.

Symmetry operations of crystal patterns may belong to any of these isometries. The set of all symmetry operations of a crystal pattern has the following properties: performing two (and thus more) symmetry operations one after the other results in another symmetry operation. Moreover, there is the identity operation in this set, i.e. an operation that leaves every point of the space and thus of the crystal pattern fixed. Finally, for any symmetry operation of an object there is an ‘inverse’ symmetry operation by which its effect is reversed. These properties are necessary for the application of group theory, cf. Section 1.2.3.

1.2.2.3. The description of mappings The instruction for the calculation of the coordinates of X~ from the coordinates of X is simple for an affine mapping and thus for an isometry. The equations are x~ ¼ W11 x þ W12 y þ W13 z þ w1 y~ ¼ W21 x þ W22 y þ W23 z þ w2

ð1:2:2:1Þ

z~ ¼ W31 x þ W32 y þ W33 z þ w3 ; 1.2.2.2. Coordinate systems and coordinates

where the coefficients Wik and wj are constant. These equations can be written using the matrix formalism: 10 1 0 1 0 1 0 x~ x W11 W12 W13 w1 @ y~ A ¼ @ W21 W22 W23 A@ y A þ @ w2 A: ð1:2:2:2Þ W31 W32 W33 w3 z~ z

To describe mappings analytically, one introduces a coordinate system fO; a; b; cg, consisting of three linearly independent (i.e. not coplanar) basis vectors a; b; c (or a1 ; a2 ; a3 ) and an origin O. For the plane (two-dimensional space) an origin and two linearly independent (i.e. not parallel) basis vectors a; b (or a1 ; a2 ) are chosen. Referred to this coordinate system, each point P can be described by three (or two for the plane) coordinates x; y; z (or x1 ; x2 ; x3 ). An object, for example a crystal, can now be described by a continuous or discontinuous function of the coordinates such as the electron density or the coordinates of the centres of the atoms. A mapping can be regarded as an instruction of how to calculate the coordinates x~ ; y~ ; z~ of the image point X~ from the coordinates x; y; z of the original point X. In contrast to the practice in physics and chemistry, a nonCartesian coordinate system is usually chosen in crystallography.

This matrix equation is usually abbreviated by x~ ¼ W x þ w; where 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 x~ x w1 W11 x~ ¼@ y~ A; x ¼@ y A; w ¼@ w2 A and W ¼@ W21 z~ z w3 W31

8

ð1:2:2:3Þ

W12 W22 W32

1 W13 W23 A: W33

1.2. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBGROUPS OF SPACE GROUPS Definition 1.2.2.3.1. The matrix W is called the linear part or matrix part, the column w is the translation part or column part of & a mapping.

matrix which can be combined with the analogous matrices of other mappings and can be inverted. These matrices are called augmented matrices and are designated by open-face letters in this volume: 1 0 0 1 0 1 W11 W12 W13 w1 x x~ B C ByC B W21 W22 W23 w2 C B y~ C C ~ B C B C B W¼B C x ¼ B z~ C; x ¼ B C: @zA @ A B W31 W32 W33 w3 C A @ 1 1 0 0 0 1

In equations (1.2.2.1) and (1.2.2.3), the coordinates are mixed with the quantities describing the mapping, designated by the letters Wik and wj or W and w. Therefore, one prefers to write equation (1.2.2.3) in the form x~ ¼ ðW ; wÞ x or x~ ¼ fW j wg x:

ð1:2:2:4Þ

The symbols (W ; w) and {W j w} which describe the mapping referred to the chosen coordinate system are called the matrix– column pair and the Seitz symbol. The formulae for the combination of affine mappings and for the inverse of an affine mapping (regular matrix W ) are obtained by

ð1:2:2:7Þ In order to write equation (1.2.2.3) as x~ ¼ Wx with the augmented matrices W, the columns x~ and x also have to be extended to the augmented columns x and x~ . Equations (1.2.2.5) and (1.2.2.6) then become
1

x~ ¼ W 1 x þ w1 ; x~~ ¼ W 2 x~ þ w2 ¼ W 3 x þ w3 x~~ ¼ W 2 ðW 1 x þ w1 Þ þ w2 ¼ W 2 W 1 x þ W 2 w1 þ w2 :

W3 ¼ W2 W1 and ðWÞ

¼ ðW
1 Þ:

ð1:2:2:8Þ

The vertical and horizontal lines in the matrix have no mathematical meaning. They are simply a convenience for separating the matrix part from the column part and from the row ‘0 0 0 1’, and could be omitted. Augmented matrices are very useful when writing down general formulae which then become more transparent and more elegant. However, the matrix–column pair formalism is, in general, advantageous for practical calculations. For the augmented columns of vector coefficients, see Section 1.2.2.6.

From x~ ¼ Wx þ w, it follows that W
1 x~ ¼ x þ W
1 w or x ¼ W
1 x~
W
1 w: Using matrix–column pairs, this reads ðW 3 ; w3 Þ ¼ ðW 2 ; w2 Þ ðW 1 ; w1 Þ ¼ ðW 2 W 1 ; W 2 w1 þ w2 Þ ð1:2:2:5Þ and x ¼ ðW ; wÞ
1 x~ ¼ ðW 0 ; w0 Þ~x or ðW 0 ; w0 Þ ¼ ðW ; wÞ
1 ¼ ðW
1 ;
W
1 wÞ:

1.2.2.5. Isometries

ð1:2:2:6Þ

Isometries are special affine mappings, as in Definition 1.2.2.1.1. The matrix W of an isometry has to fulfil conditions which depend on the coordinate basis. These conditions are:

One finds from equations (1.2.2.5) and (1.2.2.6) that the linear parts of the matrix–column pairs transform as one would expect:

(1) A basis a1 ; a2 ; a3 is characterized by the scalar products ðaj ak Þ of its basis vectors or by its lattice parameters a; b; c;
;  and . Here a; b; c are the lengths of the basis vectors a1 ; a2 ; a3 and
;  and  are the angles between a2 and a3 , a3 and a1 , a1 and a2 , respectively. The metric matrix M [called G in International Tables for Crystallography Volume A (2005) (abbreviated as IT A), Chapter 9.1] is the ð3  3Þ matrix which consists of the scalar products of the basis vectors: 0 1 a b cos  a c cos  a2 M ¼ @ b a cos  b2 b c cos
A: c a cos  c b cos
c2

(1) the linear part of the product of two matrix–column pairs is the product of the linear parts, i.e. if ðW 3 ; w3 Þ ¼ ðW 2 ; w2 Þ ðW 1 ; w1 Þ then W 3 ¼ W 2 W 1 ; (2) the linear part of the inverse of a matrix–column pair is the inverse of the linear part, i.e. if ðX; xÞ ¼ ðW ; wÞ
1, then X ¼ W
1 . [This relation is included in the first one: from ðW ; wÞ ðX; xÞ ¼ ðW X; Wx þ wÞ ¼ ðI; oÞ follows X ¼ W
1. Here I is the unit matrix and o is the column consisting of zeroes]. These relations will be used in Section 1.2.5.4. For the column parts, equations (1.2.2.5) and (1.2.2.6) are less convenient: ð1Þ w3 ¼ W 2 w1 þ w2 ;

ð2Þ w0 ¼
W
1 w:

If W is the matrix part of an isometry, referred to the basis (a1 ; a2 ; a3 ), then W must fulfil the condition W T M W ¼ M, where W T is the transpose of W. (2) For the determinant of W, detðW Þ ¼ 1 must hold; detðW Þ ¼ þ1 for the identity, translations, rotations and screw rotations; detðW Þ ¼
1 for inversions, reflections, glide reflections and rotoinversions. (3) For the trace, trðW Þ ¼ W11 þ W22 þ W33 ¼ ð1 þ 2 cos ’Þ holds, where ’ is the rotation angle; the + sign applies if detðW Þ ¼ þ1 and the
sign if detðW Þ ¼
1.

Because of the inconvenience of these relations, it is often preferable to use ‘augmented’ matrices, by which one can describe the combination of affine mappings and the inverse mapping by the equations of the usual matrix multiplication. These matrices are introduced in the next section. 1.2.2.4. Matrix–column pairs and (n + 1)  (n + 1) matrices It is natural to combine the matrix part and the column part describing an affine mapping to form a ð3  4Þ matrix, but such matrices cannot be multiplied by the usual matrix multiplication and cannot be inverted. However, if one supplements the ð3  4Þ matrix by a fourth row ‘0 0 0 1’, one obtains a ð4  4Þ square

Algorithms for the determination of the kind of isometry from a given matrix–column pair and for the determination of the matrix–column pair for a given isometry can be found in IT A, Part 11 or in Hahn & Wondratschek (1994).

9

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS 1.2.2.6. Vectors and vector coefficients

equations (1.2.2.1) to (1.2.2.3), and the column of vector coefficients is v, see Section 1.2.2.6. A new coordinate system may be introduced with the basis ða01 ; a02 ; a03 ÞT and the origin O0 . Referred to the new coordinate system, the column of coordinates of the point P is x0, the symmetry operation is described by 0 W 0 and w0 and

!0the column of vector coefficients is v . Let p ¼ O O be the column of coefficients for the vector from the old origin O to the new origin O0 and let 0 1 P11 P12 P13 P ¼ @ P21 P22 P23 A ð1:2:2:9Þ P31 P32 P33

In crystallography, vectors and their coefficients as well as points and their coordinates are used for the description of crystal structures. Vectors represent translation shifts, distance and Patterson vectors, reciprocal-lattice vectors etc. With respect to a given basis a vector has three coefficients. In contrast to the coordinates of a point, these coefficients do not change if the origin of the coordinate system is shifted. In the usual description by columns, the vector coefficients cannot be distinguished from the point coordinates, but in the augmented-column description the difference becomes visible: the vector from the point P to the point Q has the coefficients v1 ¼ q1
p1, v2 ¼ q2
p2 , v3 ¼ q3
p3 , 1
1. Thus, the column of the coefficients of a vector is not augmented by ‘1’ but by ‘0’. Therefore, when the point P is mapped onto the point P~ by x~ ¼ W x þ w according to
! equation (1.2.2.3),
! then the vector v ¼ P Q is mapped onto the ~ by transforming its coefficients by v~ ¼ W v, vector v~ ¼ P~ Q because the coefficients wj are multiplied by the number ‘0’ augmenting the column v ¼ ðvj Þ. Indeed, the distance vector
! v ¼ P Q is not changed when the whole space is mapped onto itself by a translation.

be the matrix of a basis change, i.e. the matrix that relates the new basis ða01 ; a02 ; a03 ÞT to the old basis ða1 ; a2 ; a3 ÞT according to 0 1 P11 P12 P13 T T T ða01 ; a02 ; a03 Þ ¼ ða1 ; a2 ; a3 Þ P ¼ ða1 ; a2 ; a3 Þ @P21 P22 P23 A: P31 P32 P33 ð1:2:2:10Þ Then the following equations hold:

Remarks (1) The difference in transformation behaviour between the point coordinates x and the vector coefficients v is not visible in the equations where the symbols x and v are used, but is obvious only if the columns are written in full, viz 0 1 0 1 x1 v1 B x2 C B v2 C B C B C B x3 C and B v3 C: @ A @ A 1

x0 ¼ P
1 x
P
1 p or x ¼ P x0 þ p;

ð1:2:2:11Þ

W 0 ¼ P
1 W P or W ¼ P W 0 P
1 ;

ð1:2:2:12Þ

w0 ¼ P
1 ðw þ ðW
IÞ pÞ or w ¼ P w0
ðW
IÞ p: ð1:2:2:13Þ For the columns of vector coefficients v and v0 , the following holds: v0 ¼ P
1 v or v ¼ P v0 ;

0

ð1:2:2:14Þ

i.e. an origin shift does not change the vector coefficients. These equations read in the augmented-matrix formalism

(2) The transformation behaviour of the vector coefficients is also apparent if the vector is understood to be a translation vector and the transformation behaviour of the translation is considered as in the last paragraph of the next section. (3) The transformation v~ ¼ W v is called an orthogonal mapping if W is the matrix part of an isometry.

x0 ¼ P
1 x; W 0 ¼ P
1 WP; v0 ¼ P
1 v:

ð1:2:2:15Þ

For the difference in the transformation behaviour of point coordinates and vector coefficients, see the remarks at the end of Section 1.2.2.6. A vector v can be regarded as a translation vector; its translation is then described by (I, v), i.e. W ¼ I; w ¼ v. It can be shown using equation (1.2.2.13) that the translation and thus the translation vector are not changed under an origin shift, (I; p), because ðI; vÞ0 ¼ ðI; vÞ holds. Moreover, under a general coordinate transformation the origin shift is not effective: in equation (1.2.2.13) only v0 ¼ P
1 v remains because of the equality W ¼ I.

1.2.2.7. Origin shift and change of the basis It is in general advantageous to refer crystallographic objects and their symmetries to the most appropriate coordinate system. The best coordinate system may be different for different steps of the calculations and for different objects which have to be considered simultaneously. Therefore, a change of the origin and/ or the basis are frequently necessary when treating crystallographic problems. Here the formulae for the influence of an origin shift and a change of basis on the coordinates, on the matrix–column pairs of mappings and on the vector coefficients are only stated; the equations are derived in detail in IT A Chapters 5.1 and 5.2, and in Hahn & Wondratschek (1994). Let a coordinate system be given with a basis ða1 ; a2 ; a3 ÞT and an origin O.2 Referred to this coordinate system, the column of coordinates of a point P is x; the matrix and column parts describing a symmetry operation are W and w according to

1.2.3. Groups Group theory is the proper tool for studying symmetry in science. A group is a set of elements with a law of composition, by which to any two elements a third element is uniquely assigned. The symmetry group of an object is the set of all isometries (rigid motions) which map that object onto itself. If the object is a crystal, the isometries which map it onto itself (and also leave it invariant as a whole) are the crystallographic symmetry operations. There is a huge amount of literature on group theory and its applications. The book Introduction to Group Theory (Ledermann, 1976; Ledermann & Weir, 1996) is recommended. The book Symmetry of Crystals. Introduction to International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A by Hahn & Wondratschek (1994)

2 In this volume, point coordinates and vector coefficients are thought of as columns in matrix multiplication. Therefore, columns are considered to be ‘standard’. These ‘columns’ are not marked, even if they are written in a row. To comply with the rules of matrix multiplication, rows are also introduced. These rows of symbols (e.g. vector coefficients of reciprocal space, i.e. Miller indices, or a set of basis vectors of direct space) are ‘transposed relative to columns’ and are, therefore, marked ðh; k; l ÞT or ða; b; cÞT , even if they are written in a row.

10

1.2. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBGROUPS OF SPACE GROUPS relation g k g j ¼ g j g k is fulfilled for all pairs of elements of a group G, then G is called a commutative or an Abelian group. For groups of higher order, it is usually inappropriate and for groups of infinite order it is impossible to list all elements of a group. The following definition nearly always reduces the set of group elements to be listed explicitly to a small set.

Table 1.2.3.1. Multiplication table of a group The group elements g 2 G are listed at the top of the table and in the same sequence on the left-hand side; the unit element ‘e’ is listed first. The table is thus a square array. The product g k g j of any pair of elements is listed at the intersection of the kth row and the jth column. It can be shown that each group element is listed exactly once in each row and once in each column of the table. In the row of an element g 2 G, the unit element 2 e appears in the column of g
1. If ðg Þ ¼ e, i.e. g ¼ g
1 , e appears on the main diagonal. The multiplication table of an Abelian group is symmetric about the main diagonal. G

e

a

b

c

...

e a b c

e a b c

a a2 ba ca

b ab b2 cb

c ac bc c2

... ... ... ... .. .

.. .

.. .

.. .

.. .

.. .

Definition 1.2.3.1.1. A set S ¼ fg p ; g q ; . . .g 2 G such that every element of G can be obtained by composition of the elements of S and their inverses is called a set of generators of G. The elements & g i 2 S are called generators of G. A group is cyclic if it consists of the unit element e and all powers of one element g : Cðg Þ ¼ f . . . g
3 ; g
2 ; g
1 ; e ; g 1 ; g 2 ; g 3 ; . . . g:

describes a way in which the data of IT A can be interpreted by means of matrix algebra and elementary group theory. It may also help the reader of this volume.

If there is an integer number n > 0 with g n ¼ e and n is the smallest number with this property, then the group Cðg Þ has the finite order n. Let g
k with 0 < k < n be the inverse element of g k where n is the order of g. Because g
k ¼ g n g
k ¼ g n
k ¼ g m with n ¼ m þ k, the elements of a cyclic group of finite order can all be written as positive powers of the generator g . Otherwise, if such an integer n does not exist, the group Cðg Þ is of infinite order and the positive powers g k are different from the negative ones g
m . In the same way, from any element g j 2 G its cyclic group Cðg j Þ can be generated even if G is not cyclic itself. The order of this group Cðg j Þ is called the order of the element g j.

1.2.3.1. Some properties of symmetry groups The geometric symmetry of any object is described by a group G. The symmetry operations g j 2 G are the group elements, and the set fg j 2 Gg of all symmetry operations fulfils the group postulates. [A ‘symmetry element’ in crystallography is not a group element of a symmetry group but is a combination of a geometric object with that set of symmetry operations which leave the geometric object invariant, e.g. an axis with its threefold rotations or a plane with its glide reflections etc., cf. Flack et al. (2000).] Groups will be designated by upper-case calligraphic script letters G, H etc. Group elements are represented by lowercase italic sans serif letters g ; h etc. The result g r of the composition of two elements g j ; g k 2 G will be called the product of g j and g k and will be written g r ¼ g k g j . The first operation is the right factor because the point coordinates or vector coefficients are written as columns on which the matrices of the symmetry operations are applied from the left side. The law of composition in the group is the successive application of the symmetry operations. The group postulates are shown to hold for symmetry groups:

1.2.3.2. Group isomorphism and homomorphism A finite group G of small order may be conveniently visualized by its multiplication table, group table or Cayley table. An example is shown in Table 1.2.3.1. The multiplication tables can be used to define one of the most important relations between two groups, the isomorphism of groups. This can be done by comparing the multiplication tables of the two groups. Definition 1.2.3.2.1. Two groups are isomorphic if one can arrange the rows and columns of their multiplication tables such that these tables are equal, apart from the names or symbols of the & group elements.

(1) The closure, i.e. the property that the composition of any two symmetry operations results in a symmetry operation again, is always fulfilled for geometric symmetries: if g j 2 G and g k 2 G, then g j g k ¼ g r 2 G also holds. (2) The associative law is always fulfilled for the composition of geometric mappings. If g j ; g k ; g m 2 G, then ðg j g k Þ g m ¼ g j ðg k g m Þ ¼ g q for any triplet j; k; m. Therefore, the parentheses are not necessary, one can write g j g k g m ¼ g q. In general, however, the sequence of the symmetry operations must not be changed. Thus, in general g j g k g m 6¼ g j g m g k . (3) The unit element or neutral element e 2 G is the identity operation which maps each point onto itself, i.e. leaves each point invariant. (4) The isometry which reverses a given symmetry operation g 2 G is also a symmetry operation of G and is called the inverse symmetry operation g
1 of g. It has the property g g
1 ¼ g
1 g ¼ e .

Multiplication tables are useful only for groups of small order. To define ‘isomorphism’ for arbitrary groups, one can formulate the relations expressed by the multiplication tables in a more abstract way. The ‘same multiplication table’ for the groups G and G 0 means that there is a reversible mapping g q !g 0q of the elements 0 g q 2 G and g 0q 2 G 0 such that ðg j g k Þ ¼ g 0j g 0k holds for any pair of indices j and k. In words: Definition 1.2.3.2.2. Two groups G and G 0 are isomorphic if there is a reversible mapping of G onto G 0 such that for any pair of elements of G the image of the product is equal to the product of & the images. Isomorphic groups have the same order. By isomorphism the set of all groups is classified into isomorphism types or isomorphism classes of groups. Such a class is often called an abstract group. The isomorphism between the space groups and the corresponding matrix groups makes an analytical treatment of crystallographic symmetry possible. Moreover, the isomorphism of

The number of elements of a group G is called its order jGj. The order of a group may be finite, for example 24 for the symmetry operations of a regular tetrahedron, or infinite, for example for any space group because of its infinite set of translations. If the

11

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS different space groups allows one to classify the infinite number of space groups into a finite number of isomorphism types of space groups, which is one of the bases of crystallography, see Section 1.2.5. Isomorphism provides a very strong relation between groups: the groups are identical in their group-theoretical properties. One can weaken this relation by omitting the condition of reversibility of the mapping. One then admits that more than one element of the group G is mapped onto the same element of G 0. This concept leads to the definition of homomorphism.

1.2.6.2. Moreover, the relations between a space group and its maximal subgroups are particularly transparent, cf. Lemma 1.2.8.1.3.

1.2.4.2. Coset decomposition and normal subgroups Let H < G be a subgroup of G of order jHj. Because H is a proper subgroup of G there must be elements g q 2 G that are not elements of H. Let g 2 2 G be one of them. Then the set of elements g 2 H ¼ fg 2 hj j hj 2 Hg4 is a subset of elements of G with the property that all its elements are different and that the sets H and g 2 H have no element in common. Thus, the set g 2 H also contains jHj elements of G. If there is another element g 3 2 G which belongs neither to H nor to g 2 H, one can form another set g 3 H ¼ fg 3 h j j h j 2 Hg. All elements of g 3 H are different and none occurs already in H or in g 2 H. This procedure can be continued until each element g r 2 G belongs to one of these sets. In this way the group G can be partitioned, such that each element g 2 G belongs to exactly one of these sets.

Definition 1.2.3.2.3. A mapping of a group G onto a group G 0 is called homomorphic, and G 0 is called a homomorphic image of the group G, if for any pair of elements of G the image of the product is equal to the product of the images and if any element of G 0 is the image of at least one element of G. The relation of G and G 0 is called a homomorphism. More formally: For the & mapping G onto G 0, ðg j g k Þ0 ¼ g 0j g 0k holds. The formulation ‘mapping onto’ implies that each element g 0 2 G 0 occurs among the images of the elements g 2 G at least

Definition 1.2.4.2.1. The partition just described is called a decomposition (G : H) into left cosets of the group G relative to the group H. The sets g p H; p ¼ 1; . . . ; i are called left cosets, because the elements hj 2 H are multiplied with the new elements from the left-hand side. The procedure is called a decomposition into right cosets Hg s if the elements h j 2 H are multiplied with the new elements g s from the right-hand side. The elements g p or g s are called the coset representatives. The number & of cosets is called the index i ¼ jG : Hj of H in G.

once.3 The very important concept of homomorphism is discussed further in Lemma 1.2.4.4.3. The crystallographic point groups are homomorphic images of the space groups, see Section 1.2.5.4.

1.2.4. Subgroups 1.2.4.1. Definition There may be sets of elements g k 2 G that do not constitute the full group G but nevertheless fulfil the group postulates for themselves.

Remarks (1) The group H ¼ g 1 H with g 1 ¼ e is the first coset for both kinds of decomposition. It is the only coset which forms a group by itself. (2) All cosets have the same length, i.e. the same number of elements, which is equal to jHj, the order of H. (3) The index i is the same for both right and left decompositions. In IT A and in this volume, the index is frequently designated by the symbol ½i. (4) A coset does not depend on its representative element; starting from any of its elements will result in the same coset. The right cosets may be different from the left ones and the representatives of the right and left cosets may also differ. (5) If the order jGj of G is infinite, then either the order jHj of H or the index i ¼ jG : Hj of H in G or both are infinite. (6) The coset decomposition of a space group G relative to its translation subgroup T (G) is fundamental in crystallography, cf. Section 1.2.5.4.

Definition 1.2.4.1.1. A subset H of elements of a group G is called a subgroup H of G if it fulfils the group postulates with respect to & the law of composition of G. Remarks (1) The group G is considered to be one of its own subgroups. If subgroups Hj are discussed where G is included among the subgroups, we write Hj  G or G  Hj . If G is excluded from the set fHj g of its subgroups, we write Hj < G or G > Hj . A subgroup Hj < G is called a proper subgroup of G. (2) In a relation G  H or G > H, G is called a supergroup of H. The symbols ; ; < and > are used for supergroups in the same way as they are used for subgroups, cf. Section 2.1.6. (3) A subgroup of a finite group is finite. A subgroup of an infinite group may be finite or infinite. (4) A subset K of elements g k 2 G which does not necessarily form a group is designated by the symbol K  G.

From its definition and from the properties of the coset decomposition mentioned above, one immediately obtains the fundamental theorem of Lagrange (for another formulation, see Chapter 1.4):

Definition 1.2.4.1.2. A subgroup H < G is a maximal subgroup if no group Z exists for which H < Z < G holds. If H is a maximal & subgroup of G, then G is a minimal supergroup of H.

Lemma 1.2.4.2.2. Lagrange’s theorem: Let G be a group of finite order jGj and H < G a subgroup of G of order jHj. Then jHj is a divisor of jGj and the equation jHj  i ¼ jGj holds where & i ¼ jG : Hj is the index of H in G.

This definition is very important for the tables of this volume, as only maximal subgroups of space groups are listed. If all maximal subgroups are known for any given space group, then any general subgroup H < G can be obtained by a (finite) chain of maximal subgroups between G and H, see Section

A special situation exists when the left and right coset decompositions of G relative to H result in the partition of G into the same cosets:

3 In mathematics, the term ‘homomorphism’ includes mappings of a group G into a group G 0, i.e. mappings in which not every g 0 2 G 0 is the image of some element of g 2 G. The term ‘homomorphism onto’ defined above is also known as an epimorphism, e.g. in Ledermann (1976) and Ledermann & Weir (1996). In the older literature the term ‘multiple isomorphism’ can also be found.

4

The formulation g 2 H ¼ fg 2 hj j hj 2 Hg means: ‘g 2 H is the set of the products g 2 hj of g 2 with all elements h j 2 H.’

12

1.2. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBGROUPS OF SPACE GROUPS g p H ¼ H g p for all 1  p  i:

1.2.4.4. Factor groups and homomorphism

ð1:2:4:1Þ

For the following definition, the ‘product of sets of group elements’ will be used:

Subgroups H that fulfil equation (1.2.4.1) are called ‘normal subgroups’ according to the following definition:

Definition 1.2.4.4.1. Let G be a group and Kj ¼ fg j1 ; . . . ; g jn g, Kk ¼ fg k1 ; . . . ; g km g be two arbitrary sets of its elements which are not necessarily groups themselves. Then the product Kj Kk of Kj and Kk is the set of all products Kj Kk ¼ & fg jp g kq j g jp 2 Kj ; g kq 2 Kk g.5

Definition 1.2.4.2.3. A subgroup H < G is called a normal subgroup or invariant subgroup of G, H / G, if equation (1.2.4.1) is & fulfilled. The relation H / G always holds for jG : Hj ¼ 2, i.e. subgroups of index 2 are always normal subgroups. The subgroup H contains half of the elements of G, whereas the other half of the elements forms ‘the other’ coset. This coset must then be the right as well as the left coset.

The coset decomposition of a group G relative to a normal subgroup H / G has a property which makes it particularly useful for displaying the structure of a group. Consider the coset decomposition with the cosets S j and S k of a group G relative to its subgroup H < G. In general the product S j S k of two cosets, cf. Definition 1.2.4.4.1, will not be a coset again. However, if and only if H / G is a normal subgroup of G, the product of two cosets is always another coset. This means that for the set of all cosets of a normal subgroup H / G there exists a law of composition for which the closure is fulfilled. One can show that the other group postulates are also fulfilled for the cosets and their multiplication if H / G holds: there is a neutral element (which is H), for each coset g H ¼ H g the coset g
1 H ¼ H g
1 forms the inverse element and for the coset multiplication the associative law holds.

1.2.4.3. Conjugate elements and conjugate subgroups In a coset decomposition, the set of all elements of the group G is partitioned into cosets which form classes in the mathematical sense of the word, i.e. each element of G belongs to exactly one coset. Another equally important partition of the group G into classes of elements arises from the following definition: Definition 1.2.4.3.1. Two elements g j ; g k 2 G are called conjugate & if there is an element g q 2 G such that g
1 q gj gq ¼ gk.

Definition 1.2.4.4.2. Let H / G. The cosets of the decomposition of the group G relative to the normal subgroup H / G form a group with respect to the composition law of coset multiplication. This group is called the factor group G=H. Its order is jG : Hj, i.e. & the index of H in G.

Remarks (1) Definition 1.2.4.3.1 partitions the elements of G into classes of conjugate elements which are called conjugacy classes of elements. (2) The unit element always forms a conjugacy class by itself. (3) Each element of an Abelian group forms a conjugacy class by itself. (4) Elements of the same conjugacy class have the same order. (5) Different conjugacy classes may contain different numbers of elements, i.e. have different ‘lengths’.

A factor group F ¼ G=H is not necessarily isomorphic to a subgroup Hj < G. Factor groups are indispensable for an understanding of the homomorphism of one group onto the other. The relations between a group G and its homomorphic image are very strong and are expressed by the following lemma:

Not only the individual elements of a group G but also the subgroups of G can be classified in conjugacy classes.

Lemma 1.2.4.4.3. Let G 0 be a homomorphic image of the group G. Then the set of all elements of G that are mapped onto the unit element e 0 2 G 0 forms a normal subgroup X of G. The group G 0 is isomorphic to the factor group G=X and the cosets of X in G are mapped onto the elements of G 0. The normal subgroup X is called the kernel of the mapping; it forms the unit element of the factor group G=X. A homomorphic image of G exists for any & normal subgroup of G.

Definition 1.2.4.3.2. Two subgroups Hj ; Hk < G are called conjugate if there is an element g q 2 G such that g
1 q Hj g q ¼ Hk g & holds. This relation is often written Hj q ¼ Hk . Remarks (1) The ‘trivial subgroup’ I (consisting only of the unit element of G) and the group G itself each form a conjugacy class by themselves. (2) Each subgroup of an Abelian group forms a conjugacy class by itself. (3) Subgroups in the same conjugacy class are isomorphic and thus have the same order. (4) Different conjugacy classes of subgroups may contain different numbers of subgroups, i.e. have different lengths.

The most important homomorphism in crystallography is the relation between a space group G and its homomorphic image, the point group P, where the kernel is the subgroup T (G) of all translations of G, cf. Section 1.2.5.4.

1.2.4.5. Normalizers The concept of the normalizer N G ðHÞ of a group H < G in a group G is very useful for the considerations of the following sections. The length of the conjugacy class of H in G is determined by this normalizer. Let H < G and hj 2 H. Then h
1 j Hh j ¼ H holds because H is a group. If H / G, then g
1 k Hg k ¼ H for any g k 2 G. If H is not a

Equation (1.2.4.1) can be written gp H ¼ g
1 for all p; 1  p  i: p H g p or H ¼ H

ð1:2:4:2Þ

Using conjugation, Definition 1.2.4.2.3 can be formulated as Definition 1.2.4.3.3. A subgroup H of a group G is a normal subgroup H / G if it is identical with all of its conjugates, i.e. if its & conjugacy class consists of the one subgroup H only.

5

The right-hand side of this equation is the set of all products g r ¼ g jp g kq , where g jp runs through all elements of Kj and g kq through all elements of Kk. Each element g r is taken only once in the set.

13

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS normal subgroup of G, there may nevertheless be elements g p 2 G; g p 62 H for which g
1 p Hg p ¼ H holds. We consider the set of all elements g p 2 G that have this property.

number of affine space-group types for n = 6 is 28 927 922 (Plesken & Schulz, 2000). 7052 of these affine space-group types split into enantiomorphic pairs of space groups, such that there are 28 934 974 crystallographic space-group types (Souvignier, 2003). One of the characteristics of a space group is its translation group. Any space group G is an infinite group because the number of its translations is already infinite. The set of all translations of G forms the infinite translation subgroup T ðGÞ / G with the composition law of performing one translation after the other, represented by the multiplication of matrix–column pairs. The group T ðGÞ is a normal subgroup of G of finite index. The vector lattice L, cf. Section 1.2.2.2, forms a group with the composition law of vector addition. This group is isomorphic to the group T (G). The matrix–column pairs of the symmetry operations of a space group G are mostly referred to the conventional coordinate system. Its basis is chosen as a lattice basis and in such a way that the matrices for the linear parts of the symmetry operations of G are particularly simple. The origin is chosen such that as many coset representatives as possible can be selected with their column coefficients to be zero, or such that the origin is situated on a centre of inversion. This means (for details and examples see Section 8.3.1 of IT A):

Definition 1.2.4.5.1. The set of all elements g p 2 G that map the gp subgroup H < G onto itself by conjugation, H ¼ g
1 p Hg p ¼ H , forms a group N G ðHÞ, called the normalizer of H in G, where & H / N G ðHÞ  G. Remarks (1) The group H < G is a normal subgroup of G, H / G, if and only if N G ðHÞ ¼ G. (2) Let N G ðHÞ ¼ fg p g. One can decompose G into right cosets relative to N G ðHÞ. All elements g p g r of a right coset N G ðHÞ g r of this decomposition ðG : N G ðHÞÞ transform H
1
1 into the same subgroup g
1 r g p H g p g r ¼ g r H g r < G, which is thus conjugate to H in G by g r . (3) The elements of different cosets of ðG : N G ðHÞÞ transform H into different conjugates of H. The number of cosets of N G ðHÞ is equal to the index iN ¼ jG : N G ðHÞj of N G ðHÞ in G. Therefore, the number NH of conjugates in the conjugacy class of H is equal to the index iN and is thus determined by the order of N G ðHÞ. From N G ðHÞ  H, iN ¼ jG : N G ðHÞj  jG : Hj ¼ i follows. This means that the number of conjugates of a subgroup H < G cannot exceed the index i ¼ jG : Hj. (4) If H < G is a maximal subgroup of G, then either N G ðHÞ ¼ G and H / G is a normal subgroup of G or N G ðHÞ ¼ H and the number of conjugates is equal to the index i ¼ jG : Hj. (5) For the normalizers of the space groups, see the corresponding part of Section 1.2.6.3.

(1) The basis is always chosen such that all matrix coefficients are 0 or 1. (2) If possible, the basis is chosen such that all matrices have main diagonal form; then six of the nine coefficients are 0 and three are 1. (3) If (2) is not possible, the basis is chosen such that the matrices are orthogonal. Again, six coefficients are 0 and three are 1. (4) If (3) is not possible, the basis is hexagonal. At least five of the nine matrix coefficients are 0 and at most four are 1. (5) The conventional basis chosen according to these rules is not always primitive, cf. the first example of Section 8.3.1 of IT A. If the conventional basis is primitive, then the lattice is also called primitive; if the conventional basis is not primitive, then the lattice referred to this (non-primitive) basis is called a centred lattice. (6) The matrix parts of a translation and of an inversion are

1.2.5. Space groups 1.2.5.1. Space groups and their description The set of all symmetry operations of a three-dimensional crystal pattern, i.e. its symmetry group, is the space group of this crystal pattern. In a plane, the symmetry group of a twodimensional crystal pattern is its plane group. In the following, the term ‘space group’ alone will be used and the plane groups are included because they are the space groups of twodimensional space. A crystal pattern is a periodic array. This means that there are translations among its symmetry operations. The translations of crystals are small (up to a few hundred a˚ngstro¨ms) but cannot be arbitrarily short because of the finite size of the particles in crystal structures. One thus defines for any finite integer n:

0

1 I ¼ @0 0

0 1 0

0 1 0 1
0 A and I
¼ @ 0 1 0

0 1
0

1 0 0 A; 1


i.e. the unit matrix and the negative unit matrix. They are independent of the basis. (7) The basis vectors of a crystallographic basis are lattice vectors. This makes the description of the lattice and of the symmetry operations of a crystal pattern independent of the actual metrics of the lattice, for example independent of temperature and pressure. It also means that the description of the symmetry may be the same for space groups of the same type, cf. Section 1.2.5.3. (8) The origin is chosen at a point of highest site symmetry which is left invariant by as many symmetry operations as possible. The column parts wk of these symmetry operations are wk ¼ o, i.e. the columns consist of zeroes only.

Definition 1.2.5.1.1. A group G of isometries in n-dimensional space is called an n-dimensional space group if (1) G contains n linearly independent translations. (2) There is a minimum length  > 0 such that the length r of any & translation vector is at least r ¼ . Condition (2) is justified because crystal structures contain atoms of finite size, and it is necessary to avoid infinitely small translations as elements of space groups. Several fundamental properties would not hold without this condition, such as the existence of a lattice of translation vectors and the restriction to only a few rotation angles. In this volume, only the dimensions n ¼ 2 and n ¼ 3 will be dealt with. However, the space groups (more precisely, the spacegroup types, cf. Section 1.2.5.3) and other crystallographic items are also known for dimensions n = 4, 5 and 6. For example, the

It is obviously impossible to list all elements of an infinite group individually. One can define the space group by a set of generators, because the number of necessary generators for any space group is finite: theoretically, up to six generators might be

14

1.2. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBGROUPS OF SPACE GROUPS treated in the next sections. The point groups and the translation groups of the space groups can also be classified in a similar way. Only the classification of the point groups is treated in this chapter. For a more detailed treatment and for the classification of the lattices, the reader is referred to Chapter 1.4 of this volume, to Part 8 of IT A or to Brown et al. (1978).

necessary but in practice up to ten generators are chosen for a space group. In IT A and in this volume, the set of the conventional generators is listed in the block ‘Generators selected’. The unit element is taken as the first generator; the generating translations follow and the generation is completed with the generators of the non-translational symmetry operations. The rules for the choice of the conventional generators are described in IT A, Section 8.3.5. The description by generators is particularly important for this volume because many of the maximal subgroups in Chapters 2.2 and 2.3 are listed by their generators. These generators are chosen such that the generation of the general position can follow a composition series, cf. Ledermann (1976) and Ledermann & Weir (1996). This procedure allows the generation by a short program or even by hand. For details see IT A, Section 8.3.5; in Table 8.3.5.2 of IT A an example for the generation of a space group along these lines is displayed. There are four ways to describe a space group in IT A:

1.2.5.3. Space groups and space-group types We first consider the classification of the space groups into types. A more detailed treatment may be found in Section 8.2.1 of IT A. In practice, a common way is to look for the symmetry of the space group G and to compare this symmetry with that of the diagrams in the tables of IT A. With the exception of some double descriptions,6 there is exactly one set of diagrams which displays the symmetry of G, and G belongs to that space-group type which is described in this set. From those diagrams the Hermann–Mauguin symbol, abbreviated as HM symbol, the Schoenflies symbol and the spacegroup number are taken. A rigorous definition is:

(i) A set of generators is the first way in which the space-group types G, cf. Section 1.2.5.3, are described in IT A. This way is also used in the tables of this volume. (ii) By the matrices of the coset representatives of ðG : T ðGÞÞ in the general position. These matrices are not written in full but in a shorthand notation, cf. Section 8.1.5 or Chapter 11.1 of IT A. This kind of description is used for translationengleiche maximal subgroups in Chapters 2.2 and 2.3 of this volume, but in a slightly modified way, cf. Section 2.1.3. (iii) In a visual way by diagrams of the symmetry elements (not symmetry operations!) of G within a unit cell and its surroundings. (iv) Also in a visual way by depicting the general-position points, again within a unit cell and its surroundings.

Definition 1.2.5.3.1. Two space groups belong to the same affine & space-group type if and only if they are isomorphic.7 This definition refers to a rather abstract property which is of great mathematical but less practical value. In crystallography another definition is more appropriate which results in exactly the same space-group types as are obtained by isomorphism. It starts from the description of the symmetry operations of a space group by matrix–column pairs or, as will be formulated here, by augmented matrices. For this one refers each of the space groups to one of its lattice bases. Definition 1.2.5.3.2. Two space groups G and G 0 belong to the same affine space-group type if for a lattice basis and an origin of G, a lattice basis and an origin of G 0 can also be found so that the groups of augmented matrices fWg describing G and fW 0 g & describing G 0 are identical.

1.2.5.2. Classifications of space groups There are an infinite number of space groups because there are an infinite number of known or conceivable crystals and crystal patterns. Indeed, because the lattice parameters depend on temperature and pressure, so do the lattice translations and the space group of a crystal. There is great interest in getting an overview of this vast number of space groups. To achieve this goal, one first characterizes the space groups by their grouptheoretical properties and classifies them into space-group types where the space groups of each type have certain properties in common. To get a better overview, one then classifies the spacegroup types such that related types belong to the same ‘superclass’. This classification is done in two ways (cf. Sections 1.2.5.4 and 1.2.5.5):

In this definition the coordinate systems are chosen such that the groups of augmented matrices agree. It is thus possible to describe the symmetry of all space groups of the same type by one (standardized) set of matrix–column pairs, as is done, for example, in the tables of IT A. In the subgroup tables of Chapters 2.2 and 2.3 it frequently happens that a subgroup H < G of a space group G is given by its matrix–column pairs referred to a nonconventional coordinate system. In this case, a transformation of the coordinate system can bring the matrix–column pairs to the standard form by which the space-group type may be determined. In the subgroup tables both the space-group type and the transformation of the coordinate system are listed. One can also use this procedure for the definition of the term ‘affine space-group type’:

(1) first into geometric crystal classes by the point group of the space group, and then into crystal systems; (2) into the arithmetic crystal classes of the space groups and then into Bravais flocks and into lattice systems (not treated here, cf. IT A, Section 8.2.5); (3) all these classes: geometric and arithmetic crystal classes, crystal systems, Bravais flocks and lattice systems are classified into crystal families.

Definition 1.2.5.3.3. Let two space groups G and G 0 be referred to lattice bases and represented by their groups of augmented matrices fWg and fW 0 g. The groups G and G 0 belong to the same 6

Monoclinic space groups are described in the settings ‘unique axis b’ and ‘unique axis c’; rhombohedral space groups are described in the settings ‘hexagonal axes’ and ‘rhombohedral axes’; and 24 space groups are described with two origins by ‘origin choice 1’ and ‘origin choice 2’. In each case, both descriptions lead to the same short Hermann–Mauguin symbol and space-group number. 7 The name ‘affine space-group type’ stems from Definition 1.2.5.3.3. ‘Affine space-group types’ have to be distinguished from ‘crystallographic space-group types’ which are defined by Definition 1.2.5.3.4.

In reality, the tables in Chapters 2.2 and 2.3 and the graphs in Chapters 2.4 and 2.5 are tables and graphs for space-group types. The sequence of the space-group types in IT A and thus in this volume is determined by their crystal class, their crystal system and their crystal family. Therefore, these classifications are

15

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS affine space-group type if an augmented matrix P with linear part P, detðPÞ 6¼ 0, and column part p exists, for which fW 0 g ¼ P
1 fWg P holds.

long-winded. However, occasionally the distinction is indispensable in order to avoid serious difficulties of comprehension. For example, the sentence ‘A space group is a proper subgroup of itself’ is incomprehensible, whereas the sentence ‘A space group and its proper subgroup belong to the same space-group type’ makes sense.

ð1:2:5:1Þ &

The affine space-group types are classes in the mathematical sense of the word, i.e. each space group belongs to exactly one type. The derivation of these types reveals 219 affine space-group types and 17 plane-group types. In crystallography one usually distinguishes 230 rather than 219 space-group types in a slightly finer subdivision. The difference can best be explained using Definition 1.2.5.3.3. The matrix part P may have a negative determinant. In this case, a righthanded basis is converted into a left-handed one, and righthanded and left-handed screw axes are exchanged. It is a convention in crystallography to always refer the space to a righthanded basis and hence transformations with detðPÞ < 0 are not admitted.

1.2.5.4. Point groups and crystal classes If the point coordinates are mapped by an isometry and its matrix–column pair, the vector coefficients are mapped by the linear part, i.e. by the matrix alone, cf. Section 1.2.2.6. Because the number of its elements is infinite, a space group generates from one point an infinite set of symmetry-equivalent points by its matrix–column pairs. Because the number of matrices of the linear parts is finite, the group of matrices generates from one vector a finite set of symmetry-equivalent vectors, for example the vectors normal to certain planes of the crystal. These planes determine the morphology of the ideal macroscopic crystal and its cleavage; the centre of the crystal represents the zero vector. When the symmetry of a crystal can only be determined by its macroscopic properties, only the symmetry group of the macroscopic crystal can be found. All its symmetry operations leave at least one point of the crystal fixed, viz its centre of mass. Therefore, this symmetry group was called the point group of the crystal, although its symmetry operations are those of vector space, not of point space. Although misunderstandings are not rare, this name is still used in today’s crystallography for historical reasons.8 Let a conventional coordinate system be chosen and the elements g j 2 G be represented by the matrix–column pairs ðW j ; wj Þ, with the representation of the translations t k 2 T ðGÞ by the pairs ðI; t k Þ. Then the composition of ðW j ; wj Þ with all translations forms an infinite set fðI; t k Þ ðW j ; wj Þ ¼ ðW j ; wj þ t k Þg of symmetry operations which is a right coset of the coset decomposition ðG : T ðGÞÞ. From this equation it follows that the elements of the same coset of the decomposition ðG : T ðGÞÞ have the same linear part. On the other hand, elements of different cosets have different linear parts if T ðGÞ contains all translations of G. Thus, each coset can be characterized by its linear part. It can be shown from equations (1.2.2.5) and (1.2.2.6) that the linear parts form a group which is isomorphic to the factor group G=T ðGÞ, i.e. to the group of the cosets.

Definition 1.2.5.3.4. If the matrix P is restricted by the condition detðPÞ > 0, eleven affine space-group types split into two spacegroup types each, one with right-handed and one with lefthanded screw axes, such that the total number of types is 230. These 230 space-group types are called crystallographic spacegroup types. The eleven splitting space-group types are called pairs of enantiomorphic space-group types and the space groups & themselves are enantiomorphic pairs of space groups. The space groups of an enantiomorphic pair belong to different crystallographic space-group types but are isomorphic. As a consequence, in the lists of isomorphic subgroups H < G of the tables of Chapter 2.3, there may occur subgroups H with another conventional HM symbol and another space-group number than that of G, cf. Example 1.2.6.2.7. In such a case, G and H are members of an enantiomorphic pair of space groups and H belongs to the space-group type enantiomorphic to that of G. There are no enantiomorphic pairs of plane groups. The space groups are of different complexity. The simplest ones are the symmorphic space groups (not to be confused with ‘isomorphic’ space groups) according to the following definition: Definition 1.2.5.3.5. A space group G is called symmorphic if representatives g k of all cosets T ðGÞ g k can be found such that the & set fg k g of all representatives forms a group.

Definition 1.2.5.4.1. A group of linear parts, represented by a group of matrices W j , is called a point group P. If the linear parts are those of the matrix–column pairs describing the symmetry operations of a space group G, the group is called the point group P G of the space group G. The point groups that can belong to & space groups are called crystallographic point groups.

The group fg k g is finite and thus leaves a point F fixed. In the standard setting of any symmorphic space group such a point F is chosen as the origin. Thus, the translation parts of the elements g k consist of zeroes only. If a space group is symmorphic then all space groups of its type are symmorphic. Therefore, one can speak of ‘symmorphic spacegroup types’. Symmorphic space groups can be recognized easily by their HM symbols: they contain an unmodified point-group symbol: rotations, reflections, inversions and rotoinversions but no screw rotations or glide reflections. There are 73 symmorphic space-group types of dimension three and 13 of dimension two; none of them show enantiomorphism. One frequently speaks of ‘the 230 space groups’ or ‘the 17 plane groups’ and does not distinguish between the terms ‘space group’ and ‘space-group type’. This is very often possible and is also done in this volume in order to make the explanations less

According to Definition 1.2.5.4.1, the factor group G=T ðGÞ is isomorphic to the point group P G. This property is exploited in the graphs of translationengleiche subgroups of space groups, cf. Chapter 2.4 and Section 2.1.8.2. All point groups in the following sections are crystallographic point groups. The maximum order of a crystallographic point group is 48 in three-dimensional space and 12 in two-dimensional space. 8 The term point group is also used for a group of symmetry operations of point space, which is better called a site-symmetry group and which is the group describing the symmetry of the surroundings of a point in point space.

16

1.2. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBGROUPS OF SPACE GROUPS As with space groups, there are also an infinite number of crystallographic point groups which may be classified into a finite number of point-group types. This cannot be done by isomorphism because geometrically different point groups may be isomorphic. For example, point groups consisting of the identity with the inversion fI; Ig or with a twofold rotation fI; 2g or with a reflection through a plane fI; mg are all isomorphic to the (abstract) group of order 2. As for space groups, the classification may be performed, however, referring the point groups to corresponding vector bases. As translations do not occur among the point-group operations, one may choose any basis for the description of the symmetry operations by matrices. One takes the basis of fW 0 g as given and transforms the basis of fW g to the basis corresponding to that of fW 0 g. This leads to the definition:

Definition 1.2.5.4.4. The set of all orthogonal mappings with matrices W which map a lattice L onto itself is called the point group of the lattice L or the holohedry of the lattice L. A crystal class of point groups P G is called a holohedral crystal class if it & contains a holohedry. There are seven holohedral crystal classes in the space: 1, 2=m, mmm, 4=mmm, 3m, 6=mmm and m3m. Their lattices are called triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, rhombohedral, hexagonal and cubic, respectively. There are four holohedral crystal classes in the plane: 2, 2mm, 4mm and 6mm. Their twodimensional lattices (or nets) are called oblique, rectangular, square and hexagonal, respectively. The lattices can be classified into lattice types or Bravais types, mostly called Bravais lattices, or into lattice systems (called Bravais systems in editions 1 to 4 of IT A). These classifications are not discussed here because they are not directly relevant to the classification of the space groups. This is because the lattice symmetry is not necessarily typical for the symmetry of its space group but may accidentally be higher. For example, the lattice of a monoclinic crystal may be accidentally orthorhombic (only for certain values of temperature and pressure). In Sections 8.2.5 and 8.2.7 of IT A the ‘typical lattice symmetry’ of a space group is defined.

Definition 1.2.5.4.2. Two crystallographic point groups P G and P 0G 0 belong to the same point-group type or to the same crystal class of point groups if there is a real non-singular matrix P which maps a matrix group fW g of P G onto a matrix group fW 0 g of P 0G 0 & by the transformation fW 0 g ¼ P
1 fW g P. Point groups can be classified by Definition 1.2.5.4.2. Further space groups may be classified into ‘crystal classes of space groups’ according to their point groups: Definition 1.2.5.4.3. Two space groups belong to the same crystal class of space groups if their point groups belong to the same & crystal class of point groups.

1.2.5.5. Crystal systems and crystal families The example of P1 mentioned above shows that the point group of the lattice may be systematically of higher order than that of its space group. There are obviously point groups and thus space groups that belong to a holohedral crystal class and those that do not. The latter can be assigned to a holohedral crystal class uniquely according to the following definition:9

Whether two space groups belong to the same crystal class or not can be worked out from their standard HM symbols: one removes the lattice parts from these symbols as well as the constituents ‘1’ from the symbols of trigonal space groups and replaces all constituents for screw rotations and glide reflections by those for the corresponding pure rotations and reflections. The symbols obtained in this way are those of the corresponding point groups. If they agree, the space groups belong to the same crystal class. The space groups also belong to the same crystal class if the point-group symbols belong to the pair 42m and 4m2 or to the pair 62m and 6m2. There are 32 classes of three-dimensional crystallographic point groups and 32 crystal classes of space groups, and ten classes of two-dimensional crystallographic point groups and ten crystal classes of plane groups. The distribution into crystal classes classifies space-group types – and thus space groups – and crystallographic point groups. It does not classify the infinite set of all lattices into a finite number of lattice types, because the same lattice may belong to space groups of different crystal classes. For example, the same lattice may be that of a space group of type P1 (of crystal class 1) and that of a space group of type P1 (of crystal class 1). Nevertheless, there is also a definition of the ‘point group of a lattice’. Let a vector lattice L of a space group G be referred to a lattice basis. Then the linear parts W of the matrix–column pairs (W, w) of G form the point group P G. If (W, w) maps the space group G onto itself, then the linear part W maps the (vector) lattice L onto itself. However, there may be additional matrices which also describe symmetry operations of the lattice L. For example, the point group P G of a space group of type P1 consists of the identity 1 only. However, with any vector t 2 L, the negative vector
t 2 L also belongs to L. Therefore, the lattice L is always centrosymmetric and has the inversion 1 as a symmetry operation independent of the symmetry of the space group.

Definition 1.2.5.5.1. A crystal class C of a space group G is either holohedral H or it can be assigned uniquely to H by the condition: any point group of C is a subgroup of a point group of H but not a subgroup of a holohedral crystal class H 0 of smaller order. The set of all crystal classes of space groups that are assigned to the same holohedral crystal class is called a crystal system of space & groups. The 32 crystal classes of space groups are classified into seven crystal systems which are called triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal and cubic. There are four crystal systems of plane groups: oblique, rectangular, square and hexagonal. Like the space groups, the crystal classes of point groups are classified into the seven crystal systems of point groups. Apart from accidental lattice symmetries, the space groups of different crystal systems have lattices of different symmetry. As an exception, the hexagonal primitive lattice occurs in both hexagonal and trigonal space groups as the typical lattice. Therefore, the space groups of the trigonal and the hexagonal crystal systems are more related than space groups from other different crystal systems. Indeed, in different crystallographic schools the term ‘crystal system’ was used for different objects. One sense of the term was the ‘crystal system’ as defined above, while another sense of the old term ‘crystal system’ is now called 9 This assignment does hold for low dimensions of space up to dimension 4. A dimension-independent definition of the concepts of ‘crystal system’ and ‘crystal family’ is found in IT A, Chapter 8.2, where the classifications are treated in more detail.

17

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS a ‘crystal family’ according to the following definition [for definitions that are also valid in higher-dimensional spaces, see Brown et al. (1978) or IT A, Chapter 8.2]:

index can in principle be obtained from the data on maximal subgroups. A non-maximal subgroup H < G of finite index [i] is connected with the original group G through a chain H ¼ Z k < Z k
1 < . . . < Z 1 < Z 0 ¼ G, where each group Z j < Z j
1 is a maximal subgroup of Z j
1, with the index ½ij  ¼ jZ j
1Q: Z j j, k j ¼ 1; . . . ; k. The number k is finite and the relation i ¼ j¼1 ij holds, i.e. the total index [i] is the product of the indices ij. According to Hermann (1929), the following types of subgroups of space groups have to be distinguished:

Definition 1.2.5.5.2. In three-dimensional space, the classification of the set of all space groups into crystal families is the same as that into crystal systems with the one exception that the trigonal and hexagonal crystal systems are united to form the hexagonal crystal family. There is no difference between crystal systems and & crystal families in the plane.

Definition 1.2.6.2.1. A subgroup H of a space group G is called a translationengleiche subgroup or a t-subgroup of G if the set T ðGÞ of translations is retained, i.e. T ðHÞ ¼ T ðGÞ, but the number of cosets of G=T ðGÞ, i.e. the order P of the point group P G, is & reduced such that jG=T ðGÞj > jH=T ðHÞj.10

The partition of the space groups into crystal families is the most universal one. The space groups and their types, their crystal classes and their crystal systems are classified by the crystal families. Analogously, the crystallographic point groups and their crystal classes and crystal systems are classified by the crystal families of point groups. Lattices, their Bravais types and lattice systems can also be classified into crystal families of lattices; cf. IT A, Chapter 8.2.

The order of a crystallographic point group P G of the space group G is always finite. Therefore, the number of the subgroups of P G is also always finite and these subgroups and their relations are displayed in well known graphs, cf. Chapter 2.4 and Section 2.1.8 of this volume. Because of the isomorphism between the point group P G and the factor group G=T ðGÞ, the subgroup graph for the point group P G is the same as that for the t-subgroups of G, only the labels of the groups are different. For deviations between the point-group graphs and the actual space-group graphs of Chapter 2.4, cf. Section 2.1.8.2.

1.2.6. Types of subgroups of space groups 1.2.6.1. Introductory remarks Group–subgroup relations form an essential part of the applications of space-group theory. Let G be a space group and H < G a proper subgroup of G. All maximal subgroups H < G of any space group G are listed in Part 2 of this volume. There are different kinds of subgroups which are defined and described in this section. The tables and graphs of this volume are arranged according to these kinds of subgroups. Moreover, for the different kinds of subgroups different data are listed in the subgroup tables and graphs. Let Gj and Hj be space groups of the space-group types G and H. The group–subgroup relation Gj > Hj is a relation between the particular space groups Gj and Hj but it can be generalized to the space-group types G and H. Certainly, not every space group of the type H will be a subgroup of every space group of the type G. Nevertheless, the relation Gj > Hj holds for any space group of G and H in the following sense: If Gj > Hj holds for the pair Gj and Hj , then for any space group Gk of the type G a space group Hk of the type H exists for which the corresponding relation Gk > Hk holds. Conversely, for any space group Hm of the type H a space group Gm of the type G exists for which the corresponding relation Gm > Hm holds. Only this property of the group– subgroup relations made it possible to compile and arrange the tables of this volume so that they are as concise as those of IT A.

Example 1.2.6.2.2 Consider a space group G of type P12=m1 referred to a conventional coordinate system. The translation subgroup T ðGÞ consists of all translations with translation vectors t ¼ ua þ vb þ wc, where u; v; w run through all integer numbers. The coset decomposition of ðG : T ðGÞÞ results in the four cosets T (G), T ðGÞ 20 , T ðGÞ m0 and T ðGÞ 10 , where the right operations are a twofold rotation 20 around the rotation axis passing through the origin, a reflection m0 through a plane containing the origin and an inversion 10 with the inversion point at the origin, respectively. The three combinations H1 ¼ T ðGÞ [ T ðGÞ 20 , H2 ¼ T ðGÞ [ T ðGÞ m0 and H3 ¼ T ðGÞ [ ðT GÞ 10 each form a translationengleiche maximal subgroup of G of index 2 with the space-group symbols P121, P1m1 and P1, respectively. Definition 1.2.6.2.3. A subgroup H < G of a space group G is called a klassengleiche subgroup or a k-subgroup if the set T (G) of all translations of G is reduced to T ðHÞ < T ðGÞ but all linear parts of G are retained. Then the number of cosets of the decompositions H=T ðHÞ and G=T ðGÞ is the same, i.e. jH=T ðHÞj ¼ jG=T ðGÞj. In other words: the order of the point & group P H is the same as that of P G. See also footnote 10.

1.2.6.2. Definitions and examples

For a klassengleiche subgroup H < G, the cosets of the factor group H=T ðHÞ are smaller than those of G=T ðGÞ. Because T (H) is still infinite, the number of elements of each coset is infinite but the index jT ðGÞ : T ðHÞj > 1 is finite. The number of k-subgroups of G is always infinite.

‘Maximal subgroups’ have been introduced by Definition 1.2.4.1.2. The importance of this definition will become apparent in the corollary to Hermann’s theorem, cf. Lemma 1.2.8.1.3. In this volume only the maximal subgroups are listed for any plane and any space group. A maximal subgroup of a plane group is a plane group, a maximal subgroup of a space group is a space group. On the other hand, a minimal supergroup of a plane group or of a space group is not necessarily a plane group or a space group, cf. Section 2.1.6. If the maximal subgroups are known for each space group, then each non-maximal subgroup of a space group G with finite

10

German: zellengleiche means ‘with the same cell’; translationengleiche means ‘with the same translations’; klassengleiche means ‘of the same (crystal) class’. Of the different German declension endings only the form with terminal -e is used in this volume. The terms zellengleiche and klassengleiche were introduced by Hermann (1929). The term zellengleiche was later replaced by translationengleiche because of possible misinterpretations. In this volume they are sometimes abbreviated as t-subgroups and k-subgroups.

18

1.2. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBGROUPS OF SPACE GROUPS Example 1.2.6.2.4 Consider a space group G of the type C121, referred to a conventional coordinate system. The set T ðGÞ of all translations can be split into the set T i of all translations with integer coefficients u, v and w and the set T f of all translations for which the coefficients u and v are fractional. The set T i forms a group; the set T f is the other coset in the decomposition ðT ðGÞ : T i Þ and does not form a group. Let t C be the ‘centring translation’ with the translation vector 12 ða þ bÞ. Then T f can be written T i t C . Let 20 mean a twofold rotation around the rotation axis through the origin. There are altogether four cosets of the decomposition (G : T i ), which can be written now as T i, T f ¼ T i t C , T i 20 and T f 20 ¼ ðT i t C Þ 20 ¼ T i ðt C 20 Þ. The union T i [ ðT i t C Þ ¼ T G forms the translationengleiche maximal subgroup C1 (conventional setting P1) of G of index 2. The union T i [ ðT i 20 Þ forms the klassengleiche maximal subgroup P121 of G of index 2. The union T i [ ðT i ðt C 20 ÞÞ also forms a klassengleiche maximal subgroup of index 2. Its HM symbol is P121 1, and the twofold rotations 2 of the point group 2 are realized by screw rotations 21 in this subgroup because (t C 20 ) is a screw rotation with its screw axis running parallel to the b axis through the point 14 ; 0; 0. There are in fact these two k-subgroups of C121 of index 2 which have the group T i in common. In the subgroup table of C121 both are listed under the heading ‘Loss of centring translations’ because the conventional unit cell is retained while only the centring translations have disappeared. (Four additional klassengleiche maximal subgroups of C121 with index 2 are found under the heading ‘Enlarged unit cell’.) The group T i of type P1 is a non-maximal subgroup of C121 of index 4.

groups of index 2 for any space group of type P 1 which are obtained by seven different cell enlargements. If G belongs to a pair of enantiomorphic space-group types, then the isomorphic subgroups of G may belong to different crystallographic space-group types with different HM symbols and different space-group numbers. In this case, an infinite number of subgroups belong to the crystallographic space-group type of G and another infinite number belong to the enantiomorphic space-group type. Example 1.2.6.2.7 Space group P41, No. 76, has for any prime number p > 2 an isomorphic maximal subgroup of index p with the lattice parameters a; b; pc. This is an infinite number of subgroups because there is an infinite number of primes. The subgroups belong to the space-group type P41 if p ¼ 4n þ 1; they belong to the type P43 if p ¼ 4n þ 3. Definition 1.2.6.2.8. A subgroup of a space group is called general or a general subgroup if it is neither a translationengleiche nor a klassengleiche subgroup. It has lost translations as well as linear & parts, i.e. point-group symmetry. Example 1.2.6.2.9 The subgroup T g in Example 1.2.6.2.6 has lost all inversions of the original space group P1 as well as all translations with odd u. It is a general subgroup P1 of the space group P1 of index 4.

1.2.6.3. The role of normalizers for group–subgroup pairs of space groups

Definition 1.2.6.2.5. A klassengleiche or k-subgroup H < G is called isomorphic or an isomorphic subgroup if it belongs to the same affine space-group type (isomorphism type) as G. If a subgroup is not isomorphic, it is sometimes called non& isomorphic.

In Section 1.2.4.5, the normalizer N G ðHÞ of a subgroup H < G in the group G was defined. The equation H / N G ðHÞ  G holds, i.e. H is a normal subgroup of N G ðHÞ. The normalizer N G ðHÞ, by its index in G, determines the number Nj ¼ jG : N G ðHÞj of subgroups Hj < G that are conjugate in the group G, cf. Remarks (2) and (3) below Definition 1.2.4.5.1. The group–subgroup relations between space groups become more transparent if one looks at them from a more general point of view. Space groups are part of the general theory of mappings. Particular groups are the affine group A of all reversible affine mappings, the Euclidean group E of all isometries, the translation group T of all translations and the orthogonal group O of all orthogonal mappings. Connected with any particular space group G are its group of translations T ðGÞ and its point group P G. In addition, the normalizers N A ðGÞ of G in the affine group A and N E ðGÞ in the Euclidean group E are useful. They are listed in Section 15.2.1 of IT A. Although consisting of isometries only, N E ðGÞ is not necessarily a space group, see the second paragraph of Example 1.2.7.3.1. For the group–subgroup pairs H < G the following relations hold:

Isomorphic subgroups are special k-subgroups. The importance of the distinction between k-subgroups in general and isomorphic subgroups in particular stems from the fact that the number of maximal non-isomorphic k-subgroups of any space group is finite, whereas the number of maximal isomorphic subgroups is always infinite, see Section 1.2.8. Example 1.2.6.2.6 Consider a space group G of type P1 referred to a conventional coordinate system. The translation subgroup T ðGÞ consists of all translations with translation vectors t ¼ ua þ vb þ wc, where u; v and w run through all integer numbers. There is an inversion 10 with the inversion point at the origin and also an infinite number of other inversions, generated by the combinations of 10 with all translations of T ðGÞ. We consider the subgroup T g of all translations with an even coefficient u and arbitrary integers v and w as well as the coset decomposition ðG : T g Þ. Let t a be the translation with the translation vector a. There are four cosets: T g , T g t a , T g 10 and T g ðt a 10 Þ. The union T g [ ðT g t a Þ forms the translationengleiche maximal subgroup T ðGÞ of index 2. The union T g [ ðT g 10 Þ forms an isomorphic maximal subgroup of index 2, as does the union T g [ ðT g ðt a 10 ÞÞ. There are thus two maximal isomorphic subgroups of index 2 which are obtained by doubling the a lattice parameter. There are altogether 14 isomorphic sub-

(1) T ðHÞ  H  N G ðHÞ  G  N E ðGÞ < E; (1a) H  N G ðHÞ  N E ðHÞ < E; (1b) N E ðHÞ  N A ðHÞ < A; (2) T ðHÞ  T ðGÞ < T < E; (3) T ðGÞ  G  N E ðGÞ  N A ðGÞ < A. The subgroup H may be a translationengleiche or a klassengleiche or a general subgroup of G. In any case, the normalizer

19

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS N G ðHÞ determines the length of the conjugacy class of H < G, but it is not feasible to list for each group–subgroup pair H < G its normalizer N G ðHÞ. Indeed, it is only necessary to list for any space group H its normalizer N E ðHÞ in the Euclidean group E of all isometries, as is done in IT A, Section 15.2.1. From such a list the normalizers for the group–subgroup pairs can be obtained easily, because for any chain of space groups H < G < E, the relations H  NG ðHÞ  G and H  NG ðHÞ  NE ðHÞ hold. The normalizer NG ðHÞ consists consequently of all those isometries of NE ðHÞ that are also elements of G, i.e. that belong to the intersection NE ðHÞ \ G, cf. the examples of Section 1.2.7.11 The isomorphism type of the Euclidean normalizer N E ðHÞ may depend on the lattice parameters of the space group (specialized Euclidean normalizer). For example, if the lattice of the space group P1 of a triclinic crystal is accidentally monoclinic at a certain temperature and pressure or for a certain composition in a continuous solid-solution series, then the Euclidean normalizer of this space group belongs to the spacegroup types P2=m or C2=m, otherwise it belongs to P1. Such a specialized Euclidean normalizer (here P2=m or C2=m) may be distinguished from the typical Euclidean normalizer (here P1), for which the lattice of H is not more symmetric than is required by the symmetry of H. The specialized Euclidean normalizers were first listed in the 5th edition of IT A (2005), Section 15.2.1.

references. Domains are also considered in Section 1.6.6 of this volume. In this section, non-ferroelastic phase transitions are treated without any special assumption as well as ferroelastic phase transitions under the simplifying parent clamping approximation, abbreviated PCA, introduced by Janovec et al. (1989), see also IT D, Section 3.4.2.5. A transition is non-ferroelastic if the strain tensors (metric tensors) of the low-symmetry phase B have the same independent components as the strain tensor of the phase A.12 There are thus no spontaneous strain components which distort the lattices of the domains. In a ferroelastic phase transition the strain tensors of phase B have more independent components than the strain tensor of phase A. The additional strain components cause lattice strain. By the PCA the lattice parameters of phase B at the transition are adapted to those of phase A, i.e. to the lattice symmetry of phase A. Therefore, under the PCA the ferroelastic phases display the same behaviour as the non-ferroelastic phases. If in this section ferroelastic phase transitions are considered, the PCA is assumed to be applied. Under a non-ferroelastic phase transition or under the assumption of the PCA, the translations of the constituents of the phase B are translations of phase A and the space groups Hj of B are subgroups of the space group G of A, Hj < G. Under this supposition the domain structure formed may exhibit different chiralities and/or polarities of its domains with different spatial orientations of their symmetry elements. Nevertheless, each domain has the same specific energy and the lattice of each domain is part of the lattice of the parent structure A with space group G. The description of domain structures by their crystal structures is called the microscopic description, IT D, Section 3.4.2.1. In the continuum description, the crystals are treated as anisotropic continua, IT D, Section 3.4.2.1. The role of the space groups is then taken over by the point groups of the domains. The continuum description is used when one is essentially interested in the macroscopic physical properties of the domain structure. Different kinds of nomenclature are used in the discussion of domain structures. The basic concepts of domain and domain state are established in IT D, Section 3.4.2.1; the terms symmetry state and directional state are newly introduced here in the context of domain structures. All these concepts classify the domains and will be defined in the next section and applied in different examples of phase transitions in Section 1.2.7.3.

1.2.7. Application to domain structures 1.2.7.1. Introductory remarks In this section, the basic group-theoretical aspects of this chapter are exemplified using the topic of domain structures (transformation twins). Domain structures result from a displacive or order–disorder phase transition. A homogeneous single crystal phase A (parent or prototypic phase) is transformed to a crystalline phase B (daughter phase, distorted phase). In most cases phase B is inhomogeneous, consisting of homogeneous regions which are called domains. Definition 1.2.7.1.1. A connected homogeneous part of a domain structure or of a twinned crystal of phase B is called a domain. Each domain is a single crystal. The part of space that is occupied & by a domain is the region of that domain. The space groups Hj of phase B are conjugate subgroups of the space group G of phase A, Hj < G. The number of domains is not limited; they differ in their locations in space, in their orientations, in their sizes, in their shapes and in their space groups Hj < G which, however, all belong to the same space-group type H. The boundaries between the domains, called the domain walls, are assumed to be (infinitely) thin. A deeper discussion of domain structures or transformation twins and their properties needs a much more detailed treatment, as is given in Volume D of International Tables for Crystallography (2003) (abbreviated as IT D) Part 3, by Janovec, Hahn & Klapper (Chapter 3.2), by Hahn & Klapper (Chapter 3.3) and by Janovec & Prˇı´vratska´ (Chapter 3.4) with more than 400

1.2.7.2. Domain states, symmetry states and directional states In order to describe what happens in a phase transition of the kind considered, a few notions are useful. If the domains of phase B have been formed from a single crystal of phase A, then they belong to a finite (small) number of domain states Bj with space groups Hj. The domain states have well defined relations to the original crystal of phase A and its space group G. In order to describe these relations, the notion of crystal pattern is used. Any perfect (ideal) crystal is a finite block of the corresponding infinite arrangement, the symmetry of which is a space group and thus contains translations. Here, this

11 For maximal subgroups, a calculation of the conjugacy classes is not necessary because these are indicated in the subgroup tables of Part 2 of this volume by braces to the left of the data sets for the low-index subgroups and by text for the series of isomorphic subgroups. For non-maximal subgroups, the conjugacy relations are not indicated but can be calculated in the way described here. They are also available online on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server, http://www. cryst.ehu.es/, under the program Subgroupgraph.

12

A phase transition is non-ferroelastic if the space groups G of the highsymmetry phase A and Hj of the low-symmetry phase B belong to the same crystal family, of which there are six: triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal–hexagonal and cubic. In ferroelastic phase transitions the space groups G of A and Hj of B belong to different crystal families. Only then can spontaneous strain components occur. They are avoided by the assumption of the PCA.

20

1.2. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBGROUPS OF SPACE GROUPS (infinite) periodic object is called a crystal pattern, cf. Section 1.2.2.1. Each domain belongs to a crystal pattern.

Domains of the same domain state always belong to the same symmetry state. Domains of different domain states may or may not belong to the same symmetry state. The number NS of symmetry states is determined by the normalizer N G ðH1 Þ of H1 in G. Let N G ðH1 Þ be the normalizer of the space group H1 in the space group G. Then G  N G ðH1 Þ . H1 with the indices jG : H1 j ¼ ½ i  and jG : N G ðH1 Þj ¼ ½ iS  with iS  i. By Lemma 1.2.7.2.2 the number N ¼ jG : H1 j of domain states is determined. For the number NS of symmetry states the following lemma holds:

Definition 1.2.7.2.1. The set of all domains which belong to the same crystal pattern forms a domain state Bj . The domains of one domain state occupy different regions of space and are part of the same crystal pattern: to each domain state Bj belongs a crystal & pattern. From the viewpoint of symmetry, different domains of the same domain state cannot be distinguished. The following considerations concern domain states and thus indirectly their constituents, the domains. The number of domain states that may be observed in the distorted phase B is limited and determined by the space groups G and Hj . The number of domains that belong to the same domain state is not limited. The diversity of the domains and their shapes is due to mechanical stresses, defects, electrical charges and nucleation phenomena, which strongly influence the kinetics of the phase transition; see, for example, Fig. 3.4.1.1 in IT D. A trivial domain structure is formed when phase B consists of one domain only, i.e. when it forms a single-domain structure. This is possible, for example, in nanocrystals (Chen et al., 1997) and in particular under an external electric field or under external stress, and is stable under zero field and zero stress (detwinning). For a phase transition of the type considered, the different domain states have the same a priori probability of appearing in the distorted phase. In reality not all of them may be observed and/or their relative frequencies and sizes may be rather different. In order to calculate the number of possible domain states, the space group G will be decomposed into cosets relative to its subgroup H1, which is the space group of the domain state B1,

Lemma 1.2.7.2.4. The number NS of symmetry states for the transition A
!B with space groups G and Hj is jG : N G ðH1 Þj ¼ ½ iS  ¼ NS  N. To each symmetry state there belong ds ¼ N : NS domain states, i.e. ds NS ¼ N, cf. IT D, & Section 3.4.2.4.1. In a group–subgroup relation such as that between G and Hj , Hj has in general lost translations as well as non-translational symmetry operations. Thus, for the translation subgroups (the lattices) T G  T Hj holds, and for the point groups P G  P Hj holds. Then a uniquely determined space group Mj exists, called Hermann’s group, such that Mj has the translations of G and the point group of Hj, IT D, Example 3.2.3.32. The group Mj can thus be characterized as that translationengleiche subgroup of G which is simultaneously a klassengleiche supergroup of Hj . For general subgroups G > Mj > Hj , for translationengleiche subgroups Hj ¼ Mj < G and for klassengleiche subgroups Hj < Mj ¼ G holds. For the corresponding indices one finds by coset decomposition the following lemma, see IT D, equation (3.2.3.91). Lemma 1.2.7.2.5. The index i of Hj in G can be factorized into the point-group part iP and the lattice part iL : jG : Hj j ¼ i ¼ & jG : Mj j jMj : Hj j ¼ iP iL .

G ¼ H1 [ . . . [ g j H1 [ . . . [ g i H1 : The elements g 1 ¼ e ; . . . ; g j ; . . . g i of G are the coset representatives. The elements hr of H1 map the domain state B1 onto itself, hr B1 ¼ B1 , h r 2 H1 . The elements of the other cosets map B1 onto the other domain states, for example, g j B1 ¼ Bj .13 It follows:

In the continuum description the lattices are ignored and only the relation between the point groups is considered. Because Mj is a translationengleiche subgroup of G, the index of Mj in G is the same as the index iP of the point group of Hj in the point group of G. In many cases one is only interested in the orientation of the domain states of a domain structure in the space. These orientations are determined by the crystal patterns and may be taken also from the values of the components of the property tensors of the domain states. A classification of the domain states according to their orientations into classes which shall be called directional states may be achieved in the following way.

Lemma 1.2.7.2.2. The number N of possible domain states of phase B is equal to the index i of H1 in G, N ¼ jG : H1 j ¼ ½ i . & Having determined the number of domain states, we turn to their space groups, i.e. to the space groups of their crystal patterns. From B1 ¼ hr B1 for any hr 2 H1, written as H1 B1 ¼ B1, and
1 Bj ¼ g j B1 or B1 ¼ g
1 j Bj , we conclude that g j Bj ¼ H1 B1 ¼
1
1 H1 g j Bj or Bj ¼ g j H1 g j Bj . This means: the space group g j H1 g
1 j leaves the domain state Bj invariant and is a subgroup of G which is conjugate to H1 for any value of j. For the classification of the domain states according to their space groups we now introduce the term symmetry state.

Definition 1.2.7.2.6. A directional state is a set of all domain states & that are parallel to each other. Parallel domain states (crystal patterns) have space groups with the same point group and the same lattice; they are distinguished only by the locations of the conventional origins. If B1 and Bj ¼ g j B1 are parallel, then the coset representative g j is a translation and Hj and H1 are klassengleiche subgroups of M1. Both subgroups have also the same translations because a translation g j commutes with all translations and thus leaves T ðH1 Þ invariant, see Examples 1.2.7.3.2 and 1.2.7.3.3. To determine the number of directional states, we consider the coset decomposition of G relative to Hermann’s group M1. Each coset of the decomposition G : M1 maps the domain state B1

Definition 1.2.7.2.3. A symmetry state is a set of all domain states & (crystal patterns) the space groups of which are identical. 13 The multiplication hr B1 etc. is the performance of a symmetry operation hr on the crystal pattern of the domain state B1 . Usually, the matrix of hr is applied to the coordinates of the atoms of the crystal pattern of B1. A symmetry operation of B1 maps the crystal pattern onto itself; another motion maps it onto another crystal pattern.

21

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS onto a domain state Bj with another directional state which results in the following lemma:

Example 1.2.7.3.2 Let G ¼ Fm3m, No. 225, with lattice parameter a and H1 ¼ Pm3m, No. 221, with the same lattice parameter a. The relation H1 < G is klassengleich of index 4 and is found between the disordered and ordered modifications of the alloy AuCu3. In the disordered state, one Au and three Cu atoms occupy the positions of a cubic F lattice at random; in the ordered compound the Au atoms occupy the positions of a cubic P lattice whereas the Cu atoms occupy the centres of all faces of this cube. According to IT A, Table 15.2.1.4, the Euclidean normalizer of H1 is N E ðH1 Þ ¼ Im3m with lattice parameter a. The additional I-centring translations of N E ðH1 Þ are not translations of G and thus N G ðH1 Þ ¼ H1. There are four domain states, each one with its own distinct space group Hj ; j ¼ 1; . . . ; 4, and symmetry state. The shifts of the conventional origins of Bj relative to the origin of A are 0; 0; 0; 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ; 2 ; 0; 2 ; 0; 2; and 0; 2 ; 2. These shifts do not show up in the macroscopic properties of the domains but in the mismatch at the boundaries (antiphase boundaries) where different domains (antiphase domains) meet. This may be observed, for example, by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), IT D, Section 3.3.10.6.

Lemma 1.2.7.2.7. The number of directional states in the transition A
!B with space groups G and H1 is jG : M1 j, i.e. the index & ½ iP  of M1 in G. The number of directional states does not depend on the type of description, whether microscopic or continuum, and is thus the same for both. Therefore, the microscopic description of the directional state may form a bridge between both kinds of description. 1.2.7.3. Examples The terms just defined shall be explained in a few examples. In Example 1.2.7.3.1 a translationengleiche transition is considered; i.e. H is a translationengleiche subgroup of G. Because Mj ¼ Hj, the relation between G and Hj is reflected by the relation between the space groups G and Mj and the results of the microscopic and continuum description correspond to each other. Example 1.2.7.3.1 Perovskite BaTiO3 exhibits a ferroelastic and ferroelectric phase transition from phase A with the cubic space group G ¼ Pm3m, No. 221, to phase B with tetragonal space groups of type H ¼ P4mm, No. 99. Several aspects of this transition are discussed in IT D. Let B1 be one of the domain states of phase B. Because the index jG : H1 j ¼ 6, there are six domain states, forming three pairs of domain states which point with their tetragonal c axes along the cubic x, y and z axes of G. Each pair consists of two antiparallel domain states of opposite polarization (ferroelectric domains), related by, for example, the symmetry plane perpendicular to the symmetry axes 4. The six domain states also form six directional states because Hj ¼ Mj (antiparallel domain states belong to different directional states). To find the space groups of the domain states, the normalizers have to be determined. For the perovskite transition, the normalizer N G ðH1 Þ can be obtained from the Euclidean normalizer N E of P4mm in Table 15.2.1.4 of IT A, which is listed as P1 4=mmm. This Euclidean normalizer has continuous translations along the z direction (indicated by the P1 lattice part of the HM symbol) and is thus not a space group. However, all additional translations of P1 4=mmm are not elements of the space group G, and NG ðH1 Þ = ðNE ðH1 Þ \ GÞ = ðP1 4=mmm \ Pm3mÞ = P4=mmm is a subgroup of Pm3m with index 3 and with the lattice of Pm3m due to the PCA. There are thus three symmetry states, i.e. three subgroups of the type P4mm with their fourfold axes directed along the z, x and y directions of the cubic space group G. Two domain states (with opposite polar axes) belong to each of the three subgroups Hj of type P4mm.

In the next example there are two domain states and both belong to the same space group, i.e. to the same symmetry state. Example 1.2.7.3.3 There is an order–disorder transition of the alloy -brass, CuZn. In the disordered state the Cu and Zn atoms occupy at random the positions of a cubic I lattice with space group G ¼ Im3m, No. 229. In the ordered state, both kinds of atoms form a cubic primitive lattice P each, and one kind of atom occupies the centres of the cubes of the other, as in the CsCl crystal structure. Its space group is H ¼ Pm3m, No. 221, which is a subgroup of index [2] of G with the same cubic lattice parameter a. There are two domain states with their crystal structures shifted relative to each other by 12 ða þ b þ cÞ. The space group H is a normal subgroup of G and both domain states belong to the same symmetry state. Up to now, only examples with translationengleiche or klassengleiche transitions have been considered. Now we turn to the domain structure of a general transition, where H is a general subgroup of G. General subgroups are never maximal subgroups and are thus not listed in this volume, but have to be derived from the maximal subgroups of each single step of the group–subgroup chain between G and H. In the following Example 1.2.7.3.4, the chain has two steps. Example 1.2.7.3.4 -Gadolinium molybdate, Gd2(MoO4)3, is ferroelectric and ferroelastic. It was treated as an example from different points of view in IT D by Tole´dano (Section 3.1.2.5.2) and by Janovec & Prˇ´ıvratska´ (Example 3.4.2.6). The high-temperature phase A has space group G ¼ P421 m, No. 113, and basis vectors a, b and c. A phase transition to a low-temperature phase B occurs with space-group type H ¼ Pba2, No. 32, basis vectors a0 ¼ a
b, b0 ¼ a þ b and c0 ¼ c. In addition to the reduction of the pointgroup symmetry the primitive unit cell is doubled. The PCA will be applied because the transition from the tetragonal to the orthorhombic crystal family would without the PCA allow a0 6¼ b0 for the lattice parameters. The index of H in G is ½ i  ¼ jP421 m : Pba2j ¼ 4 such that there are four domain states. These relations are displayed in Fig. 1.2.7.1.

In Example 1.2.7.3.1, a phase transition was discussed which involves only translationengleiche group–subgroup relations and, hence, only directional relations between the domain states occur. Each domain state forms its own directional state. The following two examples treat klassengleiche transitions, i.e. H is a klassengleiche subgroup of G. Then Mj ¼ G and there is only one directional state: a translational domain structure, also called translation twin, is formed. The domain states of a translational domain structure differ in the origins of their space groups because of the loss of translations of the parent phase in the phase transition.

22

1.2. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBGROUPS OF SPACE GROUPS In this volume, only subgroups of finite index i are listed. However, the index i is not restricted, i.e. there is no number I with the property i < I for any i. Subgroups H < G with infinite index are considered in International Tables for Crystallography, Volume E (2002). Lemma 1.2.8.1.2. Hermann’s theorem. For any group–subgroup chain G > H between space groups there exists a uniquely defined space group M with G  M  H, where M is a translationengleiche subgroup of G and H is a klassengleiche subgroup & of M. The decisive point is that any group–subgroup chain between space groups can be split into a translationengleiche subgroup chain between the space groups G and M and a klassengleiche subgroup chain between the space groups M and H. It may happen that either G ¼ M or H ¼ M holds. In particular, one of these equations must hold if H < G is a maximal subgroup of G.

Fig. 1.2.7.1. Group–subgroup relations between the high (HT) and low temperature (LT) forms of gadolinium molybdate (Ba¨rnighausen tree as explained in Section 1.6.3).

Lemma 1.2.8.1.3. (Corollary to Hermann’s theorem.) A maximal subgroup of a space group is either a translationengleiche subgroup or a klassengleiche subgroup, never a general subgroup. &

To calculate the number of space groups Pba2, i.e. the number of symmetry states, one determines the normalizer of Pba2 in P421 m. From IT A, Table 15.2.1.3, one finds N E ðPba2Þ ¼ P1 4=mmm for the Euclidean normalizer of Pba2 under the PCA, which includes the condition a0 ¼ b0 . P1 4=mmm is a supergroup of P421 m. Thus, N G ðPba2Þ ¼ ðN E ðPba2Þ \ GÞ ¼ G and Pba2 is a normal subgroup. Therefore, under the PCA all four domain states belong to one space group Pba2, i.e. there is one symmetry state. Indeed, the tables of Volume A1 list only one subgroup of type Cmm2 under P421 m and only one subgroup Pba2 under Cmm2 with ½i ¼ 2 in both cases. Hermann’s group M, G > M > H is of space-group type Cmm2 with the point group mm2 of H and with the lattice of G. Because jG : Mj ¼ 2, there are two directional states which belong to the same space group. The directional state of B2 is obtained from that of B1 by, for example, the (lost) 4 operation of P421 m: the basis vector a of B2 is parallel to b of B1, b of B2 is parallel to a of B1 and c of B2 is antiparallel to c of B1. The other factor of 2 is caused by the loss of the centring translations of Cmm2, iT ¼ jM : Hj ¼ 2. Therefore, the domain state B3 is parallel to B1 but its origin is shifted with respect to that of B1 by a lost translation, for example, by t ð1; 0; 0Þ of G, which is t ð12 ; 12 ; 0Þ in the basis a0, b0 of Pba2. The same holds for the domain state B4 relative to B2.

The following lemma holds for space groups but not for arbitrary groups of infinite order. Lemma 1.2.8.1.4. For any space group, the number of subgroups & with a given finite index i is finite. This number of subgroups can be further specified, see Chapter 1.4. Although for each index i the number of subgroups is finite, the number of all subgroups with finite index is infinite because there is no upper limit for the number i. 1.2.8.2. Lemmata on maximal subgroups Even the set of all maximal subgroups of finite index is not finite, as can be seen from the following lemma. Lemma 1.2.8.2.1. The index i of a maximal subgroup of a space group is always of the form pn , where p is a prime number and n = & 1 or 2 for plane groups and n = 1, 2 or 3 for space groups. This lemma means that a subgroup of, say, index 6 cannot be maximal. Moreover, because of the infinite number of primes, the set of all maximal subgroups of a given space group cannot be finite. An index of p2 ; p > 2; occurs for isomorphic subgroups of tetragonal space groups when the basis vectors are enlarged to pa, pb; for trigonal and hexagonal space groups, the enlargement pa, pb is allowed for p = 2 and for all or part of the primes p > 3. An index of p3 occurs for and only for isomorphic subgroups of cubic space groups with cell enlargements of pa, pb, pc (p > 2). There are even stronger restrictions for maximal nonisomorphic subgroups.

1.2.8. Lemmata on subgroups of space groups There are several lemmata on subgroups H < G of space groups G which may help in getting an insight into the laws governing group–subgroup relations of plane and space groups. They were also used for the derivation and the checking of the tables of Part 2. These lemmata are proved or at least stated and explained in Chapter 1.4. They are repeated here as statements, separated from their mathematical background, and are formulated for the three-dimensional space groups. They are valid by analogy for the (two-dimensional) plane groups.

Lemma 1.2.8.2.2. The index of a maximal non-isomorphic subgroup of a plane group is 2 or 3; for a space group the index is & 2, 3 or 4. This lemma can be specified further: Lemma 1.2.8.2.3. The index of a maximal non-isomorphic subgroup H is always 2 for oblique, rectangular and square plane groups and for triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic and tetragonal space groups G. The index is 2 or 3 for hexagonal plane groups and for trigonal and hexagonal space groups G. The index is 2, 3 & or 4 for cubic space groups G.

1.2.8.1. General lemmata Lemma 1.2.8.1.1. A subgroup H of a space group G is a space & group again, if and only if the index i ¼ jG : Hj is finite.

23

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS There are also lemmata for the number of subgroups of a certain index. The most important are:

References Brown, H., Bu¨low, R., Neubu¨ser, J., Wondratschek, H. & Zassenhaus, H. (1978). Crystallographic Groups of Four-dimensional Space. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Chen, Ch.-Ch., Herhold, A. B., Johnson, C. S. & Alivisatos, A. P. (1997). Size dependence of structural metastability in semiconductor nanocrystals. Science, 276, 398–401. Flack, H. D., Wondratschek, H., Hahn, Th. & Abrahams, S. C. (2000). Symmetry elements in space groups and point groups. Addenda to two IUCr reports on the nomenclature of symmetry. Acta Cryst. A56, 96–98. Hahn, Th. & Wondratschek, H. (1994). Symmetry of Crystals. Introduction to International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A. Sofia: Heron Press. Hermann, C. (1929). Zur systematischen Strukturtheorie. IV. Untergruppen. Z. Kristallogr. 69, 533–555. International Tables for Crystallography (2002). Vol. E, Subperiodic Groups, edited by V. Kopsky´ & D. B. Litvin. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. International Tables for Crystallography (2003). Vol. D, Physical Properties of Crystals, edited by A. Authier. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. International Tables for Crystallography (2005). Vol. A, Space-Group Symmetry, edited by Th. Hahn, 5th ed. Heidelberg: Springer. Janovec, V., Schranz, W., Warhanek, H. & Zikmund, Z. (1989). Symmetry analysis of domain structure in KSCN crystals. Ferroelectrics, 98, 171– 189. Ledermann, W. (1976). Introduction to Group Theory. London: Longman. (German: Einfu¨hrung in die Gruppentheorie, Braunschweig: Vieweg, 1977.) Ledermann, W. & Weir, A. J. (1996). Introduction to Group Theory, 2nd ed. Harlow: Addison-Wesley Longman. Plesken, W. & Schulz, T. (2000). Counting crystallographic groups in low dimensions. Exp. Math. 9, 407–411. Souvignier, B. (2003). Enantiomorphism of crystallographic groups in higher dimensions with results in dimensions up to 6. Acta Cryst. A59, 210–220.

Lemma 1.2.8.2.4. The number of subgroups of index 2 is 2N
1 with 0  N  6 for space groups and 0  N  4 for plane groups. The number of translationengleiche subgroups of index 2 is 2M
1 with 0  M  3 for space groups and 0  M  2 for & plane groups. Examples are: N ¼ 0 : 20
1 ¼ 0 subgroups of index 2 for p3, No. 13, and F23, No. 196; N ¼ 1 : 21
1 ¼ 1 subgroup of index 2 for p3m1, No. 14, and P3, No. 143; . . .; N ¼ 4 : 24
1 ¼ 15 subgroups of index 2 for p2mm, No. 6, and P1, No. 2; N ¼ 6 : 26
1 ¼ 63 subgroups of index 2 for Pmmm, No. 47. Lemma 1.2.8.2.5. The number of isomorphic subgroups of each space group is infinite and this applies even to the number of & maximal isomorphic subgroups. Nevertheless, their listing is possible in the form of infinite series. The series are specified by parameters. Lemma 1.2.8.2.6. For each space group, each maximal isomorphic subgroup H can be listed as a member of one of at most four series of maximal isomorphic subgroups. Each member is speci& fied by a set of parameters. The series of maximal isomorphic subgroups are discussed in Section 2.1.5.

24

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Chapter 1.3, pp. 25–26.

1.3. Computer checking of the subgroup data By Franz Ga¨hler

1.3.1. Introduction

Having expressed the element p as a product of generators, one simply replaces the factors in this product by their representative pre-images under H, which are known by construction, to obtain the representative pre-image g of p. To compute a generating set of the translation subgroup T  G, one first computes a set of defining relations of the point group P for the given generators. For a finite group this is a standard task in GAP. These defining relations are a set of inequivalent ways to express the identity element of P by the generators of P. Replacing the factors in such a defining relation by their representative pre-images in G yields a pre-image of the identity of P, i.e. an element of T . The translations so obtained generate, together with the pure translation generators of G, the entire translation subgroup T  G. We now have all the necessary information to test whether a given augmented matrix A is an element of a space group G. One first tests whether the linear part M of A is an element of the point group P of G. If M 62 P, A is not an element of G. Otherwise, some pre-image G of M in G is computed. A is then an element of G if and only if A and G differ in their translation part by an element of the translation group T . With this membership test, we can determine whether two space groups are equal, or whether one is a subgroup of the other: a space group H is a subgroup of a space group G if all the generators of H are elements of G. Two space groups are equal if either of them is a subgroup of index 1 of the other.

Most of the data in Part 2 of this volume have been checked by a computer-algebra program. This program is built upon the package Cryst (Eick et al., 2001), formerly known as CrystGAP (Eick et al., 1997), which in turn is an extension of the computeralgebra program GAP (The GAP Group, 2002). GAP is a program system for computations involving general algebraic structures, in particular groups. Since space groups are infinite groups, the generic algorithms for finite groups often cannot be used for space groups. The Cryst package provides the special methods and algorithms needed for working with space groups, thereby extending the field of applicability of GAP. The algorithms used in Cryst have been described by Eick et al. (1997).

1.3.2. Basic capabilities of the Cryst package Before we describe in more detail the checks that have been performed, we briefly summarize the capabilities of the Cryst package and how space groups are handled by Cryst. In Cryst, a space group is represented as a fixed group of augmented matrices Wi, cf. Section 1.2.2.4. The group multiplication therefore coincides with matrix multiplication. The space group is defined by an arbitrary (finite) set of generating elements. The space group consists of the set of all augmented matrices that can be obtained as products of the generating matrices. It is not important which generating elements are chosen. Different sets of generators can define the same space group. The representation of a space group as a group of augmented matrices implicitly requires the choice of an origin and a vector basis of Euclidean space. The Cryst package does not require any particular choice of origin or vector basis. In particular, it is not necessary to work with a lattice basis; in fact, any basis can be used. This has the advantage that one can continue to use the basis chosen for the parent group when passing to a subgroup. Space groups are conjugate by some affine coordinate transformation if they differ only in their settings, i.e. by the choice of their origins and/or vector bases. Such an affine coordinate transformation is also represented by an augmented matrix. Given a coordinate transformation V and a space group G, the transformed space group G 0 is simply generated by the transformed generators of G. If a space group G is given by a set of generators, Cryst first needs to compute the point group P of G, and the translation subgroup T , represented by a (canonical) basis of the translation lattice (the basis of the translation lattice chosen by Cryst is canonical in the sense that the same basis is always chosen for a given T ). The point group P is simply generated by the linear parts of the generators of G. The mapping H, which sends each element of G to its linear part, is in fact a group homomorphism H: G
!P. The point group P is finite and each point-group element p can easily be expressed as a product of generators of P, which are images of generators of G under H. This provides a way to compute, for any p 2 P, some representative pre-image g of p under H, i.e. some element g 2 G which is mapped onto p by H. Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

1.3.3. Computing maximal subgroups The Cryst package has built-in facilities for computing the maximal subgroups of a given index for any space group G. More precisely, given a prime number p, Cryst can compute conjugacyclass representatives of those maximal subgroups of G whose index in G is a power of p. The algorithms used for this task are described in Eick et al. (1997). Essentially, one determines the maximal subgroups of the (finite) factor group G=T p, where T p is the subgroup of those translations of G which are a p-fold multiple of an element of the full translation group T of G. After the maximal subgroups are obtained, the translations in T p are added back to the subgroups. From a representative H of a conjugacy class of subgroups, the list of all subgroups in the same conjugacy class is obtained by repeatedly conjugating H (and the subgroups obtained from it by conjugation) with generators of G, until no new conjugate subgroups are obtained. This is also the way of determining whether two subgroups are conjugate: one enumerates the groups in the conjugacy class of one of them, and checks whether the other is among them. The index of a subgroup H of G is easily computed as the product of the index of the point group of H in the point group of G and the index of the translation group of H in the translation group of G. For maximal subgroups, only one of these factors is different from 1. For klassengleiche subgroups, the two point groups are equal, whereas for translationengleiche subgroups the two translation subgroups are equal. Therefore, a maximal

25

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS subgroup is easily identified either as a klassengleiche or a translationengleiche subgroup.

in the same order. Here, the preferred setting is the setting of the parent group, where applicable, and otherwise the preferred setting of the space-group type of the subgroup, if there is more than one setting in the tables. In a second step, a complete set of maximal subgroups of low index (2, 3 or 4) is computed afresh with the routines from the Cryst package. These subgroups are then divided into conjugacy classes, and classified as klassengleiche or translationengleiche subgroups. This list is then compared with the tabulated list of maximal subgroups. It was verified that each maximal subgroup of a given index was listed exactly once, that the classification into conjugacy classes of subgroups was correct and that the subgroups were correctly identified as klassengleiche or as translationengleiche subgroups. All the tests described above concern the maximal subgroups of low index. Unfortunately, similar automatic tests could not be performed on the series of isomorphic subgroups. The subgroups in these series contain variable parameters, and Cryst can only deal with fixed, concrete space groups without free parameters.

1.3.4. Description of the checks In order to avoid new errors being introduced in the typesetting process after the data have been checked and corrected, we carried out the computer checks directly on the LATEX 2" sources used for the production of this volume. The tables have been typeset with specially designed LATEX 2" macros, the primary purpose of which was to guarantee a homogeneous layout throughout the book. As a side effect, it was relatively easy to write a GAP program which parses the LATEX 2" sources, recognizes the macros, extracts the data (the arguments of the macros), brings the data into a form suitable for further processing with routines from the Cryst package and finally performs the various checks. In this way, the checks could be done fully automatically, and could be repeated after every modification of the tabulated data. In the following, we describe the checks that have been carried out. We first applied a number of tests individually to each of the tabulated maximal subgroups of low index: whether it is a subgroup, whether the index given is correct, whether the listed coordinate transformation maps the subgroup to the preferred setting of the given space-group type (and thus, whether the space-group type of the subgroup is correct) and whether the listed coordinate transformation maps the given generators of the subgroup to the standard generators of its space-group type,

References Eick, B., Ga¨hler, F. & Nickel, W. (1997). Computing maximal subgroups and Wyckoff positions of space groups. Acta Cryst. A53, 467–474. Eick, B., Ga¨hler, F. & Nickel, W. (2001). The ‘Cryst’ Package. Version 4.1. http://www.itap.physik.uni-stuttgart.de/~gaehler/gap/packages.html. The GAP Group (2002). GAP – Groups, Algorithms and Programming. Version 4.3. http://www.gap-system.org.

26

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Chapter 1.4, pp. 27–40.

1.4. The mathematical background of the subgroup tables By Gabriele Nebe

1.4.1. Introduction

up to dimension 6 are used, for example, for the description of quasicrystals and incommensurate phases. For example, the more than 29 000 000 crystallographic groups up to dimension 6 can be parameterized, constructed and identified using the computer package [CARAT]: Crystallographic AlgoRithms And Tables, available from http://wwwb.math.rwth-aachen.de/carat/ index.html (for a description, see Opgenorth et al., 1998). As well as the points in point space, there are other objects, called ‘vectors’. The vector that connects the point P to the point
! Q is usually denoted by P Q. Vectors are usually visualized by arrows, where parallel arrows of the same length represent the same vector. Whereas the sum of two points P and Q is not defined, one can add vectors. The sum v þ w of two vectors v and w is simply the sum of the two arrows. Similarly, multiplication of a vector v by a real number can be defined. All the points in point space are equally good, but among the vectors one can be distinguished, the null vector o. It is characterized by the property that v þ o ¼ v for all vectors v. Although the notion of a vector seems to be more complicated than that of a point, we introduce vector spaces before giving a mathematical model for the point space, the so-called affine space, which can be viewed as a certain subset of a higherdimensional vector space, where the addition of a point and a vector makes sense.

This chapter gives a brief introduction to the mathematics involved in the determination of the subgroups of space groups. To achieve this we have to detach ourselves from the geometric point of view in crystallography and introduce more abstract algebraic structures, such as coordinates, which are well known in crystallography and permit the formalization of symmetry operations, and also the abstract notion of a group, which allows us to apply general theorems to the concrete situation of (threedimensional) space groups. This algebraic point of view has the following advantages: (1) Geometric problems can be treated by algebraic calculations. These calculations can be dealt with by well established procedures. In particular, the use of computers and advanced programs enables one to solve even difficult problems in a comparatively short time. (2) The mappings form groups in the mathematical sense of the word. This means that the very powerful methods of group theory may be applied successfully. (3) The procedures for the solution may be developed to a great extent independently of the dimension of the space. In Section 1.4.2, a basis is laid down which gives the reader an understanding of the algebraic point of view of the crystal space (or point space) and special mappings of this space onto itself. The set of these mappings is an example of a group. For a closer connection to crystallography, the reader may consult Section 8.1.1 of International Tables for Crystallography Volume A (2005) (abbreviated as IT A) or the book by Hahn & Wondratschek (1994). Section 1.4.3 gives an introduction to abstract groups and states the important theorems of group theory that will be applied in Section 1.4.4 to the most important groups in crystallography, the space groups. In particular, Section 1.4.4 treats maximal subgroups of space groups which have a special structure by the theorem of Hermann. In Section 1.4.5, we come back to abstract group theory stating general facts about maximal subgroups of groups. These general theorems allow us to calculate the possible indices of maximal subgroups of threedimensional space groups in Section 1.4.6. The next section, Section 1.4.7, deals with the very subtle question of when these maximal subgroups of a space group are isomorphic to this space group. In Section 1.4.8 minimal supergroups of space groups are treated briefly.

1.4.2.2. Vector spaces We shall now exploit the advantage of being independent of the dimensionality. The following definitions are independent of the dimension by replacing the specific dimensions 2 for the plane and 3 for the space by an unspecified integer number n > 0. Although we cannot visualize four- or higher-dimensional objects, we can describe them in such a way that we are able to calculate with such objects and derive their properties. Algebraically, an n-dimensional (real) vector v can be represented by a column of n real numbers. The n-dimensional real vector space Vn is then 0 1 x1 B C Vn ¼ fx ¼ @ ... A j x1 ; . . . ; xn 2 Rg: xn (In crystallography n is normally 3.) The entries x1 ; . . . ; xn are called the coefficients of the vector x. On Vn one can naturally define an addition, where the coefficients of the sum of two vectors are the corresponding sums of the coefficients of the vectors. To multiply a vector by a real number, one just multiplies all its coefficients by this number. The null vector 0 1 0 . o ¼ @ .. A 2 Vn 0

1.4.2. The affine space 1.4.2.1. Motivation The aim of this section is to give a mathematical model for the ‘point space’ (also known in crystallography as ‘direct space’ or ‘crystal space’) which contains the positions of atoms in crystals (the so-called ‘points’). This allows us in particular to describe the symmetry groups of crystals and to develop a formalism for calculating with these groups which has the advantage that it works in arbitrary dimensions. Such higher-dimensional spaces Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

can be distinguished, since v þ o ¼ v for all v 2 Vn . The identification of a concrete vector space V with the vector space Vn can be done by choosing a basis of V. A basis of V is any

27

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS tuple of n vectors B :¼ ða1 ; . . . ; an Þ such that every vector of V can be written uniquely as a linear combination of the basis vectors: V ¼ fx ¼ x1 a1 þ . . . þ xn an j x1 ; . . . ; xn 2 Rg. Whereas a vector space has many different bases, the number n of vectors of a basis is uniquely determined and is called the dimension of V. The isomorphism (see Section 1.4.3.4 for a definition of isomorphism) ’B between V and Vn maps the vector x ¼ x1 a1 þ . . . þ xn an 2 V to its coefficient column 0 1 x1 B C x ¼ @ ... A 2 Vn

and cutting the c axis at x3 ¼ 1 in crystallographic notation. The points of A2 have coordinates 0 1 x1 B x2 C @ A; 1 which are the coefficients of the vector from the origin to the point. This observation is generalized by the following: Definition 1.4.2.3.1.

xn

1 x1 B .. C B . C C An :¼ fB B xn C j xi 2 Rg A @ 1 0

with respect to the chosen basis B. The mapping ’B respects addition of vectors and multiplication of vectors with real numbers. Moreover, ’B is a bijective mapping, which means that for any coefficient column x 2 Vn there is a unique vector x 2 V with ’B ðxÞ ¼ x. Therefore one can perform all calculations using the coefficient columns. An important concept in mathematics is the automorphism group of an object. In general, if one has an object (here the vector space V) together with a structure (here the addition of vectors and the multiplication of vectors with real numbers), its automorphism group is the set of all one-to-one mappings of the object onto itself that preserve the structure. A bijective mapping ’ : V ! V of the vector space V into itself satisfying ’ðv þ wÞ ¼ ’ðvÞ þ ’ðwÞ for all v; w 2 V and ’ðxvÞ ¼ x’ðvÞ for all real numbers x 2 R and all vectors v 2 V is called a linear mapping and the set of all these linear mappings is the linear group of V. To know the image of x ¼ x1 a1 þ . . . þ xn an under a linear mapping ’ it suffices to know the images of the basis vectors a1 ; . . . ; an under ’, since ’ðxÞ ¼ x1 ’ða1 Þ þ . . . þ xn ’ðan Þ. Writing the coefficient columns of the images Pn of the basis vectors as columns of a matrix A [i.e. ’ðai Þ ¼ j¼1 aj Aji , i ¼ 1; . . . ; n], then the coefficient column of ’ðxÞ with respect to the chosen basis B is just Ax. Note that the matrix of a linear mapping depends on the basis B of V. The matrix that corresponds to the composition of two linear mappings is the product of the two corresponding matrices. We have thus seen that the linear group of a vector space V of dimension n is isomorphic to the group of all invertible ðn
nÞ matrices via the isomorphism ’B that associates to a linear mapping its corresponding matrix (with respect to the basis B). This means that one can perform all calculations with linear mappings using matrix calculations. In crystallography, the translation-vector space has an additional structure: one can measure lengths and angles between vectors. An n-dimensional real vector space with such an additional structure is called a Euclidean vector space, En . Its automorphism group is the set of all (bijective) linear mappings of En onto itself that preserve lengths and angles and is called the orthogonal group On of En. If one chooses the basis B ¼ ðe1 ; . . . ; en Þ to be the unit vectors (which are orthogonal vectors of length 1), then the isomorphism ’B above maps the orthogonal group On onto the set of all ðn
nÞ matrices A with AT A ¼ I, the ðn
nÞ unit matrix. T denotes the transposition operator, which maps columns to rows and rows to columns.

is an n-dimensional affine space.

&

If 0

1 0 x1 B .. C B B . C B C B and Q ¼ B P¼B C B x @ n A @ 1

1 y1 .. C . C C 2 An ; yn C A 1


! then the vector P Q is defined as the difference 1 0 y1  x1 .. C B C B . C B QP¼B C  x y n A @ n 0
! (computed in the vector space Vnþ1 ). The set of all P Q with P; Q 2 An forms an n-dimensional vector space which is called the underlying vector space
ðAn Þ. Omitting the last coefficient, we can identify 1 0 x1 B .. C B . C C
ðAn Þ ¼ fB B xn Cj x1 ; . . . ; xn 2 Rg A @ 0 with Vn . As the coordinates already indicate, the sets An as well as
ðAn Þ can be viewed as subsets of Vnþ1. Computed in Vnþ1 , the sum of two elements in
ðAn Þ is again in
ðAn Þ, since the last coefficient of the sum is 0 þ 0 ¼ 0 and the sum of a point P 2 An and a vector v 2 Vn is again a point in An (since the last coordinate is 1 þ 0 ¼ 1), but the sum of two points does not make sense.

1.4.2.4. The affine group The affine group of geometry is the set of all mappings of the point space which fulfil the conditions (1) parallel straight lines are mapped onto parallel straight lines; (2) collinear points are mapped onto collinear points and the ratio of distances between them remains constant.

1.4.2.3. The affine space In this section we build up a model for the ‘point space’. Let us first assume n ¼ 2. Then the affine space A2 may be imagined as an infinite sheet of paper parallel, let us say, to the (a, b) plane

28

1.4. THE MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SUBGROUP TABLES In the mathematical model, the affine group is the automorphism group of the affine space and can be viewed as the set of all linear mappings of Vnþ1 that preserve An.

1.4.3. Groups 1.4.3.1. Groups The affine group is only one example of the more general concept of a group. The following axiomatic definition sometimes makes it easier to examine general properties of groups.

Definition 1.4.2.4.1. The affine group An is the subset of the set of all linear mappings ’ : Vnþ1 ! Vnþ1 with ’ðAn Þ ¼ An . The & elements of An are called affine mappings.

Definition 1.4.3.1.1. A group ðG; Þ is a set G with a mapping G
G ! G; ðg ; hÞ 7 !g  h, called the composition law or multiplication of G, satisfying the following three axioms:

Since ’ is linear, it holds that




!
! ’ðP QÞ ¼ ’ðQ  PÞ ¼ ’ðQÞ  ’ðPÞ ¼ ’ðPÞ’ðQÞ:

(i) ðg  hÞ  k ¼ g  ðh  k Þ for all g ; h; k 2 G (associative law). (ii) There is an element e 2 G called the unit element of G with e  g ¼ g  e ¼ g for all g 2 G. (iii) For all g 2 G, there is an element g 1 2 G, called the inverse & of g, with g  g 1 ¼ g 1  g ¼ e.

Hence an affine mapping also maps
ðAn Þ into itself. Since the first n basis vectors of the chosen basis lie in
ðAn Þ and the last one in An , it is clear that with respect to this basis the affine mappings correspond to matrices of the form

W¼

Normally the symbol  is omitted, hence the product g  h is just written as g h and the set G is called a group. One should note that in particular property (i), the associative law, of a group is something very natural if one thinks of group elements as mappings. Clearly the composition of mappings is associative. In general, one can think of groups as groups of mappings as explained in Section 1.4.3.2. A subset of elements of a group G which themselves form a group is called a subgroup:

! w : 1

W oT

The linear mapping induced by ’ on
ðAn Þ which is represented by the matrix W will be referred to as the linear part ’ of ’. The image ’ðPÞ of a point P with coordinates

x¼

x

!

1

Definition 1.4.3.1.2. A non-empty subset ; 6¼ U  G is called a subgroup of G (abbreviated as U  G) if g  h1 2 U for all & g ; h 2 U.

2 An

The affine group is an example of a group where  is given by the composition of mappings. The unit element e 2 An is the identity mapping given by the matrix

can easily be found as

Wx ¼

Wx þ w

!

1

: I¼

If one has a way to measure lengths and angles (i.e. a Euclidean metric) on the underlying vector space
ðAn Þ, one can compute the distance between P and Q 2 An as the length of the vector
! P Q and the angle determined by P, Q and R 2 An with vertex Q
!
! is obtained from cosðP; Q; RÞ ¼ cosðQ P; Q RÞ. In this case, An is the Euclidean point space, En . An affine mapping of the Euclidean point space is called an isometry if its linear part is an orthogonal mapping of the Euclidean vector space
ðAn Þ. The set of all isometries in An is called the Euclidean group and denoted by E n. Hence E n is the set of all distance-preserving mappings of En onto itself. The isometries are the affine mappings with matrices of the form

W¼

W oT

w 1

T¼

! o ; 1

which also represents the translation by the vector o. The composition of two affine mappings is again an affine mapping and the inverse of an affine mapping W has matrix W

1

¼

W 1 oT

!  W 1 w : 1

Since the inverse of an isometry and the composition of two isometries are again isometries, the set of isometries E n is a subgroup of the affine group An. The translation subgroup T n is a subgroup of E n. Any vector space Vn is a group with the usual vector addition as composition law. Therefore
ðAn Þ is also a group.

!

Remarks (i) For every group G, the set feg consisting only of the unit element of G is a subgroup of G called the trivial subgroup I ¼ feg. (ii) If U is a subgroup of V and V is a subgroup of the group G, then U is a subgroup of G. (iii) If U and V are subgroups of the group G, then the intersection U \ V is also a subgroup of G. (iv) If S  G is a subset of the group G, then the smallest subgroup of G containing S is denoted by

where the linear part W belongs to the orthogonal group of
ðAn Þ. Special isometries are the translations, the isometries where the linear part is I, with matrix I oT

I oT

! w : 1

The group of all translations in E n is the translation subgroup of E n and is denoted by T n. Note that composition of two translations means addition of the translation vectors and T n is isomorphic to the translation vector space
ðEn Þ.

hSi :¼

29

\ fU  G j S  Ug

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS For a space group G and a point P in the point space, the stabilizer StabG ðPÞ is called the site-symmetry group of P with respect to G. The kernel K of the action of G on M is the intersection of the stabilizers of all elements in M,

and is called the subgroup generated by S. The elements of S are called the generators of this group. It is convenient not to list all the elements of a group G but just to give generators of G (this also applies to finite groups). Example 1.4.3.1.3 A well known group is the addition group of integers Z ¼ f0; 1; 1; 2; 2; . . .g where  is normally denoted by + and the unit element e 2 Z is 0. The group Z is generated by f1g. Other generating sets are for example f1g or f2; 3g. Taking two integers a; b 2 Z which are divisible by some fixed integer p 2 Z, then the sum a þ b and the negatives a and b are again divisible by p. Hence the set pZ of all integers divisible by p is a subgroup of Z. It is generated by fpg.

K :¼ fg 2 G j g  m ¼ m for all m 2 Mg: M is called a faithful G-set and the action of G on M is also called & faithful if the kernel of the action is trivial, K ¼ feg. Note that any space group R acts faithfully on the point space. Remarks (i) If m1 ; m2 2 M, then their orbits are either equal or disjoint. For if there is an element g 1  m1 ¼ g 2  m2 , then by the 1 axioms of G-sets m1 ¼ em1 ¼ ðg 1 1 g 1 Þ  m1 ¼ g 1  ðg 1  m1 Þ 1 1 ¼ g 1  ðg 2  m2 Þ ¼ ðg 1 g 2 Þ  m2 , hence every element g  m1 in the orbit of m1 is of the form g  ðg 1 1 g 2  m2 Þ ¼ ðgg 1 g Þ  m and therefore lies in the orbit of m 2 2 2. Hence 1 the set of orbits gives a partition of M into disjoint sets. If M is a finite set, then its order is the sum of the lengths of the different orbits. (ii) StabG ðmÞ is a subgroup of G, since for g 1 ; g 2 2 StabG ðmÞ, the 1 product ðg 1 g 1 2 Þ  m ¼ g 1  ðg 2  mÞ ¼ g 1  m ¼ m. (iii) If m1 ¼ g  m2, then StabG ðm1 Þ ¼ g StabG ðm2 Þg 1 ¼ fghg 1 j h 2 StabG ðm2 Þg.

Definition 1.4.3.1.4. The order jGj of a group G is the number of & elements in the set G. Most of the groups G in crystallography, for example Z, Vn , An , have infinite order. Groups that are generated by one element are called cyclic. The cyclic group of order n is called Cycn . (We prefer to use three letters to denote the mathematical names of frequently occurring groups, since the more common symbol Cn could possibly cause confusion with the Schoenflies symbol Cn .) The group Vn is not generated by a finite set. These two groups Z and Vn have the property that for all elements g and h in the group it holds that g  h ¼ h  g . Hence these two groups are Abelian in the sense of the following:

Example 1.4.3.2.4 (Example 1.4.3.2.2 continued) (a) An is a transitive An -set. This is a mathematical expression of the fact that in point space no point is distinguished. (b) The An -set
ðAn Þ decomposes into two orbits fog and fv 2
ðAn Þ j v 6¼ og. The kernel of the action of An on
ðAn Þ is the translation subgroup T n. (c)
ðAn Þ acts transitively on An . The kernel of the action only consists of the zero vector o.

Definition 1.4.3.1.5. The group ðG; Þ is called Abelian if g  h ¼ & h  g for all g ; h 2 G.

1.4.3.2. Actions of groups on sets The affine group An is defined via its action on the affine space An . In general, the greatest significance of groups is that they act on sets.

We now introduce some terminology for groups which is nicely formulated using G-sets.

Definition 1.4.3.2.1. Let G be a group. A non-empty set M is called a (left) G-set if there is a mapping G
M ! M satisfying the following conditions:

Definition 1.4.3.2.5. The orbit of g 2 G under the action of the subgroup U  G is the right coset U g ¼ fug j u 2 Ug (cf. IT A, Section 8.1.5). Analogously one defines a left coset as

(i) ðghÞ  m ¼ g  ðh  mÞ for all g ; h 2 G and m 2 M. (ii) e  m ¼ m for all m 2 M. If M is a G-set, one also says that G acts on M.

g U ¼ fgu j u 2 Ug &

and denotes the set of left cosets by G=U. If the number of left cosets (which is always equal to the number of right cosets) of U in G is finite, then this number is called the index ½G : U of U in G. If this number is infinite, one & says that the index of U in G is infinite.

Example 1.4.3.2.2 (a) The affine space An is a G-set for the affine group G ¼ An. (b)
ðAn Þ is an An -set, where An acts via the linear parts. (c)
ðAn Þ is also a group and acts on An by translations v  P :¼ P þ v for v 2
ðAn Þ, P 2 An . (d) If U  G is a subgroup of the group G, then G is a U-set where  : U
G ! G is the usual composition law. In particular, each group G is a G-set and hence every group G can be viewed as a group of mappings from G onto G.

Example 1.4.3.2.6 An is a coset of Vn in Vnþ1 , namely 0

1 0 B ... C B C An ¼ B C þ Vn : @0A

Definition 1.4.3.2.3. Let G be a group and M a G-set. If m 2 M, then the set G  m :¼ fg  mjg 2 Gg is called the orbit of m under G. The G-set M is called transitive if M ¼ G  m for any m 2 M consists of a single orbit under G. If m 2 M then the stabilizer of m in G is StabG ðmÞ :¼ fg 2 G j g  m ¼ mg.

1 If one thinks of A2 as an infinite sheet of paper and puts uncountably many such sheets of paper (one for each real number) one onto the other, one gets the whole 3-space V3.

30

1.4. THE MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SUBGROUP TABLES Remark. The set of left cosets G=U is a left G-set with the operation g  ðm UÞ :¼ ðgmÞ U for all g ; m 2 G. The kernel of the action is the intersection of all subgroups of GT that are conjugate to U and is called the core of U: core ðUÞ :¼ g 2G g U g 1 .

(iii) The group G itself and also the trivial subgroup feg  G are always normal subgroups of G. Normal subgroups play an important role in the investigation of groups. If N / G is a normal subgroup, then the left coset g N equals the right coset N g for all g 2 G, because g N ¼ g ðg 1 N g Þ ¼ N g . The most important property of normal subgroups is that the set of left cosets of N in G forms a group, called the factor group G=N , as follows: The set of all products of elements of two left cosets of N again forms a left coset of N . Let g ; h 2 G. Then

We now assume that jGj is finite. Let U  G be a subgroup of G. Then the set G is partitioned into left cosets of U, G ¼ g1 U [ . . . [ gi U, where i ¼ ½G : U is the index of U in G. Since the orders of the left cosets of U are all equal to the order of U, one gets Theorem 1.4.3.2.7. (Theorem of Lagrange.) Let U be a subgroup of the finite group G. Then

g N h N ¼ g ðh N h 1 Þh N ¼ gh N N ¼ gh N :

This defines a natural product on the set of left cosets of N in G which turns this set into a group. The unit element is eN . Hence the philosophy of normal subgroups is that they cut the group into pieces, where the two pieces G=N and N are again groups.

jGj ¼ jUj½G : U: In particular, the order of any subgroup of G and also the index of & any subgroup of G are divisors of the group order jGj. The G-set G=U is only a special case of a G-set. It is a transitive G-set. If M ¼ G  m is a transitive G-set, then the mapping M ! G=StabG ðmÞ, g  m 7 ! g StabG ðmÞ is a bijection (in fact an isomorphism of G-sets in the sense of Definition 1.4.3.4.1 below). Therefore, the number of elements of M, which is the length of the orbit of m under G, equals the index of the stabilizer of m in G, whence one gets the following generalization of the theorem of Lagrange:

Example 1.4.3.2.10. The group Z is Abelian. For any number p 2 Z, the set pZ is a subgroup of Z. Hence pZ is a normal subgroup of Z. The factor group Z=pZ inherits the multiplication from the multiplication in Z, since apZ  pZ for all a 2 Z. If p is a prime number, then all elements 6¼ 0 þ pZ in Z=pZ have a multiplicative inverse, and therefore Z=pZ is a field, the field with p elements.

Theorem 1.4.3.2.8. Let G be a finite group and M be a G-set. Then

Proposition 1.4.3.2.11. Let N / G be a normal subgroup of the group G and U  G. Then the set

jGj ¼ jG  mjjStabG ðmÞj for all m 2 M.

N U ¼ UN :¼ fun j u 2 U; n 2 N g &

is a subgroup of G.

The point group G acts on the finite set M of ideal crystal faces. Then the length of the orbit (the number of equivalent crystal faces) times the order of the face-symmetry group is the order of the point group. Up to now, we have only considered the action of G upon G via multiplication. There is another natural action of G on itself via conjugation: G
G ! G defined by g  m :¼ g mg 1 for all group elements g and elements m in the G-set G. The stabilizer of m is called the centralizer of m in G,

&

Proof. Let u 1 n1 , u 2 n2 2 UN . Then u 1 n 1 ðu 2 n 2 Þ

1

1 1 1 1 ¼ u 1 n1 n1 2 u 2 ¼ u 1 u 2 ðu 2 n 1 n 2 u 2 Þ ¼ un 2 UN ;

where u :¼ u 1 u 1 2 2 U, since U is a subgroup of G, and n :¼ 1 u 2 n 1 n 1 u 2 N , since N is a normal subgroup of G. QED 2 2

1.4.3.3. The Sylow theorems A nice application of the notion of G-sets are the three theorems of Sylow. By Theorem 1.4.3.2.7, the order of any subgroup U of a group G divides the order of G. But conversely, given a divisor d of jGj, one cannot predict the existence of a subgroup U of G with jUj ¼ d. If d ¼ p is a prime power that divides jGj, then the following theorem says that such a subgroup exists.

StabG ðmÞ ¼ CG ðmÞ ¼ fg 2 G j gmg 1 ¼ mg: If M  G is a set of group elements, then the centralizer of M is the intersection of the centralizers of the elements in M: CG ðMÞ ¼ fg 2 G j gmg 1 ¼ m for all m 2 Mg:

Theorem 1.4.3.3.1. (Sylow) Let G be a finite group and p be a prime such that p divides the order of G. Then G possesses m subgroups of order p , where m > 0 satisfies m  1 ðmod pÞ. &

Definition 1.4.3.2.9. G also acts on the set U of all subgroups of G by conjugation, g  U :¼ g U g 1 . The stabilizer of an element U 2 U is called the normalizer of U and denoted by N G ðUÞ. U is called a normal subgroup of G (denoted as U / G) if & N G ðUÞ ¼ G.

In particular this theorem implies that for every prime power that divides the order of the finite group G, the group G has a subgroup whose order is this prime power. This is not true for composite numbers. For instance, the alternating group Alt4 of order 12 (Hermann–Mauguin notation 23) has no subgroup of order 6. This group has three subgroups of order 2, a unique subgroup of order 4 = 22 and four subgroups of order 3. The
group Cyc2
Sym3 (Hermann–Mauguin notation 3m) also has order 12 but seven subgroups of order 2, three subgroups of order 4 and a unique subgroup of order 3.

Remarks (i) Let U  G. Then the index of the normalizer of U in G is the number of subgroups of G that are conjugate to U. Since U always normalizes itself [hence U is a subgroup of N G ðUÞ], the index of the normalizer divides the index of U. (ii) If G is Abelian, then the conjugation action of G is trivial, hence each subgroup of G is a normal subgroup.

31

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS 

Theorem 1.4.3.3.2. (Sylow) If jGj ¼ p s for some prime p not dividing s, then all subgroups of order p of G are conjugate in G. Such a subgroup U  G of order jUj ¼ p is called a Sylow & p-subgroup.

ðwÞ ¼

I oT

w 1

!

is a homomorphism of the group
ðAn Þ into An. The kernel of this homomorphism is fog and the image of the mapping is the translation subgroup T n of An. Hence the groups
ðAn Þ and T n are isomorphic. The affine group acts (as group of group automorphisms) on the normal subgroup T n / An via conjugation: g  t :¼ gtg 1 . We have seen already in Example 1.4.3.2.4 (b) that it also acts (as a group of linear mappings) on
ðAn Þ. The mapping  is an isomorphism of An -sets.

Combining these two theorems with Theorem 1.4.3.2.8, one gets Sylow’s third theorem: Theorem 1.4.3.3.3. (Sylow) The number of Sylow p-subgroups of & G is  1 ðmod pÞ and divides the order of G. Proofs of the three theorems above can be found in Ledermann (1976), pp. 158–164, or in Ledermann & Weir (1996), pp. 155–161.

1.4.3.5. Isomorphism theorems

1.4.3.4. Isomorphisms

[cf. Ledermann (1976), pp. 68–73, or Ledermann & Weir (1996), pp. 85–92.]

If one wants to compare objects such as groups or G-sets, to be able to say when they should be considered equal, the concept of isomorphisms should be used:

Remark. If ’ is a homomorphism G ! H and N / H is a normal subgroup of H, then the pre-image ’1 ðN Þ :¼ fg 2 G j ’ðg Þ 2 N g is a normal subgroup of G. In particular, it holds that kerð’Þ / G. Hence the factor group G= kerð’Þ is a well defined group. The following theorem says that this group is isomorphic to the image ’ðGÞ  H of ’:

Definition 1.4.3.4.1. Let G and H be groups and M and N be G-sets. (a) A homomorphism ’ : G ! H is a mapping of the set G into the set H respecting the composition law i.e. ’ðghÞ ¼ ’ðg Þ’ðhÞ for all g ; h 2 G. If ’ is bijective, it is called an isomorphism and one says G is isomorphic to H (G ffi H). If e 2 H is the unit element of H, then the set of all preimages of e is called the kernel of ’: kerð’Þ :¼ fg 2 G j ’ðg Þ ¼ eg. An isomorphism ’ : G ! G is called an automorphism of G. (b) M and N are called isomorphic G-sets if there is a bijection ’ : M ! N with g  ’ðmÞ ¼ ’ðg  mÞ for all g 2 G; m 2 M. &

Theorem 1.4.3.5.1. (First isomorphism theorem.) Let ’ : G ! H be a homomorphism of groups. Then ’ : G= kerð’Þ ! ’ðGÞ  H defined by ’ðg kerð’ÞÞ ¼ ’ðg Þ is an isomorphism between the factor group G= kerð’Þ and the image group of ’, which is a & subgroup of H. For instance, if R is a space group and ’ is mapping any element ! W w W¼ 2R oT 1

Example 1.4.3.4.2. In Example 1.4.3.1.3, the group homomorphism Z ! pZ defined by 1 7 !p is a group isomorphism (from the group Z onto its subgroup pZ). Example 1.4.3.4.3. For any group element g 2 G, conjugation by g defines an automorphism of G. In particular, if U is a subgroup of G, then U and its conjugate subgroup g U g 1 are isomorphic.

to its linear part W, then the kernel of ’ is the translation group T ðRÞ of R and the image is the point group R of R. The theorem says that the point group R is isomorphic to the factor group R=T ðRÞ.

Philosophy: If G and H are isomorphic groups, then all grouptheoretical properties of G and H are the same. The calculations in G can be translated by the isomorphism to calculations in H. Sometimes it is easier to calculate in one group than in the other and translate the result back via the inverse of the isomorphism. For example, the isomorphism between
ðAn Þ and Vn in Section 1.4.2 is an isomorphism of groups. It even respects scalar multiplication with real numbers, so in fact it is an isomorphism of vector spaces. While the composition of translations is more concrete and easier to imagine, the calculation of the resulting vector is much easier in Vn . The concept of isomorphism says that you can translate to the more convenient group for your calculations and translate back afterwards without losing anything. Note that a homomorphism is injective, hence an isomorphism onto its image, if and only if its kernel is trivial ð¼ fegÞ.

Theorem 1.4.3.5.2. (Third isomorphism theorem.) Let N / G be a normal subgroup of the group G and U  G be an arbitrary subgroup of G. Then U \ N / U is a normal subgroup of U and U=ðU \ N Þ ffi N U=N : (For the definition of the group N U see Proposition 1.4.3.2.11.) &

Definition 1.4.3.5.3. A subgroup U  H is a characteristic sub& group U char H if ’ðUÞ ¼ U for all automorphisms ’ of H. Remarks (a) If H is a finite Abelian group and P is a Sylow p-subgroup of H, then P char H, because P is the only subgroup of H of order jPj. (b) If H is any group and U char H, then U / H is also a normal subgroup of H: for h 2 H define the mapping h : H ! H, x 7 !hxh 1 . Then h is an automorphism of H and h ðUÞ ¼ h U h1 ¼ U since U is characteristic in H.

Example 1.4.3.4.4 The mapping  from the space
ðAn Þ of translation vectors into the affine group An defined by

32

1.4. THE MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SUBGROUP TABLES (c) If U char N / H, then U / H, since the conjugation with any element of H induces an automorphism of N .

denote this group by D2d (another Schoenflies symbol for this
group is S4v and its Hermann–Mauguin symbol is 42m). The group U above is contained in D2d . It is its own centralizer in Td : U ¼ CTd ðUÞ. Therefore, the factor group Td =U acts faithfully (and transitively) on the set fr 1 ; r 2 ; r 3 g. The stabilizer of r 1 is the subgroup D2d constructed above. Using this, one easily sees that Td =U ffi Sym3 . Another normal subgroup in Td is the set of all rotations in Td . This group contains the normal subgroup U above of index 3 and is of index 2 in Td (and hence has order 12). It is isomorphic to Alt4 , the alternating group of degree 4, and has Schoenflies symbol T and Hermann–Mauguin symbol 23.

1.4.3.6. An example Let us consider the tetrahedral group, Schoenflies symbol Td , which is defined as the symmetry group of a tetrahedron. It permutes the four apices P1 ; P2 ; P3 ; P4 of the tetrahedron and hence every element of Td defines a bijection of V :¼ fP1 ; P2 ; P3 ; P4 g onto itself. The only element that fixes all the apices is e. Therefore the set V is a faithful Td -set. Let us calculate the order of jTd j. Since there are elements in Td that map the first apex P1 onto each one of the other apices, V is a transitive Td -set. Let S :¼ StabTd ðP1 Þ be the stabilizer of P1. By Theorem 1.4.3.2.8, jTd j ¼ jVjjSj ¼ 4jSj. The group S is generated by the threefold rotation r around the ‘diagonal’ of the tetrahedron through P1 and the reflection s at the symmetry plane of the tetrahedron which contains the edge ðP1 ; P2 Þ. In particular, S acts transitively on the set fP2 ; P3 ; P4 g. The stabilizer of P2 in S is the cyclic group hs i ffi Cyc2 generated by s . (The Schoenflies notation for hs i is Cs and the Hermann–Mauguin symbol is m.) Therefore jSj ¼ 3jhsij ¼ 6 and jTd j ¼ 24. In fact, we have seen that Td is isomorphic to the group of all bijections of V onto itself, which is the symmetric group Sym4 of degree 4 and the group S ffi Sym3 is the symmetric group on fP2 ; P3 ; P4 g. The Schoenflies notation for S is C3v and its Hermann–Mauguin symbol is 3m. In general, let n 2 N be a natural number. Then the group of all bijective mappings of the set f1; . . . ; ng onto itself is called the symmetric group of degree n and denoted by

1.4.4. Space groups 1.4.4.1. Definition of space groups In IT A (2005) Section 8.1.6 space groups are introduced as symmetry groups of crystal patterns. Definition 1.4.4.1.1 (a) Let Vn be the n-dimensional real vector space. A subset L  Vn is called an (n-dimensional) lattice if there is a basis ðb1 ; . . . ; bn Þ of Vn such that L ¼ Zb1 þ . . . þ Zbn ¼ f

n P

ai bi j ai 2 Zg:

i¼1

(b) A crystal structure is a mapping f : En ! R of the Euclidean point space into the real numbers such that Stab
ðAn Þ ðf Þ :¼ ft 2
ðAn Þ j f ðP þ tÞ ¼ f ðPÞ for all P 2 An g is an n-dimensional lattice in
ðAn Þ. (c) The Euclidean group E n acts on the set of mappings En ! R via ðg  f ÞðPÞ :¼ f ðg 1 PÞ for all P 2 En and for all g 2 E n and f : En ! R. A space group R is the stabilizer of a crystal structure f : En ! R; R ¼ StabE nðf Þ. (d) Let R  E n be a space group. The translation subgroup T ðRÞ & of R is defined as T ðRÞ :¼ R \ T n :

Symn :¼ ff : f1; . . . ; ng ! f1; . . . ; ng j f is bijectiveg: The alternating group is the normal subgroup Altn consisting of all even permutations of f1; . . . ; ng. Let us construct a normal subgroup of Td. The tetrahedral group contains three twofold rotations r 1 ; r 2 ; r 3 around the three axes of the tetrahedron through the midpoints of opposite edges. Since Td permutes these three axes and hence conjugates the three rotations into each other, the group

The definition introduced space groups in the way they occur in crystallography: The group of symmetries of an ideal crystal stabilizes the crystal structure. This definition is not very helpful in analysing the structure of space groups. If R is a space group, then the translation subgroup T :¼ T ðRÞ is a normal subgroup of R. It is even a characteristic subgroup of R, hence fixed under every automorphism of R. By Definition 1.4.4.1.1, its image under the inverse 0 of the mapping  in Example 1.4.3.4.4 defined by ! v I 7!v 0 : T !
ðEn Þ; oT 1

U :¼ hr 1 ; r 2 ; r 3 i generated by these three rotations is a normal subgroup of Td. Since these three rotations commute with each other, the group U is Abelian. Now r 1 r 2 ¼ r 3 and hence U ¼ fe; r 1 ; r 2 ; r 3 g ffi D2 (in Schoenflies notation) ffi 222 (Hermann–Mauguin symbol) is of order 4. There are three normal subgroups of order 2 in U, namely hr i i for i ¼ 1; 2; 3. The factor group U=hr 1 i is again of order 2. Since all groups of order 2 are cyclic, hr 1 i ffi U=hr 1 i ffi Cyc2 . The set U is the set of all products of elements from the two normal subgroups hr 1 i and hr 2 i, hence U is isomorphic to the direct product Cyc2
Cyc2 in the sense of the following definition.

in
ðAn Þ is an n-dimensional lattice LðRÞ. Since 0 is an isomorphism from T onto LðRÞ, the translation subgroup of R is isomorphic to the lattice LðRÞ. In particular, one has 0 ðt1 t2 Þ ¼ 0 ðt1 Þ þ 0 ðt2 Þ and the subgroup T p, formed by the pth powers of elements in T , is mapped onto pLðRÞ. Lattices are well understood. Although they are infinite, they have a simple structure, so they can be examined algorithmically. Since they lie in a vector space, one can apply linear algebra to them. Now we want to look at how this lattice T ðRÞ fits into the space group R. The affine group An acts on T n by conjugation as well as on
ðAn Þ via its linear part. Similarly the space group R acts on T ðRÞ by conjugation: For g 2 R and t 2 T , one gets

Definition 1.4.3.6.1. [cf. Ledermann (1976), Section 13, or Ledermann & Weir (1996), Section 2.7.] Let G and H be two groups. Then the direct product G
H is the group G
H ¼ fðg ; hÞ j g 2 G; h 2 Hg with multiplication ðg ; hÞðg 0 ; h0 Þ & :¼ ðgg 0 ; hh0 Þ. Let us return to the example above. The centralizer of one of the three rotations, say of r 1, is of index 3 in Td and hence a Sylow 2-subgroup of Td with order 8. Following Schoenflies, we will

33

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS 0

1

0

 ðgtg Þ ¼ g  ðt Þ, where g is the linear part of g. Therefore, the kernel of this action is on the one hand the centralizer of T ðRÞ in R, on the other hand, since LðRÞ contains a basis of
ðEn Þ, it is equal to the kernel of the mapping , which is R \ T n ¼ T ðRÞ, hence

The above picture looks as follows in the two cases:

CR ðT ðRÞÞ ¼ T ðRÞ: Let M be a t-subgroup of R. Then T ðRÞ  M and M=T ðRÞ is a subgroup S of P ¼ R=T ðRÞ. On the other hand, any subgroup S of P defines a unique t-subgroup M of R with T ðRÞ  M and M=T ðRÞ ¼ S, namely M ¼ fs 2 R j sT ðRÞ 2 Sg. Hence the t-subgroups of R are in bijection to the subgroups of P, which is a finite group according to the remarks below Definition 1.4.4.1.1. For future reference, we note this in the following corollary:

Hence only the linear part R ffi R=T ðRÞ of R acts faithfully on T ðRÞ by conjugation and linearly on LðRÞ. This factor group R=T ðRÞ is a finite group. Let us summarize this: Theorem 1.4.4.1.2. Let R be a space group. The translation subgroup T ðRÞ ¼ R \ T n is an Abelian normal subgroup of R which is its own centralizer, CR ðT ðRÞÞ ¼ T ðRÞ. The finite group R=T ðRÞ acts faithfully on T ðRÞ by conjugation. This action is similar to the action of the linear part R on the lattice & 0 ðT ðRÞÞ ¼ LðRÞ.

Corollary 1.4.4.2.4. The t-subgroups of the space group R are in & bijection with the subgroups of the finite group R=T ðRÞ. In the case n ¼ 3, which is the most important case in crystallography, the finite groups R=T ðRÞ are isomorphic to subgroups of either Cyc2
Sym4 (Hermann–Mauguin symbol m3m) or Cyc2
Cyc2
Sym3 (¼ 6=mmm). Here
denotes the direct product (cf. Definition 1.4.3.6.1), Cyc2 the cyclic group of order 2, and Sym3 and Sym4 the symmetric groups of degree 3 or 4, respectively (cf. Section 1.4.3.6). Hence the maximal subgroups M of R that are t-subgroups can be read off from the subgroups of the two groups above. An algorithm for calculating the maximal t-subgroups of R which applies to all three-dimensional space groups is explained in Section 1.4.5. The more difficult task is the determination of the maximal k-subgroups.

1.4.4.2. Maximal subgroups of space groups Definition 1.4.4.2.1. A subgroup M  G of a group G is called maximal if M 6¼ G and for all subgroups U  G with M  U it & holds that either U ¼ M or U ¼ G. The translation subgroup T :¼ T ðRÞ of the space group R plays a very important role if one wants to analyse the space group R. Let U 6¼ R be a subgroup of R. Then U has either fewer translations (T ðUÞ < T ) or the order of the linear part of U, the index of T ðUÞ in U, gets smaller (jUj < jRj), or both happen. Definition 1.4.4.2.2. Let U be a subgroup of the space group R and T :¼ T ðRÞ.

Lemma 1.4.4.2.5. Let M be a maximal k-subgroup of the space group R. Then T ðMÞ ¼ T \ M / R is a normal subgroup of R. & Hence 0 ðT ðMÞÞ  LðRÞ is an R-invariant lattice.

(t) U is called a translationengleiche or a t-subgroup if U \ T ¼T. (k) U is called a klassengleiche or a k-subgroup if U=U \ T & ffi R=T .

Proof. R ¼ T M, so every element g in R can be written as g ¼ tm where t 2 T and m 2 M. Therefore one obtains for t1 2 T \ M

Remark. The third isomorphism theorem, Theorem 1.4.3.5.2, implies that if U is a k-subgroup, then UT =T ffi U=U \ T ffi R=T . Hence U is a k-subgroup if and only if UT ¼ R.

g 1 t 1 g ¼ m1 t 1 t 1 tm ¼ m1 t 1 m;

Let M be a maximal subgroup of R. Then we have the following preliminary situation:

since T is Abelian. Since m 2 R and T is normal in R, one has m1 t 1 m 2 T . But m1 t 1 m is a product of elements in M and therefore lies in the subgroup M, hence m1 t 1 m 2 T \ M. QED The candidates for translation subgroups T ðMÞ of maximal k-subgroups M of R can be found by linear-algebra algorithms using the philosophy explained at the beginning of this section: R acts on T by conjugation and this action is isomorphic to the action of the linear part R ffi R=T of R on the lattice LðRÞ via the isomorphism 0 : T ! LðRÞ. Normal subgroups of R contained in T are mapped onto R-invariant sublattices of LðRÞ. An example for such a normal subgroup is the group T p formed by the pth powers of elements of T for any natural number, in particular for prime numbers p 2 N. One has 0 ðT p Þ ¼ pLðRÞ. If M is a maximal k-subgroup of R, then T ðMÞ is a normal subgroup of R that is maximal in T , which means that 0 ðT ðMÞÞ ¼ LðMÞ is a maximal R-invariant sublattice of LðRÞ. Hence it contains pLðRÞ for some prime number p. One may view T =T p ffi LðRÞ=pLðRÞ as a finite ðZ=pZÞR-module and find all candidates for such normal subgroups as full pre-images of

Since T / R and M  R, one has by Proposition 1.4.3.2.11 that MT  R. Hence the maximality of M implies that MT ¼ M or MT ¼ R. If MT ¼ M then T  M, hence M is a t-subgroup. If MT ¼ R, then by the third isomorphism theorem, Theorem 1.4.3.5.2, R=T ¼ MT =T ffi M=ðM \ T Þ ¼ M=T ðMÞ, hence M is a k-subgroup. This is given by the following theorem: Theorem 1.4.4.2.3. (Hermann) Let M  R be a maximal subgroup of the space group R. Then M is either a k-subgroup or & a t-subgroup.

34

1.4. THE MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SUBGROUP TABLES M ! T ; m 7 !t m with this property defines some maximal subgroup M0 as above. Since M and T are finite, it is a finite problem to find all such mappings. If there is no such complement M, this means that there is no (maximal) k-subgroup M of R with M \ T ¼ S.

maximal ðZ=pZÞR-submodules of LðRÞ=pLðRÞ. This gives an algorithm for calculating these normal subgroups, which is implemented in the package [CARAT]. The group G :¼ T =T p is an Abelian group, with the additional property that for all g 2 G one has g p ¼ e. Such a group is called an elementary Abelian p-group. From the reasoning above we find the following lemma. Lemma 1.4.4.2.6. Let M be a maximal k-subgroup of the space group R. Then T =T ðMÞ is an elementary Abelian p-group for & some prime p. The order of T =T ðMÞ is pr with r  n.

1.4.5. Maximal subgroups 1.4.5.1. Maximal subgroups and primitive G-sets To determine the maximal t-subgroups of a space group R, essentially one has to calculate the maximal subgroups of the finite group R=T ðRÞ. There are fast algorithms to calculate these maximal subgroups if this finite group is soluble (see Definition 1.4.5.2.1), which is the case for three-dimensional space groups. To explain this method and obtain theoretical consequences for the index of maximal subgroups in soluble space groups, we consider abstract groups again in this section. For an arbitrary group G, one has a fast method of checking whether a given subgroup U  G of finite index ½G : U is maximal by inspection of the G-set G=U of left cosets of U in G. Assume that U  M  G and let M=U :¼ fm1 U; . . . ; mk Ug with mi 2 M, m1 ¼ e and G=M :¼ fg 1 M; . . . ; g l Mg with g i 2 G, g 1 ¼ e . Then the set G=U may be written as

Corollary 1.4.4.2.7. Maximal subgroups of space groups are again & space groups and of finite index in the supergroup. Hence the first step is the determination of subgroups of R that are maximal in T and normal in R, and is solved by linearalgebra algorithms. These subgroups are the candidates for the translation subgroups T ðMÞ for maximal k-subgroups M. But even if one knows the isomorphism type of M=T ðMÞ, the group T ðMÞ does not in general determine M  R. Given such a normal subgroup S / R that is contained in T , one now has to find all maximal k-subgroups M  R with S ¼ T \ M and T M ¼ R. It might happen that there is no such group M. This case does not occur if R is a symmorphic space group in the sense of the following definition:

G=U ¼

Definition 1.4.4.2.8. A space group R is called symmorphic if there is a subgroup P  R such that P \ T ðRÞ ¼ I and PT ðRÞ ¼ R. The subgroup P is called a complement of the & translation subgroup T ðRÞ.

fg 1 m1 U; . . . ; g 2 m1 U; . . . ; .. .; ...; g l m1 U; . . . ;

g 1 mk U; g 2 mk U;

.. .;

:

g l mk Ug

Then G permutes the lines of the rectangle above: For all g 2 G and all j 2 f1; . . . ; lg, the left coset gg j M is equal to some g a M for an a 2 f1; . . . ; lg. Hence the jth line is mapped onto the set

Note that the group P in the definition is isomorphic to R=T ðRÞ and hence a finite group. If R is symmorphic and P  R is a complement of T , then one may take M :¼ SP.

fgg j m1 U; . . . ; gg j mk Ug ¼ fg a m1 U; . . . ; g a mk Ug: Definition 1.4.5.1.1. Let G be a group and X a G-set. (i) A congruence fS1 ; . . . ; Sl g on X is a partition of X into l non-empty subsets X ¼ [_ i¼1 Si such that for all x1 ; x2 2 Si , g 2 G, gx1 2 Sj implies gx2 2 Sj . (ii) The congruences fXg and ffxg j x 2 Xg are called the trivial congruences. (iii) X is called a primitive G-set if G is transitive on X, jXj > 1 & and X has only the trivial congruences.

This shows the following: Lemma 1.4.4.2.9. Let R be a symmorphic space group with translation subgroup T and T 1  T an R-invariant subgroup of T (i.e. T 1 / R). Then there is at least one k-subgroup U  R & with translation subgroup T 1.

Hence the considerations above have proven the following lemma. Lemma 1.4.5.1.2. Let M  G be a subgroup of the group G. Then M is a maximal subgroup if and only if the G-set G=M is & primitive.

In any case, the maximal k-subgroups, M, of R satisfy MT ¼ R and M \ T ¼ S is a maximal R-invariant subgroup of T .

The advantage of this point of view is that the groups G having a faithful, primitive, finite G-set have a special structure. It will turn out that this structure is very similar to the structure of space groups. If X is a G-set and N / G is a normal subgroup of G, then G acts on the set of N -orbits on X, hence fN x j x 2 Xg is a congruence on X. If X is a primitive G-set, then this congruence is trivial, hence N x ¼ fxg or N x ¼ X for all x 2 X. This means that N either acts trivially or transitively on X.

To find these maximal subgroups, M, one first chooses such a subgroup S. It then suffices to compute in the finite group R=S ¼: R. If there is a complement M of T ¼ T =S in R, then every element x 2 R may be written uniquely as x ¼ mt with 0 m 2 M, t 2 T . In particular, any other complement M of T in 0 R is of the form M ¼ fmt m j m 2 M; t m 2 T g. One computes 0 m1 t m1 m2 t m2 ¼ m1 m2 ðm1 2 t m1 m2 Þt m2 . Since M is a subgroup of R, it holds that t m1 m2 ¼ ðm1 2 t m1 m 2 Þt m2 . Moreover, every mapping

35

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS One obtains the following:

1.4.5.2. Soluble groups Definition 1.4.5.2.1. Let G be a group. The derived series of G is the series ðG0 ; G1 ; . . .Þ defined via G0 :¼ G, Gi :¼ hg 1 h1 gh j g ; h 2 Gi1 i. The group G1 is called the derived subgroup of G. The & group G is called soluble if Gn ¼ fe g for some n 2 N.

Theorem 1.4.5.1.3. [Theorem of Galois (ca 1830).] Let H be a finite group and let X be a faithful, primitive H-set. Assume that feg 6¼ N / H is an Abelian normal subgroup. Then (a) N is a minimal normal subgroup of H (i.e. for all N 1 / H, N 1  N , N 1 ¼ N or N 1 ¼ feg). (b) N is an elementary Abelian p-group for some prime p and jXj ¼ jN j is a prime power. (c) CH ðN Þ ¼ N and N is the unique minimal normal subgroup & of H.

Remarks (i) The Gi are characteristic subgroups of G. (ii) G is Abelian if and only if G1 ¼ feg. (iii) G1 is characterized as the smallest normal subgroup of G, such that G=G1 is Abelian, in the sense that every normal subgroup of G with an Abelian factor group contains G1. (iv) Subgroups and factor groups of soluble groups are soluble. (v) If N / G is a normal subgroup, then G is soluble if and only if G=N and N are both soluble.

Proof. Let feg 6¼ N / H be an Abelian normal subgroup. Then N acts faithfully and transitively on X. To establish a bijection between the sets N and X, choose x 2 X and define ’ : N ! X; n 7 !n  x. Since N is transitive, ’ is surjective. To show the injectivity of ’, let n1 ; n2 2 N with ’ðn1 Þ ¼ ’ðn 2 Þ. Then 1 n 1  x ¼ n 2  x, hence n 1 1 n 2 x ¼ x. But then n 1 n 2 acts trivially on X, because if y 2 X then the transitivity of N implies that there 1 is an n 2 N with n  x ¼ y. Then n1 1 n2  y ¼ n1 n2 n  x ¼ 1 nn 1 n 2  x ¼ n  x ¼ y, since N is Abelian. Since X is a faithful H-set, this implies n1 1 n 2 ¼ e and therefore n 1 ¼ n 2 . This proves jN j ¼ jXj. Since this equality holds for all nontrivial Abelian normal subgroups of H, statement (a) follows. If p is some prime dividing jN j, then the Sylow p-subgroup of N is normal in N , since N is Abelian. Therefore, it is also a characteristic subgroup of N and hence a normal subgroup in H (see the remarks below Definition 1.4.3.5.3). Since N is a minimal normal subgroup of H, this implies that N is equal to its Sylow p-subgroup. Therefore, the order of N is a prime power jN j ¼ pr for some prime p and p r 2 N. Similarly, the set N :¼ fnp j n 2 N g is a normal subgroup p of H properly contained in N . Therefore, N ¼ feg and N is elementary Abelian. This establishes (b). To see that (c) holds, let g 2 CH ðN Þ. Choose x 2 X. Then g  x ¼ y 2 X. Since N acts transitively, there is an n 2 N such that n  x ¼ y. Hence n1 g  x ¼ x. As above, let z 2 X be any element of X. Then there is an element n1 2 N with z ¼ n1  x. Hence n1 g  z ¼ n1 gn1  x ¼ n1 n1 g  x ¼ n 1  x ¼ z. Since z was arbitrary and X is faithful, this implies that g ¼ n 2 N . Therefore, CH ðN Þ  N . Since N is Abelian, one has N  CH ðN Þ, hence N ¼ CH ðN Þ. To see that N is unique, let P 6¼ N be another normal subgroup of H. Since N is a minimal normal subgroup, one has N \ P ¼ feg, and, therefore, for p 2 P, n 2 N : n 1 p 1 np 2 N \ P ¼ fe g. Hence P centralizes N , P  CH ðN Þ ¼ N , which is a contradiction. QED

Example 1.4.5.2.2 The derived series of Cyc2
Sym4 is Cyc2
Sym4 . Alt4 . Cyc2
Cyc2 . I (or in Hermann–Mauguin notation m3m . 23 . 222 . 1) and that of Cyc2
Cyc2
Sym3 is Cyc2
Cyc2
Sym3 . Cyc3 . I (Hermann–Mauguin notation: 6=mmm . 3 . 1). Hence these two groups are soluble. (For an explanation of the groups that occur here and later, see Section 1.4.3.6.) Now let R  E 3 be a three-dimensional space group. Then T ðRÞ is an Abelian normal subgroup, hence T ðRÞ is soluble. The factor group R=T ðRÞ is isomorphic to a subgroup of either Cyc2
Sym4 or Cyc2
Cyc2
Sym3 and therefore also soluble. Using the remark above, one deduces that all three-dimensional space groups are soluble. Lemma 1.4.5.2.3. Let R be a three-dimensional space group. & Then R is soluble.

1.4.5.3. Maximal subgroups of soluble groups Now let G be a soluble group and M  G a maximal subgroup of finite index in G. Then the set of left cosets X :¼ G=M is a primitive finite G-set. Let K ¼ core ðMÞ be the kernel of the action of G on X. Then the factor group H :¼ G=K acts faithfully on X. In particular, H is a finite group and X is a primitive, faithful H-set. Since G is soluble, the factor group H is also a soluble group. Let H . H1 . . . . . Hn1 . feg be the derived series of H with N :¼ Hn1 6¼ feg. Then N is an Abelian normal subgroup of H. The theorem of Galois (Theorem 1.4.5.1.3) states that N is an elementary Abelian p-group for some prime p and jXj ¼ jN j ¼ pr for some r 2 N. Since X ¼ G=M, the order of X is the index ½G : M of M in G. Therefore one gets the following theorem:

Hence the groups H that satisfy the hypotheses of the theorem of Galois are certain subgroups of an affine group An ðZ=pZÞ over a finite field Z=pZ. This affine group is defined in a way similar to the affine group An over the real numbers where one has to replace the real numbers by this finite field. Then N is the translation subgroup of An ðZ=pZÞ isomorphic to the n-dimensional vector space 0

1 x1 B C ðZ=pZÞ n ¼ fx ¼ @ ... A j x1 ; . . . ; xn 2 Z=pZg

Theorem 1.4.5.3.1. If M  G is a maximal subgroup of finite index in the soluble group G, then its index jG=Mj is a prime & power.

xn over Z=pZ. The set X is the corresponding affine space An ðZ=pZÞ. The factor group H ¼ H=N is isomorphic to a subgroup of the linear group of ðZ=pZÞn that does not leave invariant any nontrivial subspace of ðZ=pZÞn.

In the proof of Theorem 1.4.5.1.3, we have established a bijection between N and the H-set X, which is now X :¼ G=M. Taking the full pre-image

36

1.4. THE MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SUBGROUP TABLES ality of M implies that either N G ðMÞ ¼ G and M is a normal subgroup of G or N G ðMÞ ¼ M and G has i maximal subgroups that are conjugate to M.

0

N :¼ N core ðMÞ 0

0

of N in G, then one has G ¼ N M and M \ N ¼ core ðMÞ. Hence we have seen the first part of the following theorem:

The smallest possible index of a proper subgroup is 2. It is well known and easy to see that subgroups of index 2 are normal subgroups:

Theorem 1.4.5.3.2. Let M  G be a maximal subgroup of the soluble group G. Then the factor group H :¼ G=coreðMÞ acts primitively and faithfully on X :¼ G=M, and there is a normal 0 0 0 subgroup N / G with MN ¼ G and M \ N ¼ coreðMÞ. 0 0 Moreover, if M is another subgroup of G, with M0 N ¼ G and 0 0 0 M \ N ¼ coreðMÞ, then M is conjugate to M.

Proposition 1.4.6.1.1. Let G be a group and M  G a subgroup of & index 2 ¼ jG=Mj. Then M is a normal subgroup of G. Proof. Choose an element g 2 G, g 62 M. Then G ¼ M [ g M ¼ M [ Mg . Hence g M ¼ Mg and therefore g Mg 1 ¼ M. Since this is also true if g 2 M, the proposition follows. QED Let M be a subgroup of a group G of index 2. Then M / G is a normal subgroup and the factor group G=M is a group of order 2. Since groups of order 2 are Abelian, it follows that the derived subgroup G1 of G (cf. Definition 1.4.5.2.1) (which is the smallest normal subgroup of G such that the factor group is Abelian) is contained in M. Hence all maximal subgroups of index 2 in G contain G1 . If one defines N :¼ \fM  G j ½G : M ¼ 2g, then G=N is an elementary Abelian 2-group and hence a vector space over the field with two elements. The maximal subgroups of G=N are the maximal subspaces of this vector space, hence their number is 2a  1, where a :¼ dimZ=2Z ðG=N Þ. This shows the following:

&

Example 1.4.5.3.3 G ¼ Sym4 ffi Td is the tetrahedral group from Section 1.4.3.2 and Sym3 ffi M ¼ C3v  G is the stabilizer of one of the four apices in the tetrahedron. Then coreðMÞ ¼ feg and G=M is a faithful G-set which can be identified with the set of apices of 0 the tetrahedron. The normal subgroup N ¼ N is the normal subgroup U of Section 1.4.3.2.

Corollary 1.4.6.1.2. The number of subgroups of G of index 2 is of & the form 2a  1 for some a 0. Dealing with subgroups of index 3, one has the following: Proposition 1.4.6.1.3. Let U be a subgroup of the group G with ½G : U ¼ 3. Then U is either a normal subgroup of G or G=coreðUÞ ffi S 3 and there are three subgroups of G conjugate & to U.

Now let G ¼ Sym4 ffi Td be as above, and take D2d ffi M  G a Sylow 2-subgroup of G. Then coreðMÞ ¼ D2 ffi Cyc2
Cyc2 is the normal subgroup U from Section 1.4.3.2 and H ¼ G=coreðMÞ ffi Sym3 .

Proof. G=core ðUÞ is isomorphic to a subgroup of Sym3 that acts primitively on f1; 2; 3g. Hence either G=core ðUÞ ffi Cyc3 and U ¼ core ðUÞ is a normal subgroup of G or G=core ðUÞ ffi Sym3 , U=core ðUÞ ffi Cyc2 and there are three subgroups of G conjugate to U. QED 1.4.6.2. Three-dimensional space groups We now come to space groups. By Lemma l.4.5.2.3, all threedimensional space groups are soluble. Theorem 1.4.5.3.1 says that the index of a maximal subgroup of a soluble group is a prime power (or infinite). Since the index of a maximal subgroup of a space group is always finite (see Corollary 1.4.4.2.7), we get:

These observations result in an algorithm for computing maximal subgroups of soluble groups G: (1) compute normal subgroups C [candidates for coreðMÞ]; (2) compute a minimal normal subgroup N =C of G=C; (3) find M=C as a complement of N =C in G=C.

Corollary 1.4.6.2.1. Let G be a three-dimensional space group and M  G a maximal subgroup. Then ½G : M is a prime power. & Let R be a three-dimensional space group and P ¼ R=T ðRÞ its point group. It is well known that the order of P is of the form 2a 3b with a ¼ 0; 1; 2; 3 or 4 and b ¼ 0; 1. By Corollary 1.4.4.2.4, the t-subgroups of R are in one-to-one correspondence with the subgroups of P. Let us look at the t-subgroups of R of index 3. It is clear that P has no subgroup of index 3 if b ¼ 0, since the index of a subgroup divides the order of the finite group P by the theorem of Lagrange. If b ¼ 1, then any subgroup S of P of index 3 has order jPj=3 ¼ 2a and hence is a Sylow 2-subgroup of P. Therefore there is such a subgroup S of index 3 in P by the first theorem of Sylow, Theorem 1.4.3.3.1. By the second theorem of Sylow, Theorem 1.4.3.3.2, all these Sylow 2-subgroups of P are

1.4.6. Quantitative results This section gives estimates for the number of maximal subgroups of a given index in space groups. 1.4.6.1. General results The first very easy but useful remark applies to general groups G: Remark. Let M  G be a maximal subgroup of G of finite index i :¼ ½G : M < 1. Then M  N G ðMÞ  G. Hence the maxim-

37

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS (i) There are normal subgroups S i / Ri with R1 =S 1 ffi R2 =S 2 and with S i  d2i T ðRi Þ if di 6¼ 2 and S i  16T ðRi Þ if di ¼ 2 (i ¼ 1; 2). (ii) ðR1 Þðd1 Þ ffi ðR2 Þðd2 Þ . (iii) There is a bijection  : NðR1 Þ ! NðR2 Þ such that R1 =N & ffi R2 =ðN Þ for all N 2 NðR1 Þ.

conjugate in P. Therefore, by Proposition 1.4.6.1.3, the number of these groups is either 1 or 3: Corollary 1.4.6.2.2. Let R be a three-dimensional space group. If the order of the point group of R is not divisible by 3 then R has no t-subgroups of index 3. If 3 is a factor of the order of the point group of R, then R has either one t-subgroup of index 3 (which is then normal in R) or & three conjugate t-subgroups of index 3.

For a proof of this theorem, see Finken et al. (1980). Remark. If Ri are three- or four-dimensional space groups, the isomorphism in (ii) already implies the isomorphism of R1 and R2 , but there are counterexamples for dimension 5.

1.4.7. Qualitative results 1.4.7.1. General theory

1.4.7.2. Three-dimensional space groups Corollary 1.4.7.2.1. Let R be a three-dimensional space group with translation subgroup T and p be a prime not dividing the order of the point group R=T . Let U be a subgroup of R of index p for some  2 Z>0. Then (a) U is a k-subgroup. & (b) U is isomorphic to R.

In this section, we want to comment on the very subtle question of deciding whether two space groups R1 and R2 are isomorphic. This problem can be treated in several stages: Let R1 and R2 be space groups. Since the translation subgroups T ðRi Þ are characteristic subgroups of Ri (the maximal Abelian normal subgroup of finite index), each isomorphism ’ : R1 ! R2 induces isomorphisms of the corresponding translation subgroups

Proof: (a) U  UT  R implies that ½R : UT  divides ½R : U ¼ p. Since T  UT  R, one obtains ½R : UT  as a factor of ½R : T . But p is not a factor of ½R : T , hence ½R : UT  ¼ 1 and R ¼ UT . According to the remark following Definition 1.4.4.2.2, U is a k-subgroup. (b) Let d1 :¼ jR=T j ¼ jU=T ðUÞj. Let d :¼ d21 if d1 6¼ 2 and d :¼ 16 otherwise, and let T 0 :¼ dT . Since gcdð½R : U; dÞ ¼ 1, one has UT 0 ¼ R and T 0 \ U ¼ dT ðUÞ. By the third isomorphism theorem, Theorem 1.4.3.5.2, it follows that

’0 : T ðR1 Þ ! T ðR2 Þ (by restriction) as well as of the point groups ’ : P 1 :¼ R1 =T ðR1 Þ ! R2 =T ðR2 Þ ¼: P 2 : It is convenient to view T ðRi Þ as a lattice on which the point group P i acts as group of linear mappings (cf. the start of Section 1.4.4). Then the isomorphism ’0 is an isomorphism of P 1 -sets, where P 1 acts on T ðR1 Þ via conjugation and on T ðR2 Þ via 1

g T ðR1 Þ  t :¼ ’ðg Þt ’ðg Þ

R=T 0 ¼ UT 0 =T 0 ffi U=T 0 \ U ¼ U=dT ðUÞ: By Theorem 1.4.7.1.2 (i) ) (ii), one has Rðd1 Þ ffi U ðd1 Þ. By the remark above, this already implies that R and U are isomorphic. QED

for all g T ðR1 Þ 2 P 1 ; t 2 T ðR2 Þ:

Since ’ðT ðR1 ÞÞ ¼ T ðR2 Þ and T ðR2 Þ centralizes itself, this action is well defined, i.e. independent of the choice of the coset representative g. The following theorem will show that the isomorphism of sufficiently large factor groups of R1 and R2 implies a ‘near’ isomorphism of the space groups themselves. To give a precise formulation we need one further definition.

Theorem 1.4.7.2.2. Let R be a three-dimensional space group and U be a maximal subgroup of R of index > 4. Then (a) U is a k-subgroup. & (b) U is isomorphic to R. Proof. Since R is soluble, the index ½R : U ¼ p is a prime power (see Theorem 1.4.5.3.1). If p is not a factor of jR=T ðRÞj, the statement follows from Corollary 1.4.7.2.1. Hence we only have to consider the cases p ¼ 2,  > 2 and p ¼ 3,  > 1. Since 9 is not a factor of the order of any crystallographic point group in dimension 3, assertion (a) follows if the index of U is divisible by 9. If U is a maximal t-subgroup, then R=U is a primitive P-set for the point group P of R. Since the point groups P of dimension 3 have no primitive P-sets of order divisible by 8, assertion (a) also follows if the index of U is divisible by 8. For all three-dimensional space groups R, the module LðRÞ=2LðRÞ [where T ðRÞ is identified with the corresponding lattice LðRÞ in
ðE3 Þ as in Section 1.4.4] is not simple as a module for the point group P ¼ R=T ðRÞ. [It suffices to check this property for the two maximal point groups Cyc2
Sym4 (¼ m3m) and Cyc2
Cyc2
Sym3 ð¼ 6=mmmÞ.] This means that 2LðRÞ is not a maximal R-invariant sublattice of LðRÞ. Since the translation subgroup T ðUÞ of a maximal k-subgroup U of index equal to a power of 2 in R is a maximal R-invariant subgroup of T ðRÞ that contains 2T ðRÞ, one now finds that R has no maximal k-subgroup of index 8.

Definition 1.4.7.1.1. For d 2 N define a Od :¼ f j a; b 2 Z; b 6¼ 0; gcdðb; dÞ ¼ 1g  Q; b which is the set of all rational numbers for which the denominator is prime to d. For the space group R  E n let R  RðdÞ  E n be the group RðdÞ :¼ hT ðRÞðdÞ ; Ri, where T ðRÞðdÞ ¼ fat j a 2 OðdÞ ; t 2 T ðRÞg  T n ; i.e. one allows denominators that are prime to d in the translation & subgroup. One has the following: Theorem 1.4.7.1.2. Let R1 and R2 be two space groups with point groups of order di :¼ jRi =T ðRi Þj. Let NðRi Þ denote the set of normal subgroups of Ri having finite index in Ri . Then the following three conditions are equivalent:

38

1.4. THE MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SUBGROUP TABLES Now assume that ½R : U ¼ 9. By Corollary 1.4.7.2.1, one only needs to deal with groups R such that the order of the point group P :¼ R=T ðRÞ is divisible by 3. P is isomorphic to a subgroup of Cyc2
Sym4 or Cyc2
Cyc2
Sym3 . If Alt4  P is a subgroup of P, then LðRÞ=3LðRÞ is simple and U is of index 27 in R [with LðUÞ ¼ 3LðRÞ]. It turns out that U is isomorphic to R in these cases. If P does not contain a subgroup isomorphic to Alt4, then the maximality of U implies that T ðUÞ  T ðRÞ is of index 3 in T ðRÞ. Hence ½R : U ¼ 3 in this case. QED

The determination of the k-supergroups of a given space group R is the easier task. For instance, if R is a symmorphic space group then all its k-supergroups are also symmorphic. This is not true for k-subgroups of R. Theorem 1.4.8.3. Let S be a k-supergroup of the space group R. Then S ¼ RT ðSÞ. If S is a minimal k-supergroup of R then the translation lattice LðSÞ of S is an R-invariant lattice that contains & LðRÞ as a maximal sublattice. Proof. Let T :¼ T ðSÞ be the translation subgroup of S. Then T \ R ¼ T ðRÞ and R=ðT \ RÞ is isomorphic to the point group R, which is a finite group. By the isomorphism theorem

Corollary 1.4.7.2.3. Let M be a maximal subgroup of the threedimensional space group R. (a) If the index of M is a power of 2, then ½R : M ¼ 2 or 4. (b) If 3 is a factor of the order of the point group ½R : T ðRÞ and the index of M is a power of 3, then ½R : M ¼ 3 or 27. For ½R : M ¼ 27, M is necessarily isomorphic to R (by & Theorem 1.4.7.2.2).

R=ðT \ RÞ ffi RT =T : Therefore, group RT generated by T and R is a subgroup of S containing T with the same index and, therefore, RT ¼ S. Moreover, T contains T ðRÞ and hence LðSÞ contains LðRÞ. Since T is a normal subgroup of S, the space group R acts on T by conjugation and therefore LðSÞ is R invariant. If there is an R invariant lattice L such that LðRÞ  L  LðSÞ, then, applying the isomorphism  from Example 1.4.3.4.4, the group G :¼ R1 ðLÞ is a space group with R  G  S. Hence the minimality of the supergroup S implies that LðSÞ is an R-invariant lattice that contains LðRÞ as a maximal sublattice. QED

This interesting fact explains why there are no maximal subgroups of index 8 in a three-dimensional space group. If there is a maximal subgroup M of a three-dimensional space group R of index 9, then the order of the point group of R is not divisible by three and the subgroup M is a k-subgroup and isomorphic to R. In particular, there are no maximal subgroups of index 9 for trigonal, hexagonal or cubic space groups, whereas there are such subgroups of tetragonal space groups.

As for maximal k-subgroups, the index ½S : R of a minimal k-supergroup S of R is a prime power and for each prime p there is some a 2 N such that R has a minimal k-supergroup S of index ½S : R ¼ pa . Because of the infinite number of prime numbers, a space group R has infinitely many minimal k-supergroups, but there are only finitely many minimal k-supergroups containing a given space group R of given index. This is different for t-supergroups, as the following example shows.

1.4.8. Minimal supergroups For several problems, for example for the prediction of a phase transition or in the search for overlooked symmetry in crystalstructure determinations etc., it is helpful to know all space groups S containing a given space group R, which means that R  S. Then S is called a supergroup of R. Note that – in contrast to subgroups – the supergroups G R containing a space group R of finite index need not be space groups. For instance, the one-dimensional translation group 1 R¼h 0

Example 1.4.8.4 Let 1 B0 R ¼ h@

0 1

1 0 1 1 B0 0C A; @

0 1

1 0 2 1C Ai ffi Z

0

0

1

0

1

0

! 1 iffiZ 1

0

be the two-dimensional translation group p1. Then for all x 2 R the group

has a supergroup G of index 2 isomorphic to Cyc2
Z which is not a subgroup of the one-dimensional affine group. G is Abelian but has an element of finite order, so G cannot be a space group. For the applications in crystallography, we are restricted to those supergroups S of R that are again space groups.

0

Definition 1.4.8.1. Let S be a space group that is a supergroup of the space group R and T :¼ T ðSÞ.

1 B0 S x :¼ hR; @

0 1

0

0

1 0 xC Ai 1

is a minimal t-supergroup of R containing R of index 2. These groups are conjugate under the normalizer of R in the affine group A2 [see Example 3.47 in Heidbu¨chel (2003)],

(i) S is called a translationengleiche or a t-supergroup if R\T ¼T. (ii) S is called a klassengleiche or a k-supergroup if & R=R \ T ffi S=T .

0

Clearly S is a t-supergroup (or k-supergroup, respectively) of R if and only if R is a t-subgroup (or k-subgroup) of S and the theorem of Hermann implies the following:

1 B0 @

0 1

0

0

1 0 0 1 B0  x=2 C AS x @ 1

0

0 1 0

1 0 x=2 C A ¼ S0 : 1

Visually this means that the discrete sets of symmetry lines of the different plane groups may be shifted by any real distance against each other or relative to an arbitrarily chosen origin. This yields uncountably many different t-supergroups of p1 which are all of the same type.

Theorem 1.4.8.2. (Theorem of Hermann.) Let S and R be space groups such that S R is a minimal supergroup of R. Then S is & either a k-supergroup or a t-supergroup.

39

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS The use of the affine and Euclidean normalizers of a space group R is described in Part 15 of IT A. The affine normalizer

This proof also provides an algorithm to determine representatives of the N -orbits of minimal t-supergroups of a given space group R, provided that one knows representatives of all affine classes of space groups and their maximal t-subgroups. For dimensions 2 and 3 these are given in this volume. Since maximal t-subgroups of three-dimensional space groups have index 2, 3 or 4, this also holds for the minimal t-supergroups of these groups. Up to dimension n  4, the minimal t-supergroups and the minimal k-supergroups of a given space group R  An can be obtained with the commands TSupergroups and KSupergroups in CARAT [see also Heidbu¨chel (2003)].

N :¼ N An ðRÞ ¼ fg 2 An j gRg1 ¼ Rg of an n-dimensional space group R  An acts on the set of all minimal t-supergroups S of R by conjugation. Theorem 1.4.8.5. N has finitely many orbits on the set of & (minimal) t-supergroups S of R. Proof. Let S 1 ; . . . ; S m be representatives of the An -orbits on the set of n-dimensional space groups, i.e. of the types of n-dimensional space groups. For 1  i  m let

References Finken, H., Neubu¨ser, J. & Plesken, W. (1980). Space groups and groups of prime power order II. Arch. Math. 35, 203–209. Hahn, Th. & Wondratschek, H. (1994). Symmetry of Crystals. Introduction to International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A. Sofia: Heron Press. Heidbu¨chel, O. (2003). Beitra¨ge zur Theorie der kristallographischen Raumgruppen. Aachener Beitra¨ge zur Mathematik, 29. ISBN 3-86073649-3. International Tables for Crystallography (2005). Vol. A, Space-Group Symmetry, edited by Th. Hahn, 5th ed. Heidelberg: Springer. Ledermann, W. (1976). Introduction to Group Theory. London: Longman. (German: Einfu¨hrung in die Gruppentheorie, Braunschweig: Vieweg, 1977.) Ledermann, W. & Weir, A. J. (1996). Introduction to Group Theory. 2nd ed. Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman. Opgenorth, J., Plesken, W. & Schulz, T. (1998). Crystallographic algorithms and tables. Acta Cryst. A54, 517–531.

Mi :¼ fRij j 1  j  ai g denote the set of all (maximal) t-subgroups of S i that are isomorphic to R. If S is a (minimal) t-supergroup of the space group R, then there is some g 2 An and i 2 f1; . . . ; mg such that gSg1 ¼ S i and gRg1 ¼ Rij 2 Mi , hence the pair of space groups ðR; SÞ ¼ ðg1 Rij g; g1 S i gÞ for some i 2 f1; . . . ; mg, Rij 2 Mi and g 2 An . If S 0 is a second supergroup of R and h 2 An such that 1 ðR; S 0 Þ ¼ ðh1 Rij h; h1 S i hÞ for the same Pm i; j, then h g 2 N normalizes R. Hence there are at most i¼1 ai orbits of N on the set of (minimal) t-supergroups of R. QED

40

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Chapter 1.5, pp. 41–43.

1.5. Remarks on Wyckoff positions By Ulrich Mu¨ller

1.5.1. Crystallographic orbits and Wyckoff positions

equivalent under the Euclidean normalizer may have to be interchanged. The permutations they undergo when the origin is shifted have been listed by Boyle & Lawrenson (1973). An origin shift of 0; 0; 12 will interchange the Wyckoff positions 4e and 4f as well as 4g and 4h of I222.

The set of symmetry-equivalent sites in a space group is referred to as a (crystallographic point) orbit (Koch & Fischer, 1985; Wondratschek, 1976, 1980, 2005; also called point configuration). If the coordinates of a site are completely fixed by symmetry (e.g. 1 1 1 4 ; 4 ; 4), then the orbit is identical with the corresponding Wyckoff position of that space group (in German Punktlage). However, if there are one or more freely variable coordinates (e.g. z in 0; 12 ; z), the Wyckoff position comprises an infinity of possible orbits; they differ in the values of the variable coordinate(s). The set of sites that are symmetry equivalent to, say, 0; 12 ; 0:391 makes up one orbit. The set corresponding to 0; 12 ; 0:468 belongs to the same Wyckoff position, but to another orbit (its variable coordinate z is different). The Wyckoff positions of the space groups are listed in Volume A of International Tables for Crystallography (2005). They are labelled with letters a, b, . . ., beginning from the position having the highest site symmetry. A Wyckoff position is usually given together with the number of points belonging to one of its orbits within a unit cell. This number is the multiplicity listed in Volume A, and commonly is set in front of the Wyckoff letter. For example, the denomination 4c designates the four symmetryequivalent points belonging to an orbit c within the unit cell. In many space groups, for some Wyckoff positions there exist several Wyckoff positions of the same kind that can be combined to form a Wyckoff set [called a Konfigurationslage by Koch & Fischer (1975)]. They have the same site symmetries and they are mapped onto one another by the affine normalizer of the space group (Koch & Fischer, 1975; Wondratschek, 2005).

Example 1.5.1.2 In the space group Fm3m, No. 225, the orbits of the Wyckoff positions 4a ð0; 0; 0Þ and 4b ð12 ; 12 ; 12Þ are equivalent under the Euclidean normalizer. The copper structure can be described equivalently either by having the Cu atoms occupy the position 4a or the position 4b. If we take Cu atoms in the position 4a and shift the origin from ð0; 0; 0Þ to ð12 ; 12 ; 12Þ, then they result in the position 4b. Unique relations exist between the Wyckoff positions of a space group and the Wyckoff positions of any of its subgroups (Billiet et al., 1978; Wondratschek, 1993; Wondratschek et al., 1995). Given the relative positions of their unit cells (axes transformations and relative origin positions), the labels of these Wyckoff positions are unique. Example 1.5.1.3 In diamond, the carbon atoms occupy the orbit belonging to the Wyckoff position 8a of the space group Fd3m, No. 227. Zinc blende (sphalerite) crystallizes in the maximal subgroup F43m, No. 216, of Fd3m. With the transition Fd3m ! F43m the Wyckoff position 8a splits into the positions 4a and 4c of F43m. These are two symmetry-independent positions that allow an occupation by atoms of two different elements (zinc and sulfur). In this example, all of the positions retain the site symmetry 43m and each Wyckoff position comprises only one orbit.

Example 1.5.1.1 In space group I222, No. 23, there are six Wyckoff positions with the site symmetry 2: 4e ðx; 0; 0Þ, 4f ðx; 0; 12Þ on twofold rotation axes parallel to a, 4g ð0; y; 0Þ, 4h ð12 ; y; 0Þ on twofold rotation axes parallel to b, 4i ð0; 0; zÞ, 4j ð0; 12 ; zÞ on twofold rotation axes parallel to c.

1.5.2. Derivative structures and phase transitions In crystal chemistry, structural relations such as the relation diamond–sphalerite are of fundamental interest. Structures that result from a basic structure by the substitution of atoms of one kind for atoms of different elements, the topology being retained, are called derivative structures after Buerger (1947, 1951). For the basic structure the term aristotype has also been coined, while its derivative structures are called hettotypes (Megaw, 1973). For more details, see Chapter 1.6. When searching for derivative structures, one must look for space groups that are subgroups of the space group of the aristotype and in which the orbit of the atom(s) to be substituted splits into different orbits. Similar relations also apply to many phase transitions (cf. Section 1.6.6). Very often the space group of one of the phases is a subgroup of the space group of the other. For second-order phase transitions this is even mandatory (cf. Section 1.2.7). The positions of the atoms in one phase are related to those in the other one.

They are mapped onto one another by the affine normalizer of
No. 221. These six Wyckoff I222, which is isomorphic to Pm3m, positions make up one Wyckoff set. However, in this example the positions 4e, 4f vs. 4g, 4h vs. 4i, 4j, being on differently oriented axes, cannot be considered to be equivalent if the lattice parameters are a 6¼ b 6¼ c. The subdivision of the positions of the Wyckoff set into these three sets is accomplished with the aid of the Euclidean normalizer of the space group I222. The Euclidean normalizer is that supergroup of a space group that maps all equivalent symmetry elements onto one another without distortions of the lattice. It is a subgroup of the affine normalizer (Fischer & Koch, 1983; Koch et al., 2005). In Example 1.5.1.1 (space group I222), the positions 4e and 4f are equivalent under the Euclidean normalizer (and so are 4g, 4h and also 4i, 4j). The Euclidean normalizer of the space group I222 is Pmmm, No. 47, with the lattice parameters 12 a; 12 b; 12 c (if a 6¼ b 6¼ c). If the origin of a space group is shifted, Wyckoff positions that are Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

Example 1.5.2.1 The disorder–order transition of
-brass (CuZn) taking place at 741 K involves a space-group change from the space group

41

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS Im3m, No. 229, to its subgroup Pm3m, No. 221. In the hightemperature form, Cu and Zn atoms randomly take the orbit of the Wyckoff position 2a of Im3m. Upon transition to the ordered form, this position splits into the independent positions 1a and 1b of the subgroup Pm3m. These positions are occupied by the Cu and Zn atoms, respectively. See also Example 1.2.7.3.3.

Rj ¼ jSG ðXj Þj=jSH ðXj Þj: When the space-group symmetry is reduced from G to H and the orbit of the point Xj splits into n orbits, the following relation holds (Wondratschek, 1993): i¼

n P

Rj :

j¼1

Phase transitions in which a paraelectric crystal becomes ferroelectric occur when atoms that randomly occupy several symmetry-equivalent positions become ordered in a space group with lower symmetry, or when a key atom is displaced to a position with reduced site symmetry, thus allowing a distortion of the structure. In both cases, the space group of the ferroelectric phase is a subgroup of the space group of the paraelectric phase. In the case of ordering, the orbits of the atoms concerned split; in the case of displacement this is not necessary.

i ¼ jG : Hj is the index of H in G (cf. Section 1.2.4.2). Example 1.5.3.1 The orbit of the Wyckoff position 24d of space group Fm3m, No. 225, has the site symmetry mmm with the order jmmmj ¼ 8. Upon symmetry reduction to the space group I4=mmm, No. 139, this orbit splits into the two orbits 4c and 8f of I4=mmm with the site symmetries mmm and 2=m, respectively. j2=mj ¼ 4. The reduction factors of the site symmetries are

Example 1.5.2.2 In paraelectric NaNO2, space group Immm, No. 71, Na+ ions randomly occupy two sites close to each other around an inversion centre ð0; 0; 12Þ with half occupation (position 4i at 0; 0;
0:540Þ. The same applies to the nitrite ions, which are disordered in two opposite orientations around the inversion centre at 0; 0; 0, with the N atoms at 4i (0; 0;
0:072). At the transition to the ferroelectric phase at 438 K, the space-group symmetry decreases to the subgroup Imm2, No. 44, and the ions become ordered in one orientation. Each of the 4i orbits splits into two 2a orbits, but for every ion only one of the resulting orbits is now fully occupied: Na+ at 2a ð0; 0; 0:540Þ and N at 2a ð0; 0; 0:074Þ.

jmmmj=jmmmj ¼ 8=8 ¼ 1 and jmmmj=j2=mj ¼ 8=4 ¼ 2: They add up to 1 þ 2 ¼ 3, which is the index of I4=mmm in Fm3m. The multiplicities commonly used together with the Wyckoff labels depend on the size of the chosen unit cell. As a consequence, a change of the size of the unit cell also changes the multiplicities. For example, the multiplicities of the Wyckoff positions listed in Volume A are larger by a factor of three for rhombohedral space groups when the unit cell is referred not to rhombohedral, but to hexagonal axes. The multiplicity of a Wyckoff position shows up in the sum of the multiplicities of the corresponding positions of the subgroup. If the unit cell selected to describe the subgroup does not change in size, then the sum of the multiplicities of the positions of the subgroup must be equal to the multiplicity of the position of the starting group. For example, from a position with a multiplicity of 6, a position with multiplicity of 6 can result, or it can split into two positions of multiplicity of 3, or into two with multiplicities of 2 and 4, or into three with multiplicity of 2 etc. If the unit cell of the subgroup is enlarged or reduced by a factor f, then the sum of the multiplicities must also be multiplied or divided by this factor f. Relations between the Wyckoff positions of space groups and the Wyckoff positions of their maximal subgroups were listed by Lawrenson (1972). However, his tables are not complete, and they were never published. In addition, they lack information about the transformations of axes and coordinates when these differ in the subgroup. More recently, a computer program to calculate these relations has been developed (Kroumova et al., 1998; cf. Section 1.7.4). To be used, the program requires knowledge of the subgroups (maximal or non-maximal) and of the necessary axes transformations and origin shifts. The Wyckoff position(s) to be considered can be marked or specific coordinates of a position must be given. The output is a listing of the Wyckoff position(s) of the specified subgroup and optionally all corresponding site coordinates. Depending on the relations and positions considered, the listings of coordinates can be rather long. The program has not been designed to give a fast overview of the relations. If one is looking for those subgroups that will exhibit a splitting of a certain position, all subgroups have to be tried one by one. For these reasons, the program cannot substitute the present tables;

Example 1.5.2.3 Paraelectric BaTiO3 crystallizes in the space group Pm3m, No. 221, and the position 1a of a Ti atom (0; 0; 0 with site symmetry m3m) is in the centre of an octahedron of oxygen atoms. At 393 K, a phase transition to a ferroelectric phase takes place. It has space group P4mm, No. 99, which is a subgroup of Pm3m; the Ti atom is now at 0; 0; z (1a, site symmetry 4mm) and is displaced from the octahedron centre. The orbit does not split, but the site symmetry is reduced.

1.5.3. Relations between the positions in group–subgroup relations The following statements are universally valid: (1) Between the points of an orbit and the corresponding points in a subgroup there exists a one-to-one relation; both sets of points have the same magnitude. (2) Between the Wyckoff positions of a space group and those of its subgroups there exist unique relations. These may involve different Wyckoff labels for different relative positions of the origins. (3) With the symmetry reduction from a group to a subgroup, an orbit either splits into different orbits, or its site symmetry is reduced, or both happen. In addition, coordinates fixed or coupled by symmetry may become independent. Let G be a space group and H a subgroup of G. Let the sitesymmetry groups of a point Xj under the space groups G and H be SG ðXj Þ and SH ðXj Þ, respectively. The reduction factor of the site symmetries is then

42

1.5. REMARKS ON WYCKOFF POSITIONS for practical work, the program and the tables listed in Part 3 complement each other. The tables in Part 3 are a complete compilation for all space groups and all of their maximal subgroups. For all Wyckoff positions of a space group, all relations to the Wyckoff positions of its subgroups are listed. This also applies to the infinite number of maximal isomorphic subgroups; for these, a parameterized form has been developed that allows the listing of all maximal subgroups and all of their resulting Wyckoff positions completely for every allowed index of symmetry reduction.

International Tables for Crystallography (2005). Vol. A, Space-Group Symmetry, edited by Th. Hahn, 5th ed. Heidelberg: Springer. Koch, E. & Fischer, W. (1975). Automorphismengruppen von Raumgruppen und die Zuordnung von Punktlagen zu Konfigurationslagen. Acta Cryst. A31, 88–95. Koch, E. & Fischer, W. (1985). Lattice complexes and limiting complexes versus orbit types and non-characteristic orbits: a comparative discussion. Acta Cryst. A41, 421–426. Koch, E., Fischer, W. & Mu¨ller, U. (2005). Normalizers of space groups and their use in crystallography. International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A, Space-Group Symmetry, edited by Th. Hahn, Part 15. Heidelberg: Springer. Kroumova, E., Perez-Mato, J. M. & Aroyo, M. I. (1998). WYCKSPLIT. Computer program for the determination of the relations of Wyckoff positions for a group–subgroup pair. J. Appl. Cryst. 31, 646. Accessible at: http://www.cryst.ehu.es/cryst/wpsplit.html. Lawrenson, J. E. (1972). Theoretical Studies in Crystallography. Dissertation, University of Kent at Canterbury. Megaw, H. D. (1973). Crystal Structures: A Working Approach. Philadelphia: Saunders. Wondratschek, H. (1976). Extraordinary orbits of space groups. Theoretical considerations. Z. Kristallogr. 143, 460–470. Wondratschek, H. (1980). Crystallographic orbits, lattice complexes, and orbit types. MATCH Commun. Math. Chem. 9, 121–125. Wondratschek, H. (1993). Splitting of Wyckoff positions (orbits). Mineral. Petrol. 48, 87–96. Wondratschek, H. (2005). Special topics on space groups. International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A, Space-Group Symmetry, edited by Th. Hahn, Part 8. Heidelberg: Springer. Wondratschek, H., Mu¨ller, U., Aroyo, M. I. & Sens, I. (1995). Splitting of Wyckoff positions (orbits). II. Group–subgroup chains of index 6. Z. Kristallogr. 210, 567–573.

References Billiet, Y., Sayari, A. & Zarrouk, H. (1978). L’association des familles de Wyckoff dans les changements de repe`re conventionnel des groupes spatiaux et les passages aux sous-groupes spatiaux. Acta Cryst. A34, 811–819. Boyle, L. L. & Lawrenson, J. E. (1973). The origin dependence of the Wyckoff site description of a crystal structure. Acta Cryst. A29, 353– 357. Buerger, M. J. (1947). Derivative crystal structures. J. Chem. Phys. 15, 1– 16. Buerger, M. J. (1951). Phase Transformations in Solids, ch. 6. New York: Wiley. Fischer, W. & Koch, E. (1983). On the equivalence of point configurations due to Euclidean normalizers (Cheshire groups) of space groups. Acta Cryst. A39, 907–915.

43

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Chapter 1.6, pp. 44–56.

1.6. Relating crystal structures by group–subgroup relations By Ulrich Mu¨ller

1.6.1. Introduction

(1) In crystal structures the arrangement of atoms reveals a pronounced tendency towards the highest possible symmetry. (2) Counteracting factors due to special properties of the atoms or atom aggregates may prevent the attainment of the highest possible symmetry. However, in most cases the deviations from the ideal symmetry are only small (key word: pseudosymmetry). (3) During phase transitions and solid-state reactions which result in products of lower symmetry, the higher symmetry of the starting material is often indirectly preserved by the formation of oriented domains.

Symmetry relations using crystallographic group–subgroup relations have proved to be a valuable tool in crystal chemistry and crystal physics. Some important applications include: (1) Structural relations between crystal-structure types can be worked out in a clear and concise manner by setting up family trees of group–subgroup relations (see following sections). (2) Elucidation of problems concerning twinned crystals and antiphase domains (see Section 1.6.6). (3) Changes of structures and physical properties taking place during phase transitions; applications of Landau theory (Aizu, 1970; Aroyo & Perez-Mato, 1998; Birman, 1966a,b, 1978; Cracknell, 1975; Howard & Stokes, 2005; Igartua et al., 1996; Izyumov & Syromyatnikov, 1990; Landau & Lifshitz, 1980; Lyubarskii, 1960; Salje, 1990; Stokes & Hatch, 1988; Tole´dano & Tole´dano, 1987). (4) Prediction of crystal-structure types and calculation of the numbers of possible structure types (see Section 1.6.4.7). (5) Solution of the phase problem in the crystal structure analysis of proteins (Di Costanzo et al., 2003).

Aspect (1) is due to the tendency of atoms of the same kind to occupy equivalent positions, as stated by Brunner (1971). This has physical reasons: depending on chemical composition, the kind of chemical bonding, electron configuration of the atoms, relative sizes of the atoms, pressure, temperature etc., there exists one energetically most favourable surrounding for atoms of a given species which all of these atoms strive to attain. Aspect (2) of the symmetry principle is exploited in the following sections. Factors that counteract the attainment of the highest symmetry include: (1) stereochemically active lone electron pairs; (2) Jahn–Teller distortions; (3) covalent bonds; (4) Peierls distortions; (5) ordered occupation of originally equivalent sites by different atomic species (substitution derivatives); (6) partial occupation of voids in a packing of atoms; (7) partial vacation of atomic positions; (8) freezing (condensation) of lattice vibrations (soft modes) giving rise to phase transitions; and (9) ordering of atoms in a disordered structure. Aspect (3) of the symmetry principle has its origin in an observation by Bernal (1938). He noted that in the solid state reaction MnðOHÞ2 ! MnOOH ! MnO2 the starting and the product crystal had the same orientation. Such reactions are called topotactic reactions after Lotgering (1959) (for a more exact definition see Giovanoli & Leuenberger, 1969). In a paper by Bernal & Mackay (1965) we find the sentence: ‘One of the controlling factors of topotactic reactions is, of course, symmetry. This can be treated at various levels of sophistication, ranging from Lyubarskii’s to ours, where we find that the simple concept of Buridan’s ass illumines most cases.’ According to the metaphor of Buridan (French philosopher, died circa 1358), the ass starves to death between two equal and equidistant bundles of hay because it cannot decide between them. Referred to crystals, such an asinine behaviour would correspond to an absence of phase transitions or solid-state reactions if there are two or more energetically equivalent orientations of the domains of the product. Crystals, of course, do not behave like the ass; they take both.

Ba¨rnighausen (1975, 1980) presented a standardized procedure to set forth structural relations between crystal structures with the aid of symmetry relations between their space groups. For a review on this subject see Mu¨ller (2004). Short descriptions are given by Chapuis (1992) and Mu¨ller (2006). The main concept is to start from a simple, highly symmetrical crystal structure and to derive more and more complicated structures by distortions and/or substitutions of atoms. Similar to the ‘diagrams of lattices of subgroups’ used in mathematics, a tree of group–subgroup relations between the space groups involved, now called a Ba¨rnighausen tree, serves as the main guideline. The highly symmetrical starting structure is called the aristotype after Megaw (1973) or basic structure after Buerger (1947, 1951); other terms used in the literature on phase transitions in physics are prototype or parent structure. The derived structures are the hettotypes or derivative structures. In Megaw’s (1973) terminology, the structures mentioned in the tree form a family of structures. The structure type to be chosen as the aristotype depends on the specific problem and, therefore, the term aristotype cannot be defined in a strict manner. For example, a body-centred packing of spheres (space group Im3m) can be chosen as the aristotype for certain intermetallic structures. By symmetry reduction due to a loss of the centring, the CsCl type (space group Pm3m) can be derived. However, if all the structures considered are ionic, there is no point in starting from the body-centred packing of spheres and one can choose the CsCl type as the aristotype.

1.6.2. The symmetry principle in crystal chemistry 1.6.3. Ba¨rnighausen trees

The usefulness of symmetry relations is intimately related to the symmetry principle in crystal chemistry. This is an old principle based on experience which has been worded during its long history in rather different ways. Ba¨rnighausen (1980) summarized it in the following way: Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

To represent symmetry relations between different crystal structures in a concise manner, we construct a tree of group– subgroup relations in a modular design, beginning with the space group of the aristotype at its top. Each module represents one

44

1.6. RELATING CRYSTAL STRUCTURES BY GROUP–SUBGROUP RELATIONS

Fig. 1.6.3.1. Scheme of the formulation of the smallest step of symmetry reduction connecting two related crystal structures.

step of symmetry reduction to a maximal subgroup. Therefore, we have to discuss only one of these modules in detail. For two structures we want to interrelate, we place their spacegroup symbols one below the other and indicate the direction of the symmetry reduction by an arrow pointing downwards (Fig. 1.6.3.1). Since they are more informative, it is advisable to use only the full Hermann–Mauguin symbols. In the middle of the arrow we insert the kind of maximal subgroup and the index of symmetry reduction, using the abbreviations t for translationengleiche, k for klassengleiche and i for isomorphic. If the unit cell changes, we also insert the new basis vectors expressed as vector sums of the basis vectors of the higher-symmetry cell. If there is an origin shift, we enter this as a triplet of numbers which express the coordinates of the new origin referred to the coordinate system of the higher-symmetry cell. This is a shorthand notation for the transformation matrices. Any change of the basis vectors and the origin is essential information that should never be omitted. If the atomic coordinates of two related crystal structures differ because of different settings of their unit cells, the similarities of the structures become less clear and may even be obscured. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid cell transformations whenever possible. If necessary, it is much better to fully

exploit the possibilities offered by the Hermann–Mauguin symbolism and to choose nonconventional space-group settings [see Chapter 4.3 of International Tables for Crystallography Volume A (2005) and Section 3.1.4 of this volume]. Origin shifts also tend to obscure relations. However, they often cannot be avoided. There is no point in deviating from the standard origin settings, because otherwise much additional information would be required for an unequivocal description. Note: The coordinate triplet specifying the origin shift in the group–subgroup arrow refers to the coordinate system of the higher-symmetry space group, whilst the corresponding changes of the atomic coordinates refer to the coordinate system of the subgroup and therefore are different. Details are given in Section 3.1.3. Also note that in the tables of Parts 2 and 3 of this volume the origin shifts are given in different ways. In Part 2 they refer to the higher-symmetry space group. In Part 3 (relations of the Wyckoff positions) they are given only as parts of the coordinate transformations, i.e. in the coordinate systems of the subgroups. As explained in the Appendix, the chosen origin shifts themselves also differ in Parts 2 and 3; an origin transformation taken from Part 3 may be different from the one given in Part 2 for the same group–subgroup relation. If needed, one has to calculate the corresponding values with the formulae given in Section 3.1.3.

45

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS The calculation of coordinate changes due to cell transformations and origin shifts is prone to errors. Some useful hints are given in Section 1.6.5. For space groups with two possible choices of origin (‘origin choice 1’ and ‘origin choice 2’), the choice is specified by a superscript (1) or (2) after the space-group symbol, for example P4=nð2Þ . The setting of rhombohedral space groups is specified, if necessary, by superscript (rh) or (hex). Occasionally it may be useful to use a nonconventional rhombohedral ‘reverse’ setting, i.e. with the centring vectors
ð 13 ; 23 ; 13 Þ instead of ‘obverse’ with
ð 23 ; 13 ; 13 Þ; this is specified by superscript (rev), for example R 3 ðrevÞ . In a Ba¨rnighausen tree containing several group–subgroup relations, it is recommended that the vertical distances between the space-group symbols are kept proportional to the logarithms of the corresponding indices. This way all subgroups that are at the same hierarchical distance, i.e. at the same index, from the aristotype appear on the same line. If several paths can be constructed from one space group to a general subgroup, via different intermediate groups, usually there is no point in depicting all of them. There is no general recipe indicating which of several possible paths should be preferred. However, crystal-chemical and physical aspects should be used as a guide. First of all, the chosen intermediate groups should be:

Group–subgroup relations are of little value if the usual crystallographic data are not given for every structure. The mere mention of the space groups is insufficient. The atomic coordinates are of special importance. It is also important to present all structures in such a way that their relations become clearly visible. In particular, all atoms of the asymmetric units should exhibit strict correspondence, so that their positional parameters can immediately be compared. For all structures, the same coordinate setting and among several symmetry-equivalent positions for an atom the same location in the unit cell should be chosen, if possible. For all space groups, except Im3m and Ia3d, one can choose several different equivalent sets of coordinates describing one and the same structure in the same space-group setting. It is by no means a simple matter to recognize whether two differently documented structures are alike or not (the literature abounds with examples of ‘new’ structures that really had been well known). One is often forced to transform coordinates from one set to another to attain the necessary correspondence. In Section 15.3 of Volume A (editions 1987–2005) and in a paper by Koch & Fischer (2006) one can find a procedure for and examples of how to interconvert equivalent coordinate sets with the aid of the Euclidean normalizers of the space groups. Note: For enantiomorphic (chiral) space groups like P31 this procedure will yield equivalent sets of coordinates without a change of chirality; for chiral structures in non-enantiomorphic (non-chiral) space groups like P21 21 21 the sets of coordinates include the enantiomorphic pairs [for the distinction between chiral and non-chiral space groups see Flack (2003)]. If space permits, it is useful to list the site symmetries and the coordinates of the atoms next to the space-group symbols in the Ba¨rnighausen tree, as shown in Fig. 1.6.3.1 and in the following examples. If there is not enough space, this information must be provided in a separate table.

(1) Space groups having actually known representatives. (2) Space groups that disclose a physically realizable path for the symmetry reduction. Observed phase transitions should be given high priority. For phase transitions that are driven by certain lattice vibrations, those intermediate space groups should be considered that are compatible with these lattice modes (i.e. irreducible representations; Stokes & Hatch, 1988). (3) In the case of substitution derivatives: Space groups showing a splitting of the relevant Wyckoff position(s). These intermediate groups allow for substitution derivatives, even if no representative is yet known.

1.6.4. The different kinds of symmetry relations among related crystal structures

Ba¨rnighausen trees sometimes contain intermediate space groups which, in Howard & Stokes’ (2005) opinion, ‘have no physical significance’. As an example, they cite the phase transition induced by the displacement of the octahedrally coordinated cations in a cubic perovskite along the +z axis. This lowers the symmetry directly from Pm3m to the non-maximal subgroup P4mm, skipping the intermediate space group P4=mmm. In this particular case, P4=mmm ‘has no physical significance’ in the sense that it cannot actually occur in this kind of phase transition. However, the intermediate space group P4=mmm can occur in other instances (e.g. in order–disorder transitions) and it has been found among several perovskites. In addition, we are not dealing merely with phase transitions. Intermediate space groups do have significance for several reasons: (1) Any step of symmetry reduction reduces the restrictions for every Wyckoff position (either the site symmetry is reduced or the position splits into independent positions, or both happen); every intermediate space group offers new scope for effects with physical significance, even if none have yet been observed. (2) Skipping intermediate space groups in the tree of group–subgroup relations reduces the informative value of the symmetry relations. For example, it is no longer directly evident how many translationengleiche and klassengleiche steps are involved; this is useful to decide how many and what kind of twin domains may appear in a phase transition or topotactic reaction (see Sections 1.2.7 and 1.6.6).

In this section, using a few simple examples, we point out the different kinds of group–subgroup relations that are important among related (homeotypic) crystal structures. The crystal structures of two compounds are isotypic if their atoms are arranged in the same way and if they have the same or the enantiomorphic space group. The absolute values of the lattice dimensions and interatomic distances may differ, and small deviations are permitted for non-fixed coordinates of corresponding atoms. The axial ratios and interaxial angles must be similar. Two structures are homeotypic if the conditions for isotypism are relaxed because: (1) their space groups differ, allowing for a group–subgroup relation; (2) the geometric conditions differ (axial ratios, interaxial angles, atomic coordinates); or (3) corresponding atomic positions are occupied by various atomic species (substitution derivatives). (Lima-de-Faria et al., 1990.) 1.6.4.1. Translationengleiche maximal subgroups The space group Pbca of PdS2 is a translationengleiche maximal subgroup of Pa3, the space group of pyrite (FeS2; Ba¨rnighausen, 1980). The threefold axes of the cubic space group have been lost, the index of the symmetry reduction is 3. As shown in Fig. 1.6.4.1, the atomic coordinates have not changed

46

1.6. RELATING CRYSTAL STRUCTURES BY GROUP–SUBGROUP RELATIONS much. However, the two structures differ widely, the c axis of PdS2 being strongly stretched. This is due to the tendency of bivalent palladium towards square-planar coordination (electron configuration d8), whereas the iron atoms in pyrite have octahedral coordination. Strictly speaking, the space groups of FeS2 and PdS2 are not really translationengleiche because of the different lattice parameters. In the strict sense, however, FeS2 at 293.0 and at 293.1 K would not have the same space group either, due to thermal expansion. Such a strict treatment would render it impossible to apply group-theoretical methods in crystal chemistry and physics. Instead, we use the concept of the parent-clamping approximation, i.e. we act as if the translations of the two homeotypic structures were the same (see Section 1.2.7). With the parentclamping approximation we also treat isotypic structures with different lattice parameters (like NaCl and MgO) as if they had the same space group with the same translational lattice. Upon transition from Pa3 to Pbca none of the occupied Wyckoff positions split, but their site symmetries are reduced. Without the symmetry reduction from 3 to 1 the square coordination of the Pd atoms would not be possible. If the positions of the sulfur atoms of pyrite and PdS2 are substituted by two different kinds of atoms in an ordered 1:1 ratio, this enforces further symmetry reductions. The corresponding subgroups may only be subgroups in which the sulfur positions split into symmetry-independent positions. In the chosen examples NiAsS and PtGeSe the symmetry reductions consist of the loss of the inversion centres of Pa3 and Pbca (Fig. 1.6.4.1). Coordinate changes are not necessary, but may occur depending on the site symmetries. In our examples there are minor coordinate changes. To avoid a basis transformation, the nonconventional spacegroup setting Pbc21 has been chosen for PtGeSe; it corresponds to Pca21 after interchange of the axes a and b. Mind the origin shift from PdS2 to PtGeSe; in the conventional description of Pca21 , and therefore also of Pbc21, the origin is situated on one of the 21 axes and thus differs from that of Pbca. The origin shift of  14 ; 0; 0 in the coordinate system of Pbca involves a change of the atomic coordinates by þ 14 ; 0; 0, i.e. with opposite sign. The substitution derivatives NiAsS and PtGeSe can only be connected by the common supergroup P21 =a3. A direct group– subgroup relation from P21 3 to Pbc21 does not exist.

Fig. 1.6.4.1. Ba¨rnighausen tree for the family of structures of pyrite. Coordinates in brackets (not stated normally) refer to symmetryequivalent positions. Lattice parameters are taken from Ramsdell (1925) and Brostigen & Kjeskhus (1969) for pyrite; from Ramsdell (1925), Steger et al. (1974) and Foecker & Jeitschko (2001) for NiAsS; from Grønvold & Røst (1957) for PdS2; and from Entner & Parthe´ (1973) for PtGeSe.

left), rendering possible occupation by atoms of two different species. Figs. 1.6.4.2 and 1.6.4.3 show another peculiarity. P6=mmm has two different klassengleiche maximal subgroups of the same type P63 =mmc with doubled basis vector c. The second one corresponds to CaIn2 (Iandelli, 1964; Wendorff & Roehr, 2005). Here the graphite-like sheets of the AlB2 type have become puckered layers of indium atoms; the indium atoms of adjacent layers have shifted parallel to c and have come close to each other in pairs, so that the result is a network as in lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond). The alternating shift of the atoms no longer permits the existence of mirror planes in the layers; however, neighbouring layers are mutually mirror-symmetrical. The calcium atoms are on the mirror planes, but no longer on inversion centres. The difference between the two subgroups P63 =mmc consists of the selection of the symmetry operations that are being lost with the doubling of c. The conventional description of the space groups requires an inversion centre to be at the origin of space group P63 =mmc. The position of the origin at an Al atom of the AlB2 type can be kept when the symmetry is reduced to that of ZrBeSi (i.e. Zr at the origin). The symmetry reduction to CaIn2, however, requires an origin shift to the centre of one of the six-membered rings. In the coordinate system of the aristotype that is a shift by 0; 0;  12, as marked in the middle of the group–subgroup arrow in Fig. 1.6.4.3. For the new atomic coordinates (in the coordinate system of the subgroup), the origin shift results in the addition of þ 14 to the z coordinates; in addition, due to the doubling of c, the z coordinates of the aristotype have to be halved. Therefore, the new z coordinate of the In atom is approximately z0 ’ 12 z þ 14 = 1 1 1 2  2 þ 4 ¼ 0:5. It cannot be exactly this value, because then there would have been no symmetry reduction and the space group would still be P6=mmm. The symmetry reduction requires the atom shift to z0 ¼ 0:452. In the relation AlB2 ! ZrBeSi, the site symmetry 6m2 of the boron atoms is retained and the Wyckoff position splits. In the relation AlB2 ! CaIn2 it is the other way; the position does

1.6.4.2. Klassengleiche maximal subgroups Consider two derivatives of the AlB2 type as an example of klassengleiche subgroups (Po¨ttgen & Hoffmann, 2001). AlB2 has a simple hexagonal structure in the space group P6=mmm. In the c direction, aluminium atoms and sheets of boron atoms alternate; the boron-atom sheets are planar, like in graphite (Fig. 1.6.4.2; Hoffmann & Ja¨niche, 1935). The ZrBeSi type has a similar structure (Nielsen & Baenziger, 1953, 1954), but the sheets consist of Be and Si atoms. As a consequence, the inversion centres in the middles of the six-membered rings cannot be retained. This enforces a symmetry reduction to the klassengleiche subgroup P63 =mmc with doubled c vector. The doubling of c is the essential aspect in the symmetry reduction from the AlB2 to the ZrBeSi type. The index is 2: half of all translations are lost, together with half of the inversion centres, half of the symmetry axes perpendicular to c and half of the mirror planes perpendicular to c. The Wyckoff position 2d of the boron atoms of AlB2 splits into the two symmetryindependent positions 2c and 2d of the subgroup (Fig. 1.6.4.3,

47

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS

Fig. 1.6.4.2. The structures of AlB2, ZrBeSi and CaIn2. The mirror planes of P63 =mmc perpendicular to c are at z ¼ 14 and z ¼ 34.

Fig. 1.6.4.3. Both hettotypes of the AlB2 type have the same space-group type and a doubled c axis, but the space groups are different due to different origin positions relative to the origin of the aristotype.

not split, the atoms remain symmetry-equivalent, but their site symmetry is reduced to 3m1 and the z coordinate becomes variable. Among klassengleiche subgroups there often exist two and sometimes four or even eight nonconjugate subgroups of the same space-group type with different origin positions. It is important to choose the correct one, with the correct origin shift. All of these subgroups are listed in this volume if they are maximal. Compared to AlB2, ZrBeSi and CaIn2 have so-called ‘superstructures’ (they have additional reflections in the X-ray diffraction patterns). Whereas the term superstructure gives only a qualitative, informal outline of the facts, the group-theoretical approach permits a precise treatment.

tetragonal, hexagonal and trigonal space groups, and for cubic space groups only cubes of prime numbers ( 33 ) are possible. For many space groups, not all prime numbers are permitted. The prime number 2 is often excluded, and additional restrictions may apply. In the tables in Parts 2 and 3 of this volume all permitted isomorphic maximal subgroups are listed. Usually, in accordance with the symmetry principle, only small index values are observed (mostly 2 and 3, sometimes 4, less frequently 5, 7 or 9). However, seemingly curious values like 13, 19, 31 or 37 do occur [for examples with indices of 13 and 37, discovered by Ba¨rnighausen, see Mu¨ller (2004)]. A classic example of a relation between isomorphic space groups concerns trirutile (Billiet, 1973). The space group of rutile, P42 =mnm, has an isomorphic subgroup of index 3, but none of index 2. By triplication of c it becomes possible to substitute the titanium-atom positions of rutile by two different kinds of atoms in a ratio of 1:2, as for example in ZnSb2O6 (Fig. 1.6.4.4; Bystro¨m et al., 1941; Ercit et al., 2001). Since the space group P42 =mnm has no isomorphic subgroup of index 2, a ‘dirutile’ with this spacegroup type cannot exist. Note that rutile and trirutile have different space groups of the same space-group type.

1.6.4.3. Isomorphic maximal subgroups Isomorphic subgroups comprise a special category of klassengleiche subgroups. Every space group has an infinity of isomorphic maximal subgroups. The index agrees with the factor by which the unit cell has been enlarged. The indices are prime numbers; squares of prime numbers may occur in the case of

48

1.6. RELATING CRYSTAL STRUCTURES BY GROUP–SUBGROUP RELATIONS

Fig. 1.6.4.4. The group–subgroup relation rutile–trirutile. The twofold rotation axes have been included in the plots of the unit cells, showing that only one third of them are retained upon the symmetry reduction.

1.6.4.4. The space groups of two structures having a common supergroup

same. In the listings of the supergroups the origin shifts are not mentioned either in Volume A or in this volume. Therefore, one has to look up the subgroups of Cmcm and Cmce in this volume and check in which cases the origin shifts coincide. One finds that the relation Cmce ! C12=c1 requires an origin shift of 14 ; 14 ; 0 (or  14 ;  14 ; 0), while all other relations (Cmcm ! C12=c1, Cmcm ! C2=m11, Cmce ! C2=m11) require no origin shifts. As a consequence, only Cmcm and not Cmce can be the common supergroup. No structure is known that has the space group Cmcm and that can be related to these carbonate structures. Could there be any other structure with even higher symmetry? A supergroup of Cmcm is P 63 =mmc and, in fact, -K2CO3 and -Na2CO3 are high-temperature modifications that crystallize in this space group. They have the carbonate groups perpendicular to c. The group–subgroup relations are depicted in Fig. 1.6.4.6. In this case there exists a higher-symmetry structure that can be chosen as the common aristotype. In other cases, however, the common supergroup refers to a hypothetical structure; one can speculate why it does not exist or one can try to prepare a compound having this structure. Among the alkali metal carbonates several other modifications are known which we do not discuss here.

Two crystal structures can be intimately related even when there is no direct group–subgroup relation between their space groups. Instead, there may exist a common supergroup. The structures of NiAsS and PtGeSe, presented in Section 1.6.4.1, offer an example. In this case, the pyrite type corresponds to the common supergroup. Even if there is no known representative, it can be useful to look for a common supergroup.
-K2CO3 and
-Na2CO3 have similar structures and unit cells (Fig. 1.6.4.5; Jansen & Feldmann, 2000). The planes of the carbonate ions are not aligned exactly perpendicular to c; compared to the perpendicular orientation, in the case of
-K2CO3, they are rotated about b by 22.8 and those of
-Na2CO3 are rotated about a by 27.3 . There is no group–subgroup relation between the space groups C12=c1 and C2=m11 of the two structures (the nonconventional setting C2=m11 has been chosen for
-Na2CO3 to ensure a correspondence between the cells of both structures). Looking for common minimal supergroups of C12=c1 and C2=m11 one can find two candidates: Cmcm, No. 63, and Cmce, No. 64. Since the atomic coordinates of
-K2CO3 and
-Na2CO3 are very similar, any origin shifts in the relations from the common supergroup to C12=c1 as well as C2=m11 must be the

1.6.4.5. Can a structure be related to two aristotypes? Occasionally a crystal structure shows a pronounced distortion compared to a chosen aristotype and another aristotype can be chosen just as well with a comparable distortion. When pressure is exerted upon silicon, it first transforms to a modification with the
-tin structure (Si-II, I41 =amd). Then it is transformed to silicon-XI (McMahon et al., 1994). At even higher pressures it is converted to silicon-V forming a simple hexagonal structure (P6=mmm). The space group of Si-XI, Imma, is a subgroup of both I41 =amd and P6=mmm, and the structure of SiXI can be related to either Si-II or Si-V (Fig. 1.6.4.7). Assuming no distortions, the calculated coordinates of a silicon atom of SiXI would be 0; 14; 0:125 when derived from Si-II, and 0; 14; 0:0 when derived from Si-V. The actual coordinates are halfway between. The metric deviations of the lattices are small; taking into account the basis transformations given in Fig. 1.6.4.7, the expected lattice parameters for Si-XI, calculated from those of Sipffiffiffi V, would be aXI = aV 3 = 441.5 pm, bXI = 2cV = 476.6 pm and cXI = aV = 254.9 pm.

Fig. 1.6.4.5. The unit cells of
-K2CO3 and
-Na2CO3. The angles of tilt of the CO2 3 ions are referred relative to a plane perpendicular to c.

49

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS

Fig. 1.6.4.6. Group–subgroup relations among some modifications of the alkali metal carbonates. Lattice parameters for - and
-Na2CO3 are taken from Swainson et al. (1995) and those for - and
-K2CO3 are taken from Becht & Struikmans (1976).

physical or chemical evidence. See also the statements on this matter in Section 1.6.4.6, at the end of Section 1.6.6 and in Section 1.6.7.

These phase transitions of silicon involve small atomic displacements and small volume changes. The lattice parameter c of the hexagonal structure is approximately half the value of a of tetragonal Si-II. There are two separate experimentally observable phase transitions. In a certain pressure range, the whole crystal actually consists of stable Si-XI; it is not just a hypothetical intermediate. Taking all these facts together, a group-theoretical relation between Si-II and Si-V exists via the common subgroup of Si-XI. Usually, however, there is no point in relating two structures via a common subgroup. Two space groups always have an infinity of common subgroups, and it may be easy to set up relations via common subgroups in a purely formal manner; this can be quite meaningless unless it is based on well founded

1.6.4.6. Treating voids like atoms To comprehend the huge amount of known crystal-structure types, chemists have very successfully developed quite a few concepts. One of them is the widespread description of structures as packings of spheres with occupied interstices. Group–subgroup relations can help to rationalize this. This requires that unoccupied interstices be treated like atoms, i.e. that the occupation of voids is treated like a substitution of ‘zero atoms’ by real atoms. The crystal structure of FeF3 (VF3 type) can be derived from the ReO3 type by a mutual rotation of the coordination octahedra about the threefold rotation axes parallel to one of the four diagonals of the cubic unit cell of the space group Pm3m (Fig. 1.6.4.8). This involves a symmetry reduction by two steps to a rhombohedral hettotype with the space group R3c (Fig. 1.6.4.9, left). FeF3 can also be described as a hexagonal closest packing of fluorine atoms in which one third of the octahedral voids have been occupied by Fe atoms (Fig. 1.6.4.9, right). This is a more

Fig. 1.6.4.8. The connected coordination octahedra in ReO3 and FeF3 (VF3 type). Light, medium and dark grey refer to octahedron centres at z ¼ 0, z ¼ 13 and z ¼ 23 , respectively (hexagonal setting).

Fig. 1.6.4.7. The structure of the high-pressure modification Si-XI is related to the structures of both Si-II and Si-V.

50

1.6. RELATING CRYSTAL STRUCTURES BY GROUP–SUBGROUP RELATIONS descriptive and more formal point of view, because the number of atoms and the kind of linkage between them are altered. The calculated ideal x coordinates of the fluorine atoms of FeF3, assuming no distortions, are x = 0.5 when derived from ReO3 and x = 0.333 when derived from the packing of spheres. The actual value at ambient pressure is x = 0.412, i.e. halfway in between. When FeF3 is subjected to high pressures, the coordination octahedra experience a mutual rotation which causes the structure to come closer to a hexagonal closest packing of fluorine atoms; at 9 GPa this is a nearlypffiffiundistorted closest ffi packing with the x parameter and the c=ða 3Þ ratio close to the ideal values of 0.333 and 1.633 (Table 1.6.4.1). Therefore, at high pressures the hexagonal closest packing of spheres could be regarded as the more appropriate aristotype. This, however, is only true from the descriptive point of view, i.e. if one accepts that the positions of voids can be treated like atoms. If one studies the mutual rotation of the octahedra in FeF3 or if phase transitions from the ReO3 type to the VF3 type are of interest, there is no point in allowing a change of the occupation of the octahedra; in this case only the group–subgroup relations given in the left part of Fig. 1.6.4.9 should be considered. However, if one wants to derive structures from a hexagonal closest packing of spheres and point out similarities among them, the group–subgroup relations given in the right part of Fig. 1.6.4.9 are useful. For example, the occupation of the octahedral voids in the Wyckoff position 12c instead of 6b of R3c (Fig. 1.6.4.9, lower right) results in the structure of corundum (-Al2O3); this shows that both the VF3 type and corundum have the same kind of packing of their anions, even though the linkage of their coordination octahedra is quite different and the number of occupied positions does not coincide. It should also be kept in mind that the occupation of voids in a packing of atoms can actually be achieved in certain cases. Examples are the intercalation compounds and the large number

Table 1.6.4.1. Crystal data for FeF3 at different pressures The observed lattice parameters a and c, the x coordinates of the F atoms and the angles of rotation of the coordination octahedra (0 = ReO3 type, 30 = hexagonal closest packing) are given (Sowa & Ahsbahs, 1998; Jørgenson & Smith, 2006). pffiffiffi Pressure /GPa a /pm c /pm c=ða 3Þ x Angle / 104 1.54 4.01 6.42 9.0

520.5 503.6 484.7 476 469.5

1332.1 1340.7 1348.3 1348 1349

1.48 1.54 1.61 1.64 1.66

0.412 0.385 0.357 0.345 0.335

17.0 21.7 26.4 28.2 29.8

of metal hydrides MHx that can be prepared by diffusion of hydrogen into the metals. The hydrides often keep the closest packed structures of the metals while the hydrogen atoms occupy the tetrahedral or octahedral voids. It is not recommended to plot group–subgroup relations in which FeF3 is depicted as a common subgroup of both the ReO3 type and the hexagonal closest packing of spheres. This would mix up two quite different points of view. 1.6.4.7. Large families of structures. Prediction of crystal-structure types Large trees can be constructed using the modular way to put together Ba¨rnighausen trees, as set forth in Fig. 1.6.3.1 and in the preceding sections. Headed by an aristotype, they show structural relations among many different crystal structures belonging to a family of structures. As an example, Fig. 1.6.4.10 shows structures that can be derived from the ReO3 type (Bock & Mu¨ller, 2002b). Many other trees of this kind have been set up, for example hettotypes of perovskite (Ba¨rnighausen, 1975, 1980; Bock & Mu¨ller, 2002a), rutile (Baur, 1994, 2007; Meyer, 1981), CaF2 (Meyer, 1981), hexagonal closest packed structures (Mu¨ller, 1998), AlB2 (Po¨ttgen & Hoffmann, 2001), zeolites (Baur & Fischer, 2000, 2002, 2006) and tetraphenylphosphonium salts (Mu¨ller, 1980, 2004). In the left branch of Fig. 1.6.4.10 only one compound is mentioned, WO3. This is an example showing the symmetry relations among different polymorphic forms of a compound. The right branch of the tree shows the relations for substitution derivatives, including distortions caused by the Jahn–Teller effect, hydrogen bonds and different relative sizes of the atoms. In addition to showing relations between known structure types, one can also find subgroups of an aristotype for which no structures are known. This can be exploited in a systematic manner to search for new structural possibilities, i.e. one can predict crystal-structure types. For this purpose, one starts from an aristotype in conjunction with a structural principle and certain additional restrictions. For example, the aristotype can be a hexagonal closest packing of spheres and the structural principle can be the partial occupation of octahedral voids in this packing. Additional restrictions could be things like the chemical composition, a given molecular configuration or a maximal size of the unit cell. Of course, one can only find such structure types that meet these starting conditions. For every space group appearing in the Ba¨rnighausen tree, one can calculate how many different structure types are possible for a given chemical composition (McLarnan, 1981a,b,c; Mu¨ller, 1992). Examples of studies of structural possibilities include compounds AX3, AX6, AaBbX6 (with the X atoms forming the packing of spheres and atoms A and B occupying the octahedral voids; a þ b < 6; Mu¨ller, 1998), molecular compounds (MX5)2 (Mu¨ller, 1978), chain structures MX4 (Mu¨ller, 1981) and MX5

Fig. 1.6.4.9. Derivation of the FeF3 structure either from the ReO3 type or from the hexagonal closest packing of spheres. The coordinates for FeF3 given in the boxes are ideal values calculated from the aristotypes assuming no distortions. A y coordinate given as x means y = x. The Schottky symbol & designates an unoccupied octahedral void.

51

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS

Fig. 1.6.4.10. Ba¨rnighausen tree of hettotypes of the ReO3 type. For the atomic parameters and other crystallographic data see Bock & Mu¨ller (2002b). F32=c and F3 are nonconventional face-centred settings of R32=c and R 3, respectively, with rhombohedral-axes setting and nearly cubic metric, F1 is a nearly cubic setting of P1. Every space-group symbol corresponds to one space group (not space-group type) belonging to a specific crystal structure. Note that the vertical distances between space-group symbols are proportional to the logarithms of the indices.

(Mu¨ller, 1986), wurtzite derivatives (Baur & McLarnan, 1982) and NaCl derivatives with doubled cell (Sens & Mu¨ller, 2003).

of a maximal subgroup from those of the preceding space group. If there is a sequence of several transformations, the overall changes can be calculated by multiplication of the 4  4 matrices. Let P1 ; P2 ; . . . be the 4  4 matrices expressing the basis vector and origin changes of several consecutive cell transformations. 1 P1 1 ; P2 ; . . . are the corresponding inverse matrices. Let a, b, c be the starting (old) basis vectors and a0 , b0 , c0 be the (new) basis vectors after the consecutive transformations. Let x and x0 be the augmented columns of the atomic coordinates before and after the transformations. Then the following relations hold:

1.6.5. Handling cell transformations It is important to keep track of the coordinate transformations in a sequence of group–subgroup relations. A Ba¨rnighausen tree can only be correct if every atomic position of every hettotype can be derived from the corresponding positions of the aristotype. The mathematical tools are described in Sections 1.2.2.3, 1.2.2.4 and 1.2.2.7 of this volume and in Part 5 of Volume A. A basis transformation and an origin shift are mentioned in the middle of a group–subgroup arrow. This is a shorthand notation for the matrix–column pair (Seitz symbol; Section 1.2.2.3) or the 4  4 matrix (augmented matrix, Section 1.2.2.4) to be used to calculate the basis vectors, origin shift and coordinates

ða0 ; b0 ; c0 ; pÞ ¼ ða; b; c; oÞ P1 P2 ; . . .

and

1 x0 ¼ . . . P1 2 P1 x :

p is the vector of the origin shift, i.e. its components are the coordinates of the origin of the new cell expressed in the coor-

52

1.6. RELATING CRYSTAL STRUCTURES BY GROUP–SUBGROUP RELATIONS dinate system of the old cell; o is a zero vector. Note that the inverse matrices have to be multiplied in the reverse order. Example 1.6.5.1 Take a transformation from a cubic to a rhombohedral unit cell (hexagonal setting) combined with an origin shift of p1 ¼ ð 14; 14; 14 Þ (in the cubic coordinate system), followed by transformation to a monoclinic cell with a second origin shift of p2 ¼ ð12; 12; 0Þ (in the hexagonal coordinate system). From Fig. 1.6.5.1 (left) we can deduce ahx ¼ acb  bcb ;

bhx ¼ bcb  ccb ;

chx ¼ acb þ bcb þ ccb ;

which in matrix notation is

Fig. 1.6.5.1. Relative orientations of a cubic to a rhombohedral cell (hexagonal setting) (left) and of a rhombohedral cell (hexagonal setting) to a monoclinic cell (the monoclinic cell has an acute angle
).

ðahx ; bhx ; chx Þ ¼ ðacb ; bcb ; ccb ÞP 1 0

1

0

B ¼ ðacb ; bcb ; ccb Þ@ 1 0

1 1

1

1

C 1 A: 1

In the fourth column of the 4  4 matrix P1 we include the components of the origin shift, p1 ¼ ð 14; 14; 14 Þ: 0  P1 ¼

P1 o

p1 1



1

B B 1 B ¼B B 0 @

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

1 4

¼

13 13 1 3 1 3

0 @  P 1 2 p2 ¼ 

 P 1 1 p1 ¼

Therefore,

P1 1

3 B @ 13 1 3

P1 1 ¼



P 1 1 o

2 3

0

1

C 23 A:

13

1 3

23

1 3

1 3

0

0

0

1 2 12

0 1 0

1

1 2 12

0 1

C 0A

0

0

3

1

10 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 4 0 A@ 12 A ¼ @ 14 A: 3 0 0

10

B B 1 P1 P 2 ¼ B B 0 @

0

1

1 1

1 1

1 4 1 4 1 4

0

0

0

1

0 1

1 0

1

0

 14 1 C C 4 C ; 3 C 4 A

0

0

0

1

2 B B 1 ¼B B 1 @

1 3

13

1

For the basis vectors of the two consecutive transformations we calculate:

0

2

CB CB 1 CB CB 0 A@ 0 1

 12

1 0

2 3 1 3 1 3

0

0

1

0

1

C 0C C C: 1C  4A 1

1

C  12 C C 0C A

1

ðamn ; bmn ; cmn ; pÞ ¼ ðacb ; bcb ; ccb ; oÞP1 P2 0 2 B B 1 B ¼ ðacb ; bcb ; ccb ; oÞB B 1 @ 0

is  B B1  P 1 p B3 1 1 ¼B1 1 B3 @ 0

0

0

10 1 1 0 1 0 13 13 4 CB C B C 1 23 A@ 14 A ¼ @ 0 A: 3 1 1 1 14 3 3 4

0

21 3 1C 3A 1 3

ðamn ; bmn ; cmn ÞP 1 2

B ¼ ðamn ; bmn ; cmn Þ@

The column part (fourth column) of the inverse matrix P1 1 is P 1 1 p1 (cf. equation 1.2.2.6): 02

0

C C C C: 1C 4A 1

ccb ¼ 13 ahx  23 bhx þ 13 chx ;

3 B ðahx ; bhx ; chx Þ@ 13 1 3

0

1 4

bcb ¼ 13 ahx þ 13 bhx þ 13 chx ;

ðacb ; bcb ; ccb Þ ¼ ðahx ; bhx ; chx Þ P 1 1 02

0

ðahx ; bhx ; chx Þ ¼

1

The inverse matrix P 1 1 can be calculated by matrix inversion, but it is more straightforward to deduce it from Fig. 1.6.5.1; it is the matrix that converts the hexagonal basis vectors back to the cubic basis vectors: acb ¼ 23 ahx þ 13 bhx þ 13 chx ;

ðamn ; bmn ; cmn Þ ¼ ðahx ; bhx ; chx Þ P 2 0 2 B ¼ ðahx ; bhx ; chx Þ@ 1

 14

0

1

1

0

1 4

1

0

3 4

0

0

1

1 C C C C; C A

which corresponds to amn ¼ 2acb  bcb  ccb ;

bmn ¼ bcb  ccb ;

cmn ¼ acb

and an origin shift of p ¼ ð14; 14; 34 Þ in the cubic coordinate system. The corresponding (cubic to monoclinic) coordinate transformations result from

Similarly, for the second (hexagonal to monoclinic) transformation, we deduce the matrices P 2, P 1 2 and the column part of 1 P1 , P p , from the right image of Fig. 1.6.5.1: 2 2 2

53

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS 0

1 xmn ¼ P1 2 P1 x cb

xmn

1

0

1 2

0

1

B C B B ymn C B  12 1 0 B C B Bz C ¼ B B mn C B 0 0 3 A @ @ 0 0 0 1 0 1 0  2  12 B 1 B0  12 2 B ¼B B1 1 1 @ 0

0

0

1 4

10

2 3

CB 1 CB CB 3 CB 0 CB 13 A@ 1 0 1 10

13

13

1 3

23

1 3

1 3

0 1

0

1 4

0

10

xcb

group–subgroup relation) we can expect twins with three kinds of domains, having three different orientations. An isomorphic subgroup of index 5 (i5 relation), since it is a klassengleiche symmetry reduction, will entail five kinds of antiphase domains. If the symmetry reduction includes several steps (in a chain of several maximal subgroups), the domain structure will become more complicated. With two t2 group–subgroup relations, we can expect twins of twins with two kinds of domains each. In the example of Fig. 1.2.7.1, we have a sequence of one t2 and one k2 step; therefore, as explained in a more rigorous manner in Example 1.2.7.3.4, we can expect two kinds of twin domains having two different orientations and, in addition, two kinds of antiphase domains. The actual number of observable domain kinds may be less than expected if a domain kind is not formed during nucleation. This can be controlled by the nucleation conditions; for example, an external electric field can suppress the formation of more than one kind of differently oriented ferroelectric domains. In the physical literature, phase transitions between translationengleiche space groups are sometimes called ferroic transitions, those between klassengleiche space groups are non-ferroic. As mentioned at the end of Section 1.6.4.5, a common subgroup of two space groups usually is not suitable for relating two crystal structures. Just so, a common crystallographic subgroup is unfit to explain the mechanism for a reconstructive, first-order phase transition. Such mechanisms have been proposed repeatedly (see, e.g., Capillas et al., 2007, and references therein). Like in a second-order transition, continuous atomic movements have been assumed, leading first to a structure with the reduced symmetry of a common subgroup, followed by a symmetry increase to the space group of the second phase. However, a first-order transition always shows hysteresis, which means that the initial and the final phase coexist during the transition and that there is a phase boundary between them. The transition begins at a nucleation site, followed by the growth of the nucleus (see, e.g., Binder, 1987; Chaitkin & Lubensky, 1995; Chandra Shekar & Gavinda Rajan, 2001; Christian, 2002; Doherty, 1996; Gunton, 1984; Herbstein, 2006; Jena & Chaturvedi, 1992; Wayman & Bhadeshia, 1996). The reconstruction of the structure and the necessary atomic motions occur at the phase boundary between the receding old phase and the growing new phase. Any intermediate state is restricted to this interface between the two phases. It is impossible to assign a threedimensional space group to an interface. In addition, while the interface advances through the crystal, the atoms at the interface do not linger in a static state. A space group can only be assigned to a static state (time-dependent phenomena are not covered by space-group theory).

1

CB C By C 0C CB cb C C Bz C B C  14 C A@ cb A 1 1

xcb B C C 1 CB y C 4 CB cb C C; CB C B  34 C A@ zcb A 2

1

1

which is the same as xmn ¼ 12 ycb  12 zcb þ 12;

ymn ¼ 12 ycb  12 zcb þ 14;

zmn ¼ xcb þ ycb þ zcb  34:

1.6.6. Comments concerning phase transitions and twin domains When a compound forms several polymorphic forms, a Ba¨rnighausen tree can serve to show whether second-order phase transitions are feasible between them and what kinds of twin domains may be formed during such a transition. The possible kinds of domains can also be deduced for first-order phase transitions involving a group–subgroup relation and for topotactic reactions. Second-order (continuous) phase transitions are only possible if there is a direct (not necessarily maximal) group–subgroup relation between the space groups of the two phases. If there is no such relation, for example, if two polymorphic forms can be related only by a common supergroup, the phase transformation can only be of first order. The condition of a direct group– subgroup relation is a necessary but not a sufficient condition; the phase transition can still be of first order. The domain structure of crystalline phases that often results at solid-state phase transitions and during topotactic reactions can be transparently interpreted with the aid of symmetry considerations (Section 1.2.7; Ba¨rnighausen, 1980; Janovec & Prˇı´vratska´, 2003; van Tendeloo & Amelinckx, 1974; Wondratschek & Jeitschko, 1976). A domain structure is the result of nucleation and growth processes. The orientational relations between the phases before and after the transformation, as a rule, are not the result of a homogeneous process involving a simultaneous motion of the atoms in a single crystal. The crystalline matrix of the substrate rather governs the preferred orientation adopted by the nuclei that are formed during the course of the nucleation process. The crystallites that result from the subsequent growth of the nuclei maintain their orientations. Under these circumstances, aspect 3 of the symmetry principle, as stated in Section 1.6.2, is fully effective. A phase transition that is connected with a symmetry reduction will result in new phases that consist of (i) twin domains if the formed phase belongs to a crystal class with reduced symmetry, or (ii) antiphase domains (translational domains) if translational symmetry is lost. The total number of domains, of course, depends on the number of nucleation sites. The number of different domain kinds, however, is ruled by the index of the symmetry reduction. At a translationengleiche symmetry reduction of index 3 (t3

1.6.7. Exercising care in the use of group–subgroup relations Using the tables of this volume or from other sources or using computer programs as offered by the Bilbao Crystallographic Server (see Chapter 1.7), it may be easy to search for group– subgroup relations between space groups of crystal structures. This should only be done bearing in mind and explicitly stating a crystallographic, physical or chemical context. It is senseless to construct relations in a purely formal manner, ‘just for fun’, without a sound crystal-chemical or physical foundation. There exist no clear criteria to determine what is a ‘sound foundation’, but crystallographic, chemical and physical common sense and knowledge should always be taken into consideration.

54

1.6. RELATING CRYSTAL STRUCTURES BY GROUP–SUBGROUP RELATIONS In addition, by experience we know that setting up trees of group–subgroup relations is susceptible to pitfalls. Some sources of errors are: not taking into account necessary origin shifts; wrong origin shifts; wrong basis and/or coordinate transformations; unnecessary basis transformations just for the sake of clinging on to standard space-group settings; lack of distinction between space groups and space-group types; lack of keeping track of the development of the atomic positions from group to subgroup; using different space-group or coordinate settings for like structures. If the group–subgroup relations are correct, but origin shifts or basis transformations have not been stated, this can cause subsequent errors and misunderstandings.

Capillas, C., Perez-Mato, J. M. & Aroyo, M. I. (2007). Maximal symmetry transition paths for reconstructive phase transitions. J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 19, 275203. Chaitkin, P. M. & Lubensky, T. C. (1995). Principles of Condensed Matter Physics (reprints 2000, 2003). Cambridge University Press. Chandra Shekar, N. V. & Gavinda Rajan, K. (2001). Kinetics of pressure induced structural phase transitions – a review. Bull. Mater. Sci. 24, 1– 21. Chapuis, G. C. (1992). Symmetry relationships between crystal structures and their practical applications. Modern Perspectives in Inorganic Chemistry, edited by E. Parthe´, pp. 1–16. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Christian, J. W. (2002). The Theory of Transformations in Metals and Alloys, 3rd ed. Oxford: Pergamon. Cracknell, A. P. (1975). Group Theory in Solid State Physics. New York: Taylor and Francis Ltd/Pergamon. Di Costanzo, L., Forneris, F., Geremia, S. & Randaccio, L. (2003). Phasing protein structures using the group–subgroup relation. Acta Cryst. D59, 1435–1439. Doherty, R. D. (1996). Diffusive phase transformations. Physical Metallurgy, ch. 15. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Entner, P. & Parthe´, E. (1973). PtGeSe with cobaltite structure, a ternary variant of the pyrite structure. Acta Cryst. B29, 1557–1560. Ercit, T. S., Foord, E. E. & Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2001). Ordon˜ezite from the Theodoso Soto mine, Mexico: new data and structure refinement. Can. Mineral. 40, 1207–1210. Flack, H. D. (2003). Chiral and achiral structures. Helv. Chim. Acta, 86, 905–921. Foecker, A. J. & Jeitschko, W. (2001). The atomic order of the pnictogen and chalcogen atoms in equiatomic ternary compounds TPnCh (T = Ni, Pd; Pn = P, As, Sb; Ch = S, Se, Te). J. Solid State Chem. 162, 69–78. ¨ ber die Oxidation von Giovanoli, D. & Leuenberger, U. (1969). U Manganoxidhydroxid. Helv. Chim. Acta, 52, 2333–2347. Grønvold, F. & Røst, E. (1957). The crystal structure of PdSe2 and PdS2 . Acta. Cryst. 10, 329–331. Gunton, J. D. (1984). The dynamics of random interfaces in phase transitions. J. Stat. Phys. 34, 1019–1037. Herbstein, F. H. (2006). On the mechanism of some first-order enantiotropic solid-state phase transitions: from Simon through Ubbelohde to Mnyukh. Acta Cryst. B62, 341–383. Hoffmann, W. & Ja¨niche, W. (1935). Der Strukturtyp von AlB2. Naturwissenschaften, 23, 851. Howard, C. J. & Stokes, H. T. (2005). Structures and phase transitions in perovskites – a group-theoretical approach. Acta Cryst. A61, 93–111. Iandelli, A. (1964). MX2-Verbindungen der Erdalkali- und seltenen Erdmetalle mit Gallium, Indium und Thallium. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 330, 221–232. Igartua, J. M., Aroyo, M. I. & Perez-Mato, J. M. (1996). Systematic search of materials with high-temperature structural phase transitions: Application to space group P212121. Phys. Rev. B, 54, 12744–12752. International Tables for Crystallography (2005). Vol. A, Space-Group Symmetry, edited by Th. Hahn, corrected reprint of 5th ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Izyumov, Y. A. & Syromyatnikov, V. N. (1990). Phase Transitions and Crystal Symmetry. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Janovec, V. & Prˇı´vratska´, J. (2003). Domain structures. International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. D, Physical Properties of Crystals, edited by A. Authier, ch. 3.4. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Jansen, M. & Feldmann, C. (2000). Strukturverwandtschaften zwischen cis-Natriumhyponitrit und den Alkalimetallcarbonaten M2CO3 dargestellt durch Gruppe-Untergruppe Beziehungen. Z. Kristallogr. 215, 343–345. Jena, A. K. & Chaturvedi, M. C. (1992). Phase Transformations in Materials. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. Jørgenson, J.-E. & Smith, R. I. (2006). On the compression mechanism of FeF3. Acta Cryst. B62, 987–992. Koch, E. & Fischer, W. (2006). Normalizers of space groups: a useful tool in crystal description, comparison and determination. Z. Kristallogr. 221, 1–14. Landau, L. D. & Lifshitz, E. M. (1980). Statistical Physics, 3rd ed., Part 1, pp. 459–471. London: Pergamon. (Russian: Statisticheskaya Fizika, chast 1. Moskva: Nauka, 1976; German: Lehrbuch der theoretischen Physik, 6. Aufl., Bd. 5, Teil 1, S. 436–447. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1984.)

References Aizu, K. (1970). Possible species of ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, and ferroelastic crystals. Phys Rev. B, 2, 754–772. Aroyo, M. I. & Perez-Mato, J. M. (1998). Symmetry-mode analysis of displacive phase transitions using International Tables for Crystallography. Acta Cryst. A54, 19–30. Ba¨rnighausen, H. (1975). Group–subgroup relations between space groups as an ordering principle in crystal chemistry: the ‘family tree’ of perovskite-like structures. Acta Cryst. A31, part S3, 01.1–9. Ba¨rnighausen, H. (1980). Group–subgroup relations between space groups: a useful tool in crystal chemistry. MATCH Commun. Math. Chem. 9, 139–175. Baur, W. H. (1994). Rutile type derivatives. Z. Kristallogr. 209, 143–150. Baur, W. H. (2007). The rutile type and its derivatives. Crystallogr. Rev. 13, 65–113. Baur, W. H. & Fischer, R. X. (2000, 2002, 2006). Landolt–Bo¨rnstein, Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology, New Series. Group IV, Vol. 14, Zeolite type crystal structures and their chemistry. Berlin: Springer. Baur, W. H. & McLarnan, T. J. (1982). Observed wurtzite derivatives and related tetrahedral structures. J. Solid State Chem. 42, 300–321. Becht, H. Y. & Struikmans, R. (1976). A monoclinic high-temperature modification of potassium carbonate. Acta Cryst. B32, 3344–3346. Bernal, J. D. (1938). Conduction in solids and diffusion and chemical change in solids. Geometrical factors in reactions involving solids. Trans. Faraday Soc. 34, 834–839. Bernal, J. D. & Mackay, A. L. (1965). Topotaxy. Tschermaks mineralog. petrogr. Mitt., Reihe 3 (now Mineral. Petrol.), 10, 331–340. Billiet, Y. (1973). Les sous-groupes isosymboliques des groupes spatiaux. Bull. Soc. Fr. Mine´ral. Cristallogr. 96, 327–334. Binder, K. (1987). Theory of first-order phase transitions. Rep. Prog. Phys. 50, 783–859. Birman, J. L. (1966a). Full group and subgroup methods in crystal physics. Phys. Rev. 150, 771–782. Birman, J. L. (1966b). Simplified theory of symmetry change in secondorder phase transitions: application to V3Si. Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 1216– 1219. Birman, J. L. (1978). Group-theoretical methods in physics, edited by P. Kramer & A. Rieckers, pp. 203–222. New York: Springer. Bock, O. & Mu¨ller, U. (2002a). Symmetrieverwandtschaften bei Varianten des Perowskit-Typs. Acta Cryst. B58, 594–606. Bock, O. & Mu¨ller, U. (2002b). Symmetrieverwandtschaften bei Varianten des ReO3 -Typs. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 628, 987–992. Brostigen, G. & Kjeskhus, G. A. (1969). Redetermined crystal structure of FeS2 (pyrite). Acta Chem. Scand. 23, 2186–2188. Brunner, G. O. (1971). An unconventional view of the ‘closest sphere packings’. Acta Cryst. A27, 388–390. Buerger, M. J. (1947). Derivative crystal structures. J. Chem.Phys. 15, 1– 16. Buerger, M. J. (1951). Phase transformations in solids, ch. 6. New York: Wiley. Bystro¨m, A., Ho¨k, B. & Mason, B. (1941). The crystal structure of zinc metaantimonate and similar compounds. Ark. Kemi Mineral. Geol. 15B, 1–8.

55

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS Lima-de-Faria, J., Hellner, E., Liebau, F., Makovicky, E. & Parthe´, E. (1990). Nomenclature of inorganic structure types. Report of the International Union of Crystallography Commission on Crystallographic Nomenclature Subcommittee on the Nomenclature of Inorganic Structure Types. Acta Cryst. A46, 1–11. Lotgering, F. K. (1959). Topotactical reactions with ferrimagnetic oxides having hexagonal crystal structures–I. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 9, 113–123. Lyubarskii, G. Ya. (1960). Group Theory and its Applications in Physics. London: Pergamon. (Russian: Teoriya grupp i ee primenenie v fizike. Moskva: Gostekhnizdat, 1957; German: Anwendungen der Gruppentheorie in der Physik. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1962.) McLarnan, T. J. (1981a). Mathematical tools for counting polytypes. Z. Kristallogr. 155, 227–245. McLarnan, T. J. (1981b). The numbers of polytypes in close packings and related structures. Z. Kristallogr. 155, 269–291. McLarnan, T. J. (1981c). The combinatorics of cation-deficient closepacked structures. J. Solid State Chem. 26, 235–244. McMahon, M. I., Nelmes, R. J., Wright, N. G. & Allan, D. R. (1994). Pressure dependence of the Imma phase of silicon. Phys. Rev. B, 50, 739–743. Megaw, H. D. (1973). Crystal Structures: A Working Approach. Philadelphia: Saunders. Meyer, A. (1981). Symmmetriebeziehungen zwischen Kristallstrukturen des Formeltyps AX2 , ABX4 und AB2X6 sowie deren Ordnungs- und Leerstellenvarianten. Dissertation, Universita¨t Karlsruhe. Mu¨ller, U. (1978). Strukturmo¨glichkeiten fu¨r Pentahalogenide mit Doppeloktaeder-Moleku¨len (MX5)2 bei dichtester Packung der Halogenatome. Acta Cryst. A34, 256–267. Mu¨ller, U. (1980). Strukturverwandtschaften unter den EPhþ 4 -Salzen. Acta Cryst. B36, 1075–1081. Mu¨ller, U. (1981). MX4 -Ketten aus kantenverknu¨pften Oktaedern: mo¨gliche Kettenkonfigurationen und mo¨gliche Kristallstrukturen. Acta Cryst. B37, 532–545. Mu¨ller, U. (1986). MX5 -Ketten aus eckenverknu¨pften Oktaedern. Mo¨gliche Kettenkonfigurationen und mo¨gliche Kristallstrukturen bei dichtester Packung der X-Atome. Acta Cryst. B42, 557–564. Mu¨ller, U. (1992). Berechnung der Anzahl mo¨glicher Strukturtypen fu¨r Verbindungen mit dichtest gepackter Anionenteilstruktur. I. Das Rechenverfahren. Acta Cryst. B48, 172–178. Mu¨ller, U. (1998). Strukturverwandtschaften zwischen trigonalen Verbindungen mit hexagonal-dichtester Anionenteilstruktur und besetzten Oktaederlu¨cken. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 624, 529–532.

Mu¨ller, U. (2004). Kristallographische Gruppe-Untergruppe-Beziehungen und ihre Anwendung in der Kristallchemie. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 630, 1519–1537. Mu¨ller, U. (2006). Inorganic Structural Chemistry, 2nd ed., pp. 212–225. Chichester: Wiley. (German: Anorganische Strukturchemie, 6. Aufl., 2008, S. 308–327. Wiesbaden: Teubner.) Nielsen, J. W. & Baenziger, N. C. (1953). The crystal structures of ZrBeSi and ZrBe2 . US Atom. Energy Comm. Rep. pp. 1–5. Nielsen, J. W. & Baenziger, N. C. (1954). The crystal structures of ZrBeSi and ZrBe2 . Acta Cryst. 7, 132–133. Po¨ttgen, R. & Hoffmann, R.-D. (2001). AlB2 -related intermetallic compounds – a comprehensive view based on a group–subgroup scheme. Z. Kristallogr. 216, 127–145. Ramsdell, L. D. (1925). The crystal structure of some metallic sulfides. Am. Mineral. 10, 281–304. Salje, E. K. H. (1990). Phase transitions in ferroelastic and co-elastic crystals. Cambridge University Press. Sens, I. & Mu¨ller, U. (2003). Die Zahl der Substitutions- und Leerstellenvarianten des NaCl-Typs bei verdoppleter Elementarzelle (a, b, 2c). Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 629, 487–492. Sowa, H. & Ahsbahs, H. (1998). Pressure-induced octahedron strain in VF3 type compounds. Acta Cryst. B54, 578–584. Steger, J. J., Nahigian, H., Arnott, R. J. & Wold, A. (1974). Preparation and characterization of the solid solution series Co1xNixS (0 < x < 1). J. Solid State Chem. 11, 53–59. Stokes, H. T. & Hatch, D. M. (1988). Isotropy Subgroups of the 230 Crystallographic Space Groups. Singapore: World Scientific. Swainson, I. P., Cove, M. T. & Harris, M. J. (1995). Neutron powder diffraction study of the ferroelastic phase transition and lattice melting of sodium carbonate. J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 7, 4395–4417. Tendeloo, G. van & Amelinckx, S. (1974). Group-theoretical considerations concerning domain formation in ordered alloys. Acta Cryst. A30, 431–440. Tole´dano, J.-C. & Tole´dano, P. (1987). The Landau Theory of Phase Transitions. Singapore: World Scientific. Wayman, C. M. & Bhadeshia, H. K. (1996). Nondiffusive phase transformations. Physical Metallurgy, 4th ed., edited by R. W. Cahn & P. Haasen, ch. 16. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Wendorff, M. & Roehr, C. (2005). Reaktionen von Zink- und Cadmiumhalogeniden mit Tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphan und Tris(trimethylsilyl)arsan. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 631, 338–349. Wondratschek, H. & Jeitschko, W. (1976). Twin domains and antiphase domains. Acta Cryst. A32, 664–666.

56

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Chapter 1.7, pp. 57–69.

1.7. The Bilbao Crystallographic Server By Mois I. Aroyo, J. Manuel Perez-Mato, Cesar Capillas and Hans Wondratschek

1.7.1. Introduction

1.7.2. Databases and retrieval tools

The Bilbao Crystallographic Server, http://www.cryst.ehu.es, is a web site of crystallographic databases and programs. It can be used free of charge from any computer with a web browser via the Internet. The server is built on a core of databases and contains different shells. The set of databases includes data from the 5th edition of International Tables for Crystallography Volume A, Space-Group Symmetry (2005) (hereafter referred to as IT A) and the data for maximal subgroups of space groups as listed in Part 2 of this volume (hereafter referred to as IT A1). Access is also provided to the crystallographic data for the subperiodic layer and rod groups [International Tables for Crystallography, Volume E, Subperiodic Groups (2002)] and their maximal subgroups. A database on incommensurate structures incorporating modulated structures and composites, and a k-vector database with Brillouin-zone figures and classification tables of the wavevectors for space groups are also available. Communication with the databases is achieved by simple retrieval tools. They allow access to the information on space groups or subperiodic groups in different types of formats: HTML, text ASCII or XML. The next shell includes programs related to group–subgroup relations of space groups. These programs use the retrieval tools for accessing the necessary space-group information and apply group-theoretical algorithms in order to obtain specific results which are not available in the databases. There follows a shell with programs on representation theory of space groups and point groups and further useful symmetry information. Parallel to the crystallographic software, a shell with programs facilitating the study of specific problems related to solid-state physics, structural chemistry and crystallography has also been developed. The server has been operating since 1998, and new programs and applications are being added (Kroumova, Perez-Mato, Aroyo et al., 1998; Aroyo, Perez-Mato et al., 2006; Aroyo, Kirov et al., 2006). The aim of the present chapter is to report on the different databases and programs of the server related to the subject of this volume. Parts of these databases and programs have already been described in Aroyo, Perez-Mato et al. (2006), and here we follow closely that presentation. The chapter is completed by the description of the new developments up to 2007. The relevant databases and retrieval tools that access the stored symmetry information are presented in Section 1.7.2. The discussion of the accompanying applications is focused on the crystallographic computing programs related to group– subgroup and group–supergroup relations between space groups (Section 1.7.3). The program for the analysis of the relations of the Wyckoff positions for a group–subgroup pair of space groups is presented in Section 1.7.4. The underlying grouptheoretical background of the programs is briefly explained and details of the necessary input data and the output are given. The use of the programs is demonstrated by illustrative examples.

The databases form the core of the Bilbao Crystallographic Server and the information stored in them is used by all computer programs available on the server. The following description is restricted to the databases related to the symmetry relations between space groups; these are the databases that include spacegroup data from IT A and subgroup data from IT A1.

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

1.7.2.1. Space-group data The programs and databases of the Bilbao Crystallographic Server use specific settings of space groups (hereafter referred to as standard or default settings) that coincide with the conventional space-group descriptions found in IT A. For space groups with more than one description in IT A, the following settings are chosen as standard: unique axis b setting, cell choice 1 for monoclinic groups; hexagonal axes setting for rhombohedral groups; and origin choice 2 (origin at 1) for the centrosymmetric groups listed with respect to two origins in IT A. The space-group database includes the following symmetry information: (i) The generators and the representatives of the general position of each space group specified by its IT A number and Hermann–Mauguin symbol; (ii) The special Wyckoff positions including the Wyckoff letter, Wyckoff multiplicity, the site-symmetry group and the set of coset representatives, as given in IT A; (iii) The reflection conditions including the general and special conditions; (iv) The affine and Euclidean normalizers of the space groups (cf. IT A, Part 15). They are described by sets of additional symmetry operations that generate the normalizers successively from the space groups. The database includes the additional generators of the Euclidean normalizers for the general-cell metrics as listed in Tables 15.2.1.3 and 15.2.1.4 of IT A. These Euclidean normalizers are also affine normalizers for all cubic, hexagonal, trigonal, tetragonal and part of the orthorhombic space-group types. For the rest of the orthorhombic space groups, the type of the affine normalizer coincides with the highest-symmetry Euclidean normalizer of that space group and the corresponding additional generators form part of the database (cf. Table 15.2.1.3 of IT A). The affine normalizers of triclinic and monoclinic groups are not isomorphic to groups of motions and they are not included in the normalizer database of the Bilbao Crystallographic Server. (v) The assignment of Wyckoff positions to Wyckoff sets as found in Table 14.2.3.2 of IT A. The data from the databases can be accessed using the simple retrieval tools, which use as input the number of the space group (IT A numbers). It is also possible to select the group from a table of IT A numbers and Hermann–Mauguin symbols. The output of the program GENPOS contains a list of the generators or the general positions and provides the possibility to obtain the same data in different settings either by specifying the transformation

57

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS matrix to the new basis or selecting one of the 530 settings listed in Table 4.3.2.1 of IT A. A list of the Wyckoff positions for a given space group in different settings can be obtained using the program WYCKPOS. The Wyckoff-position representatives for the nonstandard settings of the space groups are specified by the transformed coordinates of the representatives of the corresponding default settings. The assignments of the Wyckoff positions to Wyckoff sets are retrieved by the program WYCKSETS. This program also lists a set of coset representatives of the decompositions of the normalizers with respect to the space groups and the transformation of the Wyckoff positions under the action of these coset representatives. The programs NORMALIZER and HKLCOND give access to the data for normalizers and reflection conditions.

1.7.3. Group–subgroup and group–supergroup relations between space groups 1.7.3.1. Subgroups of space groups If two space groups G and H form a group–subgroup pair G > H, it is always possible to represent their relation by a chain of intermediate maximal subgroups Z k : G > Z 1 > . . . > Z n ¼ H. For a specified index of H in G there are, in general, a number of possible chains relating both groups, and a number of different subgroups Hj < G isomorphic to H. We have developed two basic tools for the analysis of the group–subgroup relations between space groups: SUBGROUPGRAPH (Ivantchev et al., 2000) and HERMANN (Capillas, 2006). Given the space-group types G and H and an index [i], both programs determine all different subgroups Hj of G with the given index and their distribution into classes of conjugate subgroups with respect to G. Owing to its importance in a number of group–subgroup problems, the program COSETS is included as an independent application. It performs the decomposition of a space group in cosets with respect to one of its subgroups. Apart from these basic tools, there are two complementary programs which are useful in specific crystallographic problems that involve group–subgroup relations between space groups. The program CELLSUB calculates the subgroups of a space group for a given multiple of the unit cell. The common subgroups of two or three space groups are calculated by the program COMMONSUBS.

1.7.2.2. Database on maximal subgroups 1.7.2.2.1. Maximal subgroups of indices 2, 3 and 4 of the space groups All maximal non-isomorphic subgroups and maximal isomorphic subgroups of indices 2, 3 and 4 of each space group can be retrieved from the database using the program MAXSUB. Each subgroup H is specified by its IT A number, the index in the group G and the transformation matrix–column pair (P, p) that relates the bases of H and G: ða0 ; b0 ; c0 ÞH ¼ ða; b; cÞG P:

ð1:7:2:1Þ 1.7.3.1.1. The program SUBGROUPGRAPH This program is based on the data for the maximal subgroups of index 2, 3 and 4 of the space groups of IT A1. These data are transformed into a graph with 230 nodes corresponding to the 230 space-group types. If two nodes in the graph are connected by an edge, the corresponding space groups form a group–maximal subgroup pair. Each one of these pairs is characterized by a group–subgroup index. The different maximal subgroups of the same space-group type are distinguished by corresponding matrix–column pairs (P, p) which give the relations between the standard coordinate systems of the group and the subgroup. The index and the set of transformation matrices are considered as attributes of the edge connecting the group with the subgroup. The specification of the group–subgroup pair G > H leads to a reduction of the total graph to a subgraph with G as the top node and H as the bottom node, see Example 1.7.3.1.1 at the end of this section. In addition, the G > H subgraph, referred to as the general G > H graph, contains all possible groups Z k which appear as intermediate maximal subgroups between G and H. It is important to note that in the general G > H graphs the spacegroup symbols indicate space-group types, i.e. all space groups belonging to the same space-group type are represented by one node on the graph. Such graphs are called contracted. The contracted graphs have to be distinguished from the complete graphs where all space groups occurring in a group–subgroup graph are indicated by different space-group nodes. The number of the nodes in the general G > H graph may be further reduced if the index of H in G is specified. The subgraph obtained is again of the contracted type. The comparison of complete graphs and contracted graphs shows that the use of contracted graphs for the analysis of specific group–subgroup relations G > Hj can be very misleading (see Example 1.7.3.1.1, Fig. 1.7.3.2 and Fig. 1.7.3.3). The complete graphs produced by SUBGROUPGRAPH are equal for subgroups of a conjugacy class; the different orientations and/

The column p = (p1, p2, p3) of coordinates of the origin OH of H is referred to the coordinate system of G. It is important to note that, in contrast to the data listed in IT A1, the matrix–column pairs (P, p) used by the programs of the server transform the standard basis ða; b; cÞG of G to the standard basis of H (see Section 2.1.2.5 for the special rules for the settings of the subgroups used in IT A1). The different maximal subgroups are distributed in classes of conjugate subgroups. For certain applications it is necessary to represent the subgroups H as subsets of the elements of G. This is achieved by an option in MAXSUB which transforms the general-position representatives of H by the corresponding matrix–column pair (P, p)
1 to the coordinate system of G. In addition, one can obtain the splittings of all Wyckoff positions of G to those of H. 1.7.2.2.2. Maximal isomorphic subgroups Maximal subgroups of index higher than 4 have indices p, p2 or 3 p , where p is a prime. They are isomorphic subgroups and are infinite in number. In IT A1, the isomorphic subgroups are listed as members of series under the heading ‘Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups’. In addition, the isomorphic subgroups of indices 2, 3 and 4 are listed individually. The program SERIES provides access to the database of maximal isomorphic subgroups on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server. Apart from the parametric IT A1 descriptions of the series, its output provides the individual listings of all maximal isomorphic subgroups of indices as high as 27 for all space groups, except for the cubic ones where the maximum index is 125. The format and content of the subgroup data are similar to those of the MAXSUB access tool. In addition, there is a special tool (under ‘define a maximal index’ on the SERIES web form) that permits the online generation of maximal isomorphic subgroups of any index up to 131 for all space groups. [Note that these data are only generated online and do not form part of the (static) database of isomorphic subgroups.]

58

1.7. THE BILBAO CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SERVER or origin shifts of the conjugate subgroups Hs are manifested by the different transformation matrices ðP; pÞs listed by the program. Different chains of maximal subgroups for the group– subgroup pair G > H are obtained following the possible paths connecting the top of the graph (the group G) with the bottom (the group H). Each group–maximal subgroup pair determines one step of this chain. The index of H in G equals the product of the indices for each one of the intermediate edges. The transformation matrices relating the standard bases of G and H are obtained by multiplying the matrices of each step of the chain. Thus, for each pair of group–subgroup types with a given index there is a set of transformation matrices (P, p)j, where each matrix corresponds to a subgroup Hj isomorphic to H. Some of these subgroups could coincide. To find the different Hj of G, the program transforms the elements of the subgroup H to the basis of the group G using the different matrices (P, p)j and compares the elements of the subgroups Hj in the basis of G. Two subgroups that are characterized by different transformation matrices are considered identical if their elements, transformed to the basis of the group G, coincide. The different subgroups Hj are distributed into classes of conjugate subgroups with respect to G by checking directly their conjugation relations with elements of G.

different transformation matrices and a link to a list of these matrices are given for each of the possible chains. The graphical representation contains the intermediate groups that connect G and H with the specified index. This graph is a subgraph of the general graph of maximal subgroups with unspecified index and is also of the contracted type. (b) Classification of the different subgroups Hj of G. Once the index of H in G is given, the different subgroups Hj of that index are calculated and distributed into classes of conjugate subgroups of G. The subgroups of a conjugacy class form a block where each subgroup is specified by the corresponding transformation matrix– column pair ðP; pÞj that relates the standard bases of G and Hj . There is also a link to a list of the elements of the subgroups transformed to the basis of the group G, which allows the identification of those elements of G that are retained in the subgroup. The list of transformation matrices that give the same (identical) subgroup is accessible under a separate link (see Table 1.7.3.1). The graph contains the intermediate space groups Z k i for the pair G > H but contrary to the graph of the previous step, the different isomorphic subgroups are represented by different nodes, i.e. the graph is a complete one. All isomorphic subgroups Hj are given at the bottom of the graph. Their labels are formed by the short Hermann–Mauguin symbol of the subgroup followed by a number given in parentheses which specifies the class of conjugate subgroups to which the subgroup Hj belongs. Note that for group–subgroup pairs with high indices, where a lot of intermediate maximal subgroups occur, the resulting complete graph with all subgroups Hj can be very complicated and difficult to overview. Alternatively, a simpler graph associated with a single specific subgroup Hj can also be obtained (the graphs are the same for all subgroups within a conjugacy class).

Input to SUBGROUPGRAPH: (i) As input, the program needs the specification of the space groups G and H. The groups G and H can be defined either by their sequential IT A numbers or by their Hermann– Mauguin symbols. The default settings of all space groups are used. (ii) If the index of H in G is specified, then the program determines the chains of maximal subgroups relating these groups and classifies the isomorphic subgroups Hj into classes of conjugate subgroups. Output of SUBGROUPGRAPH: The output is illustrated by Example 1.7.3.1.1. (i) Group–subgroup pairs with non-specified indices. When the index of the subgroup H in G is not specified, the program returns a list of the possible intermediate space groups Z k relating G and H. The list is given as a table whose rows correspond to the intermediate space groups Z k, specified by their Hermann–Mauguin symbols. In addition, the table contains the maximal subgroups of Z k, specified by their IT A numbers and the corresponding indices given in brackets. This list is also represented as a contracted graph. Each space-group type in the list corresponds to one node in the graph, and the maximal subgroups are the neighbours (successors) of this node. Group–subgroup relations occurring in both directions are represented by nodes connected by two edges with opposite arrows. Maximal isomorphic subgroups are shown by loop edges (nodes connected to themselves), see Fig. 1.7.3.1. (ii) Group–subgroup pairs with specified indices. As an example, see Table 1.7.3.1 and Figs. 1.7.3.2 and 1.7.3.3.

Example 1.7.3.1.1 Consider the group–subgroup relations between the groups G ¼ P41 21 2, No. 92, and H ¼ P21 , No. 4. If no index is specified then the graph of maximal subgroups that relates P41 21 2 and P21 is represented as a table indicating the space-group types of the possible intermediate space groups Z k and the corresponding indices. The contracted general P41 21 2 > P21 graph is shown in Fig. 1.7.3.1. Two edges with opposite arrows between a group–subgroup pair correspond to group– subgroup relations in both directions, e.g. the pair P41 and P43 . Table 1.7.3.1. Group–subgroup relations for P41212 (No. 92) > P21 (No. 4), index 4 There are three different subgroups Hj ¼ ðP21 Þj of P41 21 2 distributed into two classes of conjugate subgroups. The possible chains of maximal subgroups and the corresponding matrices (P, p)j (written in concise form) are also shown. (Note that the standard setting for P21 is the unique axis b setting.) The different transformation matrices for the subgroup ðP21 Þ3 correspond to the different group–subgroup chains that relate the same subgroup to P41 21 2, cf. Fig. 1.7.3.3.

(a) Chains of maximal subgroups. If the index of the subgroup H in the group G is specified, the program returns a list of all possible chains of maximal subgroups relating G and H with this index. (The program has no access to data for maximal isomorphic subgroups with indices higher than four.) The

59

Class

Hj

Chains

(P, p)j

Class 1

ðP21 Þ1 ¼ P21 ½010 ðP21 Þ2 ¼ P21 ½100

P41 21 2 > P21 21 21 > P21 P41 21 2 > P21 21 21 > P21

a; b; c; 14 0 58 c; a; b; 14 14 38

Class 2

ðP21 Þ3 ¼ P21 ½001

P41 21 2 > P21 21 21 > P21 P41 21 2 > P41 > P21 P41 21 2 > C2221 > P21

b; c; a; 12 0 38 b; c; a; 0 12 0 a; c;
b; 0 0 14

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS

Fig. 1.7.3.1. General contracted graph for P41 21 2 (No. 92) > P21 (No. 4) as given by the program SUBGROUPGRAPH. The nodes of the graph correspond to the space-group types that can appear as intermediate groups in the chain of the group–subgroup pair P41 21 2 > P21 . Each edge of the graph corresponds to a maximal subgroup pair of the indicated index [i]. Isomorphic subgroups (of indices 2 and 3) are shown as loops.

Fig. 1.7.3.3. Complete graph for P41 21 2 (No. 92) > P21 (No. 4), index 4, as given by the program SUBGROUPGRAPH. The nodes represent space groups and not space-group types. The three subgroups of the type P21 are distributed into two classes of conjugate subgroups, which are indicated in parentheses after the space-group symbol. The two subgroups P21 ð1Þ with twofold screw axes along ½100 and ½010 of P41 21 2 belong to the same conjugacy class. Their complete single graphs look alike and differ considerably from the graph of P21 ð2Þ. The latter corresponds to the subgroup whose twofold screw axes point along the tetragonal axes.

Fig. 1.7.3.2. Contracted graph for the pair of space groups P41 21 2 (No. 92) > P21 (No. 4), index 4, as given by the program SUBGROUPGRAPH. The nodes of the graph correspond to space-group types. The directed edges represent the possible group–maximal subgroup pairs.

60

1.7. THE BILBAO CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SERVER to M, or some of the classes relative to M merge together to form conjugacy classes with respect to G.

When the index [i] of the subgroup in the group is specified, the resultant graph is reduced to the chains of maximal subgroups that correspond to the value of [i]. For example, in Fig. 1.7.3.2 the contracted graph P41 21 2 > P21 of index 4 is shown. The data in Table 1.7.3.1 and the complete graph shown in Fig. 1.7.3.3 indicate that there are three different P21 subgroups of P41 21 2 > P21 of index 4, distributed over two classes of conjugate subgroups. The three different subgroups of space-group type P21 of index 4 correspond to three sets of twofold screw axes in P41 21 2: those pointing along [100] and [010] of the tetragonal cell give rise to the two conjugate subgroups, and the third one (forming a class of conjugate subgroups by itself) is along the tetragonal axis. Their full Hermann–Mauguin symbols are P21 11, P121 1 and P1121 . The corresponding transformations are listed in Table 1.7.3.1. The complete graph P41 21 2 > P21 , index 4 (Fig. 1.7.3.3) also shows that three different maximal subgroup chains end at the same P21 ðP1121 Þ subgroup, each of them specified by a different transformation matrix ðP; pÞ (Table 1.7.3.1). The three different transformation matrices are related by elements of the normalizer of the subgroup.

Input to HERMANN: The data needed are the space-group types of G and H and their index. Output of HERMANN: Essentially, the output of the program is a list of all subgroups Hj of G of index ½i ¼ ½iP   ½iL , distributed into conjugacy classes with respect to G. The classes of conjugate subgroups are listed in different blocks depending on the space-group type of the iP Hermann groups M < G. The subgroups Hj in each class are listed explicitly and are distinguished by the transformation matrices ðP; pÞj. Options for transforming the elements of Hj to the basis of G and for decomposing G in right cosets with respect to Hj are available. In addition, it is possible to calculate the splittings of the Wyckoff positions of G relative to Hj (cf. Section 1.7.4, program WYCKSPLIT). There is an optional link to the program SYMMODES, which carries out a symmetry analysis of the possible distortions compatible with Hj for the symmetry break G
! Hj . Example 1.7.3.1.2 Consider the pair of group–subgroup types P422 (No. 89) > P21 (No. 4), index [i] = 8 (Fig. 1.7.3.4). The factorization of the index into ½iP  ¼ 4 and ½iL  ¼ 2 follows from the ratio of the orders of the point groups of G and H. The two spacegroup types P2, No. 3, and C2, No. 5, satisfy the conditions for i¼8 Hermann subgroups for the pair P422 > P21 . There are three P2 Hermann subgroups of G distributed in two conjugacy classes: the subgroups with twofold axes along [100] and [010] form a conjugacy class, and P2½001 ðP2Þ is a normal subgroup in P422. The two C2 Hermann subgroups with twofold axes along [110] and ½110 form a single conjugacy class. Each Hermann subgroup has just one normal subgroup of P21 type of index ½iL  ¼ 2. Altogether there are five different P21 subgroups of P422 of index [i] = 8, distributed in three conjugacy classes, following the conjugacy relationships of the corresponding Hermann groups.

1.7.3.1.2. The program HERMANN The method of calculation of the subgroups and their distribution into classes of conjugate subgroups used in SUBGROUPGRAPH is not adequate for group–subgroup pairs of indices greater than 50. The program HERMANN has been developed to treat the cases of such considerable reduction of symmetry. It is a modification of SUBGROUPGRAPH and is based on Hermann’s theorem (cf. Lemma 1.2.8.1.1). Consider a group–subgroup pair G > H, with H a general subgroup of index [i]. The existence and the uniqueness of Hermann’s group M, G > M > H, implies the possibility of factorizing the group– subgroup chain G > H and its index [i] into two subchains of smaller indices with ½i ¼ ½iP   ½iL . The first one, the soiP called translationengleiche or t-chain G > M, is related to the reduction of the point-group symmetry in the subgroup. The iL second one is known as the klassengleiche or k-chain M > H, and it takes account of the loss of translations. (The ½iL  index is equal to the cell-multiplication factor of the volumes of the primitive cells of the lattices.) The program HERMANN calculates all subgroups Hj of G of index [i] and distributes them into conjugacy classes with respect to G. In addition, the program indicates the corresponding Hermann groups. It is important to note that for a given pair of i space-group types G > H and index [i], Hermann groups M of different space-group types can exist that belong to the same crystal class, cf. Example 1.7.3.1.2. However, there is a unique Hermann group for any group–subgroup pair of specific space groups. The space-group types of the possible Hermann groups M for i the pair G > H are determined by the following conditions: (i) the groups M are subgroups of G of index ½iP  where iP is equal to the ratio of the point-group orders of G and H; (ii) the point groups of M coincide with the point group of H, P H ; (iii) the groups M have subgroups H of index ½iL  ¼ ½i=½iP . The complete set of the application of subgroups Hj of G is calculated by the consecutive iP iL SUBGROUPGRAPH to the two subchains G > M and M > H. At this stage, the subgroups Hj are distributed into conjugacy classes with respect to the corresponding Hermann groups only. Finally, the program determines the conjugacy classes of Hj with respect to G: these either coincide with conjugacy classes relative

Fig. 1.7.3.4. Group–subgroup graph for P422 (No. 89) > P21 (No. 4), index 8. The nodes represent space groups and not space-group types. The directional symbols [100] etc. state the orientations of the monoclinic axes referred to the basis of P422. Horizontal lines connect subgroups conjugate in P422. There are two space-group types of Hermann subgroups in the intermediate level of the figure: P2 and C2. The distribution of the five P21 subgroups into conjugacy classes with respect to P422 follows the conjugacy-class distribution of the corresponding Hermann subgroups.

61

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS are 23  36 ¼ 24 cosets in the decomposition of G : T H, i.e. some of the coset representatives of T G0 belong to the same cosets with respect to T H. The distribution of the coset representatives of G : T G0 into cosets of G with respect to T H is different for the right- and left-coset decomposition. Consider the three coset representatives of G : T G0 corresponding to the threefold rotation, namely ð3þ ; 000Þ, ð3þ ; 23 13 13Þ and ð3þ ; 13 23 23Þ. In the basis of the subgroup, the rotational part

1.7.3.1.3. The program COSETS The coset decomposition of a group G with respect to a subgroup H < G is a basic step in many problems that involve group–subgroup relations between space groups, e.g. the distribution of subgroups into conjugacy classes (cf. Section 1.2.6.3) or the determination of supergroups of space groups (cf. Section 2.1.7.4). The procedure for the coset decomposition G : H is well defined: one transforms G to the basis of H by the transformation matrix ðP; pÞ that relates the two bases, and then one distributes the transformed elements of G into left g r H or right Hg s cosets with respect to H (cf. Section 1.2.4.2). The elements g r and g s are called the coset representatives. Consider the space-group pair G > H with the corresponding transformation matrix ðP; pÞ. The coset decomposition G : H can be easily achieved if both G and H are decomposed into cosets with respect to the translation subgroup T H0 of H, consisting of integer translations only (i.e. the coset decomposition is performed with respect to a primitive lattice of H). The determination of the coset representatives of G : T H0 for the right-coset decomposition is simplified by the fact that two elements of G that differ by an integer translation t H of H belong to the same coset T H0 g q . This is, however, not in general true for the left-coset decomposition: in that case, two elements of G belong to the same coset g q T H0 if they differ by the translation W q t H where g q ¼ ðW q ; wq Þ. In other words, two elements of G (with the same rotational part) belong to the same coset 0 g q T H if the difference
q between their translational parts satisfies ðW q Þ
1
q 2 T H0 . Given the space-group pair G > H with the corresponding transformation matrix ðP; pÞ, the program COSETS decomposes G into left or right cosets with respect to H.

0

0 ð3þ Þ ¼ @ 1 0

0

1 2

3

P ¼ @ 13 1 3

0 1 0


2
1 A; 0

0 0 P
1 ¼ @
12 1
12 0

0

0

1


12
32 A 1
12 2

and the translational parts by P
1 t j to ð000Þ, ð100Þ and ð2 12 12Þ, correspondingly. The elements with translational parts ð000Þ, ð100Þ belong to the same coset T H ð3þ ; 000Þ in the case of rightcoset decomposition, and ð3þ ; 2 12 12Þ can be taken as a representative of a different coset [the program chooses the element (3þ ; 0 12 12Þ as a coset representative]. In the case of left-coset decomposition, the coset representatives are ð3þ ; 000Þ and ð3þ ; 100Þ: the elements ð3þ ; 100Þ and ð3þ ; 2 12 12Þ belong to the same coset ð3þ ; 100ÞT H as the difference in their translational parts
q ¼ ð1; 12 ; 12Þ satisfies the condition
q ¼ W q t H , with W q ¼ 3þ and t H ¼ ð1; 0; 0Þ. The output of COSETS gives the distribution of the 24 coset representatives of G : T H into the six cosets of the decomposition of R3m with respect to P21 =c. In the case of right-coset decomposition, the elements fð1; 000Þ, ð1; 0 12 12Þ, ð3þ ; 000Þ, ð3þ ; 0 12 12Þ, ð3
; 000Þ, ð3
; 0 12 12Þg can be selected as coset representatives. The elements fð1; 000Þ, ð1; 0 12 12Þ, ð3þ ; 000Þ, ð3
; 000Þg are valid coset representatives also for the left-coset decomposition of R3m with respect to P21 =c, while ð3þ ; 0 12 12Þ; ð3
; 0 12 12Þ have to be substituted by ð3þ ; 100Þ, ð3
; 100Þ. 1.7.3.1.4. The program CELLSUB For several applications, it is of interest to determine the subgroups of a space group for a specific multiple of the cell, i.e. for a given ½iL  index. This happens, for example, in the search for possible low-symmetry phases after a phase transition from a known high-symmetry phase with experimental data indicating the reduction of translational symmetry. The program CELLSUB calculates the different subgroups of a space group G for a given maximal index ½ðiL Þmax  in two steps:

Example 1.7.3.1.3 Consider the group–subgroup pair R3m (No. 166) > P21/c (No. 14) of index 6, with the transformation matrix 0

1

ð3þ Þ ¼ @ 12

Output of COSETS: The output data consist of the list of the cosets of the decomposition of G with respect to H. The first coset corresponds to the subgroup H represented by the set of its general-position triplets, fh v ; v ¼ 1; . . . ; f jP H jg, where jP H j is the order of the point group P H and f is the so-called centring factor that equals the number of lattice points per cell. The triplets of the rest of the cosets are of the form ðg s hv Þ for the left-coset decomposition or ðhv g r Þ for the right-coset decomposition, with s, r = 1, . . . , jG : Hj.

1

1 0 0A 1

is transformed by P
1 ð3þ ÞP to

Input to COSETS: The data that are needed are the group G, the subgroup H and the transformation matrix ðP; pÞ that relates the default settings of G and H. The user can choose between right- or left-coset decomposition of G with respect to H.

02


1
1 0

(i) It determines all possible space-group types H which form group–subgroup pairs with G, G > H of index ½i ¼ ½iP   ½iL , such that the index ½iL  is equal to or smaller than a given value ½ðiL Þmax . (ii) For each pair of space-group types G > H and their index [i] satisfying the above condition, CELLSUB finds all possible subgroups Hj specified by the matrix–column pairs (P, p)j and classifies them into classes of conjugate subgroups.

1

3 0A 1

relating the bases defined for the default settings of the group and the subgroup (hexagonal axes setting for R3m, and the unique axis b setting for P21 =c). The decomposition of P21 =c with respect to T H consists of four cosets. (For P space groups, T H0 coincides with T H .) There are 36 coset representatives of G : T G0 , with T G0 consisting of integer translations only. From the determinant of the transformation matrix it follows that there

The method for obtaining the different subgroup types and indices of a given space group G is similar to that used in the SUBGROUPGRAPH module. It is also based on the data for maximal subgroups of the space groups in IT A1. Given the

62

1.7. THE BILBAO CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SERVER group G, the program constructs a graph of maximal subgroups, imposing the additional condition ½iL   ½ðiL Þmax .

(i) A dedicated module of the program CELLSUB (cf. Section 1.7.3.1.4) calculates the sets of subgroups fH1;r ; i1;r g of G1 and fH2;s ; i2;s g of G2 with ½ðiL Þm   ½ðiL Þmax . Here, the indices r and s distinguish the different space-group types of the subgroups H1 and H2 . (ii) The intersection of the sets fH1;r ; i1;r g and fH2;s ; i2;s g for H1;r ffi H2;s ffi H then gives the set of the space-group types of the common subgroups fHg of G1 and G2 with ½ðiL Þm   ½ðiL Þmax , m = 1, 2. (iii) The program COMMONSUBS selects and lists those subgroups of the set fHg whose indices ½i1  and ½i2  in G1 and G2 satisfy the condition given by equation (1.7.3.1).

Input to CELLSUB: (i) The space group G. It can be specified either by its sequential IT A number or by its Hermann–Mauguin symbol. (ii) The (maximal) ½ðiL Þmax  index. By default (full-list option), all subgroups with an index ½iL  smaller than the given ½ðiL Þmax  are shown. As an option, it is possible to choose only the subgroups with a specified ½ðiL Þmax  index. Output of CELLSUB: (i) A list of the space–group types of the subgroups H with the corresponding index [i], the index ½iP  and the index ½iL . The subgroups are further classified into k-subgroups, t-subgroups (for the special case of ½iL  ¼ 1) or general subgroups. (ii) For every space-group type H of the list, a link to the SUBGROUPGRAPH module provides the following data: the chains of maximal subgroups relating G and H with the given index, the classification of the different subgroups Hj of G in classes of conjugate subgroups, the graphical representations and all the benefits of the program SUBGROUPGRAPH.

The generalization of the procedure for the case of common subgroups of three groups G is straightforward and has been also implemented in the program COMMONSUBS. Input to COMMONSUBS: The necessary data include the specification of the space-group types G, the index ½ðiL Þmax  and the number of formula units per conventional unit cell1 (or the ratio of the two ½iL  indices for the special case of common subgroups of two space groups). The search for common subgroups can be further restricted by specifying the point group, the crystal class or the type of centring desired for the common subgroup.

1.7.3.1.5. The program COMMONSUBS Two space groups G1 and G2 which are not in a group–subgroup relation may be related by common subgroups Hj with G1 > Hj < G2 . Given G1 and G2 , the program COMMONSUBS determines these groups Hj. Such group–subgroup relations have a subjective component: in general the lattices of both space groups do not fit ideally. There will be some misfit between the lattice parameters of H1, a subgroup of G1 and those of H2, a subgroup of G2. The decision as to how much misfit could be tolerated depends on the specific structural criteria applicable to the problem studied. The higher the proportion of common symmetry between G1 and G2 , i.e. the smaller the indices ½i1  ¼ jG1 : Hj and ½i2  ¼ jG2 : Hj are, the more promising is the search for a relation between the two crystal structures. Owing to the theorem of Hermann both the indices ½i1  and ½i2  may be split into the pointgroup index ½ðiP Þm  and the lattice index ½ðiL Þm , such that ½im  ¼ ½ðiP Þm   ½ðiL Þm , m = 1, 2. The point-group indices are finite, ½ðiP Þm   48; the lattice index may have any value in principle. Large indices, however, mean little common symmetry and thus low probability of structural relevance. Therefore, it is reasonable to limit the value of ½ðiL Þm  and thus of ½i1  and ½i2  by introducing a maximal value ½ðiL Þmax . If two structures with space groups G1 and G2 can be compared within a common subgroup H, then the number of formula units ZH of a primitive unit cell of H should be the same for both structures. This means that ZH ¼ Z1  ½ðiL Þ1  ¼ Z2  ½ðiL Þ2 , where Z1 and Z2 are the numbers of the formula units of the primitive unit cells of the crystal structures 1 (with space group G1 ) and 2 (with space group G2 ). It follows that ½i2  ¼ ½i1   ðZ1 =Z2 Þ  ð½ðiP Þ2 =½ðiP Þ1 Þ or ½i2  ¼ ½i1  

Z1 jP G2 j  ; Z2 jP G1 j

Output of COMMONSUBS: (i) A list of common subgroups H specified by their Hermann– Mauguin symbols, the point groups P H, the indices [i] of H in the space groups G, and the corresponding factors ½ðiP Þ and ½ðiL Þ. Optional links to the databases give access to additional information related to Hm, its maximal subgroups or the point group P H. (ii) The output for the case of common subgroups of two space groups gives more details on the group–subgroup relations for the two branches G1 > H and G2 > H. Apart from the specification of the common subgroups H and their indices ½ði1 Þ and ½ði2 Þ in G1 and G2 , one obtains a list of representatives of the conjugacy classes of the subgroups H with respect to G1 and G2 . There are also links to the programs WYCKSPLIT (for the splittings of the Wyckoff positions for G > H, cf. Section 1.7.4.1) and SYMMODES (Capillas et al., 2003) (for the group-theoretical study of the possible phasetransition mechanism related to the symmetry break G > H). A list of all subgroups of a conjugacy class and the corresponding transformation matrices are obtained via links to the programs HERMANN (cf. Section 1.7.3.1.2) and SUBGROUPGRAPH (cf. Section 1.7.3.1.1). The existence of a common subgroup does not automatically mean the existence of a structural relation between the corresponding crystal structures. In general, the existence of a common supergroup of two space groups is mostly taken as more indicative of a structural relation than that of a common subgroup, provided the indices of the common supergroup are comparable with those of the common subgroup. However, the following example shows the utility of the common-subgroup approach in the search for the possible symmetry of an intermediate phase between two phases with no group–subgroup relation between their space groups.

ð1:7:3:1Þ

where jPj is the order of the point group P. Given the space groups G1 and G2 , the formula units per primitive cells Z1 and Z2 , and ½ðiL Þmax , the program COMMONSUBS calculates the common subgroups in several steps:

1

The number of formula units per conventional unit cell Zc is simply related to the number Z of formula units per primitive unit cell via the centring factor f, Z ¼ Zc =f , with f = 1 for primitive lattices, 2 for I-, C-, B- or A-centred lattices, 3 for R-centred lattices and 4 for F-centred lattices.

63

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS Example 1.7.3.1.4 The perovskite-like ferroelectric compounds PbZr1
xTixO3 exhibit a morphotropic2 phase boundary around x = 0.45–0.50. At compositions with x < 0.47 they are rhombohedral, at x > 0.47 tetragonal. For x = 0.48 a tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transition has been observed at ~300 K, the space group changing from P4mm, No. 99, to Cm, No. 8 (Noheda et al., 1999, 2000). The monoclinic structure results from the tetragonal one by shifts of the Pb and Zr/Ti atoms along the tetragonal [110] direction. The monoclinic structure can also be envisaged as a distorted variant of the rhombohedral phase, space group R3m, No. 160. There is no group–subgroup relation between P4mm and R3m, but Cm is a common subgroup of both. In this way, the monoclinic structure can be considered as providing a ‘bridge’ between the rhombohedral and tetragonal regions of the morphotropic phase boundary. The application of COMMONSUBS for G1 ¼ P4mm with Zc;1 ¼ 1, G2 ¼ R3m with Zc;2 ¼ 3, and iL ¼ 1 (i.e. no cell multiplication) yields exactly Cm as the common monoclinic subgroup.

1.7.3.2.1. The programs MINSUP and SUPERGROUPS In analogy to the case of minimal supergroups (cf. Section 2.1.7), the determination of all supergroups Gr of a given spacegroup type G and index [i] of a space group H can be done by inverting the data for the subgroups Hs of G of index [i]. In the following we outline the basic arguments of this procedure. Let G be a space group and H < G be one of its subgroups of index [i]. Then all subgroups Hs of G of the same index [i] and isomorphic to H can be calculated by a dedicated module of SUBGROUPGRAPH (cf. Section 1.7.3.1.1). The number of subgroups with index [i] is finite for any space group. Therefore, such a list is always finite. Let H < G be a member of this list. We are looking for all supergroups Gr > H of index [i] that are isomorphic to G, Gr ffi G. Then the supergroups Gr are also affine equivalent to G, i.e. there must be a mapping ar 2 A such that a
1 r G ar ¼ Gr , where A is the group of all reversible affine mappings. Different supergroups Gr are obtained if ar 62 N A ðGÞ. As in the case of minimal supergroups (cf. Section 2.1.7), there are two cases to be distinguished:

Structural relations established through a common subgroup are also being used to model first-order transformations between phases with no group–subgroup relation between their symmetry groups. The local symmetry of a common subgroup of the two end symmetries is supposed to describe approximately the symmetry constraints of the local transient states taking place during the transformation [see e.g. Capillas et al. (2007) and the references therein]. In some cases these intermediate configurations can even be stabilized and appear as stable intermediate phases in the phase diagram. The program COMMONSUBS can be useful in both types of searches.

(1) The first candidates for the mapping ar are the elements of the affine normalizer of H, i.e. ar 2 N A ðHÞ. Following Koch (1984) (see also Lemma 2.1.7.4.1), other supergroups Gr will be obtained by the transformation of G with the representatives of the cosets in the decomposition of the group N A ðHÞ relative to the group D ¼ N A ðHÞ \ N A ðGÞ. (2) There could exist further supergroups Gr > H; Gr ffi G of the same index [i] with ar 62 N A ðHÞ, i.e. ar is not an element of the affine normalizer of the group H. Summarizing: Any supergroup of H, Gr > H; Gr ffi G may be found by the following procedure: (i) determine all subgroups Hs < G of the same index and distribute them into classes of conjugate subgroups with respect to G. From each class of conjugate subgroups, choose a representative Hr , specified by ðP; pÞr ;3 (ii) apply ðP; pÞ
1 r to the group G in order to obtain the group Gr ; and (iii) test whether Gr is already among the determined supergroups of H. If it is not, then Gr is a new supergroup of H and further supergroups may be generated by the coset representatives of the decomposition of N A ðHÞ relative to ðN A ðHÞ \ N A ðGÞÞ as explained above. The procedure described above for the determination of supergroups is also applied to the determination of minimal supergroups G of H (cf. Section 2.1.7). In this case, the distinct maximal subgroups Hr , representatives of the classes of conjugate subgroups Hs with respect to G, are retrieved directly from the maximal-subgroup database of the server.

1.7.3.2. Supergroups of space groups The problem of the determination of the supergroups of a given space group is of rather general interest. For several applications it is not sufficient to know only the space-group types of the supergroups of a given group; it is instead necessary to have available all different supergroups Gr > H that are isomorphic to G and are of the same index [i]. In the literature there are few papers treating the supergroups of space groups in detail (Koch, 1984; Wondratschek & Aroyo, 2001). In IT A one finds only listings of minimal supergroups of space groups which, in addition, are not explicit: they only provide for each space group H the list of those space-group types in which H occurs as a maximal subgroup (cf. Section 2.1.6). It is not trivial to determine all supergroups Gr > H if only the types of the minimal supergroups are known. The Bilbao Crystallographic Server offers two basic programs that solve this problem for a given finite index [i] (Ivantchev et al., 2002): (i) MINSUP, which gives all minimal supergroups of index 2, 3 and 4 of a given space group, and (ii) SUPERGROUPS, which calculates all different supergroups of a given space-group type and a given index. As in the case of subgroups, we have developed two complementary programs that involve the calculation of supergroups of space groups: (i) the program CELLSUPER, for calculating the supergroups of a space group for a given ½iL  index, and (ii) COMMONSUPER for the computation of common supergroups of two or more space groups.

Input to MINSUP and SUPERGROUPS: (i) The program MINSUP needs as input the IT A number (or the Hermann–Mauguin symbol) of the group for which the minimal supergroups have to be determined. The type of supergroup is chosen from a table (returned by the program) which contains the IT A number of the minimal supergroup, its Hermann–Mauguin symbol and the index of the group in the supergroup. There is also a link to a list of the transformation matrices that relate the basis of the supergroup with that of the subgroup. (ii) For the determination of all supergroups of a given type, it is necessary to select the type of the normalizers of the group and the supergroup. By default the Euclidean normalizers of general cell metrics are used as listed in Tables 15.2.1.3 and

2 A morphotropic transition is an abrupt change in the structure of a solid solution with variation in composition.

3

64

To simplify the algorithm, the condition ar 62 N A ðGÞ is substituted by ar 62 G.

1.7. THE BILBAO CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SERVER Table 1.7.3.2. P422, No. 89, supergroups of P222, No. 16 (a = b = c), index 2, as determined by MINSUP

15.2.1.4 of IT A. The affine normalizers of the space groups (except triclinic and monoclinic) are also accessible. For a translation lattice with metrics of apparent higher symmetry, the users may themselves provide the set of additional generators for the specific Euclidean normalizer (cf. Table 15.2.1.3 of IT A and Koch & Mu¨ller, 1990). (iii) The program SUPERGROUPS takes as input the IT A numbers of the space groups G and H and the index of H in G. The transformation matrices relating the bases of G and H necessary for the determination of the supergroups Gr are retrieved from the IT A1 database. In case of a non-minimal supergroup, the program SUBGROUPGRAPH determines the transformation matrix (or matrices) for the corresponding chains of maximal subgroups that relate G and H. As in the case of MINSUP, the space-group normalizers used by default are the Euclidean normalizers. It is also possible for the user to use the affine normalizers given in IT A or to provide a specific one.

The different supergroups are distinguished by the transformation matrices (P, p)r and the coset representatives of the decomposition of ðP422Þr with respect to H. (The unit element is taken as a coset representative in all cases and is not listed). The locations of the axes 4 are referred to the orthorhombic cell. Supergroup

(P, p)j

Coset representative

ðP422Þ1 ðP422Þ2 ðP422Þ3 ðP422Þ4 ðP422Þ5 ðP422Þ6

a; b; c; 0 0 0 a; b; c; 12 0 0 b; c; a; 0 0 0 b; c; a; 0 12 0 c; a; b; 0 0 0 c; a; b; 12 0 0

ð4z j 0 0 0Þ ð4z j 12 12 0Þ ð4y j 0 0 0Þ ð4y j 12 0 12Þ ð4x j 0 0 0Þ ð4x j 0 12 12Þ

Location of 4 00z 1 0 z 2

0y0 1 y 0 2

x00 x 12 0

supergroups, as calculated by MINSUP, are listed in Table 1.7.3.2. They are distinguished by their transformation matrix– column pairs ðP; pÞr and the coset representatives of the decomposition of Gr with respect to H. The existence of the six different supergroups becomes obvious if we consider the type and location of the symmetry elements corresponding to the listed coset representatives of the different supergroups (Table 1.7.3.2). Owing to the specialized metrics of P222, the fourfold axis of P422 can be chosen along any of the three orthorhombic axes. Accordingly, the six supergroups are distributed into three pairs. Comparison of the space-group diagrams of P422 and P222 (Fig. 1.7.3.5) shows that the two supergroups for each orientation of the fourfold axis correspond exactly to the two possible locations of the fourfold axis in the orthorhombic cell.

Output of MINSUP and SUPERGROUPS: For the two supergroup programs the results contain: (i) The transformation matrix (P, p)r that relates the basis of the supergroup with that of the subgroup. (ii) One representative from each coset in the decomposition of the supergroup Gr with respect to the group H. The full cosets of the decomposition Gr : H are also accessible. The elements of Gr are listed with respect to the basis of the subgroup H. From the considerations given above it should have become clear that the aim of the presented procedure and the supergroup programs is to solve the following ‘purely’ group-theoretical problem: Given a group–subgroup pair of space groups G > H, determine all supergroups Gr of H isomorphic to G. The procedure does not include any preliminary checks on the compatibility of the metric of the studied space group with that of a supergroup. Depending on the particular case some of the supergroups obtained are not space groups but just affine groups isomorphic to space groups (see Koch, 1984). As an example consider the cubic supergroups of P21 21 21, No. 19: only if the three basis vectors of P21 21 21 have equal length can one speak of supergroups of the cubic space-group type P21 3, No. 198. However, for each group P21 21 21 there exist affine analogues of P21 3 as supergroups.

Example 1.7.3.2.2 Here we consider the supergroups Gr ¼ a
1 r G ar of H with ar 62 N A ðHÞ. Consider the group Pnma, No. 62, and its minimal supergroups of type Cmcm, No. 63, of index 2. The group Cmcm has two maximal Pnma subgroups: ðPnmaÞ1 specified by ðP; pÞ1 ¼ ðb; c; aÞ, and ðPnmaÞ2 with ðP; pÞ2 ¼ ðc; a; b; 14 ; 14 ; 0Þ. The Euclidean and affine normalizers of Cmcm and Pnma are identical and correspond to the group Pmmm with the additional translations ðx þ 12 ; y; zÞ, ðx; y þ 12 ; zÞ and ðx; y; z þ 12Þ. Accordingly, the application of the normalizer procedure to any of the two group–subgroup pairs will not generate further equivalent supergroups. The first pair Cmcm > ðPnmaÞ1 gives rise to the minimal supergroup Bbmm ðCmcm; b; c; aÞ. The second supergroup Amma ðCmcm; c; a; bÞ can only be obtained considering the second group–subgroup pair. Both supergroups are related by a cyclic

Example 1.7.3.2.1 Here we consider supergroups Gr ¼ a
1 r G a r of H with ar 2 N A ðHÞ. As an example we consider the group–supergroup pair H < G with H ¼ P222, No. 16, and the supergroup G ¼ P422, No. 89, of index [i] = 2. Further, we suppose that the group P222 has specialized cell metrics specified as a = b = c. In the subgroup data of P422 there is only one entry for the subgroup P222 of index 2. We are interested in all P422 supergroups of index 2 of the group P222. The affine normalizer of P422 coincides with its Euclidean normalizer and it has the translations ðx þ 12 ; y þ 12 ; zÞ, ðx; y; z þ 12Þ and the inversion as additional generators (cf. IT A, Table 15.2.1.4). The Euclidean normalizer of P222 with a = b = c coincides with  its affine normalizer. It corresponds to the cubic group Pm3m with the additional generating translations ðx þ 12 ; y; zÞ, ðx; y þ 12 ; zÞ and ðx; y; z þ 12Þ (cf. IT A, Table 15.2.1.3). The decomposition of N ðHÞ with respect to the intersection of the two normalizers contains six cosets, i.e. the group P222 has six supergroups P422 isomorphic to each other. The different

Fig. 1.7.3.5. Space-group diagrams for (a) P222, No. 16, with specialized cell metrics (see the text) and (b) P422, No. 89. For explanations of the space-group diagrams, see IT A Chapter 1.4.

65

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS rotation of the three axes which is not in the normalizer of H (or G).

The input data for COMMONSUPER include the specification of H1 and H2 , the numbers of formula units per conventional unit cell, and the maximum lattice index ½ðiL Þmax . The output data of COMMONSUPER are:

The number of supergroups of a space group H of a finite index is not always finite. This is the case of a space group H whose normalizer N ðHÞ contains continuous translations in one, two or three independent directions (see IT A, Part 15). As typical examples one can consider the infinitely many centrosymmetric supergroups of the polar groups: there are no restrictions on the location of the additional inversion centre on the polar axis. For such group–supergroup pairs there could be up to three parameters r, s and t in the origin-shift column of the transformation matrix and in the translational part of the coset representatives. The parameters can have any value and each value corresponds to a different supergroup of the same spacegroup type.

(i) The space-group types of the common supergroups G of H1 and H2 with the indices ½i1  and ½i2 , ½ðiL Þ1  and ½ðiL Þ2 , and ½ðiP Þ1  and ½ðiP Þ2 . Optional links to the programs POINT and GENPOS give access to data for the point group P G and the general positions of the supergroup G. (ii) A link to the SUPERGROUPS module (see Section 1.7.3.2.1) enables the calculation of all different supergroups Gr of H1 and H2 of a space-group type G and indices ½i1  and ½i2 . Each supergroup Gr is specified by the corresponding transformation matrix relating the conventional bases of the supergroup and the group, and the representatives of the coset decomposition of Gr relative to H1 or H2 . Example 1.7.3.2.3 The program COMMONSUPER is useful in the search for structural relationships between structures whose symmetry groups H1 and H2 are not group–subgroup related. The derivation of the two structures as different distortions from a basic structure is a clear manifestation of such relationships. The symmetry group of the basic structure is a common supergroup of H1 and H2 . Consider the ternary intermetallic compound CeAuGe. At 8.7 GPa a first-order phase transition is observed from a hexagonal arrangement (space group P63 mc, No. 186, two formula units per unit cell, Z1 ¼ 2) into an orthorhombic high-pressure modification of symmetry Pnma, No. 62, Z2 ¼ 4 (Brouskov et al., 2005). There is no group– subgroup relation between the symmetry groups of the highand low-pressure structures. For ½ðiL Þmax  ¼ 4 the program finds two common supergroups of H1 ¼ P63 mc, Z1 ¼ 2 and H2 ¼ Pnma, Z2 ¼ 4: (i) the group P63 =mmc with ½i1  ¼ 2 and ½i2  ¼ 6, and (ii) P6=mmm, with ½i1  ¼ 4 and ½i2  ¼ 12. The common basic structure of the AlB2 type, proposed by Brouskov et al. (2005), corresponds to the common supergroup P6=mmm found by COMMONSUPER.

1.7.3.2.2. The program CELLSUPER The program CELLSUPER is an application similar to CELLSUB (cf. Section 1.7.3.1.4): in this case, the search is for the space-group types of supergroups Gs of H of a given maximum lattice index ½ðiL Þmax . The algorithm is similar to that of CELLSUB: using the data for the index and space-group types of minimal supergroups, the program constructs a tree of minimal supergroups starting from H and imposing the condition ½iL   ½ðiL Þmax . The input data of CELLSUPER coincide with those of CELLSUB with the only difference being that they are referred to the low-symmetry group H. The output data include: (i) The space-group types of the supergroups Gs of H with the corresponding indices [i], [iP] and [iL]. The supergroups are classified into t-supergroups, k-supergroups and general supergroups. (ii) A link to the SUPERGROUPS module (cf. Section 1.7.3.2.1) enables the calculation of all different supergroups ðGs Þr of H of the space-group type Gs and index [i]. Each supergroup ðGs Þr is specified by the corresponding transformation matrix relating the conventional bases of the supergroup and the group, and the representatives of the coset decomposition ðGs Þr : H.

1.7.4. Relations of Wyckoff positions for a group–subgroup pair of space groups

1.7.3.2.3. The program COMMONSUPER The program COMMONSUPER calculates the space-group types of common supergroups G of two space groups H1 and H2 for a given maximal lattice index ½ðiL Þmax . The procedure used is analogous to the one implemented in the program COMMONSUBS (cf. Section 1.7.3.1.5). The two sets of supergroups of H1 and of H2 are determined by the program CELLSUPER. The intersection of the sets of supergroups gives the set of the spacegroup types of the common supergroups fGg of H1 and H2 with ½iL   ½ðiL Þmax . A relation between the indices ½i1  ¼ jGj=jH1 j and ½i2  ¼ jGj=jH2 j is obtained by imposing the structural requirement of equal numbers of formula units in the (primitive) unit cell of the common supergroup G obtained from the numbers of the formula units Z1 and Z2 of H1 and H2 : ½i2  ¼ ½i1  

Z2 jP H1 j :  Z1 jP H2 j

Consider two group–subgroup-related space groups G > H. Atoms that are symmetrically equivalent under G, i.e. belong to the same orbit of G, may become non-equivalent under H, (i.e. the orbit splits) and/or their site symmetries may be reduced. The orbit relations induced by the symmetry reduction are the same for all orbits belonging to a Wyckoff position, so one can speak of Wyckoff-position relations or splitting of Wyckoff positions. Theoretical aspects of the relations of the Wyckoff positions for a group–subgroup pair of space groups G > H have been treated in detail by Wondratschek (1993) (see also Section 1.5.3). A compilation of the Wyckoff-position splittings for all space groups and all their maximal subgroups is published as Part 3 of this volume. However, for certain applications it is easier to have the appropriate computer tools for the calculations of the Wyckoff-position splittings for G > H: for example, when H is not a maximal subgroup of G, or when the space groups G > H are related by transformation matrices different from those listed in the tables of Part 3. The program WYCKSPLIT (Kroumova, Perez-Mato & Aroyo, 1998) calculates the Wyckoff-position splittings for any group–subgroup pair. In addition, the program

ð1:7:3:2Þ

The program COMMONSUPER selects and lists those supergroups of the set fGg whose indices ½i1  ¼ jGj=jH1 j and ½i2  ¼ jGj=jH2 j satisfy the above condition.

66

1.7. THE BILBAO CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SERVER

 ð1 ; 0; 3Þ of P42 =mnm, No. Fig. 1.7.4.1. Sequence of calculations of WYCKSPLIT for the splitting of the Wyckoff positions 2a m:mm ð0; 0; 0Þ and 4d 4:: 2 4 136, with respect to its subgroup Cmmm, No. 65, of index 2. ðOG ÞH are the orbits of P42 =mnm in the basis of Cmmm.

provides further information on Wyckoff-position splittings that is not listed in Part 3, namely the relations between the representatives of the orbit of G and the corresponding representatives of the suborbits of H.

(ii) the assignment of the orbits OH ðXj Þ to the Wyckoff positions W Hl of H; (iii) the determination of the correspondence between the points Xjm of the suborbits OH ðXj Þ and the representatives of W Hl .

1.7.4.1. The program WYCKSPLIT

The direct determination of the suborbits OH ðXj Þ is not an easy task. The restrictions on the site-symmetry groups S H ðXj Þ which follow from the reduction-factor lemma (cf. Section 1.5.3) are helpful but in many cases not sufficient for the determination of the suborbits. The solution used in our approach is based on the general-position decomposition, equation (1.7.4.1). It is important to note that each of the suborbits of the general position gives exactly one suborbit OH ðXj Þ when the variable parameters of OH ðX0;j Þ are substituted by the corresponding parameters (fixed or variable) of the special position. The assignment of the suborbits to the Wyckoff positions of H is done by comparing the multiplicities of the orbits, the number of the variable parameters [the number of the variable parameters of W Hl is equal to or greater than that of OH ðXj Þ] and the values of the fixed parameters. If there is more than one Wyckoff position

To simplify the notation, we assume in the following that the group G, its Wyckoff-position representatives and the points of the orbits are referred to the basis of the subgroup H. (1) Splitting of the general position. Consider the group– subgroup chain of space groups G > H of an index [i]. The general-position orbits OG ðX0 Þ have unique splitting schemes: they are split into [i] suborbits OH ðX0;j Þ of the general position of the subgroup, i.e. they all are of the same multiplicity: OG ðX0 Þ ¼ OH ðX0;1 Þ [ . . . [ OH ðX0;i Þ:

ð1:7:4:1Þ

This property is a direct corollary of the relation between the index [i] and the so-called reduction factors of the sitesymmetry groups S G ðXÞ and S H ðXÞ of a point X in G and H (Wondratschek, 1993; see also Section 1.5.3). The determination of the splitting of the general-position orbit OG ðX0 Þ is then reduced to the selection of the [i] points ðX0;j Þ belonging to the [i] independent suborbits OH ðX0;j Þ of H, equation (1.7.4.1). Owing to the one-to-one mapping between the general-position points of OG ðX0 Þ and the elements g of G, the right cosets Hg j of the decomposition of G with respect to H (cf. Definition 1.2.4.2.1) correspond to the suborbits OH ðX0;j Þ. In this way, the representatives of these cosets can be chosen as the [i] points X0;j in the decomposition of OG ðX0 Þ. (2) Splitting of a special position. The calculation of the splitting of a special Wyckoff position W G involves the following steps:

Table 1.7.4.1. Wyckoff positions of Cmmm (No. 65) with multiplicities 2 and 8 Each Wyckoff position is specified by its multiplicity and Wyckoff letter, site symmetry and a coordinate triplet of a representative element.

(i) the determination of the suborbits OH ðXj Þ into which the special-Wyckoff-position orbit OG ðXÞ has split;

67

Wyckoff multiplicity and letter

Site symmetry

Representative element

2d 2c 2b 2a 8q 8p 8o 8n 8m

mmm mmm mmm mmm ..m ..m .m. m.. ..2

ð0; 0; 12Þ ð12 ; 0; 12Þ ð12 ; 0; 0Þ ð0; 0; 0Þ ðx; y; 12Þ ðx; y; 0Þ ðx; 0; zÞ ð0; y; zÞ ð14 ; 14 ; zÞ

1. SPACE GROUPS AND THEIR SUBGROUPS of H satisfying these conditions, then the assignment is done by a direct comparison of the points of the suborbit OH ðXj Þ with those of a special W Hl orbit obtained by substitution of the variable parameters by arbitrary numbers. The determination of the explicit correspondences between the points of OH ðXj Þ and the representatives of W Hl is done by comparing the values of the fixed parameters and the variable-parameter relations in both sets.

2a m:mm ð0; 0; 0Þ are shown in Fig. 1.7.4.1. First it is necessary to transform the representatives of W G to the basis of H, which gives the orbits ðOG ÞH ð0; 0; 0Þ and ðOG ÞH ð14 ; 14 ; 34Þ. The substitution of the values x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 in the coordinate triplets of the decomposed general position of G (cf. the corresponding output of WYCKSPLIT) gives two suborbits of multiplicity 2 2a;1 1 1 for the 2a position: OH ð0; 0; 0Þ and O2a;2 H ð0; 2 ; 2Þ. The assign2a;j ment of the suborbits OH to the Wyckoff positions of H (cf. Table 1.7.4.1) is straightforward. Summarizing: the Wyckoff position 2a m:mm ð0; 0; 0Þ splits into two independent positions of Cmmm with no site-symmetry reduction:

The program WYCKSPLIT calculates the splitting of the Wyckoff positions for a group–subgroup pair G > H given the corresponding transformation relating the coordinate systems of G and H.

2a m:mm ð0; 0; 0Þ ! 2a mmm ð0; 0; 0Þ [ 2c mmm ð0; 12 ; 12Þ:

Input to WYCKSPLIT: The program needs as input the following information:

No splitting occurs for the case of the special 4d position orbit: 1 1 3 the result is one orbit of multiplicity 8, O4d;1 H ð4 ; 4 ; 4Þ. The 4d;1 1 1 3 assignment of OH ð4 ; 4 ; 4Þ is also obvious: there are five Wyckoff positions of Cmmm of multiplicity 8 but four of them are discarded as they have fixed parameters 0 or 12 (Table 4d;1 1.7.4.1). The orbit OH belongs to the Wyckoff position 8m ::2 ð14 ; 14 ; zÞ. As expected, the sum of the site-symmetry reduction factors equals the index of Cmmm in P42 =mnm for both cases (cf. Section 1.5.3). The loss of the fourfold inversion axis results in the appearance of an additional degree of freedom corresponding to the variable parameter of 8m ::2 ð14 ; 14 ; zÞ.

(i) The specification of the space-group types G and H by their IT A numbers. (ii) The transformation matrix–column pair ðP; pÞ that relates the basis of G to that of H. The user can input a specific transformation or follow a link to the IT A1 database for the maximal subgroups of G. In the case of a non-maximal subgroup, the program SUBGROUPGRAPH provides the transformation matrix (or matrices) for a specified index of H in G. The transformations are checked for consistency with the default settings of G and H used by the program. The Wyckoff positions W G to be split can be selected from a list. In addition, it is possible to calculate the splitting of any orbit OG ðXÞ specified by the coordinate triplet of one of its points.

References

Output of WYCKSPLIT: (i) Splittings of the selected Wyckoff positions W G into Wyckoff positions W Hl of the subgroup, specified by their multiplicities and Wyckoff letters. (ii) The correspondence between the representatives of the Wyckoff position and the representatives of its suborbits is presented in a table where the coordinate triplets of the representatives of W G are referred to the bases of the group and of the subgroup.

Aroyo, M. I., Kirov, A., Capillas, C., Perez-Mato, J. M. & Wondratschek, H. (2006). Bilbao Crystallographic Server. II. Representations of crystallographic point groups and space groups. Acta Cryst. A62, 115– 128. Aroyo, M. I., Perez-Mato, J. M., Capillas, C., Kroumova, E., Ivantchev, S., Madariaga, G., Kirov, A. & Wondratschek, H. (2006). Bilbao Crystallographic Server: I. Databases and crystallographic computing programs. Z. Kristallogr. 221, 15–27. Brouskov, V., Hanfland, M., Po¨ttgen, R. & Schwarz, U. (2005). Structural phase transitions of CeAuGe at high pressure. Z. Kristallogr. 220, 122– 127. Capillas, C. (2006). Me´todos de la cristalografı´a computacional en el ana´lisis de transiciones de fase estructurales. PhD thesis, Universidad del Paı´s Vasco, Spain. Capillas, C., Kroumova, E., Aroyo, M. I., Perez-Mato, J. M., Stokes, H. T. & Hatch, D. M. (2003). SYMMODES: a software package for grouptheoretical analysis of structural phase transitions. J. Appl. Cryst. 36, 953–954. Capillas, C., Perez-Mato, J. M. & Aroyo, M. I. (2007). Maximal symmetry transition paths for reconstructive phase transitions. J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 19, 275203. International Tables for Crystallography (2005). Vol. A, Space-Group Symmetry, edited by Th. Hahn, 5th ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. International Tables for Crystallography (2002). Vol. E, Subperiodic Groups, edited by V. Kopsky´ & D. B. Litvin. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Ivantchev, S., Kroumova, E., Aroyo, M. I., Perez-Mato, J. M., Igartua, J. M., Madariaga, G. & Wondratschek, H. (2002). SUPERGROUPS – a computer program for the determination of the supergroups of space groups. J. Appl. Cryst. 35, 511–512. Ivantchev, S., Kroumova, E., Madariaga, G., Pe´rez-Mato, J. M & Aroyo, M. I. (2000). SUBGROUPGRAPH: a computer program for analysis of group–subgroup relations between space groups. J. Appl. Cryst. 33, 1190–1191. Koch, E. (1984). The implications of normalizers on group–subgroup relations between space groups. Acta Cryst. A40, 593–600. Koch, E. & Mu¨ller, U. (1990). Euklidische Normalisatoren fu¨r trikline und monokline Raumgruppen bei spezieller Metrik des Translationengitters. Acta Cryst. A46, 826–831.

WYCKSPLIT can treat group or subgroup data in unconventional settings if the transformation matrices to the corresponding conventional settings are given. Example 1.7.4.1.1 To illustrate the calculation of the Wyckoff-position splitting we consider the group–subgroup pair P42 =mnm (No. 136) > Cmmm (No. 65) of index 2, see Fig. 1.7.4.1. The relation between the conventional bases ða; b; cÞ of the group and of the subgroup ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ is retrieved by the program MAXSUB and is given by a0 ¼ a
b, b0 ¼ a þ b; c0 ¼ c. The general position of P42 =mnm splits into two suborbits of the general position of Cmmm: 16k 1 ðx; y; zÞ ! 16r 1 ðx1 ; y1 ; z1 Þ [ 16r 1 ðx2 ; y2 ; z2 Þ: This splitting is directly related to the coset decomposition of P42 =mnm with respect to Cmmm. As coset representatives, i.e. as points which determine the splitting of the general position, one can choose X0;1 ¼ ðx1 ; y1 ; z1 Þ and X0;2 ¼ ðx2 ; y2 ; z2 Þ ¼ ðy; x þ 12 ; z þ 12ÞÞ (referred to the basis of the subgroup). The splitting of any special Wyckoff position is obtained from the splitting of the general position. The consecutive steps of  ð1 ; 0; 3Þ and the splittings of the special positions 4d 4:: 2 4

68

1.7. THE BILBAO CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SERVER Noheda, B., Gonzalo, J. A., Cross, L. E, Guo, R., Park, S.-E., Cox, D. E. & Shirane, G. (2000). Tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transition in a ferroelectric perovskite: The structure of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3. Phys. Rev. B, 61, 8687–8695. Wondratschek, H. (1993). Splitting of Wyckoff positions (orbits). Mineral. Petrol. 48, 87–96. Wondratschek, H. & Aroyo, M. I. (2001). The application of Hermann’s group M in group–subgroup relations between space groups. Acta Cryst. A57, 311–320.

Kroumova, E., Perez-Mato, J. M. & Aroyo, M. I. (1998). WYCKSPLIT: a computer program for determination of the relations of Wyckoff positions for a group–subgroup pair. J. Appl. Cryst. 31, 646. Kroumova, E., Perez-Mato, J. M., Aroyo, M. I., Ivantchev, S., Madariaga, G. & Wondratschek, H. (1998). The Bilbao Crystallographic Server: a web site with crystallographic tools using the International Tables for Crystallography. Abstracts of the 18th European Crystallographic Meeting, Prague, Czech Republic. Noheda, B., Cox, D. E., Shirane, G., Gonzalo, J. A., Cross, L. E. & Park, S.-E. (1999). A monoclinic ferroelectric phase in the Pb(Zr1
xTix)O3 solid solutions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2059.

69

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Chapter 2.1, pp. 72–96.

2.1. Guide to the subgroup tables and graphs By Hans Wondratschek and Mois I. Aroyo; Yves Billiet (Section 2.1.5)

2.1.1. Contents and arrangement of the subgroup tables

(1) The short (international) Hermann–Mauguin symbol for the plane group or space group. These symbols will be henceforth referred to as ‘HM symbols’. HM symbols are discussed in detail in Chapter 12.2 of IT A with a brief summary in Section 2.2.4 of IT A. (2) The plane-group or space-group number as introduced in International Tables for X-ray Crystallography, Vol. I (1952). These numbers run from 1 to 17 for the plane groups and from 1 to 230 for the space groups. (3) The full (international) Hermann–Mauguin symbol for the plane or space group, abbreviated ‘full HM symbol’. This describes the symmetry in up to three symmetry directions (Blickrichtungen) more completely, see Table 12.3.4.1 of IT A, which also allows comparison with earlier editions of International Tables. (4) The Schoenflies symbol for the space group (there are no Schoenflies symbols for the plane groups). The Schoenflies symbols are primarily point-group symbols; they are extended by superscripts for a unique designation of the space-group types, cf. IT A, Sections 12.1.2 and 12.2.2.

In this chapter, the subgroup tables, the subgroup graphs and their general organization are discussed. In the following sections, the different types of data are explained in detail. For every plane group and every space group there is a separate table of maximal subgroups and minimal supergroups. The subgroup data are listed either individually, or as members of (infinite) series, or both. The supergroup data are not as complete as the subgroup data. However, most of them can be obtained by proper evaluation of the subgroup data, as shown in Section 2.1.7. In addition, there are graphs of translationengleiche and klassengleiche subgroups which contain for each space group all kinds of subgroups, not just the maximal ones. The presentation of the plane-group and space-group data in the tables of Chapters 2.2 and 2.3 follows the style of the tables of Parts 6 (plane groups) and 7 (space groups) in Vol. A of International Tables for Crystallography (2005), henceforth abbreviated as IT A. The data comprise: Headline Generators selected General position I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups.

2.1.2.2. Data from IT A 2.1.2.2.1. Generators selected As in IT A, for each plane group and space group G a set of symmetry operations is listed under the heading ‘Generators selected’. From these group elements, G can be generated conveniently. The generators in this volume are the same as those in IT A. They are explained in Section 2.2.10 of IT A and the choice of the generators is explained in Section 8.3.5 of IT A. The generators are listed again in this present volume because many of the subgroups are characterized by their generators. These (often nonconventional) generators of the subgroups can thus be compared with the conventional ones without reference to IT A.

For the majority of groups, the data can be listed completely on one page. Sometimes two pages are needed. If the data extend less than half a page over one full page and data for a neighbouring space-group table ‘overflow’ to a similar extent, then the two overflows are displayed on the same page. Such deviations from the standard sequence are indicated on the relevant pages by a remark Continued on . . . . The two overflows are separated by a solid line and are designated by their headlines. The sequence of the plane groups and space groups G in this volume follows exactly that of the tables of Part 6 (plane groups) and Part 7 (space groups) in IT A. The format of the subgroup tables has also been chosen to resemble that of the tables of IT A as far as possible. Graphs for translationengleiche and klassengleiche subgroups are found in Chapters 2.4 and 2.5. Examples of graphs of subgroups can also be found in Section 10.1.4.3 of IT A, but only for subgroups of point groups. The graphs for the space groups are described in Section 2.1.8.

2.1.2.2.2. General position Like the generators, the general position has also been copied from IT A, where an explanation can be found in Section 2.2.11. The general position in IT A is the first block under the heading ‘Positions’, characterized by its site symmetry of 1. The elements of the general position have the following meanings: (1) they are coset representatives of the space group G with respect to its translation subgroup. The other elements of a coset are obtained from its representative by combination with translations of G; (2) they form a kind of shorthand notation for the matrix description of the coset representatives of G; (3) they are the coordinates of those symmetry-equivalent points that are obtained by the application of the coset representatives on a point with the coordinates x; y; z; (4) their numbers refer to the geometric description of the symmetry operations in the block ‘Symmetry operations’ of the space-group tables of IT A.

2.1.2. Structure of the subgroup tables Some basic data in these tables have been repeated from the tables of IT A in order to allow the use of the subgroup tables independently of IT A. These data and the main features of the tables are described in this section. 2.1.2.1. Headline The headline contains the specification of the space group for which the maximal subgroups are considered. The headline lists from the outside margin inwards: Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

Many of the subgroups H < G in these tables are characterized by the elements of their general position. These elements are

72

2.1. GUIDE TO THE SUBGROUP TABLES AND GRAPHS specified by numbers which refer to the corresponding numbers in the general position of G. Other subgroups are listed by the numbers of their generators, which again refer to the corresponding numbers in the general position of G. Therefore, the listing of the general position of G as well as the listing of the generators of G is essential for the structure of these tables. For examples, see Sections 2.1.3 and 2.1.4.

maximal isomorphic subgroups are listed, whereas in IT A only a few of them are described. In addition, the subgroups are described here in more detail. The sequence of the subgroups within each block follows the value of the index; subgroups of lowest index are listed first. Subgroups having the same index are listed according to their lattice relations to the lattice of the original group G, cf. Section 2.1.4.3. Subgroups with the same lattice relations are listed in decreasing order of space-group number. Conjugate subgroups have the same index and the same spacegroup number. They are grouped together and connected by a brace on the left-hand side. Conjugate classes of maximal subgroups and their lengths are therefore easily recognized. In the series of maximal isomorphic subgroups, braces are inapplicable so there the conjugacy classes are stated explicitly. The block designations are:

2.1.2.3. Specification of the setting All 17 plane-group types1 and 230 space-group types are listed and described in IT A. However, whereas each plane-group type is represented exactly once, 44 space-group types, i.e. nearly 20%, are represented twice. This means that the conventional setting of these 44 space-group types is not uniquely determined and must be specified. The same settings underlie the data of this volume, which follows IT A as much as possible. There are three reasons for listing a space-group type twice:

(1) In the block I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups, all maximal translationengleiche subgroups are listed, see Section 2.1.3. None of them are isomorphic. (2) Under the heading II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups, all maximal klassengleiche subgroups are listed in up to three separate blocks, each of them marked by a bullet,
. Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups can only occur in the first two blocks, whereas maximal isomorphic subgroups are only found in the last two blocks.

(1) Each of the 13 monoclinic space-group types is listed twice, with ‘unique axis b’ and ‘unique axis c’, where b or c is the direction distinguished by symmetry (monoclinic axis). The tables of this Part 2 always refer to the conventional cell choice, i.e. ‘cell choice 1’, whereas in IT A for each setting three cell choices are shown. In the graphs of Chapters 2.4 and 2.5, the monoclinic space groups are designated by their short HM symbols. Note on standard monoclinic space-group symbols: In this volume, as in IT A, the monoclinic space groups are listed for two settings. Nevertheless, the short symbol for the setting ‘unique axis b’ has always been used as the standard (short) HM symbol. It does not carry any information about the setting of the particular description. As in IT A, no other short symbols are used for monoclinic space groups and their subgroups in the present volume. (2) Twenty-four orthorhombic, tetragonal or cubic space-group types are listed with two different origins. In general, the origin is chosen at a point of highest site symmetry (‘origin choice 1’); for exceptions see IT A, Section 8.3.1. If there are centres of inversion and if by this rule the origin is not at an inversion centre, then the space group is described once more with the origin at a centre of inversion (‘origin choice 2’). (3) There are seven trigonal space groups with a rhombohedral lattice. These space groups are described in a hexagonal basis (‘hexagonal axes’) with a rhombohedrally centred hexagonal lattice as well as in a rhombohedral basis with a primitive lattice (‘rhombohedral axes’).


Loss of centring translations. This block is described in Section 2.1.4.2 in more detail. Subgroups in this block are always non-isomorphic. The block is empty (and is then omitted) for space groups that are designated by an HM symbol starting with the letter P.
Enlarged unit cell. In this block, those maximal klassengleiche subgroups H < G of index 2, 3 and 4 are listed for which the conventional unit cell of H is larger than that of G, see Section 2.1.4.3. These subgroups may be nonisomorphic or isomorphic, see Section 2.1.5. Therefore, it may happen that a maximal isomorphic klassengleiche subgroup of index 2, 3 or 4 is listed twice: once here explicitly and once implicitly as a member of a series.
Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups. Maximal klassengleiche subgroups H < G of indices 2, 3 and 4 may be isomorphic while those of index i > 4 are always isomorphic to G. The total number of maximal isomorphic klassengleiche subgroups is infinite. These infinitely many subgroups cannot be described individually but only by a (small) number of infinite series. In each series, the individual subgroups are characterized by a few integer parameters, see Section 2.1.5.

If there is a choice of setting for the space group G, the chosen setting is indicated under the HM symbol in the headline. If a subgroup H < G belongs to one of these 44 space-group types, its ‘conventional setting’ must be defined. The rules that are followed in this volume are explained in Section 2.1.2.5.

(3) After the data for the subgroups, the data for the supergroups are listed. The data for minimal non-isomorphic supergroups are split into two main blocks with the headings I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups and II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups.

2.1.2.4. Sequence of the subgroup and supergroup data

(4) The latter block is split into the listings

As in the subgroup data of IT A, the sequence of the maximal subgroups is as follows: subgroups of the same kind are collected in a block. Each block has a heading. Compared with IT A, the blocks have been partly reorganized because in this volume all


Additional centring translations and
Decreased unit cell. (5) Minimal isomorphic supergroups are not listed because they can be read from the data for the maximal isomorphic subgroups.

1

The clumsy terms ‘plane-group type’ and ‘space-group type’ are frequently abbreviated by the shorter terms ‘plane group’ and ‘space group’ in what follows, as is often done in crystallography. Occasionally, however, it is essential to distinguish the individual group from its ‘type of groups’.

For details, see Section 2.1.6.

73

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS 2.1.2.5. Special rules for the setting of the subgroups

The monoclinic axis c and the glide reflection a are retained because P112=a is the conventional full HM symbol for unique axis c, cell choice 1. ½2 b0 ¼ 2b; c0 ¼ 2c, all four subgroups A112=m. The monoclinic axis c and the A centring are retained because A112=m is the conventional full HM symbol for this setting. ½2 a0 ¼ 2a; b0 ¼ 2b, both subgroups C112=e. The monoclinic axis c is retained. The glide reflection is designated by ‘e’ (simultaneous a- and b-glide reflection in the same plane perpendicular to c). The nonconventional C centring is converted into the conventional primitive setting P, by which the e-glide reflection also becomes an a-glide reflection.

The multiple listing of 44 space-group types has implications for the subgroup tables. If a subgroup H < G belongs to one of these types, its ‘conventional setting’ must be defined. In many cases there is a natural choice; sometimes, however, such a choice does not exist, and the appropriate conventions have to be stated. The three reasons for listing a space group twice will be discussed in this section, cf. Section 2.1.2.3.

2.1.2.5.1. Monoclinic subgroups Rules (a) If the monoclinic axis of H is the b or c axis of the basis of G, then the setting of H is also ‘unique axis b’ or ‘unique axis c’. In particular, if G is monoclinic, then the settings of G and H agree. (b) If the monoclinic axis of H is neither b nor c in the basis of G, then for H the setting ‘unique axis b’ is chosen. (c) The cell choice is always ‘cell choice 1’ with the symbols C and c for unique axis b, and A and a for unique axis c.

Example 2.1.2.5.3 G ¼ Pban, No. 50; origin choice 1. I Maximal (monoclinic) translationengleiche subgroups ½2 P112=n: conventional unique axis c; nonconventional glide reflection n. The monoclinic axis c is retained but the glide reflection n is adjusted to a glide reflection a in order to conform to the conventional symbol P112=a of cell choice 1. ½2 P12=a1: conventional unique axis b; nonconventional glide reflection a. The monoclinic axis b is retained but the glide reflection a is adjusted to a glide reflection c of the conventional symbol P12=c1, cell choice 1. ½2 P2=b11: nonconventional monoclinic unique axis a; nonconventional glide reflection b. The monoclinic axis a is transformed to the conventional unique axis b; the glide reflection b is adjusted to the conventional symbol P12=c1 of the setting unique axis b, cell choice 1.

Remarks (see also the following examples): Rule (a) is valid for the many cases where the setting of H is ‘inherited’ from G. In particular, this always holds for isomorphic subgroups. Rule (b) is applied if G is orthorhombic and the monoclinic axis of H is the a axis of G and if H is a monoclinic subgroup of a trigonal group. Rule (b) is not natural, but specifies a preference for the setting ‘unique axis b’. This seems to be justified because the setting ‘unique axis b’ is used more frequently in crystallographic papers and the standard short HM symbol is also referred to it. Rule (c) implies a choice of that cell which is most explicitly described in the tables of IT A. By this choice, the centring type and the glide vector are fixed to the conventional values of ‘cell choice 1’.

2.1.2.5.2. Subgroups with two origin choices Altogether, 24 orthorhombic, tetragonal and cubic space groups with inversions are listed twice in IT A. There are three kinds of possible ambiguities for such groups with two origin choices:

The necessary adjustment is performed through a coordinate transformation, i.e. by a change of the basis and by an origin shift, see Section 2.1.3.3.

(a) Only the original group G is listed with two origin choices in IT A, G(1) and G(2), but the subgroup H < G is listed with one origin. Then the matrix parts P for the transformations ðP; p1 Þ and ðP; p2 Þ of the coordinate systems of G(1) and G(2) to that of H are the same but the two columns of origin shift differ, namely p1 from G(1) to H and p2 from G(2) to H. They are related to the shift u between the origins of G(1) and G(2). However, the transformations from both settings of the space group G to the setting of the space group H are not unique and there is some choice in the transformation matrix and the origin shift. The transformation has been chosen such that

Example 2.1.2.5.1 G ¼ P12=m1, No. 10; unique axis b. II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups, Enlarged unit cell ½2 a0 ¼ 2a, both subgroups P12=a1. The monoclinic axis b is retained but the glide reflection a is converted into a glide reflection c (P12=c1 is the conventional HM symbol for cell choice 1). ½2 b0 ¼ 2b; c0 ¼ 2c, all four subgroups A12=m1. The monoclinic axis b is retained but the A centring is converted into the conventional C centring (C12=m1 is the conventional HM symbol for cell choice 1). ½2 a0 ¼ 2a; c0 ¼ 2c, both subgroups B12=e1. The monoclinic axis b is retained. The glide reflection is designated by ‘e’ (simultaneous c- and a-glide reflection in the same plane perpendicular to b). The nonconventional B centring is converted into the conventional primitive setting P, by which the e-glide reflection also becomes a c-glide reflection.

(i) it transforms the nonconventional description of the space group H to a conventional one; (ii) the description of the crystal structure in the subgroup H is as similar as possible to that in the supergroup G. If it is not possible to achieve the latter aim, a transformation with simple matrix and column parts has been chosen which fulfils the first condition.

Example 2.1.2.5.2 G ¼ P112=m, No. 10; unique axis c. II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups, Enlarged unit cell ½2 a0 ¼ 2a, both subgroups P112=a.

Example 2.1.2.5.4 G ¼ Pban, No. 50, origin choice 1 and origin choice 2. I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

74

2.1. GUIDE TO THE SUBGROUP TABLES AND GRAPHS There are seven maximal t-subgroups of Pban, No. 50, four of which are orthorhombic, H ¼ Pba2, Pb2n, P2an and P222, and three of which are monoclinic, H ¼ P112=n, P12=a1 and P2=b11. In the orthorhombic subgroups, the centres of inversion of G are lost but at least one kind of twofold axis is retained. Therefore, no origin shift for H is necessary from the setting ‘origin choice 1’ of G(1), where the origin is placed at the intersection of the three twofold axes. For the column part of the transformation ðP; p1 Þ, p1 ¼ o holds. For the monoclinic maximal t-subgroups of Pban the origin is shifted from the intersection of the three twofold axes in G(1) to an inversion centre of H. On the other hand, the origin is situated on an inversion centre for origin choice 2 of G(2), as is the origin in the conventional description of the three monoclinic maximal t-subgroups. For them the origin shift is p2 ¼ o, while there is a nonzero column p2 for the orthorhombic subgroups.

2.1.2.5.3. Space groups with a rhombohedral lattice The seven trigonal space groups with a rhombohedral lattice are often called rhombohedral space groups. Their HM symbols begin with the lattice letter R and they are listed with both hexagonal axes and rhombohedral axes. Rules (a) A rhombohedral subgroup H of a rhombohedral space group G is listed in the same setting as G: if G is referred to hexagonal axes, so is H; if G is referred to rhombohedral axes, so is H. (b) If G is a non-rhombohedral trigonal or a cubic space group, then a rhombohedral subgroup H < G is always referred to hexagonal axes. (c) A non-rhombohedral subgroup H of a rhombohedral space group G is referred to its conventional setting. Remarks Rule (a) provides a clear definition, in particular for the axes of isomorphic subgroups. Rule (b) has been followed in the subgroup tables because the rhombohedral setting is rarely used in crystallography. Rule (c) implies that monoclinic subgroups of rhombohedral space groups are referred to the setting ‘unique axis b’.

(b) Both G and its subgroup H < G are listed with two origins. Then the origin choice of H is the same as that of G. This rule always applies to isomorphic subgroups as well as in some other cases. Example 2.1.2.5.5 Maximal k-subgroups H = Pnnn, No. 48, of the space group G = Pban, No. 50. There are two such subgroups with the lattice relation c0 ¼ 2c. Both G and H are listed with two origins such that the origin choices of G and H are either the same or are strongly related.

There is a peculiarity caused by the two settings of the rhombohedral space groups. The rhombohedral lattice appears to be centred in the hexagonal axes setting, whereas it is primitive in the rhombohedral axes setting. Therefore, there are trigonal subgroups of a rhombohedral space group G which are listed in the block ‘Loss of centring translations’ for the hexagonal axes setting of G but are listed in the block ‘Enlarged unit cell’ when G is referred to rhombohedral axes. Although unnecessary and not done for other space groups with primitive lattices, the line

(c) The group G is listed with one origin but the subgroup H < G is listed with two origins. This situation is restricted to maximal k-subgroups with the only exception being Ia3d > I41 =acd, where there are three conjugate t-subgroups of index 3. In all cases the subgroup H is referred to origin choice 2. This rule is followed in the subgroup tables because it gives a better chance of retaining the origin of G in H. If there are two origin choices for H, then H has inversions and these are also elements of the supergroup G. The (unique) origin of G is placed on one of the inversion centres. For origin choice 2 in H, the origin of H may agree with that of G, although this is not guaranteed. In addition, origin choice 2 is often preferred in structure determinations.


Loss of centring translations

none

is listed for the rhombohedral axes setting. Example 2.1.2.5.7 G ¼ R3, No. 146. Maximal klassengleiche subgroups of index 2 and 3. Comparison of the data for the settings ‘hexagonal axes’ and ‘rhombohedral axes’. The data for the general position and the generators are omitted. hexagonal axes
Loss of centring translations ½3 P32 ð145Þ ½3 P31 ð144Þ ½3 P3 ð143Þ
Enlarged unit cell ½2 a0 ¼ b; b0 ¼ a þ b; c0 ¼ 2c R3 ð146Þ  b; a þ b; 2c ...

Example 2.1.2.5.6 Maximal k-subgroups of Pccm, No. 49. In the block
Enlarged unit cell, ½2 a0 ¼ 2a one finds two subgroups Pcna (50, Pban). One of them has the origin of G, the origin of the other subgroup is shifted by 12 ; 0; 0 and is placed on one of the inversion centres of G that is removed from the first subgroup. The analogous situation is found in the block [2] b0 ¼ 2b, where the two subgroups of space-group type Pncb (50, Pban) show the analogous relation. In the next block, [2] a0 ¼ 2a; b0 ¼ 2b, the four subgroups Ccce (68) behave similarly. For G = Pmma, No. 51, the same holds for the two subgroups of the type Pmmn (59) in the block [2] b0 ¼ 2b. On the other hand, for G = Immm, No. 71, in the block ‘Loss of centring translations’ three subgroups of type Pmmn (59) and one of type Pnnn (48) are listed. All of them need an origin shift of 14 ; 14 ; 14 because they have lost the inversion centres of the origin of G.

0; 1=3; 0 1=3; 1=3; 0

rhombohedral axes
Loss of centring translations
Enlarged unit cell ½2 a0 ¼ a þ c; b0 ¼ a þ b; c0 ¼ b þ c R3 ð146Þ a þ c; a þ b; b þ c ½3 a0 ¼ a  b; b0 ¼ b  c; c0 ¼ a þ b þ c P32 ð145Þ a  b; b  c; a þ b þ c P31 ð144Þ a  b; b  c; a þ b þ c P3 ð143Þ a  b; b  c; a þ b þ c

75

none

0; 1=3; 1=3 1=3; 0; 1=3

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS The sequence of the blocks has priority over the classification by increasing index. Therefore, in the setting ‘hexagonal axes’, the subgroups of index 3 precede the subgroup of index 2. In the tables, the lattice relations are simpler for the setting ‘hexagonal axes’. The complete general position is listed for the maximal k-subgroups of index 3 in the setting ‘hexagonal axes’; only the generator is listed for rhombohedral axes.

matrix, shift: These entries contain information on the transformation of H from the setting of G to the standard setting of H. They are explained in Section 2.1.3.3. In general, the numbers in the list ‘Sequence’ of H follow the order of the numbers in the group G, i.e. they rise monotonically. Sometimes this sequence is modified because those entries which have the same additional translations are joined together, see, e.g. the maximal k-subgroups of Fm3m with ‘Loss of centring translations’. In addition, in a class of conjugate subgroups, the monotonically rising order may be obeyed only for the first member of the conjugacy class. The order of the other members is then determined by the conjugation of the first member. (In IT A the monotonically rising order of the numbers is kept in all conjugate subgroups.)

2.1.3. I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups (t-subgroups) 2.1.3.1. Introduction In this block, all maximal t-subgroups H of the plane groups and the space groups G are listed individually. Maximal t-sugroups are always non-isomorphic. For the sequence of the subgroups, see Section 2.1.2.4. There are no lattice relations for t-subgroups because the lattice is retained. Therefore, the sequence is determined only by the rising value of the index and by the decreasing space-group number.

Example 2.1.3.2.1 G ¼ Pm3m, No. 221, tetragonal t-subgroups I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ( ½3 P4=m12=m ð123; P4=mmmÞ 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; . . . ½3 P4=m12=m ð123; P4=mmmÞ 1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20; . . . ½3 P4=m12=m ð123; P4=mmmÞ 1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21; . . . Comments: If W 1 ; W 2 ; W 3 ; . . . is the order of the first sequence, then the second sequence follows the order C 1 W 1 C, C1 W 2 C, C 1 W 3 C; . . .. Here the C means a threefold rotation and is the conjugating element; for the second subgroup C ¼ ð9Þ y; z; x of the general position of Pm3m; for the third subgroup C ¼ ð5Þ z; x; y. In this example the columns w of the symmetry operations (and thus of the conjugating elements) are the zero columns o and could be omitted.

2.1.3.2. A description in close analogy with IT A The listing is similar to that of IT A and presents on one line the following information for each subgroup H: ½i HMS1 (No., HMS2)

sequence

matrix

shift

Conjugate subgroups are listed together and are connected by a left brace. The symbols have the following meaning: [i] HMS1

No. HMS2 sequence

matrix

shift

index of H in G; HM symbol of H referred to the coordinate system and setting of G. This symbol may be nonconventional; space-group No. of H; conventional HM symbol of H if HMS1 is not a conventional HM symbol; sequence of numbers; the numbers refer to those coordinate triplets of the general position of G that are retained in H, cf. Remarks; for general position cf. Section 2.1.2.2.2; matrix part of the transformation to the conventional setting corresponding to HMS2, cf. Section 2.1.3.3; column part of the transformation to the conventional setting corresponding to HMS2, cf. Section 2.1.3.3.

The description of the subgroups can be explained by the following four examples. Example 2.1.3.2.2 G ¼ C1m1, No. 8, unique axis b I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ½2 C1 ð1; P1Þ 1þ Comments: HMS1: C1 is not a conventional HM symbol. Therefore, the conventional symbol P1 is added as HMS2 after the spacegroup number 1 of H. sequence: ‘1þ’ means x; y; z; x þ 12 ; y þ 12 ; z. Example 2.1.3.2.3 G ¼ Fdd2, No. 43 I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ... ½2 F112 ð5; A112Þ ð1; 2Þþ Comments: HMS1: F112 is not a conventional HM symbol; therefore, the conventional symbol A112 is added to the space-group No. 5 as HMS2. The setting unique axis c is inherited from G. sequence: (1, 2)þ means:

Remarks In the sequence column for space groups with centred lattices, the abbreviation ‘(numbers)þ’ means that the coordinate triplets specified by ‘numbers’ are to be taken plus those obtained by adding each of the centring translations, see the comments following Examples 2.1.3.2.2 and 2.1.3.2.3. The symbol HMS2 is omitted if HMS1 is a conventional HM symbol. The following deviations from the listing of IT A are introduced in these tables:

x; y; z; x; y þ 12 ; z þ 12 ; x
; y
; z; x
; y
þ 12 ; z þ 12 ;

x þ 12 ; y; z þ 12 ; x
þ 12 ; y
; z þ 12 ;

x þ 12 ; y þ 12 ; z; x
þ 12 ; y
þ 12 ; z;

Example 2.1.3.2.4 G ¼ P 42 =nmc ¼ P42 =n 21 =m 2=c, No. 137, origin choice 2 I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ... ½2 P2=n 21 =m 1 (59, Pmmn) 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14

No.: the space-group No. of H is added. HMS2: In order to specify the setting clearly, the full HM symbol is listed for monoclinic subgroups, not the standard (short) HM symbol as in IT A.

76

2.1. GUIDE TO THE SUBGROUP TABLES AND GRAPHS are designated by boldface italic upper-case letters (W 0 is analogous to W ): 0 1 0 1 P11 P12 P13 W11 W12 W13 W ¼ @ W21 W22 W23 A; P ¼ @ P21 P22 P23 A; W31 W32 W33 P31 P32 P33

Comments: HMS1: The sequence of the directions in the HM symbol for a tetragonal space group is c, a, a  b. From the parts 42 =n, 21 =m and 2=c of the full HM symbol of G, only 2=n, 21 =m and 1 remain in H. Therefore, HMS1 is P2=n 21 =m 1, and the conventional symbol Pmmn is added as HMS2. No.: The space-group number of H is 59. The setting origin choice 2 of H is inherited from G. sequence: The coordinate triplets of G retained in H are: (1) x; y; z; (2) x þ 12 ; y þ 12 ; z; (5) x; y þ 12 ; z; (6) x þ 12 ; y; z; (9) x; y; z; etc.

0

Q11 Q ¼ @ Q21 Q31

Q12 Q22 Q32

1 Q13 Q23 A: Q33

Let a; b; c ¼ ðaÞT be the row of basis vectors of G and a0 ; b0 ; c0 ¼ ða0 ÞT the basis of H, then the basis ða0 ÞT is expressed in the basis ðaÞT by the system of equations

Example 2.1.3.2.5 G ¼ P31 12, No. 151 I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ½2 P31 11 ð144; P31 Þ 1; 2; 3 ( ½3 P112 ð5; C121Þ 1; 6 b; 2a  b; c ½3 P112 ð5; C121Þ 1; 4 a  b; a  b; c 0; 0; 1=3 ½3 P112 ð5; C121Þ 1; 5 a; a þ 2b; c 0; 0; 2=3 Comments: brace: The brace on the left-hand side connects the three conjugate monoclinic subgroups. HMS1: P112 is not the conventional HM symbol for unique axis c but the constituent ‘2’ of the nonconventional HM symbol refers to the directions 2a  b, a  b and a þ 2b, in the hexagonal basis. According to the rules of Section 2.1.2.5, the standard setting is unique axis b, as expressed by the HM symbol C121. HMS2: Note that the conventional monoclinic cell is centred. matrix, shift: The entries in the columns ‘matrix’ and ‘shift’ are explained in the following Section 2.1.3.3 and evaluated in Example 2.1.3.3.2.

a0 ¼ P11 a þ P21 b þ P31 c b0 ¼ P12 a þ P22 b þ P32 c

ð2:1:3:1Þ

0

c ¼ P13 a þ P23 b þ P33 c or

0

P11 ða0 ; b0 ; c0 ÞT ¼ ða; b; cÞT @ P21 P31

P12 P22 P32

1 P13 P23 A: P33

ð2:1:3:2Þ

In matrix notation, this is ða0 ÞT ¼ ðaÞT P:

ð2:1:3:3Þ

The column p of coordinates of the origin O0 of H is referred to the coordinate system of G and is called the origin shift. The matrix–column pair (P, p) describes the transformation from the coordinate system of G to that of H, for details, cf. IT A, Part 5. Therefore, P and p are listed in the subgroup tables in the columns ‘matrix’ and ‘shift’, cf. Section 2.1.3.2. The column ‘matrix’ is empty if there is no change of basis, i.e. if P is the unit matrix I. The column ‘shift’ is empty if there is no origin shift, i.e. if p is the column o consisting of zeroes only. A change of the coordinate system, described by the matrix– column pair ðP; pÞ, changes the point coordinates from the column x to the column x 0 . The formulae for this change do not contain the pair ðP; pÞ itself, but the related pair ðQ; qÞ ¼ ðP 1 ; P 1 pÞ:

2.1.3.3. Basis transformation and origin shift Each t-subgroup H < G is defined by its representatives, listed under ‘sequence’ by numbers each of which designates an element of G. These elements form the general position of H. They are taken from the general position of G and, therefore, are referred to the coordinate system of G. In the general position of H, however, its elements are referred to the coordinate system of H. In order to allow the transfer of the data from the coordinate system of G to that of H, the tools for this transformation are provided in the columns ‘matrix’ and ‘shift’ of the subgroup tables. The designation of the quantities is that of IT A Part 5 and is repeated here for convenience. The transformation described in this section is not restricted to translationengleiche subgroups but is applied to klassengleiche subgroups as well. In the following, columns and rows are designated by boldface italic lower-case letters. Point coordinates x; x0, translation parts w; w0 of the symmetry operations and shifts p; q ¼ P 1 p are represented by columns. The sets of basis vectors ða; b; cÞ ¼ ðaÞT and ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ ¼ ða0 ÞT are represented by rows [indicated by ð. . .ÞT , which means ‘transposed’]. The quantities with unprimed symbols are referred to the coordinate system of G, those with primes are referred to the coordinate system of H. The following columns will be used (w0 is analogous to w): 0 1 0 1 0 01 0 1 0 1 x p1 q1 w1 x w ¼ @ w 2 A; x ¼ @ y A ; x 0 ¼ @ y 0 A; p ¼ @ p 2 A; q ¼ @ q 2 A: z w3 z0 p3 q3

x 0 ¼ Qx þ q ¼ P 1 x  P 1 p ¼ P 1 ðx  pÞ:

ð2:1:3:4Þ

Not only the point coordinates but also the matrix–column pairs for the symmetry operations are changed by a change of the coordinate system. A symmetry operation W is described in the coordinate system of G by the system of equations2 x~ ¼ W11 x þ W12 y þ W13 z þ w1 y~ ¼ W21 x þ W22 y þ W23 z þ w2

ð2:1:3:5Þ

z~ ¼ W31 x þ W32 y þ W33 z þ w3 ; or x~ ¼ W x þ w ¼ ðW ; wÞ x;

ð2:1:3:6Þ

i.e. by the matrix–column pair (W, w). The symmetry operation W will be described in the coordinate system of the subgroup H by the equation 2

Please note that in equation (2.1.3.6) the matrix W is multiplied by the column x from the right-hand side whereas in equation (2.1.3.3) the matrix P is multiplied by the row ðaÞT from the left-hand side. Therefore, the running index in W is the second one, whereas in P it is the first one.

0

The ð3  3Þ matrices W and W of the symmetry operations, as well as the matrix P for a change of basis and its inverse Q ¼ P 1,

77

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS 0

0

x~ ¼ W x 0 þ w 0 ¼ ðW 0 ; w 0 Þ x 0 ;

Analogously, the (3  1) columns x and x0 must be augmented to (4  1) columns by a ‘1’ in the fourth row in order to enable matrix multiplication with the augmented matrices: 0 1 0 01 x x ByC B y0 C C; x0 ¼ B 0 C: x¼B @zA @z A

ð2:1:3:7Þ

and thus by the pair ðW 0 ; w 0 Þ. This pair can be calculated from the pair ðW ; wÞ by the equations W 0 ¼ Q W P ¼ P 1 W P

ð2:1:3:8Þ

and w 0 ¼ q þ Qw þ QW p ¼ P 1 ðw þ W p  pÞ ¼ P 1 ðw þ ðW  IÞpÞ: ð2:1:3:9Þ

1

The three equations (2.1.3.4), (2.1.3.8) and (2.1.3.9) are replaced by the two equations

These equations are rather complicated and unpleasant. They become simple when using augmented matrices and columns. In this case the formulae are reduced formally to normal matrix multiplication [the formalism is simpler but the necessary calculations are not, because the inversion of a (4  4) matrix is tedious if done by hand]. The matrices P, Q, W and W 0 may be combined with the corresponding columns p, q, w and w0 to form (4  4) matrices (callled augmented matrices):3 0 1 P11 P12 P13 p1 B C B P21 P22 P23 p2 C C B P¼B C; B P31 P32 P33 p3 C A @ 0 0 0 1 1 0 Q11 Q12 Q13 q1 C B B Q21 Q22 Q23 q2 C C B Q ¼ P1 ¼ B C; B Q31 Q32 Q33 q3 C A @ 0 0 0 1 1 0 W11 W12 W13 w1 C B B W21 W22 W23 w2 C C B W¼B C; B W31 W32 W33 w3 C A @ 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 W12 W13 w01 W11 C B 0 0 0 B W21 W22 W23 w02 C C B 0 W ¼B C: 0 0 0 0 C B W31 W W w 32 33 3A @ 0 0 0 1

and

W0 ¼ QWP ¼ P1 WP:

ð2:1:3:12Þ

Index HM & No: ½2 P1n1 ð7; P1c1Þ ½2 Pm11 ð6; P1m1Þ ½2 P1121 ð4Þ This means that are 0 0 0 P1 ¼ @ 0 1 1 0

sequence 1; 3 1; 4 1; 2

matrix c; b; a  c c; a; b

shift

1=4; 0; 0

the transformation matrices and origin shifts 1 0 0 1 0 A; P 2 ¼ @ 0 1 1

1 0 0

1 0 0 1 1 A; P 3 ¼ @ 0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0A 1

011 0 1 0 1 0 0 4 p1 ¼ @ 0 A; p2 ¼ @ 0 A; p3 ¼ @ 0 A: 0 0 0 The first subgroup is monoclinic, the symmetry direction is the b axis, which is standard. However, the glide direction 12 ða þ cÞ is nonconventional. Therefore, the basis of G is transformed to a basis of the subgroup H such that the b axis is retained, the glide direction becomes the c0 axis and the a0 axis is chosen such that the basis is a right-handed one, the angle
0  90 and the transformation matrix P is simple. This is done by the chosen matrix P 1 . The origin shift is the o column. With equations (2.1.3.8) and (2.1.3.9), one obtains for the glide reflection x; y; z  12, which is x; y; z þ 12 after standardization by 0  wj < 1. For the second monoclinic subgroup, the symmetry direction is the (nonconventional) a axis. The rules of Section 2.1.2.5 require a change to the setting ‘unique axis b’. A cyclic permutation of the basis vectors is the simplest way to achieve this. The reflection x; y; z is now described by x; y; z. Again there is no origin shift. The third monoclinic subgroup is in the conventional setting ‘unique axis c’, but the origin must be shifted onto the 21 screw axis. This is achieved by applying equation (2.1.3.9) with p3 , which changes x þ 12 ; y; z þ 12 of Pmn21 to x; y; z þ 12 of P1121.

ða0 ÞT ¼ ða0 ; b0 ; c0 j s0H ÞT

and ða0 ÞT ¼ ða0 ; b0 ; c0 j pÞT :

The relation between ða0 ÞT and ðaÞT is given by equation (2.1.3.10), which replaces equation (2.1.3.3), ða0 ÞT ¼ ðaÞT P:

ð2:1:3:11Þ

Example 2.1.3.3.1 Consider the data listed for the t-subgroups of Pmn21, No. 31:

with s0H ¼ p þ sG . As the vector sG one can take the zero vector sG ¼ o, which results in s0H ¼ p ¼ p1 a þ p2 b þ p3 c, i.e. ðaÞT ¼ ða; b; c j oÞT

x0 ¼ Qx ¼ P1 x

and

The coefficients of these augmented matrices are integer, rational or real numbers. The (3  1) rows (a)T and (a0 )T must be augmented to (4  1) rows by appending some vectors sG and s0H , respectively, as fourth entries in order to enable matrix multiplication with the augmented matrices: ðaÞT ¼ ða; b; c j sG ÞT

1

Example 2.1.3.3.2 Evaluation of the t-subgroup data of the space group P31 12, No. 151, started in Example 2.1.3.2.5. The evaluation is now continued with the columns ‘sequence’, ‘matrix’ and ‘shift’. They are used for the transformation of the elements of H to their conventional form. Only the monoclinic t-subgroups are

ð2:1:3:10Þ

3 The horizontal and vertical lines in the augmented matrices are useful to facilitate recognition of their coefficients; they have no mathematical meaning.

78

2.1. GUIDE TO THE SUBGROUP TABLES AND GRAPHS (and a for P 6 ) correspond to the cell-centring translation vectors of the subgroup cells.

of interest here because the trigonal subgroup is already in the standard setting. One takes from the tables of subgroups in Chapter 2.3 Index HM & No: sequence matrix ( ½3 P112 ð5; C121Þ 1; 6 b; 2a  b; c ½3 P112 ð5; C121Þ 1; 4 a  b; a  b; c ½3 P112 ð5; C121Þ 1; 5 a; a þ 2b; c

Comments: This example reveals that the conjugation of conjugate subgroups does not necessarily imply the conjugation of the representatives of these subgroups in the general positions of IT A. The three monoclinic subgroups C121 in this example are conjugate in the group G by the 31 screw rotation. Conjugation of the representatives (4) and (6) by the 31 screw rotation of G results in the column w5 ¼ 0; 0; 43, which is standardized according to the rules of IT A to w5 ¼ 0; 0; 13. Thus, the conjugacy relation is disturbed by the standardization of the representative (5).

shift 0; 0; 1=3 0; 0; 2=3

Designating the three matrices by P 6, P 4 , P 5 , one obtains 0

1 0 0 2 0 1 1 P 6 ¼ @ 1 1 0 A; P 4 ¼ @ 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 A; P 5 ¼ @ 0 2 0 A 1 0 0 1

with the corresponding inverse matrices 0

1 0 1  12 1 0  2  12 1 Q6 ¼ @  2 0 0 A; Q4 ¼ @ 12  12 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 0 A; Q5 ¼ @ 0 1 0

1  12 0 1 0A 2 0 1

2.1.4. II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups (k-subgroups) 2.1.4.1. General description The listing of the maximal klassengleiche subgroups (maximal k-subgroups) H of the space group G is divided into the following three blocks for practical reasons:

and the origin shifts 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 p6 ¼ @ 0 A; p4 ¼ @ 0 A; p5 ¼ @ 0 A: 1 2 0 3 3


Loss of centring translations. Maximal subgroups H of this block have the same conventional unit cell as the original space group G. They are always non-isomorphic and have index 2 for plane groups and index 2, 3 or 4 for space groups.
Enlarged unit cell. Under this heading, maximal subgroups of index 2, 3 and 4 are listed for which the conventional unit cell has been enlarged. The block contains isomorphic and nonisomorphic subgroups with this property.
Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups. In this block all maximal isomorphic subgroups of a space group G are listed in a small number of infinite series of subgroups with no restriction on the index, cf. Sections 2.1.2.4 and 2.1.5.

For the three new bases this means a06 ¼ b; b06 ¼ 2a  b; c06 ¼ c a04 ¼ a  b; b04 ¼ a  b; c04 ¼ c and a05 ¼ a; b05 ¼ a þ 2b; c05 ¼ c: All these bases span ortho-hexagonal cells with twice the volume of the original hexagonal cell because for the matrices detðP i Þ ¼ 2 holds. In the general position of G ¼ P31 12, No.151, one finds

The description of the subgroups is the same within the same block but differs between the blocks. The partition into these blocks differs from the partition in IT A, where the three blocks are called ‘maximal non-isomorphic subgroups IIa’, ‘maximal non-isomorphic subgroups IIb’ and ‘maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index IIc’. The kind of listing in the three blocks of this volume is discussed in Sections 2.1.4.2, 2.1.4.3 and 2.1.5 below.

ð1Þ x; y; z; ð4Þ y; x; z þ 23; ð5Þ x þ y; y; z þ 13; ð6Þ x; x  y; z:

These entries represent the matrix–column pairs ðW ; wÞ: 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 ð1Þ @ 0 1 0 A; @ 0 A; ð4Þ @ 1 0 0 A; @ 0 A; 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0

1 ð5Þ @ 0 0

1 1 0

1 0 1 0 0 0 A; @ 0 A; 1 1 3

0

1 ð6Þ @ 1 0

0 1 0

2.1.4.2. Loss of centring translations

1 0 1 0 0 0 A; @ 0 A: 1 0

Consider a space group G with a centred lattice, i:e: a space group whose HM symbol does not start with the lattice letter P but with one of the letters A, B, C, F, I or R. The block contains those maximal subgroups of G which have fully or partly lost their centring translations and thus are not t-subgroups. The conventional unit cell is not changed. Only in space groups with an F-centred lattice can the centring be partially lost, as is seen in the list of the space group Fmmm, No. 69. On the other hand, for F23, No. 196, the maximal subgroups P23, No. 195, or P21 3, No. 198, have lost all their centring translations. For the block ‘Loss of centring translations’, the listing in this volume is the same as that for t-subgroups, cf. Section 2.1.3. The centring translations are listed explicitly where applicable, e.g. for space group C2, No. 5, unique axis b

Application of equations (2.1.3.8) on the matrices W k and (2.1.3.9) on the columns wk of the matrix–column pairs results in 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 W 04 ¼ W 05 ¼ W 06 ¼ @ 0 1 0 A; w04 ¼ w06 ¼ o; w05 ¼ @ 0 A: 1 0 0 1 All translation vectors of G are retained in the subgroups but the volume of the cells is doubled. Therefore, there must be centring-translation vectors in the new cells. For example, the application of equation (2.1.3.9) with ðP 6 ; p6 Þ to the translation of G with the vector a, i.e. w ¼ ð1; 0; 0Þ, results in the column w0 ¼ ð12 ; 12 ; 0Þ, i.e. the centring translation 12 ða0 þ b0 Þ of the subgroup. Either by calculation or, more easily, from a small sketch one sees that the vectors b for P 4 , a þ b for P 5

½2 P121 1 ð4Þ

1; 2 þ ð12 ; 12 ; 0Þ

1=4; 0; 0:

In this line, the representatives 1; 2 þ ð12 ; 12 ; 0Þ of the general position are x; y; z x þ 12 ; y þ 12 ; z.

79

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS The listing differs from that in IT A in only two points:

Columns 1 and 2: HM symbol and space-group number of the subgroup; cf. Section 2.1.3.2. Column 3: generators, here the pairs

(1) the full HM symbol is taken as the conventional symbol for monoclinic space groups, whereas in IT A the short HM symbol is the conventional one; (2) the information needed for the transformation of the data from the setting of the space group G to that of H is added. In this example, the matrix is the unit matrix and is not listed; the column of origin shift is 14 ; 0; 0. This transformation is analogous to that of t-subgroups and is described in detail in Section 2.1.3.3. The sequence of the subgroups in this block is one of decreasing space-group number of the subgroups.

Under the heading ‘Enlarged unit cell’, those maximal ksubgroups H are listed for which the conventional unit cell is enlarged relative to the unit cell of the original space group G. All maximal k-subgroups with enlarged unit cell of index 2, 3 or 4 of the plane groups and of the space groups are listed individually. The listing is restricted to these indices because 4 is the highest index of a maximal non-isomorphic subgroup, and the number of these subgroups is finite. Maximal subgroups of higher indices are always isomorphic to G and their number is infinite. The description of the subgroups with enlarged unit cell is more detailed than in IT A. In the block IIb of IT A, different maximal subgroups of the same space-group type with the same lattice relations are represented by the same entry. For example, the eight maximal subgroups of the type Fmmm, No. 69, of space group Pmmm, No. 47, are represented by one entry in IT A. In the present volume, the description of the maximal subgroups in the block ‘Enlarged unit cell’ refers to each subgroup individually and contains for each of them a set of space-group generators and the transformation from the setting of the space group G to the conventional setting of the subgroup H. Some of the isomorphic subgroups listed in this block may also be found in IT A in the block ‘Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index IIc’. Subgroups with the same lattice are collected in small blocks. The heading of each such block consists of the index of the subgroup and the lattice relations of the sublattice relative to the original lattice. Basis vectors that are not mentioned are not changed.

a; 3b; c a; 3b; c a; 3b; c

x; y; z þ 12; x; y þ 2; z þ 12; x; y þ 4; z þ 12;

x; y; z þ 12; x; y; z þ 12; x; y; z þ 12;

Often the lattice relations above the data describing the subgroups are the same as the basis vectors in column 4, as in this example. They differ in particular if the sublattice of H is nonconventionally centred. Examples are the H-centred subgroups of trigonal and hexagonal space groups. The sequence of the subgroups is determined (1) by the index of the subgroup such that the subgroups of lowest index are given first; (2) within the same index by the kind of cell enlargement; (3) within the same cell enlargement by the No. of the subgroup, such that the subgroup of highest space-group number is given first.

2.1.4.3.1. Enlarged unit cell, index 2 For sublattices with twice the volume of the unit cell, the sequence of the different cell enlargements is as follows: (1) Triclinic space groups: (i) a0 ¼ 2a, (ii) b0 ¼ 2b, (iii) c0 ¼ 2c, (iv) b0 ¼ 2b; c0 ¼ 2c; A-centring, (v) a0 ¼ 2a; c0 ¼ 2c; B-centring, (vi) a0 ¼ 2a; b0 ¼ 2b; C-centring, (vii) a0 ¼ 2a; b0 ¼ 2b; c0 ¼ 2c; F-centring.

Example 2.1.4.3.1 This example is taken from the table of space group C2221, No. 20.

[3] b0 ¼ 3b ( C2221 ð20Þ h2; 3i C2221 ð20Þ h3; 2 þ ð0; 2; 0Þi C2221 ð20Þ h3; 2 þ ð0; 4; 0Þi

x; y; z þ 12; x þ 2; y; z þ 12; x þ 4; y; z þ 12;

for the six lines listed in the same order. Column 4: basis vectors of H referred the basis vectors of G. 3a; b; c means a0 ¼ 3a, b0 ¼ b, c0 ¼ c; a; 3b; c means a0 ¼ a, b0 ¼ 3b, c0 ¼ c. Column 5: origin shifts, referred to the coordinate system of G. These origin shifts by o, a and 2a for the first triplet of subgroups and o, b and 2b for the second triplet of subgroups are translations of G. The subgroups of each triplet are conjugate, indicated by the left braces.

2.1.4.3. Enlarged unit cell


Enlarged unit cell [3] a0 ¼ 3a ( 3a; b; c C2221 ð20Þ h2; 3i C2221 ð20Þ hð2; 3Þ þ ð2; 0; 0Þi 3a; b; c C2221 ð20Þ hð2; 3Þ þ ð4; 0; 0Þi 3a; b; c

x; y; z þ 12; x þ 2; y; z þ 12; x þ 4; y; z þ 12;

(2) Monoclinic space groups: (a) with P lattice, unique axis b: (i) b0 ¼ 2b, (ii) c0 ¼ 2c, (iii) a0 ¼ 2a, (iv) a0 ¼ 2a; c0 ¼ 2c; B-centring, (v) a0 ¼ 2a; b0 ¼ 2b; C-centring, (vi) b0 ¼ 2b; c0 ¼ 2c; A-centring, (vii) a0 ¼ 2a; b0 ¼ 2b; c0 ¼ 2c; F-centring. (b) with P lattice, unique axis c: (i) c0 ¼ 2c, (ii) a0 ¼ 2a, (iii) b0 ¼ 2b, (iv) a0 ¼ 2a; b0 ¼ 2b; C-centring, (v) b0 ¼ 2b; c0 ¼ 2c; A-centring,

1; 0; 0 2; 0; 0

0; 1; 0 0; 2; 0

The entries mean:

80

2.1. GUIDE TO THE SUBGROUP TABLES AND GRAPHS 0

0

(vi) a ¼ 2a; c ¼ 2c; B-centring, (vii) a0 ¼ 2a; b0 ¼ 2b; c0 ¼ 2c; F-centring. (c) with C lattice, unique axis b: There are three sublattices of index 2 of a monoclinic C lattice. One has lost its centrings such that a P lattice with the same unit cell remains. The subgroups with this sublattice are listed under ‘Loss of centring translations’. The block with the other two sublattices consists of c0 ¼ 2c, C-centring and I-centring. The sequence of the subgroups in this block is determined by the space-group number of the subgroup. (d) with A lattice, unique axis c: There are three sublattices of index 2 of a monoclinic A lattice. One has lost its centrings such that a P lattice with the same unit cell remains. The subgroups with this sublattice are listed under ‘Loss of centring translations’. The block with the other two sublattices consists of a0 ¼ 2a, A-centring and I-centring. The sequence of the subgroups in this block is determined by the No. of the subgroup.

(v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi) (xii) (xiii)

a0 ¼ 3a, c0 ¼ 2a þ c, a0 ¼ 3a, b0 ¼ a þ b, c0 ¼ a þ c, a0 ¼ 3a, b0 ¼ 2a þ b, c0 ¼ a þ c, a0 ¼ 3a, b0 ¼ a þ b, c0 ¼ 2a þ c, a0 ¼ 3a, b0 ¼ 2a þ b, c0 ¼ 2a þ c, b0 ¼ 3b, b0 ¼ 3b, c0 ¼ b þ c, b0 ¼ 3b, c0 ¼ 2b þ c, c0 ¼ 3c.

(2) Monoclinic space groups: (a) Space groups P121, P121 1, P1m1, P12=m1, P121 =m1 (unique axis b): (i) b0 ¼ 3b, (ii) c0 ¼ 3c, (iii) a0 ¼ a  c, c0 ¼ 3c, (iv) a0 ¼ a  2c, c0 ¼ 3c, (v) a0 ¼ 3a. (b) Space groups P112, P1121 , P11m, P112=m, P1121 =m (unique axis c): (i) c0 ¼ 3c, (ii) a0 ¼ 3a, (iii) a0 ¼ 3a; b0 ¼ a þ b, (iv) a0 ¼ 3a; b0 ¼ 2a þ b, (v) b0 ¼ 3b. (c) Space groups P1c1, P12=c1, P121 =c1 (unique axis b): (i) b0 ¼ 3b, (ii) c0 ¼ 3c, (iii) a0 ¼ 3a, (iv) a0 ¼ 3a; c0 ¼ 2a þ c, (v) a0 ¼ 3a; c0 ¼ 4a þ c. (d) Space groups P11a, P112=a, P1121 =a (unique axis c): (i) c0 ¼ 3c, (ii) a0 ¼ 3a, (iii) b0 ¼ 3b, (iv) a0 ¼ a  2b; b0 ¼ 3b, (v) a0 ¼ a  4b; b0 ¼ 3b. (e) All space groups with C lattice (unique axis b): (i) b0 ¼ 3b, (ii) c0 ¼ 3c, (iii) a0 ¼ a  2c; c0 ¼ 3c, (iv) a0 ¼ a  4c; c0 ¼ 3c, (v) a0 ¼ 3a. (f) All space groups with A lattice (unique axis c): (i) c0 ¼ 3c, (ii) a0 ¼ 3a, (iii) a0 ¼ 3a; b0 ¼ 2a þ b, (iv) a0 ¼ 3a; b0 ¼ 4a þ b, (v) b0 ¼ 3b.

(3) Orthorhombic space groups: (a) Orthorhombic space groups with P lattice: Same sequence as for triclinic space groups. (b) Orthorhombic space groups with C (or A) lattice: Same sequence as for monoclinic space groups with C (or A) lattice. (c) Orthorhombic space groups with I and F lattice: There are no subgroups of index 2 with enlarged unit cell. (4) Tetragonal space groups: (a) Tetragonal space groups with P lattice: (i) c0 ¼ 2c. (ii) a0 ¼ 2a; b0 ¼ 2b; C-centring. The conventional setting results in a P lattice. (iii) a0 ¼ 2a; b0 ¼ 2b; c0 ¼ 2c; F-centring. The conventional setting results in an I lattice. (b) Tetragonal space groups with I lattice: There are no subgroups of index 2 with enlarged unit cell. (5) For trigonal and hexagonal space groups, c0 ¼ 2c holds. For rhombohedral space groups referred to hexagonal axes, a0 ¼ b, b0 ¼ a þ b, c0 ¼ 2c or a0 ¼ a þ b, b0 ¼ a, c0 ¼ 2c holds. For rhombohedral space groups referred to rhombohedral axes, a0 ¼ a þ c, b0 ¼ a þ b, c0 ¼ b þ c or a0 ¼ 2a, b0 ¼ 2b, c0 ¼ 2c, F-centring holds. (6) Only cubic space groups with a P lattice have subgroups of index 2 with enlarged unit cell. For their lattices the following always holds: a0 ¼ 2a, b0 ¼ 2b, c0 ¼ 2c, F-centring. 2.1.4.3.2. Enlarged unit cell, index 3 or 4 With a few exceptions for trigonal, hexagonal and cubic space groups, k-subgroups with enlarged unit cells and index 3 or 4 are isomorphic. To each of the listed sublattices belong either one or several conjugacy classes with three or four conjugate subgroups or one or several normal subgroups. Only the sublattices with the numbers (5)(a)(v), (5)(b)(i), (5)(c)(ii), (6)(iii) and (7)(i) have index 4, all others have index 3. The different cell enlargements are listed in the following sequence:

(3) Orthorhombic space groups: (i) a0 ¼ 3a, (ii) b0 ¼ 3b, (iii) c0 ¼ 3c. (4) Tetragonal space groups: (i) c0 ¼ 3c. (5) Trigonal space groups: (a) Trigonal space groups with hexagonal P lattice: (i) c0 ¼ 3c, (ii) a0 ¼ 3a; b0 ¼ 3b; H-centring, (iii) a0 ¼ a  b; b0 ¼ a þ 2b; c0 ¼ 3c, R lattice, (iv) a0 ¼ 2a þ b; b0 ¼ a þ b; c0 ¼ 3c, R lattice, (v) a0 ¼ 2a; b0 ¼ 2b.

(1) Triclinic space groups: (i) a0 ¼ 3a, (ii) a0 ¼ 3a, b0 ¼ a þ b, (iii) a0 ¼ 3a, b0 ¼ 2a þ b, (iv) a0 ¼ 3a, c0 ¼ a þ c,

81

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS (b) Trigonal space groups with rhombohedral R lattice and hexagonal axes: (i) a0 ¼ 2b; b0 ¼ 2a þ 2b. (c) Trigonal space groups with rhombohedral R lattice and rhombohedral axes: (i) a0 ¼ a  b; b0 ¼ b  c; c0 ¼ a þ b þ c, (ii) a0 ¼ a  b þ c; b0 ¼ a þ b  c; c0 ¼ a þ b þ c.

2.1.5.2. Basis transformation The conventional basis of the unit cell of each isomorphic subgroup in the series has to be defined relative to the basis of the original space group. For this definition the prime p is frequently sufficient as a parameter. Example 2.1.5.2.1 The isomorphic subgroups of the space group P42 22, No. 93, can be described by two series with the bases of their members:

(6) Hexagonal space groups: (i) c0 ¼ 3c, (ii) a0 ¼ 3a; b0 ¼ 3b; H-centring, (iii) a0 ¼ 2a; b0 ¼ 2b.

½p a; b; pc ½p2  pa; pb; c. In other cases, one or two positive integers, here called q and r, define the series and often the value of the prime p.

(7) Cubic space groups with P lattice: (i) a0 ¼ 2a; b0 ¼ 2b; c0 ¼ 2c, I lattice.

Example 2.1.5.2.2 In space group P6, No. 174, the series qa  rb; ra þ ðq þ rÞb; c is listed. The values of q and r have to be chosen such that while q > 0, r > 0, p ¼ q2 þ r2 þ qr is prime.

2.1.5. Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

By Y. Billiet Example 2.1.5.2.3 In the space group P1121 =m, No. 11, unique axis c, the series pa; qa þ b; c is listed. Here p and q are independent and q may take the p values 0  q < p for each value of the prime p.

2.1.5.1. General description Maximal subgroups of index higher than 4 have index p, p2 or p , where p is prime, are necessarily isomorphic subgroups and are infinite in number. Only a few of them are listed in IT A in the block ‘Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index IIc’. Because of their infinite number, they cannot be listed individually, but are listed in this volume as members of series under the heading ‘Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups’. In most of the series, the HM symbol for each isomorphic subgroup H < G will be the same as that of G. However, if G is an enantiomorphic space group, the HM symbol of H will be either that of G or that of its enantiomorphic partner. 3

2.1.5.3. Origin shift Each of the sublattices discussed in Section 2.1.4.3.2 is common to a conjugacy class or belongs to a normal subgroup of a given series. The subgroups in a conjugacy class differ by the positions of their conventional origins relative to the origin of the space group G. To define the origin of the conventional unit cell of each subgroup in a conjugacy class, one, two or three integers, called u, v or w in these tables, are necessary. For a series of subgroups of index p, p2 or p3 there are p, p2 or p3 conjugate subgroups, respectively. The positions of their origins are defined by the p or p2 or p3 permitted values of u or u, v or u, v, w, respectively.

Example 2.1.5.1.1 Two of the four series of isomorphic subgroups of the space group P41, No. 76, are (the data for the generators are omitted): [p] c0 ¼ pc P43 ð78Þ prime p > 2; p = 4n  1 a; b; pc no conjugate subgroups prime p > 4; p = 4n + 1 a; b; pc P41 ð76Þ no conjugate subgroups

Example 2.1.5.3.1 The space group G, P42c, No. 112, has two series of maximal isomorphic subgroups H. For one of them the lattice relations are ½p2  a0 ¼ pa; b0 ¼ pb, listed as pa; pb; c. The index is p2. For each value of p there exist exactly p2 conjugate subgroups with origins in the points u; v; 0, where the parameters u and v run independently: 0  u < p and 0  v < p.

On the other hand, the corresponding data for P43 , No. 78, are [p]

c0 ¼ pc P43 ð78Þ P41 ð76Þ

prime p > 4; p = 4n + 1 no conjugate subgroups prime p > 2; p = 4n  1 no conjugate subgroups

In another type of series there is exactly one (normal) subgroup H for each index p; the location of its origin is always chosen at the origin 0; 0; 0 of G and is thus not indicated as an origin shift.

a; b; pc a; b; pc

Example 2.1.5.3.2 Consider the space group Pca21, No. 29. Only one subgroup exists for each value of p in the series a; b; pc. This is indicated in the tables by the statement ‘no conjugate subgroups’.

Note that in both tables the subgroups of the type P43, No. 78, are listed first because of the rules on the sequence of the subgroups. If an isomorphic maximal subgroup of index i  4 is a member of a series, then it is listed twice: as a member of its series and individually under the heading ‘Enlarged unit cell’. Most isomorphic subgroups of index 3 are the first members of series but those of index 2 or 4 are rarely so. An example is the space group P42, No. 77, with isomorphic subgroups of index 2 (not in any series) and 3 (in a series); an exception is found in space group P4, No. 75, where the isomorphic subgroup for c0 ¼ 2c is the first member of the series ½p c0 ¼ pc.

2.1.5.4. Generators The generators of the p (or p2 or p3 ) conjugate isomorphic subgroups H are obtained from those of G by adding translational components. These components are determined by the parameters p (or q and r, if relevant) and u (and v and w, if relevant). Example 2.1.5.4.1 Space group P21 3, No. 198. In the series defined by the lattice relations pa; pb; pc and the origin shift u; v; w there exist

82

2.1. GUIDE TO THE SUBGROUP TABLES AND GRAPHS 02 1 0 1 exactly p conjugate subgroups for each value of p. The  13  13 1 0 1 3 1 generators of each subgroup are defined by the parameter p  23 A and P ¼ @ 1 1 1 A P 1 ¼ @ 13 3 1 1 1 and the triplet u; v; w in combination with the generators (2), 0 1 1 3 3 3 (3) and (5) of G. Consider the subgroup characterized by the basis 7a; 7b; 7c and by the origin shift u ¼ 3; v ¼ 4; w ¼ 6. are listed in IT A, Table 5.1.3.1, see also Figs. 5.1.3.6(a) and (c) One obtains from the generator (2) x þ 12 ; y; z þ 12 of G the in IT A. corresponding generator of H by adding the translation vector Applying equations (2.1.5.3), (2.1.5.1) and (2.1.5.2), one gets ðp2  12 þ 2uÞa þ 2vb þ ðp2  12Þc to the translation vector 12 a þ 12 c of the generator (2) of G and obtains 192 a þ 8b þ 72 c, so that this ða0rh ÞT ¼ ða0hex ÞT P 1 ¼ ðahex ÞT XP 1 ¼ ðarh ÞT Y ¼ ðahex ÞT P 1 Y: 19 7 generator of H is written x þ 2 ; y þ 8; z þ 2. ð2:1:5:4Þ 3

From equation (2.1.5.4) it follows that

2.1.5.5. Special series For most space groups, there is only one description of their series of the isomorphic subgroups. However, if a space group is described twice in IT A, then there are also two different descriptions of these series. This happens for monoclinic space groups with the settings unique axis b and unique axis c, for some orthorhombic, tetragonal and cubic space groups with origin choices 1 and 2 and for trigonal space groups with rhombohedral lattices with hexagonal axes and rhombohedral axes.

XP 1 ¼ P 1 Y or Y ¼ PXP 1 :

One obtains Y from equation (2.1.5.5) by matrix multiplication, 0 pþ2 Y¼

2.1.5.5.1. Monoclinic space groups In the monoclinic space groups, the series in the listings ‘unique axis b’ and ‘unique axis c’ are closely related by a simple cyclic permutation of the axes a, b and c, see IT A, Section 2.2.16.

1

p1 3 p1 C ; 3 A pþ2 3

c0rh ¼ 13 ½ðp  1Þarh þ ðp  1Þbrh þ ðp þ 2Þcrh : The column of the origin shift uhex ¼ 0; 0; u in hexagonal axes must be transformed by urh ¼ Puhex . The result is the column urh ¼ u; u; u in rhombohedral axes.

2.1.5.5.3. Space groups with two origin choices Space groups with two origin choices are always described in the same basis, but origin 1 is shifted relative to origin 2 by the shift vector s. For most space groups with two origins, the appearance of the two series related by the origin shift is similar; there are only differences in the generators. Example 2.1.5.5.2 Consider the space group Pnnn, No. 48, in both origin choices and the corresponding series defined by pa; b; c and u; 0; 0. In origin choice 1, the generator (5) of G is described by the ‘coordinates’ x þ 12 ; y þ 12 ; z þ 12. The translation part ðp2  12Þa of the third generator of H stems from the term 12 in the first ‘coordinate’ of the generator (5) of G. Because ðp2  12Þa must be a translation vector of G, p is odd. Such a translation part is not found in the generators (2) and (3) of H because the term 12 does not appear in the ‘coordinates’ of the corresponding generators of G. The situation is inverted in the description for origin choice 2. The translation term ðp2  12Þa appears in the first and second generator of H and not in the third one because the term 12 occurs in the first ‘coordinate’ of the generators (2) and (3) of G but not in the generator (5). The term 2u appears in both descriptions. It is introduced in order to adapt the generators to the origin shift u; 0; 0.

ð2:1:5:1Þ

in analogy to Part 5, IT A. ðahex ÞT is the row of basis vectors of the conventional hexagonal basis. The matrix X is defined by 0 1 1 0 0 X ¼ @ 0 1 0 A: 0 0 p With rhombohedral axes, equation (2.1.5.1) would be written ð2:1:5:2Þ

with the matrix Y to be determined. The transformation from hexagonal to rhombohedral axes is described by ðarh ÞT ¼ ðahex ÞT P 1 ;

p1 3 pþ2 3 p1 3

a0rh ¼ 13 ½ðp þ 2Þarh þ ðp  1Þbrh þ ðp  1Þcrh ; b0rh ¼ 13 ½ðp  1Þarh þ ðp þ 2Þbrh þ ðp  1Þcrh ;

Example 2.1.5.5.1 Space group R3, No. 148. The second series is described with hexagonal axes by the basis transformation a; b; pc, i.e. a0hex ¼ ahex ; b0hex ¼ bhex ; c0hex ¼ p chex ; and the origin shift 0; 0; u. We discuss the basis transformation first. It can be written

ða0rh ÞT ¼ ðarh ÞT Y;

3 B p1 @ 3 p1 3

and from Y for the bases of the subgroups with rhombohedral axes

2.1.5.5.2. Trigonal space groups with rhombohedral lattice In trigonal space groups with rhombohedral lattices, the series with hexagonal axes and with rhombohedral axes appear to be rather different. However, the ‘rhombohedral’ series are the exact transcript of the ‘hexagonal’ series by the same transformation formulae as are used for the different monoclinic settings. However, the transformation matrices P and P 1 in Part 5 of IT A are more complicated in this case.

ða0hex ÞT ¼ ðahex ÞT X

ð2:1:5:5Þ

In other space groups described in two origin choices, surprisingly, the number of series is different for origin choice 1 and origin choice 2.

ð2:1:5:3Þ

where the matrices

83

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS Example 2.1.5.5.3 In the tetragonal space group I41 =amd, No. 141, for origin choice 1 there is one series of maximal isomorphic subgroups of index p2 , p prime, with the bases pa; pb; c and origin shifts u; v; 0. For origin choice 2, there are two series with the same bases pa; pb; c but with the different origin shifts u; v; 0 and 1 2 þ u; v; 0. What are the reasons for these results? For origin choice 1, the term 12 appears in the first and second ‘coordinates’ of all generators (2), (3), (5) and (9) of G. This term 12 is the cause of the translation vectors ðp2  12Þa and ðp2  12Þb in the generators of H. For origin choice 2, fractions 14 and 34 appear in all ‘coordinates’ of the generator (3) y þ 14 ; x þ 34 ; z þ 14 of G. As a consequence, translational parts with vectors ðp4 þ 14Þa and ð3p4  54Þb appear if p = 4n  1. On the other hand, translational parts with vectors ðp4  14Þa; ð3p4  34Þb are introduced in the generators of H if p = 4n + 1 holds. Another consequence of the fractions 14 and 34 occurring in the generator (3) of G is the difference in the origin shifts. They are 1 2 þ u; v; 0 for p = 4n  1 and u; v; 0 for p = 4n + 1. Thus, the one series in origin choice 1 for odd p is split into two series in origin choice 2 for p = 4n  1 and p = 4n + 1.4

themselves, see Example 2.1.6.2.2. In the following we restrict the considerations to supergroups G of a space group H which are themselves space groups. This holds, for example, for the symmetry relations between crystal structures when the symmetries of both structures can be described by space groups. Quasicrystals, incommensurate phases etc. are thus excluded. Even under this restriction, supergroups show much more variable behaviour than subgroups do. One of the reasons for this complication is that the search for subgroups H < G is restricted to the elements of the space group G itself, whereas the search for supergroups G > H has to take into account the whole (continuous) group E of all isometries. For example, there are only a finite number of subgroups H of any space group G for any given index i. On the other hand, there may not only be an infinite number of supergroups G of a space group H for a finite index i but even an uncountably infinite number of minimal supergroups of H. Example 2.1.6.1.2 Let H ¼ P1. Then there is an infinite number of t-supergroups P1 of index 2 because there is no restriction for the sites of the centres of inversion and thus of the conventional origin of P1. In the tables of this volume, the minimal translationengleiche supergroups G of a space group H are not listed individually but the type of G is listed by index, conventional HM symbol and space-group number if H is listed as a translationengleiche subgroup of G in the subgroup tables. Not listed is the number of supergroups belonging to one entry. Non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups are listed individually. For them, nonconventional HM symbols are listed in addition; for klassengleiche supergroups with ‘Decreased unit cell’, the lattice relations are added. More details, such as the representatives of the general position or the generators as well as the transformation matrix and the origin shift, would only duplicate the subgroup data. In this Section 2.1.6, the kind of listing is described explicitly. The data for maximal subgroups H are complete for all space groups G. Therefore, it is possible to derive:

2.1.6. The data for minimal supergroups 2.1.6.1. Description of the listed data In the previous sections, the relation H < G between space groups was seen from the viewpoint of the group G. In this case, H was a subgroup of G. However, the same relation may be viewed from the group H. In this case, G > H is a supergroup of H. As for the subgroups of G, cf. Section 1.2.6, different kinds of supergroups of H may be distinguished. Definition 2.1.6.1.1. Let H < G be a maximal subgroup of G. Then G > H is called a minimal supergroup of H. If H is a translationengleiche subgroup of G then G is a translationengleiche supergroup (t-supergroup) of H. If H is a klassengleiche subgroup of G, then G is a klassengleiche supergroup (k-supergroup) of H. If H is an isomorphic subgroup of G, then G is an isomorphic supergroup of H. If H is a general subgroup of G, then G & is a general supergroup of H.

(1) all minimal translationengleiche supergroups G of H if the point-group symmetry of H is at least orthorhombic (i.e. neither triclinic nor monoclinic); (2) all minimal klassengleiche supergroups G for each space group H.

Following from Hermann’s theorem, Lemma 1.2.8.1.2, a minimal supergroup of a space group is either a translationengleiche supergroup (t-supergroup) or a klassengleiche supergroup (k-supergroup). A proper minimal t-supergroup always has an index i, 1 < i < 5, and is never isomorphic. A minimal k-supergroup with index i, 1 < i < 5, may be isomorphic or nonisomorphic; for indices i > 4 a minimal k-supergroup can only be an isomorphic k-supergroup. The propositions, theorems and their corollaries of Sections 1.4.6 and 1.4.7 for maximal subgroups are correspondingly valid for minimal supergroups. Subgroups of space groups of finite index are always space groups again. This does not hold for supergroups. For example, the direct product G of a space group H with a group of order 2 is not a space group, although H < G is a subgroup of index 2 of G. Moreover, supergroups of space groups may be affine groups which are only isomorphic to space groups but not space groups

In Section 2.1.7 the procedure is described by which the supergroup data can be obtained from the subgroup data. This procedure is not trivial and care has to be taken to really obtain the full set of supergroups. In Section 2.1.7 one can also find the reasons why this procedure is not applicable when the space group H belongs to a triclinic or monoclinic point group. Isomorphic supergroups are not indicated at all because they are implicitly contained in the subgroup data. Their derivation from the subgroup data is discussed in Section 2.1.7.2. Like the subgroup data, the supergroup data are also partitioned into blocks. 2.1.6.2. I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups For each space group H, under this heading are listed those space-group types G for which H appears as an entry under the heading I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups. The listing consists of the index in brackets [ . . . ], the conventional HM symbol and the space-group number (in parentheses). The space groups are ordered by ascending space-group number. If this line

4 F. Ga¨hler (private communication) has shown that such a splitting can be avoided if one allows the prime p to enter the formulae for the origin shifts. In these tables we have not made use of this possibility in order to keep the origin shifts in the same form for all space groups G.

84

2.1. GUIDE TO THE SUBGROUP TABLES AND GRAPHS is empty, the heading is printed nevertheless and the content is announced by ‘none’, as in P6=mmm, No. 191. Note that the real setting of the supergroup and thus its HM symbol may be nonconventional.

and one of Pnnn; there are three minimal supergroups of type Pccm, namely Pccm, Pmaa and Pbmb, as well as three minimal supergroups of type Pban, viz. Pban, Pncb and Pcna. There are six minimal supergroups of the type P422 and four minimal supergroups of the type P23; they are space groups if the lattice conditions are fulfilled. The number of different supergroups will be calculated in Examples 2.1.7.3.1 and 2.1.7.4.2 by the procedure described in Section 2.1.7.4.

Example 2.1.6.2.1 Let H ¼ P21 21 2, No. 18. Among the entries of the block one finds the space groups of the crystal class mmm: ½2 Pbam, No. 55; ½2 Pccn, No. 56; ½2 Pbcm, No. 57; ½2 Pnnm, No. 58; ½2 Pmmn, No. 59 and ½2 Pbcn, No. 60, designated by their standard HM symbols. However, the full HM symbols P 21 =b 21 =a 2=m, P 21 =c 21 =c 2=n, P 2=b 21 =c 21 =m, P 21 =n 21 =n 2=m, P 21 =m 21 =m 2=n and P 21 =b 2=c 21 =n reveal that only the four HM symbols Pbam, Pccn, Pnnm and Pmmn of these six entries describe supergroups of P21 21 2. The symbols P 2=b 21 =c 21 =m and P 21 =b 2=c 21 =n represent four supergroups of P21 21 2, namely G ¼ P 21 =b 21 =m 2=a, P 21 =m 21 =a 2=b, P 21 =c 21 =n 2=b and P 21 =n 21 =c 2=a. This is not obvious but will be derived, as well as the origin shift if necessary, with the procedure described in Examples 2.1.7.3.2 and 2.1.7.4.3.

2.1.6.3. II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups If G is a k-supergroup of H, G and H always belong to the same crystal family and there are no lattice restrictions for H. As mentioned above, in the tables of this volume only nonisomorphic minimal k-supergroups are listed among the supergroup data; no isomorphic minimal supergroups are given. The block II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups is divided into two subblocks with the headings Additional centring translations and Decreased unit cell. If both subblocks are empty, only the heading of the block is listed, stating ‘none’ for the content of the block, as in P6=mmm, No. 191. If at least one of the subblocks is non-empty, then the heading of the block and the headings of both subblocks are listed. An empty subblock is then designated by ‘none’; in the other subblock the supergroups are listed. The kind of listing depends on the subblock. Examples may be found in the tables of P222, No. 16, and Fd3c, No. 228. As discussed in Section 2.1.7.1, there is exactly one supergroup for each of the non-isomorphic k-supergroup entries of H, although often not in the conventional setting. A transformation of the general-position representatives or of the generators to the conventional setting may be necessary to obtain the standard HM symbol of G in the same way as in Examples 2.1.7.3.1 and 2.1.7.3.2, which refer to translationengleiche supergroups. Under the heading ‘Additional centring translations’, the supergroups are listed by their indices and either by their nonconventional HM symbols, with the space-group numbers and the conventional HM symbols in parentheses, or by their conventional HM symbols and only their space-group numbers in parentheses. Examples are provided by space group Pbca, No. 61, with both subblocks non-empty and by space group P222, No. 16, with supergroups only under the heading ‘Additional centring translations’. Not only the HM symbols but also the centrings themselves may be nonconventional. In this volume, the nonconventional centrings tetragonal c (c4gm as a supergroup of p4gm) and h (h31m as a supergroup of p31m) are used for HM symbols of plane groups, tetragonal C (C4m2 as a supergroup of P4m2), Rrev ‘reverse’, different from the conventional Robv ‘obverse’ (Rrev 3 as supergroup of P3), and H (H312 as supergroup of P312) are used for HM symbols of space groups. Under the heading ‘Decreased unit cell’ each supergroup is listed by its index and by its lattice relations, where the basis vectors a0, b0 and c0 refer to the supergroup G and the basis vectors a, b and c to the original group H. After these data are listed either the nonconventional HM symbol, followed by the spacegroup number and the conventional HM symbol in parentheses, or the conventional HM symbol with the space-group number in parentheses. Examples are provided again by space group Pbca, No. 61, with both subblocks occupied and space group F43m, No. 216, with an empty subblock ‘Additional centring translations’ but data under the heading ‘Decreased unit cell’.

The supergroups listed in this block represent space groups only if the lattice conditions of H fulfil the lattice conditions for G. This is not a problem if group H and supergroup G belong to the same crystal family,5 cf. Example 2.1.6.2.1. Otherwise the lattice parameters of H have to be checked correspondingly, as in Example 2.1.6.2.2. Example 2.1.6.2.2 Space group H ¼ P222, No. 16. For the minimal supergroups G ¼ Pmmm, No. 47, Pnnn, No. 48, Pccm, No. 49, and Pban, No. 50, there is no lattice condition because P222 and all these supergroups belong to the same orthorhombic crystal family and thus are space groups. If, however, a space group of the types G ¼ P422, No. 89, P42 22, No. 93, P42m, No. 111, or P42c, No. 112, is considered as a supergroup of H ¼ P222, two of the three independent lattice parameters a, b, c of P222 must be equal (or in crystallographic practice, approximately equal). These must be a and b if c is the tetragonal axis, b and c if a is the tetragonal axis or c and a if b is the tetragonal axis. In the latter two cases, the setting of P222 has to be transformed to the c-axis setting of P422. For the cubic supergroup P23, No. 195, all three lattice parameters of P222 must be (approximately) equal. If they are not, elements of G are not isometries and G is an affine group which is only isomorphic to a space group. The lattice conditions are useful in the search for supergroups G > H which are space groups, i.e. form the symmetry of crystal structures. Whereas a subgroup H < G does not become noticeable in the lattice parameters of a space group G, a space group G > H of another crystal family must be indicated by the lattice parameters of the space group H. Thus it may be an important advantage if the conditions of temperature, pressure or composition allow the start of the search for possible phase transitions of the low-symmetry phase. As mentioned already, the number of the minimal t-supergroups cannot be taken or concluded from the subgroup tables. It is different in the different cases of Example 2.1.6.2.2 above. The space group P222 has one minimal supergroup of the type Pmmm 5 For the term ‘crystal family’ see Section 1.2.5.2 or, for more details, IT A, Section 8.2.7.

85

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS group G is isomorphic to the space group H or not. Therefore, the last paragraph of Section 2.1.7.2 also holds for the nonisomorphic k-subgroup pairs of P21 22, P221 2 and P2221 among the subgroups of P222.

2.1.7. Derivation of the minimal supergroups from the subgroup tables The minimal supergroups of the space groups, in particular the translationengleiche or t-supergroups, are not fully listed in the tables. However, with the exception of the translationengleiche supergroups of triclinic and monoclinic space groups H, the listing is sufficient to derive the supergroups with the aid of the subgroup tables. For this derivation the coset decomposition ðX : T ðX ÞÞ of a space group X relative to its translation subgroup T ðX Þ as well as the normalizers N ðHÞ and N ðGÞ of the space groups H and G play a decisive role. The coset decomposition of a group relative to a subgroup has been defined in Section 1.2.4.2; the coset decomposition of a space group relative to its translation subgroup in Sections 1.2.5.1 and 1.2.5.4. The notions of the affine and the Euclidean normalizer have been introduced in Section 1.2.6.3. In the next Sections 2.1.7.1 and 2.1.7.2 the minimal k-supergroups including the isomorphic supergroups will be derived by inversion of the subgroup data. In Section 2.1.7.3 one minimal t-supergroup of each type will be found from the corresponding subgroup data, also by inversion. Starting from this supergroup other minimal t-supergroups can be obtained. This procedure is described in Sections 2.1.7.4 and 2.1.7.5.

Example 2.1.7.1.1 Consider the minimal k-supergroups of the space group P21 21 2, No. 18. Four entries for ‘Additional centring translations’ and two for ‘Decreased unit cell’ are listed in the supergroup data of H ¼ P21 21 2; the missing entry for c0 ¼ 12 c results in a k-supergroup isomorphic to H and is thus not listed among the supergroup data of P21 21 2. The supergroups with ‘Additional centring translations’ shall be looked at in more detail. The supergroup C222 is obtained directly by adding the C-centring to the symmetry operations of H. Adding the A- and B-centrings to H ¼ P21 21 2 results in supergroups of the type C2221. For C2221 , in the a and b directions 2 and 2 1 axes alternate, whereas in the c direction there are only 2 1 axes. Adding the A-centring ð0; 1=2; 1=2Þþ to P21 21 2 results in alternating 2 and 2 1 axes in the directions b and c but there are only 2 1 axes in the direction of a; A21 22 is obtained. Adding the B-centring ð1=2; 0; 1=2Þþ to P21 21 2 results in alternating 2 and 2 1 axes in the directions a and c but there are only 2 1 axes in the b direction; B221 2 is obtained. These relations can also be derived in another way. Transformation of the relation P21 221 < C2221 with its matrix–column pair as listed in the subgroup table of C2221 in Chapter 2.3 results in the relation P21 21 2 < A21 22. On the other hand, the relation P221 21 < C2221 is transformed by its matrix–column pair to P21 21 2 < B221 2. It is often easy to construct the supergroup from the drawing of the original space group H in IT A by adding the centring vectors or the additional basis vectors. This happens, for example, for the supergroup I222, No. 23, where the origin shift by ð0; 0; 1=4Þ is obvious from the comparison of the drawings of P21 21 2 and I222. This agrees with the data in the subgroup table of I222.

2.1.7.1. Determination of the non-isomorphic minimal k-supergroups by inverting the subgroup data All non-isomorphic klassengleiche maximal subgroups of a space group G are listed individually, whereas the infinite number of isomorphic k-subgroups of G are listed essentially by series. Therefore, it is more transparent to deal with the isomorphic supergroups separately (in Section 2.1.7.2). The non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups are considered here. The procedure for deriving the k-supergroups Gj of a space group H is simpler than that for the derivation of the t-supergroups, described in Sections 2.1.7.3, 2.1.7.4 and 2.1.7.5. The data for k-supergroups of H are more detailed and, unlike the t-supergroups, there is only one k-supergroup per entry for the supergroup data of H. To show this, one considers the coset decomposition of the group H with respect to the normal subgroup T ðHÞ of all its translations, cf. Section 8.1.6 of IT A. The set of cosets with respect to this decomposition forms a group, the factor group H=T ðHÞ. Each coset, i.e. each element of the factor group H=T ðHÞ, consists of all those elements (symmetry operations) of H which have the same matrix part in common and differ in their translation parts only. In a klassengleiche supergroup G > H the coset decomposition of H is retained; only the set of translations is increased in G relative to H, T ðGÞ > T ðHÞ. With the additional translations, each coset of H is extended to a coset of G. The cosets are independent of the chosen coset representatives. Thus, as the coset representatives of H always belong to the elements of G, the coset representatives of H can be taken as the coset representatives of G and the elements of G are uniquely determined. It follows that for each maximal k-subgroup H which is listed among the subgroups of G, G is the only minimal k-supergroup for the corresponding extension of the lattice translations (there may be other lattice extensions in addition which result in other supergroups). If different k-subgroups Hj of G and their lattice extensions are conjugate under the Euclidean normalizer of G, then G is the common minimal k-supergroup of these subgroups Hj . This result is independent of whether the minimal k-super-

The completeness of the data for the minimal k-supergroups depends on the completeness of the listed lattice extensions, i.e. on the completeness of the listed possible centrings as well as of the possible decreased unit cells of the lattices. These data are well known for the small indices 2, 3 and 4 occurring in these group–subgroup relations. 2.1.7.2. The isomorphic minimal supergroups It is not necessary to list the isomorphic minimal supergroups, i.e. those minimal supergroups G which belong to the space-group type of H. Therefore, a block ‘series of isomorphic minimal supergroups’ does not occur among the supergroup data. The derivation of the isomorphic minimal supergroups G from the data in the subgroup tables is straightforward. For each index, one looks for the listed isomorphic normal subgroups H and for the classes of conjugate isomorphic subgroups Hq in the subgroup table of G. If some of these items are conjugate under the Euclidean normalizer of G, then only one item of this conjugacy class has to be taken into consideration as a representative. For each of these representatives there is one corresponding supergroup of H. As for the isomorphic maximal subgroups, the indices of the minimal supergroups are p, p2 or p3, p prime. However, the large conjugacy classes of isomorphic maximal subgroups always belong to single isomorphic minimal supergroups.

86

2.1. GUIDE TO THE SUBGROUP TABLES AND GRAPHS (P1, p1) also transforms the group G1 from its standard description to that referred to the coordinate system of H1. This transformed group G 01 is one supergroup G 01 > H1 from which one can start to derive other supergroups of this type, if there are any, cf. Sections 2.1.7.4 and 2.1.7.5. The same procedure has to be applied to any other maximal t-subgroup Hk < G1 and to the other listed t-supergroups G > H. The calculations can be verified by viewing the space-group diagrams of the corresponding space groups in IT, Volume A.

Example 2.1.7.2.1 Consider the p2 conjugate isomorphic subgroups H of a space group P42c, No. 112, in the series ½ p2  a0 ¼ pa; b0 ¼ pb, prime p fixed. The same supergroup G belongs to each of these subgroups H. The indices u and v, designating the members of a conjugacy class of subgroups Hk < G, may have any of their admissible values or may be set to zero. Choosing other values of u and/or v means dealing with the same supergroup G but transformed by an element of G. Because the parameters u and/or v appear only in the translation parts of the (4  4) symmetry matrices, this may mean a shift of the origin in the description of G. If for practical reasons the origin of G will be chosen as the origin of Hk, i.e. at different points of G for the different groups Hk, then the (same) group G is described relative to different origins. These origins are then chosen in different translationally equivalent points of G.

Example 2.1.7.3.1 Space group H1 ¼ P222, No.16. In continuation of Example 2.1.6.2.2, one finds no data for the matrix P and the column p listed in the entry for the subgroup P222 in the subgroup tables of Pmmm, No. 47, Pnnn, No. 48, origin choice 1, Pban, No. 50, origin choice 1, P422, No. 89, P42 22, No. 93, P42m, No. 111, and P23, No. 195. This means P = I and p = o. Thus, P222 is a subgroup of these space groups and the standard settings agree, i.e. the generators of G1 can be taken directly from those of H1, adding the last generator of G1. This is confirmed by the space-group diagrams. Regarding the tetragonal and cubic supergroups, the lattice restrictions for the space group H1 have to be obeyed, cf. Example 2.1.6.2.2. Only an origin shift but no transformation matrix P is listed in the subgroup tables of the supergroups Pnnn origin choice 2, p ¼ ð1=4; 1=4; 1=4Þ; Pccm, No. 49, p ¼ ð0; 0; 1=4Þ; Pban origin choice 2, p ¼ ð1=4; 1=4; 0Þ and P42c, No. 112, p ¼ ð0; 0; 1=4Þ. Thus, the r matrix parts of the r non-translational generators of H1 ; r ¼ 2, are retained, W 01r ¼ W 1r , and equation (2.1.3.9) is reduced to

Space groups Hj which are conjugate under the Euclidean normalizer of the supergroup G have the supergroup G in common if they are complemented by the corresponding conjugate sets of translations. For example, both members of each of the subgroup pairs P222 of index [2] in the subgroup table of the space group P222, No. 16, for a0 ¼ 2a or b0 ¼ 2b or c0 ¼ 2c have their minimal supergroup G in common because they are conjugate under the Euclidean normalizer Pð1=2; 1=2; 1=2Þmmm.6 If for some temperature, pressure and composition of a substance a = b = c holds for the lattice parameters of P222, N E ðHÞ ¼ N A ðHÞ ¼ Pð1=2; 1=2; 1=2Þm3m, i.e. the Euclidean normalizer is equal to the affine normalizer, making the three supergroups G conjugate in the normalizer. Such relations have little importance in practice if the space group describes the symmetry of a substance. This substance has the crystal symmetry P222 independent of the accidentally higher lattice symmetry.

w 0 ¼ w þ ðW  IÞp;

ð2:1:7:1Þ

where ðW 01r ; w 01r Þ are those (two) generators of Gj which stem from H. The third generator of G1, the inversion or rotoinversion, has to be transformed correspondingly. The column parts w01r of the r = 2 generators 2 z and 2 y of the four space groups Pnnn origin choice 2, Pccm, Pban origin choice 2 and P42c are then (normalized to values between 0  wr < 1) the same as those of the group H, i.e. they are generators of supergroups of H. The columns of the inversions are

2.1.7.3. Determination of one minimal t-supergroup by inverting the subgroup data A proper translationengleiche supergroup G of a space group H cannot be isomorphic to H because it belongs to another crystal class. Therefore, it is not necessary to include the word ‘nonisomorphic’ in the header. The minimal t-supergroups G of H have indices i, 1 < i < 5; only the conventional HM symbol of the supergroup G together with the index and the space-group number are listed in the supergroup data of the group H. However, in the subgroup data of G the subgroups Hk are explicitly listed with their indices, their (nonconventional and) conventional HM symbols, their spacegroup numbers, their general positions and their transformation matrices P and columns p. Suppose the supergroups Gj are listed on the line ‘I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups’ of the space group H. In order to determine all supergroups Gm > H, one takes one of the listed supergroups G, say G1. In the subgroup table of G1 one finds a subgroup H1 < G1, isomorphic to H (at least one must exist, otherwise G1 would not be listed among the minimal supergroups of H). The transformation (P1, p1), listed with the subgroup H1, transforms the symmetry operations of H1 from the coordinate system of G1 to the standard coordinate system of H1. Such transformations are described by equations (2.1.3.8) and (2.1.3.9) in Section 2.1.3.3. The matrix–column pair

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 B1C @0A @ 1 A @ ; 2 and 0 A; @ 2 A; 1 1 1 0 2 2 2 respectively. This describes the position of 1 or 4 relative to the origin of the P222 framework in the corresponding spacegroup diagrams of IT A. The coordinates of the inversion centre are half the coefficients of the columns. The supergroup Pnnn, origin choice 2, is the same as Pnnn, origin choice 1; only the setting is different. The space-group diagrams in IT A display the agreement of the frameworks of the rotation axes in H1 and Gj . The supergroup P42c is a space group only if the corresponding lattice relations for H1 are fulfilled. Example 2.1.7.3.2 Continued from Example 2.1.6.2.1. For H1 ¼ P21 21 2, No. 18, and its orthorhombic types of supergroups, the places for the matrix P and the column p under P21 21 2 in the subgroup data of Pbam, No. 55, and Pmmn, No. 59, origin choice 1 are empty. In analogy to the preceding example, P21 21 2 is a subgroup of these space groups in the standard setting.

6

Here we make use of the notation L(U, V, W)P N for the HM symbol of the normalizer N . L is the lattice letter, P N is the point-group part of the HM symbol of N and U, V, W determine the basis vectors a0i of N referred to the basis vectors ak of the lattice of G: a0 ¼ Ua, b0 ¼ Vb, c0 ¼ Wc. Such nomenclature can be used conveniently if the lattice relations are simple, as they are in these examples.

87

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS The equation P ¼ I also holds for the subgroup data of Pccn, No. 56, Pnnm, No. 58, and Pmmn, No. 59, origin choice 2, but p ¼ ð1=4; 1=4; 1=4Þ, p ¼ ð0; 0; 1=4Þ and p ¼ ð1=4; 1=4; 0Þ, respectively. Thus, the reduced equation (2.1.7.1) holds for the generators of H1 and the inversion. Again the column parts of the generators 2 z and 2 y of the groups Pccn, Pnnm and Pmmn, origin choice 2, are the same as those of the group H1, if normalized to values between 0  wr < 1, i.e. they are generators of supergroups of H. The columns of the inversions are 0 1 0 1 011 1 0 2 2 B1C @ A @ 2 A; 0 and @ 12 A; 1 1 0 2 2

one finds bx at x ¼ 1=4, my at y ¼ 1=4 and az at z ¼ 0. This results in the HM symbol P 21 =b 21 =m 2=a ¼ Pbma for this supergroup; see also the diagram in IT A. For Pbcn, 0

0 @ P¼ 0 1

1 0 0

1 0 1 A; 0

0 1 0 @ p ¼ 1 A: 4 1 4

A procedure analogous to that applied for Pbcm yields for Pbcn, No. 60, the standard setting of P21 21 2 and the inversion centre at (1/4, 0, 1/4). Again by combination of the (screw) rotations with the inversion one gets nx at x ¼ 0, cy at y ¼ 1=4 and az at z ¼ 1=4. The nonconventional HM symbol of this supergroup of P21 21 2 is thus Pnca or P 21 =n 21 =c 2=a.

respectively. As in the previous example, this describes the position of 1 relative to the origin of the P21 21 2 framework in the corresponding space-group diagrams of IT A. The coordinates of the inversion centre are half the coefficients of the columns. The supergroup Pmmn, origin choice 2, is the same as Pmmn, origin choice 1; only the setting is different. Again the space-group diagrams in IT A display the agreement of the frameworks of rotation and screw rotation axes in H1 and Gj . Concerning Pbcm, No. 57, in its subgroup table one finds the line of P21 21 2 with the representatives 1, 2, 3, 4 of the general position and 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 I 6¼ P ¼ @ 1 0 0 A; p ¼ @ 14 A: 0 1 0 0

2.1.7.4. Derivation of further minimal t-supergroups by using normalizers Up to now one minimal t-supergroup G > H per entry using the tables of maximal subgroups has been found, see Examples 2.1.7.3.1 of P222 and 2.1.7.3.2 of P21 21 2. The question arises as to whether this list is complete or whether further t-supergroups Gj > H exist which belong to the space-group type of G and are represented by the same entry of the supergroup data. If these supergroups belong to the same space-group type then they are isomorphic and are thus conjugate under the group A of all affine mappings according to the theorem of Bieberbach. Then there must be an affine mapping a 2 A such that a1 Ga ¼ Gj . To find these mappings, one makes use of the affine normalizers NA ðGÞ and NA ðHÞ and considers their intersection D ¼ NA ðGÞ \ NA ðHÞ (Koch, 1984). One of the two diagrams of Fig. 2.1.7.1 will describe the situation because G is a minimal supergroup of H. Let N G ðHÞ be the normalizer of the group H in the group G, i.e. the set of all elements of G which leave H invariant. Whereas in general G  N G ðHÞ  H holds, for a minimal supergroup G either G ¼ N G ðHÞ (right diagram) or N G ðHÞ ¼ H (left diagram) holds.

The representative 1 is described by ðW ; wÞ ¼ ðI; oÞ; it is invariant under the transformation. Using equations (2.1.3.8) and (2.1.3.9) and the above values for P and p for the representatives 2, 3 and 4 of the subgroup P221 21, these will be transformed to the matrix–column pairs of 2z, 21y and 21x in the standard form of P21 21 2. The inversion is transformed to an inversion with the column ð1=2; 0; 0Þ, i.e. the centre of inversion has the coordinates ð1=4; 0; 0Þ. Combining the (screw) rotations with the inversion, one obtains the reflection and the glide reflections, referred to the coordinate system of P21 21 2. With the application of the formulae of IT A, Chapter 11.2,

Lemma 2.1.7.4.1. Let G1 > H1 be a minimal t-supergroup of a space group H1, let N ðG1 Þ and N ðH1 Þ be their affine normalizers, and D ¼ N ðG1 Þ \ N ðH1 Þ is the intersection of these normalizers. Then in minimal supergroups Gj > H1 exist, isomorphic to G1, where in ¼ jN ðH1 Þ : Dj is the index of D in N ðH1 Þ. If in is finite, then the representatives am, m ¼ 1; . . . ; in of the cosets in the & decomposition of N ðH1 Þ : D transform G1 to Gm. The lemma is proven by coset decomposition of N ðH1 Þ relative to D. If H < G is a t-subgroup, for the translation groups T ðN ðGÞÞ and T ðN ðHÞÞ of the normalizers T ðN ðGÞÞ  T ðN ðHÞÞ always holds (Wondratschek & Aroyo, 2001). Therefore, for t-supergroups there may be translations of T ðN ðHÞÞ which transform the space group G > H into another one, Gj > H. Transformation of G and H by an element of D will map G as well as H onto itself. Transformation of G and H by an element ðW ; wÞ 2 N ðHÞ but ðW ; wÞ 2 = D will map H onto itself but will map the supergroup G onto another supergroup Gj. For applications it is transparent to split the index in into the index iL of the translation lattices and iP of the point-group parts, in ¼ iL  iP . For the application of Lemma 2.1.7.4.1, the kind of the normalizers N A ðHÞ and N A ðGÞ and in particular the index in ¼

Fig. 2.1.7.1. In the left-hand diagram, there are i conjugate subgroups Hk < G of G if [i] is the index of H in G; in the right-hand diagram, H / G is a normal subgroup of G. The group D ¼ N ðHÞ \ N ðGÞ is the intersection of the normalizers N ðHÞ and N ðGÞ. The group X is the group generated by the groups D and G.

88

2.1. GUIDE TO THE SUBGROUP TABLES AND GRAPHS iL  iP are decisive. The affine normalizers of the plane groups and space groups are listed in the tables of Chapter 15.2 of IT A. Their point-group parts are:

type of affine normalizers corresponds to the type of the highest-symmetry Euclidean normalizers belonging to that space (plane)-group type.] The affine normalizers of the supergroups Pmmm, No. 47, and Pnnn, No. 48, are the same as that of P222. The index in ¼ 1 ¼ 1  1, there is only one supergroup with the same origin (origin choice 1 for Pnnn) of each of these types. The affine normalizers of G ¼ Pccm, No. 49, and G ¼ Pban, No. 50, are N A ðGÞ ¼ Pð1=2; 1=2; 1=2Þ4=mmm ¼ D such that the index in ¼ 3 ¼ 1  3. Coset decomposition of N A ðP222Þ relative to D reveals the coset representatives 3111 and 31 111 so that from Pccm (origin shift 0; 0; 1=4) the space groups (in unconventional HM symbols) Pmaa and Pbmb are generated with the origin shifts 1=4; 0; 0 and 0; 1=4; 0; from Pban (no origin shift for origin choice 1) one obtains Pncb and Pcna with no origin shifts. To all these orthorhombic supergroups there are no translationally equivalent supergroups. The tetragonal supergroups P422, No. 89, P42 22, No. 93, P42m, No. 111, and P42c, No. 112, are space groups if one of the conditions a = b or b = c or c = a holds for the lattice parameters, with the tetragonal axes perpendicular to the tetragonal plane. Otherwise the tetragonal supergroups are affine groups which are only isomorphic to space groups. They all have affine normalizer Cð1; 1; 1=2Þ4=mmm, such that the index in ¼ 6 ¼ 2  3. The supergroups P422 form three pairs; one pair with its tetragonal axes parallel to c and with the origins either coinciding with that of P222 or shifted by 12 a (or equivalently by 12 b). The other two pairs point with their tetragonal axes parallel to a and to b, with one origin at the origin of P222 and the other origin shifted by 12 b (or equivalently c) and 12 a (or equivalently c). The same holds for the six supergroups of type P42 22 and for the six supergroups of type P42m. The six supergroups of type P42c again form three pairs with their tetragonal axes along c or a or b but their origins are shifted against that of P222 by 1=4 along the tetragonal axes because of the entry p ¼ 0; 0; 1=4 in the subgroup table of P42c, see also Example 2.1.7.3.1. For the supergroups with the symbol P23, No. 195, which is a space group if a = b = c, the affine normalizer is N A ðP23Þ ¼ Ið1; 1; 1Þm3m with point-group index iP ¼ 1 but translation index iL ¼ 4. Thus, there are four such (translationally equivalent) supergroups with their origins at 0; 0; 0; 1=2; 0; 0; 0; 1=2; 0; and 0; 0; 1=2.

(1) infinite groups of integral matrices W with detðW Þ ¼ 1 for triclinic and monoclinic space groups; (2) (finite) crystallographic point groups or affine groups isomorphic to crystallographic point groups for orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal and cubic space groups. The translation parts of the normalizers are continuous or partly continuous groups for polar space groups and lattices for non-polar space groups. The following cases may be distinguished in the use of Lemma 2.1.7.4.1: (1) Both H and G are triclinic: only for the pair P1–P1 can G be a minimal translationengleiche supergroup of H, cf. Example 2.1.6.1.2. The point-group index iP ¼ 1, the translation index iL is uncountably infinite. Such translation indices can be represented by regions of the unit cell for the possible coordinates of the origin, here 0  x0 ; y0 ; z0 < 1=2. In any case, continuous ranges of parameters due to infinite indices iL do not cause difficulties. (2) H is triclinic, G is monoclinic: index iP ¼ 1. Such relations cannot be treated by the procedure described earlier in this section; monoclinic minimal t-supergroups of triclinic space groups are not accessible by the procedure using Lemma 2.1.7.4.1. Other approved procedures are not known to the authors; they are being developed and tested but are not yet available for this edition of IT A1. (3) Both H and G are monoclinic: for minimal t-supergroups G, inversions 1 have to be added to the symmetry of the space group H. The procedure using Lemma 2.1.7.4.1 needs to be worked out because of the infinity of the linear parts of the normalizers. Another procedure is being tested at the time of writing of this guide. Both methods and their results cannot be presented here. (4) H is triclinic or monoclinic, G is orthorhombic, trigonal or hexagonal: as in (2), iP ¼ 1 and Lemma 2.1.7.4.1 cannot be applied. No solution can be offered at present. (5) Both H and G are orthorhombic or higher symmetry: the finite index iP ¼ q allows the application of Lemma 2.1.7.4.1. The index iL ¼ r may be either finite or iL ¼ 1, there are either r translationally equivalent supergroups of the same space-group type or an infinite number, described by a continuous region of parameters, e.g. of coordinates of the origin. One has to take care to select from these supergroups those which are space groups and those which are affine groups isomorphic to space groups (Koch, 1984).

Example 2.1.7.4.3 Application of the normalizers to the t-supergroups of H ¼ P21 21 2, No. 18. The normalizer N ðP21 21 2Þ ¼ Pð1=2; 1=2; 1=2Þ4=mmm is the same as those for the minimal t-supergroups Pbam, No. 55, Pccn, No. 56, Pnnm, No. 58, and Pmmn, No. 59. There is one supergroup for each of these types with the origin shifts 0; 0; 0; 1=4; 1=4; 1=4; 0; 0; 1=4; and 0; 0; 0 (origin choice 1), respectively, according to the p values listed in the subgroup tables of the supergroups. This can also be concluded from the spacegroup diagrams of IT A. The listed HM symbols Pbcm, No. 57, and Pbcn, No. 60, do not refer to supergroups of P21 21 2, but Pbma and Pnca do. This can be seen either from the full HM symbols, cf. Example 2.1.6.2.1, or by applying the (P, p) data of the supergroups for the subgroup P21 21 2, from which the origin shifts may also be taken, cf. Example 2.1.7.3.2. Both supergroups have normalizer N A ¼ Pð1=2; 1=2; 1=2Þmmm with index in ¼ 2 ¼ 1  2. There are two supergroups of each type, the second one, Pmab

The application of Lemma 2.1.7.4.1 will be described by three examples. Example 2.1.7.4.2 is the continuation of Example 2.1.7.3.1, Example 2.1.7.4.3 is the continuation of Example 2.1.7.3.2 and Example 2.1.7.4.4 deals with the minimal t-supergroups of space group H ¼ Pmm2, No. 25. Example 2.1.7.4.2 Application of the normalizers to the minimal t-supergroups of H ¼ P222, No. 16; continuation of Example 2.1.7.3.1. The affine normalizer N A ðP222Þ ¼ Pð1=2; 1=2; 1=2Þm3m, cf. IT A, Table 15.2.1.3. [In the header of this table, only the words Euclidean normalizer are found. It is mentioned in Section 15.2.2, Affine normalizers of plane and space groups, that the

89

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS Suppose Gs > H is such a supergroup. According to the theorem of Bieberbach for space groups, isomorphism and affine equivalence result in the same classification of the space groups, cf. Section 8.2.2 of IT A. Therefore, there exists an affine mapping as 2 A in the group A of all affine mappings which transforms G onto the space group Gs ¼ a1 s G as and does not belong to = N A ðHÞ. Let Hs ¼ as H a1 N A ðHÞ, as 2 s be obtained from H by the inverse of the transformation which transforms G to Gs. Then the group Hs is a subgroup of G if and only if H is a subgroup of Gs . Therefore, if the space group G has a subgroup Hs < G in addition to H < G, then the space group H has an additional supergroup Gs > H which can be found using the transformation of H to Hs. This transformation is effective only if it does not belong to the normalizer N A ðGÞ, otherwise it would transform the space group G onto itself. Therefore, only those subgroups Hs < G have to be taken into consideration which are not conjugate to H under the normalizer N A ðGÞ. An example of the application of this procedure is given in Section 1.7.1 and Example 1.7.3.2.2. It refers to minimal k-supergroups; an example for minimal t-subgroups is not known to the authors. In Sections 2.1.7.4 and 2.1.7.5 only minimal t-supergroups are dealt with. The same considerations can be applied to minimal k-supergroups with corresponding results. It was not necessary to mention the minimal k-supergroups here, as because of the more detailed data in the tables of this volume, the simpler procedure of Sections 2.1.7.1 and 2.1.7.2 could be used to determine the minimal k-supergroups.

and Pcnb, generated from that already listed by the fourfold rotation in the normalizer of P21 21 2. The tetragonal supergroups (they are space groups if for their lattice parameters the equation a = b holds) P421 2, No. 90, P42 21 2, No. 94, P421 m, No. 113, and P421 c, No. 114, all have normalizer Cð1; 1; 1=2Þ4=mmm, such that the index in ¼ 2 ¼ 2  1. There are two translationally equivalent supergroups in each case, one with origin at 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 1=4; 0; 0; 0; and 0; 0; 1=4, respectively, the other shifted against the first one by the translation t ð1=2; 0; 0Þ or (equivalently) by t ð0; 1=2; 0Þ. The procedure just described works fine if the symmetry of the group H is higher than triclinic or monoclinic. The following example shows that an infinite lattice index is acceptable. Example 2.1.7.4.4 Application of the normalizers to the t-supergroups of H ¼ Pmm2, No. 25. The affine normalizer is N A ðPmm2Þ ¼ Pð1=2; 1=2; "Þ4=mmm. The list of t-supergroups of Pmm2 starts with Pmmm, No. 47. The affine normalizer N A ðPmmmÞ ¼ Pð1=2; 1=2; 1=2Þm3m; its point group m3m is a supergroup of the point group 4/mmm of N A ðPmm2Þ such that the intersection of the point groups is 4/mmm and iP ¼ 1. The index iL ¼ 1, leading to a continuous sequence of supergroups with origins at 0; 0; z0 ; 0  z0 < 1=2. The t-supergroup Pmma, No. 51, follows. N A ðPmmaÞ ¼ Pð1=2; 1=2; 1=2ÞPmmm such that D ¼ Pð1=2; 1=2; 1=2ÞPmmm with iP ¼ 2 and iL ¼ 1. There is a continuous set of supergroups Pmma. Because of the origin shift p ¼ 1=4; 0; 0 for Pmm2 in the subgroup table of Pmma, the origins of these supergroups are placed at 1=4; 0; z0 with 0  z0 < 1=2. Because iP ¼ 2, there is a second set of supergroups, rotated by 90 relative to the first set, such that its (unconventional) HM symbol is Pmmb and its origins are placed at 0; 1=4; z0 , 0  z0 < 1=2. The normalizer N A ¼ Pð1=2; 1=2; 1=2Þ4=mmm of the last orthorhombic t-supergroup Pmmn, No. 59, has the same pointgroup part as that of Pmm2 and its translation part differs only in z ¼ 1=2 instead of z ¼ ". There are no transformation data for Pmm2 in the subgroup table of Pmmn, origin choice 1. There is one set of supergroups Pmmn with the origins at 0; 0; z0 for 0  z0 < 1=2. The tetragonal minimal supergroups P4mm, No. 99, P42 mc, No. 105, and P4m2, No. 115, are space groups if a = b holds for the lattice parameters of Pmm2. The affine and Euclidean normalizers of tetragonal space groups are the same. The normalizers Cð1; 1; "Þ4=mmm of P4mm and P42 mc differ from N A ðPmm2Þ only in the translation part such that iP ¼ 1 and iL ¼ 2 and the additional translations of N A ðPmm2Þ relative to D may be represented by t ð1=2; 0; 0Þ. There are two supergroups each: P4mm and P42 mc, with their origins at 0; 0; 0 and 1=2; 0; 0 of Pmm2. Finally, the normalizer N ðP4m2Þ ¼ Cð1; 1; 1=2ÞP4=mmm and there are two continuous sets of supergroups P4m2 with their origins at 0; 0; z0 and 1=2; 0; z0 ; 0  z0 < 1=2.

2.1.8. The subgroup graphs 2.1.8.1. General remarks The group–subgroup relations between the space groups may also be described by graphs. This way is chosen in Chapters 2.4 and 2.5. Graphs for the group–subgroup relations between crystallographic point groups have been published, for example, in Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (1935) and in IT A (2005), Figs. 10.1.3.2 and 10.1.4.3. Three kinds of graphs for subgroups of space groups have been constructed and can be found in the literature: (1) Graphs for t-subgroups, such as the graphs of Ascher (1968). (2) Graphs for k-subgroups, such as the graphs for cubic space groups of Neubu¨ser & Wondratschek (1966). (3) Mixed graphs, combining t- and k-subgroups. These are used, for example, when relations between existing or suspected crystal structures are to be displayed. Examples are the ‘family trees’ after Ba¨rnighausen (1980), as shown in Chapter 1.6, now called Ba¨rnighausen trees. A complete collection of graphs of the first two kinds is presented in this volume: in Chapter 2.4 those displaying the translationengleiche or t-subgroup relations and in Chapter 2.5 those for the klassengleiche or k-subgroup relations. Neither type of graph is restricted to maximal subgroups but both contain t- or k-subgroups of higher indices, with the exception of isomorphic subgroups, cf. Section 2.1.8.3 below. The group–subgroup relations are direct relations between the space groups themselves, not between their types. However, each such relation is valid for a pair of space groups, one from each of the types, and for each space group of a given type there exists a corresponding relation. In this sense, one can speak of a

2.1.7.5. Derivation of the remaining minimal t-supergroups By the procedure discussed in Section 2.1.7.4, from a supergroup G > H other supergroups Gj > H could be found which are isomorphic to G with the same index. The question arises as to whether there exist further minimal supergroups Gq > H isomorphic to G and of the same index which can not be obtained by consideration of the normalizers.

90

2.1. GUIDE TO THE SUBGROUP TABLES AND GRAPHS relation between the space-group types, keeping in mind the difference between space groups and space-group types, cf. Section 1.2.5.3. The space groups in the graphs are denoted by the standard HM symbols and the space-group numbers. In each graph, each space-group type is displayed at most once. Such graphs are called contracted graphs here. Without this contraction, the more complex graphs would be much too large for the page size of this volume. The symbol of a space group G is connected by uninterrupted straight lines with the symbols of all its maximal non-isomorphic subgroups or minimal non-isomorphic supergroups. In general, the maximal subgroups of G are drawn on a lower level than G; in the same way, the minimal supergroups of G are mostly drawn on a higher level than G. For exceptions see Section 2.1.8.3. Multiple lines may occur in the graphs for t-subgroups. They are explained in Section 2.1.8.2. No indices are attached to the lines. They can be taken from the corresponding subgroup tables of Chapter 2.3, and are also provided by the general formulae of Section 1.2.8. For the k-subgroup graphs, they are further specified at the end of Section 2.1.8.3.

Example 2.1.8.2.1 Compare the t-subgroup graphs in Figs. 2.4.4.2, 2.4.4.3 and 2.4.4.8 of Pnna, No. 52, Pmna, No. 53, and Cmce, No. 64, respectively. The complete (uncontracted) graphs would have the shape of the graph of the point group mmm with mmm at the top (first level), seven point groups7 (222, mm2, m2m, 2mm, 112=m, 12=m1 and 2=m11) in the second level, seven point groups (112, 121, 211, 11m, 1m1, m11 and 1) in the third level and the point group 1 at the bottom (fourth level). The group mmm is connected to each of the seven subgroups at the second level by one line. Each of the groups of the second level is connected with three groups of the third level by one line. All seven groups of the third level are connected by one line each with the point group 1 at the bottom. The contracted graph of the point group mmm would have mmm at the top, three point-group types (222, mm2 and 2=m) at the second level and three point-group types (2, m and 1) at the third level. The point group 1 at the bottom would not be displayed (no fourth level). Single lines would connect mmm with 222, mm2 with 2, 2=m with 2, 2=m with m and 2=m with 1; a double line would connect mm2 with m; triple lines would connect mmm with mm2, mmm with 2=m and 222 with 2. The number of fields in a contracted t-subgroup graph is between the numbers of fields in the complete and in the contracted point-group graphs. The graph in Fig. 2.4.4.2 of Pnna, No. 52, has six space-group types at the second level and four space-group types at the third level. For the graph in Fig. 2.4.4.3 of Pmna, No. 53, these numbers are seven and five and for the graph in Fig. 2.4.4.8 of Cmce, No. 64 (formerly Cmca), the numbers are seven and six. However, in all these graphs the number of connections is always seven from top to the second level and three from each field of the second level downwards to the ground level, independent of the amount of contraction and of the local multiplicity of lines.

2.1.8.2. Graphs for translationengleiche subgroups Let G be a space group and T (G) the normal subgroup of all its translations. Owing to the isomorphism between the factor group G=T ðGÞ and the point group P G, see Section 1.2.5.4, according to the first isomorphism theorem, Ledermann & Weir (1996), t-subgroup graphs are the same (up to the symbols) as the corresponding graphs between point groups. However, in this volume, the graphs are not complete but are contracted, displaying each space-group type at most once. This contraction may cause the graphs to look different from the point-group graphs and also different for different space groups of the same point group, cf. Example 2.1.8.2.1. One can indicate the connections between a space group G and its maximal subgroups in different ways. In the contracted t-subgroup graphs one line is drawn for each conjugacy class of maximal subgroups of G. Thus, a line represents the connection to an individual subgroup only if this is a normal maximal subgroup of G, otherwise it represents the connection to more than one subgroup. The conjugacy relations are not necessarily transferable to non-maximal subgroups, cf. Example 2.1.8.2.2. On the other hand, multiple lines are possible, see the examples. Although it is not in general possible to reconstruct the complete graph from the contracted one, the content of information of such a graph is higher than that of a graph which is drawn with simple lines only. The graph for the space group at its top also contains the contracted graphs for all subgroups which occur in it, see Example 2.1.8.2.3. Owing to lack of space for the large graphs, in all graphs of t-subgroups the group P1, No. 1, and its connections have been omitted. Therefore, to obtain the full graph one has to supplement the graphs by P1 at the bottom and to connect P1 by one line to each of the symbols that have no connection downwards. Within the same graph, symbols on the same level indicate subgroups of the same index relative to the group at the top. The distance between the levels indicates the size of the index. For a more detailed discussion, see Example 2.1.8.2.2. For the sequence and the numbers of the graphs, see the paragraph after Example 2.1.8.2.2.

Example 2.1.8.2.2 Compare the t-subgroup graphs shown in Fig. 2.4.1.1 for Pm3m, No. 221, and Fig. 2.4.1.5, Fm3m, No. 225. These graphs are contracted from the point-group graph m3m. There are altogether nine levels (without the lowest level of P1). The indices relative to the top space groups Pm3m and Fm3m are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 and 24, corresponding to the point-group orders 48, 24, 16, 12, 8, 6, 4, 3 and 2, respectively. The height of the levels in the graphs reflects the index; the distances between the levels are proportional to the logarithms of the indices but are slightly distorted here in order to adapt to the density of the lines. From the top space-group symbol there are five lines to the symbols of maximal subgroups: The three symbols at the level of index 2 are those of cubic normal subgroups, the one (tetragonal) symbol at the level of index 3 represents a conjugacy class of three, the symbol R3m, No. 166, at the level of index 4 represents a conjugacy class of four subgroups. The graphs differ in the levels of the indices 12 and 24 (orthorhombic, monoclinic and triclinic subgroups) by the number of symbols (nine and seven for index 12, five and three for index 24). The number of lines between neighbouring connected levels depends only on the number and kind of symbols in the upper level. 7 The HM symbols used here are nonconventional. They display the setting of the point group and follow the rules of IT A, Section 2.2.4.

91

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS However, for non-maximal subgroups the conjugacy relations may not hold. For example, in Fig. 2.4.1.1, the space group P222 has three normal maximal subgroups of type P2 and is thus connected to its symbol by a triple line, although these subgroups are conjugate subgroups of the non-minimal supergroup Pm3m.

For the index of a maximal t-subgroup, Lemma 1.2.8.2.3 is repeated: the index of a maximal non-isomorphic subgroup H is always 2 for oblique, rectangular and square plane groups and for triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic and tetragonal space groups G. The index is 2 or 3 for hexagonal plane groups and for trigonal and hexagonal space groups G. The index is 2, 3 or 4 for cubic space groups G.

Example 2.1.8.2.3 The t-subgroup graphs in Figs. 2.4.1.1 and 2.4.1.5 contain the t-subgroups of the summits Pm3m and Fm3m and their relations. In addition, the t-subgroup graph of Pm3m includes the t-subgroup graphs of the cubic summits P432, P43m, Pm3 and P23, those of the tetragonal summits P4=mmm, P42m, P4m2, P4mm, P422, P4=m, P4 and P4, those of the rhombohedral summits R3m, R3m, R32, R3 and R3 etc., as well as the t-subgroup graphs of several orthorhombic and monoclinic summits. The graph of the summit Fm3m includes analogously the graphs of the cubic summits F432, F43m, Fm3 and F23, of the tetragonal summits I4=mmm, I4m2 etc., also the graphs of rhombohedral summits R3m etc. Thus, many other graphs are included in the two basic graphs and can be extracted from them. The same holds for the other graphs displayed in Figs. 2.4.1.2 to 2.4.4.8: each of them includes the contracted graphs of all its subgroups as summits. For this reason one does not need 229 or 218 different graphs to cover all t-subgroup graphs of the 229 space-group types but only 37 (P1 can be excluded as trivial).

2.1.8.3. Graphs for klassengleiche subgroups There are 29 graphs for klassengleiche or k-subgroups, one for each crystal class with the exception of the crystal classes 1, 1 and 6 with only one space-group type each: P1, No. 1, P1, No. 2, and P6, No. 174, respectively. The sequence of the graphs is determined by the sequence of the point groups in IT A, Table 2.1.2.1, fourth column. The graphs of 4, 3 and 6=m are nearly trivial, because to these crystal classes only two space-group types belong. The graphs of mm2 with 22, of mmm with 28 and of 4=mmm with 20 space-group types are the most complicated ones. Isomorphic subgroups are special cases of k-subgroups. With the exception of both partners of the enantiomorphic spacegroup types, isomorphic subgroups are not displayed in the graphs. The explicit display of the isomorphic subgroups would add an infinite number of lines from each field for a space group back to this field, or at least one line (e.g. a circle) implicitly representing the infinite number of isomorphic subgroups, see the tables of maximal subgroups of Chapter 2.3.8 Such a line would have to be attached to every space-group symbol. Thus, there would be no more information. Nevertheless, connections between isomorphic space groups are included indirectly if the group–subgroup chain encloses a space group of another type. In this case, a space group X may be a subgroup of a space group Y and Y 0 a subgroup of X, where Y and Y 0 belong to the same space-group type. The subgroup chain is then Y – X – Y 0 . The two space groups Y and Y 0 are not identical but isomorphic. Whereas in general the label for the subgroup is positioned at a lower level than that for the original space group, for such relations the symbols for X and Y can only be drawn on the same level, connected by horizontal lines. If this happens at the top of a graph, the top level is occupied by more than one symbol (the number of symbols in the top level is the same as the number of symmorphic space-group types of the crystal class). Horizontal lines are drawn as left or right arrows depending on the kind of relation. The arrow is always directed from the supergroup to the subgroup. If the relation is two-sided, as is always the case for enantiomorphic space-group types, then the relation is displayed by a pair of horizontal lines, one of them formed by a right and the other by a left arrow. In the graph in Fig. 2.5.1.5 for crystal class mm2, the connections of Pmm2 with Cmm2 and with Amm2 are displayed by double-headed arrows instead. Furthermore, some arrows in Fig. 2.5.1.5, crystal class mm2, and Fig. 2.5.1.6, mmm, are dashed or dotted in order to better distinguish the different lines and to increase clarity. The different kinds of relations are demonstrated in the following examples.

The preceding Example 2.1.8.2.3 suggests that one should choose the graphs in such a way that their number can be kept small. It is natural to display the ‘big’ graphs first and later those smaller graphs that are still missing. This procedure is behind the sequence of the t-subgroup graphs in this volume. (1) The ten graphs of Pm3m, No. 221, to Ia3d, No. 230, form the first set of graphs in Figs. 2.4.1.1 to 2.4.1.10. (2) There are a few cubic space groups left which do not appear in the first set. They are covered by the graphs of P41 32, No. 213, P43 32, No. 212, and Pa3, No. 205. These graphs have large parts in common so that they can be united in Fig. 2.4.1.11. (3) No cubic space group is left now, but only eight tetragonal space groups of crystal class 4=mmm have appeared up to now. Among them are all graphs for 4=mmm space groups with an I lattice which are contained in Figs. 2.4.1.5 to 2.4.1.8 of the F-centred cubic space groups. The next 12 graphs, Figs. 2.4.2.1 to 2.4.2.12, are those for the missing space groups of the crystal class 4=mmm with lattice symbol P. They start with P4=mcc, No. 124, and end with P42 =ncm, No. 138. (4) Four (enantiomorphic) tetragonal space-group types are left which are compiled in Fig. 2.4.2.13. (5) The next set is formed by the four graphs in Figs. 2.4.3.1 to 2.4.3.4 of the hexagonal space groups P6=mmm, No. 191, to P63 =mmc, No. 194. The hexagonal and trigonal enantiomorphic space groups do not appear in these graphs. They are combined in Fig. 2.4.3.5, the last one of hexagonal origin. (6) Several orthorhombic space groups are still left. They are treated in the eight graphs in Figs. 2.4.4.1 to 2.4.4.8, from Pmma, No. 51, to Cmce, No. 64 (formerly Cmca). (7) For each space group, the contracted graph of all its t-subgroups is provided in at least one of these 37 graphs.

Example 2.1.8.3.1 In the graph in Fig. 2.5.1.1, crystal class 2, a space group P2 may be a subgroup of index 2 of a space group C2 by ‘Loss of 8 One could contemplate adding one line for each series of maximal isomorphic subgroups. However, the number of series depends on the rules that define the distribution of the isomorphic subgroups into the series and is thus not constant.

92

2.1. GUIDE TO THE SUBGROUP TABLES AND GRAPHS centring translations’. On the other hand, subgroups of P2 in the block ‘Enlarged unit cell’, a0 ¼ 2a; b0 ¼ 2b; C2 ð3Þ belong to the type C2, see the tables of maximal subgroups in Chapter 2.3. Therefore, both symbols are drawn at the same level and are connected by a pair of arrows pointing in opposite directions. Thus, the top level is occupied twice. In the graph in Fig. 2.5.1.2 of crystal class m, both the top level and the bottom level are each occupied by the symbols of two space-group types.

and R3m–R3c with space-group Nos. between 156 and 167. They have index 2. (3) A non-isomorphic maximal k-subgroup H of a hexagonal space group has index 2 or 3. (4) A non-isomorphic maximal k-subgroup H of a cubic space group G has either index 2 or index 4. The index is 2 if G has an I lattice and H a P lattice or if G has a P lattice and H an F lattice. The index is 4 if G has an F lattice and H a P lattice or if G has a P lattice and H an I lattice.

Example 2.1.8.3.2 There are four symbols at the top level of the graph in Fig. 2.5.1.4, crystal class 222. Their relations are rather complicated. Whereas one can go (by index 2) from P222 directly to a subgroup of type C222 and vice versa, the connection from F222 directly to C222 is one-way. One always has to pass C222 on the way from F222 to a subgroup of the types P222 or I222. Thus, the only maximal subgroup of F222 among these groups is C222. One can go directly from P222 to F222 but not to I222 etc.

2.1.8.4. Graphs for plane groups There are no graphs for plane groups in this volume. The four graphs for t-subgroups of plane groups are apart from the symbols the same as those for the corresponding space groups: p4mm–P4mm, p6mm–P6mm, p2mg–Pma2 and p2gg–Pba2, where the graphs for the space groups are included in the t-subgroup graphs in Figs. 2.4.1.1, 2.4.3.1, 2.4.2.1 and 2.4.2.3, respectively. The k-subgroup graphs are trivial for the plane groups p1, p2, p4, p3, p6 and p6mm because there is only one plane group in its crystal class. The graphs for the crystal classes 4mm and 3m consist of two plane groups each: p4mm and p4gm, p3m1 and p31m. Nevertheless, the graphs are different: the relation is onesided for the tetragonal plane-group pair as it is in the spacegroup pair P6=m ð175Þ–P63 =m ð176Þ and it is two-sided for the hexagonal plane-group pair as it is in the space-group pair P4 (81)–I4 (82). The graph for the three plane groups of the crystal class m corresponds to the space-group graph for the crystal class 2. Finally, the graph for the four plane groups of crystal class 2mm has no direct analogue among the k-subgroup graphs of the space groups. It can be obtained, however, from the graph in Fig. 2.5.1.3 of crystal class 2=m by removing the fields of C2=c, No. 15, and P21 =m, No. 11, with all their connections to the remaining fields. The replacements are then: C2=m, No. 12, by c2mm, No. 9, P2=m, No. 10, by p2mm, No. 6, P2=c, No. 13, by p2mg, No. 7, and P21 =c, No. 14, by p2gg, No. 8.

Because of the horizontal connecting arrows, it is clear that there cannot be much correspondence between the level in the graphs and the subgroup index. However, in no graph is a subgroup positioned at a higher level than the supergroup. Example 2.1.8.3.3 Consider the graph in Fig. 2.5.1.6 for crystal class mmm. To the space group Cmmm, No. 65, belong maximal non-isomorphic subgroups of the 11 space-group types (from left to right) Ibam, No. 72, Cmcm, No. 63, Imma, No. 74, Pmmn, No. 59, Pbam, No. 55, Pban, No. 50, Pmma, No. 51, Pmna, No. 53, Cccm, No. 66, Pmmm, No. 47, and Immm, No. 71. Although all of them have index 2, their symbols are positioned at very different levels of the graph. The table for the subgroups of Cmmm in Chapter 2.3 lists 22 non-isomorphic k-subgroups of index 2, because some of the space-group types mentioned above are represented by two or four different subgroups. This multiplicity cannot be displayed by multiple lines because the density of the lines in some of the k-subgroup graphs does not permit this kind of presentation, e.g. for mmm. The multiplicity may be taken from the subgroup tables in Chapter 2.3, where each non-isomorphic subgroup is listed individually. Consider the connections from Cmmm, No. 65, to Pbam, No. 55. There are among others: the direct connection of index 2, the connection of index 4 over Ibam, No. 72, the connection of index 8 over Imma, No. 74, and Pmma, No. 51. Thus, starting from the same space group of type Cmmm one arrives at different space groups of the type Pbam with different unit cells but all belonging to the same space-group type and thus represented by the same field of the graph.

2.1.8.5. Application of the graphs If a subgroup is not maximal then there must be a group– subgroup chain G–H of maximal subgroups with more than two members which connects G with H. There are three possibilities: H may be a t-subgroup or a k-subgroup or a general subgroup of G. In the first two cases, the application of the graphs is straightforward because at least one of the graphs will permit one to find the possible chains directly. If H is a k-subgroup of G, isomorphic subgroups have to be included if necessary. If H is a general subgroup of G one has to combine t- and k-subgroup graphs. There is, however, a severe shortcoming to using contracted graphs for the analysis of group–subgroup relations, and great care has to be taken in such investigations. All subgroups Hj with the same space-group type are represented by the same field of the graph, but these different non-maximal subgroups may permit different routes to a common original (super)group.

The index of a k-subgroup is restricted by Lemma 1.2.8.2.3 and by additional conditions. For the following statements one has to note that enantiomorphic space groups are isomorphic. (1) A non-isomorphic maximal k-subgroup of an oblique, rectangular or tetragonal plane group or of a triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic or tetragonal space group always has index 2. (2) In general, a non-isomorphic maximal k-subgroup H of a trigonal space group G has index 3. Exceptions are the pairs P3m1–P3c1, P31m–P31c, R3m–R3c, P31m–P31c, P3m1–P3c1

Example 2.1.8.5.1 An example for translationengleiche subgroups is provided by the group–subgroup chain Fm3m ð225Þ–C2=m ð12Þ of index 12. The contracted graph may be drawn by the program Subgroupgraph from the Bilbao Crystallographic Server,

93

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS http://www.cryst.ehu.es/. It is shown in Fig. 2.1.8.1; each field represents all occurring subgroups of a space-group type: I4=mmm, No. 139, represents three subgroups, R3m, No. 166, represents four subgroups, . . . and C2=m, No. 12, represents nine subgroups belonging to two conjugacy classes. Fig. 2.1.8.1 is part of the contracted total graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the space group Fm3m, which is displayed in Fig. 2.4.1.5. With Subgroupgraph one can also obtain the complete graph between Fm3m and the set of all nine subgroups of the type C2=m. It is too large to be reproduced here. More instructive are the complete graphs for different single subgroups of the type C2=m of Fm3m. They can also be obtained with the program Subgroupgraph with the exception of the direction indices. In Fig. 2.1.8.2 such a ‘complete’ graph is displayed for one of the six subgroups of type C2=m of index 12 whose monoclinic axes point in the h110i directions of Fm3m. Similarly, in Fig. 2.1.8.3 the complete graph is drawn for one of the three subgroups of C2=m of index 12 whose monoclinic axes point in the h001i directions of Fm3m. It differs markedly from the contracted graph and from the first complete graph. It is easily seen that it may be very misleading to use the contracted graph or the wrong individual complete graph instead of the right individual complete graph.

Fig. 2.1.8.1. Contracted graph of the group–subgroup chains from Fm3m (225) to one of those subgroups with index 12 which belong to the spacegroup type C2=m (12). The graph forms part of the total contracted graph of t-subgroups of Fm3m (Fig. 2.4.1.5).

In a contracted graph, no basis transformations and origin shifts can be included because they are often ambiguous. In the complete graphs the basis transformations and origin shifts should be listed if these graphs display structural information and not just group–subgroup relations. The group–subgroup relations do not depend on the coordinate systems relative to which the groups are described. On the other hand, the coordinate system is decisive for the coordinates of the atoms of the crystal structures displayed and connected in a Ba¨rnighausen tree. Therefore, for the description of structural relations in a Ba¨rnighausen tree knowledge of the transformations (matrix and column) is essential and great care has to be taken to list them correctly, see Chapter 1.6 and Example 2.1.8.5.4. If one wants to list the transformations in subgroup graphs, one can use the transformations which are presented in the subgroup tables. The use of the graphs of Chapters 2.4 and 2.5 is advantageous if general subgroups, in particular those of higher indices, are sought. As stated by Hermann’s theorem, Lemma 1.2.8.1.2, a Hermann group M always exists and it is uniquely determined for any specific group–subgroup pair G > H. If the subgroup relation is general, the group M divides the chain G > H into two subchains, the chain between the translationengleiche space groups G > M and that between the klassengleiche space groups M > H. Thus, however long and complicated the real chain may be, there is always a chain for which only two graphs are needed: a t-subgroup graph for the relation between G and M and a k-subgroup graph for the relation between M and H. For a given pair of space-group types G > H and a given index [i], however, there could exist several Hermann groups of different space-group types. The graphs of this volume are very helpful in their determination. The index [i] is the product of the index ½iP , which is the ratio of the crystal class orders of G and H, and the index ½iL  of the lattice reduction from G to H, ½i ¼ ½iP  ½iL . The graphs of t-subgroups (Chapter 2.4) are used to find the types of subgroups Z of G with index ½iP , belonging to the crystal class of H. From the k-graphs (Chapter 2.5) it can be seen whether Z can be a supergroup of H with index ½iL  and thus a possible Hermann group M. The following two examples

Fig. 2.1.8.2. Complete graph of the group–subgroup chains from Fm3m (225) to one representative belonging to those six C2=m (12) subgroups with index 12 whose monoclinic axes are along the h110i directions of Fm3m. The direction symbols given as subscripts refer to the basis of Fm3m.

Fig. 2.1.8.3. Complete graph of the group–subgroup chains from Fm3m (225) to A112=m, which is one representative of those three C2=m (12) subgroups with index 12 whose monoclinic axes are along the h001i directions of Fm3m.

94

2.1. GUIDE TO THE SUBGROUP TABLES AND GRAPHS illustrate this two-step procedure for the determination of the space-group types of Hermann groups.

but different origin shifts. There can be no other subgroups of type I4/mcm because P4/mmm is the only possible Hermann group M. Are there other chains from Pm3m to the subgroups I4=mcm? Such a new chain of subgroups must have two steps. The first one leads from Pm3m to a k-subgroup. In the graph for k-subgroups of Pm3m one finds two subgroups of index 2, namely Fm3m and Fm3c. One finds from the corresponding graphs of t-subgroups or from the subgroup tables that only Fm3c has subgroups of space-group type I4/mcm. The subgroup tables of Pm3m and Fm3c show that there are two nonconjugate subgroups of type Fm3c which each have one conjugacy class of three subgroups of type I4/mcm. For the preferred direction c only one of the conjugate subgroups is relevant. Therefore, there are two subgroups I4/mcm of index 2 belonging to chains passing Fm3c. It follows that two of the four subgroups obtained from Hermann’s group are also subgroups of Fm3c and two are not. The two common subgroups are found by comparing their origin shifts from Pm3m, which must be the same for both ways. The use of (4  4) matrices is convenient. The relevant equations for the bases and origin shifts are:

Example 2.1.8.5.2 Consider a pair of the space-group types Pm3m > P21 =m with index [i] = 24. The factorization of the index [i] into ½iP  ¼ 12 and ½iL  ¼ 2 follows from the crystal classes of G and H. From the graph of t-subgroups of Pm3m (Fig. 2.4.1.1) one finds that there are two space-group types, namely P2/m and C2/m, of the relevant crystal class (2/m) and index ½iP  ¼ 12. Checking the graph (Fig. 2.5.1.3) of the k-subgroups of the space groups of the crystal class 2/m confirms that space groups of both spacegroup types P2/m and C2/m have (maximal) P21 =m subgroups, i.e. space groups of both space-group types are Hermann groups for the pair Pm3m > P21 =m of index [i] = 24, depending on the individual space group P21 =m. Example 2.1.8.5.3 The determination of the space-group types of the Hermann groups for the pair Im3m (No. 229) > Cmcm (No. 63) of index [i] = 12 follows the same procedure as in the previous example. The index [i] = 12 is factorized into ½iP  ¼ 6 and ½iL  ¼ 2 taking into account the orders of the point groups of G and H. The graph of t-subgroups of Im3m (Fig. 2.4.1.9) shows that the subgroups of the space-group types Fmmm and Immm are candidates for Hermann groups. Reference to the graph of k-subgroups of the crystal class mmm (Fig. 2.5.1.6) indicates that Immm has no maximal subgroups of Cmcm type, i.e. only space groups of Fmmm type can be Hermann groups for the pair Im3m > Cmcm of index [i] = 12.

0

2 0

B B0 2 B P1 ¼ B B0 0 @ 0 0

0 0 2 0

0

1 0

1 2

1 2

0

C B 1 1 B 0C C B2 2 0 C B B 0C A @ 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

1 4

1

0

1 1

B B 1 1 B C¼B B 0C A @ 0 0 C

1C 4C

1

1

0

1 2

0

1C 2C

C

2

C; 0C A

0

1

1 0

1

0 0

leading to an origin shift of ð12 ; 12 ; 0Þ and

Apart from the chains G  M  H that can be found by the above considerations, other chains may exist. In some relatively simple cases, the graphs of this volume may be helpful to find such chains. However, one has to take into account that the tabulated graphs are contracted ones. In particular this means that they contain nothing about the numbers of subgroups of a certain kind and on their relations, for example conjugacy relations. The following practical example may display the situation. It is based on the combination of the graphs of Chapters 2.4 and 2.5 with the subgroup tables of Chapters 2.2 and 2.3.

0

2 0 B B0 2 B P2 ¼ B B0 0 @

0 0

0 0

0

2

1 2

1 0

1 1 0 2 2 C B 1C B 1 1  0 2C B 2 2 C B 1C B 0 1 2A @ 0 1 0 0 0

0 1 C B 1C B 1 4C B C¼B B 0C A @ 0 1 0 1 4

1

1 0 0 2 0 0

1

C 1C C C; 1C 2A 1

leading to an origin shift of ð1; 1; 12Þ, which is equivalent to ð0; 0; 12Þ because an integer origin shift means only the choice of another conventional origin. The result is Fig. 2.1.8.4, which is a complete graph, i.e. each field of the graph represents exactly one space group. The names of the substances belonging to the different subgroups show that the occurrence of such unexpected relations is not unrealistic. The crystal structures of KCuF3 and LT-SrTiO3 both belong to the space-group type I4/mcm. They can be derived by different distortions from the same ideal perovskite ABX3 structure, space group Pm3m (Figs. 2.1.8.4 and 2.1.8.5). The subgroup realized by LT-SrTiO3 is not a subgroup of Fm3c. The other subgroup, which is realized by KCuF3, is a subgroup of Fm3c. This cannot be concluded from the contracted graphs, but can be seen from the combination of the graphs with the tables or from the complete graph (Billiet, 1981; Koch, 1984; Wondratschek & Aroyo, 2001). The remaining two subgroups do not form symmetries of distorted perovskites. The listed orbits of the Wyckoff positions, 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d and 8e, are all extraordinary orbits, i.e. they have more translations than the lattice of I4/mcm, see Engel et al. (1984). In Strukturbericht 1 (1931) the possible space groups for the cubic perovskites are listed on p. 301; there are five possible space groups from P23 to Pm3m. The latter space-group symbol is framed and is considered to be the true

Example 2.1.8.5.4 Let G be a space group of type Pm3m, No. 221. What are its subgroups Hi of type I4/mcm, No. 140, and index 6? As the order of the crystal class is reduced from cubic (48) to tetragonal (16) by index 3, the reduction of the translation subgroup must have index 2. To find the Hermann group M, we look in the subgroup table of Pm3m for tetragonal t-subgroups and find one class of three conjugate maximal t-subgroups of crystal class 4/mmm: P4/mmm, No. 123. By each of the three conjugate subgroups one of the axes a, b or c is distinguished. As this distinguished direction is kept in the other steps, one can take one of the conjugates as the representative and can continue with the consideration of only this representative. For the representative direction we choose the c axis, because this is the standard setting of P4/mmm. The relations of the other conjugates can then be obtained by replacing c by a or b. The coordinate systems of Pm3m and P4/mmm are the same, but c 6¼ a; b is possible for P4/mmm. In the subgroup table of P4/mmm one looks for subgroups of type I4/mcm and index 2 and finds four non-conjugate subgroups with the same basis

95

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS

Fig. 2.1.8.4. Complete graph of the group–subgroup chains from perovskite, Pm3m, here high-temperature SrTiO3, to the four subgroups of type I4/mcm with their tetragonal axes in the c direction. Two of them correspond to KCuF3 and low-temperature SrTiO3. The transformations and origin shifts given in the connecting lines specify the basis vectors and origins of the maximal subgroups in terms of the bases of the preceding space groups (Ba¨rnighausen tree as explained in Section 1.6.3).

original (only tetragonally distorted) lattice and not I4/mcm.9 For the two (empty) subgroups I4/mcm a distorted variant of the perovskite structure does not exist. Other special positions or the general position of the original cubic space group have to be occupied if the space group I4/mcm shall be realized. This example shows clearly the difference between the subgroup graphs of group theory and the Ba¨rnighausen trees of crystal chemistry. References Ascher, E. (1968). Lattices of Equi-Translation Subgroups of the Space Groups. Geneva: Battelle Institute. Ba¨rnighausen, H. (1980). Group–subgroup relations between space groups: a useful tool in crystal chemistry. MATCH Commun. Math. Chem. 9, 139–175. Billiet, Y. (1981). Des dangers d’utiliser sans pre´caution des tables de sous-groupes maximum; retour au the´ore`me d’Hermann. Acta Cryst. A37, 649–652. Engel, P., Matsumoto, T., Steinmann, G. & Wondratschek, H (1984). The non-characteristic orbits of the space groups. Z. Kristallogr. Supplement issue No. 1. International Tables for Crystallography (2005). Vol. A, SpaceGroup Symmetry, edited by Th. Hahn, 5th ed. Heidelberg: Springer. International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1952, 1965, 1969). Vol. I, Symmetry Groups, edited by N. F. M. Henry & K. Lonsdale. Birmingham: Kynoch Press. Internationale Tabellen zur Bestimmung von Kristallstrukturen (1935). 1. Bd. Edited by C. Hermann. Berlin: Borntraeger. (In German, English and French.) Koch, E. (1984). The implications of normalizers on group–subgroup relations between space groups. Acta Cryst. A40, 593–600. Ledermann, W. & Weir, A. J. (1996). Introduction to Group Theory, 2nd ed. Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman. Neubu¨ser, J. & Wondratschek, H. (1966). Untergruppen der Raumgruppen. Krist. Tech. 1, 529–543. Strukturbericht 1913–1928 (1931). Edited by P. P. Ewald & C. Hermann. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft. Continued by Structure Reports. Wondratschek, H. & Aroyo, M. I. (2001). The application of Hermann’s group M in group–subgroup relations between space groups. Acta Cryst. A57, 311–320.

Fig. 2.1.8.5. Two different subgroups of P4/mmm, both of type I4/mcm, correspond to two kinds of distortions of the coordination octahedra of the perovskite structure. The difference is due to the origin shift by 1 1 2 ; 2 ; 0 on the left side, resulting in a different selection of the fourfold rotation axes that are retained in the subgroups.

symmetry of cubic perovskites. The other space groups are t-subgroups of Pm3m. They would be taken if for some reason the site symmetries of the orbits would contradict the site symmetries of Pm3m. Similarly, the true symmetry of these tetragonal perovskite derivatives would be P4/mmm with the 9 The restriction to t-subgroups in the space-group tables of Strukturbericht 1 is probably a consequence of the fact that only these subgroups of space groups were known in 1931. No tetragonal perovskites are described in that volume. In the later volumes, Strukturbericht 2 ff., the listing of the space-group tables has been discontinued.

96

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 1, p. 98.

p1

No. 1

p1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

1

a

1

(1) x, y

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

none

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a p1 (1) [2] b
= 2b p1 (1) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b c1 (1, p1) [3] a
= 3a p1 (1) [3] a
= 3a, b
= −a + b p1 (1) [3] a
= 3a, b
= −2a + b p1 (1) [3] b
= 3b p1 (1)

1

2a, b

1

a, 2b

1

2a, −a + b

1

3a, b

1

3a, −a + b

1

3a, −2a + b

1

a, 3b

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa, b
= −qa + b p1 (1) 1 p prime; 0 ≤ q < p no conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb p1 (1) 1 p prime no conjugate subgroups

pa, −qa + b

a, pb

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] p2 (2); [2] pm (3); [2] pg (4); [2] cm (5); [3] p3 (13) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

98

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 2, p. 99.

p2

p2

No. 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

e

1

(1) x, y

(2) x, ¯ y¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] p1 (1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a p2 (2) p2 (2) [2] b
= 2b p2 (2) p2 (2) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b c2 (2, p2) c2 (2, p2) [3] a
= 3a
p2 (2) p2 (2) p2 (2) [3] a
= 3a, b
= −a + b
p2 (2) p2 (2) p2 (2) [3] a
= 3a, b
= −2a + b
p2 (2) p2 (2) p2 (2) [3] b
= 3b
p2 (2) p2 (2) p2 (2)

2 2 + (1, 0)

2a, b 2a, b

1/2, 0

2 2 + (0, 1)

a, 2b a, 2b

0, 1/2

2 2 + (1, 0)

2a, −a + b 2a, −a + b

1/2, 0

2 2 + (2, 0) 2 + (4, 0)

3a, b 3a, b 3a, b

1, 0 2, 0

2 2 + (2, 0) 2 + (4, 0)

3a, −a + b 3a, −a + b 3a, −a + b

1, 0 2, 0

2 2 + (2, 0) 2 + (4, 0)

3a, −2a + b 3a, −2a + b 3a, −2a + b

1, 0 2, 0

2 2 + (0, 2) 2 + (0, 4)

a, 3b a, 3b a, 3b

0, 1 0, 2

pa, −qa + b

u, 0

a, pb

0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa, b
= −qa + b p2 (2) 2 + (2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p [p] b
= pb p2 (2) 2 + (0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] p2mm (6); [2] p2mg (7); [2] p2gg (8); [2] c2mm (9); [2] p4 (10); [2] p6 (16) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

99

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 3, p. 100.

pm

No. 3

p1m1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

c

1

(1) x, y

(2) x, ¯y

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] p1 (1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a pm (3) pm (3) [2] b
= 2b pg (4) pm (3) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b cm (5) cm (5) [3] a
= 3a
pm (3) pm (3) pm (3) [3] b
= 3b pm (3)

2 2 + (1, 0)

2a, b 2a, b

2 + (0, 1) 2

a, 2b a, 2b

2 2 + (1, 0)

2a, 2b 2a, 2b

1/2, 0

2 2 + (2, 0) 2 + (4, 0)

3a, b 3a, b 3a, b

1, 0 2, 0

2

a, 3b

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa pm (3) 2 + (2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb pm (3) 2 p prime no conjugate subgroups

pa, b

a, pb

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] p2mm (6); [2] p2mg (7) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] cm (5)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

100

1/2, 0

u, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 4, p. 101.

p1g1

pg

No. 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

a

1

(1) x, y

(2) x, ¯ y + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] p1 (1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a pg (4) pg (4) [3] a
= 3a
pg (4) pg (4) pg (4) [3] b
= 3b pg (4)

2 2 + (1, 0)

2a, b 2a, b

1/2, 0

2 2 + (2, 0) 2 + (4, 0)

3a, b 3a, b 3a, b

1, 0 2, 0

2 + (0, 1)

a, 3b

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa pg (4) 2 + (2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb pg (4) 2 + (0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

pa, b

a, pb

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] p2mg (7); [2] p2gg (8) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] cm (5)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] b
= 12 b pm (3)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

101

u, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 5, p. 102.

cm

No. 5

c1m1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); t( 21 , 12 ); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

(0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 )+

4

(1) x, y

b

1

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] c1 (1, p1) 1+

(2) x, ¯y

1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] pg (4) [2] pm (3)

1; 2 + ( 21 , 12 ) 1; 2

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
cm (5) cm (5) cm (5) [3] b
= 3b cm (5)

2 2 + (2, 0) 2 + (4, 0)

3a, b 3a, b 3a, b

2

a, 3b

1/4, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa cm (5) 2 + (2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb cm (5) 2 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

pa, b

a, pb

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] c2mm (9); [3] p3m1 (14); [3] p31m (15) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b pm (3)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

102

1, 0 2, 0

u, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 6, p. 103.

p2mm

p2mm

No. 6

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

i

1

(1) x, y

(2) x, ¯ y¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] p1m1 (3, pm) 1; 3 [2] p11m (3, pm) 1; 4 [2] p211 (2, p2) 1; 2

(3) x, ¯y

(4) x, y¯

b, −a

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a p2mg (7) p2mg (7) p2mm (6) p2mm (6) [2] b
= 2b p2gm (7, p2mg) p2gm (7, p2mg) p2mm (6) p2mm (6) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b c2mm (9) c2mm (9) c2mm (9) c2mm (9) [3] a
= 3a
p2mm (6) p2mm (6) p2mm (6) [3] b
= 3b
p2mm (6) p2mm (6) p2mm (6)

2; 3 + (1, 0) 3; 2 + (1, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (1, 0)

2a, b 2a, b 2a, b 2a, b

2; 3 + (0, 1) (2; 3) + (0, 1) 2; 3 3; 2 + (0, 1)

2b, −a 2b, −a a, 2b a, 2b

2; 3 3; 2 + (0, 1) (2; 3) + (1, 0) 2 + (1, 1); 3 + (1, 0)

2a, 2b 2a, 2b 2a, 2b 2a, 2b

0, 1/2 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0)

3a, b 3a, b 3a, b

1, 0 2, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (0, 2) 3; 2 + (0, 4)

a, 3b a, 3b a, 3b

0, 1 0, 2

pa, b

u, 0

a, pb

0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa p2mm (6) (2; 3) + (2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb p2mm (6) 3; 2 + (0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] p4mm (11) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] c2mm (9)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

103

1/2, 0 1/2, 0

0, 1/2 0, 1/2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 7, p. 104.

p2mg

No. 7

p2mg

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

d

1

(1) x, y

(2) x, ¯ y¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] p11g (4, pg) 1; 4 [2] p1m1 (3, pm) 1; 3 [2] p211 (2, p2) 1; 2

(3) x¯ + 12 , y

(4) x + 12 , y¯

−b, a 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] b
= 2b p2gg (8) p2gg (8) p2mg (7) p2mg (7) [3] a
= 3a
p2mg (7) p2mg (7) p2mg (7) [3] b
= 3b
p2mg (7) p2mg (7) p2mg (7)

2; 3 + (0, 1) (2; 3) + (0, 1) 2; 3 3; 2 + (0, 1)

a, 2b a, 2b a, 2b a, 2b

2; 3 + (1, 0) 2 + (2, 0); 3 + (3, 0) 2 + (4, 0); 3 + (5, 0)

3a, b 3a, b 3a, b

1, 0 2, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (0, 2) 3; 2 + (0, 4)

a, 3b a, 3b a, 3b

0, 1 0, 2

2 + (2u, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b

u, 0

3; 2 + (0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb

0, u

0, 1/2 0, 1/2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa p2mg (7)

[p] b
= pb p2mg (7)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] c2mm (9) • Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a p2mm (6)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

104

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 8, p. 105.

p2gg

p2gg

No. 8

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

c

1

(1) x, y

(2) x, ¯ y¯

(3) x¯ + 12 , y + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] p1g1 (4, pg) 1; 3 [2] p11g (4, pg) 1; 4 [2] p211 (2, p2) 1; 2

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12

−b, a

1/4, 0 0, 1/4

2; 3 + (1, 0) 2 + (2, 0); 3 + (3, 0) 2 + (4, 0); 3 + (5, 0)

3a, b 3a, b 3a, b

1, 0 2, 0

2; 3 + (0, 1) 2 + (0, 2); 3 + (0, 1) 2 + (0, 4); 3 + (0, 1)

a, 3b a, 3b a, 3b

0, 1 0, 2

2 + (2u, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b

u, 0

2 + (0, 2u); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb

0, u

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
p2gg (8) p2gg (8) p2gg (8) [3] b
= 3b
p2gg (8) p2gg (8) p2gg (8)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa p2gg (8)

[p] b
= pb p2gg (8)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] p4gm (12) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] c2mm (9)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a p2mg (7); [2] b
= 12 b p2gm (7, p2mg)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

105

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 9, p. 106.

c2mm

No. 9

c2mm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); t( 21 , 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

f

(0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y

(2) x, ¯ y¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] c1m1 (5, cm) (1; 3)+ [2] c11m (5, cm) (1; 4)+ [2] c211 (2, p2) (1; 2)+

(3) x, ¯y

(4) x, y¯

b, −a 1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

p2gg (8) p2gm (7, p2mg) p2mg (7) p2mm (6)

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
c2mm (9) c2mm (9) c2mm (9) [3] b
= 3b
c2mm (9) c2mm (9) c2mm (9)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 4; 3; 2;

(3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 ) (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 ) (2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 ) 3; 4

b, −a

1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0)

3a, b 3a, b 3a, b

1, 0 2, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (0, 2) 3; 2 + (0, 4)

a, 3b a, 3b a, 3b

0, 1 0, 2

(2; 3) + (2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b

u, 0

3; 2 + (0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb

0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa c2mm (9)

[p] b
= pb c2mm (9)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] p4mm (11); [2] p4gm (12); [3] p6mm (17) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b p2mm (6)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

106

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 10, p. 107.

p4

p4

No. 10

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

d

1

(1) x, y

(2) x, ¯ y¯

(3) y, ¯x

(4) y, x¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] p2 (2) 1; 2 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b c4 (10, p4) c4 (10, p4)

2; 3 2 + (1, 1); 3 + (1, 0)

a − b, a + b a − b, a + b

1/2, 1/2

pa, pb

u, v

qa − rb, ra + qb

u, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb p4 (10)

2 + (2u, 2v); 3 + (u + v, −u + v) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 ] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + qb p4 (10) 2 + (2u, 0); 3 + (u, −u) prime p = 4n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] p4mm (11); [2] p4gm (12) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

107

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 11, p. 108.

p4mm

No. 11

p4mm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

(1) x, y (5) x, ¯y

(2) x, ¯ y¯ (6) x, y¯

(3) y, ¯x (7) y, x

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] p411 (10, p4) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] p21m (9, c2mm) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] p2m1 (6, p2mm) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) y, x¯ (8) y, ¯ x¯

a − b, a + b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b c4mg (12, p4gm) c4mg (12, p4gm) c4mm (11, p4mm) c4mm (11, p4mm)

2 + (1, 1); 3 + (1, 0); 5 + (2, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (1, 0) 2; 3; 5 2 + (1, 1); (3; 5) + (1, 0)

a − b, a + b a − b, a + b a − b, a + b a − b, a + b

1/2, 1/2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb p4mm (11) 2 + (2u, 2v); 3 + (u + v, −u + v); 5 + (2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb

u, v

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

none

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

108

1/2, 1/2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 12, p. 109.

p4gm

p4gm

No. 12

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

1

(1) x, y (5) x¯ + 12 , y + 12

(2) x, ¯ y¯ (6) x + 12 , y¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] p411 (10, p4) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] p21m (9, c2mm) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] p2g1 (8, p2gg) 1; 2; 5; 6

(3) y, ¯x (7) y + 12 , x + 12

(4) y, x¯ (8) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

a − b, a + b

0, 1/2

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb p4gm (12) 2 + (2u, 2v); 3 + (u + v, −u + v); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] c4gm (11, p4mm)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

109

u, v

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 13, p. 110.

p3

No. 13

p3

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

3

d

1

(1) x, y

(2) y, ¯ x−y

(3) x¯ + y, x¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [3] p1 (1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b h3 (13, p3) h3 (13, p3) h3 (13, p3) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ p3 (13) ⎪ ⎨ p3 (13) ⎪ ⎩ p3 (13) p3 (13)

2 2 + (1, 0) 2 + (1, 1)

a − b, a + 2b a − b, a + 2b a − b, a + 2b

2/3, 1/3 1/3, 2/3

2 2 + (1, −1) 2 + (1, 2) 2 + (2, 1)

2a, 2b 2a, 2b 2a, 2b 2a, 2b

1, 0 0, 1 1, 1

pa, pb

u, v

qa − rb, ra + (q + r)b

u, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb p3 (13)

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 + qr] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + (q + r)b p3 (13) 2 + (u, −u) prime p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] p3m1 (14); [2] p31m (15); [2] p6 (16) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

110

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 14, p. 111.

p3m1

p3m1

No. 14

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

e

1

(1) x, y (4) y, ¯ x¯

(2) y, ¯ x−y (5) x¯ + y, y

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] p311 (13, p3) 1; 2; 3
[3] p1m1 (5, cm) 1; 4 [3] p1m1 (5, cm) 1; 5 [3] p1m1 (5, cm) 1; 6

(3) x¯ + y, x¯ (6) x, x − y

a + b, −a + b −a, −a − 2b −b, 2a + b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
h3m1 (15, p31m) h3m1 (15, p31m) h3m1 (15, p31m)
h3m1 (15, p31m) h3m1 (15, p31m) h3m1 (15, p31m)
h3m1 (15, p31m) h3m1 (15, p31m) h3m1 (15, p31m) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ p3m1 (14) ⎪ ⎨ p3m1 (14) ⎪ ⎩ p3m1 (14) p3m1 (14)

2; 4 2 + (1, −1); 4 + (1, 1) 2 + (2, −2); 4 + (2, 2) 4; 2 + (0, 1) 2 + (1, 0); 4 + (1, 1) 2 + (2, −1); 4 + (2, 2) 4; 2 + (0, 2) (2; 4) + (1, 1) 2 + (2, 0); 4 + (2, 2)

a − b, a + 2b a − b, a + 2b a − b, a + 2b a − b, a + 2b a − b, a + 2b a − b, a + 2b a − b, a + 2b a − b, a + 2b a − b, a + 2b

1, 0 2, 0 −1/3, 1/3 2/3, 1/3 5/3, 1/3 −2/3, 2/3 1/3, 2/3 4/3, 2/3

2; 4 2 + (1, −1); 4 + (1, 1) 2 + (1, 2); 4 + (1, 1) 2 + (2, 1); 4 + (2, 2)

2a, 2b 2a, 2b 2a, 2b 2a, 2b

1, 0 0, 1 1, 1

pa, pb

u, v

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb p3m1 (14) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v); 4 + (u + v, u + v) p prime; p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] p6mm (17) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] h3m1 (15, p31m)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

111

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 15, p. 112.

p31m

No. 15

p31m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

d

1

(1) x, y (4) y, x

(2) y, ¯ x−y (5) x − y, y¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] p311 (13, p3) 1; 2; 3
[3] p11m (5, cm) 1; 4 [3] p11m (5, cm) 1; 5 [3] p11m (5, cm) 1; 6

(3) x¯ + y, x¯ (6) x, ¯ x¯ + y

a − b, a + b a + 2b, −a −2a − b, −b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b h31m (14, p3m1) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ p31m (15) ⎪ ⎨ p31m (15) ⎪ ⎩ p31m (15) p31m (15)

2; 4

a − b, a + 2b

2; 4 (2; 4) + (1, −1) 2 + (1, 2); 4 + (−1, 1) 4; 2 + (2, 1)

2a, 2b 2a, 2b 2a, 2b 2a, 2b

1, 0 0, 1 1, 1

pa, pb

u, v

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb p31m (15) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v); 4 + (u − v, −u + v) p prime; p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] p6mm (17) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] h31m (14, p3m1) • Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

112

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 16, p. 113.

p6

p6

No. 16

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

d

1

(1) x, y (4) x, ¯ y¯

(2) y, ¯ x−y (5) y, x¯ + y

(3) x¯ + y, x¯ (6) x − y, x

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] p3 (13) 1; 2; 3 [3] p2 (2) 1; 4 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
h6 (16, p6) h6 (16, p6) h6 (16, p6) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ p6 (16) ⎪ ⎨ p6 (16) ⎪ ⎩ p6 (16) p6 (16)

2; 4 2 + (1, −1); 4 + (2, 0) 2 + (2, −2); 4 + (4, 0)

a − b, a + 2b a − b, a + 2b a − b, a + 2b

1, 0 2, 0

2; 4 2 + (1, −1); 4 + (2, 0) 2 + (1, 2); 4 + (0, 2) 2 + (2, 1); 4 + (2, 2)

2a, 2b 2a, 2b 2a, 2b 2a, 2b

1, 0 0, 1 1, 1

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb p6 (16)

pa, pb 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v); 4 + (2u, 2v) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 + qr] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + (q + r)b qa − rb, ra + (q + r)b p6 (16) 2 + (u, −u); 4 + (2u, 0) prime p = 3 or p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] p6mm (17) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

113

u, v

u, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of plane group 17, p. 114.

p6mm

No. 17

p6mm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

f

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ x¯ y, x

(2) (5) (8) (11)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] p611 (16, p6) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 [2] p31m (15) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12 [2] p3m1 (14) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9
[3] p2mm (9, c2mm) 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] p2mm (9, c2mm) 1; 4; 8; 11 [3] p2mm (9, c2mm) 1; 4; 9; 12

y, ¯ x−y y, x¯ + y x¯ + y, y x − y, y¯

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x¯ x − y, x x, x − y x, ¯ x¯ + y

a − b, a + b a + 2b, −a 2a + b, b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
h6mm (17, p6mm) h6mm (17, p6mm) h6mm (17, p6mm) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ p6mm (17) ⎪ ⎨ p6mm (17) ⎪ ⎩ p6mm (17) p6mm (17)

2; 4; 7 2 + (1, −1); 4 + (2, 0); 7 + (1, 1) 2 + (2, −2); 4 + (4, 0); 7 + (2, 2)

a − b, a + 2b a − b, a + 2b a − b, a + 2b

1, 0 2, 0

2; 4; 7 2 + (1, −1); 4 + (2, 0); 7 + (1, 1) 2 + (1, 2); 4 + (0, 2); 7 + (1, 1) 2 + (2, 1); (4; 7) + (2, 2)

2a, 2b 2a, 2b 2a, 2b 2a, 2b

1, 0 0, 1 1, 1

pa, pb

u, v

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb p6mm (17)

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v); 4 + (2u, 2v); 7 + (u + v, u + v) p prime; p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

none

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

114

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 1, pp. 116–117.

P1

No. 1

P1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1) General position Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

1

a

Coordinates

1

(1) x, y, z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

none

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a P1 (1) 1 [2] b
= 2b P1 (1) 1 [2] c
= 2c P1 (1) 1 [2] b
= 2b, c
= 2c A1 (1, P1) 1 [2] a
= 2a, c
= 2c B1 (1, P1) 1 [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C1 (1, P1) 1 [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F1 (1, P1) 1 [3] a
= 3a P1 (1) 1 [3] a
= 3a, b
= a + b P1 (1) 1 [3] a
= 3a, b
= 2a + b P1 (1) 1 [3] a
= 3a, c
= a + c P1 (1) 1 [3] a
= 3a, c
= 2a + c P1 (1) 1 [3] a
= 3a, b
= a + b, c
= a + c P1 (1) 1 [3] a
= 3a, b
= 2a + b, c
= a + c P1 (1) 1 [3] a
= 3a, b
= a + b, c
= 2a + c P1 (1) 1 [3] a
= 3a, b
= 2a + b, c
= 2a + c P1 (1) 1 [3] b
= 3b P1 (1) 1 [3] b
= 3b, c
= b + c P1 (1) 1 [3] b
= 3b, c
= 2b + c P1 (1) 1 [3] c
= 3c P1 (1) 1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2a, b, c a, 2b, c a, b, 2c a, 2b, b + c 2a, b, a + c 2a, a + b, c 2a, a + b, a + c 3a, b, c 3a, a + b, c 3a, 2a + b, c 3a, b, a + c 3a, b, 2a + c 3a, a + b, a + c 3a, 2a + b, a + c 3a, a + b, 2a + c 3a, 2a + b, 2a + c a, 3b, c a, 3b, b + c a, 3b, 2b + c a, b, 3c

116

C11

CONTINUED

P1

No. 1

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa, b
= qa + b, c
= ra + c P1 (1) 1 p prime; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ r < p no conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb, c
= qb + c P1 (1) 1 p prime; 0 ≤ q < p no conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc P1 (1) 1 p prime no conjugate subgroups

pa, qa + b, ra + c

a, pb, qb + c

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P1¯ (2); [2] P121 (3); [2] P112 (3); [2] P121 1 (4); [2] P1121 (4); [2] C121 (5); [2] A112 (5); [2] P1m1 (6); [2] P11m (6); [2] P1c1 (7); [2] P11a (7); [2] C1m1 (8); [2] A11m (8); [2] C1c1 (9); [2] A11a (9); [3] P3 (143); [3] P31 (144); [3] P32 (145); [3] R3 (146) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

none

117

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 2, pp. 118–119.

P 1¯

Ci1

P 1¯

No. 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) General position Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

i

1

Coordinates

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1 (1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a P1¯ (2) 2 P1¯ (2) 2 + (1, 0, 0) [2] b
= 2b P1¯ (2) 2 P1¯ (2) 2 + (0, 1, 0) [2] c
= 2c P1¯ (2) 2 P1¯ (2) 2 + (0, 0, 1) [2] b
= 2b, c
= 2c ¯ A1¯ (2, P1) 2 ¯ ¯ A1 (2, P1) 2 + (0, 1, 0) [2] a
= 2a, c
= 2c ¯ B1¯ (2, P1) 2 ¯ B1¯ (2, P1) 2 + (1, 0, 0) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ¯ C1¯ (2, P1) 2 ¯ C1¯ (2, P1) 2 + (1, 0, 0) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c ¯ F 1¯ (2, P1) 2 ¯ ¯ F 1 (2, P1) 2 + (1, 0, 0)
[3] ⎧ a = 3a 2 ⎨ P1¯ (2) ¯ P1 (2) 2 + (2, 0, 0) ⎩ ¯ P1 (2) 2 + (4, 0, 0)

= 3a, b = a + b [3] a ⎧ 2 ⎨ P1¯ (2) P1¯ (2) 2 + (2, 0, 0) ⎩ ¯ P1 (2) 2 + (4, 0, 0)

= 3a, b = 2a + b [3] a ⎧ 2 ⎨ P1¯ (2) P1¯ (2) 2 + (2, 0, 0) ⎩ ¯ P1 (2) 2 + (4, 0, 0)

= 3a, c = a + c [3] a ⎧ 2 ⎨ P1¯ (2) P1¯ (2) 2 + (2, 0, 0) ⎩ ¯ P1 (2) 2 + (4, 0, 0)

= 3a, c = 2a + c [3] a ⎧ 2 ⎨ P1¯ (2) P1¯ (2) 2 + (2, 0, 0) ⎩ ¯ P1 (2) 2 + (4, 0, 0)


= 3a, b = a + b, c = a + c [3] a ⎧ 2 ⎨ P1¯ (2) P1¯ (2) 2 + (2, 0, 0) ⎩ ¯ P1 (2) 2 + (4, 0, 0)


= 3a, b = 2a + b, c = a + c [3] a ⎧ 2 ⎨ P1¯ (2) P1¯ (2) 2 + (2, 0, 0) ⎩ ¯ P1 (2) 2 + (4, 0, 0) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

118

2a, b, c 2a, b, c

1/2, 0, 0

a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

0, 1/2, 0

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

a, 2b, b + c a, 2b, b + c

0, 1/2, 0

2a, b, a + c 2a, b, a + c

1/2, 0, 0

2a, a + b, c 2a, a + b, c

1/2, 0, 0

2a, a + b, a + c 2a, a + b, a + c

1/2, 0, 0

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3a, a + b, c 3a, a + b, c 3a, a + b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3a, 2a + b, c 3a, 2a + b, c 3a, 2a + b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3a, b, a + c 3a, b, a + c 3a, b, a + c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3a, b, 2a + c 3a, b, 2a + c 3a, b, 2a + c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3a, a + b, a + c 3a, a + b, a + c 3a, a + b, a + c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3a, 2a + b, a + c 3a, 2a + b, a + c 3a, 2a + b, a + c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

CONTINUED

P 1¯

No. 2




[3] ⎧ a = 3a, b = a + b, c = 2a + c ¯ 2 ⎨ P1 (2) P1¯ (2) 2 + (2, 0, 0) ⎩ ¯ P1 (2) 2 + (4, 0, 0)


= 3a, b = 2a + b, c = 2a + c [3] a ⎧ 2 ⎨ P1¯ (2) P1¯ (2) 2 + (2, 0, 0) ⎩ ¯ P1 (2) 2 + (4, 0, 0)
= 3b [3] b ⎧ 2 ⎨ P1¯ (2) P1¯ (2) 2 + (0, 2, 0) ⎩ ¯ P1 (2) 2 + (0, 4, 0)

= 3b, c = b + c [3] b ⎧ 2 ⎨ P1¯ (2) P1¯ (2) 2 + (0, 2, 0) ⎩ ¯ P1 (2) 2 + (0, 4, 0)

= 3b, c = 2b + c [3] b ⎧ 2 ⎨ P1¯ (2) P1¯ (2) 2 + (0, 2, 0) ⎩ ¯ P1 (2) 2 + (0, 4, 0)
= 3c [3] c ⎧ 2 ⎨ P1¯ (2) P1¯ (2) 2 + (0, 0, 2) ⎩ ¯ P1 (2) 2 + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa, b
= qa + b, c
= ra + c P1¯ (2) 2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ r < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each triplet of q, r, and p [p] b
= pb, c
= qb + c P1¯ (2) 2 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p [p] c
= pc P1¯ (2) 2 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

3a, a + b, 2a + c 3a, a + b, 2a + c 3a, a + b, 2a + c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3a, 2a + b, 2a + c 3a, 2a + b, 2a + c 3a, 2a + b, 2a + c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

a, 3b, b + c a, 3b, b + c a, 3b, b + c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

a, 3b, 2b + c a, 3b, 2b + c a, 3b, 2b + c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

pa, qa + b, ra + c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, qb + c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P12/m1 (10); [2] P112/m (10); [2] P121 /m1 (11); [2] P1121 /m (11); [2] C12/m1 (12); [2] A112/m (12); [2] P12/c1 (13); [2] P112/a (13); [2] P121 /c1 (14); [2] P1121 /a (14); [2] C12/c1 (15); [2] A112/a (15); [3] P3¯ (147); [3] R3¯ (148) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

none

119

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 3, pp. 120–122.

P2

No. 3

UNIQUE AXIS

C21

P121

b

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

e

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1 (1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] b
= 2b P121 1 (4) P121 (3) [2] c
= 2c P121 (3) P121 (3) [2] a
= 2a P121 (3) P121 (3) [2] a
= 2a, c
= 2c B121 (3, P121) B121 (3, P121) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C121 (5) C121 (5) [2] b
= 2b, c
= 2c A121 (5, C121) A121 (5, C121) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F121 (5, C121) F121 (5, C121) [3] b
= 3b P121 (3) [3] c
= 3c
P121 (3) P121 (3) P121 (3) [3] a
= a − c, c
= 3c
P121 (3) P121 (3) P121 (3) [3] a
= a − 2c, c
= 3c
P121 (3) P121 (3) P121 (3) [3] a
= 3a
P121 (3) P121 (3) P121 (3)

2 + (0, 1, 0) 2

a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

2 2 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2 2 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, c

1/2, 0, 0

2 2 + (0, 0, 1)

a − c, b, 2c a − c, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2 2 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1/2, 0, 0

2 2 + (0, 0, 1)

2c, 2b, −a − 2c 2c, 2b, −a − 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2 2 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, 2b, −a + c 2a, 2b, −a + c

1/2, 0, 0

2

a, 3b, c

2 2 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 2 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 4)

a − c, b, 3c a − c, b, 3c a − c, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 2 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 4)

a − 2c, b, 3c a − 2c, b, 3c a − 2c, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 2 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

120

No. 3

CONTINUED

UNIQUE AXIS

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] b
= pb P121 (3) 2 p prime no conjugate subgroups [p] a
= a − qc, c
= pc P121 (3) 2 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p [p] a
= pa P121 (3) 2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

b

P2

a, pb, c

a − qc, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P12/m1 (10); [2] P12/c1 (13); [2] P222 (16); [2] P2221 (17); [2] P21 21 2 (18); [2] C222 (21); [2] Pmm2 (25); [2] Pcc2 (27); [2] Pma2 (28); [2] Pnc2 (30); [2] Pba2 (32); [2] Pnn2 (34); [2] Cmm2 (35); [2] Ccc2 (37); [2] P4 (75); [2] P42 (77); [2] P4¯ (81); [3] P6 (168); [3] P62 (171); [3] P64 (172) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C121 (5); [2] A121 (5, C121); [2] I121 (5, C121)

• Decreased unit cell

none

(Continued from the following page)

No. 3

UNIQUE AXIS

c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P112 (3)

[p] a
= pa, b
= −qa + b P112 (3) [p] b
= pb P112 (3)

2 p prime no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p

pa, −qa + b, c

u, 0, 0

2 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P112/m (10); [2] P112/a (13); [2] P222 (16); [2] P2221 (17); [2] P21 21 2 (18); [2] C222 (21); [2] Pmm2 (25); [2] Pcc2 (27); [2] Pma2 (28); [2] Pnc2 (30); [2] Pba2 (32); [2] Pnn2 (34); [2] Cmm2 (35); [2] Ccc2 (37); [2] P4 (75); [2] P42 (77); [2] P4¯ (81); [3] P6 (168); [3] P62 (171); [3] P64 (172) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] A112 (5); [2] B112 (5, A112); [2] I112 (5, A112) • Decreased unit cell

none

121

P2

P2

No. 3

UNIQUE AXIS

C21

P112

c

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

e

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1 (1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P1121 (4) P112 (3) [2] a
= 2a P112 (3) P112 (3) [2] b
= 2b P112 (3) P112 (3) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C112 (3, P112) C112 (3, P112) [2] b
= 2b, c
= 2c A112 (5) A112 (5) [2] a
= 2a, c
= 2c B112 (5, A112) B112 (5, A112) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F112 (5, A112) F112 (5, A112) [3] c
= 3c P112 (3) [3] a
= 3a
P112 (3) P112 (3) P112 (3) [3] a
= 3a, b
= −a + b
P112 (3) P112 (3) P112 (3) [3] a
= 3a, b
= −2a + b
P112 (3) P112 (3) P112 (3) [3] b
= 3b
P112 (3) P112 (3) P112 (3)

2 + (0, 0, 1) 2

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2 2 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, c

1/2, 0, 0

2 2 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

0, 1/2, 0

2 2 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, −a + b, c 2a, −a + b, c

1/2, 0, 0

2 2 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 2b, 2c a, 2b, 2c

0, 1/2, 0

2 2 + (1, 0, 0)

−2a − b, 2a, 2c −2a − b, 2a, 2c

1/2, 0, 0

2 2 + (0, 1, 0)

a − b, 2b, 2c a − b, 2b, 2c

0, 1/2, 0

2

a, b, 3c

2 2 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2 2 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, −a + b, c 3a, −a + b, c 3a, −a + b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2 2 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, −2a + b, c 3a, −2a + b, c 3a, −2a + b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2 2 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

(Continued on the preceding page)

122

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 4, pp. 123–124.

C22

P 1 21 1

UNIQUE AXIS

P 21

No. 4

b

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

a

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1 (1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P121 1 (4) P121 1 (4) [2] a
= 2a P121 1 (4) P121 1 (4) [2] a
= 2a, c
= 2c B121 1 (4, P121 1) B121 1 (4, P121 1) [3] b
= 3b P121 1 (4)
[3]
c = 3c P121 1 (4) P121 1 (4) P121 1 (4)

[3] a
= a − c, c = 3c P121 1 (4) P121 1 (4) P121 1 (4)

[3] a
= a − 2c, c = 3c P121 1 (4) P121 1 (4) P121 1 (4)
[3] a
= 3a P121 1 (4) P121 1 (4) P121 1 (4)

2 2 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2 2 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, c

1/2, 0, 0

2 2 + (0, 0, 1)

a − c, b, 2c a − c, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 3b, c

2 2 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 2 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 4)

a − c, b, 3c a − c, b, 3c a − c, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 2 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 4)

a − 2c, b, 3c a − 2c, b, 3c a − 2c, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 2 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] b
= pb 2 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0) P121 1 (4) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups [p] a
= a − qc, c
= pc 2 + (0, 0, 2u) P121 1 (4) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p [p] a
= pa 2 + (2u, 0, 0) P121 1 (4) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

a − qc, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P121 /m1 (11); [2] P121 /c1 (14); [2] P2221 (17); [2] P21 21 2 (18); [2] P21 21 21 (19); [2] C2221 (20); [2] Pmc21 (26); [2] Pca21 (29); [2] Pmn21 (31); [2] Pna21 (33); [2] Cmc21 (36); [2] P41 (76); [2] P43 (78); [3] P61 (169); [3] P65 (170); [3] P63 (173) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C121 (5); [2] A121 (5, C121); [2] I121 (5, C121) • Decreased unit cell [2] b
= 12 b P121 (3) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

123

P 21

No. 4

UNIQUE AXIS

C22

P 1 1 21

c

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

a

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1 (1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a P1121 (4) P1121 (4) [2] b
= 2b P1121 (4) P1121 (4) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C1121 (4, P1121 ) C1121 (4, P1121 ) [3] c
= 3c P1121 (4)
[3]
a = 3a P1121 (4) P1121 (4) P1121 (4)

[3] a
= 3a, b = −a + b P1121 (4) P1121 (4) P1121 (4)

[3] a
= 3a, b = −2a + b P1121 (4) P1121 (4) P1121 (4)
[3] b
= 3b P1121 (4) P1121 (4) P1121 (4)

2 2 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, c

1/2, 0, 0

2 2 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

0, 1/2, 0

2 2 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, −a + b, c 2a, −a + b, c

1/2, 0, 0

2 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

2 2 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2 2 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, −a + b, c 3a, −a + b, c 3a, −a + b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2 2 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, −2a + b, c 3a, −2a + b, c 3a, −2a + b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2 2 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P1121 (4)

[p] a
= pa, b
= −qa + b P1121 (4) [p] b
= pb P1121 (4)

2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p

pa, −qa + b, c

u, 0, 0

2 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P1121 /m (11); [2] P1121 /a (14); [2] P2221 (17); [2] P21 21 2 (18); [2] P21 21 21 (19); [2] C2221 (20); [2] Pmc21 (26); [2] Pca21 (29); [2] Pmn21 (31); [2] Pna21 (33); [2] Cmc21 (36); [2] P41 (76); [2] P43 (78); [3] P61 (169); [3] P65 (170); [3] P63 (173) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] A112 (5); [2] B112 (5, A112); [2] I112 (5, A112) • Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P112 (3) 124

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 5, pp. 125–127.

C23

C121

UNIQUE AXIS

C2

No. 5

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

c

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] C1 (1, P1) 1+

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯

1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] P121 1 (4) 1; 2 + ( 21 , 12 , 0) [2] P121 (3) 1; 2 • Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c C121 (5) C121 (5) I121 (5, C121) I121 (5, C121) [3] b
= 3b C121 (5) [3] c
= 3c
C121 (5) C121 (5) C121 (5) [3] a
= a − 2c, c
= 3c
C121 (5) C121 (5) C121 (5) [3] a
= a − 4c, c
= 3c
C121 (5) C121 (5) C121 (5) [3] a
= 3a
C121 (5) C121 (5) C121 (5)

1/4, 0, 0

2 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2 2 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a − 2c, b, 2c a − 2c, b, 2c

2

a, 3b, c

2 2 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 2 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 4)

a − 2c, b, 3c a − 2c, b, 3c a − 2c, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 2 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 4)

a − 4c, b, 3c a − 4c, b, 3c a − 4c, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 2 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] b
= pb C121 (5) 2 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups [p] a
= a − 2qc, c
= pc C121 (5) 2 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p [p] a
= pa C121 (5) 2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

125

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

a, pb, c

a − 2qc, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

C2

UNIQUE AXIS

b

No. 5

CONTINUED

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] C12/m1 (12); [2] C12/c1 (15); [2] C2221 (20); [2] C222 (21); [2] F222 (22); [2] I222 (23); [2] I21 21 21 (24); [2] Amm2 (38); [2] Aem2 (39); [2] Ama2 (40); [2] Aea2 (41); [2] Fmm2 (42); [2] Fdd2 (43); [2] Imm2 (44); [2] Iba2 (45); [2] Ima2 (46); [2] I4 (79); [2] I41 (80); [2] I 4¯ (82); [3] P312 (149); [3] P321 (150); [3] P31 12 (151); [3] P31 21 (152); [3] P32 12 (153); [3] P32 21 (154); [3] R32 (155) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b P121 (3)

C2

UNIQUE AXIS

c

No. 5

(Continued from the facing page)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] A112/m (12); [2] A112/a (15); [2] C2221 (20); [2] C222 (21); [2] F222 (22); [2] I222 (23); [2] I21 21 21 (24); [2] Amm2 (38); [2] Aem2 (39); [2] Ama2 (40); [2] Aea2 (41); [2] Fmm2 (42); [2] Fdd2 (43); [2] Imm2 (44); [2] Iba2 (45); [2] Ima2 (46); [2] I4 (79); [2] I41 (80); [2] I 4¯ (82); [3] P312 (149); [3] P321 (150); [3] P31 12 (151); [3] P31 21 (152); [3] P32 12 (153); [3] P32 21 (154); [3] R32 (155) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P112 (3)

126

C23

A112

UNIQUE AXIS

C2

No. 5

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

c

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] A1 (1, P1) 1+

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

a, 1/2(b − c), 1/2(b + c)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] P1121 (4) 1; 2 + (0, 12 , 12 ) [2] P112 (3) 1; 2

0, 1/4, 0

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a A112 (5) A112 (5) I112 (5, A112) I112 (5, A112) [3] c
= 3c A112 (5) [3] a
= 3a
A112 (5) A112 (5) A112 (5) [3] a
= 3a, b
= −2a + b
A112 (5) A112 (5) A112 (5) [3] a
= 3a, b
= −4a + b
A112 (5) A112 (5) A112 (5) [3] b
= 3b
A112 (5) A112 (5) A112 (5)

2 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 2 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, −2a + b, c 2a, −2a + b, c

2

a, b, 3c

2 2 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2 2 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, −2a + b, c 3a, −2a + b, c 3a, −2a + b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2 2 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, −4a + b, c 3a, −4a + b, c 3a, −4a + b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2 2 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc A112 (5)

[p] a
= pa, b
= −2qa + b A112 (5) [p] b
= pb A112 (5)

2 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p

pa, −2qa + b, c

u, 0, 0

2 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

(Continued on the facing page)

127

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 6, pp. 128–130.

Pm

No. 6

UNIQUE AXIS

Cs1

P1m1

b

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

c

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1 (1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] b
= 2b P1m1 (6) P1m1 (6) [2] c
= 2c P1c1 (7) P1m1 (6) [2] a
= 2a P1a1 (7, P1c1) P1m1 (6) [2] a
= 2a, c
= 2c B1e1 (7, P1c1) B1m1 (6, P1m1) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C1m1 (8) C1m1 (8) [2] b
= 2b, c
= 2c A1m1 (8, C1m1) A1m1 (8, C1m1) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F1m1 (8, C1m1) F1m1 (8, C1m1) [3] b
= 3b
P1m1 (6) P1m1 (6) P1m1 (6) [3] c
= 3c P1m1 (6) [3] a
= a − c, c
= 3c P1m1 (6) [3] a
= a − 2c, c
= 3c P1m1 (6) [3] a
= 3a P1m1 (6)

2 2 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

2 + (0, 0, 1) 2

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2 + (1, 0, 0) 2

−2a − c, b, 2a 2a, b, c

2 + (0, 0, 1) 2

a − c, b, 2c a − c, b, 2c

2 2 + (0, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

0, 1/2, 0

2 2 + (0, 1, 0)

2c, 2b, −a − 2c 2c, 2b, −a − 2c

0, 1/2, 0

2 2 + (0, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, −a + c 2a, 2b, −a + c

0, 1/2, 0

2 2 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2

a, b, 3c

2

a − c, b, 3c

2

a − 2c, b, 3c

2

3a, b, c

0, 1/2, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] b
= pb P1m1 (6)

[p] a
= a − qc, c
= pc P1m1 (6) [p] a
= pa P1m1 (6)

2 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

2 p prime; 0 ≤ q < p no conjugate subgroups

a − qc, b, pc

2 p prime no conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

128

0, u, 0

CONTINUED

No. 6

UNIQUE AXIS

b

Pm

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P12/m1 (10); [2] P121 /m1 (11); [2] Pmm2 (25); [2] Pmc21 (26); [2] Pma2 (28); [2] Pmn21 (31); [2] Amm2 (38); [2] Ama2 (40); [3] P6¯ (174) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C1m1 (8); [2] A1m1 (8, C1m1); [2] I1m1 (8, C1m1) • Decreased unit cell

(Continued from the following page)

none

No. 6

UNIQUE AXIS

c

Pm

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P112/m (10); [2] P1121 /m (11); [2] Pmm2 (25); [2] Pmc21 (26); [2] Pma2 (28); [2] Pmn21 (31); [2] Amm2 (38); [2] Ama2 (40); [3] P6¯ (174) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] A11m (8); [2] B11m (8, A11m); [2] I11m (8, A11m)

• Decreased unit cell

none

129

Pm

No. 6

UNIQUE AXIS

Cs1

P11m

c

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

c

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1 (1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P11m (6) P11m (6) [2] a
= 2a P11a (7) P11m (6) [2] b
= 2b P11b (7, P11a) P11m (6) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C11e (7, P11a) C11m (6, P11m) [2] b
= 2b, c
= 2c A11m (8) A11m (8) [2] a
= 2a, c
= 2c B11m (8, A11m) B11m (8, A11m) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F11m (8, A11m) F11m (8, A11m) [3] c
= 3c
P11m (6) P11m (6) P11m (6) [3] a
= 3a P11m (6) [3] a
= 3a, b
= −a + b P11m (6) [3] a
= 3a, b
= −2a + b P11m (6) [3] b
= 3b P11m (6)

2 2 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2 + (1, 0, 0) 2

2a, b, c 2a, b, c

2 + (0, 1, 0) 2

2b, −a − 2b, c a, 2b, c

2 + (1, 0, 0) 2

2a, −a + b, c 2a, −a + b, c

2 2 + (0, 0, 1)

a, 2b, 2c a, 2b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2 2 + (0, 0, 1)

−2a − b, 2a, 2c −2a − b, 2a, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2 2 + (0, 0, 1)

a − b, 2b, 2c a − b, 2b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2 2 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2

3a, b, c

2

3a, −a + b, c

2

3a, −2a + b, c

2

a, 3b, c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P11m (6) 2 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= pa, b
= −qa + b P11m (6) 2 p prime; 0 ≤ q < p no conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb P11m (6) 2 p prime no conjugate subgroups (Continued on the preceding page)

a, b, pc

pa, −qa + b, c

a, pb, c

130

0, 0, 1/2

0, 0, u

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 7, pp. 131–132.

Cs2

P1c1

UNIQUE AXIS

Pc

No. 7

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

a

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, y, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1 (1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] b
= 2b P1c1 (7) P1c1 (7) [2] a
= 2a P1c1 (7) P1n1 (7, P1c1) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C1c1 (9) C1c1 (9) [3] b
= 3b
P1c1 (7) P1c1 (7) P1c1 (7) [3] c
= 3c P1c1 (7) [3] a
= 3a P1c1 (7) [3] a
= 3a, c
= −2a + c P1c1 (7) [3] a
= 3a, c
= −4a + c P1c1 (7)

2 2 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

2 2 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, −2a + c

2 2 + (0, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

0, 1/2, 0

2 2 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

2

3a, b, c

2 + (−1, 0, 0)

3a, b, −2a + c

2 + (−2, 0, 0)

3a, b, −4a + c

0, 1/2, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] b
= pb P1c1 (7) [p] c
= pc P1c1 (7)

[p] a
= pa, c
= −2qa + c P1c1 (7)

2 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

2 + (−q, 0, 0) p prime; 0 ≤ q < p no conjugate subgroups

pa, b, −2qa + c

0, u, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P12/c1 (13); [2] P121 /c1 (14); [2] Pmc21 (26); [2] Pcc2 (27); [2] Pma2 (28); [2] Pca21 (29); [2] Pnc2 (30); [2] Pmn21 (31); [2] Pba2 (32); [2] Pna21 (33); [2] Pnn2 (34); [2] Aem2 (39); [2] Aea2 (41) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] A1m1 (8, C1m1); [2] C1c1 (9); [2] I1c1 (9, C1c1) • Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P1m1 (6) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

131

Pc

No. 7

UNIQUE AXIS

Cs2

P11a

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

2

a

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x + 12 , y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1 (1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P11a (7) P11a (7) [2] b
= 2b P11a (7) P11n (7, P11a) [2] b
= 2b, c
= 2c A11a (9) A11a (9) [3] c
= 3c
P11a (7) P11a (7) P11a (7) [3] a
= 3a P11a (7) [3] b
= 3b P11a (7) [3] a
= a − 2b, b
= 3b P11a (7) [3] a
= a − 4b, b
= 3b P11a (7)

2 2 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2 2 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 2b, c a − 2b, 2b, c

2 2 + (0, 0, 1)

a, 2b, 2c a, 2b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2 2 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 + (1, 0, 0)

3a, b, c

2

a, 3b, c

2 + (0, −1, 0)

a − 2b, 3b, c

2 + (0, −2, 0)

a − 4b, 3b, c

0, 0, 1/2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P11a (7)

[p] a
= pa P11a (7) [p] a
= a − 2qb, b
= pb P11a (7)

2 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

2 + ( 2p − 12 ), 0, 0 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

2 + (0, −q, 0) p prime; 0 ≤ q < p no conjugate subgroups

a − 2qb, pb, c

0, 0, u

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P112/a (13); [2] P1121 /a (14); [2] Pmc21 (26); [2] Pcc2 (27); [2] Pma2 (28); [2] Pca21 (29); [2] Pnc2 (30); [2] Pmn21 (31); [2] Pba2 (32); [2] Pna21 (33); [2] Pnn2 (34); [2] Aem2 (39); [2] Aea2 (41) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] B11m (8, A11m); [2] A11a (9); [2] I11a (9, A11a) • Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a P11m (6)

132

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 8, pp. 133–134.

Cs3

C1m1

UNIQUE AXIS

Cm

No. 8

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

b

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] C1 (1, P1) 1+

(2) x, y, ¯z

1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] P1a1 (7, P1c1) 1; 2 + ( 21 , 12 , 0) [2] P1m1 (6) 1; 2 • Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c C1c1 (9) I1c1 (9, C1c1) C1m1 (8) I1m1 (8, C1m1) [3] b
= 3b
C1m1 (8) C1m1 (8) C1m1 (8) [3] c
= 3c C1m1 (8) [3] a
= a − 2c, c
= 3c C1m1 (8) [3] a
= a − 4c, c
= 3c C1m1 (8) [3] a
= 3a C1m1 (8)

−a − c, b, a

2 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2 2

a, b, 2c a − 2c, b, 2c a, b, 2c a − 2c, b, 2c

2 2 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

2

a, b, 3c

2

a − 2c, b, 3c

2

a − 4c, b, 3c

2

3a, b, c

0, 1/4, 0

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] b
= pb C1m1 (8)

[p] a
= a − 2qc, c
= pc C1m1 (8) [p] a
= pa C1m1 (8)

2 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

2 p prime; 0 ≤ q < p no conjugate subgroups

a − 2qc, b, pc

2 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

0, u, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] C12/m1 (12); [2] Cmm2 (35); [2] Cmc21 (36); [2] Amm2 (38); [2] Aem2 (39); [2] Fmm2 (42); [2] Imm2 (44); [2] Ima2 (46); [3] P3m1 (156); [3] P31m (157); [3] R3m (160) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b P1m1 (6) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

133

Cm

No. 8

UNIQUE AXIS

Cs3

A11m

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

b

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] A1 (1, P1) 1+

(2) x, y, z¯

a, 1/2(b − c), 1/2(b + c)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] P11b (7, P11a) 1; 2 + (0, 12 , 12 ) [2] P11m (6) 1; 2 • Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a A11a (9) I11a (9, A11a) A11m (8) I11m (8, A11m) [3] c
= 3c
A11m (8) A11m (8) A11m (8) [3] a
= 3a A11m (8) [3] a
= 3a, b
= −2a + b A11m (8) [3] a
= 3a, b
= −4a + b A11m (8) [3] b
= 3b A11m (8)

b, −a − b, c

2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 2

2a, b, c 2a, −2a + b, c 2a, b, c 2a, −2a + b, c

2 2 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

2

3a, b, c

2

3a, −2a + b, c

2

3a, −4a + b, c

2

a, 3b, c

0, 0, 1/4

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc A11m (8)

[p] a
= pa, b
= −2qa + b A11m (8) [p] b
= pb A11m (8)

2 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

2 p prime; 0 ≤ q < p no conjugate subgroups

pa, −2qa + b, c

2 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, 0, u

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] A112/m (12); [2] Cmm2 (35); [2] Cmc21 (36); [2] Amm2 (38); [2] Aem2 (39); [2] Fmm2 (42); [2] Imm2 (44); [2] Ima2 (46); [3] P3m1 (156); [3] P31m (157); [3] R3m (160) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P11m (6) 134

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 9, pp. 135–136.

Cs4

C1c1

UNIQUE AXIS

Cc

No. 9

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

a

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] C1 (1, P1) 1+

(2) x, y, ¯ z + 12

1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] P1c1 (7) [2] P1n1 (7, P1c1)

• Enlarged unit cell [3] b
= 3b
C1c1 (9) C1c1 (9) C1c1 (9) [3] c
= 3c C1c1 (9) [3] a
= a − 2c, c
= 3c C1c1 (9) [3] a
= a − 4c, c
= 3c C1c1 (9) [3] a
= 3a C1c1 (9)

1; 2 1; 2 + ( 21 , 12 , 0)

a, b, −a + c

0, 1/4, 0

2 2 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

2 + (0, 0, 1)

a − 2c, b, 3c

2 + (0, 0, 1)

a − 4c, b, 3c

2

3a, b, c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] b
= pb C1c1 (9) 2 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= a − 2qc, c
= pc C1c1 (9) 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p no conjugate subgroups [p] a
= pa C1c1 (9) 2 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a − 2qc, b, pc

pa, b, c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] C12/c1 (15); [2] Cmc21 (36); [2] Ccc2 (37); [2] Ama2 (40); [2] Aea2 (41); [2] Fdd2 (43); [2] Iba2 (45); [2] Ima2 (46); [3] P3c1 (158); [3] P31c (159); [3] R3c (161) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] F1m1 (8, C1m1)

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c C1m1 (8); [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b P1c1 (7)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

135

Cc

No. 9

UNIQUE AXIS

Cs4

A11a

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

a

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] A1 (1, P1) 1+

(2) x + 12 , y, z¯

a, 1/2(b − c), 1/2(b + c)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] P11a (7) [2] P11n (7, P11a)

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c
A11a (9) A11a (9) A11a (9) [3] a
= 3a A11a (9) [3] a
= 3a, b
= −2a + b A11a (9) [3] a
= 3a, b
= −4a + b A11a (9) [3] b
= 3b A11a (9)

1; 2 1; 2 + (0, 12 , 12 )

a − b, b, c

0, 0, 1/4

2 2 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 + (1, 0, 0)

3a, b, c

2 + (1, 0, 0)

3a, −2a + b, c

2 + (1, 0, 0)

3a, −4a + b, c

2

a, 3b, c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc A11a (9) 2 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= pa, b
= −2qa + b A11a (9) 2 + ( 2p − 12 , 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p no conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb A11a (9) 2 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, −2qa + b, c

a, pb, c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] A112/a (15); [2] Cmc21 (36); [2] Ccc2 (37); [2] Ama2 (40); [2] Aea2 (41); [2] Fdd2 (43); [2] Iba2 (45); [2] Ima2 (46); [3] P3c1 (158); [3] P31c (159); [3] R3c (161) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] F11m (8, A11m)

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a A11m (8); [2] b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P11a (7)

136

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 10, pp. 137–140.

C2h1

P 1 2/m 1

UNIQUE AXIS

No. 10

P 2/m

b

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

o

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1m1 (6) 1; 4 [2] P121 (3) 1; 2 [2] P1¯ (2) 1; 3 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] b
= 2b P121 /m1 (11) P121 /m1 (11) P12/m1 (10) P12/m1 (10) [2] c
= 2c P12/c1 (13) P12/c1 (13) P12/m1 (10) P12/m1 (10) [2] a
= 2a P12/a1 (13, P12/c1) P12/a1 (13, P12/c1) P12/m1 (10) P12/m1 (10) [2] a
= 2a, c
= 2c B12/e1 (13, P12/c1) B12/e1 (13, P12/c1) B12/m1 (10, P12/m1) B12/m1 (10, P12/m1) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C12/m1 (12) C12/m1 (12) C12/m1 (12) C12/m1 (12) [2] b
= 2b, c
= 2c A12/m1 (12, C12/m1) A12/m1 (12, C12/m1) A12/m1 (12, C12/m1) A12/m1 (12, C12/m1) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F12/m1 (12, C12/m1) F12/m1 (12, C12/m1) F12/m1 (12, C12/m1) F12/m1 (12, C12/m1) [3] b
= 3b
P12/m1 (10) P12/m1 (10) P12/m1 (10) [3] c
= 3c
P12/m1 (10) P12/m1 (10) P12/m1 (10) [3] a
= a − c, c
= 3c
P12/m1 (10) P12/m1 (10) P12/m1 (10)

3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 2b, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0)

−2a − c, b, 2a −2a − c, b, 2a 2a, b, c 2a, b, c

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1)

a − c, b, 2c a − c, b, 2c a − c, b, 2c a − c, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 1, 1)

2c, 2b, −a − 2c 2c, 2b, −a − 2c 2c, 2b, −a − 2c 2c, 2b, −a − 2c

0, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/2

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, −a + c 2a, 2b, −a + c 2a, 2b, −a + c 2a, 2b, −a + c

0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 2, 0) 2; 3 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 0, 2) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 0, 2) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 4)

a − c, b, 3c a − c, b, 3c a − c, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

137

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 0, 0, 1/2

P 2/m

UNIQUE AXIS

[3] a
= a − 2c, c
= 3c
P12/m1 (10) P12/m1 (10) P12/m1 (10) [3] a
= 3a
P12/m1 (10) P12/m1 (10) P12/m1 (10)

b

No. 10

CONTINUED

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 0, 2) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 4)

a − 2c, b, 3c a − 2c, b, 3c a − 2c, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a − qc, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] b
= pb P12/m1 (10) 2; 3 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= a − qc, c
= pc P12/m1 (10) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p [p] a
= pa P12/m1 (10) (2; 3) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pmmm (47); [2] Pccm (49); [2] Pmma (51); [2] Pmna (53); [2] Pbam (55); [2] Pnnm (58); [2] Cmmm (65); [2] Cccm (66); [2] P4/m (83); [2] P42 /m (84); [3] P6/m (175) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C12/m1 (12); [2] A12/m1 (12, C12/m1); [2] I12/m1 (12, C12/m1)

• Decreased unit cell

none

138

C2h1

P 1 1 2/m

UNIQUE AXIS

No. 10

P 2/m

c

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

o

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P11m (6) 1; 4 [2] P112 (3) 1; 2 [2] P1¯ (2) 1; 3 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P1121 /m (11) P1121 /m (11) P112/m (10) P112/m (10) [2] a
= 2a P112/a (13) P112/a (13) P112/m (10) P112/m (10) [2] b
= 2b P112/b (13, P112/a) P112/b (13, P112/a) P112/m (10) P112/m (10) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C112/e (13, P112/a) C112/e (13, P112/a) C112/m (10, P112/m) C112/m (10, P112/m) [2] b
= 2b, c
= 2c A112/m (12) A112/m (12) A112/m (12) A112/m (12) [2] a
= 2a, c
= 2c B112/m (12, A112/m) B112/m (12, A112/m) B112/m (12, A112/m) B112/m (12, A112/m) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F112/m (12, A112/m) F112/m (12, A112/m) F112/m (12, A112/m) F112/m (12, A112/m) [3] c
= 3c
P112/m (10) P112/m (10) P112/m (10) [3] a
= 3a
P112/m (10) P112/m (10) P112/m (10) [3] a
= 3a, b
= −a + b
P112/m (10) P112/m (10) P112/m (10)

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c

3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0)

2b, −a − 2b, c 2b, −a − 2b, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0)

2a, −a + b, c 2a, −a + b, c 2a, −a + b, c 2a, −a + b, c

1/2, 0, 0

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 1)

a, 2b, 2c a, 2b, 2c a, 2b, 2c a, 2b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 1)

−2a − b, 2a, 2c −2a − b, 2a, 2c −2a − b, 2a, 2c −2a − b, 2a, 2c

1/2, 0, 0 0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 0, 1/2

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 1)

a − b, 2b, 2c a − b, 2b, 2c a − b, 2b, 2c a − b, 2b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/2

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, −a + b, c 3a, −a + b, c 3a, −a + b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

139

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 0

P 2/m

UNIQUE AXIS

[3] a
= 3a, b
= −2a + b
P112/m (10) P112/m (10) P112/m (10) [3] b
= 3b
P112/m (10) P112/m (10) P112/m (10)

c

No. 10

CONTINUED

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, −2a + b, c 3a, −2a + b, c 3a, −2a + b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, −qa + b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P112/m (10) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= pa, b
= −qa + b P112/m (10) (2; 3) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p [p] b
= pb P112/m (10) (2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pmmm (47); [2] Pccm (49); [2] Pmma (51); [2] Pmna (53); [2] Pbam (55); [2] Pnnm (58); [2] Cmmm (65); [2] Cccm (66); [2] P4/m (83); [2] P42 /m (84); [3] P6/m (175) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] A112/m (12); [2] B112/m (12, A112/m); [2] I112/m (12, A112/m)

• Decreased unit cell

none

140

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 11, pp. 141–143.

C2h2

P 1 21/m 1

UNIQUE AXIS

No. 11

P 21/m

b

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

f

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y¯ + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1m1 (6) 1; 4 [2] P121 1 (4) 1; 2 [2] P1¯ (2) 1; 3

0, 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P121 /c1 (14) P121 /c1 (14) P121 /m1 (11) P121 /m1 (11) [2] a
= 2a P121 /a1 (14, P121 /c1) P121 /a1 (14, P121 /c1) P121 /m1 (11) P121 /m1 (11) [2] a
= 2a, c
= 2c B121 /e1 (14, P121 /c1) B121 /e1 (14, P121 /c1) B121 /m1 (11, P121 /m1) B121 /m1 (11, P121 /m1)
[3]
b = 3b P121 /m1 (11) P121 /m1 (11) P121 /m1 (11)
[3] c
= 3c P121 /m1 (11) P121 /m1 (11) P121 /m1 (11) [3] a
= a − c, c
= 3c
P121 /m1 (11) P121 /m1 (11) P121 /m1 (11) [3] a
= a − 2c, c
= 3c
P121 /m1 (11) P121 /m1 (11) P121 /m1 (11)
[3] a
= 3a P121 /m1 (11) P121 /m1 (11) P121 /m1 (11)

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0)

−2a − c, b, 2a −2a − c, b, 2a 2a, b, c 2a, b, c

1/2, 0, 0

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1)

a − c, b, 2c a − c, b, 2c a − c, b, 2c a − c, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 0, 2) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 0, 2) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 4)

a − c, b, 3c a − c, b, 3c a − c, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 0, 2) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 4)

a − 2c, b, 3c a − 2c, b, 3c a − 2c, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a − qc, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] b
= pb P121 /m1 (11) 2 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0); 3 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= a − qc, c
= pc P121 /m1 (11) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p [p] a
= pa P121 /m1 (11) (2; 3) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

141

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

1/2, 0, 0

0, 0, 1/2

P 21/m

UNIQUE AXIS

b

No. 11

CONTINUED

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pmma (51); [2] Pbcm (57); [2] Pmmn (59); [2] Pnma (62); [2] Cmcm (63); [3] P63 /m (176) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C12/m1 (12); [2] A12/m1 (12, C12/m1); [2] I12/m1 (12, C12/m1) • Decreased unit cell

[2] b
= 12 b P12/m1 (10)

P 21/m

UNIQUE AXIS

c

No. 11

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pmma (51); [2] Pbcm (57); [2] Pmmn (59); [2] Pnma (62); [2] Cmcm (63); [3] P63 /m (176) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] A112/m (12); [2] B112/m (12, A112/m); [2] I112/m (12, A112/m)

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P112/m (10)

142

(Continued from the facing page)

C2h2

P 1 1 21/m

UNIQUE AXIS

No. 11

P 21/m

c

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

f

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y, z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P11m (6) 1; 4 1; 2 [2] P1121 (4) [2] P1¯ (2) 1; 3

0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a P1121 /a (14) P1121 /a (14) P1121 /m (11) P1121 /m (11) [2] b
= 2b P1121 /b (14, P1121 /a) P1121 /b (14, P1121 /a) P1121 /m (11) P1121 /m (11) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C1121 /e (14, P1121 /a) C1121 /e (14, P1121 /a) C1121 /m (11, P1121 /m) C1121 /m (11, P1121 /m)
[3]
c = 3c P1121 /m (11) P1121 /m (11) P1121 /m (11)
[3] a
= 3a P1121 /m (11) P1121 /m (11) P1121 /m (11)

[3] a
= 3a, b = −a + b P1121 /m (11) P1121 /m (11) P1121 /m (11)

[3] a
= 3a, b = −2a + b P1121 /m (11) P1121 /m (11) P1121 /m (11)
[3] b
= 3b P1121 /m (11) P1121 /m (11) P1121 /m (11)

3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c

3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0)

2b, −a − 2b, c 2b, −a − 2b, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

0, 1/2, 0

3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0)

2a, −a + b, c 2a, −a + b, c 2a, −a + b, c 2a, −a + b, c

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, −a + b, c 3a, −a + b, c 3a, −a + b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, −2a + b, c 3a, −2a + b, c 3a, −2a + b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, −qa + b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P1121 /m (11) 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= pa, b
= −qa + b P1121 /m (11) (2; 3) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p [p] b
= pb P1121 /m (11) (2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups (Continued on the facing page) 143

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0

0, 1/2, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 12, pp. 144–146.

C 2/m UNIQUE AXIS

No. 12

C2h3

C 1 2/m 1

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

j

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] C1m1 (8) (1; 4)+ [2] C121 (5) (1; 2)+ ¯ [2] C1¯ (2, P1) (1; 3)+

(4) x, y, ¯z

1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

P121 /a1 (14, P121 /c1) P12/a1 (13, P12/c1) P121 /m1 (11) P12/m1 (10)

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c C12/c1 (15) C12/c1 (15) I12/c1 (15, C12/c1) I12/c1 (15, C12/c1) C12/m1 (12) C12/m1 (12) I12/m1 (12, C12/m1) I12/m1 (12, C12/m1)
[3] b
= 3b C12/m1 (12) C12/m1 (12) C12/m1 (12)
[3]
c = 3c C12/m1 (12) C12/m1 (12) C12/m1 (12) [3] a
= a − 2c, c
= 3c
C12/m1 (12) C12/m1 (12) C12/m1 (12) [3] a
= a − 4c, c
= 3c
C12/m1 (12) C12/m1 (12) C12/m1 (12)
[3]
a = 3a C12/m1 (12) C12/m1 (12) C12/m1 (12)

1; 1; 1; 1;

3; 2; 4; 2;

(2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 3; 4

c, b, −a c, b, −a c, b, −a

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a − 2c, b, 2c a − 2c, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a − 2c, b, 2c a − 2c, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 2, 0) 2; 3 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 0, 2) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 0, 2) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 4)

a − 2c, b, 3c a − 2c, b, 3c a − 2c, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 0, 2) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 4)

a − 4c, b, 3c a − 4c, b, 3c a − 4c, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a − 2qc, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] b
= pb C12/m1 (12) 2; 3 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= a − 2qc, c
= pc C12/m1 (12) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p [p] a
= pa C12/m1 (12) (2; 3) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

144

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

CONTINUED

No. 12

UNIQUE AXIS

b

C 2/m

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Cmcm (63); [2] Cmce (64); [2] Cmmm (65); [2] Cmme (67); [2] Fmmm (69); [2] Immm (71); [2] Ibam (72); [2] Imma (74); ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ [2] I4/m (87); [3] P312/m (162, P31m); [3] P32/m1 (164, P3m1); [3] R32/m (166, R3m) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b P12/m1 (10)

(Continued from the following page)

No. 12

UNIQUE AXIS

c

C 2/m

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Cmcm (63); [2] Cmce (64); [2] Cmmm (65); [2] Cmme (67); [2] Fmmm (69); [2] Immm (71); [2] Ibam (72); [2] Imma (74); ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ [2] I4/m (87); [3] P312/m (162, P31m); [3] P32/m1 (164, P3m1); [3] R32/m (166, R3m) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P112/m (10)

145

C 2/m UNIQUE AXIS

No. 12

C2h3

A 1 1 2/m

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

j

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] A11m (8) (1; 4)+ [2] A112 (5) (1; 2)+ ¯ [2] A1¯ (2, P1) (1; 3)+

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y, z¯

a, 1/2(b − c), 1/2(b + c)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

P1121 /b (14, P1121 /a) P112/b (13, P112/a) P1121 /m (11) P112/m (10)

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a A112/a (15) A112/a (15) I112/a (15, A112/a) I112/a (15, A112/a) A112/m (12) A112/m (12) I112/m (12, A112/m) I112/m (12, A112/m)
[3] c
= 3c A112/m (12) A112/m (12) A112/m (12)
[3]
a = 3a A112/m (12) A112/m (12) A112/m (12)

[3]
a = 3a, b = −2a + b A112/m (12) A112/m (12) A112/m (12)

[3]
a = 3a, b = −4a + b A112/m (12) A112/m (12) A112/m (12)
[3]
b = 3b A112/m (12) A112/m (12) A112/m (12)

1; 1; 1; 1;

3; 2; 4; 2;

(2; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ) (3; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ) (2; 3) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 3; 4

−b, a, c −b, a, c −b, a, c

0, 1/4, 1/4 0, 1/4, 1/4

3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, −2a + b, c 2a, −2a + b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, −2a + b, c 2a, −2a + b, c

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, −2a + b, c 3a, −2a + b, c 3a, −2a + b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, −4a + b, c 3a, −4a + b, c 3a, −4a + b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, −2qa + b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc A112/m (12) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= pa, b
= −2qa + b A112/m (12) (2; 3) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p [p] b
= pb A112/m (12) (2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups (Continued on the preceding page) 146

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 13, pp. 147–149.

C2h4

P 1 2/c 1

UNIQUE AXIS

No. 13

P 2/c

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

g

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1c1 (7) 1; 4 [2] P121 (3) 1; 2 [2] P1¯ (2) 1; 3

0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] b
= 2b P121 /c1 (14) P121 /c1 (14) P12/c1 (13) P12/c1 (13) [2] a
= 2a P12/c1 (13) P12/c1 (13) P12/n1 (13, P12/c1) P12/n1 (13, P12/c1) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C12/c1 (15) C12/c1 (15) C12/c1 (15) C12/c1 (15)
[3]
b = 3b P12/c1 (13) P12/c1 (13) P12/c1 (13)
[3]
c = 3c P12/c1 (13) P12/c1 (13) P12/c1 (13)
[3]
a = 3a P12/c1 (13) P12/c1 (13) P12/c1 (13) [3] a
= 3a, c
= −2a + c
P12/c1 (13) P12/c1 (13) P12/c1 (13) [3] a
= 3a, c
= −4a + c
P12/c1 (13) P12/c1 (13) P12/c1 (13)

3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 2b, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

2; 3 (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, −2a + c 2a, b, −2a + c

1/2, 0, 0

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 2, 0) 2; 3 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 3); 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 5); 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3; 2 + (−1, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); 3 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, −2a + c 3a, b, −2a + c 3a, b, −2a + c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3; 2 + (−2, 0, 0) 2 + (0, 0, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, −4a + c 3a, b, −4a + c 3a, b, −4a + c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, b, −2qa + c

u, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] b
= pb P12/c1 (13) 2; 3 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc P12/c1 (13) 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= pa, c
= −2qa + c P12/c1 (13) 2 + (−q + 2u, 0, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

147

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 0

P 2/c

UNIQUE AXIS

b

No. 13

CONTINUED

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pnnn (48); [2] Pccm (49); [2] Pban (50); [2] Pmma (51); [2] Pnna (52); [2] Pmna (53); [2] Pcca (54); [2] Pccn (56); [2] Pbcm (57); [2] Pmmn (59); [2] Pbcn (60); [2] Cmme (67); [2] Ccce (68); [2] P4/n (85); [2] P42 /n (86) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] A12/m1 (12, C12/m1); [2] C12/c1 (15); [2] I12/c1 (15, C12/c1)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P12/m1 (10)

P 2/c

UNIQUE AXIS

c

No. 13

(Continued from the facing page)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pnnn (48); [2] Pccm (49); [2] Pban (50); [2] Pmma (51); [2] Pnna (52); [2] Pmna (53); [2] Pcca (54); [2] Pccn (56); [2] Pbcm (57); [2] Pmmn (59); [2] Pbcn (60); [2] Cmme (67); [2] Ccce (68); [2] P4/n (85); [2] P42 /n (86) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] A112/a (15); [2] B112/m (12, A112/m); [2] I112/a (15, A112/a) • Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a P112/m (10)

148

C2h4

P 1 1 2/a

UNIQUE AXIS

No. 13

P 2/c

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

g

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯z

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x + 12 , y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P11a (7) 1; 4 [2] P112 (3) 1; 2 [2] P1¯ (2) 1; 3

1/4, 0, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P1121 /a (14) P1121 /a (14) P112/a (13) P112/a (13) [2] b
= 2b P112/a (13) P112/a (13) P112/n (13, P112/a) P112/n (13, P112/a) [2] b
= 2b, c
= 2c A112/a (15) A112/a (15) A112/a (15) A112/a (15)
[3] c
= 3c P112/a (13) P112/a (13) P112/a (13)
[3]
a = 3a P112/a (13) P112/a (13) P112/a (13)
[3]
b = 3b P112/a (13) P112/a (13) P112/a (13)

[3]
a = a − 2b, b = 3b P112/a (13) P112/a (13) P112/a (13)

[3] a
= a − 4b, b = 3b P112/a (13) P112/a (13) P112/a (13)

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 2b, c a, 2b, c a − 2b, 2b, c a − 2b, 2b, c

0, 1/2, 0

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 1)

a, 2b, 2c a, 2b, 2c a, 2b, 2c a, 2b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/2

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); 3 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

3; 2 + (0, −1, 0) 2 + (0, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 3, 0); 3 + (0, 4, 0)

a − 2b, 3b, c a − 2b, 3b, c a − 2b, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

3; 2 + (0, −2, 0) 2 + (0, 0, 0); 3 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 4, 0)

a − 4b, 3b, c a − 4b, 3b, c a − 4b, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a − 2qb, pb, c

0, u, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P112/a (13) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= pa P112/a (13) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= a − 2qb, b
= pb P112/a (13) 2 + (0, −q + 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p (Continued on the facing page) 149

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 14, pp. 150–152.

P 21/c UNIQUE AXIS

C2h5

P 1 21/c 1

No. 14 b, CELL CHOICE 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

e

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1c1 (7) 1; 4 [2] P121 1 (4) 1; 2 [2] P1¯ (2) 1; 3

0, 1/4, 0 0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a P121 /c1 (14) P121 /c1 (14) P121 /n1 (14, P121 /c1) P121 /n1 (14, P121 /c1) [3] b
= 3b
P121 /c1 (14) P121 /c1 (14) P121 /c1 (14) [3] c
= 3c
P121 /c1 (14) P121 /c1 (14) P121 /c1 (14) [3] a
= 3a
P121 /c1 (14) P121 /c1 (14) P121 /c1 (14) [3] a
= 3a, c
= −2a + c
P121 /c1 (14) P121 /c1 (14) P121 /c1 (14) [3] a
= 3a, c
= −4a + c
P121 /c1 (14) P121 /c1 (14) P121 /c1 (14)

2; 3 (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, −2a + c 2a, b, −2a + c

3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 3); 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 5); 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3; 2 + (−1, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); 3 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, −2a + c 3a, b, −2a + c 3a, b, −2a + c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3; 2 + (−2, 0, 0) 2 + (0, 0, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, −4a + c 3a, b, −4a + c 3a, b, −4a + c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, b, −2qa + c

u, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] b
= pb 2 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0); 3 + (0, 2u, 0) P121 /c1 (14) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc P121 /c1 (14) 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= pa, c
= −2qa + c 2 + (−q + 2u, 0, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 0) P121 /c1 (14) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

150

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0

CONTINUED

No. 14

UNIQUE AXIS

b

P 21/c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pnna (52); [2] Pmna (53); [2] Pcca (54); [2] Pbam (55); [2] Pccn (56); [2] Pbcm (57); [2] Pnnm (58); [2] Pbcn (60); [2] Pbca (61); [2] Pnma (62); [2] Cmce (64) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] A12/m1 (12, C12/m1); [2] C12/c1 (15); [2] I12/c1 (15, C12/c1)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P121 /m1 (11); [2] b
= 12 b P12/c1 (13)

(Continued from the following page)

No. 14

UNIQUE AXIS

c

P 21/c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pnna (52); [2] Pmna (53); [2] Pcca (54); [2] Pbam (55); [2] Pccn (56); [2] Pbcm (57); [2] Pnnm (58); [2] Pbcn (60); [2] Pbca (61); [2] Pnma (62); [2] Cmce (64) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] A112/a (15); [2] B112/m (12, A112/m); [2] I112/a (15, A112/a) • Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a P1121 /m (11); [2] c
= 12 c P112/a (13)

151

P 21/c UNIQUE AXIS

C2h5

P 1 1 21/a

No. 14 c, CELL CHOICE 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

e

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P11a (7) 1; 4 [2] P1121 (4) 1; 2 ¯ [2] P1 (2) 1; 3

0, 0, 1/4 1/4, 0, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] b
= 2b P1121 /a (14) P1121 /a (14) P1121 /n (14, P1121 /a) P1121 /n (14, P1121 /a) [3] c
= 3c
P1121 /a (14) P1121 /a (14) P1121 /a (14) [3] a
= 3a
P1121 /a (14) P1121 /a (14) P1121 /a (14) [3] b
= 3b
P1121 /a (14) P1121 /a (14) P1121 /a (14) [3] a
= a − 2b, b
= 3b
P1121 /a (14) P1121 /a (14) P1121 /a (14) [3] a
= a − 4b, b
= 3b
P1121 /a (14) P1121 /a (14) P1121 /a (14)

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 2b, c a, 2b, c a − 2b, 2b, c a − 2b, 2b, c

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); 3 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

3; 2 + (0, −1, 0) 2 + (0, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 3, 0); 3 + (0, 4, 0)

a − 2b, 3b, c a − 2b, 3b, c a − 2b, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

3; 2 + (0, −2, 0) 2 + (0, 0, 0); 3 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 4, 0)

a − 4b, 3b, c a − 4b, 3b, c a − 4b, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a − 2qb, pb, c

0, u, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P1121 /a (14) 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= pa P1121 /a (14) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= a − 2qb, b
= pb 2 + (0, −q + 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2u, 0) P1121 /a (14) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p (Continued on the preceding page)

152

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 15, pp. 153–155.

C2h6

C 1 2/c 1

UNIQUE AXIS

No. 15

C 2/c

b, CELL CHOICE 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

f

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] C1c1 (9) (1; 4)+ [2] C121 (5) (1; 2)+ ¯ ¯ [2] C1 (2, P1) (1; 3)+

(4) x, y, ¯ z + 12

0, 0, 1/4 1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

P121 /n1 (14, P121 /c1) P121 /c1 (14) P12/c1 (13) P12/n1 (13, P12/c1)

1; 1; 1; 1;

3; 4; 2; 2;

(2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 3; 4 (3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0)

c, b, −a − c 1/4, 1/4, 0 c, b, −a − c

1/4, 1/4, 0

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 2, 0) 2; 3 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 3); 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 5); 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 3); 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 5); 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a − 2c, b, 3c a − 2c, b, 3c a − 2c, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 3); 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 5); 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a − 4c, b, 3c a − 4c, b, 3c a − 4c, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a − 2qc, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] b
= 3b
C12/c1 (15) C12/c1 (15) C12/c1 (15) [3] c
= 3c
C12/c1 (15) C12/c1 (15) C12/c1 (15) [3] a
= a − 2c, c
= 3c
C12/c1 (15) C12/c1 (15) C12/c1 (15) [3] a
= a − 4c, c
= 3c
C12/c1 (15) C12/c1 (15) C12/c1 (15) [3] a
= 3a
C12/c1 (15) C12/c1 (15) C12/c1 (15)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] b
= pb C12/c1 (15) 2; 3 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= a − 2qc, c
= pc C12/c1 (15) 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p [p] a
= pa C12/c1 (15) (2; 3) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

153

C 2/c

UNIQUE AXIS

b

No. 15

CONTINUED

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Cmcm (63); [2] Cmce (64); [2] Cccm (66); [2] Ccce (68); [2] Fddd (70); [2] Ibam (72); [2] Ibca (73); [2] Imma (74); [2] I41 /a (88); ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ [3] P312/c (163, P31c); [3] P32/c1 (165, P3c1); [3] R32/c (167, R3c) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] F12/m1 (12, C12/m1) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c C12/m1 (12); [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b P12/c1 (13)

C 2/c

UNIQUE AXIS

c

No. 15

(Continued from the facing page)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Cmcm (63); [2] Cmce (64); [2] Cccm (66); [2] Ccce (68); [2] Fddd (70); [2] Ibam (72); [2] Ibca (73); [2] Imma (74); [2] I41 /a (88); ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ [3] P312/c (163, P31c); [3] P32/c1 (165, P3c1); [3] R32/c (167, R3c) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] F112/m (12, A112/m)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a A112/m (12); [2] b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P112/a (13)

154

C2h6

A 1 1 2/a

UNIQUE AXIS

No. 15

C 2/c

c, CELL CHOICE 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

f

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

¯z (2) x¯ + 12 , y,

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] A11a (9) (1; 4)+ [2] A112 (5) (1; 2)+ ¯ [2] A1¯ (2, P1) (1; 3)+

(3) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(4) x + 12 , y, z¯

1/4, 0, 0 a, 1/2(b − c), 1/2(b + c)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

P1121 /n (14, P1121 /a) P1121 /a (14) P112/a (13) P112/n (13, P112/a)

1; 1; 1; 1;

3; 4; 2; 2;

(2; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ) (2; 3) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 3; 4 (3; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 )

−a − b, a, c 0, 1/4, 1/4 −a − b, a, c

0, 1/4, 1/4

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c
A112/a A112/a A112/a [3] a
= 3a
A112/a A112/a A112/a [3] a
= 3a,
A112/a A112/a A112/a [3] a
= 3a,
A112/a A112/a A112/a [3] b
= 3b
A112/a A112/a A112/a

(15) (15) (15)

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

(15) (15) (15) b
= −2a + b (15) (15) (15) b
= −4a + b (15) (15) (15)

3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); 3 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); 3 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, −2a + b, c 3a, −2a + b, c 3a, −2a + b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); 3 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, −4a + b, c 3a, −4a + b, c 3a, −4a + b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

(15) (15) (15)

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, −2qa + b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc A112/a (15) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] a
= pa, b
= −2qa + b A112/a (15) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ q < p; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and p [p] b
= pb A112/a (15) (2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups (Continued on the facing page)

155

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 16, pp. 156–157.

P222

No. 16

D12

P222

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

u

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P112 (3) 1; 2 [2] P121 (3) 1; 3 [2] P211 (3, P121) 1; 4

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯

c, a, b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a P21 22 (17, P2221 ) P21 22 (17, P2221 ) P222 (16) P222 (16) [2] b
= 2b P221 2 (17, P2221 ) P221 2 (17, P2221 ) P222 (16) P222 (16) [2] c
= 2c P2221 (17) P2221 (17) P222 (16) P222 (16) [2] b
= 2b, c
= 2c A222 (21, C222) A222 (21, C222) A222 (21, C222) A222 (21, C222) [2] a
= 2a, c
= 2c B222 (21, C222) B222 (21, C222) B222 (21, C222) B222 (21, C222) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C222 (21) C222 (21) C222 (21) C222 (21) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F222 (22) F222 (22) F222 (22) F222 (22) [3] a
= 3a
P222 (16) P222 (16) P222 (16) [3] b
= 3b
P222 (16) P222 (16) P222 (16) [3] c
= 3c
P222 (16) P222 (16) P222 (16)

3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0)

b, c, 2a b, c, 2a 2a, b, c 2a, b, c

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 3; 2 + (0, 1, 0)

c, a, 2b c, a, 2b a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3 3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 0, 1)

2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a

0, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 1/2

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 1)

2c, 2a, b 2c, 2a, b 2c, 2a, b 2c, 2a, b

0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0)

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

0, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (0, 2, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

156

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

CONTINUED

P222

No. 16

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa P222 (16) (2; 3) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb P222 (16) 3; 2 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc P222 (16) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ ¯ (112); [2] Pmmm (47); [2] Pnnn (48); [2] Pccm (49); [2] Pban (50); [2] P422 (89); [2] P42 22 (93); [2] P42m (111); [2] P42c [3] P23 (195) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] A222 (21, C222); [2] B222 (21, C222); [2] C222 (21); [2] I222 (23)

• Decreased unit cell

none

157

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 17, p. 158.

P 2 2 21

No. 17

D22

P 2 2 21

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

e

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1121 (4) 1; 2 [2] P121 (3) 1; 3 [2] P211 (3, P121) 1; 4

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯

0, 0, 1/4 c, a, b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a P21 221 (18, P21 21 2) P21 221 (18, P21 21 2) P2221 (17) P2221 (17) [2] b
= 2b P221 21 (18, P21 21 2) P221 21 (18, P21 21 2) P2221 (17) P2221 (17) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C2221 (20) C2221 (20) C2221 (20) C2221 (20)
[3]
a = 3a P2221 (17) P2221 (17) P2221 (17)
[3] b
= 3b P2221 (17) P2221 (17) P2221 (17)
[3] c
= 3c P2221 (17) P2221 (17) P2221 (17)

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0)

c, 2a, b c, 2a, b 2a, b, c 2a, b, c

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 3; 2 + (0, 1, 0)

2b, c, a 2b, c, a a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

0, 1/2, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (0, 2, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

(2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 3) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 5)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

(2; 3) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

3; 2 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

1/2, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4 1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa P2221 (17) [p] b
= pb P2221 (17) [p] c
= pc P2221 (17)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pmma (51); [2] Pnna (52); [2] Pmna (53); [2] Pcca (54); [2] P41 22 (91); [2] P43 22 (95) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C2221 (20); [2] A222 (21, C222); [2] B222 (21, C222); [2] I21 21 21 (24)

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P222 (16)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

158

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 18, p. 159.

D32

P 21 21 2

P 21 21 2

No. 18

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

c

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P121 1 (4) 1; 3 1; 4 [2] P21 11 (4, P121 1) [2] P112 (3) 1; 2

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯

c, a, b

1/4, 0, 0 0, 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P21 21 21 (19) P21 21 21 (19) P21 21 2 (18) P21 21 2 (18) [3] a
= 3a
P21 21 2 (18) P21 21 2 (18) P21 21 2 (18) [3] b
= 3b
P21 21 2 (18) P21 21 2 (18) P21 21 2 (18) [3] c
= 3c
P21 21 2 (18) P21 21 2 (18) P21 21 2 (18)

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (3, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0); 3 + (5, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

2 + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

1/4, 0, 1/2 1/4, 0, 0 0, 0, 1/2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa P21 21 2 (18) [p] b
= pb P21 21 2 (18) [p] c
= pc P21 21 2 (18)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pbam (55); [2] Pccn (56); [2] Pbcm (57); [2] Pnnm (58); [2] Pmmn (59); [2] Pbcn (60); [2] P421 2 (90); [2] P42 21 2 (94); ¯ 1 m (113); [2] P42 ¯ 1 c (114) [2] P42 II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] A21 22 (20, C2221 ); [2] B221 2 (20, C2221 ); [2] C222 (21); [2] I222 (23)

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a P221 2 (17, P2221 ); [2] b
= 12 b P21 22 (17, P2221 )

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

159

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 19, p. 160.

P 21 21 21

No. 19

D42

P 2 1 21 21

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

a

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1121 (4) 1; 2 1; 3 [2] P121 1 (4) 1; 4 [2] P21 11 (4, P121 1)

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯

c, a, b

1/4, 0, 0 0, 0, 1/4 0, 1/4, 0

3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); 3 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

(2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 3) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 5)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

2 + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
P21 21 21 (19) P21 21 21 (19) P21 21 21 (19) [3] b
= 3b
P21 21 21 (19) P21 21 21 (19) P21 21 21 (19) [3] c
= 3c
P21 21 21 (19) P21 21 21 (19) P21 21 21 (19)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa P21 21 21 (19) [p] b
= pb P21 21 21 (19) [p] c
= pc P21 21 21 (19)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pbca (61); [2] Pnma (62); [2] P41 21 2 (92); [2] P43 21 2 (96); [3] P21 3 (198) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] A21 22 (20, C2221 ); [2] B221 2 (20, C2221 ); [2] C2221 (20); [2] I21 21 21 (24) • Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a P221 21 (18, P21 21 2); [2] b
= 12 b P21 221 (18, P21 21 2); [2] c
= 12 c P21 21 2 (18)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

160

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 20, p. 161.

D52

C 2 2 21

C 2 2 21

No. 20

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

c

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] C121 (5) (1; 3)+ [2] C211 (5, C121) (1; 4)+ [2] C1121 (4, P1121 ) (1; 2)+

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯

−b, a, c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

P21 21 21 (19) P21 221 (18, P21 21 2) P221 21 (18, P21 21 2) P2221 (17)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 3; 4; 2;

(3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 3; 4

c, a, b b, c, a

1/4, 0, 0 0, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (0, 2, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

(2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 3) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 5)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] a
= 3a
C2221 (20) C2221 (20) C2221 (20) [3] b
= 3b
C2221 (20) C2221 (20) C2221 (20) [3] c
= 3c
C2221 (20) C2221 (20) C2221 (20)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa (2; 3) + (2u, 0, 0) C2221 (20) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb 3; 2 + (0, 2u, 0) C2221 (20) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u) C2221 (20) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Cmcm (63); [2] Cmce (64); [2] P41 22 (91); [2] P41 21 2 (92); [2] P43 22 (95); [2] P43 21 2 (96); [3] P61 22 (178); [3] P65 22 (179); [3] P63 22 (182) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] F222 (22)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b P2221 (17); [2] c
= 12 c C222 (21)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

161

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 21, pp. 162–163.

C222

No. 21

D62

C222

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

l

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] C121 (5) (1; 3)+ [2] C211 (5, C121) (1; 4)+ [2] C112 (3, P112) (1; 2)+

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯

−b, a, c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

P21 21 2 (18) P21 22 (17, P2221 ) P221 2 (17, P2221 ) P222 (16)

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c I21 21 21 (24) I21 21 21 (24) I222 (23) I222 (23) C222 (21) C222 (21) C2221 (20) C2221 (20) [3] a
= 3a
C222 (21) C222 (21) C222 (21) [3] b
= 3b
C222 (21) C222 (21) C222 (21) [3] c
= 3c
C222 (21) C222 (21) C222 (21)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 3; 4; 2;

(3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 3; 4

b, c, a c, a, b

0, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

3/4, 0, 0 3/4, 0, 1/2

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (0, 2, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa C222 (21) (2; 3) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb C222 (21) 3; 2 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc C222 (21) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

162

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

C222

No. 21

CONTINUED

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Cmmm (65); [2] Cccm (66); [2] Cmme (67); [2] Ccce (68); [2] P422 (89); [2] P421 2 (90); [2] P42 22 (93); [2] P42 21 2 (94); ¯ ¯ (116); [2] P4b2 ¯ (117); [2] P4n2 ¯ (118); [3] P622 (177); [3] P62 22 (180); [3] P64 22 (181) [2] P4m2 (115); [2] P4c2 II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] F222 (22) • Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b P222 (16)

F 222

No. 22

(Continued from the following page)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa F222 (22)

[p] b
= pb F222 (22) [p] c
= pc F222 (22)

(2; 3) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

3; 2 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ ¯ (120); [3] F23 (196) [2] Fmmm (69); [2] Fddd (70); [2] I422 (97); [2] I41 22 (98); [2] I 4m2 (119); [2] I 4c2 II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P222 (16)

163

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 22, pp. 163–164.

F 222

No. 22

D72

F 222

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] F112 (5, A112) (1; 2)+ [2] F121 (5, C121) (1; 3)+ [2] F211 (5, C121) (1; 4)+

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯

1/2(a − b), b, c a, b, 1/2(−a + c) c, a, 1/2(b − c)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] A222 (21, C222) 1; 2; 3; 4; (1; 2; 3; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ) [2] A222 (21, C222) 1; 4; (1; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 3) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) [2] B222 (21, C222) 1; 2; 3; 4; (1; 2; 3; 4) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) [2] B222 (21, C222) 1; 3; (1; 3) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (2; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ) [2] C222 (21) 1; 2; 3; 4; (1; 2; 3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) [2] C222 (21) 1; 2; (1; 2) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (3; 4) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1; 2; (1; 2) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (3; 4) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); [2] A21 22 (20, C2221 ) (3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 3; (1; 3) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 4) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); [2] A21 22 (20, C2221 ) (2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 2; (1; 2) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); [2] B221 2 (20, C2221 ) (3; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 4; (1; 4) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); [2] B221 2 (20, C2221 ) (2; 3) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 3; (1; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (2; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ); [2] C2221 (20) (2; 4) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1; 4; (1; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (2; 3) + (0, 12 , 12 ); [2] C2221 (20) (2; 3) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) • Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
F222 (22) F222 (22) F222 (22) [3] b
= 3b
F222 (22) F222 (22) F222 (22) [3] c
= 3c
F222 (22) F222 (22) F222 (22)

b, c, a b, c, a

1/4, 1/4, 1/4

c, a, b c, a, b

1/4, 1/4, 1/4

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 b, c, a

1/4, 0, 1/4

b, c, a

0, 1/4, 0

c, a, b

0, 0, 1/4

c, a, b

1/4, 1/4, 0 0, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (0, 2, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

(Continued on the preceding page)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

164

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 23, p. 165.

D82

I 222

No. 23

I 222

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

k

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I112 (5, A112) (1; 2)+ [2] I121 (5, C121) (1; 3)+ [2] I211 (5, C121) (1; 4)+

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯

b, −a − b, c −a − c, b, a −b − c, a, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

P21 21 2 (18) P21 221 (18, P21 21 2) P221 21 (18, P21 21 2) P222 (16)

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
I222 (23) I222 (23) I222 (23) [3] b
= 3b
I222 (23) I222 (23) I222 (23) [3] c
= 3c
I222 (23) I222 (23) I222 (23)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 3; 4; 2;

(3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 3; 4

c, a, b b, c, a

0, 0, 1/4 0, 1/4, 0 1/4, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (0, 2, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa I222 (23) (2; 3) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb I222 (23) 3; 2 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc I222 (23) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ [2] Immm (71); [2] Ibam (72); [2] I422 (97); [2] I 42m (121); [3] I23 (197) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a A222 (21, C222); [2] b
= 12 b B222 (21, C222); [2] c
= 12 c C222 (21)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

165

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 24, p. 166.

I 21 2 1 2 1

No. 24

D92

I 21 21 21

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

¯ z + 12 (2) x¯ + 12 , y,

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I1121 (5, A112) (1; 2)+ (1; 3)+ [2] I121 1 (5, C121) (1; 4)+ [2] I21 11 (5, C121)

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯

b, −a − b, c −a − c, b, a −b − c, a, c

0, 1/4, 0 1/4, 0, 0 0, 0, 1/4

c, a, b b, c, a

1/4, 0, 1/4 0, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

P21 21 21 (19) P2221 (17) P221 2 (17, P2221 ) P21 22 (17, P2221 )

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 2; 3; 4;

3; 4 (3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 )

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] a
= 3a
I21 21 21 I21 21 21 I21 21 21 [3] b
= 3b
I21 21 21 I21 21 21 I21 21 21 [3] c
= 3c
I21 21 21 I21 21 21 I21 21 21

(24) (24) (24)

3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); 3 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

(24) (24) (24)

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

(24) (24) (24)

(2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 3) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 5)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

2 + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa I21 21 21 (24) [p] b
= pb I21 21 21 (24) [p] c
= pc I21 21 21 (24)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (122); [3] I21 3 (199) [2] Ibca (73); [2] Imma (74); [2] I41 22 (98); [2] I 42d II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a A222 (21, C222); [2] b
= 12 b B222 (21, C222); [2] c
= 12 c C222 (21)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

166

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 25, pp. 167–168.

C2v1

Pmm2

Pmm2

No. 25

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

i

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1m1 (6) 1; 3 [2] Pm11 (6, P1m1) 1; 4 [2] P112 (3) 1; 2

(3) x, y, ¯z

(4) x, ¯ y, z

c, a, b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a Pma2 (28) Pma2 (28) Pmm2 (25) Pmm2 (25) [2] b
= 2b Pbm2 (28, Pma2) Pbm2 (28, Pma2) Pmm2 (25) Pmm2 (25) [2] c
= 2c Pcc2 (27) Pmc21 (26) Pcm21 (26, Pmc21 ) Pmm2 (25) [2] b
= 2b, c
= 2c Aem2 (39) Aem2 (39) Amm2 (38) Amm2 (38) [2] a
= 2a, c
= 2c Bme2 (39, Aem2) Bme2 (39, Aem2) Bmm2 (38, Amm2) Bmm2 (38, Amm2) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b Cmm2 (35) Cmm2 (35) Cmm2 (35) Cmm2 (35) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c Fmm2 (42) Fmm2 (42) Fmm2 (42) Fmm2 (42) [3] a
= 3a
Pmm2 (25) Pmm2 (25) Pmm2 (25) [3] b
= 3b
Pmm2 (25) Pmm2 (25) Pmm2 (25) [3] c
= 3c Pmm2 (25)

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0)

−2b, a, c −2b, a, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c −b, a, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0)

a, 2b, 2c a, 2b, 2c a, 2b, 2c a, 2b, 2c

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0)

−b, 2a, 2c −b, 2a, 2c −b, 2a, 2c −b, 2a, 2c

2; 3 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (2, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3

a, b, 3c

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

167

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0

Pmm2

No. 25

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Pmm2 (25) 3; 2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Pmm2 (25) (2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Pmm2 (25) 2; 3 p prime no conjugate subgroups

CONTINUED

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ [2] Pmmm (47); [2] Pmma (51); [2] Pmmn (59); [2] P4mm (99); [2] P42 mc (105); [2] P4m2 (115) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Cmm2 (35); [2] Amm2 (38); [2] Bmm2 (38, Amm2); [2] Imm2 (44)

• Decreased unit cell

none

168

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 26, p. 169.

C2v2

P m c 21

P m c 21

No. 26

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

c

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1c1 (7) 1; 3 [2] Pm11 (6, P1m1) 1; 4 1; 2 [2] P1121 (4)

(3) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, ¯ y, z

c, a, b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a Pmn21 (31) Pmn21 (31) Pmc21 (26) Pmc21 (26) [2] b
= 2b Pbc21 (29, Pca21 ) Pbc21 (29, Pca21 ) Pmc21 (26) Pmc21 (26) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b Cmc21 (36) Cmc21 (36) Cmc21 (36) Cmc21 (36) [3] a
= 3a
Pmc21 (26) Pmc21 (26) Pmc21 (26) [3] b
= 3b
Pmc21 (26) Pmc21 (26) Pmc21 (26) [3] c
= 3c Pmc21 (26)

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0)

−2b, a, c −2b, a, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

2; 3 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (2, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

(2; 3) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Pmc21 (26) [p] b
= pb Pmc21 (26) [p] c
= pc Pmc21 (26)

3; 2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

(2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

(2; 3) + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pmma (51); [2] Pbam (55); [2] Pbcm (57); [2] Pnma (62) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Cmc21 (36); [2] Amm2 (38); [2] Bme2 (39, Aem2); [2] Ima2 (46) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c Pmm2 (25)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

169

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 27, p. 170.

Pcc2

No. 27

C2v3

Pcc2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

e

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1c1 (7) 1; 3 [2] Pc11 (7, P1c1) 1; 4 [2] P112 (3) 1; 2

(3) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, ¯ y, z + 12

−b, a, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a Pcn2 (30, Pnc2) Pcn2 (30, Pnc2) Pcc2 (27) Pcc2 (27) [2] b
= 2b Pnc2 (30) Pnc2 (30) Pcc2 (27) Pcc2 (27) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b Ccc2 (37) Ccc2 (37) Ccc2 (37) Ccc2 (37) [3] a
= 3a
Pcc2 (27) Pcc2 (27) Pcc2 (27) [3] b
= 3b
Pcc2 (27) Pcc2 (27) Pcc2 (27) [3] c
= 3c Pcc2 (27)

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0)

−b, 2a, c −b, 2a, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0)

a, 2b, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

2; 3 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (2, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Pcc2 (27)

[p] b
= pb Pcc2 (27) [p] c
= pc Pcc2 (27)

3; 2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

(2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (116) [2] Pccm (49); [2] Pcca (54); [2] Pccn (56); [2] P42 cm (101); [2] P4cc (103); [2] P4c2 II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Ccc2 (37); [2] Aem2 (39); [2] Bme2 (39, Aem2); [2] Iba2 (45) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c Pmm2 (25)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

170

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 28, p. 171.

C2v4

Pma2

Pma2

No. 28

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

d

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1a1 (7, P1c1) 1; 3 [2] Pm11 (6, P1m1) 1; 4 [2] P112 (3) 1; 2

(3) x + 12 , y, ¯z

(4) x¯ + 12 , y, z −a − c, b, a c, a, b

1/4, 0, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] b
= 2b Pba2 (32) Pba2 (32) Pma2 (28) Pma2 (28) [2] c
= 2c Pmn21 (31) Pcn2 (30, Pnc2) Pca21 (29) Pma2 (28) [2] b
= 2b, c
= 2c Aea2 (41) Aea2 (41) Ama2 (40) Ama2 (40) [3] a
= 3a
Pma2 (28) Pma2 (28) Pma2 (28) [3] b
= 3b
Pma2 (28) Pma2 (28) Pma2 (28) [3] c
= 3c Pma2 (28)

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0)

a, 2b, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

(2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3

a, b, 2c −b, a, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0)

a, 2b, 2c a, 2b, 2c a, 2b, 2c a, 2b, 2c

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3

a, b, 3c

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/4, 0, 0

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Pma2 (28)

[p] b
= pb Pma2 (28) [p] c
= pc Pma2 (28)

2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 , 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

(2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; 3 p prime no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pccm (49); [2] Pmma (51); [2] Pmna (53); [2] Pbcm (57) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Cmm2 (35); [2] Bme2 (39, Aem2); [2] Ama2 (40); [2] Ima2 (46) • Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a Pmm2 (25)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

171

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 29, p. 172.

P c a 21

No. 29

C2v5

P c a 21

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

a

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(3) x + 12 , y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1a1 (7, P1c1) 1; 3 [2] Pc11 (7, P1c1) 1; 4 [2] P1121 (4) 1; 2

(4) x¯ + 12 , y, z + 12

−a − c, b, a −b, a, c

1/4, 0, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] b
= 2b Pna21 (33) Pna21 (33) Pca21 (29) Pca21 (29) [3] a
= 3a
Pca21 (29) Pca21 (29) Pca21 (29) [3] b
= 3b
Pca21 (29) Pca21 (29) Pca21 (29) [3] c
= 3c Pca21 (29)

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0)

a, 2b, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 , 0, 0) Pca21 (29) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb (2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) Pca21 (29) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc 3; 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) Pca21 (29) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Ccm21 (36, Cmc21 ); [2] Bme2 (39, Aem2); [2] Aea2 (41); [2] Iba2 (45) • Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a Pcm21 (26, Pmc21 ); [2] c
= 12 c Pma2 (28)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

172

0, 1/2, 0

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pcca (54); [2] Pbcm (57); [2] Pbcn (60); [2] Pbca (61)

0, 1/2, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 30, p. 173.

C2v6

Pnc2

Pnc2

No. 30

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

c

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1c1 (7) 1; 3 [2] Pn11 (7, P1c1) 1; 4 [2] P112 (3) 1; 2

(4) x, ¯ y + 12 , z + 12

b, a, −b − c

0, 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a Pnn2 (34) Pnn2 (34) Pnc2 (30) Pnc2 (30) [3] a
= 3a
Pnc2 (30) Pnc2 (30) Pnc2 (30) [3] b
= 3b
Pnc2 (30) Pnc2 (30) Pnc2 (30) [3] c
= 3c Pnc2 (30)

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c

2; 3 3; 2 + (2, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 3, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 5, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Pnc2 (30) 3; 2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Pnc2 (30) 2 + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Pnc2 (30) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pban (50); [2] Pnna (52); [2] Pmna (53); [2] Pbcn (60) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Ccc2 (37); [2] Amm2 (38); [2] Bbe2 (41, Aea2); [2] Ima2 (46) • Decreased unit cell

[2] b
= 12 b Pcc2 (27); [2] c
= 12 c Pbm2 (28, Pma2)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

173

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 31, p. 174.

P m n 21

No. 31

C2v7

P m n 21

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

b

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1n1 (7, P1c1) 1; 3 [2] Pm11 (6, P1m1) 1; 4 [2] P1121 (4) 1; 2

(3) x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, ¯ y, z

c, b, −a − c c, a, b 1/4, 0, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] b
= 2b Pbn21 (33, Pna21 ) Pbn21 (33, Pna21 ) Pmn21 (31) Pmn21 (31) [3] a
= 3a
Pmn21 (31) Pmn21 (31) Pmn21 (31) [3] b
= 3b
Pmn21 (31) Pmn21 (31) Pmn21 (31) [3] c
= 3c Pmn21 (31)

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0)

−2b, a, c −2b, a, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

(2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

(2; 3) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Pmn21 (31) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 , 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Pmn21 (31) (2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Pmn21 (31) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pmna (53); [2] Pnnm (58); [2] Pmmn (59); [2] Pnma (62) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Cmc21 (36); [2] Bmm2 (38, Amm2); [2] Ama2 (40); [2] Imm2 (44) • Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a Pmc21 (26); [2] c
= 12 c Pma2 (28)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

174

1/4, 0, 0 1/4, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 32, p. 175.

C2v8

Pba2

Pba2

No. 32

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

c

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1a1 (7, P1c1) 1; 3 [2] Pb11 (7, P1c1) 1; 4 [2] P112 (3) 1; 2

(4) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

−a − c, b, a c, a, b

0, 1/4, 0 1/4, 0, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c Pnn2 (34) Pna21 (33) Pbn21 (33, Pna21 ) Pba2 (32) [3] a
= 3a
Pba2 (32) Pba2 (32) Pba2 (32) [3] b
= 3b
Pba2 (32) Pba2 (32) Pba2 (32) [3] c
= 3c Pba2 (32)

2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c −b, a, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 3, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 5, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Pba2 (32) 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 , 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Pba2 (32) 2 + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Pba2 (32) 2; 3 p prime no conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (117) [2] Pban (50); [2] Pcca (54); [2] Pbam (55); [2] P4bm (100); [2] P42 bc (106); [2] P4b2 II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Cmm2 (35); [2] Aea2 (41); [2] Bbe2 (41, Aea2); [2] Iba2 (45) • Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a Pbm2 (28, Pma2); [2] b
= 12 b Pma2 (28)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

175

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 33, p. 176.

P n a 21

No. 33

C2v9

P n a 21

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

a

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(3) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1a1 (7, P1c1) 1; 3 [2] Pn11 (7, P1c1) 1; 4 [2] P1121 (4) 1; 2

(4) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

−a − c, b, a b, a, −b − c

0, 1/4, 0 1/4, 0, 0

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 3, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 5, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
Pna21 (33) Pna21 (33) Pna21 (33) [3] b
= 3b
Pna21 (33) Pna21 (33) Pna21 (33) [3] c
= 3c Pna21 (33)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 , 0, 0) Pna21 (33) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb 2 + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0) Pna21 (33) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Pna21 (33) 3; 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pnna (52); [2] Pccn (56); [2] Pbcn (60); [2] Pnma (62) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Ccm21 (36, Cmc21 ); [2] Ama2 (40); [2] Bbe2 (41, Aea2); [2] Ima2 (46) • Decreased unit cell

[2] b
= 12 b Pca21 (29); [2] a
= 12 a Pnm21 (31, Pmn21 ); [2] c
= 12 c Pba2 (32)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

176

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 34, p. 177.

C2v10

Pnn2

Pnn2

No. 34

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

c

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P1n1 (7, P1c1) 1; 3 [2] Pn11 (7, P1c1) 1; 4 [2] P112 (3) 1; 2

(4) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

c, b, −a − c b, a, −b − c

0, 1/4, 0 1/4, 0, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 3, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 5, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c Fdd2 (43) Fdd2 (43) Fdd2 (43) Fdd2 (43) [3] a
= 3a
Pnn2 (34) Pnn2 (34) Pnn2 (34) [3] b
= 3b
Pnn2 (34) Pnn2 (34) Pnn2 (34) [3] c
= 3c Pnn2 (34)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Pnn2 (34) 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 , 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Pnn2 (34) 2 + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Pnn2 (34) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (118) [2] Pnnn (48); [2] Pnna (52); [2] Pnnm (58); [2] P42 nm (102); [2] P4nc (104); [2] P4n2 II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Ccc2 (37); [2] Ama2 (40); [2] Bbm2 (40, Ama2); [2] Imm2 (44) • Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a Pnc2 (30); [2] b
= 12 b Pcn2 (30, Pnc2); [2] c
= 12 c Pba2 (32)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

177

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 35, p. 178.

Cmm2

No. 35

C2v11

Cmm2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

f

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] C1m1 (8) (1; 3)+ [2] Cm11 (8, C1m1) (1; 4)+ [2] C112 (3, P112) (1; 2)+

(3) x, y, ¯z

(4) x, ¯ y, z

−b, a, c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pba2 (32) Pbm2 (28, Pma2) Pma2 (28) Pmm2 (25)

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c Ima2 (46) Ibm2 (46, Ima2) Iba2 (45) Imm2 (44) Ccc2 (37) Cmc21 (36) Ccm21 (36, Cmc21 ) Cmm2 (35)
[3]
a = 3a Cmm2 (35) Cmm2 (35) Cmm2 (35)
[3]
b = 3b Cmm2 (35) Cmm2 (35) Cmm2 (35) [3] c
= 3c Cmm2 (35)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 3; 4; 2;

(3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 3; 4

−b, a, c

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

(2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3

a, b, 2c −b, a, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c −b, a, 2c a, b, 2c

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (2, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Cmm2 (35) 3; 2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Cmm2 (35) (2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Cmm2 (35) 2; 3 p prime no conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ ¯ 1 m (113); (111); [2] P42 [2] Cmmm (65); [2] Cmme (67); [2] P4mm (99); [2] P4bm (100); [2] P42 cm (101); [2] P42 nm (102); [2] P42m [3] P6mm (183) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Fmm2 (42)

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b Pmm2 (25) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

178

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 36, p. 179.

C2v12

C m c 21

C m c 21

No. 36

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

b

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] C1c1 (9) (1; 3)+ [2] Cm11 (8, C1m1) (1; 4)+ [2] C1121 (4, P1121 ) (1; 2)+

(3) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, ¯ y, z

−b, a, c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pbn21 (33, Pna21 ) Pmn21 (31) Pbc21 (29, Pca21 ) Pmc21 (26)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 4; 3; 2;

(3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 3; 4

−b, a, c −b, a, c

0, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (2, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

(2; 3) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] a
= 3a
Cmc21 (36) Cmc21 (36) Cmc21 (36) [3] b
= 3b
Cmc21 (36) Cmc21 (36) Cmc21 (36) [3] c
= 3c Cmc21 (36)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Cmc21 (36) 3; 2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Cmc21 (36) (2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Cmc21 (36) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Cmcm (63); [2] Cmce (64); [3] P63 cm (185); [3] P63 mc (186) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Fmm2 (42)

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b Pmc21 (26); [2] c
= 12 c Cmm2 (35)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

pa, b, c

179

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 37, p. 180.

Ccc2

No. 37

C2v13

Ccc2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] C1c1 (9) (1; 3)+ [2] Cc11 (9, C1c1) (1; 4)+ [2] C112 (3, P112) (1; 2)+

(3) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, ¯ y, z + 12

−b, a, c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pnn2 Pnc2 Pcn2 Pcc2

(34) (30) (30, Pnc2) (27)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 3; 4; 2;

(3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 3; 4

−b, a, c

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (2, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] a
= 3a
Ccc2 (37) Ccc2 (37) Ccc2 (37) [3] b
= 3b
Ccc2 (37) Ccc2 (37) Ccc2 (37) [3] c
= 3c Ccc2 (37)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Ccc2 (37) 3; 2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Ccc2 (37) (2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Ccc2 (37) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (112); [2] P42 ¯ 1 c (114); [2] Cccm (66); [2] Ccce (68); [2] P4cc (103); [2] P4nc (104); [2] P42 mc (105); [2] P42 bc (106); [2] P42c [3] P6cc (184) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Fmm2 (42)

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b Pcc2 (27); [2] c
= 12 c Cmm2 (35)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

180

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 38, p. 181.

C2v14

Amm2

Amm2

No. 38

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

f

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] A1m1 (8, C1m1) (1; 3)+ [2] Am11 (6, P1m1) (1; 4)+ [2] A112 (5) (1; 2)+

(3) x, y, ¯z

(4) x, ¯ y, z

c, b, −a − c 1/2(b + c), a, 1/2(b − c)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pnm21 (31, Pmn21 ) Pnc2 (30) Pmc21 (26) Pmm2 (25)

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a Ima2 (46) Ima2 (46) Imm2 (44) Imm2 (44) Ama2 (40) Ama2 (40) Amm2 (38) Amm2 (38) [3] a
= 3a
Amm2 (38) Amm2 (38) Amm2 (38) [3] b
= 3b
Amm2 (38) Amm2 (38) Amm2 (38) [3] c
= 3c Amm2 (38)

1; 1; 1; 1;

3; 2; 4; 2;

(2; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ) (3; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ) (2; 3) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 3; 4

−b, a, c 0, 1/4, 0

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c

2; 3 3; 2 + (2, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3

a, b, 3c

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Amm2 (38)

[p] b
= pb Amm2 (38) [p] c
= pc Amm2 (38)

3; 2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

(2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; 3 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ ¯ [2] Cmcm (63); [2] Cmmm (65); [3] P6m2 (187); [3] P62m (189) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Fmm2 (42)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pmm2 (25) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

181

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 39, p. 182.

Aem2

No. 39

C2v15

Aem2

Former space-group symbol Abm2 Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] A1m1 (8, C1m1) (1; 3)+ [2] Ae11 (7, P1c1) (1; 4)+ [2] A112 (5) (1; 2)+

(3) x, y¯ + 12 , z

(4) x, ¯ y + 12 , z c, b, −a − c 1/2(−b + c), a, b

0, 1/4, 0

−b, a, c −b, a, c

0, 1/4, 0

−b, a, c

0, 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pbc21 (29, Pca21 ) Pbm2 (28, Pma2) Pcc2 (27) Pcm21 (26, Pmc21 )

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a Ibm2 (46, Ima2) Ibm2 (46, Ima2) Iba2 (45) Iba2 (45) Aea2 (41) Aea2 (41) Aem2 (39) Aem2 (39)
[3]
a = 3a Aem2 (39) Aem2 (39) Aem2 (39)
[3]
b = 3b Aem2 (39) Aem2 (39) Aem2 (39) [3] c
= 3c Aem2 (39)

1; 1; 1; 1;

4; 2; 2; 3;

(2; 3) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 3; 4 (3; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ) (2; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 )

2; 3 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3 3; 2 + (1, 0, 0)

−b, 2a, c −b, 2a, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, b, c

2; 3 3; 2 + (2, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 3, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 5, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3

a, b, 3c

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Aem2 (39)

[p] b
= pb Aem2 (39) [p] c
= pc Aem2 (39)

3; 2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

2 + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; 3 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Cmce (64); [2] Cmme (67) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Fmm2 (42)

• Decreased unit cell [2] b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pmm2 (25) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

182

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 40, p. 183.

C2v16

Ama2

Ama2

No. 40

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

c

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] A1a1 (9, C1c1) (1; 3)+ [2] Am11 (6, P1m1) (1; 4)+ [2] A112 (5) (1; 2)+

¯z (3) x + 12 , y,

(4) x¯ + 12 , y, z

c, b, −a 1/2(b + c), a, 1/2(b − c)

1/4, 0, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pnn2 (34) Pna21 (33) Pmn21 (31) Pma2 (28)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 3; 4; 2;

(3; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ) (2; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ) (2; 3) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 3; 4

0, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] a
= 3a
Ama2 (40) Ama2 (40) Ama2 (40) [3] b
= 3b
Ama2 (40) Ama2 (40) Ama2 (40) [3] c
= 3c Ama2 (40)

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Ama2 (40) 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 , 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Ama2 (40) (2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Ama2 (40) 2; 3 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (188); [3] P62c ¯ (190) [2] Cmcm (63); [2] Cccm (66); [3] P6c2 II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Fmm2 (42)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pma2 (28); [2] a
= 12 a Amm2 (38)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

pa, b, c

183

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 41, p. 184.

Aea2

No. 41

C2v17

Aea2

Former space-group symbol Aba2 Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

b

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] A1a1 (9, C1c1) (1; 3)+ [2] Ae11 (7, P1c1) (1; 4)+ [2] A112 (5) (1; 2)+

(4) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

c, b, −a 1/2(−b + c), a, b

0, 1/4, 0 1/4, 0, 0

−b, a, c

0, 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pbn21 (33, Pna21 ) Pba2 (32) Pcn2 (30, Pnc2) Pca21 (29)

1; 1; 1; 1;

4; 2; 2; 3;

(2; 3) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 3; 4 (3; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ) (2; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 )

−b, a, c 0, 1/4, 0

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] a
= 3a
Aea2 (41) Aea2 (41) Aea2 (41) [3] b
= 3b
Aea2 (41) Aea2 (41) Aea2 (41) [3] c
= 3c Aea2 (41)

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 3, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 5, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Aea2 (41) 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 , 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Aea2 (41) 2 + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Aea2 (41) 2; 3 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Cmce (64); [2] Ccce (68) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Fmm2 (42)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pma2 (28); [2] a
= 12 a Aem2 (39)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

184

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 42, pp. 185–186.

C2v18

F mm2

F mm2

No. 42

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

e

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] F1m1 (8, C1m1) (1; 3)+ [2] Fm11 (8, C1m1) (1; 4)+ [2] F112 (5, A112) (1; 2)+

(3) x, y, ¯z

(4) x, ¯ y, z

a, b, 1/2(−a + c) c, a, 1/2(b − c) 1/2(a − b), b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] Aea2 (41) [2] Bbe2 (41, Aea2) [2] Ama2 (40) [2] Bbm2 (40, Ama2) [2] Bme2 (39, Aem2) [2] Aem2 (39) [2] Amm2 (38) [2] Bmm2 (38, Amm2) [2] Ccc2 (37) [2] Ccm21 (36, Cmc21 ) [2] Cmc21 (36) [2] Cmm2 (35)

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
Fmm2 (42) Fmm2 (42) Fmm2 (42) [3] b
= 3b
Fmm2 (42) Fmm2 (42) Fmm2 (42) [3] c
= 3c Fmm2 (42)

1; 2; (1; 2) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (3; 4) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 2; (1; 2) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (3; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 4; (1; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 3) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 3; (1; 3) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 4; (1; 4) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2; 3) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 3; (1; 3) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 4) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 2; 3; 4; (1; 2; 3; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; (1; 2; 3; 4) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1; 2; (1; 2) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (3; 4) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1; 3; (1; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (2; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 4) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1; 4; (1; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (2; 3) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 3) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; (1; 2; 3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0)

−b, a, c 1/4, 1/4, 0 −b, a, c

1/4, 1/4, 0

−b, a, c

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

−b, a, c 1/4, 1/4, 0 −b, a, c

1/4, 0, 0 0, 1/4, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (2, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Fmm2 (42)

[p] b
= pb Fmm2 (42) [p] c
= pc Fmm2 (42)

3; 2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

(2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; 3 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

185

F mm2

No. 42

CONTINUED

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ [2] Fmmm (69); [2] I4mm (107); [2] I4cm (108); [2] I 42m (121) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pmm2 (25)

186

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 43, p. 187.

C2v19

Fdd2

Fdd2

No. 43

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

b

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x + 14 , y¯ + 14 , z + 14

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] F1d1 (9, C1c1) (1; 3)+ [2] Fd11 (9, C1c1) (1; 4)+ [2] F112 (5, A112) (1; 2)+

(4) x¯ + 14 , y + 14 , z + 14

−c, b, 1/2(a + c) −b, a, 1/2(b + c) 1/2(a − b), b, c

0, 1/8, 0 1/8, 0, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations • Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a ⎧ ⎨ Fdd2 (43) Fdd2 (43) ⎩ Fdd2 (43) [3] b
= 3b ⎧ ⎨ Fdd2 (43) Fdd2 (43) ⎩ Fdd2 (43) [3] c
= 3c Fdd2 (43)

none

(2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 2 + ( 25 , 12 , 0); 3 + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 2 + ( 29 , 12 , 0); 3 + ( 21 , 12 , 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1/4, 1/4, 0 5/4, 1/4, 0 9/4, 1/4, 0

2 + ( 21 , 12 , 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + ( 21 , 52 , 0); 3 + (0, 3, 0) 2 + ( 21 , 92 , 0); 3 + (0, 5, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 5/4, 0 1/4, 9/4, 0

2 + ( 21 , 12 , 0); 3 + (0, 12 , 12 )

a, b, 3c

1/4, 1/4, 0

2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 4p − 14 , 0, 0) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 2 + ( 21 + 2u, 12 , 0); 3 + ( 4p − 14 , 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

pa, b, c

1/4 + u, 1/4, 0

2 + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 4p − 14 + 2u, 0) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 2 + ( 21 , 12 + 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 4p + 14 + 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, pb, c

1/4, 1/4 + u, 0

2; 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 ) prime p > 4; p = 4n + 1 no conjugate subgroups 2 + ( 21 , 12 , 0); 3 + (0, 12 , 4p − 14 ) prime p > 2; p = 4n − 1 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Fdd2 (43)

Fdd2 (43) [p] b
= pb Fdd2 (43) Fdd2 (43) [p] c
= pc Fdd2 (43) Fdd2 (43)

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (122) [2] Fddd (70); [2] I41 md (109); [2] I41 cd (110); [2] I 42d II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pnn2 (34) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

187

1/4, 1/4, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 44, p. 188.

I mm2

No. 44

C2v20

I mm2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

e

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x, y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I1m1 (8, C1m1) (1; 3)+ [2] Im11 (8, C1m1) (1; 4)+ [2] I112 (5, A112) (1; 2)+

(4) x, ¯ y, z

−a − c, b, a −b − c, a, c b, −a − b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pnn2 (34) Pnm21 (31, Pmn21 ) Pmn21 (31) Pmm2 (25)

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
Imm2 (44) Imm2 (44) Imm2 (44) [3] b
= 3b
Imm2 (44) Imm2 (44) Imm2 (44) [3] c
= 3c Imm2 (44)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 3; 4; 2;

(3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 3; 4

−b, a, c

1/4, 0, 0 0, 1/4, 0

2; 3 3; 2 + (2, 0, 0) 3; 2 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Imm2 (44)

[p] b
= pb Imm2 (44) [p] c
= pc Imm2 (44)

3; 2 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

(2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; 3 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ [2] Immm (71); [2] Imma (74); [2] I4mm (107); [2] I41 md (109); [2] I 4m2 (119) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c Cmm2 (35); [2] a
= 12 a Amm2 (38); [2] b
= 12 b Bmm2 (38, Amm2)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

188

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 45, p. 189.

C2v21

I ba2

No. 45

I ba2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

c

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I1a1 (9, C1c1) (1; 3)+ [2] Ib11 (9, C1c1) (1; 4)+ [2] I112 (5, A112) (1; 2)+

(4) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

a − c, b, c −b − c, a, c b, −a − b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pba2 (32) Pca21 (29) Pbc21 (29, Pca21 ) Pcc2 (27)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 3; 4; 2;

3; 4 (2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 )

−b, a, c

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 3, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 5, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3

a, b, 3c

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] a
= 3a
Iba2 (45) Iba2 (45) Iba2 (45) [3] b
= 3b
Iba2 (45) Iba2 (45) Iba2 (45) [3] c
= 3c Iba2 (45)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Iba2 (45) 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 , 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Iba2 (45) 2 + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Iba2 (45) 2; 3 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (120) [2] Ibam (72); [2] Ibca (73); [2] I4cm (108); [2] I41 cd (110); [2] I 4c2 II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c Cmm2 (35); [2] a
= 12 a Aem2 (39); [2] b
= 12 b Bme2 (39, Aem2)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

189

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 46, p. 190.

I ma2

No. 46

C2v22

I ma2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

c

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

¯z (3) x + 12 , y,

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I1a1 (9, C1c1) (1; 3)+ [2] Im11 (8, C1m1) (1; 4)+ [2] I112 (5, A112) (1; 2)+

(4) x¯ + 12 , y, z

−a − c, b, a −b − c, a, c b, −a − b, c

1/4, 0, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pna21 (33) Pnc2 (30) Pma2 (28) Pmc21 (26)

1; 1; 1; 1;

3; 2; 2; 4;

(2; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 3; 4 (2; 3) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 )

1/4, 1/4, 0

1/4, 1/4, 0

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] a
= 3a
Ima2 (46) Ima2 (46) Ima2 (46) [3] b
= 3b
Ima2 (46) Ima2 (46) Ima2 (46) [3] c
= 3c Ima2 (46)

2; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3 (2; 3) + (0, 2, 0) (2; 3) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Ima2 (46) 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 , 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Ima2 (46) (2; 3) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Ima2 (46) 2; 3 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Ibam (72); [2] Imma (74) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c Cmm2 (35); [2] a
= 12 a Amm2 (38); [2] b
= 12 b Bme2 (39, Aem2)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

190

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 47, pp. 191–192.

D12h

P 2/m 2/m 2/m

No. 47

Pmmm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Pmm2 (25) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] Pm2m (25, Pmm2) 1; 3; 6; 8 [2] P2mm (25, Pmm2) 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] P222 (16) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P112/m (10) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P12/m1 (10) 1; 3; 5; 7 [2] P2/m11 (10, P12/m1) 1; 4; 5; 8

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) x, y, ¯z

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

c, a, b b, c, a

c, a, b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a Pmma (51) Pmma (51) Pmam (51, Pmma) Pmam (51, Pmma) Pmaa (49, Pccm) Pmaa (49, Pccm) Pmmm (47) Pmmm (47) [2] b
= 2b Pbmm (51, Pmma) Pbmm (51, Pmma) Pmmb (51, Pmma) Pmmb (51, Pmma) Pbmb (49, Pccm) Pbmb (49, Pccm) Pmmm (47) Pmmm (47) [2] c
= 2c Pcmm (51, Pmma) Pcmm (51, Pmma) Pmcm (51, Pmma) Pmcm (51, Pmma) Pccm (49) Pccm (49) Pmmm (47) Pmmm (47) [2] b
= 2b, c
= 2c Aemm (67, Cmme) Aemm (67, Cmme) Aemm (67, Cmme) Aemm (67, Cmme) Ammm (65, Cmmm) Ammm (65, Cmmm) Ammm (65, Cmmm) Ammm (65, Cmmm) [2] a
= 2a, c
= 2c Bmem (67, Cmme) Bmem (67, Cmme) Bmem (67, Cmme) Bmem (67, Cmme) Bmmm (65, Cmmm) Bmmm (65, Cmmm) Bmmm (65, Cmmm) Bmmm (65, Cmmm)

3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 5; (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, c 2a, −c, b 2a, −c, b b, c, 2a b, c, 2a 2a, b, c 2a, b, c

2; 5; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 1, 0) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 1, 0) 3; 5; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3; 5 3; (2; 5) + (0, 1, 0)

2b, c, a 2b, c, a −2b, a, c −2b, a, c c, a, 2b c, a, 2b a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

2c, b, −a 2c, b, −a 2c, a, b 2c, a, b a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a

2; 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 5; (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0)

2c, 2a, b 2c, 2a, b 2c, 2a, b 2c, 2a, b 2c, 2a, b 2c, 2a, b 2c, 2a, b 2c, 2a, b

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

191

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 1/2 0, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 1/2 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

Pmmm [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b Cmme (67) Cmme (67) Cmme (67) Cmme (67) Cmmm (65) Cmmm (65) Cmmm (65) Cmmm (65) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c Fmmm (69) Fmmm (69) Fmmm (69) Fmmm (69) Fmmm (69) Fmmm (69) Fmmm (69) Fmmm (69) [3] a
= 3a
Pmmm (47) Pmmm (47) Pmmm (47) [3] b
= 3b
Pmmm (47) Pmmm (47) Pmmm (47) [3] c
= 3c
Pmmm (47) Pmmm (47) Pmmm (47)

No. 47

CONTINUED

3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 5; (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (1, 0, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 5; (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (1, 0, 0)

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 1/2

2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3; 5 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Pmmm (47) (2; 3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Pmmm (47) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Pmmm (47) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/mmm (123); [2] P42 /mmc (131); [3] Pm3¯ (200) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Ammm (65, Cmmm); [2] Bmmm (65, Cmmm); [2] Cmmm (65); [2] Immm (71) • Decreased unit cell

none

192

1/2, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 48, pp. 193–195.

D22h

P 2/n 2/n 2/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

No. 48

Pnnn

1, Origin at 2 2 2, at 14 , 14 , 14 from 1¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

m

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Pnn2 (34) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] Pn2n (34, Pnn2) 1; 3; 6; 8 [2] P2nn (34, Pnn2) 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] P222 (16) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P112/n (13, P112/a) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P12/n1 (13, P12/c1) 1; 3; 5; 7 [2] P2/n11 (13, P12/c1) 1; 4; 5; 8

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

c, a, b b, c, a −a − b, a, c c, b, −a − c −b, a, b + c

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1)

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 1/2

2; 3; 5 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0); 5 + (3, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0); 5 + (5, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3; 5 + (0, 1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 2, 0); 5 + (0, 3, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 4, 0); 5 + (0, 5, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2); 5 + (0, 0, 3) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4); 5 + (0, 0, 5)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c Fddd (70) Fddd (70) Fddd (70) Fddd (70) Fddd (70) Fddd (70) Fddd (70) Fddd (70) [3] a
= 3a
Pnnn (48) Pnnn (48) Pnnn (48) [3] b
= 3b
Pnnn (48) Pnnn (48) Pnnn (48) [3] c
= 3c
Pnnn (48) Pnnn (48) Pnnn (48)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Pnnn (48) (2; 3) + (2u, 0, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Pnnn (48) 3; 2 + (0, 2u, 0); 5 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Pnnn (48) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

193

Pnnn

ORIGIN CHOICE

1

No. 48

CONTINUED

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/nnc (126); [2] P42 /nnm (134); [3] Pn3¯ (201) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Immm (71); [2] Amaa (66, Cccm); [2] Bbmb (66, Cccm); [2] Cccm (66) • Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a Pncb (50, Pban); [2] b
= 12 b Pcna (50, Pban); [2] c
= 12 c Pban (50)

Pnnn

ORIGIN CHOICE

2

No. 48

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/nnc (126); [2] P42 /nnm (134); [3] Pn3¯ (201) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Immm (71); [2] Amaa (66, Cccm); [2] Bbmb (66, Cccm); [2] Cccm (66) • Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a Pncb (50, Pban); [2] b
= 12 b Pcna (50, Pban); [2] c
= 12 c Pban (50)

194

(Continued from the facing page)

D22h

P 2/n 2/n 2/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

No. 48

Pnnn

2, Origin at 1¯ at n n n, at − 14 , − 14 , − 14 from 2 2 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

m

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(3) x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 (7) x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Pnn2 (34) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] Pn2n (34, Pnn2) 1; 3; 6; 8 [2] P2nn (34, Pnn2) 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] P222 (16) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P112/n (13, P112/a) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P12/n1 (13, P12/c1) 1; 3; 5; 7 [2] P2/n11 (13, P12/c1) 1; 4; 5; 8

(4) x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 (8) x, ¯ y + 12 , z + 12

c, a, b b, c, a −a − b, a, c c, b, −a − c −b, a, b + c

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c Fddd (70) Fddd (70) Fddd (70) Fddd (70) Fddd (70) Fddd (70) Fddd (70) Fddd (70) [3] a
= 3a
Pnnn (48) Pnnn (48) Pnnn (48) [3] b
= 3b
Pnnn (48) Pnnn (48) Pnnn (48) [3] c
= 3c
Pnnn (48) Pnnn (48) Pnnn (48)

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1)

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 1/2

5; (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (3, 0, 0); 5 + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (5, 0, 0); 5 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3; 5; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 3, 0); 5 + (0, 2, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 5, 0); 5 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 3); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 5); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

(2; 3) + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

3; 2 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0); 5 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Pnnn (48)

[p] b
= pb Pnnn (48) [p] c
= pc Pnnn (48)

(Continued on the facing page)

195

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 49, pp. 196–197.

Pccm

No. 49

D32h

P 2/c 2/c 2/m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

r

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Pc2m (28, Pma2) 1; 3; 6; 8 [2] P2cm (28, Pma2) 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] Pcc2 (27) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P222 (16) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P12/c1 (13) 1; 3; 5; 7 [2] P2/c11 (13, P12/c1) 1; 4; 5; 8 [2] P112/m (10) 1; 2; 5; 6

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 (7) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 (8) x, ¯ y, z + 12

c, a, b c, b, −a

0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4

−b, a, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a Pcca (54) Pcca (54) Pcnm (53, Pmna) Pcnm (53, Pmna) Pcna (50, Pban) Pcna (50, Pban) Pccm (49) Pccm (49) [2] b
= 2b Pccb (54, Pcca) Pccb (54, Pcca) Pncm (53, Pmna) Pncm (53, Pmna) Pncb (50, Pban) Pncb (50, Pban) Pccm (49) Pccm (49) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b Ccce (68) Ccce (68) Ccce (68) Ccce (68) Cccm (66) Cccm (66) Cccm (66) Cccm (66) [3] a
= 3a
Pccm (49) Pccm (49) Pccm (49) [3] b
= 3b
Pccm (49) Pccm (49) Pccm (49) [3] c
= 3c
Pccm (49) Pccm (49) Pccm (49)

3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 5; (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (1, 0, 0)

2a, b, c 2a, b, c c, b, −2a c, b, −2a c, 2a, b c, 2a, b 2a, b, c 2a, b, c

5; (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 1, 0) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 1, 0) 3; 5; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3; 5 3; (2; 5) + (0, 1, 0)

−2b, a, c −2b, a, c c, a, 2b c, a, 2b 2b, c, a 2b, c, a a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 5; (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 2; (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (1, 0, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3; 5 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 3); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 5); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

196

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

1/2, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

CONTINUED

Pccm

No. 49

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Pccm (49) (2; 3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Pccm (49) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Pccm (49) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/mcc (124); [2] P42 /mcm (132) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Cccm (66); [2] Aemm (67, Cmme); [2] Bmem (67, Cmme); [2] Ibam (72)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c Pmmm (47)

(Continued from the following page)

No. 50

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/nbm (125); [2] P42 /nbc (133) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Cmmm (65); [2] Aeaa (68, Ccce); [2] Bbeb (68, Ccce); [2] Ibam (72)

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a Pbmb (49, Pccm); [2] b
= 12 b Pmaa (49, Pccm)

197

ORIGIN CHOICE

1

Pban

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 50, pp. 197–200.

Pban ORIGIN CHOICE

No. 50

D42h

P 2/b 2/a 2/n

1, Origin at 2 2 2/n, at 14 , 14 , 0 from 1¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

m

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Pba2 (32) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] Pb2n (30, Pnc2) 1; 3; 6; 8 [2] P2an (30, Pnc2) 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] P222 (16) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P112/n (13, P112/a) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P12/a1 (13, P12/c1) 1; 3; 5; 7 [2] P2/b11 (13, P12/c1) 1; 4; 5; 8

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

c, a, b c, b, −a −a − b, a, c −a − c, b, a c, a, b

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1)

a, −2c, b a, −2c, b b, 2c, a b, 2c, a a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 1/2 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 1/2

2; 3; 5 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0); 5 + (3, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (4, 0, 0); 5 + (5, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3; 5 + (0, 1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 2, 0); 5 + (0, 3, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 4, 0); 5 + (0, 5, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c Pnan (52, Pnna) Pnan (52, Pnna) Pbnn (52, Pnna) Pbnn (52, Pnna) Pban (50) Pban (50) Pnnn (48) Pnnn (48) [3] a
= 3a
Pban (50) Pban (50) Pban (50) [3] b
= 3b
Pban (50) Pban (50) Pban (50) [3] c
= 3c
Pban (50) Pban (50) Pban (50)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Pban (50) (2; 3) + (2u, 0, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Pban (50) 3; 2 + (0, 2u, 0); 5 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Pban (50) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups (Continued on the preceding page)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

198

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

D42h

P 2/b 2/a 2/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

No. 50

Pban

2, Origin at 1¯ at b a n, at − 14 , − 14 , 0 from 2 2 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

m

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Pba2 (32) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] Pb2n (30, Pnc2) 1; 3; 6; 8 [2] P2an (30, Pnc2) 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] P222 (16) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P112/n (13, P112/a) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P12/a1 (13, P12/c1) 1; 3; 5; 7 [2] P2/b11 (13, P12/c1) 1; 4; 5; 8

(3) x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ (7) x + 12 , y, ¯z

(4) x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) x, ¯ y + 12 , z

c, a, b c, b, −a −a − b, a, c −a − c, b, a c, a, b

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c Pnan (52, Pnna) Pnan (52, Pnna) Pbnn (52, Pnna) Pbnn (52, Pnna) Pban (50) Pban (50) Pnnn (48) Pnnn (48) [3] a
= 3a
Pban (50) Pban (50) Pban (50) [3] b
= 3b
Pban (50) Pban (50) Pban (50) [3] c
= 3c
Pban (50) Pban (50) Pban (50)

3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1)

a, −2c, b a, −2c, b b, 2c, a b, 2c, a a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

5; (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (3, 0, 0); 5 + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (5, 0, 0); 5 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3; 5; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 3, 0); 5 + (0, 2, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 5, 0); 5 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

(2; 3) + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

3; 2 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0); 5 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Pban (50)

[p] b
= pb Pban (50) [p] c
= pc Pban (50)

199

Pban

ORIGIN CHOICE

2

No. 50

CONTINUED

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/nbm (125); [2] P42 /nbc (133) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Cmmm (65); [2] Aeaa (68, Ccce); [2] Bbeb (68, Ccce); [2] Ibam (72) • Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a Pbmb (49, Pccm); [2] b
= 12 b Pmaa (49, Pccm)

Pmma

No. 51

(Continued from the facing page)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Pmma (51) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Pmma (51) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Pmma (51) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Amma (63, Cmcm); [2] Bmmm (65, Cmmm); [2] Cmme (67); [2] Imma (74) • Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a Pmmm (47)

200

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 51, pp. 200–201.

D52h

P 21/m 2/m 2/a

No. 51

Pmma

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

l

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯z 1 (6) x + 2 , y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Pm2a (28, Pma2) 1; 3; 6; 8 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] P21 ma (26, Pmc21 ) [2] Pmm2 (25) 1; 2; 7; 8 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21 22 (17, P2221 ) [2] P112/a (13) 1; 2; 5; 6 1; 4; 5; 8 [2] P21 /m11 (11, P121 /m1) [2] P12/m1 (10) 1; 3; 5; 7

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) x, y, ¯z

(4) x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ 1 (8) x¯ + 2 , y, z

a, −c, b b, c, a 1/4, 0, 0 b, c, a c, a, b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] b
= 2b Pmmn (59) Pmmn (59) Pbma (57, Pbcm) Pbma (57, Pbcm) Pbmn (53, Pmna) Pbmn (53, Pmna) Pmma (51) Pmma (51) [2] c
= 2c Pmca (57, Pbcm) Pmca (57, Pbcm) Pcma (55, Pbam) Pcma (55, Pbam) Pcca (54) Pcca (54) Pmma (51) Pmma (51) [2] b
= 2b, c
= 2c Aema (64, Cmce) Aema (64, Cmce) Aema (64, Cmce) Aema (64, Cmce) Amma (63, Cmcm) Amma (63, Cmcm) Amma (63, Cmcm) Amma (63, Cmcm) [3] a
= 3a
Pmma (51) Pmma (51) Pmma (51) [3] b
= 3b
Pmma (51) Pmma (51) Pmma (51) [3] c
= 3c
Pmma (51) Pmma (51) Pmma (51)

5; (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 1, 0) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 1, 0) 3; 5; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3; 5 3; (2; 5) + (0, 1, 0)

a, 2b, c a, 2b, c c, a, 2b c, a, 2b 2b, c, a 2b, c, a a, 2b, c a, 2b, c

5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

b, 2c, a b, 2c, a 2c, a, b 2c, a, b a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a 2b, 2c, a

3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3; 5 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

(Continued on the facing page)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

201

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

0, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 1/2 0, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 1/2 0, 1/2, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 52, p. 202.

Pnna

D62h

P 2/n 21/n 2/a

No. 52

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

e

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯z 1 (6) x + 2 , y, z¯

(3) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Pnn2 (34) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] Pn21 a (33, Pna21 ) 1; 3; 6; 8 [2] P2na (30, Pnc2) 1; 4; 6; 7 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P221 2 (17, P2221 ) 1; 3; 5; 7 [2] P121 /n1 (14, P121 /c1) [2] P112/a (13) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P2/n11 (13, P12/c1) 1; 4; 5; 8

(4) x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 (8) x, ¯ y + 12 , z + 12

a, −c, b b, c, a c, a, b c, b, −a − c

1/4, 0, 0 1/4, 0, 1/4 0, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 0, 1/4

−b, a, b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
Pnna (52) Pnna (52) Pnna (52) [3] b
= 3b
Pnna (52) Pnna (52) Pnna (52) [3] c
= 3c
Pnna (52) Pnna (52) Pnna (52)

5; (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (3, 0, 0); 5 + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (5, 0, 0); 5 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 5; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 3); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 5); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

(2; 3) + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

(2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Pnna (52)

[p] b
= pb Pnna (52) [p] c
= pc Pnna (52)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Bbmm (63, Cmcm); [2] Amaa (66, Cccm); [2] Ccce (68); [2] Imma (74)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a Pncm (53, Pmna); [2] b
= 12 b Pcna (50, Pban); [2] c
= 12 c Pbaa (54, Pcca)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

202

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 53, p. 203.

D72h

P 2/m 2/n 21/a

Pmna

No. 53

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

i

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 (6) x + 2 , y, z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] Pmn21 (31) [2] P2na (30, Pnc2) 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] Pm2a (28, Pma2) 1; 3; 6; 8 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P2221 (17) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P1121 /a (14) [2] P12/n1 (13, P12/c1) 1; 3; 5; 7 [2] P2/m11 (10, P12/m1) 1; 4; 5; 8

(3) x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 (7) x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

b, c, a a, −c, b

1/4, 0, 1/4 1/4, 0, 0

c, b, −a − c c, a, b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] b
= 2b Pbna (60, Pbcn) Pbna (60, Pbcn) Pmnn (58, Pnnm) Pmnn (58, Pnnm) Pmna (53) Pmna (53) Pbnn (52, Pnna) Pbnn (52, Pnna)
[3]
a = 3a Pmna (53) Pmna (53) Pmna (53)
[3]
b = 3b Pmna (53) Pmna (53) Pmna (53)
[3]
c = 3c Pmna (53) Pmna (53) Pmna (53)

2; 5; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 1, 0) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3; 5 3; (2; 5) + (0, 1, 0) 3; 5; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 1, 0)

c, a, 2b c, a, 2b 2b, c, a 2b, c, a a, 2b, c a, 2b, c 2b, c, a 2b, c, a

5; (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (3, 0, 0); 5 + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (5, 0, 0); 5 + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3; 5 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 3); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 5); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Pmna (53) (2; 3) + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Pmna (53) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Pmna (53) 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Cmce (64); [2] Bmmm (65, Cmmm); [2] Amaa (66, Cccm); [2] Imma (74)

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c Pmaa (49, Pccm); [2] a
= 12 a Pmcm (51, Pmma) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

203

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 54, p. 204.

Pcca

D82h

P 21/c 2/c 2/a

No. 54

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

f

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯z 1 (6) x + 2 , y, z¯

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 (7) x, y, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Pc2a (32, Pba2) 1; 3; 6; 8 [2] P21 ca (29, Pca21 ) 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] Pcc2 (27) 1; 2; 7; 8 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21 22 (17, P2221 ) [2] P21 /c11 (14, P121 /c1) 1; 4; 5; 8 [2] P112/a (13) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P12/c1 (13) 1; 3; 5; 7

(4) x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 12 (8) x¯ + 12 , y, z + 12 a, −c, b c, b, −a b, c, a −b, a, c

0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4 1/4, 0, 0 0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] b
= 2b Pnca (60, Pbcn) Pnca (60, Pbcn) Pccn (56) Pccn (56) Pcca (54) Pcca (54) Pncn (52, Pnna) Pncn (52, Pnna) [3] a
= 3a
Pcca (54) Pcca (54) Pcca (54) [3] b
= 3b
Pcca (54) Pcca (54) Pcca (54) [3] c
= 3c
Pcca (54) Pcca (54) Pcca (54)

2; 5; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 1, 0) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3; 5 3; (2; 5) + (0, 1, 0) 3; 5; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 1, 0)

2b, c, a 2b, c, a a, 2b, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c a, 2b, c c, a, 2b c, a, 2b

3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3; 5 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 3); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 5); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

3; (2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Pcca (54)

[p] b
= pb Pcca (54) [p] c
= pc Pcca (54)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Aema (64, Cmce); [2] Bmem (67, Cmme); [2] Ccce (68); [2] Ibca (73)

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a Pccm (49); [2] c
= 12 c Pmma (51) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

204

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 55, p. 205.

D92h

P 21/b 21/a 2/m

No. 55

Pbam

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

i

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

(3) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ (7) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Pba2 (32) 1; 2; 7; 8 1; 3; 6; 8 [2] Pb21 m (26, Pmc21 ) 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] P21 am (26, Pmc21 ) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21 21 2 (18) 1; 3; 5; 7 [2] P121 /a1 (14, P121 /c1) 1; 4; 5; 8 [2] P21 /b11 (14, P121 /c1) [2] P112/m (10) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

c, a, b c, b, −a

1/4, 0, 0 0, 1/4, 0

−a − c, b, a c, a, b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c Pnam (62, Pnma) Pnam (62, Pnma) Pbnm (62, Pnma) Pbnm (62, Pnma) Pnnm (58) Pnnm (58) Pbam (55) Pbam (55)
[3]
a = 3a Pbam (55) Pbam (55) Pbam (55)
[3]
b = 3b Pbam (55) Pbam (55) Pbam (55)
[3]
c = 3c Pbam (55) Pbam (55) Pbam (55)

3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

a, −2c, b a, −2c, b b, 2c, a b, 2c, a a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 5) + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (3, 0, 0) (2; 5) + (4, 0, 0); 3 + (5, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 5; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Pbam (55) (2; 5) + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Pbam (55) (2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Pbam (55) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/mbm (127); [2] P42 /mbc (135) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Aeam (64, Cmce); [2] Bbem (64, Cmce); [2] Cmmm (65); [2] Ibam (72)

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a Pbmm (51, Pmma); [2] b
= 12 b Pmam (51, Pmma) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

205

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 56, p. 206.

Pccn

D102h

P 21/c 21/c 2/n

No. 56

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

e

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Pc21 n (33, Pna21 ) 1; 3; 6; 8 [2] P21 cn (33, Pna21 ) 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] Pcc2 (27) 1; 2; 7; 8 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21 21 2 (18) 1; 3; 5; 7 [2] P121 /c1 (14) 1; 4; 5; 8 [2] P21 /c11 (14, P121 /c1) [2] P112/n (13, P112/a) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 12 (8) x¯ + 12 , y, z + 12

c, a, b c, b, −a

0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 1/4

−b, a, c −a − b, a, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
Pccn (56) Pccn (56) Pccn (56) [3] b
= 3b
Pccn (56) Pccn (56) Pccn (56) [3] c
= 3c
Pccn (56) Pccn (56) Pccn (56)

3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

5; (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 3, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 5, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 3); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 5); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

2 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0); 5 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Pccn (56)

[p] b
= pb Pccn (56)

[p] c
= pc Pccn (56)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/ncc (130); [2] P42 /ncm (138) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Aema (64, Cmce); [2] Bmeb (64, Cmce); [2] Cccm (66); [2] Ibam (72) • Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a Pccb (54, Pcca); [2] b
= 12 b Pcca (54); [2] c
= 12 c Pmmn (59)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

206

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 57, p. 207.

D112h

P 2/b 21/c 21/m

No. 57

Pbcm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

e

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 (6) x, y, z¯ + 12

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] Pbc21 (29, Pca21 ) [2] P2cm (28, Pma2) 1; 4; 6; 7 1; 3; 6; 8 [2] Pb21 m (26, Pmc21 ) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P221 21 (18, P21 21 2) 1; 3; 5; 7 [2] P121 /c1 (14) [2] P2/b11 (13, P12/c1) 1; 4; 5; 8 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P1121 /m (11, P1121 /m)

(4) x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) x, ¯ y + 12 , z

−b, a, c c, b, −a c, a, b b, c, a

0, 1/4, 0 0, 0, 1/4 0, 1/4, 0

c, a, b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a Pbnm (62, Pnma) Pbnm (62, Pnma) Pbca (61) Pbca (61) Pbna (60, Pbcn) Pbna (60, Pbcn) Pbcm (57) Pbcm (57)
[3]
a = 3a Pbcm (57) Pbcm (57) Pbcm (57)
[3]
b = 3b Pbcm (57) Pbcm (57) Pbcm (57)
[3]
c = 3c Pbcm (57) Pbcm (57) Pbcm (57)

2; 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2; (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 5; (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (1, 0, 0)

b, c, 2a b, c, 2a 2a, b, c 2a, b, c c, 2a, b c, 2a, b 2a, b, c 2a, b, c

2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 5; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 3); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 5); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Pbcm (57) (2; 3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Pbcm (57) (2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Pbcm (57) 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Cmcm (63); [2] Bbem (64, Cmce); [2] Aemm (67, Cmme); [2] Ibam (72)

• Decreased unit cell [2] b
= 12 b Pmcm (51, Pmma); [2] c
= 12 c Pbmm (51, Pmma) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

207

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 58, p. 208.

Pnnm

D122h

P 21/n 21/n 2/m

No. 58

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

h

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

(3) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Pnn2 (34) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] Pn21 m (31, Pmn21 ) 1; 3; 6; 8 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] P21 nm (31, Pmn21 ) [2] P21 21 2 (18) 1; 2; 3; 4 1; 3; 5; 7 [2] P121 /n1 (14, P121 /c1) 1; 4; 5; 8 [2] P21 /n11 (14, P121 /c1) [2] P112/m (10) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

c, a, b −c, b, a c, b, −a − c −b, a, b + c

1/4, 0, 0 0, 1/4, 0 0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
Pnnm (58) Pnnm (58) Pnnm (58) [3] b
= 3b
Pnnm (58) Pnnm (58) Pnnm (58) [3] c
= 3c
Pnnm (58) Pnnm (58) Pnnm (58)

2; 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 5) + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (3, 0, 0) (2; 5) + (4, 0, 0); 3 + (5, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 5; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 3); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 5); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

(2; 5) + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

(2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Pnnm (58)

[p] b
= pb Pnnm (58) [p] c
= pc Pnnm (58)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/mnc (128); [2] P42 /mnm (136) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Amam (63, Cmcm); [2] Bbmm (63, Cmcm); [2] Cccm (66); [2] Immm (71) • Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a Pncm (53, Pmna); [2] b
= 12 b Pcnm (53, Pmna); [2] c
= 12 c Pbam (55)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

208

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 59, pp. 209–211.

D132h

P 21/m 21/m 2/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

Pmmn

No. 59

1, Origin at m m 2/n, at 14 , 14 , 0 from 1¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Pm21 n (31, Pmn21 ) 1; 3; 6; 8 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] P21 mn (31, Pmn21 ) [2] Pmm2 (25) 1; 2; 7; 8 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21 21 2 (18) [2] P112/n (13, P112/a) 1; 2; 5; 6 1; 3; 5; 7 [2] P121 /m1 (11) 1; 4; 5; 8 [2] P21 /m11 (11, P121 /m1)

(3) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ (7) x, y, ¯z

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

a, −c, b b, c, a −a − b, a, c c, a, b

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c Pcmn (62, Pnma) Pcmn (62, Pnma) Pmcn (62, Pnma) Pmcn (62, Pnma) Pmmn (59) Pmmn (59) Pccn (56) Pccn (56) [3] a
= 3a
Pmmn (59) Pmmn (59) Pmmn (59) [3] b
= 3b
Pmmn (59) Pmmn (59) Pmmn (59) [3] c
= 3c
Pmmn (59) Pmmn (59) Pmmn (59)

3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1)

2c, b, −a 2c, b, −a 2c, a, b 2c, a, b a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 1/2

2; (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (3, 0, 0) 2 + (4, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (5, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; (3; 5) + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 3, 0) 2 + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 5, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 + (2u, 0, 0); (3; 5) + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

2 + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0); 5 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 1/2 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 1/2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Pmmn (59)

[p] b
= pb Pmmn (59)

[p] c
= pc Pmmn (59)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

209

Pmmn

ORIGIN CHOICE

1

No. 59

CONTINUED

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/nmm (129); [2] P42 /nmc (137) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Amma (63, Cmcm); [2] Bmmb (63, Cmcm); [2] Cmmm (65); [2] Immm (71) • Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a Pmmb (51, Pmma); [2] b
= 12 b Pmma (51)

Pmmn

ORIGIN CHOICE

2

No. 59

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/nmm (129); [2] P42 /nmc (137) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Amma (63, Cmcm); [2] Bmmb (63, Cmcm); [2] Cmmm (65); [2] Immm (71) • Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a Pmmb (51, Pmma); [2] b
= 12 b Pmma (51)

210

(Continued from the facing page)

D132h

P 21/m 21/m 2/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

Pmmn

No. 59

2, Origin at 1¯ at 21 21 n, at − 14 , − 14 , 0 from m m 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Pm21 n (31, Pmn21 ) 1; 3; 6; 8 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] P21 mn (31, Pmn21 ) [2] Pmm2 (25) 1; 2; 7; 8 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21 21 2 (18) [2] P112/n (13, P112/a) 1; 2; 5; 6 1; 3; 5; 7 [2] P121 /m1 (11) 1; 4; 5; 8 [2] P21 /m11 (11, P121 /m1)

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z

(4) x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ 1 (8) x¯ + 2 , y, z

a, −c, b b, c, a −a − b, a, c

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

c, a, b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c Pcmn (62, Pnma) Pcmn (62, Pnma) Pmcn (62, Pnma) Pmcn (62, Pnma) Pmmn (59) Pmmn (59) Pccn (56) Pccn (56) [3] a
= 3a
Pmmn (59) Pmmn (59) Pmmn (59) [3] b
= 3b
Pmmn (59) Pmmn (59) Pmmn (59) [3] c
= 3c
Pmmn (59) Pmmn (59) Pmmn (59)

3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1)

2c, b, −a 2c, b, −a 2c, a, b 2c, a, b a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

5; (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 3, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 5, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

2 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0); 5 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Pmmn (59)

[p] b
= pb Pmmn (59)

[p] c
= pc Pmmn (59)

(Continued on the facing page)

211

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 60, p. 212.

Pbcn

D142h

P 21/b 2/c 21/n

No. 60

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] P21 cn (33, Pna21 ) [2] Pb2n (30, Pnc2) 1; 3; 6; 8 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] Pbc21 (29, Pca21 ) [2] P21 221 (18, P21 21 2) 1; 2; 3; 4 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P1121 /n (14, P1121 /a) 1; 4; 5; 8 [2] P21 /b11 (14, P121 /c1) [2] P12/c1 (13) 1; 3; 5; 7

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 (7) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

c, b, −a c, a, b −b, a, c c, a, b −a − b, a, c c, a, b

0, 1/4, 0 0, 0, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 0 0, 1/4, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
Pbcn (60) Pbcn (60) Pbcn (60) [3] b
= 3b
Pbcn (60) Pbcn (60) Pbcn (60) [3] c
= 3c
Pbcn (60) Pbcn (60) Pbcn (60)

3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3; 5; 2 + (0, 1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 3, 0); 5 + (0, 2, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 5, 0); 5 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 3); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 5); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

3; 2 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0); 5 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Pbcn (60)

[p] b
= pb Pbcn (60) [p] c
= pc Pbcn (60)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Cmcm (63); [2] Aema (64, Cmce); [2] Bbeb (68, Ccce); [2] Ibam (72) • Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c Pbmn (53, Pmna); [2] a
= 12 a Pbcb (54, Pcca); [2] b
= 12 b Pmca (57, Pbcm)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

212

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 61, p. 213.

D152h

P 21/b 21/c 21/a

No. 61

Pbca

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

c

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 (6) x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] Pbc21 (29, Pca21 ) 1; 3; 6; 8 [2] Pb21 a (29, Pca21 ) 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] P21 ca (29, Pca21 ) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21 21 21 (19) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P1121 /a (14) 1; 3; 5; 7 [2] P121 /c1 (14) 1; 4; 5; 8 [2] P21 /b11 (14, P121 /c1)

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

−b, a, c a, −c, b c, b, −a

1/4, 0, 0 0, 0, 1/4 0, 1/4, 0

c, a, b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
Pbca (61) Pbca (61) Pbca (61) [3] b
= 3b
Pbca (61) Pbca (61) Pbca (61) [3] c
= 3c
Pbca (61) Pbca (61) Pbca (61)

3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 5; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 3); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 5); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

(2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Pbca (61)

[p] b
= pb Pbca (61) [p] c
= pc Pbca (61)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [3] Pa3¯ (205) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Aema (64, Cmce); [2] Bbem (64, Cmce); [2] Cmce (64); [2] Ibca (73) • Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a Pbcm (57); [2] b
= 12 b Pmca (57, Pbcm); [2] c
= 12 c Pbma (57, Pbcm)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

213

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 62, p. 214.

Pnma

D162h

P 21/n 21/m 21/a

No. 62

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 (6) x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Pn21 a (33, Pna21 ) 1; 3; 6; 8 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] Pnm21 (31, Pmn21 ) 1; 4; 6; 7 [2] P21 ma (26, Pmc21 ) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21 21 21 (19) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P1121 /a (14) 1; 4; 5; 8 [2] P21 /n11 (14, P121 /c1) 1; 3; 5; 7 [2] P121 /m1 (11)

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

a, −c, b −b, a, c b, c, a

1/4, 1/4, 0 0, 1/4, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4

−b, a, b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
Pnma (62) Pnma (62) Pnma (62) [3] b
= 3b
Pnma (62) Pnma (62) Pnma (62) [3] c
= 3c
Pnma (62) Pnma (62) Pnma (62)

3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 5; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1); (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 1); (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

(2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Pnma (62)

[p] b
= pb Pnma (62) [p] c
= pc Pnma (62)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Amma (63, Cmcm); [2] Bbmm (63, Cmcm); [2] Ccme (64, Cmce); [2] Imma (74)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] b
= 12 b Pcma (55, Pbam); [2] c
= 12 c Pbma (57, Pbcm); [2] a
= 12 a Pnmm (59, Pmmn)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

214

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 63, pp. 215–216.

D172h

C 2/m 2/c 21/m

Cmcm

No. 63

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

h

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 (6) x, y, z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] C2cm (40, Ama2) (1; 4; 6; 7)+ [2] Cm2m (38, Amm2) (1; 3; 6; 8)+ [2] Cmc21 (36) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] C2221 (20) [2] C12/c1 (15) (1; 3; 5; 7)+ [2] C2/m11 (12, C12/m1) (1; 4; 5; 8)+ (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] C1121 /m (11, P1121 /m)

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 (7) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

c, b, −a c, a, b

0, 0, 1/4

−b, a, c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pbnm (62, Pnma) Pmcn (62, Pnma) Pbcn (60) Pmnm (59, Pmmn) Pmnn (58, Pnnm) Pbcm (57) Pbnn (52, Pnna) Pmcm (51, Pmma)

1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 2; 3; 3; 4; 4; 2; 2;

5; 7; 5; 6; 5; 6; 3; 3;

6; 8; 7; 8; 8; 7; 4; 4;

(3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 5; 6; 7; 8

b, c, a c, a, b c, a, b b, c, a b, c, a c, a, b

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] a
= 3a
Cmcm (63) Cmcm (63) Cmcm (63) [3] b
= 3b
Cmcm (63) Cmcm (63) Cmcm (63) [3] c
= 3c
Cmcm (63) Cmcm (63) Cmcm (63)

2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3; 5 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 3); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 5); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Cmcm (63) (2; 3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Cmcm (63) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Cmcm (63) 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

215

Cmcm

No. 63

CONTINUED

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [3] P63 /mcm (193); [3] P63 /mmc (194) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Fmmm (69) • Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b Pmcm (51, Pmma); [2] c
= 12 c Cmmm (65)

Cmce

No. 64

(Continued from the facing page)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Fmmm (69)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b Pmcm (51, Pmma); [2] c
= 12 c Cmme (67)

216

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 64, pp. 216–217.

D182h

C 2/m 2/c 21/e

Cmce

No. 64

Former space-group symbol Cmca

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

g

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (6) x, y + 12 , z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] C2ce (41, Aea2) (1; 4; 6; 7)+ [2] Cm2e (39, Aem2) (1; 3; 6; 8)+ [2] Cmc21 (36) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] C2221 (20) [2] C12/c1 (15) (1; 3; 5; 7)+ (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] C1121 /e (14, P1121 /a) [2] C2/m11 (12, C12/m1) (1; 4; 5; 8)+

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

c, b, −a c, a, b

a, 1/2(−a + b), c −b, a, c

1/4, 0, 1/4 0, 1/4, 0 1/4, 0, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pmnb (62, Pnma) Pbca (61) Pbna (60, Pbcn) Pmca (57, Pbcm) Pbnb (56, Pccn) Pmcb (55, Pbam) Pbcb (54, Pcca) Pmna (53)

1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1;

3; 3; 2; 2; 2; 2; 4; 4;

6; 5; 3; 7; 5; 3; 6; 5;

8; 7; 4; 8; 6; 4; 7; 8;

(2; 4; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 5; 6; 7; 8 (2; 3; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0)

−b, a, c

1/4, 1/4, 0

c, a, b b, c, a c, a, b b, c, a c, a, b

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

1/4, 1/4, 0

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] a
= 3a
Cmce (64) Cmce (64) Cmce (64) [3] b
= 3b
Cmce (64) Cmce (64) Cmce (64) [3] c
= 3c
Cmce (64) Cmce (64) Cmce (64)

2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

5; (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 3, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 5, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 3); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 5); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

(2; 3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

2 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0); 5 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Cmce (64)

[p] b
= pb Cmce (64)

[p] c
= pc Cmce (64)

(Continued on the facing page)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

217

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 65, pp. 218–219.

Cmmm

No. 65

D192h

C 2/m 2/m 2/m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

r

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Cm2m (38, Amm2) (1; 3; 6; 8)+ [2] C2mm (38, Amm2) (1; 4; 6; 7)+ [2] Cmm2 (35) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ [2] C222 (21) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] C12/m1 (12) (1; 3; 5; 7)+ [2] C2/m11 (12, C12/m1) (1; 4; 5; 8)+ [2] C112/m (10, P112/m) (1; 2; 5; 6)+

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) x, y, ¯z

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

c, a, b c, b, −a

−b, a, c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pmmn (59) Pbam (55) Pbmn (53, Pmna) Pman (53, Pmna) Pmam (51, Pmma) Pbmm (51, Pmma) Pban (50) Pmmm (47)

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c Ibmm (74, Imma) Ibmm (74, Imma) Imam (74, Imma) Imam (74, Imma) Ibam (72) Ibam (72) Immm (71) Immm (71) Cccm (66) Cccm (66) Cmmm (65) Cmmm (65) Ccmm (63, Cmcm) Ccmm (63, Cmcm) Cmcm (63) Cmcm (63) [3] a
= 3a
Cmmm (65) Cmmm (65) Cmmm (65) [3] b
= 3b
Cmmm (65) Cmmm (65) Cmmm (65) [3] c
= 3c
Cmmm (65) Cmmm (65) Cmmm (65)

1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 2; 3; 4; 3; 4; 2; 2;

7; 5; 5; 5; 6; 6; 3; 3;

8; 6; 7; 8; 8; 7; 4; 4;

(3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 5; 6; 7; 8

1/4, 1/4, 0 b, c, a a, −c, b a, −c, b b, c, a

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

b, 2c, a b, 2c, a a, −2c, b a, −2c, b a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c −b, a, 2c −b, a, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3; 5 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

218

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

CONTINUED

Cmmm

No. 65

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Cmmm (65) (2; 3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Cmmm (65) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Cmmm (65) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/mmm (123); [2] P4/mbm (127); [2] P42 /mcm (132); [2] P42 /mnm (136); [3] P6/mmm (191) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Fmmm (69)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b Pmmm (47)

No. 66

(Continued from the following page)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/mcc (124); [2] P4/mnc (128); [2] P42 /mmc (131); [2] P42 /mbc (135); [3] P6/mcc (192) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Fmmm (69)

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b Pccm (49); [2] c
= 12 c Cmmm (65)

219

Cccm

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 66, pp. 219–220.

Cccm

No. 66

D202h

C 2/c 2/c 2/m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

m

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Cc2m (40, Ama2) (1; 3; 6; 8)+ [2] C2cm (40, Ama2) (1; 4; 6; 7)+ [2] Ccc2 (37) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ [2] C222 (21) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] C12/c1 (15) (1; 3; 5; 7)+ [2] C2/c11 (15, C12/c1) (1; 4; 5; 8)+ [2] C112/m (10, P112/m) (1; 2; 5; 6)+

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 (7) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 (8) x, ¯ y, z + 12

c, a, b c, b, −a

0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4

−b, a, c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pnnm (58) Pccn (56) Pcnm (53, Pmna) Pncm (53, Pmna) Pncn (52, Pnna) Pcnn (52, Pnna) Pccm (49) Pnnn (48)

1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 2; 3; 4; 3; 4; 2; 2;

5; 7; 6; 6; 5; 5; 3; 3;

6; 8; 8; 7; 7; 8; 4; 4;

(3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 5; 6; 7; 8 (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0)

c, b, −a c, a, b c, a, b c, b, −a

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

1/4, 1/4, 0

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] a
= 3a
Cccm (66) Cccm (66) Cccm (66) [3] b
= 3b
Cccm (66) Cccm (66) Cccm (66) [3] c
= 3c
Cccm (66) Cccm (66) Cccm (66)

2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3; 5 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 3); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 5); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Cccm (66) (2; 3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Cccm (66) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Cccm (66) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups (Continued on the preceding page)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

220

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 67, pp. 221–222.

D212h

C 2/m 2/m 2/e

Cmme

No. 67

Former space-group symbol Cmma

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

o

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z (6) x, y + 12 , z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Cm2e (39, Aem2) (1; 3; 6; 8)+ [2] C2me (39, Aem2) (1; 4; 6; 7)+ [2] Cmm2 (35) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ [2] C222 (21) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] C112/e (13, P112/a) (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] C12/m1 (12) (1; 3; 5; 7)+ [2] C2/m11 (12, C12/m1) (1; 4; 5; 8)+

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

c, a, b c, b, −a a, 1/2(−a + b), c −b, a, c

1/4, 0, 0 0, 1/4, 0 1/4, 0, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pbma (57, Pbcm) Pmab (57, Pbcm) Pbaa (54, Pcca) Pbab (54, Pcca) Pmmb (51, Pmma) Pmma (51) Pmaa (49, Pccm) Pbmb (49, Pccm)

1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1;

3; 3; 2; 2; 2; 2; 4; 4;

5; 6; 3; 5; 3; 7; 5; 6;

7; 8; 4; 6; 4; 8; 8; 7;

(2; 4; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 5; 6; 7; 8 (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0)

c, a, b c, b, −a b, c, a a, −c, b −b, a, c

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

1/4, 1/4, 0 b, c, a c, a, b

1/4, 1/4, 0

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c Imma (74) Imma (74) Ibca (73) Ibca (73) Ibmb (72, Ibam) Ibmb (72, Ibam) Imaa (72, Ibam) Imaa (72, Ibam) Ccce (68) Ccce (68) Cmme (67) Cmme (67) Ccme (64, Cmce) Ccme (64, Cmce) Cmce (64) Cmce (64) [3] a
= 3a
Cmme (67) Cmme (67) Cmme (67) [3] b
= 3b
Cmme (67) Cmme (67) Cmme (67) [3] c
= 3c
Cmme (67) Cmme (67) Cmme (67)

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c 2c, a, b 2c, a, b b, 2c, a b, 2c, a a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c −b, a, 2c −b, a, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

5; (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 3, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 5, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

221

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 1/4, 1/4, 1/2 1/4, 1/4, 0 0, 0, 1/2 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

Cmme

No. 67

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Cmme (67) (2; 3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Cmme (67) 2 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0); 5 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Cmme (67) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/nbm (125); [2] P4/nmm (129); [2] P42 /nnm (134); [2] P42 /ncm (138) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Fmmm (69)

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b Pmmm (47)

222

CONTINUED

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 68, pp. 223–225.

D222h

C 2/c 2/c 2/e

Ccce

No. 68

Former space-group symbol Ccca

ORIGIN CHOICE

1, Origin at 2 2 2 at 2/n 2/n 2, at 0, 14 , 14 from 1¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

i

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z (6) x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Cc2e (41, Aea2) (1; 3; 6; 8)+ [2] C2ce (41, Aea2) (1; 4; 6; 7)+ [2] Ccc2 (37) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ [2] C222 (21) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] C12/c1 (15) (1; 3; 5; 7)+ [2] C2/c11 (15, C12/c1) (1; 4; 5; 8)+ [2] C112/e (13, P112/a) (1; 2; 5; 6)+

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) x¯ + 12 , y, z + 12

c, a, b c, b, −a 1/4, 1/4, 0 −b, a, c a, 1/2(−a + b), c

0, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 0, 1/4 1/4, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pcnb Pnca Pcca Pccb Pnnb Pnna Pncb Pcna

(60, Pbcn) (60, Pbcn) (54) (54, Pcca) (52, Pnna) (52) (50, Pban) (50, Pban)

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
Ccce (68) Ccce (68) Ccce (68) [3] b
= 3b
Ccce (68) Ccce (68) Ccce (68) [3] c
= 3c
Ccce (68) Ccce (68) Ccce (68)

1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1;

4; 4; 2; 2; 2; 2; 3; 3;

5; 6; 3; 7; 3; 5; 5; 6;

8; 7; 4; 8; 4; 6; 7; 8;

(2; 3; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 5; 6; 7; 8 (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0)

a, −c, b b, c, a −b, a, c −b, a, c

0, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 0, 1/4 0, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 0, 1/4 1/4, 0, 1/4 0, 1/4, 1/4

b, c, a c, a, b

3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

3; (2; 5) + (0, 1, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 3, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 5, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2); 5 + (0, 0, 3) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4); 5 + (0, 0, 5)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

3; (2; 5) + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Ccce (68)

[p] b
= pb Ccce (68) [p] c
= pc Ccce (68)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

223

Ccce

ORIGIN CHOICE

1

No. 68

CONTINUED

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/nnc (126); [2] P4/ncc (130); [2] P42 /nbc (133); [2] P42 /nmc (137) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Fmmm (69) • Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b Pccm (49); [2] c
= 12 c Cmme (67)

Ccce

ORIGIN CHOICE

2

No. 68

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/nnc (126); [2] P4/ncc (130); [2] P42 /nbc (133); [2] P42 /nmc (137) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Fmmm (69) • Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b Pccm (49); [2] c
= 12 c Cmme (67)

224

(Continued from the facing page)

D222h

C 2/c 2/c 2/e

No. 68

Ccce

Former space-group symbol Ccca

ORIGIN CHOICE

2, Origin at 1¯ at 2/n c a, at 0, − 14 , − 14 from 2 2 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 0); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

i

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

¯z (2) x¯ + 12 , y, (6) x + 12 , y, z¯

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 (7) x, y, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Cc2e (41, Aea2) (1; 3; 6; 8)+ [2] C2ce (41, Aea2) (1; 4; 6; 7)+ [2] Ccc2 (37) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ [2] C222 (21) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] C12/c1 (15) (1; 3; 5; 7)+ [2] C2/c11 (15, C12/c1) (1; 4; 5; 8)+ [2] C112/e (13, P112/a) (1; 2; 5; 6)+

(4) x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 12 (8) x¯ + 12 , y, z + 12

c, a, b c, b, −a

0, 1/4, 1/4 0, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 0, 1/4 0, 1/4, 1/4

−b, a, c a, 1/2(−a + b), c

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

a, −c, b b, c, a

1/4, 1/4, 0

−b, a, c −b, a, c

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

b, c, a c, a, b

1/4, 1/4, 0

3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3; 5 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 3); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 5); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

3; (2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pcnb Pnca Pcca Pccb Pnnb Pnna Pncb Pcna

(60, Pbcn) (60, Pbcn) (54) (54, Pcca) (52, Pnna) (52) (50, Pban) (50, Pban)

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
Ccce (68) Ccce (68) Ccce (68) [3] b
= 3b
Ccce (68) Ccce (68) Ccce (68) [3] c
= 3c
Ccce (68) Ccce (68) Ccce (68)

1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1;

4; 4; 2; 2; 2; 2; 3; 3;

5; 6; 3; 7; 3; 5; 5; 6;

8; 7; 4; 8; 4; 6; 7; 8;

(2; 3; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 3; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 5; 6; 7; 8 (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) (2; 4; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Ccce (68)

[p] b
= pb Ccce (68) [p] c
= pc Ccce (68)

(Continued on the facing page)

225

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 69, pp. 226–227.

F mmm

No. 69

F 2/m 2/m 2/m

D232h

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

32

p

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) x, y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Fmm2 (42) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ [2] Fm2m (42, Fmm2) (1; 3; 6; 8)+ [2] F2mm (42, Fmm2) (1; 4; 6; 7)+ [2] F222 (22) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] F112/m (12, A112/m) (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] F12/m1 (12, C12/m1) (1; 3; 5; 7)+ [2] F2/m11 (12, C12/m1) (1; 4; 5; 8)+

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

c, a, b b, c, a 1/2(a − b), b, c a, b, 1/2(−a + c) −b, a, 1/2(b + c)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] Aeaa (68, Ccce) [2] Bbeb (68, Ccce) [2] Ccce (68) [2] Cmme (67) [2] Bmem (67, Cmme) [2] Aemm (67, Cmme) [2] Cccm (66) [2] Bbmb (66, Cccm) [2] Amaa (66, Cccm) [2] Ammm (65, Cmmm) [2] Bmmm (65, Cmmm) [2] Cmmm (65) [2] Aeam (64, Cmce) [2] Bbem (64, Cmce) [2] Aema (64, Cmce) [2] Ccme (64, Cmce) [2] Bmeb (64, Cmce) [2] Cmce (64)

1; 2; 3; 4; (1; 2; 3; 4) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 2; 3; 4; (1; 2; 3; 4) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (5; 6; 7; 8) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 2; 3; 4; (1; 2; 3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (5; 6; 7; 8) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1; 2; 7; 8; (1; 2; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 4; 5; 6) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1; 3; 6; 8; (1; 3; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2; 4; 5; 7) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 4; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 4; 6; 7; (1; 4; 6; 7) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 3; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2; 3; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 2; 5; 6; (1; 2; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 4; 7; 8) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1; 3; 5; 7; (1; 3; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2; 4; 6; 8) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 4; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 4; 5; 8; (1; 4; 5; 8) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 3; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2; 3; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 2; 5; 6; (1; 2; 5; 6) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 2; 5; 6; (1; 2; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (3; 4; 7; 8) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 3; 5; 7; (1; 3; 5; 7) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 4; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2; 4; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 3; 5; 7; (1; 3; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (2; 4; 6; 8) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 4; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1; 4; 5; 8; (1; 4; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2; 3; 6; 7) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 3; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 4; 5; 8; (1; 4; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (2; 3; 6; 7) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 3; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 0, 12 )

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

226

c, b, −a

1/4, 1/4, 0

c, a, b

1/4, 1/4, 0 0, 1/4, 1/4 0, 1/4, 1/4

c, a, b

1/4, 1/4, 0

b, c, a

1/4, 0, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 0

c, a, b

1/4, 0, 1/4

b, c, a

0, 1/4, 1/4

b, c, a c, a, b

c, b, −a c, a, b b, c, a −b, a, c a, −c, b

[2] Amam (63, Cmcm) [2] Amma (63, Cmcm) [2] Bmmb (63, Cmcm) [2] Bbmm (63, Cmcm) [2] Cmcm (63) [2] Ccmm (63, Cmcm)

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a
Fmmm (69) Fmmm (69) Fmmm (69) [3] b
= 3b
Fmmm (69) Fmmm (69) Fmmm (69) [3] c
= 3c
Fmmm (69) Fmmm (69) Fmmm (69)

F mmm

No. 69

CONTINUED

1; 3; 6; 8; (1; 3; 6; 8) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 4; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2; 4; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 2; 7; 8; (1; 2; 7; 8) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 2; 7; 8; (1; 2; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (3; 4; 5; 6) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 4; 6; 7; (1; 4; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2; 3; 5; 8) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 3; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 3; 6; 8; (1; 3; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (2; 4; 5; 7) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 4; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1; 4; 6; 7; (1; 4; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (2; 3; 5; 8) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (2; 3; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 0, 12 )

c, b, −a

1/4, 1/4, 0

b, c, a

1/4, 0, 1/4

a, −c, b

0, 1/4, 1/4

c, a, b

1/4, 1/4, 0 0, 1/4, 1/4

−b, a, c

1/4, 0, 1/4

2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3; 5 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Fmmm (69) (2; 3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Fmmm (69) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Fmmm (69) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I4/mmm (139); [2] I4/mcm (140); [3] Fm3¯ (202) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pmmm (47)

227

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 70, pp. 228–230.

Fddd ORIGIN CHOICE

No. 70

D242h

F 2/d 2/d 2/d

1, Origin at 2 2 2, at − 18 , − 18 , − 18 from 1¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

32

h

1

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 14 , y + 14 , z¯ + 14

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Fdd2 (43) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ [2] Fd2d (43, Fdd2) (1; 3; 6; 8)+ [2] F2dd (43, Fdd2) (1; 4; 6; 7)+ [2] F222 (22) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] F112/d (15, A112/a) (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] F12/d1 (15, C12/c1) (1; 3; 5; 7)+ [2] F2/d11 (15, C12/c1) (1; 4; 5; 8)+

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) x + 14 , y¯ + 14 , z + 14

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x¯ + 14 , y + 14 , z + 14

c, a, b b, c, a 1/2(a − b), b, c −c, b, 1/2(a + c) −b, a, 1/2(b + c)

1/8, 3/8, 3/8 1/8, 1/8, 1/8 1/8, 1/8, 1/8

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations • Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a ⎧ ⎨ Fddd (70) Fddd (70) ⎩ Fddd (70) [3] b
= 3b ⎧ ⎨ Fddd (70) Fddd (70) ⎩ Fddd (70) [3] c
= 3c ⎧ ⎨ Fddd (70) Fddd (70) ⎩ Fddd (70)

none

2 + ( 21 , 12 , 0); 3 + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); 5 + (1, 12 , 12 ) 2 + ( 25 , 12 , 0); 3 + ( 25 , 0, 12 ); 5 + (3, 12 , 12 ) 2 + ( 29 , 12 , 0); 3 + ( 29 , 0, 12 ); 5 + (5, 12 , 12 )

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 5/4, 1/4, 1/4 9/4, 1/4, 1/4

2 + ( 21 , 12 , 0); 3 + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); 5 + ( 21 , 1, 12 ) 2 + ( 21 , 52 , 0); 3 + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); 5 + ( 21 , 3, 12 ) 2 + ( 21 , 92 , 0); 3 + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); 5 + ( 21 , 5, 12 )

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 5/4, 1/4 1/4, 9/4, 1/4

2 + ( 21 , 12 , 0); 3 + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); 5 + ( 21 , 12 , 1) 2 + ( 21 , 12 , 0); 3 + ( 21 , 0, 52 ); 5 + ( 21 , 12 , 3) 2 + ( 21 , 12 , 0); 3 + ( 21 , 0, 92 ); 5 + ( 21 , 12 , 5)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 5/4 1/4, 1/4, 9/4

(2; 3) + (2u, 0, 0); 5 + ( 4p − 14 + 2u, 0, 0) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 2 + ( 21 + 2u, 12 , 0); 3 + ( 21 + 2u, 0, 12 ); 5 + ( 4p + 14 + 2u, 12 , 12 ) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

pa, b, c

1/4 + u, 1/4, 1/4

3; 2 + (0, 2u, 0); 5 + (0, 4p − 14 + 2u, 0) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 2 + ( 21 , 12 + 2u, 0); 3 + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); 5 + ( 21 , 4p + 14 + 2u, 12 ) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, pb, c

1/4, 1/4 + u, 1/4

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 + 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 2 + ( 21 , 12 , 0); 3 + ( 21 , 0, 12 + 2u); 5 + ( 21 , 12 , 4p + 14 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 + u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Fddd (70)

Fddd (70)

[p] b
= pb Fddd (70) Fddd (70)

[p] c
= pc Fddd (70) Fddd (70)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

228

CONTINUED

No. 70

ORIGIN CHOICE

1

Fddd

2

Fddd

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I41 /amd (141); [2] I41 /acd (142); [3] Fd 3¯ (203) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pnnn (48)

(Continued from the following page)

No. 70

ORIGIN CHOICE

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I41 /amd (141); [2] I41 /acd (142); [3] Fd 3¯ (203) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pnnn (48)

229

Fddd ORIGIN CHOICE

No. 70

D242h

F 2/d 2/d 2/d

2, Origin at 1¯ at d d d, at 18 , 18 , 18 from 2 2 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

32

h

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 , z (6) x + 14 , y + 14 , z¯

(3) x¯ + 34 , y, z¯ + 34 (7) x + 14 , y, ¯ z + 14

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Fdd2 (43) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ [2] Fd2d (43, Fdd2) (1; 3; 6; 8)+ [2] F2dd (43, Fdd2) (1; 4; 6; 7)+ [2] F222 (22) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] F112/d (15, A112/a) (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] F12/d1 (15, C12/c1) (1; 3; 5; 7)+ [2] F2/d11 (15, C12/c1) (1; 4; 5; 8)+

(4) x, y¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 (8) x, ¯ y + 14 , z + 14

c, a, b b, c, a 1/2(a − b), b, c −c, b, 1/2(a + c) −b, a, 1/2(b + c)

3/8, 3/8, 0 3/8, 0, 3/8 0, 3/8, 3/8 1/8, 1/8, 1/8 0, 1/4, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations

none

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] a
= 3a ⎧ ⎨ Fddd (70) Fddd (70) ⎩ Fddd (70) [3] b
= 3b ⎧ ⎨ Fddd (70) Fddd (70) ⎩ Fddd (70) [3] c
= 3c ⎧ ⎨ Fddd (70) Fddd (70) ⎩ Fddd (70)

2 + ( 23 , 12 , 0); 3 + ( 23 , 0, 12 ); 5 + (0, 12 , 12 ) 2 + ( 27 , 12 , 0); 3 + ( 27 , 0, 12 ); 5 + (2, 12 , 12 ) 1 11 1 1 1 2 + ( 11 2 , 2 , 0); 3 + ( 2 , 0, 2 ); 5 + (4, 2 , 2 )

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

0, 1/4, 1/4 1, 1/4, 1/4 2, 1/4, 1/4

2 + ( 21 , 32 , 0); (3; 5) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 2 + ( 21 , 72 , 0); 3 + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); 5 + ( 21 , 2, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 2 + ( 21 , 11 2 , 0); 3 + ( 2 , 0, 2 ); 5 + ( 2 , 4, 2 )

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

1/4, 0, 1/4 1/4, 1, 1/4 1/4, 2, 1/4

(2; 5) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); 3 + ( 21 , 0, 32 ) 2 + ( 21 , 12 , 0); 3 + ( 21 , 0, 72 ); 5 + ( 21 , 12 , 2) 1 1 2 + ( 21 , 12 , 0); 3 + ( 21 , 0, 11 2 ); 5 + ( 2 , 2 , 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 1 1/4, 1/4, 2

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

pa, b, c

u, 1/4, 1/4

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, pb, c

1/4, u, 1/4

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

1/4, 1/4, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa 3 Fddd (70) (2; 3) + ( 3p 4 − 4 + 2u, 0, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 3p 3 1 3 1 Fddd (70) 2 + ( 3p 4 − 4 + 2u, 2 , 0); 3 + ( 4 − 4 + 2u, 0, 2 ); 5 + (2u, 12 , 12 ) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 [p] b
= pb 3 Fddd (70) 3; 2 + (0, 3p 4 − 4 + 2u, 0); 5 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 3 1 1 1 1 Fddd (70) 2 + ( 21 , 3p 4 − 4 + 2u, 0); 3 + ( 2 , 0, 2 ); 5 + ( 2 , 2u, 2 ) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 [p] c
= pc 3 Fddd (70) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 3p 4 − 4 + 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 3 1 1 Fddd (70) 2 + ( 21 , 12 , 0); 3 + ( 21 , 0, 3p 4 − 4 + 2u); 5 + ( 2 , 2 , 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 (Continued on the preceding page) 230

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 71, p. 231.

D252h

I 2/m 2/m 2/m

No. 71

I mmm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

o

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Imm2 (44) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ [2] Im2m (44, Imm2) (1; 3; 6; 8)+ [2] I2mm (44, Imm2) (1; 4; 6; 7)+ [2] I222 (23) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] I112/m (12, A112/m) (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] I12/m1 (12, C12/m1) (1; 3; 5; 7)+ [2] I2/m11 (12, C12/m1) (1; 4; 5; 8)+

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) x, y, ¯z

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

c, a, b b, c, a b, −a − b, c −a − c, b, a −b + c, a, b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pmmn (59) Pmnm (59, Pmmn) Pnmm (59, Pmmn) Pnnm (58) Pnmn (58, Pnnm) Pmnn (58, Pnnm) Pnnn (48) Pmmm (47)

• Enlarged unit cell
[3]
a = 3a Immm (71) Immm (71) Immm (71)
[3]
b = 3b Immm (71) Immm (71) Immm (71)
[3]
c = 3c Immm (71) Immm (71) Immm (71)

1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 3; 4; 2; 3; 4; 2; 2;

7; 6; 6; 5; 5; 5; 3; 3;

8; 8; 7; 6; 7; 8; 4; 4;

(3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 4; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 3; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 4; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 3; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 5; 6; 7; 8

c, a, b b, c, a

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4

c, a, b b, c, a 1/4, 1/4, 1/4

2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 3; 5 3; (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

(2; 3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

3; (2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Immm (71)

[p] b
= pb Immm (71) [p] c
= pc Immm (71)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I4/mmm (139); [3] Im3¯ (204) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations • Decreased unit cell

none

[2] a
= 12 a Ammm (65, Cmmm); [2] b
= 12 b Bmmm (65, Cmmm); [2] c
= 12 c Cmmm (65) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

231

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 72, p. 232.

I bam

No. 72

D262h

I 2/b 2/a 2/m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

(3) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ (7) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Ib2m (46, Ima2) (1; 3; 6; 8)+ [2] I2am (46, Ima2) (1; 4; 6; 7)+ [2] Iba2 (45) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ [2] I222 (23) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] I12/a1 (15, C12/c1) (1; 3; 5; 7)+ [2] I2/b11 (15, C12/c1) (1; 4; 5; 8)+ [2] I112/m (12, A112/m) (1; 2; 5; 6)+

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z c, a, b c, b, −a a − c, b, c −b − c, a, c b, −a − b, c

0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pcan (60, Pbcn) Pbcn (60) Pbcm (57) Pcam (57, Pbcm) Pccn (56) Pbam (55) Pban (50) Pccm (49)

• Enlarged unit cell
[3]
a = 3a Ibam (72) Ibam (72) Ibam (72)
[3]
b = 3b Ibam (72) Ibam (72) Ibam (72)
[3]
c = 3c Ibam (72) Ibam (72) Ibam (72)

1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1;

3; 4; 3; 4; 2; 2; 2; 2;

5; 5; 6; 6; 3; 3; 7; 5;

7; 8; 8; 7; 4; 4; 8; 6;

(2; 4; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 3; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 4; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 3; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 5; 6; 7; 8 (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 )

−b, a, c

−b, a, c

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4

2; 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) (2; 5) + (2, 0, 0); 3 + (3, 0, 0) (2; 5) + (4, 0, 0); 3 + (5, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 5; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Ibam (72) (2; 5) + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Ibam (72) (2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Ibam (72) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I4/mcm (140) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations • Decreased unit cell

none

[2] c
= 12 c Cmmm (65); [2] a
= 12 a Aemm (67, Cmme); [2] b
= 12 b Bmem (67, Cmme) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

232

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 73, pp. 233–234.

D272h

I 21/b 21/c 21/a

No. 73

I bca

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

f

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

¯ z + 12 (2) x¯ + 12 , y, 1 (6) x + 2 , y, z¯ + 12

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Ibc2 (45, Iba2) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ [2] Ib2a (45, Iba2) (1; 3; 6; 8)+ [2] I2ca (45, Iba2) (1; 4; 6; 7)+ (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] I21 21 21 (24) [2] I112/a (15, A112/a) (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] I12/c1 (15, C12/c1) (1; 3; 5; 7)+ [2] I2/b11 (15, C12/c1) (1; 4; 5; 8)+

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

c, a, b b, c, a

0, 1/4, 0 1/4, 0, 0 0, 0, 1/4

b, −a − b, c −a − c, b, a −b − c, a, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pbca Pcab Pcaa Pccb Pbab Pbcb Pbaa Pcca

(61) (61, Pbca) (54, Pcca) (54, Pcca) (54, Pcca) (54, Pcca) (54, Pcca) (54)

1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 2; 2; 3; 4; 2; 3; 4;

3; 3; 5; 5; 5; 7; 6; 6;

4; 4; 6; 7; 8; 8; 8; 7;

5; 6; 7; 8 (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 4; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 3; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 4; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 3; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 )

−b, a, c c, b, −a −b, a, c a, −c, b c, a, b b, c, a

1/4, 1/4, 1/4

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] a
= 3a
Ibca (73) Ibca (73) Ibca (73) [3] b
= 3b
Ibca (73) Ibca (73) Ibca (73) [3] c
= 3c
Ibca (73) Ibca (73) Ibca (73)

3; 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (5, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 5; 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 5) + (0, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0) (2; 5) + (0, 4, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 3); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 5); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); (3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

(2; 5) + (0, 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] a
= pa Ibca (73)

[p] b
= pb Ibca (73) [p] c
= pc Ibca (73)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

233

I bca

No. 73

CONTINUED

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I41 /acd (142); [3] Ia3¯ (206) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a Aemm (67, Cmme); [2] b
= 12 b Bmem (67, Cmme); [2] c
= 12 c Cmme (67)

I mma

No. 74

(Continued from the facing page)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I41 /amd (141) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a Ammm (65, Cmmm); [2] b
= 12 b Bmmm (65, Cmmm); [2] c
= 12 c Cmme (67)

234

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 74, pp. 234–235.

D282h

I 21/m 21/m 21/a

No. 74

I mma

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

j

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z (6) x, y + 12 , z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] Im2b (46, Ima2) (1; 3; 6; 8)+ [2] I2mb (46, Ima2) (1; 4; 6; 7)+ [2] Imm2 (44) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] I21 21 21 (24) [2] I112/b (15, A112/a) (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] I12/m1 (12, C12/m1) (1; 3; 5; 7)+ [2] I2/m11 (12, C12/m1) (1; 4; 5; 8)+

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ (7) x, y¯ + 12 , z

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) x, ¯ y, z

−a, c, b b, c, a b, −a − b, c −a − c, b, a −b − c, a, c

1/4, 0, 1/4 0, 1/4, 0 0, 0, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2]

Pnma (62) Pmnb (62, Pnma) Pnmb (53, Pmna) Pmna (53) Pnna (52) Pnnb (52, Pnna) Pmma (51) Pmmb (51, Pmma)

1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1;

3; 3; 4; 4; 2; 2; 2; 2;

5; 6; 6; 5; 3; 5; 7; 3;

7; 8; 7; 8; 4; 6; 8; 4;

(2; 4; 6; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 4; 5; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 3; 5; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (2; 3; 6; 7) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 5; 6; 7; 8

−b, a, c −b, a, c

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4

−b, a, c 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 −b, a, c

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] a
= 3a
Imma (74) Imma (74) Imma (74) [3] b
= 3b
Imma (74) Imma (74) Imma (74) [3] c
= 3c
Imma (74) Imma (74) Imma (74)

2; 3; 5 (2; 3; 5) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 3; 5) + (4, 0, 0)

3a, b, c 3a, b, c 3a, b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

5; (2; 3) + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (0, 3, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (0, 5, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 4, 0)

a, 3b, c a, 3b, c a, 3b, c

0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

pa, b, c

u, 0, 0

a, pb, c

0, u, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] a
= pa Imma (74) (2; 3; 5) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] b
= pb Imma (74) 2 + (0, 2p − 12 + 2u, 0); 3 + (0, 2p − 12 , 0); 5 + (0, 2u, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p] c
= pc Imma (74) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups (Continued on the facing page)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

235

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 75, p. 236.

P4

No. 75

C41

P4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

d

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) y, ¯ x, z

(4) y, x, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P2 (3, P112) 1; 2 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P42 (77) P4 (75) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C4 (75, P4) C4 (75, P4) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F4 (79, I4) F4 (79, I4) [3] c
= 3c P4 (75)

2; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

1/2, 1/2, 0

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1)

a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c

1/2, 1/2, 0

2; 3

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P4 (75)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4 (75)

2; 3 p prime no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 2 2

[p = q + r ] a = qa − rb, b = ra + qb P4 (75) 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + (u, −u, 0) prime p > 4; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/m (83); [2] P4/n (85); [2] P422 (89); [2] P421 2 (90); [2] P4mm (99); [2] P4bm (100); [2] P4cc (103); [2] P4nc (104) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I4 (79)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

236

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 76, p. 237.

C42

P 41

P 41

No. 76

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

a

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 14

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 34

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P21 (4, P1121 ) 1; 2 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C41 (76, P41 ) C41 (76, P41 ) [3] c
= 3c P43 (78)

2; 3 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 2)

a, b, 3c

1/2, 1/2, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P43 (78) P41 (76)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P41 (76)

1 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 3p 4 − 4 ) prime p > 2; p = 4n − 1 no conjugate subgroups 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 ) prime p > 4; p = 4n + 1 no conjugate subgroups

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 ] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + qb 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + (u, −u, 0) P41 (76) prime p > 4; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P41 22 (91); [2] P41 21 2 (92) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I41 (80)

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P42 (77)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

237

a, b, pc a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 77, p. 238.

P 42

No. 77

C43

P 42

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

d

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 12

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P2 (3, P112) 1; 2 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P43 (78) P41 (76) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C42 (77, P42 ) C42 (77, P42 ) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F41 (80, I41 ) F41 (80, I41 ) [3] c
= 3c P42 (77)

(2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 2 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

1/2, 1/2, 0

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1)

a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c

0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 0

2; 3 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) P42 (77) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P42 (77) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 2 2

[p = q + r ] a = qa − rb, b = ra + qb 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + (u, −u, 0) P42 (77) prime p > 4; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1

a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P42 /m (84); [2] P42 /n (86); [2] P42 22 (93); [2] P42 21 2 (94); [2] P42 cm (101); [2] P42 nm (102); [2] P42 mc (105); [2] P42 bc (106) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I4 (79) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4 (75)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

238

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 78, p. 239.

C44

P 43

P 43

No. 78

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

a

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 34

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 14

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P21 (4, P1121 ) 1; 2 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C43 (78, P43 ) C43 (78, P43 ) [3] c
= 3c P41 (76)

2; 3 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

3; 2 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

1/2, 1/2, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P43 (78) P41 (76)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P43 (78)

3 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 3p 4 − 4 ) prime p > 4; p = 4n + 1 no conjugate subgroups 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 34 ) prime p > 2; p = 4n − 1 no conjugate subgroups

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0) prime p > 2 p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 ] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + qb 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + (u, −u, 0) P43 (78) prime p > 4; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P43 22 (95); [2] P43 21 2 (96) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I41 (80)

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P42 (77)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

239

a, b, pc a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 79, p. 240.

I4

No. 79

C45

I4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

c

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I2 (5, A112) (1; 2)+

(3) y, ¯ x, z

(4) y, x, ¯z

b, −a − b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] P42 (77) [2] P4 (75)

1; 2; (3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c I4 (79)

2; 3

1/2, 0, 0

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc I4 (79) 2; 3 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I4 (79) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 2 2

[p = q + r ] a = qa − rb, b = ra + qb I4 (79) 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + (u, −u, 0) prime p > 4; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1

a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I4/m (87); [2] I422 (97); [2] I4mm (107); [2] I4cm (108) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c C4 (75, P4)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

240

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 80, p. 241.

C46

I 41

I 41

No. 80

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

b

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(3) y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 14

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I2 (5, A112) (1; 2)+

(4) y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34

b, −a − b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] P43 (78) [2] P41 (76)

1; 2; (3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4

3/4, 3/4, 0 3/4, 1/4, 0

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c I41 (80)

2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 )

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc I41 (80) 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 ) prime p > 4; p = 4n + 1 no conjugate subgroups 2 + (1, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 4p − 14 ) I41 (80) prime p > 2; p = 4n − 1 no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); I41 (80) 3 + (u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 2 2

[p = q + r ] a = qa − rb, b = ra + qb 2 + ( 2q + 2r − 12 + 2u, − 2r + q2 − 12 , 0); I41 (80) 3 + ( 2r + u, q2 − u − 12 , 0) prime p > 4; q > 0; r > 1; q odd; r even; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 I41 (80) 2 + ( 2q + 2r + 12 + 2u, − 2r + q2 − 12 , 0); 3 + ( 2r + 12 + u, q2 − 1 − u, 0) prime p > 4; q > 1; r > 0; q even; r odd; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1

a, b, pc a, b, pc

1/2, 0, 0

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

1/2 + u, 0, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I41 /a (88); [2] I41 22 (98); [2] I41 md (109); [2] I41 cd (110) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c C42 (77, P42 )

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

241

1/2, 0, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 81, p. 242.

P 4¯

S41

P 4¯

No. 81

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

4

h

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P2 (3, P112) 1; 2 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P4¯ (81) P4¯ (81) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ¯ C4¯ (81, P4) ¯ ¯ C4 (81, P4)

[2] a = 2a, b = 2b, c
= 2c ¯ F 4¯ (82, I 4) ¯ ¯ F 4 (82, I 4)
= 3c [3] c ⎧ ⎨ P4¯ (81) P4¯ (81) ⎩ ¯ P4 (81)

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2; 3 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

1/2, 1/2, 0

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1)

a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P4¯ (81) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4¯ (81) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u − v, u + v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 ] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + qb P4¯ (81) 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + (u, u, 0) prime p > 4; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ ¯ (112); [2] P42 ¯ 1 m (113); [2] P42 ¯ 1 c (114); [2] P4/m (83); [2] P42 /m (84); [2] P4/n (85); [2] P42 /n (86); [2] P42m (111); [2] P42c ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ [2] P4m2 (115); [2] P4c2 (116); [2] P4b2 (117); [2] P4n2 (118) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I 4¯ (82)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

242

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 82, p. 243.

S42

I 4¯

I 4¯

No. 82

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I2 (5, A112) (1; 2)+

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯

b, −a − b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] P4¯ (81) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P4¯ (81) 1; 2; (3; 4) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 )

1/2, 0, 1/4

• Enlarged unit cell


[3] ⎧ c = 3c ⎨ I 4¯ (82) I 4¯ (82) ⎩ ¯ I 4 (82)

2; 3 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc I 4¯ (82)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I 4¯ (82)

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u − v, u + v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 2 2

[p = q + r ] a = qa − rb, b = ra + qb I 4¯ (82) 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + (u, u, 0) prime p > 4; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ ¯ (120); [2] I 42m ¯ ¯ (122) [2] I4/m (87); [2] I41 /a (88); [2] I 4m2 (119); [2] I 4c2 (121); [2] I 42d II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell ¯ [2] c
= 12 c C4¯ (81, P4)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

243

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 83, p. 244.

P 4/m

No. 83

C4h1

P 4/m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

l

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y, x, ¯ z¯

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y, ¯ x, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P4¯ (81) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P4 (75) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P2/m (10, P112/m) 1; 2; 5; 6 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P42 /m (84) P42 /m (84) P4/m (83) P4/m (83) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C4/e (85, P4/n) C4/e (85, P4/n) C4/m (83, P4/m) C4/m (83, P4/m) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F4/m (87, I4/m) F4/m (87, I4/m) F4/m (87, I4/m) F4/m (87, I4/m) [3] c
= 3c
P4/m (83) P4/m (83) P4/m (83)

2; 2; 2; 2;

5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

2; 3; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3; 5 (2; 5) + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

2; 3; 5 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 5) + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (1, 1, 1)

a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 1/2

2; 3; 5 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P4/m (83) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4/m (83) (2; 5) + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 ] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + qb P4/m (83) (2; 5) + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + (u, −u, 0) prime p > 4; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/mmm (123); [2] P4/mcc (124); [2] P4/mbm (127); [2] P4/mnc (128) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I4/m (87)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

244

1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 84, p. 245.

C4h2

P 42/m

P 42/m

No. 84

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

k

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 12 (7) y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 12 (8) y, ¯ x, z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P4¯ (81) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P42 (77) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P2/m (10, P112/m) 1; 2; 5; 6

0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C42 /e (86, P42 /n) C42 /e (86, P42 /n) C42 /m (84, P42 /m) C42 /m (84, P42 /m) [3] c
= 3c
P42 /m (84) P42 /m (84) P42 /m (84)

2; 3; 5 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 1, 0); (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 (2; 5) + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P42 /m (84)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P42 /m (84)

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

(2; 5) + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 2 2

[p = q + r ] a = qa − rb, b = ra + qb (2; 5) + (u, u, 0); 3 + (u, 0, 0) P42 /m (84) prime p > 4; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P42 /mmc (131); [2] P42 /mcm (132); [2] P42 /mbc (135); [2] P42 /mnm (136) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I4/m (87) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4/m (83)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

245

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 85, pp. 246–247.

P 4/n ORIGIN CHOICE

No. 85

C4h3

P 4/n

1, Origin at 4¯ on n, at − 14 , 14 , 0 from 1¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P4¯ (81) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P4 (75) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P2/n (13, P112/a) 1; 2; 5; 6

(3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z (7) y, x, ¯ z¯

(4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z (8) y, ¯ x, z¯

−a − b, a, c

1/2, 0, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P42 /n (86) P42 /n (86) P4/n (85) P4/n (85) [3] c
= 3c
P4/n (85) P4/n (85) P4/n (85)

2; 2; 2; 2;

5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3; 5 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 4)

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P4/n (85)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4/n (85)

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); pa, pb, c 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 2 2

[p = q + r ] a = qa − rb, b = ra + qb P4/n (85) 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 2q + 2r − 12 + u, q2 − 2r − 12 − u, 0); qa − rb, ra + qb, c 5 + ( 2q + 2r − 12 + 2u, q2 − 2r − 12 , 0) prime p > 4; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/nbm (125); [2] P4/nnc (126); [2] P4/nmm (129); [2] P4/ncc (130) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C4/m (83, P4/m); [2] I4/m (87)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

246

u, v, 0

u, 0, 0

C4h3

P 4/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

P 4/n

No. 85

2, Origin at 1¯ on n, at 14 , − 14 , 0 from 4¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(3) y¯ + 12 , x, z (7) y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P4¯ (81) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P4 (75) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P2/n (13, P112/a) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) y, x¯ + 12 , z (8) y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯

−a − b, a, c

1/4, 3/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 0, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P42 /n (86) P42 /n (86) P4/n (85) P4/n (85) [3] c
= 3c
P4/n (85) P4/n (85) P4/n (85)

2; 2; 2; 2;

5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3; 5 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 4)

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

1/2 + u, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P4/n (85)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4/n (85)

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 2 2

[p = q + r ] a = qa − rb, b = ra + qb P4/n (85) 2 + ( 2q + 2r − 12 + 2u, q2 − 2r − 12 , 0); 3 + ( 2q − 12 + u, − 2r − u, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p = 4n + 1; q odd; r > 1; r even; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r P4/n (85) 2 + ( 2q + 2r + 12 + 2u, q2 − 2r − 12 , 0); 3 + ( 2q + u, − 2r − 12 − u, 0); 5 + (1 + 2u, 0, 0) prime p = 4n + 1; q > 1; q even; r odd; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/nbm (125); [2] P4/nnc (126); [2] P4/nmm (129); [2] P4/ncc (130) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C4/m (83, P4/m); [2] I4/m (87) • Decreased unit cell

none

247

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 86, pp. 248–249.

P 42/n ORIGIN CHOICE

C4h4

P 42/n

No. 86 ¯ at − 1 , − 1 , − 1 from 1¯ 1, Origin at 4, 4 4 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12

(3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 (7) y, x, ¯ z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P4¯ (81) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P42 (77) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P2/n (13, P112/a) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 (8) y, ¯ x, z¯

−a − b, a, c

1/2, 0, 0 1/4, 1/4, 1/4

a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 1/2

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F41 /d (88, I41 /a) F41 /d (88, I41 /a) F41 /d (88, I41 /a) F41 /d (88, I41 /a) [3] c
= 3c
P42 /n (86) P42 /n (86) P42 /n (86)

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 5 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 3) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 5)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P42 /n (86)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P42 /n (86)

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); pa, pb, c 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 2 2

[p = q + r ] a = qa − rb, b = ra + qb 2 + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + ( 2q + 2r − 12 + u, q2 − 2r − 12 − u, 0); qa − rb, ra + qb, c P42 /n (86) 5 + ( 2q + 2r − 12 + 2u, q2 − 2r − 12 , 0) prime p > 4; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P42 /nbc (133); [2] P42 /nnm (134); [2] P42 /nmc (137); [2] P42 /ncm (138) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 /m (84, P42 /m); [2] I4/m (87)

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P4/n (85)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

248

u, v, 0

u, 0, 0

C4h4

P 42/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

P 42/n

No. 86

2, Origin at 1¯ on n, at 14 , 14 , 14 from 4¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z (6) x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(3) y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 12 (7) y, x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P4¯ (81) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P42 (77) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P2/n (13, P112/a) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 12 1 (8) y¯ + 2 , x, z¯ + 12

−a − b, a, c

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 3/4, 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F41 /d (88, I41 /a) F41 /d (88, I41 /a) F41 /d (88, I41 /a) F41 /d (88, I41 /a) [3] c
= 3c
P42 /n (86) P42 /n (86) P42 /n (86)

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 5 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 1/2

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

1/2 + u, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P42 /n (86)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P42 /n (86)

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 2 2

[p = q + r ] a = qa − rb, b = ra + qb 2 + ( 2q + 2r − 12 + 2u, q2 − 2r − 12 , 0); P42 /n (86) 3 + ( 2r + u, q2 − 12 − u, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p = 4n + 1; q odd; r > 1; r even; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r 2 + ( 2q + 2r + 12 + 2u, q2 − 2r − 12 , 0); P42 /n (86) 3 + ( 2r + 12 + u, q2 − 1 − u, 0); 5 + (1 + 2u, 0, 0) prime p = 4n + 1; q > 1; q even; r odd; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P42 /nbc (133); [2] P42 /nnm (134); [2] P42 /nmc (137); [2] P42 /ncm (138) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 /m (84, P42 /m); [2] I4/m (87) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4/n (85)

249

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 87, p. 250.

I 4/m

No. 87

C4h5

I 4/m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

i

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I 4¯ (82) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ [2] I4 (79) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] I2/m (12, A112/m) (1; 2; 5; 6)+

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y, x, ¯ z¯

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y, ¯ x, z¯

b, −a − b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

P42 /n (86) P4/n (85) P42 /m (84) P4/m (83)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 2; 2; 2;

7; 3; 5; 3;

8; 4; 6; 4;

(3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 5; 6; 7; 8

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 0, 1/2, 0

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c
I4/m (87) I4/m (87) I4/m (87)

2; 3; 5 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc I4/m (87) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I4/m (87) (2; 5) + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 2 2

[p = q + r ] a = qa − rb, b = ra + qb I4/m (87) (2; 5) + (2u, 0, 0); 3 + (u, −u, 0) prime p > 4; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I4/mmm (139); [2] I4/mcm (140) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c C4/m (83, P4/m)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

250

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 88, pp. 251–252.

C4h6

I 41/a

ORIGIN CHOICE

I 41/a

No. 88

¯ at 0, − 1 , − 1 from 1¯ 1, Origin at 4, 4 8

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

f

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 14

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (6) x + 12 , y, z¯ + 34

(3) y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 14 (7) y, x, ¯ z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I 4¯ (82) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ [2] I41 (80) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] I2/a (15, A112/a) (1; 2; 5; 6)+

(4) y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34 (8) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12

b, −a − b, c

0, 1/4, 1/8

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations • Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c ⎧ ⎨ I41 /a (88) I4 /a (88) ⎩ 1 I41 /a (88)

none

(2; 5) + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ) 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); 5 + (1, 0, 3) 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); 5 + (1, 0, 5)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

1/2, 0, 1/4 1/2, 0, 5/4 1/2, 0, 9/4

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

1/2, 0, 1/4 + u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

1/2 + u, 0, 1/4

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc I41 /a (88) I41 /a (88)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I41 /a (88)

2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 ); 5 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 + 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 2 + (1, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 4p − 14 ); 5 + (1, 0, 4p + 14 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 ] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + qb 2 + ( 2q + 2r − 12 + 2u, q2 − 2r − 12 , 0); I41 /a (88) 3 + ( 2r + u, q2 − 12 − u, 0); 5 + ( 2r + 2u, q2 − 12 , 0) prime p > 4; q > 0; r > 1; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for odd q and p = 4n + 1 2 + ( 2q + 2r + 12 + 2u, q2 − 2r − 12 , 0); I41 /a (88) 3 + ( 2r + 12 + u, q2 − 1 − u, 0); 5 + ( 2r + 1 + 2u, q2 − 12 , 12 ) prime p > 4; q > 1; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for even q and p = 4n + 1 I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I41 /amd (141); [2] I41 /acd (142) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c C42 /e (86, P42 /n)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

251

I 41/a ORIGIN CHOICE

C4h6

I 41/a

No. 88 2, Origin at 1¯ on glide plane b, at 0, 14 , 18 from 4¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

f

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 (6) x + 2 , y, z¯ + 12

(3) y¯ + 34 , x + 14 , z + 14 (7) y + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I 4¯ (82) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] I41 (80) [2] I2/a (15, A112/a) (1; 2; 5; 6)+

(4) y + 34 , x¯ + 34 , z + 34 (8) y¯ + 14 , x + 14 , z¯ + 14

b, −a − b, c

0, 1/4, 5/8 1/2, 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations • Enlarged unit cell


[3] ⎧ c = 3c ⎨ I41 /a (88) I4 /a (88) ⎩ 1 I41 /a (88)

none

2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); 5 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); 5 + (1, 0, 2) 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); 5 + (1, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc I41 /a (88) 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 2 + (1, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 4p − 14 ); 5 + (1, 0, 2u) I41 /a (88) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I41 /a (88) 2 + ( 2p + 12 + 2u, 2v, 0); p 1 3 3 + ( 3p 4 − 4 + u + v, 4 − 4 − u + v, 0); 5 + (1 + 2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 2 2
[p = q + r ] a = qa − rb, b
= ra + qb I41 /a (88) 2 + ( 2q − 12 + 2u, − 2r , 0); q r 3 3r 1 3 + ( 3q 4 + 4 − 4 + u, 4 − 4 − 4 − u, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p = 4n + 1; 0 ≤ u < p; q > 0; r = 2n
; q + r = 4n

+ 1 p > 12; p conjugate subgroups for each triplet of q, r and p I41 /a (88) 2 + ( 2q + 12 + 2u, − 2r , 0); q r 1 3r 3 3 + ( 3q 4 + 4 − 4 + u, 4 − 4 − 4 − u, 0); 5 + (1 + 2u, 0, 0) prime p = 4n + 1; 0 ≤ u < p; q > 0; r = 2n
; q + r = 4n

− 1 p > 4; p conjugate subgroups for each triplet of q, r and p I41 /a (88) 2 + ( 2q + 2u, − 2r + 12 , 0); q r 1 3r 1 1 1 1 3 + ( 3q 4 + 4 − 4 + u, 4 − 4 − 4 − u, 0); 5 + ( 2 + 2u, 2 , 2 )
prime p = 4n + 1; 0 ≤ u < p; q = 2n ; r > 0; q + r = 4n

+ 1 p > 12; p conjugate subgroups for each triplet of q, r and p I41 /a (88) 2 + ( 2q + 1 + 2u, − 2r + 12 , 0); q r 1 3r 3 3 1 1 3 + ( 3q 4 + 4 + 4 + u, 4 − 4 − 4 − u, 0); 5 + ( 2 + 2u, 2 , 2 ) prime p = 4n + 1; 0 ≤ u < p; q = 2n
; r > 0; q + r = 4n

− 1 p > 4; p conjugate subgroups for each triplet of q, r and p

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 1 1/2, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

1/2, 0, u

pa, pb, c

1/2 + u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

1/2 + u, 0, 0

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

1/4 + u, 1/4, 1/4

qa − rb, ra + qb, c

3/4 + u, 1/4, 1/4

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I41 /amd (141); [2] I41 /acd (142) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations • Decreased unit cell

none

[2] c
= 12 c C42 /e (86, P42 /n)

252

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 89, p. 253.

D14

P422

P422

No. 89

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

p

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, ¯ z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P411 (75, P4) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P212 (21, C222) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P221 (16, P222) 1; 2; 5; 6

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y, x, z¯

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P42 22 (93) P42 22 (93) P422 (89) P422 (89) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C4221 (90, P421 2) C4221 (90, P421 2) C422 (89, P422) C422 (89, P422) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F422 (97, I422) F422 (97, I422) F422 (97, I422) F422 (97, I422) [3] c
= 3c
P422 (89) P422 (89) P422 (89)

2; 2; 2; 2;

5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

2; 3; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 2 + (1, 1, 0); (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

2; 2; 2; 2;

a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 1/2

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

3; 5 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0) 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0)

2; 3; 5 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc a, b, pc P422 (89) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P422 (89) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) pa, pb, c prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/mmm (123); [2] P4/mcc (124); [2] P4/nbm (125); [2] P4/nnc (126); [3] P432 (207) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I422 (97)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

253

1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

0, 0, u

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 90, p. 254.

P 4 21 2

No. 90

D24

P 4 21 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯

(3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z (7) y, x, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P411 (75, P4) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P212 (21, C222) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P221 1 (18, P21 21 2) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P42 21 2 (94) P42 21 2 (94) P421 2 (90) P421 2 (90) [3] c
= 3c
P421 2 (90) P421 2 (90) P421 2 (90)

2; 2; 2; 2;

5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3; 5 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 4)

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P421 2 (90)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P421 2 (90)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/mbm (127); [2] P4/mnc (128); [2] P4/nmm (129); [2] P4/ncc (130) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C422 (89, P422); [2] I422 (97)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

254

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 91, p. 255.

D34

P 41 2 2

P 41 2 2

No. 91

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 (6) x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 14 (7) y, x, z¯ + 34

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P41 11 (76, P41 ) 1; 2; 3; 4 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P21 12 (20, C2221 ) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P21 21 (17, P2221 )

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 34 (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 14

a − b, a + b, c

0, 0, 1/8 0, 0, 1/4

2; 3; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (1, 0, 1)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

1/2, 1/2, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 3/8 1/2, 1/2, 3/8

5; 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 1); (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 2); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

1 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 3p 4 − 4 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C41 221 (92, P41 21 2) C41 221 (92, P41 21 2) C41 22 (91, P41 22) C41 22 (91, P41 22) [3] c
= 3c
P43 22 (95) P43 22 (95) P43 22 (95)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P43 22 (95) P41 22 (91)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P41 22 (91)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I41 22 (98) • Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P42 22 (93)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

255

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 92, p. 256.

P 41 21 2

No. 92

D44

P 4 1 21 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

b

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 14

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 (6) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 34

(3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 14 (7) y, x, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P41 11 (76, P41 ) 1; 2; 3; 4 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P21 12 (20, C2221 ) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P21 21 1 (19, P21 21 21 )

(4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 34 (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/4 1/4, 0, 3/8

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c
P43 21 2 (96) P43 21 2 (96) P43 21 2 (96)

2 + (0, 0, 1); (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 2); 5 + (0, 0, 4) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 0, 2); 5 + (0, 0, 6)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

1 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 3p 4 − 4 ); 1 5 + (0, 0, 3p 4 − 4 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 ); 5 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 + 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P43 21 2 (96)

P41 21 2 (92)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P41 21 2 (92)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [3] P41 32 (213) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C41 22 (91, P41 22); [2] I41 22 (98) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P42 21 2 (94)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

256

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 93, p. 257.

D54

P 42 2 2

P 42 2 2

No. 93

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

p

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, ¯ z¯

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 12 (7) y, x, z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P42 11 (77, P42 ) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P212 (21, C222) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P221 (16, P222) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 12 (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12

a − b, a + b, c

0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P43 22 (95) P43 22 (95) P41 22 (91) P41 22 (91) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C42 221 (94, P42 21 2) C42 221 (94, P42 21 2) C42 22 (93, P42 22) C42 22 (93, P42 22) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F41 22 (98, I41 22) F41 22 (98, I41 22) F41 22 (98, I41 22) F41 22 (98, I41 22) [3] c
= 3c
P42 22 (93) P42 22 (93) P42 22 (93)

5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (1, 0, 1)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

1/2, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/4 1/2, 1/2, 1/4

3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (1, 0, 0) (2; 3) + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (1, 0, 1)

a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2

2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P42 22 (93)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P42 22 (93)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P42 /mmc (131); [2] P42 /mcm (132); [2] P42 /nbc (133); [2] P42 /nnm (134); [3] P42 32 (208) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I422 (97)

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P422 (89)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

257

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 94, p. 258.

P 42 21 2

No. 94

D64

P 4 2 21 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12

(3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 (7) y, x, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P42 11 (77, P42 ) [2] P212 (21, C222) 1; 2; 7; 8 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P221 1 (18, P21 21 2)

(4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P43 21 2 P43 21 2 P41 21 2 P41 21 2 [3] c
= 3c
P42 21 2 P42 21 2 P42 21 2

(96) (96) (92) (92)

5; (2; 3) + (0, 0, 1) (2; 3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 3; (2; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

(94) (94) (94)

2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 3) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 5)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P42 21 2 (94)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P42 21 2 (94)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P42 /mbc (135); [2] P42 /mnm (136); [2] P42 /nmc (137); [2] P42 /ncm (138) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 22 (93, P42 22); [2] I422 (97)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P421 2 (90)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

258

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 95, p. 259.

D74

P 43 2 2

P 43 2 2

No. 95

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 (6) x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 34 (7) y, x, z¯ + 14

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P43 11 (78, P43 ) 1; 2; 3; 4 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P21 12 (20, C2221 ) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P21 21 (17, P2221 )

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 14 (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 34

a − b, a + b, c

0, 0, 3/8 0, 0, 1/4

2; 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (1, 0, 1)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

0, 0, 1/4 1/2, 1/2, 1/4 0, 0, 1/8 1/2, 1/2, 1/8

3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 2 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 3; 2 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

3 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 3p 4 − 4 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 34 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C43 221 (96, P43 21 2) C43 221 (96, P43 21 2) C43 22 (95, P43 22) C43 22 (95, P43 22) [3] c
= 3c
P41 22 (91) P41 22 (91) P41 22 (91)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P43 22 (95) P41 22 (91)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P43 22 (95)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I41 22 (98) • Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P42 22 (93)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

259

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 96, p. 260.

P 43 21 2

No. 96

D84

P 4 3 21 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

b

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 34

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 (6) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 14

(3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 34 (7) y, x, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P43 11 (78, P43 ) 1; 2; 3; 4 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P21 12 (20, C2221 ) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P21 21 1 (19, P21 21 21 )

(4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 14 (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/4 1/4, 0, 1/8

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c
P41 21 2 (92) P41 21 2 (92) P41 21 2 (92)

3; 5; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 2 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 2) 3; 2 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

3 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 3p 4 − 4 ); 3 5 + (0, 0, 3p 4 − 4 + 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 34 ); 5 + (0, 0, 4p − 34 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P43 21 2 (96)

P41 21 2 (92)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P43 21 2 (96)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [3] P43 32 (212) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C43 22 (95, P43 22); [2] I41 22 (98) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P42 21 2 (94)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

260

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 97, p. 261.

D94

I 422

I 422

No. 97

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, ¯ z¯

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y, x, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I411 (79, I4) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] I221 (23, I222) (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] I212 (22, F222) (1; 2; 7; 8)+

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

P42 21 2 (94) P42 22 (93) P421 2 (90) P422 (89)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 2; 2; 2;

7; 5; 3; 3;

8; 6; 4; 4;

(3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 5; 6; 7; 8

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/4

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c
I422 (97) I422 (97) I422 (97)

2; 3; 5 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc I422 (97)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I422 (97)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I4/mmm (139); [2] I4/mcm (140); [3] F432 (209); [3] I432 (211) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c C422 (89, P422)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

261

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 98, p. 262.

I 41 2 2

No. 98

D104

I 41 2 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

g

1

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 34

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (6) x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 14

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I41 11 (80, I41 ) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] I21 21 (24, I21 21 21 ) [2] I21 12 (22, F222) (1; 2; 7; 8)+

(3) y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 14 (7) y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12

a − b, a + b, c

(4) y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34 (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

0, 1/4, 3/8

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

P43 21 2 (96) P43 22 (95) P41 21 2 (92) P41 22 (91)

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c ⎧ ⎨ I41 22 (98) I4 22 (98) ⎩ 1 I41 22 (98)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 2; 2; 2;

7; 5; 3; 3;

8; 6; 4; 4;

(3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 5; 6; 7; 8

2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); 5 + (1, 0, 2) 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); 5 + (1, 0, 4) 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); 5 + (1, 0, 6)

1/4, 3/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 3/8 1/4, 1/4, 0 3/4, 1/4, 3/8

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

1/2, 0, 1/4 1/2, 0, 5/4 1/2, 0, 9/4

2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 ); 3 5 + (0, 0, 3p 4 − 4 + 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 2 + (1, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 4p − 14 ); 1 5 + (1, 0, 3p 4 − 4 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

1/2, 0, 1/4 + u

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc I41 22 (98)

I41 22 (98)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I41 22 (98)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I41 /amd (141); [2] I41 /acd (142); [3] F41 32 (210); [3] I41 32 (214) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c C42 22 (93, P42 22)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

262

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 99, p. 263.

C4v1

P4mm

P4mm

No. 99

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

g

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y, ¯ x, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P411 (75, P4) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21m (35, Cmm2) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P2m1 (25, Pmm2) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y, x, z

a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P42 mc (105) P4cc (103) P42 cm (101) P4mm (99) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C4md (100, P4bm) C4md (100, P4bm) C4mm (99, P4mm) C4mm (99, P4mm) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F4mc (108, I4cm) F4mc (108, I4cm) F4mm (107, I4mm) F4mm (107, I4mm) [3] c
= 3c P4mm (99)

2; 2; 2; 2;

5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3; 5 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (0, 1, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

2; 2; 2; 2;

a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c

3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (0, 1, 1) 3; 5 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (0, 1, 0)

2; 3; 5

1/2, 1/2, 0

1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P4mm (99) 2; 3; 5 p prime no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4mm (99) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (0, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/mmm (123); [2] P4/nmm (129) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I4mm (107)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

1/2, 1/2, 0

none

263

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 100, p. 264.

P4bm

No. 100

C4v2

P4bm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P411 (75, P4) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21m (35, Cmm2) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P2b1 (32, Pba2) 1; 2; 5; 6

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y + 12 , x + 12 , z

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P42 bc (106) P4nc (104) P42 nm (102) P4bm (100) [3] c
= 3c P4bm (100)

2; 2; 2; 2;

5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3; 5

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P4bm (100) 2; 3; 5 p prime no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4bm (100) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/nbm (125); [2] P4/mbm (127) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C4mm (99, P4mm); [2] I4cm (108)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

0, 1/2, 0

none

264

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 101, p. 265.

C4v3

P 42 c m

P 42 c m

No. 101

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

e

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z + 12

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 12 (7) y, ¯ x, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P42 11 (77, P42 ) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21m (35, Cmm2) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P2c1 (27, Pcc2) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 12 (8) y, x, z

a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C42 cd (106, P42 bc) C42 cd (106, P42 bc) C42 cm (105, P42 mc) C42 cm (105, P42 mc) [3] c
= 3c P42 cm (101)

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 5 + (0, 1, 0) 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; 5 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (0, 1, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

1/2, 1/2, 0

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) P42 cm (101) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (0, 2v, 0) P42 cm (101) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P42 /mcm (132); [2] P42 /ncm (138) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 cm (105, P42 mc); [2] I4cm (108) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4mm (99)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

1/2, 1/2, 0

265

a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 102, p. 266.

P 42 n m

No. 102

C4v4

P 42 n m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

(3) y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 (7) y, ¯ x, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P42 11 (77, P42 ) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21m (35, Cmm2) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P2n1 (34, Pnn2) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 (8) y, x, z

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F41 dc (110, I41 cd) F41 dc (110, I41 cd) F41 dm (109, I41 md) F41 dm (109, I41 md) [3] c
= 3c P42 nm (102)

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5 (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c

2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

1/2, 1/2, 0

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) P42 nm (102) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); P42 nm (102) 5 + ( 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P42 /nnm (134); [2] P42 /mnm (136) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 cm (105, P42 mc); [2] I4mm (107) • Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P4bm (100)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

1/2, 1/2, 0

266

a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 103, p. 267.

C4v5

P4cc

P4cc

No. 103

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

d

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z + 12

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P411 (75, P4) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21c (37, Ccc2) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P2c1 (27, Pcc2) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y, x, z + 12

a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C4cd (104, P4nc) C4cd (104, P4nc) C4cc (103, P4cc) C4cc (103, P4cc) [3] c
= 3c P4cc (103)

2; 3; 5 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (0, 1, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P4cc (103) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4cc (103) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (0, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/mcc (124); [2] P4/ncc (130) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I4cm (108)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4mm (99)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

267

1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 104, p. 268.

P4nc

No. 104

C4v6

P4nc

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

c

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P411 (75, P4) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21c (37, Ccc2) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P2n1 (34, Pnn2) 1; 2; 5; 6

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12

a − b, a + b, c

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

0, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c P4nc (104)

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P4nc (104) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4nc (104) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/nnc (126); [2] P4/mnc (128) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C4cc (103, P4cc); [2] I4mm (107)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4bm (100)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

268

a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 105, p. 269.

C4v7

P 42 m c

P 42 m c

No. 105

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

f

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 12 (7) y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P42 11 (77, P42 ) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21c (37, Ccc2) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P2m1 (25, Pmm2) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 12 (8) y, x, z + 12

a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C42 md (102, P42 nm) C42 md (102, P42 nm) C42 mc (101, P42 cm) C42 mc (101, P42 cm) [3] c
= 3c P42 mc (105)

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 5 + (0, 1, 0) 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; 5 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (0, 1, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1)

1/2, 1/2, 0

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) P42 mc (105) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (0, 2v, 0) P42 mc (105) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P42 /mmc (131); [2] P42 /nmc (137) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 mc (101, P42 cm); [2] I4mm (107) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4mm (99)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

1/2, 1/2, 0

269

a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 106, p. 270.

P 42 b c

No. 106

C4v8

P 42 b c

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

c

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P42 11 (77, P42 ) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21c (37, Ccc2) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P2b1 (32, Pba2) 1; 2; 5; 6

(3) y, ¯ x, z + 12 (7) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) y, x, ¯ z + 12 (8) y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c P42 bc (106)

2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P42 bc (106) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); P42 bc (106) 5 + ( 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P42 /nbc (133); [2] P42 /mbc (135) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 mc (101, P42 cm); [2] I4cm (108) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4bm (100)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

270

a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 107, p. 271.

C4v9

I 4mm

I 4mm

No. 107

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

e

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y, ¯ x, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I411 (79, I4) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] I2m1 (44, Imm2) (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] I21m (42, Fmm2) (1; 2; 7; 8)+

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y, x, z

a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

P42 mc (105) P4nc (104) P42 nm (102) P4mm (99)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 2; 2; 2;

5; 3; 7; 3;

6; 4; 8; 4;

(3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 5; 6; 7; 8

0, 1/2, 0

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c I4mm (107)

2; 3; 5

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc I4mm (107)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I4mm (107)

2; 3; 5 prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (0, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I4/mmm (139) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c C4mm (99, P4mm)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

271

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 108, p. 272.

I 4cm

No. 108

C4v10

I 4cm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

d

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z + 12

(3) y, ¯ x, z (7) y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I411 (79, I4) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] I2c1 (45, Iba2) (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] I21m (42, Fmm2) (1; 2; 7; 8)+

(4) y, x, ¯z (8) y, x, z + 12

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

P42 bc (106) P4cc (103) P42 cm (101) P4bm (100)

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c I4cm (108)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 2; 2; 2;

7; 3; 5; 3;

8; 4; 6; 4;

(3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 5; 6; 7; 8 (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 )

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1)

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc I4cm (108)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I4cm (108)

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (0, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I4/mcm (140) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c C4mm (99, P4mm)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

272

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 109, p. 273.

C4v11

I 41 m d

I 41 m d

No. 109

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

c

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯z

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (6) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I41 11 (80, I41 ) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] I2m1 (44, Imm2) (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] I21d (43, Fdd2) (1; 2; 7; 8)+

(3) y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 14 (7) y, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z + 14

(4) y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34 (8) y + 12 , x, z + 34

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations • Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c I41 md (109)

none

5; 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 )

a, b, 3c

1/2, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc I41 md (109) I41 md (109)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I41 md (109)

5; 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 ) prime p > 4; p = 4n + 1 no conjugate subgroups 5; 2 + (1, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 4p − 14 ) prime p > 2; p = 4n − 1 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc a, b, pc

1/2, 0, 0

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); 5 + (0, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I41 /amd (141) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c C42 md (102, P42 nm)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

273

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 110, p. 274.

I 41 c d

No. 110

C4v12

I 41 c d

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

b

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 (6) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I41 11 (80, I41 ) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] I2c1 (45, Iba2) (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] I21d (43, Fdd2) (1; 2; 7; 8)+

(3) y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 14 (7) y, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z + 34

(4) y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34 (8) y + 12 , x, z + 14

a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations • Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c I41 cd (110)

none

2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); 5 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

1/2, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc I41 cd (110)

I41 cd (110)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I41 cd (110)

2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 4; p = 4n + 1 no conjugate subgroups 2 + (1, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 4p − 14 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2; p = 4n − 1 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

a, b, pc

1/2, 0, 0

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); 5 + (0, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] I41 /acd (142) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c C42 md (102, P42 nm)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

274

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 111, p. 275.

D12d

P 4¯ 2 m

No. 111

P 4¯ 2 m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

o

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, ¯ z¯

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y, ¯ x, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ ¯ [2] P411 (81, P4) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21m (35, Cmm2) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P221 (16, P222) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y, x, z

a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c ¯ P42c (112) ¯ P42c (112) ¯ P42m (111) ¯ P42m (111) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ¯ ¯ C42d (117, P4b2) ¯ ¯ C42d (117, P4b2) ¯ ¯ C42m (115, P4m2) ¯ ¯ C42m (115, P4m2) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c ¯ ¯ F 42c (120, I 4c2) ¯ ¯ F 42c (120, I 4c2) ¯ ¯ F 42m (119, I 4m2) ¯ ¯ F 42m (119, I 4m2)
= 3c [3] c ⎧ ¯ (111) ⎨ P42m ¯ P42m (111) ⎩ ¯ P42m (111)

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5 (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; 5 (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5 (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc ¯ P42m (111) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ P42m (111) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u − v, u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ [2] P4/mmm (123); [2] P4/nbm (125); [2] P42 /mcm (132); [2] P42 /nnm (134); [3] P43m (215) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ ¯ ¯ [2] C42m (115, P4m2); [2] I 42m (121)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

275

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

0, 0, 1/2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 112, p. 276.

P 4¯ 2 c

D22d

P 4¯ 2 c

No. 112

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

n

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ ¯ [2] P411 (81, P4) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21c (37, Ccc2) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P221 (16, P222) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y, x, z + 12

a − b, a + b, c 0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ¯ ¯ C42d (118, P4n2) ¯ ¯ C42d (118, P4n2) ¯ ¯ C42c (116, P4c2) ¯ ¯ C42c (116, P4c2)
[3] c = 3c ⎧ ¯ (112) ⎨ P42c ¯ P42c (112) ⎩ ¯ P42c (112)

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; 5 (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

1/2, 1/2, 0

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u − v, u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2); 5 + (0, 0, 3) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4); 5 + (0, 0, 5)

1/2, 1/2, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc ¯ P42c (112)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ P42c (112)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (218) [2] P4/mcc (124); [2] P4/nnc (126); [2] P42 /mmc (131); [2] P42 /nbc (133); [3] P43n II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ (116, P4c2); ¯ ¯ [2] C42c [2] I 42m (121)

• Decreased unit cell

¯ [2] c
= 12 c P42m (111)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

276

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 113, p. 277.

D32d

P 4¯ 21 m

P 4¯ 21 m

No. 113

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

f

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ ¯ [2] P411 (81, P4) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21m (35, Cmm2) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P221 1 (18, P21 21 2) 1; 2; 5; 6

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y + 12 , x + 12 , z

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c ¯ 1 c (114) P42 ¯ 1 c (114) P42 ¯ 1 m (113) P42 ¯ 1 m (113) P42
[3] ⎧ c = 3c ¯ 1 m (113) ⎨ P42 ¯ m (113) P42 ⎩ ¯ 1 P421 m (113)

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5 (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u − v, u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc ¯ 1 m (113) P42

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ 1 m (113) P42

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/mbm (127); [2] P4/nmm (129); [2] P42 /mnm (136); [2] P42 /ncm (138) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ ¯ ¯ [2] C42m (115, P4m2); [2] I 42m (121)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

277

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 114, p. 278.

P 4¯ 21 c

D42d

P 4¯ 21 c

No. 114

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

e

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ ¯ [2] P411 (81, P4) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P21c (37, Ccc2) 1; 2; 7; 8 [2] P221 1 (18, P21 21 2) 1; 2; 5; 6

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12

a − b, a + b, c

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

0, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell


[3] ⎧ c = 3c ¯ 1 c (114) ⎨ P42 ¯ c (114) P42 ⎩ ¯ 1 P421 c (114)

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2); 5 + (0, 0, 3) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4); 5 + (0, 0, 5)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u − v, u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc ¯ 1 c (114) P42

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ 1 c (114) P42

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/mnc (128); [2] P4/ncc (130); [2] P42 /mbc (135); [2] P42 /nmc (137) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ (116, P4c2); ¯ ¯ [2] C42c [2] I 42m (121)

• Decreased unit cell ¯ 1 m (113) [2] c
= 12 c P42

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

278

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 115, p. 279.

D52d

P 4¯ m 2

No. 115

P 4¯ m 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

l

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y, x, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ ¯ [2] P411 (81, P4) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P2m1 (25, Pmm2) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P212 (21, C222) 1; 2; 7; 8

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c ¯ P4c2 (116) ¯ P4c2 (116) ¯ P4m2 (115) ¯ P4m2 (115) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ¯ 1 m) ¯ 1 (113, P42 C4m2 ¯ 1 m) ¯ C4m21 (113, P42 ¯ ¯ C4m2 (111, P42m) ¯ ¯ C4m2 (111, P42m) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c ¯ ¯ F 4m2 (121, I 42m) ¯ ¯ F 4m2 (121, I 42m) ¯ ¯ F 4m2 (121, I 42m) ¯ ¯ F 4m2 (121, I 42m)
[3] ⎧ c = 3c ¯ (115) ⎨ P4m2 ¯ P4m2 (115) ⎩ ¯ P4m2 (115)

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 5 + (0, 1, 0) 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; 5 (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 5 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (0, 1, 0) 3 + (1, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 1, 0)

a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 1/2

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

2; 3; 5 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc ¯ P4m2 (115) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ P4m2 (115) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u − v, u + v, 0); 5 + (0, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/mmm (123); [2] P4/nmm (129); [2] P42 /mmc (131); [2] P42 /nmc (137) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ ¯ ¯ [2] C4m2 (111, P42m); [2] I 4m2 (119)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

279

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 116, p. 280.

P 4¯ c 2

D62d

P 4¯ c 2

No. 116

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

j

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z + 12

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y, x, z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ ¯ [2] P411 (81, P4) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P2c1 (27, Pcc2) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P212 (21, C222) 1; 2; 7; 8

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12

a − b, a + b, c

0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ¯ 1 c) ¯ 1 (114, P42 C4c2 ¯ 1 c) ¯ C4c21 (114, P42 ¯ ¯ C4c2 (112, P42c) ¯ ¯ C4c2 (112, P42c)
= 3c [3] c ⎧ ¯ (116) ⎨ P4c2 ¯ P4c2 (116) ⎩ ¯ P4c2 (116)

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 5 + (0, 1, 0) 5; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; 5 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (0, 1, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2); 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4); 5 + (0, 0, 1)

1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u − v, u + v, 0); 5 + (0, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc ¯ P4c2 (116)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ P4c2 (116)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/mcc (124); [2] P4/ncc (130); [2] P42 /mcm (132); [2] P42 /ncm (138) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ (112, P42c); ¯ ¯ (120) [2] C4c2 [2] I 4c2

• Decreased unit cell

¯ [2] c
= 12 c P4m2 (115)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

280

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 117, p. 281.

D72d

P 4¯ b 2

P 4¯ b 2

No. 117

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

i

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ ¯ [2] P411 (81, P4) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P2b1 (32, Pba2) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P212 (21, C222) 1; 2; 7; 8

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c ¯ P4n2 (118) ¯ P4n2 (118) ¯ P4b2 (117) ¯ P4b2 (117)
= 3c [3] c ⎧ ¯ (117) ⎨ P4b2 ¯ P4b2 (117) ⎩ ¯ P4b2 (117)

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3; 5 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 4)

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u − v, u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc ¯ P4b2 (117)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ P4b2 (117)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/nbm (125); [2] P4/mbm (127); [2] P42 /nbc (133); [2] P42 /mbc (135) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ ¯ ¯ (120) [2] C4m2 (111, P42m); [2] I 4c2

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

281

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 118, p. 282.

P 4¯ n 2

D82d

P 4¯ n 2

No. 118

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

8

i

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ ¯ [2] P411 (81, P4) 1; 2; 3; 4 [2] P2n1 (34, Pnn2) 1; 2; 5; 6 [2] P212 (21, C222) 1; 2; 7; 8

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 1/4

a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 1/2

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u − v, u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c ¯ ¯ F 4d2 (122, I 42d) ¯ ¯ F 4d2 (122, I 42d) ¯ ¯ F 4d2 (122, I 42d) ¯ ¯ F 4d2 (122, I 42d)
[3] ⎧ c = 3c ¯ (118) ⎨ P4n2 ¯ P4n2 (118) ⎩ ¯ P4n2 (118)

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 5 5; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (0, 1, 0) 3 + (1, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 1, 0)

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2); 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4); 5 + (0, 0, 1)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc ¯ P4n2 (118)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ P4n2 (118)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P4/nnc (126); [2] P4/mnc (128); [2] P42 /nnm (134); [2] P42 /mnm (136) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ (112, P42c); ¯ ¯ [2] C4c2 [2] I 4m2 (119)

• Decreased unit cell

¯ (117) [2] c
= 12 c P4b2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

282

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 119, p. 283.

D92d

I 4¯ m 2

No. 119

I 4¯ m 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

j

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯z

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y, x, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ ¯ [2] I 411 (82, I 4) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] I2m1 (44, Imm2) (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] I212 (22, F222) (1; 2; 7; 8)+

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

¯ P4n2 (118) ¯ P4n2 (118) ¯ P4m2 (115) ¯ P4m2 (115)

• Enlarged unit cell
[3] ⎧ c = 3c ¯ (119) ⎨ I 4m2 ¯ I 4m2 (119) ⎩ ¯ I 4m2 (119)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 7; 3; 5;

4; 8; 4; 6;

(5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 5; 6; 7; 8 (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 )

2; 3; 5 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc ¯ I 4m2 (119) 2; 5; 3 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ I 4m2 (119) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u − v, u + v, 0); 5 + (0, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

0, 1/2, 1/4 0, 1/2, 1/4

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (216) [2] I4/mmm (139); [2] I41 /amd (141); [3] F 43m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

¯ ¯ (111, P42m) [2] c
= 12 c C4m2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

283

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 120, p. 284.

I 4¯ c 2

D102d

I 4¯ c 2

No. 120

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

i

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, ¯ y, z + 12

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y, x, z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ ¯ [2] I 411 (82, I 4) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] I2c1 (45, Iba2) (1; 2; 5; 6)+ [2] I212 (22, F222) (1; 2; 7; 8)+

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12

a − b, a + b, c

0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

¯ P4b2 ¯ P4b2 ¯ P4c2 ¯ P4c2

(117) (117) (116) (116)

• Enlarged unit cell
[3] ⎧ c = 3c ¯ (120) ⎨ I 4c2 ¯ I 4c2 (120) ⎩ ¯ I 4c2 (120)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 7; 3; 5;

4; 8; 4; 6;

(5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 5; 6; 7; 8 (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 )

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2); 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 4); 5 + (0, 0, 1)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc ¯ I 4c2 (120) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2u); 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ I 4c2 (120) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u − v, u + v, 0); 5 + (0, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

0, 1/2, 1/4 0, 1/2, 1/4

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (219) [2] I4/mcm (140); [2] I41 /acd (142); [3] F 43c II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell ¯ ¯ [2] c
= 12 c C4m2 (111, P42m)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

284

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 121, p. 285.

D112d

I 4¯ 2 m

No. 121

I 4¯ 2 m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

j

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x, ¯ y, z¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x, y, ¯ z¯

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y, ¯ x, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ ¯ [2] I 411 (82, I 4) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] I21m (42, Fmm2) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ [2] I221 (23, I222) (1; 2; 5; 6)+

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y, x, z

a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2]

¯ 1 c (114) P42 ¯ 1 m (113) P42 ¯ P42c (112) ¯ P42m (111)

• Enlarged unit cell
[3] ⎧ c = 3c ¯ (121) ⎨ I 42m ¯ I 42m (121) ⎩ ¯ I 42m (121)

1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 7; 5; 3;

4; 8; 6; 4;

(5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (3; 4; 5; 6) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) (3; 4; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 5; 6; 7; 8

2; 3; 5 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc ¯ I 42m (121) 2; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ I 42m (121) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u − v, u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

0, 1/2, 1/4 0, 1/2, 1/4

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ [2] I4/mmm (139); [2] I4/mcm (140); [3] I 43m (217) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell ¯ ¯ [2] c
= 12 c C42m (115, P4m2)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

285

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 122, p. 286.

I 4¯ 2 d

D122d

I 4¯ 2 d

No. 122

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

e

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 34

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 34

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ ¯ [2] I 411 (82, I 4) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ [2] I21d (43, Fdd2) (1; 2; 7; 8)+ [2] I221 (24, I21 21 21 ) (1; 2; 5; 6)+

(3) y, x, ¯ z¯ (7) y¯ + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34

(4) y, ¯ x, z¯ (8) y + 12 , x, z + 34

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/4, 3/8

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations • Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c ⎧ ¯ (122) ⎨ I 42d ¯ I 42d (122) ⎩ ¯ I 42d (122)

none

2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ); 5 + (1, 0, 2) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + ( 21 , 12 , 52 ); 5 + (1, 0, 4) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + ( 21 , 12 , 92 ); 5 + (1, 0, 6)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

1/2, 0, 1/4 1/2, 0, 5/4 1/2, 0, 9/4

3 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 3p 4 − 4 + 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + ( 21 , 12 , 12 + u); 1 5 + (1, 0, 3p 4 − 4 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

1/2, 0, 1/4 + u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u − v, u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc ¯ I 42d (122)

¯ I 42d (122)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ I 42d (122)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (220) [2] I41 /amd (141); [2] I41 /acd (142); [3] I 43d II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

¯ (118, P4n2) ¯ [2] c
= 12 c C42d

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

286

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 123, pp. 287–288.

D14h

P 4/m 2/m 2/m

P 4/m m m

No. 123

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

u

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4m2 (115) 1; 2; 7; 8; ¯ [2] P42m (111) 1; 2; 5; 6; [2] P4mm (99) 1; 2; 3; 4; [2] P422 (89) 1; 2; 3; 4; [2] P4/m11 (83, P4/m) 1; 2; 3; 4; [2] P2/m12/m (65, Cmmm) 1; 2; 7; 8; [2] P2/m2/m1 (47, Pmmm) 1; 2; 5; 6;

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, ¯z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ x, y, z¯ x, ¯ y, z

11; 12; 13; 14 11; 12; 15; 16 13; 14; 15; 16 5; 6; 7; 8 9; 10; 11; 12 9; 10; 15; 16 9; 10; 13; 14

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x, z y, x, z¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, z¯ y, x, z

a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P42 /mcm (132) P42 /mcm (132) P42 /mmc (131) P42 /mmc (131) P4/mcc (124) P4/mcc (124) P4/mmm (123) P4/mmm (123) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C4/emm (129, P4/nmm) C4/emm (129, P4/nmm) C4/mmd (127, P4/mbm) C4/mmd (127, P4/mbm) C4/emd (125, P4/nbm) C4/emd (125, P4/nbm) C4/mmm (123, P4/mmm) C4/mmm (123, P4/mmm) [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F4/mmc (140, I4/mcm) F4/mmc (140, I4/mcm) F4/mmc (140, I4/mcm) F4/mmc (140, I4/mcm) F4/mmm (139, I4/mmm) F4/mmm (139, I4/mmm) F4/mmm (139, I4/mmm) F4/mmm (139, I4/mmm) [3] c
= 3c
P4/mmm (123) P4/mmm (123) P4/mmm (123)

2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2;

9; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (3; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 5; 9; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 9; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 9 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 9 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

2; 3; (5; 9) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 5; (3; 9) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 9; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 5; 9; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5; 9 + (1, 0, 0) 2; (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0); 9 + (0, 1, 0) 2; 3; 5; 9 (2; 9) + (1, 1, 0); (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2;

a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 1/2

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

(2; 9) + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

3; 9; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 9 + (0, 0, 1) 5; 9; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 9 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 9; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (3; 9) + (0, 0, 1)

2; 3; 5; 9 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 4)

1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 1/2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P4/mmm (123)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4/mmm (123)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

287

P 4/m m m

No. 123

CONTINUED

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (221) [3] Pm3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I4/mmm (139) • Decreased unit cell

none

288

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 124, p. 289.

D24h

P 4/m 2/c 2/c

P 4/m c c

No. 124

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

n

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, y, z¯ x, ¯ y, z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4c2 (116) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ [2] P42c (112) 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P4cc (103) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 [2] P422 (89) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P4/m11 (83, P4/m) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P2/m12/c (66, Cccm) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 [2] P2/m2/c1 (49, Pccm) 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x, z y, x, z¯ + 12 y, x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, z¯ y, x, z + 12

0, 0, 1/4 a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C4/ecc (130, P4/ncc) C4/ecc (130, P4/ncc) C4/mcd (128, P4/mnc) C4/mcd (128, P4/mnc) C4/ecd (126, P4/nnc) C4/ecd (126, P4/nnc) C4/mcc (124, P4/mcc) C4/mcc (124, P4/mcc) [3] c
= 3c
P4/mcc (124) P4/mcc (124) P4/mcc (124)

2; 3; (5; 9) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 5; (3; 9) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 9; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 5; 9; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5; 9 + (1, 0, 0) 2; (3; 5; 9) + (1, 0, 0) 2; 3; 5; 9 (2; 9) + (1, 1, 0); (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

2; 3; 9; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 3); 9 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 5); 9 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 9 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

(2; 9) + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P4/mcc (124)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4/mcc (124)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I4/mcm (140) • Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P4/mmm (123)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

289

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 125, pp. 290–291.

P 4/n b m ORIGIN CHOICE

No. 125

D34h

P 4/n 2/b 2/m

1, Origin at 4 2 2 at 4/n 2 2/g, at − 14 , − 14 , 0 from centre (2/m)

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

n

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x, z y, x, z¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4b2 (117) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ [2] P42m (111) 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P4bm (100) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 [2] P422 (89) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P4/n11 (85, P4/n) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P2/n12/m (67, Cmme) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 [2] P2/n2/b1 (50, Pban) 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ y + 12 , x + 12 , z

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0 1/4, 3/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P42 /nnm (134) P42 /nnm (134) P42 /nbc (133) P42 /nbc (133) P4/nnc (126) P4/nnc (126) P4/nbm (125) P4/nbm (125) [3] c
= 3c
P4/nbm (125) P4/nbm (125) P4/nbm (125)

2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2;

9; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (3; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 5; 9; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 9; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 9 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 9 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3; 5; 9 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0); 9 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

0, 1/2, 1/2 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/2 0, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P4/nbm (125)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4/nbm (125)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C4/mmm (123, P4/mmm); [2] I4/mcm (140)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

290

D34h

P 4/n 2/b 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

P 4/n b m

No. 125

2, Origin at centre (2/m) at n(b, a)(21 /g, 2/m), at 14 , 14 , 0 from 4 2 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

n

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ ¯z x + 12 , y,

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y + 12 , z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x, z y, x, z¯ y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4b2 (117) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ [2] P42m (111) 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P4bm (100) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 [2] P422 (89) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P4/n11 (85, P4/n) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P2/n12/m (67, Cmme) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14 [2] P2/n2/b1 (50, Pban)

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x¯ + 12 , z y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ y + 12 , x + 12 , z

1/4, 3/4, 0 1/4, 3/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P42 /nnm (134) P42 /nnm (134) P42 /nbc (133) P42 /nbc (133) P4/nnc (126) P4/nnc (126) P4/nbm (125) P4/nbm (125) [3] c
= 3c
P4/nbm (125) P4/nbm (125) P4/nbm (125)

2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2;

9; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (3; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 5; 9; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 9; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 9 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 9 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3; 5; 9 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P4/nbm (125) 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4/nbm (125) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 9 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C4/mmm (123, P4/mmm); [2] I4/mcm (140) • Decreased unit cell

none

291

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 126, pp. 292–293.

P 4/n n c ORIGIN CHOICE

No. 126

D44h

P 4/n 2/n 2/c

1, Origin at 4 2 2/n, at − 14 , − 14 , − 14 from 1¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x, z y, x, z¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4n2 (118) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ [2] P42c (112) 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P4nc (104) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 [2] P422 (89) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P4/n11 (85, P4/n) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P2/n12/c (68, Ccce) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 [2] P2/n2/n1 (48, Pnnn) 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

0, 1/2, 1/4 0, 1/2, 1/4

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c
P4/nnc (126) P4/nnc (126) P4/nnc (126)

2; 3; 5; 9 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2); 9 + (0, 0, 3) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 4); 9 + (0, 0, 5)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2u); 9 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0); 9 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P4/nnc (126)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4/nnc (126)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (222) [3] Pn3n II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I4/mmm (139); [2] C4/mcc (124, P4/mcc)

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P4/nbm (125)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

292

D44h

P 4/n 2/n 2/c

ORIGIN CHOICE

P 4/n n c

No. 126

2, Origin at 1¯ at n n (n, c), at 14 , 14 , 14 from 4 2 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ ¯ z + 12 x + 12 , y,

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y + 12 , z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x, z y, x, z¯ + 12 y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4n2 (118) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ [2] P42c (112) 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P4nc (104) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 [2] P422 (89) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P4/n11 (85, P4/n) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P2/n12/c (68, Ccce) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 [2] P2/n2/n1 (48, Pnnn) 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x¯ + 12 , z y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

1/4, 3/4, 0 1/4, 3/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c
P4/nnc (126) P4/nnc (126) P4/nnc (126)

2; 3; 9; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 3); 9 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 5); 9 + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P4/nnc (126) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 9 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4/nnc (126) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 − 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 9 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (222) [3] Pn3n II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I4/mmm (139); [2] C4/mcc (124, P4/mcc) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4/nbm (125)

293

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 127, p. 294.

P 4/m b m

D54h

P 4/m 21/b 2/m

No. 127

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

l

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ x, y, z¯ x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4b2 (117) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ 1 m (113) 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P42 [2] P4bm (100) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P421 2 (90) [2] P4/m11 (83, P4/m) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P2/m12/m (65, Cmmm) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14 [2] P2/m21 /b1 (55, Pbam)

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x, z y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯z y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ y, ¯ x, z¯ y + 12 , x + 12 , z

0, 1/2, 0 a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0

9; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (3; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 5; 9; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 9; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 9 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 9 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/2

2; 3; 5; 9 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

(2; 9) + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (p − 12 + 2u, p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P42 /mnm (136) P42 /mnm (136) P42 /mbc (135) P42 /mbc (135) P4/mnc (128) P4/mnc (128) P4/mbm (127) P4/mbm (127) [3] c
= 3c
P4/mbm (127) P4/mbm (127) P4/mbm (127)

2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2;

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P4/mbm (127)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4/mbm (127)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C4/mmm (123, P4/mmm); [2] I4/mcm (140)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

294

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 128, p. 295.

D64h

P 4/m 21/n 2/c

P 4/m n c

No. 128

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

i

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, y, z¯ x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4n2 (118) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ 1 c (114) 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P42 [2] P4nc (104) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P421 2 (90) [2] P4/m11 (83, P4/m) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P2/m12/c (66, Cccm) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14 [2] P2/m21 /n1 (58, Pnnm)

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x, z y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯z y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, z¯ y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

0, 1/2, 1/4 a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 9 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

(2; 9) + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c
P4/mnc (128) P4/mnc (128) P4/mnc (128)

2; 3; 9; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 3); 9 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 5); 9 + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P4/mnc (128)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4/mnc (128)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C4/mcc (124, P4/mcc); [2] I4/mmm (139)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4/mbm (127)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

295

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 129, pp. 296–297.

P 4/n m m ORIGIN CHOICE

D74h

P 4/n 21/m 2/m

No. 129

¯ 2 at 4/n ¯ m 2/g, at − 1 , 1 , 0 from centre (2/m) 1, Origin at 4m 4 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ x, y, ¯z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z y, x, z¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4m2 (115) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P421 m (113) [2] P4mm (99) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P421 2 (90) [2] P4/n11 (85, P4/n) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P2/n12/m (67, Cmme) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14 [2] P2/n21 /m1 (59, Pmmn)

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, z¯ y + 12 , x + 12 , z

1/2, 0, 0 a − b, a + b, c

1/4, 3/4, 0

9; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (3; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 5; 9; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 9; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 9 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 9 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, −1/2

0, 0, 1/2

2; 3; 5; 9 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P42 /ncm (138) P42 /ncm (138) P42 /nmc (137) P42 /nmc (137) P4/ncc (130) P4/ncc (130) P4/nmm (129) P4/nmm (129) [3] c
= 3c
P4/nmm (129) P4/nmm (129) P4/nmm (129)

2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2;

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P4/nmm (129) 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4/nmm (129) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 , 0); 9 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C4/mmm (123, P4/mmm); [2] I4/mmm (139)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

296

0, 0, −1/2 0, 0, 1/2

D74h

P 4/n 21/m 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

P 4/n m m

No. 129

2, Origin at centre (2/m) at n 21 (2/m, 21 /g), at 14 , − 14 , 0 from 4¯ m 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y¯ + 12 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ 1 x + 2 , y + 12 , z¯ x¯ + 12 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4m2 (115) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P421 m (113) [2] P4mm (99) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P421 2 (90) [2] P4/n11 (85, P4/n) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P2/n12/m (67, Cmme) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14 [2] P2/n21 /m1 (59, Pmmn)

y¯ + 12 , x, z y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x¯ + 12 , z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ y, x, z

1/4, 3/4, 0 1/4, 3/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 3/4, 0 a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P42 /ncm (138) P42 /ncm (138) P42 /nmc (137) P42 /nmc (137) P4/ncc (130) P4/ncc (130) P4/nmm (129) P4/nmm (129) [3] c
= 3c
P4/nmm (129) P4/nmm (129) P4/nmm (129)

2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2;

9; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (3; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 5; 9; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 9; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 9 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 9 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 3; 5; 9 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P4/nmm (129) 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4/nmm (129) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 2p − 12 , 0); 9 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C4/mmm (123, P4/mmm); [2] I4/mmm (139) • Decreased unit cell

none

297

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 130, pp. 298–299.

P 4/n c c ORIGIN CHOICE

D84h

P 4/n 21/c 2/c

No. 130

¯ c n, at − 1 , 1 , 0 from 1¯ 1, Origin at 4/n 4 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

g

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y, z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z y, x, z¯ + 12 y, x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4c2 (116) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P421 c (114) [2] P4cc (103) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P421 2 (90) [2] P4/n11 (85, P4/n) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P2/n12/c (68, Ccce) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14 [2] P2/n21 /c1 (56, Pccn)

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, z¯ y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

0, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/4 a − b, a + b, c

0, 0, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c
P4/ncc (130) P4/ncc (130) P4/ncc (130)

2; 3; 9; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 3); 9 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 5); 9 + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P4/ncc (130) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 9 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4/ncc (130) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 , 0); 9 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C4/mcc (124, P4/mcc); [2] I4/mcm (140)

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P4/nmm (129)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

298

D84h

P 4/n 21/c 2/c

ORIGIN CHOICE

P 4/n c c

No. 130

2, Origin at 1¯ at n 1 (c, n), at 14 , − 14 , 0 from 4¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

g

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 12 x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x¯ + 12 , y, z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4c2 (116) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P421 c (114) [2] P4cc (103) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P421 2 (90) [2] P4/n11 (85, P4/n) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P2/n12/c (68, Ccce) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14 [2] P2/n21 /c1 (56, Pccn)

y¯ + 12 , x, z y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x¯ + 12 , z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ y, x, z + 12

1/4, 3/4, 0 1/4, 3/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 3/4, 1/4 a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c
P4/ncc (130) P4/ncc (130) P4/ncc (130)

2; 3; 9; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 3); 9 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 5); 9 + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P4/ncc (130) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 9 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P4/ncc (130) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 2p − 12 , 0); 9 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C4/mcc (124, P4/mcc); [2] I4/mcm (140) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4/nmm (129)

299

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 131, p. 300.

P 42/m m c

D94h

P 42/m 2/m 2/c

No. 131

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

r

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4m2 (115) 1; 2; 7; 8; ¯ [2] P42c (112) 1; 2; 5; 6; 1; 2; 3; 4; [2] P42 mc (105) [2] P42 22 (93) 1; 2; 3; 4; 1; 2; 3; 4; [2] P42 /m11 (84, P42 /m) [2] P2/m12/c (66, Cccm) 1; 2; 7; 8; [2] P2/m2/m1 (47, Pmmm) 1; 2; 5; 6;

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, ¯z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ x, y, z¯ x, ¯ y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

11; 12; 13; 14 11; 12; 15; 16 13; 14; 15; 16 5; 6; 7; 8 9; 10; 11; 12 9; 10; 15; 16 9; 10; 13; 14

y, ¯ x, z + 12 y, x, z¯ + 12 y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯ z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, z¯ + 12 y, x, z + 12

0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4

a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C42 /emc (138, P42 /ncm) C42 /emc (138, P42 /ncm) C42 /mmd (136, P42 /mnm) C42 /mmd (136, P42 /mnm) C42 /emd (134, P42 /nnm) C42 /emd (134, P42 /nnm) C42 /mmc (132, P42 /mcm) C42 /mmc (132, P42 /mcm) [3] c
= 3c
P42 /mmc (131) P42 /mmc (131) P42 /mmc (131)

2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2;

3; (5; 9) + (1, 0, 0) 5; (3; 9) + (1, 0, 0) 5; 9; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; 9; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 3; 5; 9 + (1, 0, 0) (3; 5; 9) + (1, 0, 0) 3; 5; 9 9; (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

2; 5; 9; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P42 /mmc (131) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P42 /mmc (131) (2; 9) + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (223) [3] Pm3n II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 /mmc (132, P42 /mcm); [2] I4/mmm (139)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4/mmm (123)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

300

1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 132, p. 301.

D104h

P 42/m 2/c 2/m

P 42/m c m

No. 132

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

p

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4c2 (116) 1; 2; 7; 8; ¯ [2] P42m (111) 1; 2; 5; 6; 1; 2; 3; 4; [2] P42 cm (101) [2] P42 22 (93) 1; 2; 3; 4; 1; 2; 3; 4; [2] P42 /m11 (84, P42 /m) [2] P2/m12/m (65, Cmmm) 1; 2; 7; 8; [2] P2/m2/c1 (49, Pccm) 1; 2; 5; 6;

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, y, z¯ x, ¯ y, z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

11; 12; 13; 14 11; 12; 15; 16 13; 14; 15; 16 5; 6; 7; 8 9; 10; 11; 12 9; 10; 15; 16 9; 10; 13; 14

y, ¯ x, z + 12 y, x, z¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯ z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, z¯ + 12 y, x, z

0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4 a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b C42 /ecm (137, P42 /nmc) C42 /ecm (137, P42 /nmc) C42 /mcd (135, P42 /mbc) C42 /mcd (135, P42 /mbc) C42 /ecd (133, P42 /nbc) C42 /ecd (133, P42 /nbc) C42 /mcm (131, P42 /mmc) C42 /mcm (131, P42 /mmc) [3] c
= 3c
P42 /mcm (132) P42 /mcm (132) P42 /mcm (132)

2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2;

3; (5; 9) + (1, 0, 0) 5; (3; 9) + (1, 0, 0) 3; 9; 5 + (1, 0, 0) 5; 9; 3 + (1, 0, 0) 3; 5; 9 + (1, 0, 0) (3; 5; 9) + (1, 0, 0) 3; 5; 9 9; (3; 5) + (1, 0, 0)

a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c a − b, a + b, c

2; 9; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 3); 9 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 5); 9 + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P42 /mcm (132) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 9 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb (2; 9) + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); P42 /mcm (132) 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 /mcm (131, P42 /mmc); [2] I4/mcm (140)

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P4/mmm (123)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

301

1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 0

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

1/2, 0, 0 0, 1/2, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 133, pp. 302–303.

P 42/n b c ORIGIN CHOICE

D114h

P 42/n 2/b 2/c

No. 133

1, Origin at 4¯ 1 21 /c, at − 14 , 14 , − 14 from 1¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4b2 (117) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ [2] P42c (112) 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 [2] P42 bc (106) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P42 22 (93) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P42 /n11 (86, P42 /n) [2] P2/n12/c (68, Ccce) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 [2] P2/n2/b1 (50, Pban) 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ y, ¯ x, z¯ y, x, z + 12

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/4 a − b, a + b, c

1/2, 0, 0 0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c
P42 /nbc (133) P42 /nbc (133) P42 /nbc (133)

2; (3; 5; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 3) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 5)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P42 /nbc (133) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P42 /nbc (133) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0); 9 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 /mmc (132, P42 /mcm); [2] I4/mcm (140) • Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P4/nbm (125)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

302

D114h

P 42/n 2/b 2/c

ORIGIN CHOICE

P 42/n b c

No. 133

2, Origin at 1¯ at n (b, a) (n, c), at 14 , − 14 , 14 from 4¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y, ¯z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y + 12 , z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x, z + 12 y, x, z¯ + 12 y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4b2 (117) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ [2] P42c (112) 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 [2] P42 bc (106) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P42 22 (93) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P42 /n11 (86, P42 /n) [2] P2/n12/c (68, Ccce) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 [2] P2/n2/b1 (50, Pban) 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x¯ + 12 , z + 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

a − b, a + b, c

1/4, 3/4, 1/4 1/4, 3/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 0 0, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c
P42 /nbc (133) P42 /nbc (133) P42 /nbc (133)

2; 5; 9; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P42 /nbc (133) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P42 /nbc (133) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 9 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 /mmc (132, P42 /mcm); [2] I4/mcm (140) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4/nbm (125)

303

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 134, pp. 304–305.

P 42/n n m ORIGIN CHOICE

D124h

P 42/n 2/n 2/m

No. 134

1, Origin at 4¯ 2m, at − 14 , 14 , − 14 from centre (2/m)

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

n

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4n2 (118) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ [2] P42m (111) 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 [2] P42 nm (102) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P42 22 (93) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P42 /n11 (86, P42 /n) [2] P2/n12/m (67, Cmme) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 [2] P2/n2/n1 (48, Pnnn) 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, z¯ y, x, z

0, 1/2, 0 a − b, a + b, c

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/2, 1/2, 1/2

a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c

1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 1/2

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F41 /ddc (142, I41 /acd) F41 /ddc (142, I41 /acd) F41 /ddc (142, I41 /acd) F41 /ddc (142, I41 /acd) F41 /ddm (141, I41 /amd) F41 /ddm (141, I41 /amd) F41 /ddm (141, I41 /amd) F41 /ddm (141, I41 /amd) [3] c
= 3c
P42 /nnm (134) P42 /nnm (134) P42 /nnm (134)

2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2;

5; 9; 3 + (0, 0, 1) (3; 5; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 9; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 9 + (0, 0, 1) 9; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 5; (3; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 3; 5; 9 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 1)

2; 5; (3; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 2); 9 + (0, 0, 3) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 4); 9 + (0, 0, 5)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2u); P42 /nnm (134) 9 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P42 /nnm (134) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0); 9 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (224) [3] Pn3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 /mcm (131, P42 /mmc); [2] I4/mmm (139)

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P4/nbm (125) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

304

0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

D124h

P 42/n 2/n 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

P 42/n n m

No. 134

2, Origin at centre (2/m) at n n (21 /g, 2/m), at 14 , − 14 , 14 from 4¯ 2 m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

n

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y + 12 , z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x, z + 12 y, x, z¯ y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4n2 (118) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ [2] P42m (111) 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 [2] P42 nm (102) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P42 22 (93) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P42 /n11 (86, P42 /n) [2] P2/n12/m (67, Cmme) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 [2] P2/n2/n1 (48, Pnnn) 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x¯ + 12 , z + 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z

a − b, a + b, c

1/4, 3/4, 1/4 1/4, 3/4, 1/4 1/4, 3/4, 0 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

5; 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 1); 9 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 0, 0); (3; 9) + (0, 1, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (1, 0, 0); (3; 9) + (0, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 0, 1) 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0); 9 + (0, 1, 1) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 1); 9 + (0, 1, 0) 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0); (3; 9) + (0, 1, 1) 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0); (3; 9) + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 0, 1); 9 + (0, 1, 1)

a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c a − b, a + b, 2c

0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2

2; 9; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 3); 9 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 5); 9 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F41 /ddc (142, I41 /acd) F41 /ddc (142, I41 /acd) F41 /ddc (142, I41 /acd) F41 /ddc (142, I41 /acd) F41 /ddm (141, I41 /amd) F41 /ddm (141, I41 /amd) F41 /ddm (141, I41 /amd) F41 /ddm (141, I41 /amd) [3] c
= 3c
P42 /nnm (134) P42 /nnm (134) P42 /nnm (134)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); P42 /nnm (134) 9 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); P42 /nnm (134) 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 9 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (224) [3] Pn3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 /mcm (131, P42 /mmc); [2] I4/mmm (139)

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P4/nbm (125) 305

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 135, p. 306.

P 42/m b c

D134h

P 42/m 21/b 2/c

No. 135

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

i

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ x, y, z¯ x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4b2 (117) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ 1 c (114) 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P42 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 [2] P42 bc (106) [2] P42 21 2 (94) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P42 /m11 (84, P42 /m) [2] P2/m12/c (66, Cccm) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14 [2] P2/m21 /b1 (55, Pbam)

y, ¯ x, z + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯ z + 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, z¯ + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4 0, 1/2, 1/4 a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c
P42 /mbc (135) P42 /mbc (135) P42 /mbc (135)

2; 5; 9; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2u) P42 /mbc (135) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb (2; 9) + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); P42 /mbc (135) 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 /mmc (132, P42 /mcm); [2] I4/mcm (140) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4/mbm (127)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

306

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 136, p. 307.

D144h

P 42/m 21/n 2/m

No. 136

P 42/m n m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

k

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, y, z¯ x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4n2 (118) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ 1 m (113) 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P42 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 [2] P42 nm (102) [2] P42 21 2 (94) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P42 /m11 (84, P42 /m) [2] P2/m12/m (65, Cmmm) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14 [2] P2/m21 /n1 (58, Pnnm)

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 y, x, z¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, x, z

0, 1/2, 1/4 0, 1/2, 1/4

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c
P42 /mnm (136) P42 /mnm (136) P42 /mnm (136)

2; 9; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 3); 9 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 5); 9 + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); P42 /mnm (136) 9 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb (2; 9) + (2u, 2v, 0); P42 /mnm (136) 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 , 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 /mcm (131, P42 /mmc); [2] I4/mmm (139) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4/mbm (127)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

307

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 137, pp. 308–309.

P 42/n m c ORIGIN CHOICE

D154h

P 42/n 21/m 2/c

No. 137

¯ 2/n, at − 1 , 1 , − 1 from 1¯ 1, Origin at 4m 4 4 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

h

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, y, ¯z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 y, x, z¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4m2 (115) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P421 c (114) [2] P42 mc (105) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P42 21 2 (94) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P42 /n11 (86, P42 /n) [2] P2/n12/c (68, Ccce) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14 [2] P2/n21 /m1 (59, Pmmn)

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, z¯ y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

0, 1/2, 0 a − b, a + b, c 0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c
P42 /nmc (137) P42 /nmc (137) P42 /nmc (137)

2; (3; 5; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 3) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 5)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u) P42 /nmc (137) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); P42 /nmc (137) 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 , 0); 9 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 /mmc (132, P42 /mcm); [2] I4/mmm (139)

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P4/nmm (129)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

308

D154h

P 42/n 21/m 2/c

ORIGIN CHOICE

P 42/n m c

No. 137

2, Origin at 1¯ at n 21 (c, n), at 14 , − 14 , 14 from 4¯ m 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

h

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y¯ + 12 , z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ 1 x + 2 , y + 12 , z¯ x¯ + 12 , y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x, z + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ + 12 1 y¯ + 2 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4m2 (115) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P421 c (114) [2] P42 mc (105) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P42 21 2 (94) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P42 /n11 (86, P42 /n) [2] P2/n12/c (68, Ccce) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14 [2] P2/n21 /m1 (59, Pmmn)

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x¯ + 12 , z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, x, z + 12

a − b, a + b, c

1/4, 3/4, 1/4 1/4, 3/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 3/4, 1/4 0, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 0

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c
P42 /nmc (137) P42 /nmc (137) P42 /nmc (137)

2; 5; 9; 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2u) P42 /nmc (137) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); P42 /nmc (137) 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 2p − 12 , 0); 9 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 /mmc (132, P42 /mcm); [2] I4/mmm (139) • Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4/nmm (129)

309

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 138, pp. 310–311.

P 42/n c m ORIGIN CHOICE

D164h

P 42/n 21/c 2/m

No. 138

¯ g, at − 1 , 1 , − 1 from centre (2/m) 1, Origin at 4c 4 4 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

j

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 y, x, z¯ + 12 y, x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4c2 (116) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P421 m (113) [2] P42 cm (101) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P42 21 2 (94) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P42 /n11 (86, P42 /n) [2] P2/n12/m (67, Cmme) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14 [2] P2/n21 /c1 (56, Pccn)

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, z¯ y + 12 , x + 12 , z

0, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/4 a − b, a + b, c

1/4, 3/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c
P42 /ncm (138) P42 /ncm (138) P42 /ncm (138)

2; 5; (3; 9) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 2); 9 + (0, 0, 3) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 4); 9 + (0, 0, 5)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2u); P42 /ncm (138) 9 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); P42 /ncm (138) 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 , 0); 9 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 /mcm (131, P42 /mmc); [2] I4/mcm (140)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4/nmm (129)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

310

D164h

P 42/n 21/c 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

P 42/n c m

No. 138

2, Origin at centre (2/m) at n 1 (2/m, 21 /g), at 14 , − 14 , 14 from 4¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

16

j

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 12 x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ x¯ + 12 , y, z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4c2 (116) 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14 ¯ 1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16 [2] P421 m (113) [2] P42 cm (101) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8 [2] P42 21 2 (94) 1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P42 /n11 (86, P42 /n) [2] P2/n12/m (67, Cmme) 1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16 1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14 [2] P2/n21 /c1 (56, Pccn)

y¯ + 12 , x, z + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ + 12 1 y¯ + 2 , x¯ + 12 , z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x¯ + 12 , z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, x, z

a − b, a + b, c

1/4, 3/4, 1/4 1/4, 3/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 0 1/4, 3/4, 0 0, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c
P42 /ncm (138) P42 /ncm (138) P42 /ncm (138)

2; 9; (3; 5) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 3); 9 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 0, 5); 9 + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); P42 /ncm (138) 9 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P42 /ncm (138) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 2p − 12 , 0); 9 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] C42 /mcm (131, P42 /mmc); [2] I4/mcm (140)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P4/nmm (129)

311

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 139, p. 312.

I 4/m m m

No. 139

D174h

I 4/m 2/m 2/m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

32

o

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] I 42m (121) (1; 2; 5; 6; ¯ [2] I 4m2 (119) (1; 2; 7; 8; [2] I4mm (107) (1; 2; 3; 4; [2] I422 (97) (1; 2; 3; 4; [2] I4/m11 (87, I4/m) (1; 2; 3; 4; [2] I2/m2/m1 (71, Immm) (1; 2; 5; 6; [2] I2/m12/m (69, Fmmm) (1; 2; 7; 8;

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, ¯z

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ x, y, z¯ x, ¯ y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x, z y, x, z¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y, x, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, z¯ y, x, z

11; 12; 15; 16)+ 11; 12; 13; 14)+ 13; 14; 15; 16)+ 5; 6; 7; 8)+ 9; 10; 11; 12)+ 9; 10; 13; 14)+ 9; 10; 15; 16)+

a − b, a + b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2]

P42 /nmc (137) P42 /mnm (136) P42 /nnm (134) P42 /mmc (131) P4/nmm (129) P4/mnc (128) P4/nnc (126) P4/mmm (123)

1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2;

7; 7; 5; 5; 3; 3; 3; 3;

8; 8; 6; 6; 4; 4; 4; 4;

11; 12; 13; 14; (3; 4; 5; 6; 9; 10; 15; 16) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 9; 10; 15; 16; (3; 4; 5; 6; 11; 12; 13; 14) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 11; 12; 15; 16; (3; 4; 7; 8; 9; 10; 13; 14) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 9; 10; 13; 14; (3; 4; 7; 8; 11; 12; 15; 16) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 13; 14; 15; 16; (5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 9; 10; 11; 12; (5; 6; 7; 8; 13; 14; 15; 16) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 5; 6; 7; 8; (9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16

1/4, 3/4, 1/4 1/4, 3/4, 1/4 0, 1/2, 0 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c
I4/mmm (139) I4/mmm (139) I4/mmm (139)

2; 3; 5; 9 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 3; (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

(2; 9) + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc I4/mmm (139)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I4/mmm (139)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (225); [3] Im3m ¯ (229) [3] Fm3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c C4/mmm (123, P4/mmm)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

312

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 140, p. 313.

D184h

I 4/m 2/c 2/m

I 4/m c m

No. 140

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

32

m

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) (5) (9) (13)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] I 42m (121) (1; 2; 5; 6; ¯ [2] I 4c2 (120) (1; 2; 7; 8; [2] I4cm (108) (1; 2; 3; 4; [2] I422 (97) (1; 2; 3; 4; [2] I4/m11 (87, I4/m) (1; 2; 3; 4; [2] I2/m2/c1 (72, Ibam) (1; 2; 5; 6; [2] I2/m12/m (69, Fmmm) (1; 2; 7; 8;

x, y, z x, ¯ y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, ¯ z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x, ¯ y, ¯z x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, y, z¯ x, ¯ y, z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x, z y, x, z¯ + 12 y, x, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16)

11; 12; 15; 16)+ 11; 12; 13; 14)+ 13; 14; 15; 16)+ 5; 6; 7; 8)+ 9; 10; 11; 12)+ 9; 10; 13; 14)+ 9; 10; 15; 16)+

y, x, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, z¯ y, x, z + 12

0, 1/2, 1/4

0, 0, 1/4 a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2]

P42 /ncm (138) P42 /mbc (135) P42 /nbc (133) P42 /mcm (132) P4/ncc (130) P4/mbm (127) P4/nbm (125) P4/mcc (124)

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c
I4/mcm (140) I4/mcm (140) I4/mcm (140)

1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1;

2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2;

7; 7; 5; 5; 3; 3; 3; 3;

8; 8; 6; 6; 4; 4; 4; 4;

11; 12; 13; 14; (3; 4; 5; 6; 9; 10; 15; 16) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 9; 10; 15; 16; (3; 4; 5; 6; 11; 12; 13; 14) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 11; 12; 15; 16; (3; 4; 7; 8; 9; 10; 13; 14) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 9; 10; 13; 14; (3; 4; 7; 8; 11; 12; 15; 16) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 13; 14; 15; 16; (5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 9; 10; 11; 12; (5; 6; 7; 8; 13; 14; 15; 16) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 5; 6; 7; 8; (9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16

2; 3; 9; 5 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 3); 9 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 5); 9 + (0, 0, 4)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc I4/mcm (140) 2; 3; 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 9 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I4/mcm (140) (2; 9) + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, −u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

1/4, 3/4, 1/4 0, 1/2, 0 1/4, 3/4, 1/4 0, 1/2, 0 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (226) [3] Fm3c II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c C4/mmm (123, P4/mmm)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

313

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 141, pp. 314–315.

I 41/a m d ORIGIN CHOICE

D194h

I 41/a 2/m 2/d

No. 141

¯ 2, at 0, 1 , − 1 from centre (2/m) 1, Origin at 4m 4 8

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

32

i

1

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 34 x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 14 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 14 x + 12 , y, z¯ + 34 x, ¯ y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 14 y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] I 42d (122) (1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16)+ ¯ [2] I 4m2 (119) (1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14)+ (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16)+ [2] I41 md (109) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8)+ [2] I41 22 (98) (1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12)+ [2] I41 /a11 (88, I41 /a) [2] I2/a2/m1 (74, Imma) (1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14)+ [2] I2/a12/d (70, Fddd) (1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16)+

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, x + 12 , z + 14

a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/4, 1/8 0, 1/2, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations • Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c ⎧ ⎨ I41 /amd (141) I4 /amd (141) ⎩ 1 I41 /amd (141)

none

(2; 9) + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); 5 + (1, 0, 2) 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); 5 + (1, 0, 4); 9 + (1, 0, 3) 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); 5 + (1, 0, 6); 9 + (1, 0, 5)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

1/2, 0, 1/4 1/2, 0, 5/4 1/2, 0, 9/4

3 2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 ); 5 + (0, 0, 3p 4 − 4 + 2u); p 9 + (0, 0, 4 − 14 + 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 1 2 + (1, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 4p − 14 ); 5 + (1, 0, 3p 4 − 4 + 2u); p 1 9 + (1, 0, 4 + 4 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

1/2, 0, 1/4 + u

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 9 + (2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc I41 /amd (141)

I41 /amd (141)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I41 /amd (141)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (227) [3] Fd 3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c C42 /emd (134, P42 /nnm)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

314

D194h

I 41/a 2/m 2/d

ORIGIN CHOICE

I 41/a m d

No. 141

2, Origin at centre (2/m) at b (2/m, 21 /n) d, at 0, − 14 , 18 from 4¯ m 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

32

i

1

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14)

¯ z + 12 x¯ + 12 , y, x, y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, z

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 14 , x + 34 , z + 14 y + 14 , x + 34 , z¯ + 14 y + 34 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , x¯ + 14 , z + 34

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] I 42d (122) (1; 2; 5; 6; 11; 12; 15; 16)+ ¯ [2] I 4m2 (119) (1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 12; 13; 14)+ (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16)+ [2] I41 md (109) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8)+ [2] I41 22 (98) (1; 2; 3; 4; 9; 10; 11; 12)+ [2] I41 /a11 (88, I41 /a) [2] I2/a2/m1 (74, Imma) (1; 2; 5; 6; 9; 10; 13; 14)+ [2] I2/a12/d (70, Fddd) (1; 2; 7; 8; 9; 10; 15; 16)+

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z + 34 y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , x + 34 , z¯ + 14 y + 34 , x + 34 , z + 14

0, 1/4, 3/8 0, 1/4, 3/8 0, 1/4, 0 0, 1/4, 3/8 0, 1/2, 0 a − b, a + b, c

1/4, 3/4, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations • Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c ⎧ ⎨ I41 /amd (141) I4 /amd (141) ⎩ 1 I41 /amd (141)

none

(2; 5) + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); 9 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); 5 + (1, 0, 3); 9 + (1, 0, 2) 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); 5 + (1, 0, 5); 9 + (1, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 1 1/2, 0, 2

2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 ); 5 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 9 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 2 + (1, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 4p − 14 ); 5 + (1, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 9 + (1, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

1/2, 0, u

3 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 4p − 14 + u + v, 3p 4 − 4 − u + v, 0); p 1 5 + ( 2 − 2 + 2u, 0, 0); 9 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 5 2 + ( 2p + 12 + 2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 4p + 14 + u + v, 3p 4 − 4 − u + v, 0); p 5 + ( 2 + 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 9 + (1 + 2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

pa, pb, c

1/2 + u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc I41 /amd (141)

I41 /amd (141)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I41 /amd (141)

I41 /amd (141)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (227) [3] Fd 3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c C42 /emd (134, P42 /nnm) 315

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 142, pp. 316–317.

I 41/a c d ORIGIN CHOICE

D204h

I 41/a 2/c 2/d

No. 142

¯ 21 , at 0, 1 , − 1 from 1¯ 1, Origin at 4c 4 8

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

32

g

1

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 14 x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 14 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] I 42d (122) (1; 2; 5; 6; ¯ [2] I 4c2 (120) (1; 2; 7; 8; (1; 2; 3; 4; [2] I41 cd (110) (1; 2; 3; 4; [2] I41 22 (98) (1; 2; 3; 4; [2] I41 /a11 (88, I41 /a) [2] I2/a2/c1 (73, Ibca) (1; 2; 5; 6; [2] I2/a12/d (70, Fddd) (1; 2; 7; 8;

(2) (6) (10) (14)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 34 x + 12 , y, z¯ + 34 x, ¯ y, z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 14 y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ y¯ + 12 , x, ¯ z + 14

11; 12; 15; 16)+ 11; 12; 13; 14)+ 13; 14; 15; 16)+ 5; 6; 7; 8)+ 9; 10; 11; 12)+ 9; 10; 13; 14)+ 9; 10; 15; 16)+

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 34 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 y, x + 12 , z + 34

0, 1/2, 1/4

0, 0, 1/4 a − b, a + b, c

0, 1/4, 1/8 0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations • Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c ⎧ ⎨ I41 /acd (142) I4 /acd (142) ⎩ 1 I41 /acd (142)

none

(2; 5; 9) + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 12 , − 21 , 12 ) 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); (5; 9) + (1, 0, 3) 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); (5; 9) + (1, 0, 5)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

1/2, 0, 1/4 1/2, 0, 5/4 1/2, 0, 9/4

2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 ); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 4p − 14 + 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 2 + (1, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 4p − 14 ); (5; 9) + (1, 0, 4p + 14 + 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

1/2, 0, 1/4 + u

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + (u + v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 0); 5 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 0); 9 + (2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc I41 /acd (142)

I41 /acd (142)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I41 /acd (142)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (228); [3] Ia3d ¯ (230) [3] Fd 3c II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c C42 /emd (134, P42 /nnm)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

316

D204h

I 41/a 2/c 2/d

ORIGIN CHOICE

I 41/a c d

No. 142

2, Origin at 1¯ at b (c, a) d, at 0, − 14 , 18 from 4¯

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (9) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

32

g

1

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) (5) (9) (13)

x, y, z x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x + 12 , y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] I 42d (122) (1; 2; 5; 6; ¯ [2] I 4c2 (120) (1; 2; 7; 8; (1; 2; 3; 4; [2] I41 cd (110) (1; 2; 3; 4; [2] I41 22 (98) (1; 2; 3; 4; [2] I41 /a11 (88, I41 /a) [2] I2/a2/c1 (73, Ibca) (1; 2; 5; 6; [2] I2/a12/d (70, Fddd) (1; 2; 7; 8;

(2) (6) (10) (14)

¯ z + 12 x¯ + 12 , y, x, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, z + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15)

y¯ + 14 , x + 34 , z + 14 y + 14 , x + 34 , z¯ + 34 y + 34 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , x¯ + 14 , z + 14

11; 12; 15; 16)+ 11; 12; 13; 14)+ 13; 14; 15; 16)+ 5; 6; 7; 8)+ 9; 10; 11; 12)+ 9; 10; 13; 14)+ 9; 10; 15; 16)+

(4) (8) (12) (16)

y + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z + 34 y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 y¯ + 34 , x + 34 , z¯ + 14 y + 34 , x + 34 , z + 34

0, 3/4, 1/8 0, 1/4, 3/8 0, 1/4, 0 0, 1/4, 1/8 0, 1/2, 0 a − b, a + b, c

1/4, 1/4, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations • Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c ⎧ ⎨ I41 /acd (142) I4 /acd (142) ⎩ 1 I41 /acd (142)

none

5; 9; 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ) 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 12 ); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

1/2, 0, 0 1/2, 0, 1 1/2, 0, 2

2 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (0, 0, 4p − 14 ); (5; 9) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 2 + (1, 0, 2p − 12 ); 3 + ( 21 , − 21 , 4p − 14 ); (5; 9) + (1, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

1/2, 0, u

3 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 4p − 14 + u + v, 3p 4 − 4 − u + v, 0); p 1 5 + ( 2 − 2 + 2u, 0, 0); 9 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 5 2 + ( 2p + 12 + 2u, 2v, 0); 3 + ( 4p + 14 + u + v, 3p 4 + 4 − u + v, 0); p 1 5 + ( 2 + 2 + 2u, 0, 0); 9 + (1 + 2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

pa, pb, c

1/2 + u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc I41 /acd (142) I41 /acd (142)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb I41 /acd (142)

I41 /acd (142)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (228); [3] Ia3d ¯ (230) [3] Fd 3c II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c C42 /emd (134, P42 /nnm)

317

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 143, p. 318.

P3

No. 143

C31

P3

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

3

d

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [3] P1 (1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P3 (143) 2 [3] c
= 3c 2 + (0, 0, 2) P32 (145) 2 + (0, 0, 1) P31 (144) P3 (143) 2 [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b H3 (143, P3) 2 H3 (143, P3) 2 + (1, 0, 0) H3 (143, P3) 2 + (1, 1, 0) [3] a
= a − b, b
= a + 2b, c
= 3c R3 (146) 2 R3 (146) 2 + (1, 0, 0) R3 (146) 2 + (1, 1, 0) [3] a
= 2a + b, b
= −a + b, c
= 3c R3 (146) 2 R3 (146) 2 + (1, 0, 0) R3 (146) 2 + (1, 1, 0) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P3 (143) 2 ⎪ ⎨ P3 (143) 2 + (1, −1, 0) P3 (143) 2 + (1, 2, 0) ⎪ ⎩ P3 (143) 2 + (2, 1, 0)

a, b, 2c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P3 (143) 2 p prime no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P3 (143) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 + qr] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + (q + r)b P3 (143) 2 + (u, −u, 0) prime p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

2/3, 1/3, 0 1/3, 2/3, 0

a − b, a + 2b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, 3c

2/3, 1/3, 0 1/3, 2/3, 0

2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c

2/3, 1/3, 0 1/3, 2/3, 0

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + (q + r)b, c

u, 0, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P3¯ (147); [2] P312 (149); [2] P321 (150); [2] P3m1 (156); [2] P31m (157); [2] P3c1 (158); [2] P31c (159); [2] P6 (168); [2] P63 (173); [2] P6¯ (174) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] Robv 3 (146, R3); [3] Rrev 3 (146, R3) • Decreased unit cell Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

318

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 144, p. 319.

C32

P 31

P 31

No. 144

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

3

a

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 13

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 23

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [3] P1 (1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P32 (145) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b H31 (144, P31 ) H31 (144, P31 ) H31 (144, P31 ) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P3 (144) ⎪ ⎨ 1 P31 (144) ⎪ ⎩ P31 (144) P31 (144)

2 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c

2 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 1, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

2/3, 1/3, 0 1/3, 2/3, 0

2 2 + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P32 (145) P31 (144)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P31 (144)

1 2 + (0, 0, 2p 3 − 3 ) p prime; p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 no conjugate subgroups 2 + (0, 0, 3p − 13 ) prime p = 6n + 1 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc a, b, pc

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0) pa, pb, c p prime; p = 2 or p = 6n − 1; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups 2 2
[p = q + r + qr] a = qa − rb, b
= ra + (q + r)b 2 + (u, −u, 0) qa − rb, ra + (q + r)b, c P31 (144) prime p > 6; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P31 12 (151); [2] P31 21 (152); [2] P61 (169); [2] P64 (172) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] Robv 3 (146, R3); [3] Rrev 3 (146, R3) • Decreased unit cell [3] c
= 13 c P3 (143)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

319

u, v, 0

u, 0, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 145, p. 320.

P 32

No. 145

C33

P 32

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

3

a

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 23

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 13

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [3] P1 (1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P31 (144) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b H32 (145, P32 ) H32 (145, P32 ) H32 (145, P32 ) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P3 (145) ⎪ ⎨ 2 P32 (145) ⎪ ⎩ P32 (145) P32 (145)

2

a, b, 2c

2 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 1, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

2/3, 1/3, 0 1/3, 2/3, 0

2 2 + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P32 (145) P31 (144)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P32 (145)

2 2 + (0, 0, 2p 3 − 3 ) prime p = 6n + 1 no conjugate subgroups 2 + (0, 0, 3p − 23 ) p prime; p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc a, b, pc

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0) pa, pb, c p prime; p = 2 or p = 6n − 1; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups 2 2
[p = q + r + qr] a = qa − rb, b
= ra + (q + r)b 2 + (u, −u, 0) qa − rb, ra + (q + r)b, c P32 (145) prime p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P32 12 (153); [2] P32 21 (154); [2] P65 (170); [2] P62 (171) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] Robv 3 (146, R3); [3] Rrev 3 (146, R3) • Decreased unit cell [3] c
= 13 c P3 (143)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

320

u, v, 0

u, 0, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 146, pp. 321–322.

C34

R3

R3

No. 146

HEXAGONAL AXES

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (2) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

9

b

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ ( 13 , 23 , 23 )+

1

(1) x, y, z

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [3] R1 (1, P1) 1+

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z

a, b, 1/3(−a − 2b + c)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [3] P32 (145) 1; 2 + ( 31 , 23 , 23 ); 3 + ( 32 , 13 , 13 ) [3] P31 (144) 1; 2 + ( 32 , 13 , 13 ); 3 + ( 31 , 23 , 23 ) [3] P3 (143) 1; 2; 3 • Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= −b, b
= a + b, c
= 2c R3 (146) [4] a
= −2b, b
= 2a + 2b ⎧ R3 (146) ⎪ ⎨ R3 (146) ⎪ ⎩ R3 (146) R3 (146)

0, 1/3, 0 1/3, 1/3, 0

2

−b, a + b, 2c

2 2 + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0)

−2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc R3 (146)

R3 (146) [p2 ] a
= −pb, b
= pa + pb R3 (146)

2 p prime; p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 no conjugate subgroups 2 prime p = 6n + 1 no conjugate subgroups

−b, a + b, pc a, b, pc

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 − qr] a
= (q − r)a − rb, b
= ra + qb R3 (146) 2 + (u, −u, 0) prime p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; q = r; q + r = 3n
+ 1; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

−pb, pa + pb, c

u, v, 0

(q − r)a − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] R3¯ (148); [2] R32 (155); [2] R3m (160); [2] R3c (161); [4] P23 (195); [4] F23 (196); [4] I23 (197); [4] P21 3 (198); [4] I21 3 (199) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[3] a
= 13 (2a + b), b
= 13 (−a + b), c
= 13 c P3 (143)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

321

R3

No. 146

C34

R3

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2) General position Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

3

b

1

Coordinates

(1) x, y, z

(2) z, x, y

(3) y, z, x

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [3] R1 (1, P1) 1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations

none

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= a + c, b
= a + b, c
= b + c R3 (146) 2 [3] a
= a − b, b
= b − c, c
= a + b + c 2 + (1, 1, 0) P32 (145) 2 + (1, 0, 0) P31 (144) P3 (143) 2 [4] a
= a − b + c, b
= a + b − c, c
= −a + b + c ⎧ R3 (146) 2 ⎪ ⎨ R3 (146) 2 + (1, −2, 1) R3 (146) 2 + (1, 1, −2) ⎪ ⎩ R3 (146) 2 + (2, −1, −1)

a + c, a + b, b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c

0, 1/3, −1/3 1/3, 0, −1/3

1, −1, 0 0, 1, −1 1, 0, −1

• Seriesof maximal isomorphic subgroups      [p] a
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p − 2)b + (p + 1)c , b
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p + 1)b + (p − 2)c , c
= 13 (p − 2)a + (p + 1)b + (p + 1)c  R3 (146) 2 a
= 13 (p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations p prime; p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 no conjugate subgroups       [p] a
= 13 (p + 2)a + (p − 1)b + (p − 1)c , b
= 13 (p − 1)a + (p + 2)b + (p − 1)c , c
= 13 (p − 1)a + (p − 1)b + (p + 2)c  R3 (146) 2 a
= 13 (p + 2)a. . . , see lattice relations prime p = 6n + 1 no conjugate subgroups       [p2 ] a
= 13 (p + 1)a + (1 − 2p)b + (p + 1)c , b
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p + 1)b + (1 − 2p)c , c
= 13 (1 − 2p)a + (p + 1)b + (p + 1)c  R3 (146) 2 + (u + v, −2u + v, u − 2v) a
= 13 (p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations u, −u + v, −v p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 − qr] a
= 13 (αa + βb + γc), b
= 13 (γa + αb + βc), c
= 13 (βa + γb + αc); α = 2q − r + 1, β = 1 − q − r, γ = 2r + 1 − q a
= 13 (αa + βb. . . , see lattice relations R3 (146) 2 + (u, −2u, u) u, −u, 0 prime p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; q = r; q + r = 3n
+ 1; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] R3¯ (148); [2] R32 (155); [2] R3m (160); [2] R3c (161); [4] P23 (195); [4] F23 (196); [4] I23 (197); [4] P21 3 (198); [4] I21 3 (199) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[3] a
= 13 (2a − b − c), b
= 13 (−a + 2b − c), c
= 13 (a + b + c) P3 (143)

322

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 147, p. 323.

C3i1

P 3¯

P 3¯

No. 147

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

g

1

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) y, x¯ + y, z¯

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x − y, x, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P3 (143) 1; 2; 3 [3] P1¯ (2) 1; 4 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P3¯ (147) 2; 4 P3¯ (147) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1)
= 3c [3] c ⎧ 2; 4 ⎨ P3¯ (147) P3¯ (147) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2) ⎩ ¯ P3 (147) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 4)

= 3a, b = 3b [3] a ⎧ ¯ 2; 4 ⎨ H 3¯ (147, P3) ¯ H 3¯ (147, P3) 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) ⎩ ¯ ¯ H 3 (147, P3) 2 + (2, −2, 0); 4 + (4, 0, 0)


= a − b, b = a + 2b, c = 3c [3] a ⎧ 2; 4 ⎨ R3¯ (148) R3¯ (148) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2) ⎩ ¯ R3 (148) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 4)


= 2a + b, b = −a + b, c = 3c [3] a ⎧ 2; 4 ⎨ R3¯ (148) R3¯ (148) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2) ⎩ ¯ R3 (148) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 4)

= 2a, b = 2b [4] a ⎧ P3¯ (147) 2; 4 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ P3 (147) 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) ¯ P 3 (147) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ P3 (147) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

a − b, a + 2b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc a, b, pc P3¯ (147) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb pa, pb, c P3¯ (147) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 + qr] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + (q + r)b qa − rb, ra + (q + r)b, c P3¯ (147) 2 + (u, −u, 0); 4 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p = 3 or p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ ¯ (163); [2] P3m1 ¯ ¯ (165); [2] P6/m (175); [2] P63 /m (176) [2] P31m (162); [2] P31c (164); [2] P3c1 II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ [3] Rrev 3¯ (148, R3) ¯ [3] Robv 3¯ (148, R3); • Decreased unit cell Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none 323

0, 0, u

u, v, 0

u, 0, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 148, pp. 324–325.

R 3¯

C3i2

R 3¯

No. 148

HEXAGONAL AXES

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

18

f

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ ( 13 , 23 , 23 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) y, x¯ + y, z¯

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x − y, x, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] R3 (146) (1; 2; 3)+ ¯ [3] R1¯ (2, P1) (1; 4)+

a, b, 1/3(−a − 2b + c)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations ⎧ 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 ⎨ [3] P3¯ (147) [3] P3¯ (147) 1; 2; 3; (4; 5; 6) + ( 31 , 23 , 23 ) ⎩ [3] P3¯ (147) 1; 2; 3; (4; 5; 6) + ( 32 , 13 , 13 ) • Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= −b, b
= a + b, c
= 2c R3¯ (148) R3¯ (148)

[4] ⎧ a = −2b, b = 2a + 2b ⎪ R3¯ (148) ⎪ ⎨ ¯ R3 (148) ⎪ R3¯ (148) ⎪ ⎩ ¯ R3 (148)

2/3, 1/3, 1/3 1/3, 2/3, 2/3

2; 4 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1)

−b, a + b, 2c −b, a + b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

−2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

−b, a + b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

−pb, pa + pb, c

u, v, 0

(q − r)a − rb, ra + qb, c

u, 0, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc R3¯ (148) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n − 1 R3¯ (148) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1 [p2 ] a
= −pb, b
= pa + pb R3¯ (148) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0) p prime; p = 2 or p = 6n − 1; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups [p = q2 + r2 − qr] a
= (q − r)a − rb, b
= ra + qb R3¯ (148) 2 + (u, −u, 0); 4 + (2u, 0, 0) prime p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; q = r; q + r = 3n
+ 1; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (166); [2] R3c ¯ (167); [4] Pm3¯ (200); [4] Pn3¯ (201); [4] Fm3¯ (202); [4] Fd 3¯ (203); [4] Im3¯ (204); [4] Pa3¯ (205); [4] Ia3¯ (206) [2] R3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[3] a
= 13 (2a + b), b
= 13 (−a + b), c
= 13 c P3¯ (147)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

324

C3i2

R 3¯

R 3¯

No. 148

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

f

1

Coordinates

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯

(2) z, x, y (5) z¯, x, ¯ y¯

(3) y, z, x (6) y, ¯ z¯, x¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] R3 (146) 1; 2; 3 ¯ [3] R1¯ (2, P1) 1; 4 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations

none

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= a + c, b
= a + b, c
= b + c R3¯ (148) 2; 4 ¯ R3 (148) 2; 4 + (1, 1, 1)


[3] ⎧ a = a − b, b = b − c, c = a + b + c 2; 4 ⎨ P3¯ (147) ¯ P3 (147) 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) ⎩ ¯ P3 (147) 2 + (1, 0, −1); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

[4] a = a − b + c, b = a + b − c, c
= −a + b + c ⎧ ¯ R3 (148) 2; 4 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ R3 (148) 2 + (1, −2, 1); 4 + (2, −2, 0) R3¯ (148) 2 + (1, 1, −2); 4 + (0, 2, −2) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ R3 (148) 2 + (2, −1, −1); 4 + (2, 0, −2)

a + c, a + b, b + c a + c, a + b, b + c

1/2, 1/2, 1/2

a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0

a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c

1, −1, 0 0, 1, −1 1, 0, −1

• Seriesof maximal isomorphic subgroups 

    [p] a
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p − 2)b + (p + 1)c , b
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p + 1)b + (p − 2)c , c
= 13 (p − 2)a + (p + 1)b + (p + 1)c  a
= 13 (p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations R3¯ (148) 2; 4 + (2u, 2u, 2u) u, u, u prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n − 1       [p] a
= 13 (p + 2)a + (p − 1)b + (p − 1)c , b
= 13 (p − 1)a + (p + 2)b + (p − 1)c , c
= 13 (p − 1)a + (p − 1)b + (p + 2)c  a
= 13 (p + 2)a. . . , see lattice relations R3¯ (148) 2; 4 + (2u, 2u, 2u) u, u, u prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1       [p2 ] a
= 13 (p + 1)a + (1 − 2p)b + (p + 1)c , b
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p + 1)b + (1 − 2p)c , c
= 13 (1 − 2p)a + (p + 1)b + (p + 1)c  a
= 13 (p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations R3¯ (148) 2 + (u + v, −2u + v, u − 2v); u, −u + v, −v 4 + (2u, −2u + 2v, −2v) p prime; p = 2 or p = 6n − 1; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups [p = q2 + r2 − qr] a
= 13 (αa + βb + γc), b
= 13 (γa + αb + βc), c
= 13 (βa + γb + αc); α = 2q − r + 1, β = 1 − q − r, γ = 2r + 1 − q a
= 13 (αa + βb + . . . , see lattice relations R3¯ (148) 2 + (u, −2u, u); 4 + (2u, −2u, 0) u, −u, 0 prime p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; q = r; q + r = 3n
+ 1; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (166); [2] R3c ¯ (167); [4] Pm3¯ (200); [4] Pn3¯ (201); [4] Fm3¯ (202); [4] Fd 3¯ (203); [4] Im3¯ (204); [4] Pa3¯ (205); [4] Ia3¯ (206) [2] R3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[3] a
= 13 (2a − b − c), b
= 13 (−a + 2b − c), c
= 13 (a + b + c) P3¯ (147) 325

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 149, pp. 326–327.

P312

No. 149

D13

P312

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

l

1

(1) x, y, z (4) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x¯ + y, y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P311 (143, P3) 1; 2; 3
[3] P112 (5, C121) 1; 4 [3] P112 (5, C121) 1; 5 [3] P112 (5, C121) 1; 6

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, x − y, z¯

−a − b, a − b, c a, a + 2b, c b, −2a − b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P312 (149) 2; 4 P312 (149) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1)
[3] c = 3c
2 + (0, 0, 2); 4 + (0, 0, 1) P32 12 (153) 2 + (0, 0, 2); 4 + (0, 0, 3) P32 12 (153) P32 12 (153) 2 + (0, 0, 2); 4 + (0, 0, 5)
2 + (0, 0, 1); 4 + (0, 0, 2) P31 12 (151) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 4 + (0, 0, 4) P31 12 (151) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 4 + (0, 0, 6) P31 12 (151)
P312 (149) 2; 4 P312 (149) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2) P312 (149) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 4) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H312 (150, P321) 2; 4 H312 (150, P321) 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) H312 (150, P321) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)
2 + (1, 0, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) H312 (150, P321) H312 (150, P321) (2; 4) + (2, 2, 0) H312 (150, P321) 2 + (3, 4, 0); 4 + (3, 3, 0)
H312 (150, P321) (2; 4) + (1, 1, 0) H312 (150, P321) 2 + (2, 0, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0) H312 (150, P321) 2 + (3, −1, 0); 4 + (3, 3, 0) [3] a
= a − b, b
= a + 2b, c
= 3c
R32 (155) 2; 4 R32 (155) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2) R32 (155) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 4)
R32 (155) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) R32 (155) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 2) R32 (155) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 4)
R32 (155) (2; 4) + (1, 1, 0) R32 (155) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 2) R32 (155) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 4) [3] a
= 2a + b, b
= −a + b, c
= 3c
R32 (155) 2; 4 R32 (155) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2) R32 (155) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 4)
R32 (155) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) R32 (155) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 2) R32 (155) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 4)
R32 (155) (2; 4) + (1, 1, 0) R32 (155) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 2) R32 (155) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 4)

= 2a, b = 2b [4] a ⎧ P312 (149) 2; 4 ⎪ ⎨ P312 (149) 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) P312 (149) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) ⎪ ⎩ P312 (149) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

326

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2 0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2 0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 2/3, 1/3, 0 2/3, 4/3, 0 2/3, 7/3, 0 1/3, 2/3, 0 4/3, 2/3, 0 7/3, 2/3, 0

a − b, a + 2b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2 2/3, 1/3, 0 2/3, 1/3, 1 2/3, 1/3, 2 1/3, 2/3, 0 1/3, 2/3, 1 1/3, 2/3, 2

2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2 2/3, 1/3, 0 2/3, 1/3, 1 2/3, 1/3, 2 1/3, 2/3, 0 1/3, 2/3, 1 1/3, 2/3, 2

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

CONTINUED

P312

No. 149

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P312 (149) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P312 (149) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u + v, u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ ¯ (188) ¯ ¯ (163); [2] P622 (177); [2] P63 22 (182); [2] P6m2 (187); [2] P6c2 [2] P31m (162); [2] P31c II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] H312 (150, P321)

• Decreased unit cell

none

327

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 150, p. 328.

P321

No. 150

D23

P321

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

g

1

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x − y, y, ¯ z¯

(1) x, y, z (4) y, x, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P311 (143, P3) 1; 2; 3
[3] P121 (5, C121) 1; 4 [3] P121 (5, C121) 1; 5 [3] P121 (5, C121) 1; 6

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯

−a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P321 (150) P321 (150) [3] c
= 3c
P32 21 (154) P32 21 (154) P3 21 (154)
2 P31 21 (152) P31 21 (152) P3 21 (152)
1 P321 (150) P321 (150) P321 (150) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b H321 (149, P312) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P321 (150) ⎪ ⎨ P321 (150) ⎪ ⎩ P321 (150) P321 (150)

2; 4 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

4; 2 + (0, 0, 2) (2; 4) + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 2); 4 + (0, 0, 4) 4; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 4 + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 4 + (0, 0, 4) 2; 4 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

2; 4

a − b, a + 2b, c

2; 4 (2; 4) + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (−1, 1, 0) 4; 2 + (2, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

2; 4 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2 0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2 0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P321 (150)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P321 (150)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ ¯ (190) ¯ ¯ (165); [2] P622 (177); [2] P63 22 (182); [2] P62m (189); [2] P62c [2] P3m1 (164); [2] P3c1 II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] H321 (149, P312); [3] Robv 32 (155, R32); [3] Rrev 32 (155, R32)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

328

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 151, p. 329.

D33

P 31 1 2

No. 151

P 31 1 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

(1) x, y, z (4) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 23

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 13 (5) x¯ + y, y, z¯ + 13

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P31 11 (144, P31 ) 1; 2; 3
[3] P112 (5, C121) 1; 6 [3] P112 (5, C121) 1; 4 [3] P112 (5, C121) 1; 5

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 23 (6) x, x − y, z¯

b, −2a − b, c −a − b, a − b, c a, a + 2b, c

0, 0, 1/3 0, 0, 2/3

4; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 4) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0) 4; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 2, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (3, 4, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0) 4; 2 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 3, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (3, 2, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 2/3, −2/3, 0 2/3, 1/3, 0 2/3, 4/3, 0 1/3, −1/3, 0 1/3, 2/3, 0 4/3, 2/3, 0

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

p 1 2 2 + (0, 0, 2p 3 − 3 ); 4 + (0, 0, 3 − 3 + 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n − 1 2 2 + (0, 0, 3p − 13 ); 4 + (0, 0, 2p 3 − 3 + 2u) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u + v, u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P32 12 (153) P32 12 (153) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H31 12 (152, P31 21) H31 12 (152, P31 21) H3 12 (152, P31 21)
1 H31 12 (152, P31 21) H31 12 (152, P31 21) H3 12 (152, P31 21)
1 H31 12 (152, P31 21) H31 12 (152, P31 21) H31 12 (152, P31 21) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P3 12 (151) ⎪ ⎨ 1 P31 12 (151) ⎪ ⎩ P31 12 (151) P31 12 (151)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P32 12 (153) P31 12 (151)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P31 12 (151)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P61 22 (178); [2] P64 22 (181) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] H31 12 (152, P31 21) • Decreased unit cell

[3] c
= 13 c P312 (149)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

329

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 152, p. 330.

P 31 2 1

No. 152

D43

P 31 2 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

(1) x, y, z (4) y, x, z¯

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 13 (5) x − y, y, ¯ z¯ + 23

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P31 11 (144, P31 ) 1; 2; 3
[3] P121 (5, C121) 1; 4 [3] P121 (5, C121) 1; 5 [3] P121 (5, C121) 1; 6

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 23 (6) x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 13

−a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

0, 0, 1/3 0, 0, 2/3

4; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 4) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2; 4

a − b, a + 2b, c

0, 0, 1/3

2; 4 (2; 4) + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (−1, 1, 0) 4; 2 + (2, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P32 21 (154) P32 21 (154) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b H31 21 (151, P31 12) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P3 21 (152) ⎪ ⎨ 1 P31 21 (152) ⎪ ⎩ P31 21 (152) P31 21 (152)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 1 P32 21 (154) 2 + (0, 0, 2p 3 − 3 ); 4 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n − 1 2 + (0, 0, 3p − 13 ); 4 + (0, 0, 2u) P31 21 (152) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1 [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) P31 21 (152) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P61 22 (178); [2] P64 22 (181) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] H31 21 (151, P31 12); [3] Robv 32 (155, R32); [3] Rrev 32 (155, R32) • Decreased unit cell [3] c
= 13 c P321 (150)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

330

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 153, p. 331.

D53

P 32 1 2

No. 153

P 32 1 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

(1) x, y, z (4) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 13

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 23 (5) x¯ + y, y, z¯ + 23

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P32 11 (145, P32 ) 1; 2; 3
[3] P112 (5, C121) 1; 6 [3] P112 (5, C121) 1; 5 [3] P112 (5, C121) 1; 4

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 13 (6) x, x − y, z¯

b, −2a − b, c a, a + 2b, c −a − b, a − b, c

0, 0, 1/3 0, 0, 2/3

2; 4 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0) 4; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 2, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (3, 4, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0) 4; 2 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 3, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (3, 2, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 2/3, −2/3, 0 2/3, 1/3, 0 2/3, 4/3, 0 1/3, −1/3, 0 1/3, 2/3, 0 4/3, 2/3, 0

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

p 2 1 2 + (0, 0, 2p 3 − 3 ); 4 + (0, 0, 3 − 3 + 2u) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1 1 2 + (0, 0, 3p − 23 ); 4 + (0, 0, 2p 3 − 3 + 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n − 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u + v, u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P31 12 (151) P31 12 (151) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H32 12 (154, P32 21) H32 12 (154, P32 21) H3 12 (154, P32 21)
2 H32 12 (154, P32 21) H32 12 (154, P32 21) H3 12 (154, P32 21)
2 H32 12 (154, P32 21) H32 12 (154, P32 21) H32 12 (154, P32 21) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P3 12 (153) ⎪ ⎨ 2 P32 12 (153) ⎪ ⎩ P32 12 (153) P32 12 (153)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P32 12 (153) P31 12 (151)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P32 12 (153)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P65 22 (179); [2] P62 22 (180) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] H32 12 (154, P32 21) • Decreased unit cell

[3] c
= 13 c P312 (149)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

331

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 154, p. 332.

P 32 2 1

No. 154

D63

P 32 2 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

(1) x, y, z (4) y, x, z¯

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 23 (5) x − y, y, ¯ z¯ + 13

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P32 11 (145, P32 ) 1; 2; 3
[3] P121 (5, C121) 1; 4 [3] P121 (5, C121) 1; 6 [3] P121 (5, C121) 1; 5

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 13 (6) x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 23

−a + b, −a − b, c 2a + b, b, c −a − 2b, a, c

0, 0, 1/3 0, 0, 2/3

2; 4 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2; 4

a − b, a + 2b, c

0, 0, 1/6

2; 4 (2; 4) + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (−1, 1, 0) 4; 2 + (2, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P31 21 (152) P31 21 (152) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b H32 21 (153, P32 12) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P3 21 (154) ⎪ ⎨ 2 P32 21 (154) ⎪ ⎩ P32 21 (154) P32 21 (154)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2 P32 21 (154) 2 + (0, 0, 2p 3 − 3 ); 4 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1 2 + (0, 0, 3p − 23 ); 4 + (0, 0, 2u) P31 21 (152) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n − 1 [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) P32 21 (154) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P65 22 (179); [2] P62 22 (180) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] H32 21 (153, P32 12); [3] Robv 32 (155, R32); [3] Rrev 32 (155, R32)

• Decreased unit cell [3] c
= 13 c P321 (150)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

332

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 155, pp. 333–335.

D73

R32

No. 155

R32

HEXAGONAL AXES

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

18

f

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ ( 13 , 23 , 23 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (4) y, x, z¯

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x − y, y, ¯ z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] R31 (146, R3) (1; 2; 3)+
[3] R12 (5, C121) (1; 4)+ [3] R12 (5, C121) (1; 5)+ [3] R12 (5, C121) (1; 6)+

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯

1/3(−a + b − 2c), −a − b, c 1/3(−a − 2b − 2c), a, c 1/3(2a + b − 2c), b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations

⎧ ⎨ [3] [3] ⎩ [3] ⎧ ⎨ [3] [3] ⎩ [3] ⎧ ⎨ [3] [3] ⎩ [3]

P32 21 (154) P32 21 (154) P32 21 (154) P31 21 (152) P31 21 (152) P31 21 (152) P321 (150) P321 (150) P321 (150)

1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1;

4; 5; 6; 4; 5; 6; 2; 2; 2;

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= −b, b
= a + b, c
= 2c R32 (155) R32 (155)

[4] ⎧ a = −2b, b = 2a + 2b R32 (155) ⎪ ⎨ R32 (155) ⎪ ⎩ R32 (155) R32 (155)

(2; 6) + ( 31 , 23 , 23 ); (3; 5) + ( 32 , 13 , 13 ) (2; 4) + ( 31 , 23 , 23 ); (3; 6) + ( 32 , 13 , 13 ) (2; 5) + ( 31 , 23 , 23 ); (3; 4) + ( 32 , 13 , 13 ) (2; 6) + ( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (3; 5) + ( 31 , 23 , 23 ) (2; 4) + ( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (3; 6) + ( 31 , 23 , 23 ) (2; 5) + ( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (3; 4) + ( 31 , 23 , 23 ) 3; 4; 5; 6 3; (4; 5; 6) + ( 31 , 23 , 23 ) 3; (4; 5; 6) + ( 32 , 13 , 13 )

2/3, 2/3, 0 1/3, 0, 1/3 0, 1/3, 2/3 1/3, 1/3, 0 2/3, 0, 2/3 0, 2/3, 1/3 2/3, 1/3, 1/3 1/3, 2/3, 2/3

2; 4 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1)

−b, a + b, 2c −b, a + b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2; 4 (2; 4) + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (−1, 1, 0) 4; 2 + (2, 1, 0)

−2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

−b, a + b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

−pb, pa + pb, c

u, v, 0

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc R32 (155) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n − 1 R32 (155) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1 [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb R32 (155) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 R32 (155) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (166); [2] R3c ¯ (167); [4] P432 (207); [4] P42 32 (208); [4] F432 (209); [4] F41 32 (210); [4] I432 (211); [4] P43 32 (212); [2] R3m [4] P41 32 (213); [4] I41 32 (214) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations • Decreased unit cell

none

[3] a
= 13 (2a + b), b
= 13 (−a + b), c
= 13 c P312 (149) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

333

R32

No. 155

D73

R32

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

f

1

Coordinates

(1) x, y, z (4) z¯, y, ¯ x¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] R31 (146, R3) 1; 2; 3
[3] R12 (5, C121) 1; 4 [3] R12 (5, C121) 1; 5 [3] R12 (5, C121) 1; 6

(2) z, x, y (5) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

(3) y, z, x (6) x, ¯ z¯, y¯

−a − c, −a + c, a + b + c −a − b, a − b, a + b + c −b − c, b − c, a + b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations

none

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= a + c, b
= a + b, c
= b + c R32 (155) 2; 4 R32 (155) 2; 4 + (1, 1, 1) [3] a
= a − b, b
= b − c, c
= a + b + c
P32 21 (154) 4; 2 + (2, 0, 0) (2; 4) + (1, 0, 1) P32 21 (154) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 4 + (1, 2, 1) P32 21 (154)
4; 2 + (1, 0, 0) P31 21 (152) 2 + (1, −1, 1); 4 + (2, 0, 2) P31 21 (152) 2 + (1, 1, −1); 4 + (0, 2, 0) P31 21 (152)
P321 (150) 2; 4 P321 (150) 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 0, 1) P321 (150) 2 + (1, 0, −1); 4 + (1, 2, 1) [4] a
= a − b + c, b
= a + b − c, c
= −a + b + c ⎧ R32 (155) 2; 4 ⎪ ⎨ R32 (155) (2; 4) + (1, −2, 1) 2 + (1, 1, −2); 4 + (−1, 2, −1) ⎪ ⎩ R32 (155) R32 (155) 4; 2 + (2, −1, −1)

a + c, a + b, b + c a + c, a + b, b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c

• Seriesof maximal isomorphic subgroups 

1/2, 1/2, 1/2 2/3, 0, −2/3 2/3, 0, 1/3 2/3, 1, 1/3 1/3, 0, −1/3 4/3, 0, 2/3 1/3, 1, −1/3 1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 1, −1, 0 0, 1, −1 1, 0, −1

    [p] a
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p − 2)b + (p + 1)c , b
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p + 1)b + (p − 2)c , c
= 13 (p − 2)a + (p + 1)b + (p + 1)c  R32 (155) 2; 4 + (2u, 2u, 2u) a
= 13 (p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations u, u, u prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n − 1       [p] a
= 13 (p + 2)a + (p − 1)b + (p − 1)c , b
= 13 (p − 1)a + (p + 2)b + (p − 1)c , c
= 13 (p − 1)a + (p − 1)b + (p + 2)c  R32 (155) 2; 4 + (2u, 2u, 2u) a
= 13 (p + 2)a. . . , see lattice relations u, u, u prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1       [p2 ] a
= 13 (p + 1)a + (1 − 2p)b + (p + 1)c , b
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p + 1)b + (1 − 2p)c , c
= 13 (1 − 2p)a + (p + 1)b + (p + 1)c  R32 (155) 2 + (u + v, −2u + v, u − 2v); a
= 13 (p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations u, −u + v, −v 4 + (u − v, −2u + 2v, u − v) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1      [p2 ] a
= 13 (2p + 1)a + (1 − p)b + (1 − p)c , b
= 13 (1 − p)a + (2p + 1)b + (1 − p)c , c
= 13 (1 − p)a + (1 − p)b + (2p + 1)c  R32 (155) 2 + (u + v, −2u + v, u − 2v); a
= 13 (2p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations u, −u + v, −v 4 + (u − v, −2u + 2v, u − v) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1

334

CONTINUED

No. 155

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

R32

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (166); [2] R3c ¯ (167); [4] P432 (207); [4] P42 32 (208); [4] F432 (209); [4] F41 32 (210); [4] I432 (211); [4] P43 32 (212); [2] R3m [4] P41 32 (213); [4] I41 32 (214) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [3] a
= 13 (2a − b − c), b
= 13 (−a + 2b − c), c
= 13 (a + b + c) P312 (149)

335

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 156, p. 336.

P3m1

No. 156

C3v1

P3m1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

e

1

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x¯ + y, y, z

(1) x, y, z (4) y, ¯ x, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P311 (143, P3) 1; 2; 3
[3] P1m1 (8, C1m1) 1; 4 [3] P1m1 (8, C1m1) 1; 5 [3] P1m1 (8, C1m1) 1; 6

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, x − y, z

−a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P3c1 (158) P3m1 (156) [3] c
= 3c P3m1 (156) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H3m1 (157, P31m) H3m1 (157, P31m) H3m1 (157, P31m)
H3m1 (157, P31m) H3m1 (157, P31m) H3m1 (157, P31m)
H3m1 (157, P31m) H3m1 (157, P31m) H3m1 (157, P31m) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P3m1 (156) ⎪ ⎨ P3m1 (156) ⎪ ⎩ P3m1 (156) P3m1 (156)

2; 4 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 4

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 4

a, b, 3c

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0) 4; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 2, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (3, 4, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0) 4; 2 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 3, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (3, 2, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 2/3, −2/3, 0 2/3, 1/3, 0 2/3, 4/3, 0 1/3, −1/3, 0 1/3, 2/3, 0 4/3, 2/3, 0

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P3m1 (156)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P3m1 (156)

2; 4 p prime no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u + v, u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ ¯ [2] P3m1 (164); [2] P6mm (183); [2] P63 mc (186); [2] P6m2 (187) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] H3m1 (157, P31m); [3] Robv 3m (160, R3m); [3] Rrev 3m (160, R3m)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

336

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 157, p. 337.

C3v2

P31m

No. 157

P31m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

d

1

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x − y, y, ¯z

(1) x, y, z (4) y, x, z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P311 (143, P3) 1; 2; 3
[3] P11m (8, C1m1) 1; 4 [3] P11m (8, C1m1) 1; 5 [3] P11m (8, C1m1) 1; 6

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, ¯ x¯ + y, z

−a − b, a − b, c a, a + 2b, c b, −2a − b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P31c (159) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1) P31m (157) 2; 4 [3] c
= 3c P31m (157) 2; 4 [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b H31m (156, P3m1) 2; 4 [3] a
= a − b, b
= a + 2b, c
= 3c R3m (160) 2; 4 [3] a
= 2a + b, b
= −a + b, c
= 3c R3m (160) 2; 4 [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P31m (157) 2; 4 ⎪ ⎨ P31m (157) (2; 4) + (1, −1, 0) P31m (157) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (−1, 1, 0) ⎪ ⎩ P31m (157) 4; 2 + (2, 1, 0)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P31m (157) 2; 4 p prime no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P31m (157) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ ¯ (189) [2] P31m (162); [2] P6mm (183); [2] P63 cm (185); [2] P62m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] H31m (156, P3m1)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

337

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 158, p. 338.

P3c1

No. 158

C3v3

P3c1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

d

1

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x¯ + y, y, z + 12

(1) x, y, z (4) y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P311 (143, P3) 1; 2; 3
[3] P1c1 (9, C1c1) 1; 4 [3] P1c1 (9, C1c1) 1; 5 [3] P1c1 (9, C1c1) 1; 6

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, x − y, z + 12

−a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c P3c1 (158) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H3c1 (159, P31c) H3c1 (159, P31c) H3c1 (159, P31c)
H3c1 (159, P31c) H3c1 (159, P31c) H3c1 (159, P31c)
H3c1 (159, P31c) H3c1 (159, P31c) H3c1 (159, P31c) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P3c1 (158) ⎪ ⎨ P3c1 (158) ⎪ ⎩ P3c1 (158) P3c1 (158)

2; 4 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0) 4; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 2, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (3, 4, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0) 4; 2 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 3, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (3, 2, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 2/3, −2/3, 0 2/3, 1/3, 0 2/3, 4/3, 0 1/3, −1/3, 0 1/3, 2/3, 0 4/3, 2/3, 0

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P3c1 (158)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P3c1 (158)

2; 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u + v, u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (188) ¯ (165); [2] P6cc (184); [2] P63 cm (185); [2] P6c2 [2] P3c1 II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] H3c1 (159, P31c); [3] Robv 3c (161, R3c); [3] Rrev 3c (161, R3c) • Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P3m1 (156)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

338

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 159, p. 339.

C3v4

P31c

No. 159

P31c

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

(1) x, y, z (4) y, x, z + 12

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x − y, y, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P311 (143, P3) 1; 2; 3
[3] P11c (9, C1c1) 1; 4 [3] P11c (9, C1c1) 1; 5 [3] P11c (9, C1c1) 1; 6

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, ¯ x¯ + y, z + 12

−a − b, a − b, c a, a + 2b, c b, −2a − b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c P31c (159) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b H31c (158, P3c1) 2; 4 [3] a
= a − b, b
= a + 2b, c
= 3c R3c (161) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1) [3] a
= 2a + b, b
= −a + b, c
= 3c R3c (161) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P31c (159) 2; 4 ⎪ ⎨ P31c (159) (2; 4) + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (−1, 1, 0) ⎪ P31c (159) ⎩ P31c (159) 4; 2 + (2, 1, 0)

a, b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P31c (159)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P31c (159)

2; 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (190) ¯ (163); [2] P6cc (184); [2] P63 mc (186); [2] P62c [2] P31c II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] H31c (158, P3c1)

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P31m (157)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

339

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 160, pp. 340–341.

R3m

No. 160

C3v5

R3m

HEXAGONAL AXES

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

18

c

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ ( 13 , 23 , 23 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (4) y, ¯ x, ¯z

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x¯ + y, y, z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] R31 (146, R3) (1; 2; 3)+
[3] R1m (8, C1m1) (1; 4)+ [3] R1m (8, C1m1) (1; 5)+ [3] R1m (8, C1m1) (1; 6)+

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, x − y, z

1/3(−a + b − 2c), −a − b, c 1/3(−a − 2b − 2c), a, c 1/3(2a + b − 2c), b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [3] P3m1 (156) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 • Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= −b, b
= a + b, c
= 2c R3m (160) [2] a
= −b, b
= a + b, c
= 2c R3c (161) [4] a
= −2b, b
= 2a + 2b ⎧ R3m (160) ⎪ ⎨ R3m (160) ⎪ ⎩ R3m (160) R3m (160)

2; 4

−b, a + b, 2c

2; 4 + (0, 0, 1)

−b, a + b, 2c

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

−2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc R3m (160) 2; 4 p prime; p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 no conjugate subgroups R3m (160) 2; 4 prime p > 6; p = 6n + 1 no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= −pb, b
= pa + pb R3m (160) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u + v, u + v, 0) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb R3m (160) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u + v, u + v, 0) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1

−b, a + b, pc a, b, pc

−pb, pa + pb, c

u, v, 0

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (166); [4] P43m ¯ ¯ ¯ [2] R3m (215); [4] F 43m (216); [4] I 43m (217) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[3] a
= 13 (2a + b), b
= 13 (−a + b), c
= 13 c P31m (157)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

340

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

C3v5

R3m

No. 160

R3m

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

(1) x, y, z (4) z, y, x

(2) z, x, y (5) y, x, z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] R31 (146, R3) 1; 2; 3
[3] R1m (8, C1m1) 1; 4 [3] R1m (8, C1m1) 1; 5 [3] R1m (8, C1m1) 1; 6

(3) y, z, x (6) x, z, y

−a − c, −a + c, a + b + c −a − b, a − b, a + b + c −b − c, b − c, a + b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations

none

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= a + c, b
= a + b, c
= b + c R3m (160) 2; 4 [2] a
= a + c, b
= a + b, c
= b + c R3c (161) 2; 4 + (1, 1, 1) [3] a
= a − b, b
= b − c, c
= a + b + c P3m1 (156) 2; 4 [4] a
= a − b + c, b
= a + b − c, c
= −a + b + c ⎧ R3m (160) 2; 4 ⎪ ⎨ R3m (160) 2 + (1, −2, 1); 4 + (1, 0, −1) 2 + (1, 1, −2); 4 + (1, 0, −1) ⎪ ⎩ R3m (160) R3m (160) 2 + (2, −1, −1); 4 + (2, 0, −2)

a + c, a + b, b + c a + c, a + b, b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c

1, −1, 0 0, 1, −1 1, 0, −1

• Seriesof maximal isomorphic subgroups      [p] a
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p − 2)b + (p + 1)c , b
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p + 1)b + (p − 2)c , c
= 13 (p − 2)a + (p + 1)b + (p + 1)c  R3m (160) 2; 4 a
= 13 (p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations p prime; p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 no conjugate subgroups       [p] a
= 13 (p + 2)a + (p − 1)b + (p − 1)c , b
= 13 (p − 1)a + (p + 2)b + (p − 1)c , c
= 13 (p − 1)a + (p − 1)b + (p + 2)c  R3m (160) 2; 4 a
= 13 (p + 2)a. . . , see lattice relations prime p > 6; p = 6n + 1 no conjugate subgroups       [p2 ] a
= 13 (p + 1)a + (1 − 2p)b + (p + 1)c , b
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p + 1)b + (1 − 2p)c , c
= 13 (1 − 2p)a + (p + 1)b + (p + 1)c  R3m (160) 2 + (u + v, −2u + v, u − 2v); 4 + (u + v, 0, −u − v) a
= 13 (p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations u, −u + v, −v p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1      [p2 ] a
= 13 (2p + 1)a + (1 − p)b + (1 − p)c , b
= 13 (1 − p)a + (2p + 1)b + (1 − p)c , c
= 13 (1 − p)a + (1 − p)b + (2p + 1)c  R3m (160) 2 + (u + v, −2u + v, u − 2v); 4 + (u + v, 0, −u − v) a
= 13 (2p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations u, −u + v, −v p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1 I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (166); [4] P43m ¯ ¯ ¯ [2] R3m (215); [4] F 43m (216); [4] I 43m (217) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [3] a
= 13 (2a − b − c), b
= 13 (a + 2b − c), c
= 13 (a + b + c) P31m (157) 341

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 161, pp. 342–343.

R3c

No. 161

C3v6

R3c

HEXAGONAL AXES

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

18

b

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ ( 13 , 23 , 23 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (4) y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) x¯ + y, y, z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] R31 (146, R3) (1; 2; 3)+
[3] R1c (9, C1c1) (1; 4)+ [3] R1c (9, C1c1) (1; 5)+ [3] R1c (9, C1c1) (1; 6)+

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x, x − y, z + 12

1/3(−a + b − 2c), −a − b, c 1/3(−a − 2b − 2c), a, c 1/3(2a + b − 2c), b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [3] P3c1 (158) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 • Enlarged unit cell

[4] a
= −2b, b
= 2a + 2b ⎧ ⎪ R3c (161) ⎨ R3c (161) ⎪ ⎩ R3c (161) R3c (161)

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

−2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc R3c (161)

R3c (161) [p2 ] a
= −pb, b
= pa + pb R3c (161) [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb R3c (161)

2; 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 4; p = 6n − 1 no conjugate subgroups 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 6; p = 6n + 1 no conjugate subgroups

−b, a + b, pc

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u + v, u + v, 0) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1

−pb, pa + pb, c

u, v, 0

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u + v, u + v, 0) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

a, b, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (167); [4] P43n ¯ (218); [4] F 43c ¯ (219); [4] I 43d ¯ (220) [2] R3c II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [3] a
= 13 (2a + b), b
= 13 (−a + b), c
= 13 c P31c (159); [2] a
= −a, b
= −b, c
= 12 c R3m (160)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

342

C3v6

R3c

No. 161

R3c

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

b

1

(1) x, y, z (4) z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

(2) z, x, y (5) y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] R31 (146, R3) 1; 2; 3
[3] R1c (9, C1c1) 1; 4 [3] R1c (9, C1c1) 1; 5 [3] R1c (9, C1c1) 1; 6

(3) y, z, x (6) x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12

−a − c, −a + c, a + b + c −a − b, a − b, a + b + c −b − c, b − c, a + b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations

none

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= a − b, b
= b − c, c
= a + b + c P3c1 (158) 2; 4 [4] a
= a − b + c, b
= a + b − c, c
= −a + b + c ⎧ R3c (161) 2; 4 ⎪ ⎨ R3c (161) 2 + (1, −2, 1); 4 + (1, 0, −1) 2 + (1, 1, −2); 4 + (1, 0, −1) ⎪ ⎩ R3c (161) R3c (161) 2 + (2, −1, −1); 4 + (2, 0, −2)

a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c

1, −1, 0 0, 1, −1 1, 0, −1

• Seriesof maximal isomorphic subgroups      [p] a
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p − 2)b + (p + 1)c , b
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p + 1)b + (p − 2)c , c
= 13 (p − 2)a + (p + 1)b + (p + 1)c  R3c (161) 2; 4 + ( 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 ) a
= 13 (p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations prime p > 4; p = 6n − 1 no conjugate subgroups       [p] a
= 13 (p + 2)a + (p − 1)b + (p − 1)c , b
= 13 (p − 1)a + (p + 2)b + (p − 1)c , c
= 13 (p − 1)a + (p − 1)b + (p + 2)c  R3c (161) 2; 4 + ( 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 ) a
= 13 (p + 2)a. . . , see lattice relations prime p > 6; p = 6n + 1 no conjugate subgroups       [p2 ] a
= 13 (p + 1)a + (1 − 2p)b + (p + 1)c , b
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p + 1)b + (1 − 2p)c , c
= 13 (1 − 2p)a + (p + 1)b + (p + 1)c  R3c (161) 2 + (u + v, −2u + v, u − 2v); 4 + (u + v, 0, −u − v) a
= 13 (p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations u, −u + v, −v p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p 2 p conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1       [p2 ] a
= 13 (2p + 1)a + (1 − p)b + (1 − p)c , b
= 13 (1 − p)a + (2p + 1)b + (1 − p)c , c
= 13 (1 − p)a + (1 − p)b + (2p + 1)c  R3c (161) 2 + (u + v, −2u + v, u − 2v); 4 + (u + v, 0, −u − v) a
= 13 (2p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations u, −u + v, −v prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1 I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (167); [4] P43n ¯ (218); [4] F 43c ¯ (219); [4] I 43d ¯ (220) [2] R3c II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [3] a
= 13 (2a − b − c), b
= 13 (−a + 2b − c), c
= 13 (a + b + c) P31c (159); [2] a
= 12 (−a + b + c), b
= 12 (a − b + c), c
= 12 (a + b − c) R3m (160)

343

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 162, pp. 344–345.

P 3¯ 1 m

D13d

P 3¯ 1 2/m

No. 162

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

l

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z x¯ + y, y, z¯ y, x¯ + y, z¯ x − y, y, ¯z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x, x − y, z¯ x − y, x, z¯ x, ¯ x¯ + y, z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P31m (157) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12 [2] P312 (149) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 ¯ ¯ [2] P311 (147, P3) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9
[3] P112/m (12, C12/m1) 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] P112/m (12, C12/m1) 1; 5; 7; 11 [3] P112/m (12, C12/m1) 1; 6; 7; 12

−a − b, a − b, c a, a + 2b, c b, −2a − b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c ¯ P31c (163) 2; 7; 4 + (0, 0, 1) ¯ P31c (163) 2; 4; 7 + (0, 0, 1) ¯ P31m (162) 2; 4; 7 ¯ P31m (162) 2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 1)
= 3c [3] c ⎧ ¯ (162) 2; 4; 7 ⎨ P31m ¯ P31m (162) 2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 2) ⎩ ¯ P31m (162) 2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 4)

= 3a, b = 3b [3] a ⎧ ¯ ¯ (164, P3m1) 2; 4; 7 ⎨ H 31m ¯ ¯ H 31m (164, P3m1) 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0); 7 + (2, 0, 0) ⎩ ¯ ¯ H 31m (164, P3m1) 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 7) + (2, 2, 0)


[3] a = a − b, b = a + 2b, c = 3c ⎧ ¯ (166) 2; 4; 7 ⎨ R3m ¯ (166) R3m 2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 2) ⎩ ¯ R3m (166) 2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 4)


= 2a + b, b = −a + b, c = 3c [3] a ⎧ ¯ 2; 4; 7 ⎨ R3m (166) ¯ (166) R3m 2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 2) ⎩ ¯ R3m (166) 2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 4)

= 2a, b = 2b [4] a ⎧ ¯ P31m (162) 2; 4; 7 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ P31m (162) 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0); 7 + (2, 0, 0) ¯ P 31m (162) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0); 7 + (0, 2, 0) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ P31m (162) 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 7) + (2, 2, 0)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0

a − b, a + 2b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u + v, u + v, 0); 7 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc ¯ P31m (162)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ P31m (162)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

344

CONTINUED

P 3¯ 1 m

No. 162

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P6/mmm (191); [2] P63 /mcm (193) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ ¯ [3] H 31m (164, P3m1) • Decreased unit cell

none

345

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 163, p. 346.

P 3¯ 1 c

D23d

P 3¯ 1 2/c

No. 163

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

i

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, x, z + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z x¯ + y, y, z¯ + 12 y, x¯ + y, z¯ x − y, y, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P31c (159) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12 [2] P312 (149) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 ¯ ¯ [2] P311 (147, P3) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9
[3] P112/c (15, C12/c1) 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] P112/c (15, C12/c1) 1; 5; 7; 11 [3] P112/c (15, C12/c1) 1; 6; 7; 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x, x − y, z¯ + 12 x − y, x, z¯ x, ¯ x¯ + y, z + 12

0, 0, 1/4 −a − b, a − b, c a, a + 2b, c b, −2a − b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell
[3] ⎧ c = 3c ¯ (163) 2; 7; 4 + (0, 0, 1) ⎨ P31c ¯ P31c (163) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 3); 7 + (0, 0, 2) ⎩ ¯ P31c (163) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 5); 7 + (0, 0, 4)

= 3a, b = 3b [3] a ⎧ ¯ ¯ (165, P3c1) 2; 4; 7 ⎨ H 31c ¯ ¯ H 31c (165, P3c1) 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0); 7 + (2, 0, 0) ⎩ ¯ ¯ H 31c (165, P3c1) 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 7) + (2, 2, 0)


= a − b, b = a + 2b, c = 3c [3] a ⎧ ¯ (167) 2; 7; 4 + (0, 0, 1) ⎨ R3c ¯ R3c (167) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 3); 7 + (0, 0, 2) ⎩ ¯ R3c (167) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 5); 7 + (0, 0, 4)


[3] ⎧ a = 2a + b, b = −a + b, c = 3c ¯ (167) 2; 7; 4 + (0, 0, 1) ⎨ R3c ¯ R3c (167) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 3); 7 + (0, 0, 2) ⎩ ¯ R3c (167) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 5); 7 + (0, 0, 4)

[4] ⎧ a = 2a, b = 2b ¯ P31c (163) 2; 4; 7 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ P31c (163) 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0); 7 + (2, 0, 0) ¯ (163) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (1, 1, 0); 7 + (0, 2, 0) ⎪ P31c ⎪ ⎩ ¯ P31c (163) 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 7) + (2, 2, 0) • Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc ¯ P31c (163) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 7 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ P31c (163) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u + v, u + v, 0); 7 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P6/mcc (192); [2] P63 /mmc (194) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ (165, P3c1) ¯ [3] H 31c

• Decreased unit cell ¯ (162) [2] c
= 12 c P31m Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

346

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0

a − b, a + 2b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, 3c a − b, a + 2b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c 2a + b, −a + b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 164, p. 347.

D33d

P 3¯ 2/m 1

No. 164

P 3¯ m 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

j

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z y, x, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z x − y, y, ¯ z¯ y, x¯ + y, z¯ x¯ + y, y, z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P3m1 (156) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12 [2] P321 (150) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 ¯ ¯ [2] P311 (147, P3) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9
[3] P12/m1 (12, C12/m1) 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] P12/m1 (12, C12/m1) 1; 5; 7; 11 [3] P12/m1 (12, C12/m1) 1; 6; 7; 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ x − y, x, z¯ x, x − y, z

−a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c ¯ P3c1 (165) ¯ P3c1 (165) ¯ P3m1 (164) ¯ P3m1 (164)
= 3c [3] c ⎧ ¯ (164) ⎨ P3m1 ¯ P3m1 (164) ⎩ ¯ P3m1 (164)

[3] ⎧ a = 3a, b = 3b ¯ ¯ ⎨ H 3m1 (162, P31m) ¯ ¯ H 3m1 (162, P31m) ⎩ ¯ ¯ H 3m1 (162, P31m)

[4] a = 2a, b = 2b ⎧ ¯ P3m1 (164) ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ P3m1 (164) ¯ P3m1 (164) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ P3m1 (164)

2; 2; 2; 2;

7; 4 + (0, 0, 1) 4; 7 + (0, 0, 1) 4; 7 (4; 7) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 4; 7 2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 4; 7 (2; 4) + (1, −1, 0); 7 + (2, 0, 0) 4; 2 + (2, 1, 0); 7 + (2, 2, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0

2; 4; 7 (2; 4) + (1, −1, 0); 7 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (−1, 1, 0); 7 + (0, 2, 0) 4; 2 + (2, 1, 0); 7 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc ¯ P3m1 (164) 2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ P3m1 (164) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u − v, −u + v, 0); 7 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P6/mmm (191); [2] P63 /mmc (194) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ (166, R3m); ¯ ¯ (166, R3m) ¯ ¯ ¯ [3] Rrev 3m [3] H 3m1 (162, P31m); [3] Robv 3m

• Decreased unit cell Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none 347

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 165, p. 348.

P 3¯ c 1

D43d

P 3¯ 2/c 1

No. 165

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

g

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z y, x, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z x − y, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, x¯ + y, z¯ x¯ + y, y, z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P3c1 (158) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12 [2] P321 (150) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 ¯ ¯ [2] P311 (147, P3) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9
[3] P12/c1 (15, C12/c1) 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] P12/c1 (15, C12/c1) 1; 5; 7; 11 [3] P12/c1 (15, C12/c1) 1; 6; 7; 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 12 x − y, x, z¯ x, x − y, z + 12

0, 0, 1/4 −a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell


[3] ⎧ c = 3c ¯ (165) ⎨ P3c1 ¯ P3c1 (165) ⎩ ¯ P3c1 (165)

[3] ⎧ a = 3a, b = 3b ¯ ¯ (163, P31c) ⎨ H 3c1 ¯ ¯ H 3c1 (163, P31c) ⎩ ¯ ¯ H 3c1 (163, P31c)

[4] a = 2a, b = 2b ⎧ ¯ P3c1 (165) ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ P3c1 (165) ¯ P3c1 (165) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ P3c1 (165)

2; 7; 4 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 3); 7 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 5); 7 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 4; 7 (2; 4) + (1, −1, 0); 7 + (2, 0, 0) 4; 2 + (2, 1, 0); 7 + (2, 2, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0

2; 4; 7 (2; 4) + (1, −1, 0); 7 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (−1, 1, 0); 7 + (0, 2, 0) 4; 2 + (2, 1, 0); 7 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

2; 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 7 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u − v, −u + v, 0); 7 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc ¯ P3c1 (165)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ P3c1 (165)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P6/mcc (192); [2] P63 /mcm (193) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ (167, R3c); ¯ [3] Rrev 3c ¯ (167, R3c) ¯ ¯ (163, P31c); ¯ [3] H 3c1 [3] Robv 3c • Decreased unit cell

¯ [2] c
= 12 c P3m1 (164)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

348

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 166, pp. 349–351.

D53d

R 3¯ 2/m

No. 166

R 3¯ m

HEXAGONAL AXES

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

36

i

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ ( 13 , 23 , 23 )+

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z y, x, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z x − y, y, ¯ z¯ y, x¯ + y, z¯ x¯ + y, y, z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] R3m (160) (1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12)+ [2] R32 (155) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6)+ ¯ (148, R3) ¯ [2] R31 (1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9)+
[3] R12/m (12, C12/m1) (1; 4; 7; 10)+ [3] R12/m (12, C12/m1) (1; 5; 7; 11)+ (1; 6; 7; 12)+ [3] R12/m (12, C12/m1)

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ x − y, x, z¯ x, x − y, z

1/3(−a + b − 2c), −a − b, c 1/3(−a − 2b − 2c), a, c 1/3(2a + b − 2c), b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations ⎧ ¯ (164) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12 ⎨ [3] P3m1 ¯ [3] P3m1 (164) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12; (4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9) + ( 32 , 13 , 13 ) ⎩ ¯ [3] P3m1 (164) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12; (4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9) + ( 31 , 23 , 23 ) • Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= −b, b
= a + b, c
= 2c ¯ (166) R3m ¯ (166) R3m [2] a
= −b, b
= a + b, c
= 2c ¯ (167) R3c ¯ (167) R3c

[4] a ⎧ = −2b, b = 2a + 2b ¯ (166) R3m ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ R3m (166) ¯ (166) R3m ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ R3m (166)

1/3, 2/3, 2/3 2/3, 1/3, 1/3

2; 4; 7 2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 1)

−b, a + b, 2c −b, a + b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2; 7; 4 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 4; 7 + (0, 0, 1)

−b, a + b, 2c −b, a + b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2; 4; 7 (2; 4) + (1, −1, 0); 7 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (−1, 1, 0); 7 + (0, 2, 0) 4; 2 + (2, 1, 0); 7 + (2, 2, 0)

−2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

−b, a + b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

−pb, pa + pb, c

u, v, 0

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc ¯ (166) R3m 2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n − 1 ¯ (166) R3m 2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1 [p2 ] a
= −pb, b
= pa + pb ¯ (166) R3m 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u − v, −u + v, 0); 7 + (2u, 2v, 0) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ (166) R3m 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u − v, −u + v, 0); 7 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

349

R 3¯ m

No. 166

HEXAGONAL AXES

CONTINUED

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (221); [4] Pn3m ¯ (224); [4] Fm3m ¯ (225); [4] Fd 3m ¯ (227); [4] Im3m ¯ (229) [4] Pm3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell ¯ [3] a
= 13 (2a + b), b
= 13 (−a + b), c
= 13 c P31m (162)

R 3¯ m

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

No. 166

(Continued from the facing page)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (221); [4] Pn3m ¯ (224); [4] Fm3m ¯ (225); [4] Fd 3m ¯ (227); [4] Im3m ¯ (229) [4] Pm3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

¯ (162) [3] a
= 13 (2a − b − c), b
= 13 (−a + 2b − c), c
= 13 (a + b + c) P31m

350

D53d

R 3¯ 2/m

No. 166

R 3¯ m

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

i

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z z¯, y, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z, y, x

(2) (5) (8) (11)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] R3m (160) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12 [2] R32 (155) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 ¯ (148, R3) ¯ [2] R31 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9
[3] R12/m (12, C12/m1) 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] R12/m (12, C12/m1) 1; 5; 7; 11 [3] R12/m (12, C12/m1) 1; 6; 7; 12

z, x, y y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, x, z

(3) (6) (9) (12)

y, z, x x, ¯ z¯, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ x, z, y

−a − c, −a + c, a + b + c −a − b, a − b, a + b + c −b − c, b − c, a + b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations

none

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= a + c, b
= a + b, c
= b + c ¯ (166) R3m 2; 4; 7 ¯ (166) R3m 2; (4; 7) + (1, 1, 1) [2] a
= a + c, b
= a + b, c
= b + c ¯ (167) R3c 2; 7; 4 + (1, 1, 1) ¯ (167) R3c 2; 4; 7 + (1, 1, 1)

= a − b, b = b − c, c
= a + b + c [3] a ⎧ ¯ (164) 2; 4; 7 ⎨ P3m1 ¯ P3m1 (164) 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 0, 1); 7 + (2, 0, 0) ⎩ ¯ P3m1 (164) 2 + (1, 0, −1); 4 + (1, 2, 1); 7 + (2, 2, 0)

= a − b + c, b = a + b − c, c
= −a + b + c [4] a ⎧ ¯ (166) R3m 2; 4; 7 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ R3m (166) (2; 4) + (1, −2, 1); 7 + (2, −2, 0) ¯ (166) 2 + (1, 1, −2); 4 + (−1, 2, −1); 7 + (0, 2, −2) ⎪ R3m ⎪ ⎩ ¯ R3m (166) 4; 2 + (2, −1, −1); 7 + (2, 0, −2)

a + c, a + b, b + c a + c, a + b, b + c

1/2, 1/2, 1/2

a + c, a + b, b + c a + c, a + b, b + c

1/2, 1/2, 1/2

a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0

a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c

1, −1, 0 0, 1, −1 1, 0, −1

• Seriesof maximal isomorphic subgroups      [p] a
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p − 2)b + (p + 1)c , b
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p + 1)b + (p − 2)c , c
= 13 (p − 2)a + (p + 1)b + (p + 1)c  ¯ (166) R3m 2; (4; 7) + (2u, 2u, 2u) a
= 13 (p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations u, u, u prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups forp = 6n − 1      [p] a
= 13 (p + 2)a + (p − 1)b + (p − 1)c , b
= 13 (p − 1)a + (p + 2)b + (p − 1)c , c
= 13 (p − 1)a + (p − 1)b + (p + 2)c  ¯ (166) a
= 13 (p + 2)a. . . , see lattice relations R3m 2; (4; 7) + (2u, 2u, 2u) u, u, u prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1      [p2 ] a
= 13 (p + 1)a + (1 − 2p)b + (p + 1)c , b
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p + 1)b + (1 − 2p)c , c
= 13 (1 − 2p)a + (p + 1)b + (p + 1)c  ¯ (166) a
= 13 (p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations R3m 2 + (u + v, −2u + v, u − 2v); u, −u + v, −v 4 + (u − v, −2u + 2v, u − v); 7 + (2u, −2u + 2v, −2v) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1      1 2
[p ] a = 3 (2p + 1)a + (1 − p)b + (1 − p)c , b
= 13 (1 − p)a + (2p + 1)b + (1 − p)c , c
= 13 (1 − p)a + (1 − p)b + (2p + 1)c  ¯ (166) a
= 13 (2p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations R3m 2 + (u + v, −2u + v, u − 2v); u, −u + v, −v 4 + (u − v, −2u + 2v, u − v); 7 + (2u, −2u + 2v, −2v) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1 (Continued on the facing page) 351

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 167, pp. 352–354.

R 3¯ c

D63d

R 3¯ 2/c

No. 167

HEXAGONAL AXES

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 32 , 13 , 13 ); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

36

f

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 32 , 13 , 13 )+ ( 13 , 23 , 23 )+

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z y, x, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z x − y, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, x¯ + y, z¯ x¯ + y, y, z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] R3c (161) (1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12)+ [2] R32 (155) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6)+ ¯ (148, R3) ¯ [2] R31 (1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9)+
[3] R12/c (15, C12/c1) (1; 4; 7; 10)+ [3] R12/c (15, C12/c1) (1; 5; 7; 11)+ (1; 6; 7; 12)+ [3] R12/c (15, C12/c1)

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 12 x − y, x, z¯ x, x − y, z + 12

0, 0, 1/4 1/3(−a + b − 2c), −a − b, c 1/3(−a − 2b − 2c), a, c 1/3(2a + b − 2c), b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations ⎧ ¯ [3] P3c1 (165) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12 ⎨ ¯ [3] P3c1 (165) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12; (4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9) + ( 32 , 13 , 13 ) ⎩ ¯ [3] P3c1 (165) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12; (4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9) + ( 31 , 23 , 23 )

1/3, 2/3, 2/3 2/3, 1/3, 1/3

• Enlarged unit cell



[4] ⎧ a = −2b, b = 2a + 2b ¯ ⎪ ⎪ R3c (167) ⎨ ¯ (167) R3c ¯ (167) R3c ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ R3c (167)

2; 4; 7 (2; 4) + (1, −1, 0); 7 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (−1, 1, 0); 7 + (0, 2, 0) 4; 2 + (2, 1, 0); 7 + (2, 2, 0)

−2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c −2b, 2a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

2; 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 7 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n − 1 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 7 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1

−b, a + b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u − v, −u + v, 0); 7 + (2u, 2v, 0) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1

−pb, pa + pb, c

u, v, 0

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (u − v, −u + v, 0); 7 + (2u, 2v, 0) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc ¯ (167) R3c

¯ (167) R3c [p2 ] a
= −pb, b
= pa + pb ¯ (167) R3c

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ (167) R3c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (222); [4] Pm3n ¯ (223); [4] Fm3c ¯ (226); [4] Fd 3c ¯ (228); [4] Ia3d ¯ (230) [4] Pn3n II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

¯ (163); [2] a
= −a, b
= −b, c
= 1 c R3m ¯ (166) [3] a
= 13 (2a + b), b
= 13 (−a + b), c
= 13 c P31c 2 Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

352

D63d

R 3¯ 2/c

R 3¯ c

No. 167

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

f

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

z, x, y y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] R3c (161) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12 [2] R32 (155) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 ¯ (148, R3) ¯ [2] R31 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9
[3] R12/c (15, C12/c1) 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] R12/c (15, C12/c1) 1; 5; 7; 11 [3] R12/c (15, C12/c1) 1; 6; 7; 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

y, z, x x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 y, ¯ z¯, x¯ x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 −a − c, −a + c, a + b + c −a − b, a − b, a + b + c −b − c, b − c, a + b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations

none

• Enlarged unit cell


[3] ⎧ a = a − b, b = b − c, c = a + b + c ¯ (165) 2; 4; 7 ⎨ P3c1 ¯ P3c1 (165) 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (1, 0, 1); 7 + (2, 0, 0) ⎩ ¯ P3c1 (165) 2 + (1, 0, −1); 4 + (1, 2, 1); 7 + (2, 2, 0)

= a − b + c, b = a + b − c, c
= −a + b + c [4] a ⎧ ¯ R3c (167) 2; 4; 7 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ R3c (167) (2; 4) + (1, −2, 1); 7 + (2, −2, 0) ¯ (167) R3c 2 + (1, 1, −2); 4 + (−1, 2, −1); 7 + (0, 2, −2) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ R3c (167) 4; 2 + (2, −1, −1); 7 + (2, 0, −2) • Seriesof maximal isomorphic subgroups 

a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c a − b, b − c, a + b + c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0

a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c a − b + c, a + b − c, −a + b + c

1, −1, 0 0, 1, −1 1, 0, −1

    [p] a
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p − 2)b + (p + 1)c , b
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p + 1)b + (p − 2)c , c
= 13 (p − 2)a + (p + 1)b + (p + 1)c  ¯ (167) R3c 2; 4 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2u); a
= 13 (p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations u, u, u 7 + (2u, 2u, 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups forp = 6n − 1      [p] a
= 13 (p + 2)a + (p − 1)b + (p − 1)c , b
= 13 (p − 1)a + (p + 2)b + (p − 1)c , c
= 13 (p − 1)a + (p − 1)b + (p + 2)c  ¯ (167) R3c 2; 4 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2u); a
= 13 (p + 2)a. . . , see lattice relations u, u, u 7 + (2u, 2u, 2u) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups   for p = 6n + 1    [p2 ] a
= 13 (p + 1)a + (1 − 2p)b + (p + 1)c , b
= 13 (p + 1)a + (p + 1)b + (1 − 2p)c , c
= 13 (1 − 2p)a + (p + 1)b + (p + 1)c  ¯ (167) R3c 2 + (u + v, −2u + v, u − 2v); a
= 13 (p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations u, −u + v, −v 4 + (u − v, −2u + 2v, u − v); 7 + (2u, −2u + 2v, −2v) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p 2 p conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1      1 2
[p ] a = 3 (2p + 1)a + (1 − p)b + (1 − p)c , b
= 13 (1 − p)a + (2p + 1)b + (1 − p)c , c
= 13 (1 − p)a + (1 − p)b + (2p + 1)c  ¯ (167) R3c 2 + (u + v, −2u + v, u − 2v); a
= 13 (2p + 1)a. . . , see lattice relations u, −u + v, −v 4 + (u − v, −2u + 2v, u − v); 7 + (2u, −2u + 2v, −2v) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1

353

R 3¯ c

No. 167

RHOMBOHEDRAL AXES

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (222); [4] Pm3n ¯ (223); [4] Fm3c ¯ (226); [4] Fd 3c ¯ (228); [4] Ia3d ¯ (230) [4] Pn3n II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell ¯ (163); [3] a
= 13 (2a − b − c), b
= 13 (−a + 2b − c), c
= 13 (a + b + c) P31c 1 1 1


¯ [2] a = 2 (−a + b + c), b = 2 (a − b + c), c = 2 (a + b − c) R3m (166)

354

CONTINUED

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 168, p. 355.

C61

P6

P6

No. 168

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

d

1

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) y, x¯ + y, z

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x − y, x, z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P3 (143) 1; 2; 3 [3] P2 (3, P112) 1; 4 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P63 (173) P6 (168) [3] c
= 3c P64 (172) P62 (171) P6 (168) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H6 (168, P6) H6 (168, P6) H6 (168, P6) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6 (168) ⎪ ⎨ P6 (168) ⎪ ⎩ P6 (168) P6 (168)

2; 4 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 4

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

4; 2 + (0, 0, 1) 4; 2 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 4

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (2, −2, 0); 4 + (4, 0, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P6 (168)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P6 (168)

2; 4 p prime no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0) pa, pb, c p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 + qr] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + (q + r)b P6 (168) 2 + (u, −u, 0); 4 + (2u, 0, 0) qa − rb, ra + (q + r)b, c prime p = 3 or p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P6/m (175); [2] P622 (177); [2] P6mm (183); [2] P6cc (184) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

355

u, v, 0

u, 0, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 169, p. 356.

P 61

No. 169

C62

P 61

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

a

1

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 13 (5) y, x¯ + y, z + 56

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 23 (6) x − y, x, z + 16

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P31 (144) 1; 2; 3 1; 4 [3] P21 (4, P1121 ) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H61 (169, P61 ) H61 (169, P61 ) H61 (169, P61 ) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6 (169) ⎪ ⎨ 1 P61 (169) ⎪ ⎩ P61 (169) P61 (169)

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (2, −2, 0); 4 + (4, 0, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc p 1 1 P65 (170) 2 + (0, 0, 2p 3 − 3 ); 4 + (0, 0, 2 − 2 ) prime p > 4; p = 6n − 1 no conjugate subgroups 2 + (0, 0, 3p − 13 ); 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) P61 (169) prime p > 6; p = 6n + 1 no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0) P61 (169) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 + qr] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + (q + r)b 2 + (u, −u, 0); 4 + (2u, 0, 0) P61 (169) prime p = 3 or p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

a, b, pc a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + (q + r)b, c

u, 0, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P61 22 (178) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P62 (171); [3] c
= 13 c P63 (173)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

356

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 170, p. 357.

C63

P 65

P 65

No. 170

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

a

1

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 23 (5) y, x¯ + y, z + 16

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 13 (6) x − y, x, z + 56

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P32 (145) 1; 2; 3 1; 4 [3] P21 (4, P1121 ) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H65 (170, P65 ) H65 (170, P65 ) H65 (170, P65 ) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6 (170) ⎪ ⎨ 5 P65 (170) ⎪ ⎩ P65 (170) P65 (170)

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (2, −2, 0); 4 + (4, 0, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc p 2 1 P65 (170) 2 + (0, 0, 2p 3 − 3 ); 4 + (0, 0, 2 − 2 ) prime p > 6; p = 6n + 1 no conjugate subgroups 2 + (0, 0, 3p − 23 ); 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) P61 (169) prime p > 4; p = 6n − 1 no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0) P65 (170) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 + qr] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + (q + r)b 2 + (u, −u, 0); 4 + (2u, 0, 0) P65 (170) prime p = 3 or p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

a, b, pc a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + (q + r)b, c

u, 0, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P65 22 (179) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P64 (172); [3] c
= 13 c P63 (173)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

357

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 171, p. 358.

P 62

No. 171

C64

P 62

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 23 (5) y, x¯ + y, z + 23

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 13 (6) x − y, x, z + 13

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P32 (145) 1; 2; 3 [3] P2 (3, P112) 1; 4 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P64 (172) P61 (169) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H62 (171, P62 ) H62 (171, P62 ) H62 (171, P62 ) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6 (171) ⎪ ⎨ 2 P62 (171) ⎪ ⎩ P62 (171) P62 (171)

2; 4 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (2, −2, 0); 4 + (4, 0, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P64 (172) P62 (171)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P62 (171)

4; 2 + (0, 0, 3p − 23 ) prime p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 no conjugate subgroups 2 4; 2 + (0, 0, 2p 3 − 3 ) prime p > 6; p = 6n + 1 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

a, b, pc

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0) pa, pb, c p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 + qr] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + (q + r)b P62 (171) 2 + (u, −u, 0); 4 + (2u, 0, 0) qa − rb, ra + (q + r)b, c prime p = 3 or p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P62 22 (180) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [3] c
= 13 c P6 (168)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

358

u, v, 0

u, 0, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 172, p. 359.

C65

P 64

P 64

No. 172

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯z

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z + 13 (5) y, x¯ + y, z + 13

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 23 (6) x − y, x, z + 23

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P31 (144) 1; 2; 3 [3] P2 (3, P112) 1; 4 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P62 (171) P65 (170) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H64 (172, P64 ) H64 (172, P64 ) H64 (172, P64 ) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6 (172) ⎪ ⎨ 4 P64 (172) ⎪ ⎩ P64 (172) P64 (172)

4; 2 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 4) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (2, −2, 0); 4 + (4, 0, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P64 (172) P62 (171)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P64 (172)

4; 2 + (0, 0, 3p − 13 ) prime p > 6; p = 6n + 1 no conjugate subgroups 1 4; 2 + (0, 0, 2p 3 − 3 ) prime p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

a, b, pc

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0) pa, pb, c p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 + qr] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + (q + r)b P64 (172) 2 + (u, −u, 0); 4 + (2u, 0, 0) qa − rb, ra + (q + r)b, c prime p = 3 or p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P64 22 (181) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[3] c
= 13 c P6 (168)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

359

u, v, 0

u, 0, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 173, p. 360.

P 63

No. 173

C66

P 63

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

c

1

(1) x, y, z (4) x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) y, x¯ + y, z + 12

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x − y, x, z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P3 (143) 1; 2; 3 [3] P21 (4, P1121 ) 1; 4 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c P63 (173) P65 (170) P61 (169) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H63 (173, P63 ) H63 (173, P63 ) H63 (173, P63 ) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6 (173) ⎪ ⎨ 3 P63 (173) ⎪ ⎩ P63 (173) P63 (173)

2; 4 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 2); 4 + (0, 0, 1) (2; 4) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (2, −2, 0); 4 + (4, 0, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 4 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) a, b, pc P63 (173) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0) pa, pb, c P63 (173) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 2 2
[p = q + r + qr] a = qa − rb, b
= ra + (q + r)b P63 (173) 2 + (u, −u, 0); 4 + (2u, 0, 0) qa − rb, ra + (q + r)b, c prime p = 3 or p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P63 /m (176); [2] P63 22 (182); [2] P63 cm (185); [2] P63 mc (186) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P6 (168)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

360

u, v, 0

u, 0, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 174, p. 361.

C3h1

P 6¯

P 6¯

No. 174

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

6

l

1

(1) x, y, z (4) x, y, z¯

(2) y, ¯ x − y, z (5) y, ¯ x − y, z¯

(3) x¯ + y, x, ¯z (6) x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P3 (143) 1; 2; 3 [3] Pm (6, P11m) 1; 4 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P6¯ (174) P6¯ (174)
[3] ⎧ c = 3c ⎨ P6¯ (174) P6¯ (174) ⎩ ¯ P6 (174) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b ¯ H 6¯ (174, P6) ¯ H 6¯ (174, P6) ¯ ¯ H 6 (174, P6) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6¯ (174) ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ P6 (174) P6¯ (174) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ P6 (174)

2; 4 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2

2; 4 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 4 4; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 4; 2 + (1, 1, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

2/3, 1/3, 0 1/3, 2/3, 0

2; 4; 4; 4;

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

qa − rb, ra + (q + r)b, c

u, 0, 0

4 2 + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P6¯ (174)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P6¯ (174)

2; 4 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

4; 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 [p = q2 + r2 + qr] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + (q + r)b P6¯ (174) 4; 2 + (u, −u, 0) prime p > 6; p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ ¯ (188); [2] P62m ¯ ¯ (190) (187); [2] P6c2 (189); [2] P62c [2] P6/m (175); [2] P63 /m (176); [2] P6m2 II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

361

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 175, p. 362.

P 6/m

No. 175

C6h1

P 6/m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

l

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯z x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, z¯

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z y, x¯ + y, z¯ y, ¯ x − y, z¯

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z x − y, x, z¯ x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P6¯ (174) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12 [2] P6 (168) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 [2] P3¯ (147) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9 [3] P2/m (10, P112/m) 1; 4; 7; 10 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P63 /m (176) P63 /m (176) P6/m (175) P6/m (175) [3] c
= 3c
P6/m (175) P6/m (175) P6/m (175) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H6/m (175, P6/m) H6/m (175, P6/m) H6/m (175, P6/m) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6/m (175) ⎪ ⎨ P6/m (175) ⎪ ⎩ P6/m (175) P6/m (175)

2; 2; 2; 2;

7; 4 + (0, 0, 1) (4; 7) + (0, 0, 1) 4; 7 4; 7 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

2; 4; 7 2; 4; 7 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 4; 7 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 4; 7 2 + (1, −1, 0); (4; 7) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (2, −2, 0); (4; 7) + (4, 0, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 4; 7 2 + (1, −1, 0); (4; 7) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); (4; 7) + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 7) + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P6/m (175)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P6/m (175)

2; 4; 7 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); (4; 7) + (2u, 2v, 0) p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p

p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1

[p = q2 + r2 + qr] a
= qa − rb, b
= ra + (q + r)b qa − rb, ra + (q + r)b, c P6/m (175) 2 + (u, −u, 0); (4; 7) + (2u, 0, 0) prime p = 3 or p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P6/mmm (191); [2] P6/mcc (192) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

362

u, 0, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 176, p. 363.

C6h2

P 63/m

P 63/m

No. 176

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

i

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, z¯ + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z + 12 y, x¯ + y, z¯ y, ¯ x − y, z¯ + 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z + 12 x − y, x, z¯ x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P6¯ (174) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12 [2] P63 (173) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 [2] P3¯ (147) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] P21 /m (11, P1121 /m)

0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c
P63 /m (176) P63 /m (176) P63 /m (176) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H63 /m (176, P63 /m) H63 /m (176, P63 /m) H63 /m (176, P63 /m) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6 /m (176) ⎪ ⎨ 3 P63 /m (176) ⎪ ⎩ P63 /m (176) P63 /m (176)

2; 7; 4 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1); 7 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1); 7 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 4; 7 2 + (1, −1, 0); (4; 7) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (2, −2, 0); (4; 7) + (4, 0, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 4; 7 2 + (1, −1, 0); (4; 7) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); (4; 7) + (0, 2, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 7) + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 7 + (0, 0, 2u) a, b, pc P63 /m (176) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P63 /m (176) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); (4; 7) + (2u, 2v, 0) pa, pb, c p prime; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups for p = 2 or p = 6n − 1 2 2
[p = q + r + qr] a = qa − rb, b
= ra + (q + r)b 2 + (u, −u, 0); (4; 7) + (2u, 0, 0) qa − rb, ra + (q + r)b, c P63 /m (176) prime p = 3 or p = 6n + 1; q > 0; r > 0; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for each pair of q and r I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P63 /mcm (193); [2] P63 /mmc (194) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P6/m (175)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

363

0, 0, u

u, v, 0

u, 0, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 177, p. 364.

P622

No. 177

D16

P622

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

n

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯z y, x, z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

(2) (5) (8) (11)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P611 (168, P6) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 [2] P321 (150) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9 [2] P312 (149) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12
[3] P222 (21, C222) 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] P222 (21, C222) 1; 4; 8; 11 [3] P222 (21, C222) 1; 4; 9; 12

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x¯ + y, y, z¯

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ x, x − y, z¯

a − b, a + b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P63 22 (182) P63 22 (182) P622 (177) P622 (177) [3] c
= 3c
P64 22 (181) P64 22 (181) P6 22 (181)
4 P62 22 (180) P62 22 (180) P6 22 (180)
2 P622 (177) P622 (177) P622 (177) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H622 (177, P622) H622 (177, P622) H622 (177, P622) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P622 (177) ⎪ ⎨ P622 (177) ⎪ ⎩ P622 (177) P622 (177)

2; 2; 2; 2;

7; 4 + (0, 0, 1) (4; 7) + (0, 0, 1) 4; 7 4; 7 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

4; 4; 4; 4; 4; 4; 2; 2; 2;

(2; 7) + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 7 + (0, 0, 3) 2 + (0, 0, 1); 7 + (0, 0, 5) (2; 7) + (0, 0, 2) 2 + (0, 0, 2); 7 + (0, 0, 4) 2 + (0, 0, 2); 7 + (0, 0, 6) 4; 7 4; 7 + (0, 0, 2) 4; 7 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2 0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2 0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 4; 7 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) (2; 7) + (2, −2, 0); 4 + (4, 0, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 4; 7 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0); 7 + (−1, 1, 0) 7; 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

2; 4; 7 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0); 7 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P622 (177)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P622 (177)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P6/mmm (191); [2] P6/mcc (192) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

364

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 178, p. 365.

D26

P 61 2 2

P 61 2 2

No. 178

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

c

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 y, x, z¯ + 13 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 56

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z + 13 y, x¯ + y, z + 56 x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x¯ + y, y, z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P61 11 (169, P61 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9 [2] P31 21 (152) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12 [2] P31 12 (151)
1; 4; 7; 10 [3] P21 22 (20, C2221 ) 1; 4; 8; 11 [3] P21 22 (20, C2221 ) [3] P21 22 (20, C2221 ) 1; 4; 9; 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 23 x − y, x, z + 16 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 23 x, x − y, z¯ + 16

−a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

0, 0, 1/6 0, 0, 1/12 0, 0, 5/12 0, 0, 3/4 0, 0, 1/12

2; 4; 7 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0); 7 + (1, −1, 1) 2 + (2, −2, 0); 4 + (4, 0, 0); 7 + (2, −2, 1)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

0, 0, 5/12 1, 0, 5/12 2, 0, 5/12

2; 4; 7 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0); 7 + (−1, 1, 0) 7; 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

p 1 1 2 + (0, 0, 2p 3 − 3 ); 4 + (0, 0, 2 − 2 ); 2p 7 + (0, 0, 3 − 13 + 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n − 1 2 + (0, 0, 3p − 13 ); 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 7 + (0, 0, 3p − 13 + 2u) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0); 7 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H61 22 (178, P61 22) H61 22 (178, P61 22) H61 22 (178, P61 22) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6 22 (178) ⎪ ⎨ 1 P61 22 (178) ⎪ ⎩ P61 22 (178) P61 22 (178)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P65 22 (179)

P61 22 (178)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P61 22 (178)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P62 22 (180); [3] c
= 13 c P63 22 (182)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

365

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 179, p. 366.

P 65 2 2

No. 179

D36

P 65 2 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

c

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 y, x, z¯ + 23 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 16

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z + 23 y, x¯ + y, z + 16 x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x¯ + y, y, z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P65 11 (170, P65 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9 [2] P32 21 (154) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12 [2] P32 12 (153)
1; 4; 7; 10 [3] P21 22 (20, C2221 ) 1; 4; 8; 11 [3] P21 22 (20, C2221 ) [3] P21 22 (20, C2221 ) 1; 4; 9; 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 13 x − y, x, z + 56 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 13 x, x − y, z¯ + 56

−a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

0, 0, 1/3 0, 0, 5/12 0, 0, 1/12 0, 0, 3/4 0, 0, 5/12

2; 4; 7 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0); 7 + (1, −1, 1) 2 + (2, −2, 0); 4 + (4, 0, 0); 7 + (2, −2, 1)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

0, 0, 7/12 1, 0, 7/12 2, 0, 7/12

2; 4; 7 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0); 7 + (−1, 1, 0) 7; 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

p 2 1 2 + (0, 0, 2p 3 − 3 ); 4 + (0, 0, 2 − 2 ); 2p 7 + (0, 0, 3 − 23 + 2u) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1 2 + (0, 0, 3p − 23 ); 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 7 + (0, 0, 3p − 23 + 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n − 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0); 7 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H65 22 (179, P65 22) H65 22 (179, P65 22) H65 22 (179, P65 22) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6 22 (179) ⎪ ⎨ 5 P65 22 (179) ⎪ ⎩ P65 22 (179) P65 22 (179)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P65 22 (179)

P61 22 (178)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P65 22 (179)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P64 22 (181); [3] c
= 13 c P63 22 (182)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

366

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 180, p. 367.

D46

P 62 2 2

P 62 2 2

No. 180

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

k

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯z y, x, z¯ + 23 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 23

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z + 23 y, x¯ + y, z + 23 x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x¯ + y, y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P62 11 (171, P62 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9 [2] P32 21 (154) [2] P32 12 (153) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12
[3] P222 (21, C222) 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] P222 (21, C222) 1; 4; 8; 11 [3] P222 (21, C222) 1; 4; 9; 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 13 x − y, x, z + 13 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 13 x, x − y, z¯ + 13

−a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

0, 0, 1/3 0, 0, 1/6 0, 0, 1/3 0, 0, 2/3

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P64 22 (181) P64 22 (181) P61 22 (178) P61 22 (178) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H62 22 (180, P62 22) H62 22 (180, P62 22) H62 22 (180, P62 22) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6 22 (180) ⎪ ⎨ 2 P62 22 (180) ⎪ ⎩ P62 22 (180) P62 22 (180)

2; 2; 2; 2;

4; 7 4; 7 + (0, 0, 1) 7; 4 + (0, 0, 1) (4; 7) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

2; 4; 7 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) (2; 7) + (2, −2, 0); 4 + (4, 0, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

0, 0, 1/3 1, 0, 1/3 2, 0, 1/3

2; 4; 7 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0); 7 + (−1, 1, 0) 7; 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

4; 2 + (0, 0, 3p − 23 ); 7 + (0, 0, 3p − 23 + 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n − 1 2p 2 2 4; 2 + (0, 0, 2p 3 − 3 ); 7 + (0, 0, 3 − 3 + 2u) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0); 7 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P64 22 (181) P62 22 (180)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P62 22 (180)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[3] c
= 13 c P622 (177)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

367

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 181, p. 368.

P 64 2 2

No. 181

D56

P 64 2 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

k

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯z y, x, z¯ + 13 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 13

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z + 13 y, x¯ + y, z + 13 x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x¯ + y, y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P64 11 (172, P64 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9 [2] P31 21 (152) [2] P31 12 (151) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12
[3] P222 (21, C222) 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] P222 (21, C222) 1; 4; 8; 11 [3] P222 (21, C222) 1; 4; 9; 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯ z + 23 x − y, x, z + 23 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 23 x, x − y, z¯ + 23

−a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

0, 0, 1/6 0, 0, 1/3 0, 0, 2/3 0, 0, 1/3

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P62 22 (180) P62 22 (180) P65 22 (179) P65 22 (179) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H64 22 (181, P64 22) H64 22 (181, P64 22) H64 22 (181, P64 22) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6 22 (181) ⎪ ⎨ 4 P64 22 (181) ⎪ ⎩ P64 22 (181) P64 22 (181)

4; (2; 7) + (0, 0, 1) 4; 2 + (0, 0, 1); 7 + (0, 0, 2) 7; (2; 4) + (0, 0, 1) (2; 4; 7) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

2; 4; 7 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) (2; 7) + (2, −2, 0); 4 + (4, 0, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

0, 0, 1/6 1, 0, 1/6 2, 0, 1/6

2; 4; 7 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0); 7 + (−1, 1, 0) 7; 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

4; 2 + (0, 0, 3p − 13 ); 7 + (0, 0, 3p − 13 + 2u) prime p > 6; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n + 1 2p 1 1 4; 2 + (0, 0, 2p 3 − 3 ); 7 + (0, 0, 3 − 3 + 2u) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups for p = 6n − 1

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0); 7 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P64 22 (181) P62 22 (180)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P64 22 (181)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[3] c
= 13 c P622 (177)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

368

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 182, p. 369.

D66

P 63 2 2

P 63 2 2

No. 182

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

i

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 y, x, z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z + 12 x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x¯ + y, y, z¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P63 11 (173, P63 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 [2] P321 (150) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9 [2] P312 (149) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12
1; 4; 7; 10 [3] P21 22 (20, C2221 ) 1; 4; 8; 11 [3] P21 22 (20, C2221 ) 1; 4; 9; 12 [3] P21 22 (20, C2221 )

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z + 12 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ x, x − y, z¯ + 12

−a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c
P63 22 (182) P63 22 (182) P6 22 (182)
3 P65 22 (179) P65 22 (179) P6 22 (179)
5 P61 22 (178) P61 22 (178) P61 22 (178) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H63 22 (182, P63 22) H63 22 (182, P63 22) H63 22 (182, P63 22) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6 22 (182) ⎪ ⎨ 3 P63 22 (182) ⎪ ⎩ P63 22 (182) P63 22 (182)

2; 7; 4 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1); 7 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1); 7 + (0, 0, 4) (2; 7) + (0, 0, 2); 4 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (0, 0, 2); 4 + (0, 0, 1); 7 + (0, 0, 4) 2 + (0, 0, 2); 4 + (0, 0, 1); 7 + (0, 0, 6) (2; 4; 7) + (0, 0, 1) (2; 4) + (0, 0, 1); 7 + (0, 0, 3) (2; 4) + (0, 0, 1); 7 + (0, 0, 5)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

2; 4; 7 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0); 7 + (1, −1, 1) 2 + (2, −2, 0); 4 + (4, 0, 0); 7 + (2, −2, 1)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

0, 0, 1/4 1, 0, 1/4 2, 0, 1/4

2; 4; 7 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0); 7 + (−1, 1, 0) 7; 2 + (2, 1, 0); 4 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 7 + (0, 0, 2u) P63 22 (182) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P63 22 (182) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0); 7 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P63 /mcm (193); [2] P63 /mmc (194) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P622 (177)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

369

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2 0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2 0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 183, p. 370.

P6mm

No. 183

C6v1

P6mm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

f

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯z y, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z x¯ + y, y, z x − y, y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P611 (168, P6) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 [2] P31m (157) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12 [2] P3m1 (156) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9
[3] P2mm (35, Cmm2) 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] P2mm (35, Cmm2) 1; 4; 8; 11 [3] P2mm (35, Cmm2) 1; 4; 9; 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z x, x − y, z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z

−a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] c
= 2c P63 mc (186) P63 cm (185) P6cc (184) P6mm (183) [3] c
= 3c P6mm (183) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H6mm (183, P6mm) H6mm (183, P6mm) H6mm (183, P6mm) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6mm (183) ⎪ ⎨ P6mm (183) ⎪ ⎩ P6mm (183) P6mm (183)

2; 2; 2; 2;

7; 4 + (0, 0, 1) (4; 7) + (0, 0, 1) 4; 7 + (0, 0, 1) 4; 7

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 4; 7

a, b, 3c

2; 4; 7 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, −2, 0); 4 + (4, 0, 0); 7 + (2, 2, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 4; 7 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 7) + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P6mm (183) 2; 4; 7 p prime no conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P6mm (183) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0); 7 + (u + v, u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

pa, pb, c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P6/mmm (191) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

370

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 184, p. 371.

C6v2

P6cc

P6cc

No. 184

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

d

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12 y, x, z + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z x¯ + y, y, z + 12 x − y, y, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P611 (168, P6) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 [2] P31c (159) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12 [2] P3c1 (158) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9
[3] P2cc (37, Ccc2) 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] P2cc (37, Ccc2) 1; 4; 8; 11 [3] P2cc (37, Ccc2) 1; 4; 9; 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z x, x − y, z + 12 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z + 12

−a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c P6cc (184) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H6cc (184, P6cc) H6cc (184, P6cc) H6cc (184, P6cc) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6cc (184) ⎪ ⎨ P6cc (184) ⎪ ⎩ P6cc (184) P6cc (184)

2; 4; 7 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

2; 4; 7 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, −2, 0); 4 + (4, 0, 0); 7 + (2, 2, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 4; 7 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 7) + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P6cc (184)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P6cc (184)

2; 4; 7 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0); 7 + (u + v, u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P6/mcc (192) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P6mm (183)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

371

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 185, p. 372.

P 63 c m

No. 185

C6v3

P 63 c m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

d

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12 y, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z + 12 x¯ + y, y, z + 12 x − y, y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P63 11 (173, P63 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 [2] P3c1 (158) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9 [2] P31m (157) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12
1; 4; 7; 10 [3] P21 cm (36, Cmc21 ) 1; 4; 8; 11 [3] P21 cm (36, Cmc21 ) 1; 4; 9; 12 [3] P21 cm (36, Cmc21 )

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z + 12 x, x − y, z + 12 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z

−a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c P63 cm (185) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H63 cm (186, P63 mc) H63 cm (186, P63 mc) H63 cm (186, P63 mc) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6 cm (185) ⎪ ⎨ 3 P63 cm (185) ⎪ ⎩ P63 cm (185) P63 cm (185)

2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

2; 4; 7 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 7) + (2, 2, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0

2; 4; 7 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 7) + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P63 cm (185)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P63 cm (185)

2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0); 7 + (u + v, u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P63 /mcm (193) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] H63 cm (186, P63 mc) • Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P6mm (183)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

372

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 186, p. 373.

C6v4

P 63 m c

P 63 m c

No. 186

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

d

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯z y, x, z + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z + 12 x¯ + y, y, z x − y, y, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P63 11 (173, P63 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 [2] P31c (159) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12 [2] P3m1 (156) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9
1; 4; 7; 10 [3] P21 mc (36, Cmc21 ) 1; 4; 8; 11 [3] P21 mc (36, Cmc21 ) 1; 4; 9; 12 [3] P21 mc (36, Cmc21 )

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z + 12 x, x − y, z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z + 12

−a − b, a − b, c a, a + 2b, c b, −2a − b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[3] c
= 3c P63 mc (186) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H63 mc (185, P63 cm) H63 mc (185, P63 cm) H63 mc (185, P63 cm) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6 mc (186) ⎪ ⎨ 3 P63 mc (186) ⎪ ⎩ P63 mc (186) P63 mc (186)

2; 7; 4 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c

2; 4; 7 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 7) + (2, 2, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0

2; 4; 7 2 + (1, −1, 0); 4 + (2, 0, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 4 + (0, 2, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 7) + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P63 mc (186)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P63 mc (186)

2; 7; 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2 no conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 4 + (2u, 2v, 0); 7 + (u + v, u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P63 /mmc (194) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] H63 mc (185, P63 cm) • Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P6mm (183)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

373

u, v, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 187, pp. 374–375.

P 6¯ m 2

D13h

P 6¯ m 2

No. 187

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

o

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, y, z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, ¯ x − y, z¯ x¯ + y, y, z x¯ + y, y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ ¯ [2] P611 (174, P6) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 [2] P3m1 (156) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9 [2] P312 (149) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12
[3] Pmm2 (38, Amm2) 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] Pmm2 (38, Amm2) 1; 4; 8; 11 [3] Pmm2 (38, Amm2) 1; 4; 9; 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ x, x − y, z x, x − y, z¯

c, −a − b, a − b c, a, a + 2b c, b, −2a − b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c ¯ P6c2 (188) ¯ P6c2 (188) ¯ P6m2 (187) ¯ P6m2 (187)
[3] c = 3c ⎧ ¯ (187) ⎨ P6m2 ¯ P6m2 (187) ⎩ ¯ P6m2 (187)

[3] ⎧ a = 3a, b = 3b ¯ ¯ (189, P62m) ⎨ H 6m2 ¯ ¯ H 6m2 (189, P62m) ⎩ ¯ ¯ ⎧ H 6m2 (189, P62m) ¯ ¯ ⎨ H 6m2 (189, P62m) ¯ ¯ H 6m2 (189, P62m) ⎩ ¯ ¯ ⎧ H 6m2 (189, P62m) ¯ ¯ H 6m2 (189, P 62m) ⎨ ¯ ¯ H 6m2 (189, P62m) ⎩ ¯ ¯ H 6m2 (189, P62m) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ ¯ P6m2 (187) ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ P6m2 (187) ¯ P6m2 (187) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ P6m2 (187)

2; 2; 2; 2;

(4; 7) + (0, 0, 1) 4; 7 + (0, 0, 1) 4; 7 7; 4 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

2; 4; 7 2; 7; 4 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 7; 4 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 4; 4; 4; 4; 4; 4; 4; 4;

4; 7 2 + (1, −1, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 7 + (2, 2, 0) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) (2; 7) + (2, 2, 0) 2 + (3, 4, 0); 7 + (3, 3, 0) (2; 7) + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 0); 7 + (2, 2, 0) 2 + (3, −1, 0); 7 + (3, 3, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 2/3, 1/3, 0 2/3, 4/3, 0 2/3, 7/3, 0 1/3, 2/3, 0 4/3, 2/3, 0 7/3, 2/3, 0

2; 4; 4; 4;

4; 7 2 + (1, −1, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 7 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

2; 7; 4 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

4; 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 7 + (u + v, u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc ¯ P6m2 (187)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ P6m2 (187)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

374

CONTINUED

P 6¯ m 2

No. 187

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P6/mmm (191); [2] P63 /mmc (194) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ ¯ [3] H 6m2 (189, P62m) • Decreased unit cell

none

375

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 188, p. 376.

P 6¯ c 2

D23h

P 6¯ c 2

No. 188

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

l

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, y, z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, ¯ x − y, z¯ + 12 x¯ + y, y, z + 12 x¯ + y, y, z¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ ¯ [2] P611 (174, P6) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 [2] P3c1 (158) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9 [2] P312 (149) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12
[3] Pmc2 (40, Ama2) 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] Pmc2 (40, Ama2) 1; 4; 8; 11 [3] Pmc2 (40, Ama2) 1; 4; 9; 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, x − y, z + 12 x, x − y, z¯

0, 0, 1/4 c, −a − b, a − b c, a, a + 2b c, b, −2a − b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell


[3] ⎧ c = 3c ¯ (188) ⎨ P6c2 ¯ P6c2 (188) ⎩ ¯ P6c2 (188)

[3] ⎧ a = 3a, b = 3b ¯ ¯ (190, P62c) ⎨ H 6c2 ¯ ¯ H 6c2 (190, P62c) ⎩ ¯ ¯ H 6c2 (190, P 62c) ⎧ ¯ ¯ ⎨ H 6c2 (190, P62c) ¯ ¯ H 6c2 (190, P62c) ⎩ ¯ ¯ ⎧ H 6c2 (190, P62c) ¯ ¯ (190, P62c) ⎨ H 6c2 ¯ ¯ H 6c2 (190, P62c) ⎩ ¯ ¯ H 6c2 (190, P62c)

= 2a, b = 2b [4] a ⎧ ¯ P6c2 (188) ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ P6c2 (188) ¯ (188) ⎪ P6c2 ⎪ ⎩ ¯ P6c2 (188)

2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 3); 7 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 5); 7 + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 4; 4; 4; 4; 4; 4; 4; 4;

4; 7 2 + (1, −1, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 7 + (2, 2, 0) 7; 2 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, −1, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (3, 1, 0); 7 + (2, 2, 0) 7; 2 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 3, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (3, 2, 0); 7 + (2, 2, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0 −1/3, 1/3, 0 2/3, 1/3, 0 2/3, 4/3, 0 1/3, −1/3, 0 1/3, 2/3, 0 4/3, 2/3, 0

2; 4; 4; 4;

4; 7 2 + (1, −1, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 7 + (1, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 7 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc ¯ P6c2 (188) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 7 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ P6c2 (188) 4; 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 7 + (u + v, u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P6/mcc (192); [2] P63 /mcm (193) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ (190, P62c) ¯ [3] H 6c2 • Decreased unit cell

¯ [2] c
= 12 c P6m2 (187)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

376

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 189, p. 377.

D33h

P 6¯ 2 m

P 6¯ 2 m

No. 189

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

l

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, y, z¯ y, x, z¯ y, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, ¯ x − y, z¯ x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x − y, y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ ¯ [2] P611 (174, P6) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 [2] P31m (157) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12 [2] P321 (150) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9
[3] Pm2m (38, Amm2) 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] Pm2m (38, Amm2) 1; 4; 8; 11 [3] Pm2m (38, Amm2) 1; 4; 9; 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ x, ¯ x¯ + y, z

c, −a + b, −a − b c, −a − 2b, a c, 2a + b, b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c ¯ P62c (190) ¯ P62c (190) ¯ P62m (189) ¯ P62m (189)
[3] c = 3c ⎧ ¯ (189) ⎨ P62m ¯ P62m (189) ⎩ ¯ P62m (189) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b ¯ ¯ H 62m (187, P6m2) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ ¯ P62m (189) ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ P62m (189) ¯ (189) ⎪ P62m ⎪ ⎩ ¯ P62m (189)

2; 2; 2; 2;

7; 4 + (0, 0, 1) 4; 7 + (0, 0, 1) 4; 7 (4; 7) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 4; 7 2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 2) 2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

2; 4; 7

a − b, a + 2b, c

2; 4; 4; 4;

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

4; 7 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 7 + (−1, 1, 0) 7; 2 + (2, 1, 0)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc ¯ P62m (189) 2; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ P62m (189) 4; 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 7 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P6/mmm (191); [2] P63 /mcm (193) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ ¯ [3] H 62m (187, P6m2) • Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

377

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 190, p. 378.

P 6¯ 2 c

D43h

P 6¯ 2 c

No. 190

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

i

1

(1) (4) (7) (10)

x, y, z x, y, z¯ + 12 y, x, z¯ y, x, z + 12

(2) (5) (8) (11)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, ¯ x − y, z¯ + 12 x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x − y, y, ¯ z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ ¯ [2] P611 (174, P6) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 [2] P31c (159) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12 [2] P321 (150) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9
[3] Pm2c (40, Ama2) 1; 4; 7; 10 [3] Pm2c (40, Ama2) 1; 4; 8; 11 [3] Pm2c (40, Ama2) 1; 4; 9; 12

(3) (6) (9) (12)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ x, ¯ x¯ + y, z + 12

0, 0, 1/4 c, −a + b, −a − b c, −a − 2b, a c, 2a + b, b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell
[3] ⎧ c = 3c ¯ (190) ⎨ P62c ¯ P62c (190) ⎩ ¯ P62c (190) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b ¯ ¯ H 62c (188, P6c2) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ ¯ P62c (190) ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ P62c (190) ¯ P62c (190) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ P62c (190)

2; 7; 4 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 3); 7 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 5); 7 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

2; 4; 7

a − b, a + 2b, c

2; 4; 4; 4;

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

2; 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 7 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

4; 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); 7 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

4; 7 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 7 + (−1, 1, 0) 7; 2 + (2, 1, 0)

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc ¯ P62c (190)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb ¯ P62c (190)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] P6/mcc (192); [2] P63 /mmc (194) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ (188, P6c2) ¯ [3] H 62c

• Decreased unit cell ¯ [2] c
= 12 c P62m (189)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

378

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 191, pp. 379–380.

D16h

P 6/m 2/m 2/m

P 6/m m m

No. 191

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

r

1

(1) (4) (7) (10) (13) (16) (19) (22)

x, y, z x, ¯ y, ¯z y, x, z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ x, y, z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z y, x, z

(2) (5) (8) (11) (14) (17) (20) (23)

y, ¯ x − y, z y, x¯ + y, z x − y, y, ¯ z¯ x¯ + y, y, z¯ y, x¯ + y, z¯ y, ¯ x − y, z¯ x¯ + y, y, z x − y, y, ¯z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P62m (189) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9; 16; 17; 18; 22; 23; 24 ¯ [2] P6m2 (187) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21 [2] P6mm (183) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 [2] P622 (177) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P6/m11 (175, P6/m) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18 ¯ [2] P3m1 (164) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9; 13; 14; 15; 19; 20; 21 ¯ [2] P31m (162) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 22; 23; 24
[3] Pmmm (65, Cmmm) 1; 4; 7; 10; 13; 16; 19; 22 [3] Pmmm (65, Cmmm) 1; 4; 8; 11; 13; 16; 20; 23 [3] Pmmm (65, Cmmm) 1; 4; 9; 12; 13; 16; 21; 24

(3) (6) (9) (12) (15) (18) (21) (24)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x − y, x, z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ x, x − y, z¯ x − y, x, z¯ x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ x, x − y, z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z

−a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] c
= 2c P63 /mmc (194) P63 /mmc (194) P63 /mcm (193) P63 /mcm (193) P6/mcc (192) P6/mcc (192) P6/mmm (191) P6/mmm (191) [3] c
= 3c
P6/mmm (191) P6/mmm (191) P6/mmm (191) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H6/mmm (191, P6/mmm) H6/mmm (191, P6/mmm) H6/mmm (191, P6/mmm) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6/mmm (191) ⎪ ⎨ P6/mmm (191) ⎪ ⎩ P6/mmm (191) P6/mmm (191)

2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2;

7; 13; 4 + (0, 0, 1) (4; 7; 13) + (0, 0, 1) 13; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 1) 7; (4; 13) + (0, 0, 1) 4; 13; 7 + (0, 0, 1) 4; 7; 13 + (0, 0, 1) 4; 7; 13 4; (7; 13) + (0, 0, 1)

a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c a, b, 2c

2; 4; 7; 13 2; 4; (7; 13) + (0, 0, 2) 2; 4; (7; 13) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 4; 7; 13 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); (4; 13) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 7) + (2, −2, 0); (4; 13) + (4, 0, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 4; 7; 13 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); (4; 13) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); (4; 13) + (0, 2, 0); 7 + (−1, 1, 0) 7; 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 13) + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

379

0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2 0, 0, 1/2

P 6/m m m

No. 191

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc P6/mmm (191) 2; 4; (7; 13) + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P6/mmm (191) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); (4; 13) + (2u, 2v, 0); 7 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

CONTINUED

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

none

380

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 192, p. 381.

D26h

P 6/m 2/c 2/c

P 6/m c c

No. 192

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

m

1

(1) (7) (13) (19)

x, y, z y, x, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(2) (8) (14) (20)

y, ¯ x − y, z x − y, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, x¯ + y, z¯ x¯ + y, y, z + 12

(3) (9) (15) (21)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 12 x − y, x, z¯ x, x − y, z + 12

(4) (10) (16) (22)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P62c (190) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9; 16; 17; 18; 22; 23; 24 ¯ [2] P6c2 (188) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21 [2] P6cc (184) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 [2] P622 (177) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12 [2] P6/m11 (175, P6/m) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18 ¯ [2] P3c1 (165) 1; 2; 3; 7; 8; 9; 13; 14; 15; 19; 20; 21 ¯ [2] P31c (163) 1; 2; 3; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 22; 23; 24
[3] Pmcc (66, Cccm) 1; 4; 7; 10; 13; 16; 19; 22 [3] Pmcc (66, Cccm) 1; 4; 8; 11; 13; 16; 20; 23 [3] Pmcc (66, Cccm) 1; 4; 9; 12; 13; 16; 21; 24

x, ¯ y, ¯z y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, y, z¯ y, x, z + 12

(5) (11) (17) (23)

y, x¯ + y, z x¯ + y, y, z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x − y, z¯ x − y, y, ¯ z + 12

(6) (12) (18) (24)

x − y, x, z x, x − y, z¯ + 12 x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ x¯ + y, z + 12

0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4 0, 0, 1/4

−a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c
P6/mcc (192) P6/mcc (192) P6/mcc (192) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H6/mcc (192, P6/mcc) H6/mcc (192, P6/mcc) H6/mcc (192, P6/mcc) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6/mcc (192) ⎪ ⎨ P6/mcc (192) ⎪ ⎩ P6/mcc (192) P6/mcc (192)

2; 4; 13; 7 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 4; 7 + (0, 0, 3); 13 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 4; 7 + (0, 0, 5); 13 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 4; 7; 13 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); (4; 13) + (2, 0, 0) (2; 7) + (2, −2, 0); (4; 13) + (4, 0, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 2, 0, 0

2; 4; 7; 13 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); (4; 13) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); (4; 13) + (0, 2, 0); 7 + (−1, 1, 0) 7; 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 13) + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

2; 4; 7 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); 13 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); (4; 13) + (2u, 2v, 0); 7 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p] c
= pc P6/mcc (192)

[p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P6/mcc (192)

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P6/mmm (191)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

381

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 193, p. 382.

P 63/m c m

D36h

P 63/m 2/c 2/m

No. 193

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

l

1

(1) (7) (13) (19)

x, y, z y, x, z¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12

(2) (8) (14) (20)

y, ¯ x − y, z x − y, y, ¯ z¯ + 12 y, x¯ + y, z¯ x¯ + y, y, z + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P62m (189) 1; 2; 3; ¯ [2] P6c2 (188) 1; 2; 3; [2] P63 cm (185) 1; 2; 3; 1; 2; 3; [2] P63 22 (182) 1; 2; 3; [2] P63 /m11 (176, P63 /m) ¯ [2] P3c1 (165) 1; 2; 3; ¯ [2] P31m (162) 1; 2; 3;
[3] Pmcm (63, Cmcm) 1; 4; 7; [3] Pmcm (63, Cmcm) 1; 4; 8; [3] Pmcm (63, Cmcm) 1; 4; 9;

(3) (9) (15) (21)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ + 12 x − y, x, z¯ x, x − y, z + 12

(4) (10) (16) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, y, z¯ + 12 y, x, z

7; 8; 9; 16; 17; 18; 22; 23; 24 10; 11; 12; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21 4; 5; 6; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12 4; 5; 6; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18 7; 8; 9; 13; 14; 15; 19; 20; 21 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 22; 23; 24 10; 13; 16; 19; 22 11; 13; 16; 20; 23 12; 13; 16; 21; 24

(5) (11) (17) (23)

y, x¯ + y, z + 12 x¯ + y, y, z¯ y, ¯ x − y, z¯ + 12 x − y, y, ¯z

(6) (12) (18) (24)

x − y, x, z + 12 x, x − y, z¯ x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z

0, 0, 1/4

0, 0, 1/4

−a + b, −a − b, c −a − 2b, a, c 2a + b, b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c
P63 /mcm (193) P63 /mcm (193) P63 /mcm (193) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H63 /mcm (194, P63 /mmc) H63 /mcm (194, P63 /mmc) H63 /mcm (194, P63 /mmc) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6 /mcm (193) ⎪ ⎨ 3 P63 /mcm (193) ⎪ ⎩ P63 /mcm (193) P63 /mcm (193)

2; 13; (4; 7) + (0, 0, 1) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1); 7 + (0, 0, 3); 13 + (0, 0, 2) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1); 7 + (0, 0, 5); 13 + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 4; 7; 13 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); (4; 13) + (2, 0, 0) 7; 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 13) + (2, 2, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0

2; 4; 7; 13 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); (4; 13) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); (4; 13) + (0, 2, 0); 7 + (−1, 1, 0) 7; 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 13) + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); 7 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 + 2u); P63 /mcm (193) 13 + (0, 0, 2u) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb P63 /mcm (193) 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); (4; 13) + (2u, 2v, 0); 7 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] H63 /mcm (194, P63 /mmc) • Decreased unit cell [2] c
= 12 c P6/mmm (191) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

382

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 194, p. 383.

D46h

P 63/m 2/m 2/c

P 63/m m c

No. 194

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (4); (7); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

l

1

(1) (7) (13) (19)

x, y, z y, x, z¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z

(2) (8) (14) (20)

y, ¯ x − y, z x − y, y, ¯ z¯ y, x¯ + y, z¯ x¯ + y, y, z

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P62c (190) 1; 2; 3; ¯ [2] P6m2 (187) 1; 2; 3; [2] P63 mc (186) 1; 2; 3; 1; 2; 3; [2] P63 22 (182) 1; 2; 3; [2] P63 /m11 (176, P63 /m) ¯ [2] P3m1 (164) 1; 2; 3; ¯ [2] P31c (163) 1; 2; 3;
[3] Pmmc (63, Cmcm) 1; 4; 7; [3] Pmmc (63, Cmcm) 1; 4; 8; [3] Pmmc (63, Cmcm) 1; 4; 9;

(3) (9) (15) (21)

x¯ + y, x, ¯z x, ¯ x¯ + y, z¯ x − y, x, z¯ x, x − y, z

(4) (10) (16) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯ z + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, y, z¯ + 12 y, x, z + 12

7; 8; 9; 16; 17; 18; 22; 23; 24 10; 11; 12; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21 4; 5; 6; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12 4; 5; 6; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18 7; 8; 9; 13; 14; 15; 19; 20; 21 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 22; 23; 24 10; 13; 16; 19; 22 11; 13; 16; 20; 23 12; 13; 16; 21; 24

(5) (11) (17) (23)

y, x¯ + y, z + 12 x¯ + y, y, z¯ + 12 y, ¯ x − y, z¯ + 12 x − y, y, ¯ z + 12

(6) (12) (18) (24)

x − y, x, z + 12 x, x − y, z¯ + 12 x¯ + y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x, ¯ x¯ + y, z + 12

0, 0, 1/4

−a − b, a − b, c a, a + 2b, c b, −2a − b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [3] c
= 3c
P63 /mmc (194) P63 /mmc (194) P63 /mmc (194) [3] a
= 3a, b
= 3b
H63 /mmc (193, P63 /mcm) H63 /mmc (193, P63 /mcm) H63 /mmc (193, P63 /mcm) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b ⎧ P6 /mmc (194) ⎪ ⎨ 3 P63 /mmc (194) ⎪ ⎩ P63 /mmc (194) P63 /mmc (194)

2; 7; 13; 4 + (0, 0, 1) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1); (7; 13) + (0, 0, 2) 2; 4 + (0, 0, 1); (7; 13) + (0, 0, 4)

a, b, 3c a, b, 3c a, b, 3c

0, 0, 1 0, 0, 2

2; 4; 7; 13 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); (4; 13) + (2, 0, 0) 7; 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 13) + (2, 2, 0)

a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c a − b, a + 2b, c

1, 0, 0 1, 1, 0

2; 4; 7; 13 (2; 7) + (1, −1, 0); (4; 13) + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); (4; 13) + (0, 2, 0); 7 + (−1, 1, 0) 7; 2 + (2, 1, 0); (4; 13) + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c 2a, 2b, c

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0

a, b, pc

0, 0, u

pa, pb, c

u, v, 0

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p] c
= pc 2; 4 + (0, 0, 2p − 12 ); (7; 13) + (0, 0, 2u) P63 /mmc (194) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p p conjugate subgroups [p2 ] a
= pa, b
= pb 2 + (u + v, −u + 2v, 0); (4; 13) + (2u, 2v, 0); P63 /mmc (194) 7 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p = 3; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p p2 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [3] H63 /mmc (193, P63 /mcm)

• Decreased unit cell

[2] c
= 12 c P6/mmm (191)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

383

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 195, p. 384.

P23

No. 195

T1

P23

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

j

1

(1) x, y, z (5) z, x, y (9) y, z, x

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) z, x, ¯ y¯ (10) y, ¯ z, x¯

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) z¯, x, ¯y (11) y, z¯, x¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [3] P21 (16, P222) 1; 2; 3; 4 ⎧ [4] P13 (146, R3) 1; 5; 9 ⎪ ⎨ [4] P13 (146, R3) 1; 6; 12 1; 7; 10 ⎪ ⎩ [4] P13 (146, R3) [4] P13 (146, R3) 1; 8; 11

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) z¯, x, y¯ (12) y, ¯ z¯, x

a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F23 (196) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c ⎧ I2 3 (199) ⎪ ⎨ 1 I21 3 (199) ⎪ ⎩ I21 3 (199) I2 3 (199) ⎧ 1 I2 3 (199) ⎪ ⎨ 1 I21 3 (199) ⎪ ⎩ I21 3 (199) I2 3 (199) ⎧ 1 I23 (197) ⎪ ⎨ I23 (197) ⎪ ⎩ I23 (197) I23 (197) ⎧ I23 (197) ⎪ ⎨ I23 (197) ⎪ ⎩ I23 (197) I23 (197)

2; 3; 5

2a, 2b, 2c

5; 2 + (0, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 3 + (3, 0, 0); 5 + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (0, 3, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (0, 1, −1) 2 + (0, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 2); 5 + (−1, 0, 1) 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (3, 0, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 1); 5 + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 1, −1) 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + (0, 0, 3); 5 + (−1, 0, 1) 2; 3; 5 (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0); 5 + (1, −1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 2, 0); 5 + (0, 1, −1) 2; 3 + (0, 0, 2); 5 + (−1, 0, 1) 5; 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 1) 2 + (3, 1, 0); 3 + (3, 0, 1); 5 + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (1, 3, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 1, −1) 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 3); 5 + (−1, 0, 1)

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc P23 (195) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ ¯ (218) [2] Pm3¯ (200); [2] Pn3¯ (201); [2] P432 (207); [2] P42 32 (208); [2] P43m (215); [2] P43n II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I23 (197); [4] F23 (196)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

384

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 0, 0, 1 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 3/2, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 3/2, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 3/2 1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 0, 0, 1 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 3/2, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 3/2, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 3/2

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 196, p. 385.

T2

F 23

No. 196

F 23

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

h

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) z, x, y (9) y, z, x

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) z, x, ¯ y¯ (10) y, ¯ z, x¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [3] F21 (22, F222) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ ⎧ [4] F13 (146, R3) (1; 5; 9)+ ⎪ ⎨ [4] F13 (146, R3) (1; 6; 12)+ (1; 7; 10)+ ⎪ ⎩ [4] F13 (146, R3) [4] F13 (146, R3) (1; 8; 11)+

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) z¯, x, ¯y (11) y, z¯, x¯

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) z¯, x, y¯ (12) y, ¯ z¯, x

1/2(−a + b), 1/2(−b + c), a + b + c 1/2(a + b), 1/2(−b − c), −a + b − c 1/2(−a − b), 1/2(b − c), a − b − c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(b + c), −a − b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations

⎧ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ [4] ⎪ [4] ⎪ ⎩ [4] ⎧ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ [4] ⎪ [4] ⎪ ⎩ [4] ⎧ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ [4] [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ [4] ⎧ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ [4] ⎪ [4] ⎪ ⎩ [4]

P21 3 (198) P21 3 (198) P21 3 (198) P21 3 (198) P21 3 (198) P21 3 (198) P21 3 (198) P21 3 (198) P23 (195) P23 (195) P23 (195) P23 (195) P23 (195) P23 (195) P23 (195) P23 (195)

1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1;

5; 7; 8; 6; 5; 7; 8; 6; 2; 2; 2; 2; 5; 7; 8; 6;

9; (2; 7; 12) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (3; 8; 10) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (4; 6; 11) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 10; (2; 5; 11) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (3; 6; 9) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (4; 8; 12) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 11; (2; 6; 10) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (3; 5; 12) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (4; 7; 9) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 12; (2; 8; 9) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (3; 7; 11) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (4; 5; 10) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 9; (2; 7; 12) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (3; 8; 10) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (4; 6; 11) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 10; (2; 5; 11) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (3; 6; 9) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (4; 8; 12) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 11; (2; 6; 10) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (3; 5; 12) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (4; 7; 9) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 12; (2; 8; 9) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (3; 7; 11) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (4; 5; 10) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12 3; 4; (5; 6; 7; 8) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (9; 10; 11; 12) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 3; 4; (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (9; 10; 11; 12) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 3; 4; (5; 6; 7; 8) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (9; 10; 11; 12) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 9; (2; 7; 12) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 8; 10) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 6; 11) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 10; (2; 5; 11) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 6; 9) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 8; 12) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 11; (2; 6; 10) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 5; 12) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 7; 9) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 12; (2; 8; 9) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 7; 11) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 5; 10) + (0, 12 , 12 )

• Enlarged unit cell

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 3/4, 1/4, 3/4 1/4, 3/4, 3/4 3/4, 3/4, 1/4 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 0, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/2 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 3/4, 3/4 3/4, 3/4, 1/4 3/4, 1/4, 3/4

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc F23 (196) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ ¯ (219) [2] Fm3¯ (202); [2] Fd 3¯ (203); [2] F432 (209); [2] F41 32 (210); [2] F 43m (216); [2] F 43c II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 c, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P23 (195)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

385

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 197, p. 386.

I 23

No. 197

T3

I 23

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

f

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) x, y, z (5) z, x, y (9) y, z, x

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (6) z, x, ¯ y¯ (10) y, ¯ z, x¯

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (7) z¯, x, ¯y (11) y, z¯, x¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [3] I21 (23, I222) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ ⎧ [4] I13 (146, R3) (1; 5; 9)+ ⎪ ⎨ [4] I13 (146, R3) (1; 6; 12)+ (1; 7; 10)+ ⎪ ⎩ [4] I13 (146, R3) [4] I13 (146, R3) (1; 8; 11)+

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (8) z¯, x, y¯ (12) y, ¯ z¯, x

−a + b, −b + c, 1/2(a + b + c) a + b, −b − c, 1/2(−a + b − c) −a − b, b − c, 1/2(a − b − c) a − b, b + c, 1/2(−a − b + c)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] P23 (195) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12 • Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc I23 (197)

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ [2] Im3¯ (204); [2] I432 (211); [2] I 43m (217) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[4] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P23 (195)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

386

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 198, p. 387.

T4

P 21 3

P 21 3

No. 198

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

12

b

1

(1) x, y, z (5) z, x, y (9) y, z, x

(2) x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 (6) z + 2 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ (10) y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 (11) y + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [3] P21 1 (19, P21 21 21 ) 1; 2; 3; 4 ⎧ [4] P13 (146, R3) 1; 5; 9 ⎪ ⎨ [4] P13 (146, R3) 1; 6; 12 1; 7; 10 ⎪ ⎩ [4] P13 (146, R3) [4] P13 (146, R3) 1; 8; 11

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 (12) y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12

a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc P21 3 (198)

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2v, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (2u, 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups [2] Pa3¯ (205); [2] P43 32 (212); [2] P41 32 (213) II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I21 3 (199); [4] F23 (196) • Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

387

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 199, p. 388.

I 21 3

No. 199

T5

I 21 3

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

c

1

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) x, y, z (5) z, x, y (9) y, z, x

¯ z + 12 (2) x¯ + 12 , y, (6) z + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ (10) y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12

(3) x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 (7) z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 1 (11) y + 2 , z¯ + 12 , x¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [3] I21 1 (24, I21 21 21 ) (1; 2; 3; 4)+ ⎧ [4] I13 (146, R3) (1; 5; 9)+ ⎪ ⎨ [4] I13 (146, R3) (1; 6; 12)+ [4] I13 (146, R3) (1; 7; 10)+ ⎪ ⎩ [4] I13 (146, R3) (1; 8; 11)+

(4) x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ (8) z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 (12) y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12

−a + b, −b + c, 1/2(a + b + c) a + b, −b − c, 1/2(−a + b − c) −a − b, b − c, 1/2(a − b − c) a − b, b + c, 1/2(−a − b + c)

0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] P21 3 (198) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12 • Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc I21 3 (199) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2v, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (2u, 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (220) [2] Ia3¯ (206); [2] I41 32 (214); [2] I 43d II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [4] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P23 (195)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

388

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 200, p. 389.

Th1

P 2/m 3¯

P m 3¯

No. 200

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

l

1

(1) x, y, z (9) y, z, x (17) z¯, x, ¯ y¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (10) y, ¯ z, x¯ (18) z¯, x, y

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (11) y, z¯, x¯ (19) z, x, y¯

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (12) y, ¯ z¯, x (20) z, x, ¯y

(5) z, x, y (13) x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ (21) y, ¯ z¯, x¯

(6) z, x, ¯ y¯ (14) x, y, z¯ (22) y, z¯, x

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P23 (195) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12 [3] Pm1 (47, Pmmm) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 ⎧ ¯ (148, R3) ¯ [4] P1 3 1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ [4] P13¯ (148, R3) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24 ¯ [4] P13¯ (148, R3) 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22 ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ [4] P13¯ (148, R3) 1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23

(7) z¯, x, ¯y (15) x, y, ¯z (23) y, ¯ z, x

(8) z¯, x, y¯ (16) x, ¯ y, z (24) y, z, x¯

a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c Fm3¯ (202) Fm3¯ (202)


[4] ⎧ a = 2a, b = 2b, c = 2c Ia3¯ (206) ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ Ia3 (206) Ia3¯ (206) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ Ia ⎧ 3 (206) Ia3¯ (206) ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ Ia3 (206) Ia3¯ (206) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ ⎧ Ia3 (206) Im3¯ (204) ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ Im3 (204) Im3¯ (204) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ ⎧ Im3 (204) Im3¯ (204) ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ Im3 (204) Im 3¯ (204) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ Im3 (204)

2; 3; 5; 13 2; 3; 5; 13 + (1, 1, 1)

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

5; 13; 2 + (0, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 3 + (3, 0, 0); 5 + (1, −1, 0); 2 + (0, 3, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (0, 1, −1); 2 + (2, 3, 0); 3 + (3, 0, 0); 5 + (1, 0, −1); 5; 13; 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + (0, 0, 1) 2 + (3, 0, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 1); 5 + (1, −1, 0); 2 + (1, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 1, −1); 2 + (3, 2, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 1); 5 + (1, 0, −1); 2; 3; 5; 13 (2; 3; 13) + (2, 0, 0); 5 + (1, −1, 0) 3; (2; 13) + (0, 2, 0); 5 + (0, 1, −1) 2; (3; 13) + (0, 0, 2); 5 + (−1, 0, 1) 5; 13; 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (3, 1, 0); 3 + (2, 1, 0); 5 + (1, −1, 0); 2 + (1, 3, 0); 3 + (0, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 1, −1); 2 + (3, 3, 0); 3 + (2, 1, 0); 5 + (1, 0, −1);

13 + (2, 0, 0) 13 + (0, 2, 0) 13 + (2, 2, 0) 13 + (2, 0, 0) 13 + (0, 2, 0) 13 + (2, 2, 0)

13 + (2, 0, 0) 13 + (0, 2, 0) 13 + (2, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1/2, 1/2, 1/2

1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1, 1, 0 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 3/2, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 3/2, 1/2 3/2, 3/2, 1/2 1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 0, 0, 1 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 3/2, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 3/2, 1/2 3/2, 3/2, 1/2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc Pm3¯ (200)

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (221); [2] Pm3n ¯ (223) [2] Pm3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Im3¯ (204); [4] Fm3¯ (202)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

389

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 201, pp. 390–391.

P n 3¯ ORIGIN CHOICE

Th2

P 2/n 3¯

No. 201 ¯ 1, Origin at 2 3, at − 14 , − 14 , − 14 from centre (3)

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

h

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P23 (195) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12 [3] Pn1 (48, Pnnn) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 ⎧ ¯ ¯ [4] P1 3 (148, R 3) 1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ [4] P13¯ (148, R3) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24 ¯ 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22 ⎪ [4] P13¯ (148, R3) ⎪ ⎩ ¯ ¯ [4] P13 (148, R3) 1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 12 , x + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z + 12 , x¯ + 12

a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 3/4, 1/4, 3/4 1/4, 3/4, 3/4 3/4, 3/4, 1/4

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1/2, 1/2, 1/2

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c Fd 3¯ (203) Fd 3¯ (203)

2; 3; 5; 13 2; 3; 5; 13 + (1, 1, 1)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc Pn3¯ (201)

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2v); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 2p − 12 + 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (222); [2] Pn3m ¯ (224) [2] Pn3n II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Im3¯ (204); [4] Fm3¯ (202)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

390

Th2

P 2/n 3¯

ORIGIN CHOICE

P n 3¯

No. 201

¯ at 1 , 1 , 1 from 2 3 2, Origin at centre 3, 4 4 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

h

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z z, x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z, x¯ + 12 x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯, x + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y y, z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 z + 12 , x + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P23 (195) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12 [3] Pn1 (48, Pnnn) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 ⎧ ¯ (148, R3) ¯ [4] P1 3 1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ [4] P13¯ (148, R3) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24 ¯ [4] P13¯ (148, R3) 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22 ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ [4] P13¯ (148, R3) 1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x x, ¯ y + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 1 y + 2 , z + 12 , x¯

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

1/2, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1/2, 1/2, 1/2

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c Fd 3¯ (203) Fd 3¯ (203)

2; 3; 5; 13 2; 3; 5; 13 + (1, 1, 1)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc Pn3¯ (201) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 2p − 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (222); [2] Pn3m ¯ (224) [2] Pn3n II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Im3¯ (204); [4] Fm3¯ (202)

• Decreased unit cell

none

391

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 202, pp. 392–393.

F m 3¯

Th3

F 2/m 3¯

No. 202

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

96

i

1

Coordinates (0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ x, y, z¯ z¯, x, y y, z¯, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] F23 (196) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12)+ [3] Fm1 (69, Fmmm) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16)+ ⎧ ¯ (148, R3) ¯ [4] F1 3 (1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ [4] F13¯ (148, R3) (1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24)+ ¯ [4] F13¯ (148, R3) (1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ (1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23)+ [4] F13¯ (148, R3)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ x, y, ¯z z, x, y¯ y, ¯ z, x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x x, ¯ y, z z, x, ¯y y, z, x¯

1/2(−a + b), 1/2(−b + c), a + b + c 1/2(a + b), 1/2(−b − c), −a + b − c 1/2(−a − b), 1/2(b − c), a − b − c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(b + c), −a − b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations ⎧ [4] Pa3¯ (205) 1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21; (2; 7; 12; 14; 19; 24) + (0, 12 , 12 ); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (3; 8; 10; 15; 20; 22) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (4; 6; 11; 16; 18; 23) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] Pa3¯ (205) 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; (2; 5; 11; 14; 17; 23) + (0, 12 , 12 ); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (3; 6; 9; 15; 18; 21) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ (4; 8; 12; 16; 20; 24) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) ¯ ⎪ [4] Pa3 (205) 1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23; (2; 6; 10; 14; 18; 22) + (0, 12 , 12 ); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (3; 5; 12; 15; 17; 24) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (4; 7; 9; 16; 19; 21) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] Pa3¯ (205) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; (2; 8; 9; 14; 20; 21) + (0, 12 , 12 ); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (3; 7; 11; 15; 19; 23) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ (4; 5; 10; 16; 17; 22) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) ⎧ [4] Pa3¯ (205) 1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21; (2; 7; 12; 14; 19; 24) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (3; 8; 10; 15; 20; 22) + (0, 12 , 12 ); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (4; 6; 11; 16; 18; 23) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] Pa3¯ (205) 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; (2; 5; 11; 14; 17; 23) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (3; 6; 9; 15; 18; 21) + (0, 12 , 12 ); ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ (4; 8; 12; 16; 20; 24) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) ¯ ⎪ [4] Pa3 (205) 1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23; (2; 6; 10; 14; 18; 22) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (3; 5; 12; 15; 17; 24) + (0, 12 , 12 ); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (4; 7; 9; 16; 19; 21) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ⎪ [4] Pa3 (205) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; (2; 8; 9; 14; 20; 21) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (3; 7; 11; 15; 19; 23) + (0, 12 , 12 ); ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ (4; 5; 10; 16; 17; 22) + ( 21 , 12 , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

392

−b, a, c

1/2, 1/2, 0

−b, a, c

0, 1/2, 1/2

−b, a, c

1/2, 0, 1/2

−b, a, c

1/2, 1/2, 0

1/2, 0, 1/2

0, 1/2, 1/2

⎧ [4] Pn3¯ (201) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] Pn3¯ (201) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ⎧ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩

Pn3¯ (201)

Pn3¯ (201)

Pm3¯ (200) Pm3¯ (200)

Pm3¯ (200)

Pm3¯ (200)

F m 3¯

No. 202

CONTINUED

1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21; (2; 7; 12; 14; 19; 24) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 8; 10; 15; 20; 22) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 6; 11; 16; 18; 23) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; (2; 5; 11; 14; 17; 23) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 6; 9; 15; 18; 21) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 8; 12; 16; 20; 24) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23; (2; 6; 10; 14; 18; 22) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 5; 12; 15; 17; 24) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 7; 9; 16; 19; 21) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; (2; 8; 9; 14; 20; 21) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 7; 11; 15; 19; 23) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 5; 10; 16; 17; 22) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; (5; 6; 7; 8; 17; 18; 19; 20) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (9; 10; 11; 12; 21; 22; 23; 24) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; (5; 6; 7; 8; 17; 18; 19; 20) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (9; 10; 11; 12; 21; 22; 23; 24) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; (5; 6; 7; 8; 17; 18; 19; 20) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (9; 10; 11; 12; 21; 22; 23; 24) + ( 21 , 0, 12 )

• Enlarged unit cell

0, 1/2, 1/2

1/2, 1/2, 0

1/2, 0, 1/2

1/2, 0, 1/2

1/2, 1/2, 0

0, 1/2, 1/2

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc Fm3¯ (202) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (225); [2] Fm3c ¯ (226) [2] Fm3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pm3¯ (200)

393

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 203, pp. 394–395.

F d 3¯ ORIGIN CHOICE

Th4

F 2/d 3¯

No. 203 ¯ 1, Origin at 2 3, at − 18 , − 18 , − 18 from centre (3)

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

96

g

1

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 z¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ x + 14 , y + 14 , z¯ + 14 z¯ + 14 , x + 14 , y + 14 y + 14 , z¯ + 14 , x + 14

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] F23 (196) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12)+ [3] Fd1 (70, Fddd) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16)+ ⎧ ¯ (148, R3) ¯ [4] F1 3 (1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ [4] F13¯ (148, R3) (1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24)+ ¯ (148, R3) ¯ [4] F1 3 (1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ [4] F13¯ (148, R3) (1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23)+

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ x + 14 , y¯ + 14 , z + 14 z + 14 , x + 14 , y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , z + 14 , x + 14

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x x¯ + 14 , y + 14 , z + 14 z + 14 , x¯ + 14 , y + 14 y + 14 , z + 14 , x¯ + 14

1/2(−a + b), 1/2(−b + c), a + b + c 1/2(a + b), 1/2(−b − c), −a + b − c 1/2(−a − b), 1/2(b − c), a − b − c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(b + c), −a − b + c

1/8, 1/8, 1/8 3/8, 1/8, 3/8 1/8, 3/8, 3/8 3/8, 3/8, 1/8

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations

none

• Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc Fd 3¯ (203) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + ( 4p − 14 + 2u, 4p − 14 + 2v, 4p − 14 + 2w) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 Fd 3¯ (203) 2 + ( 21 + 2u, 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + ( 21 + 2u, 0, 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + ( 4p + 14 + 2u, 4p + 14 + 2v, 4p + 14 + 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

pa, pb, pc

1/4 + u, 1/4 + v, 1/4 + w

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (227); [2] Fd 3c ¯ (228) [2] Fd 3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pn3¯ (201)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

394

Th4

F 2/d 3¯

ORIGIN CHOICE

F d 3¯

No. 203

¯ at 1 , 1 , 1 from 2 3 2, Origin at centre (3), 8 8 8

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

96

g

1

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 , z z, x¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , z, x¯ + 34 x + 14 , y + 14 , z¯ z¯, x + 14 , y + 14 y + 14 , z¯, x + 14

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] F23 (196) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12)+ ⎧ [3] Fd1 (70, Fddd) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16)+ ¯ (1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21)+ ⎪ [4] F13¯ (148, R3) ⎪ ⎨ ¯ [4] F13¯ (148, R3) (1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24)+ ¯ ¯ (1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22)+ ⎪ [4] F13 (148, R3) ⎪ ⎩ ¯ [4] F13¯ (148, R3) (1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23)+

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x¯ + 34 , y, z¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 , y y, z¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 x + 14 , y, ¯ z + 14 z + 14 , x + 14 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 14 , x + 14

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , x, y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 , x x, ¯ y + 14 , z + 14 z + 14 , x, ¯ y + 14 1 y + 4 , z + 14 , x¯

1/8, 1/8, 1/8 1/2(−a + b), 1/2(−b + c), a + b + c 1/2(a + b), 1/2(−b − c), −a + b − c 1/2(−a − b), 1/2(b − c), a − b − c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(b + c), −a − b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations

none

• Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc 3p 3 3 Fd 3¯ (203) 2 + ( 3p 4 − 4 + 2u, 4 − 4 + 2v, 0); 3p 3p 3 3 + ( 4 − 4 + 2u, 0, 4 − 34 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (227); [2] Fd 3c ¯ (228) [2] Fd 3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pn3¯ (201)

395

u, v, w

1/4, 0, 1/4 0, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 0

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 204, p. 396.

I m 3¯

Th5

I 2/m 3¯

No. 204

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

h

1

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ x, y, z¯ z¯, x, y y, z¯, x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I23 (197) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12)+ [3] Im1 (71, Immm) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16)+ ⎧ ¯ (148, R3) ¯ [4] I1 3 (1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ [4] I13¯ (148, R3) (1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24)+ ¯ [4] I13¯ (148, R3) (1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ [4] I13¯ (148, R3) (1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23)+

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ x, y, ¯z z, x, y¯ y, ¯ z, x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x x, ¯ y, z z, x, ¯y y, z, x¯

−a + b, −b + c, 1/2(a + b + c) a + b, −b − c, 1/2(−a + b − c) −a − b, b − c, 1/2(a − b − c) a − b, b + c, 1/2(−a − b + c)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] Pn3¯ (201) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; (13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24)+( 21 , 12 , 12 ) [2] Pm3¯ (200) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 • Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc Im3¯ (204) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (229) [2] Im3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [4] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pm3¯ (200)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

1/4, 1/4, 1/4

396

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 205, p. 397.

Th6

P 21/a 3¯

P a 3¯

No. 205

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

d

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 z + 2 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 12 , y y, z¯ + 12 , x + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 y + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 12 , x

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P21 3 (198) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12 [3] Pa1 (61, Pbca) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 ⎧ ¯ (148, R3) ¯ [4] P1 3 1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ [4] P13¯ (148, R3) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24 ¯ [4] P13¯ (148, R3) 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22 ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ [4] P13¯ (148, R3) 1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12 x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z z, x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z, x¯ + 12

a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc Pa3¯ (205) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2v, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (2u, 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

pa, pb, pc

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] Ia3¯ (206); [4] Fm3¯ (202)

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

397

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 206, p. 398.

I a 3¯

Th7

I 21/a 3¯

No. 206

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

e

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

¯ z + 12 x¯ + 12 , y, 1 z + 2 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12 x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 12 , y y, z¯ + 12 , x + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 y + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 12 , x

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I21 3 (199) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12)+ (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16)+ ⎧ [3] Ia1 (73, Ibca) ¯ ¯ [4] I1 3 (148, R 3) (1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ [4] I13¯ (148, R3) (1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24)+ ¯ ¯ (1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22)+ ⎪ [4] I13 (148, R3) ⎪ ⎩ ¯ [4] I13¯ (148, R3) (1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23)+

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12 x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z z, x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z, x¯ + 12

−a + b, −b + c, 1/2(a + b + c) a + b, −b − c, 1/2(−a + b − c) −a − b, b − c, 1/2(a − b − c) a − b, b + c, 1/2(−a − b + c)

0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] Pa3¯ (205) [2] Pa3¯ (205)

1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 −b, a, c 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; (13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 )

• Enlarged unit cell

3/4, 3/4, 1/4

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc Ia3¯ (206) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2v, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (2u, 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2u); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (230) [2] Ia3d II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[4] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pm3¯ (200)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

398

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 207, p. 399.

O1

P432

P432

No. 207

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

k

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z¯ x, z, y¯ z, y, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, y z, y, ¯x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y, x, ¯z x, ¯ z¯, y¯ z¯, y, x

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P231 (195, P23) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12
[3] P412 (89, P422) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 [3] P412 (89, P422) 1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20 [3] P412 (89, P422) 1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21 ⎧ [4] P132 (155, R32) 1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24 ⎪ ⎨ [4] P132 (155, R32) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22 ⎪ ⎩ [4] P132 (155, R32) [4] P132 (155, R32) 1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y, ¯ x, z x, z¯, y z¯, y, ¯ x¯

b, c, a c, a, b a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F432 (209) 2; 3; 5; 13 F432 (209) 2; 3; 5; 13 + (0, 0, 1) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c ⎧ I432 (211) 2; 3; 5; 13 ⎪ ⎨ I432 (211) 13; 2 + (2, 2, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 0); 5 + (1, 0, −1) I432 (211) (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0); (5; 13) + (1, −1, 0) ⎪ ⎩ I432 (211) 3; 2 + (0, 2, 0); 5 + (0, 1, −1); 13 + (−1, 1, 0) ⎧ I432 (211) 5; 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 1); 13 + (0, 0, 1) ⎪ ⎨ I432 (211) 2 + (3, 3, 0); 3 + (3, 0, 1); 5 + (1, 0, −1); 13 + (0, 0, 1) I432 (211) 2 + (3, 1, 0); 3 + (3, 0, 1); 5 + (1, −1, 0); 13 + (1, −1, 1) ⎪ ⎩ I432 (211) 2 + (1, 3, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 1, −1); 13 + (−1, 1, 1)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc P432 (207) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (u − v, −u + v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1/2, 1/2, 1/2

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1, 1, 0 1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 3/2, 3/2, 1/2 3/2, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 3/2, 1/2

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (221); [2] Pn3n ¯ (222) [2] Pm3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I432 (211); [4] F432 (209) • Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

399

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 208, p. 400.

P 42 3 2

No. 208

O2

P 42 3 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

m

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P231 (195, P23) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12
1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 [3] P42 12 (93, P42 22) 1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20 [3] P42 12 (93, P42 22) [3] P42 12 (93, P42 22) 1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21 ⎧ [4] P132 (155, R32) 1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24 ⎪ ⎨ [4] P132 (155, R32) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24 [4] P132 (155, R32) 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22 ⎪ ⎩ [4] P132 (155, R32) 1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

b, c, a c, a, b a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

0, 1/2, 0 0, 0, 1/2 1/2, 0, 0 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 −1/4, 1/4, −1/4 1/4, −1/4, −1/4 −1/4, −1/4, 1/4

2; 3; 5; 13 2; 3; 5; 13 + (0, 0, 1)

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1/2, 1/2, 1/2

5; 2 + (0, 1, 0); (3; 13) + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 3, 0); 3 + (3, 0, 0); 5 + (1, 0, −1); 13 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 3 + (3, 0, 0); 5 + (1, −1, 0); 13 + (2, −1, 0) 2 + (0, 3, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (0, 1, −1); 13 + (0, 1, 0) 5; 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + (0, 0, 1); 13 + (1, 0, 1) 2 + (3, 2, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 1); 5 + (1, 0, −1); 13 + (1, 0, 1) 2 + (3, 0, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 1); 5 + (1, −1, 0); 13 + (2, −1, 1) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 1, −1); 13 + (0, 1, 1)

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1, 1, 0

2a, 2b, 2c

1, 0, 0

2a, 2b, 2c

0, 1, 0

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1/2, 1/2, 1/2 3/2, 3/2, 1/2

2a, 2b, 2c

3/2, 1/2, 1/2

2a, 2b, 2c

1/2, 3/2, 1/2

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c F41 32 (210) F41 32 (210) [4] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c ⎧ ⎪ I41 32 (214) ⎪ ⎪ I41 32 (214) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ I41 32 (214) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ I41 32 (214) ⎧ I41 32 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ I4 ⎪ 1 32 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ I41 32 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ I41 32

(214) (214) (214) (214)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); P42 32 (208) 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + ( 2p − 12 + u − v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 2p − 12 + 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (223); [2] Pn3m ¯ (224) [2] Pm3n II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I432 (211); [4] F432 (209) • Decreased unit cell Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

400

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 209, p. 401.

O3

F 432

F 432

No. 209

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

96

j

1

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z (9) y, z, x (17) x, z, y¯

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (10) y, ¯ z, x¯ (18) x, ¯ z, y

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (11) y, z¯, x¯ (19) x, ¯ z¯, y¯

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (12) y, ¯ z¯, x (20) x, z¯, y

(5) z, x, y (13) y, x, z¯ (21) z, y, x¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] F231 (196, F23) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12)+
[3] F412 (97, I422) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16)+ [3] F412 (97, I422) (1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20)+ [3] F412 (97, I422) (1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21)+ ⎧ [4] F132 (155, R32) (1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24)+ ⎪ ⎨ [4] F132 (155, R32) (1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24)+ (1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22)+ ⎪ ⎩ [4] F132 (155, R32) [4] F132 (155, R32) (1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22)+

(6) z, x, ¯ y¯ (14) y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ (22) z, y, ¯x

(7) z¯, x, ¯y (15) y, x, ¯z (23) z¯, y, x

(8) z¯, x, y¯ (16) y, ¯ x, z (24) z¯, y, ¯ x¯

1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c 1/2(b − c), 1/2(b + c), a 1/2(−a + c), 1/2(a + c), b 1/2(−a + b), 1/2(−b + c), a + b + c 1/2(a + b), 1/2(−b − c), −a + b − c 1/2(−a − b), 1/2(b − c), a − b − c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(b + c), −a − b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations ⎧ [4] P42 32 (208) 1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; (2; 7; 12; 13; 17; 21) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (3; 8; 10; 15; 20; 22) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 6; 11; 16; 18; 23) + (0, 12 , 12 ) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; (2; 8; 9; 14; 20; 21) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); [4] P42 32 (208) ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ (3; 7; 11; 16; 17; 22) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 5; 10; 15; 19; 23) + (0, 12 , 12 ) ⎪ 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; (2; 5; 11; 14; 17; 23) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); ⎪ [4] P42 32 (208) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (3; 6; 9; 16; 20; 24) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 8; 12; 15; 18; 21) + (0, 12 , 12 ) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; (2; 6; 10; 13; 20; 23) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); [4] P42 32 (208) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ (3; 5; 12; 15; 17; 24) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 7; 9; 16; 19; 21) + (0, 12 , 12 ) ⎧ [4] P432 (207) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] P432 (207) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; (5; 6; 7; 8; 21; 22; 23; 24) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ (9; 10; 11; 12; 17; 18; 19; 20) + (0, 12 , 12 ) [4] P432 (207) 1; 2; 3; 4; 17; 18; 19; 20; (5; 6; 7; 8; 13; 14; 15; 16) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (9; 10; 11; 12; 21; 22; 23; 24) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] P432 (207) 1; 2; 3; 4; 21; 22; 23; 24; (5; 6; 7; 8; 17; 18; 19; 20) + (0, 12 , 12 ); ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ (9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) • Enlarged unit cell

3/4, 1/4, 3/4 1/4, 3/4, 3/4 3/4, 3/4, 1/4

1/2, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 0, 1/2

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc F432 (209) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (u − v, −u + v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (225); [2] Fm3c ¯ (226) [2] Fm3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P432 (207)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

1/4, 1/4, 1/4

401

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 210, pp. 402–403.

F 41 3 2

No. 210

O4

F 41 3 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

96

h

1

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ + 34 x + 34 , z + 14 , y¯ + 34 z + 34 , y + 14 , x¯ + 34

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, ¯ y¯ + 12 1 y¯ + 2 , z + 12 , x¯ y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 x¯ + 34 , z + 34 , y + 14 z + 14 , y¯ + 34 , x + 34

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] F231 (196, F23) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12)+
(1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16)+ [3] F41 12 (98, I41 22) (1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20)+ [3] F41 12 (98, I41 22) [3] F41 12 (98, I41 22) (1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21)+ ⎧ [4] F132 (155, R32) (1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24)+ ⎪ ⎨ [4] F132 (155, R32) (1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24)+ [4] F132 (155, R32) (1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22)+ ⎪ ⎩ [4] F132 (155, R32) (1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22)+

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ z¯, x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯, x¯ + 12 y + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z + 34 x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 z¯ + 34 , y + 34 , x + 14

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z¯ + 12 , x + 12 y¯ + 34 , x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯ + 34 , y + 34 z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14

1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c 1/2(b − c), 1/2(b + c), a 1/2(−a + c), 1/2(a + c), b 1/2(−a + b), 1/2(−b + c), a + b + c 1/2(a + b), 1/2(−b − c), −a + b − c 1/2(−a − b), 1/2(b − c), a − b − c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(b + c), −a − b + c

1/8, 1/8, 1/8 3/8, 1/8, 3/8 1/8, 3/8, 3/8 3/8, 3/8, 1/8

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations

⎧ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ⎧ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎨

P41 32 (213) P41 32 (213) P41 32 (213) P41 32 (213) P43 32 (212) P43 32 (212)

⎪ [4] P43 32 (212) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] P43 32 (212) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩

1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; (5; 6; 7; 8; 21; 22; 23; 24) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (9; 10; 11; 12; 17; 18; 19; 20) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 17; 18; 19; 20; (5; 6; 7; 8; 13; 14; 15; 16) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (9; 10; 11; 12; 21; 22; 23; 24) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 21; 22; 23; 24; (5; 6; 7; 8; 17; 18; 19; 20) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; (2; 7; 12; 13; 17; 21) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 8; 10; 15; 20; 22) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 6; 11; 16; 18; 23) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; (2; 8; 9; 14; 20; 21) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 7; 11; 16; 17; 22) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 5; 10; 15; 19; 23) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; (2; 5; 11; 14; 17; 23) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 6; 9; 16; 20; 24) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 8; 12; 15; 18; 21) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; (2; 6; 10; 13; 20; 23) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 5; 12; 15; 17; 24) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 7; 9; 16; 19; 21) + (0, 12 , 12 )

• Enlarged unit cell

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 3/4, 3/4, 1/4 1/4, 3/4, 3/4 3/4, 1/4, 3/4

1/2, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc F41 32 (210) 2 + (2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 2p − 12 ); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 , 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); p 3p 3 1 3 13 + ( 3p 4 − 4 + u − v, 4 − 4 − u + v, 4 − 4 + 2w) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 F41 32 (210) 2 + ( 21 + 2u, 2p + 2v, 2p − 12 ); 3 + ( 2p + 2u, 2p − 12 , 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); p 3p 3 1 1 13 + ( 3p 4 − 4 + u − v, 4 − 4 − u + v, 4 − 4 + 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

402

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

pa, pb, pc

1/4 + u, 1/4 + v, 1/4 + w

CONTINUED

F 41 3 2

No. 210

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (227); [2] Fd 3c ¯ (228) [2] Fd 3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P42 32 (208)

403

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 211, p. 404.

I 432

No. 211

O5

I 432

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

j

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z¯ x, z, y¯ z, y, x¯

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, y z, y, ¯x

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I231 (197, I23) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12)+
[3] I412 (97, I422) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16)+ [3] I412 (97, I422) (1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20)+ [3] I412 (97, I422) (1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21)+ ⎧ [4] I132 (155, R32) (1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24)+ ⎪ ⎨ [4] I132 (155, R32) (1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24)+ [4] I132 (155, R32) (1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22)+ ⎪ ⎩ [4] I132 (155, R32) (1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22)+

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y, x, ¯z x, ¯ z¯, y¯ z¯, y, x

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y, ¯ x, z x, z¯, y z¯, y, ¯ x¯

b, c, a c, a, b −a + b, −b + c, 1/2(a + b + c) a + b, −b − c, 1/2(−a + b − c) −a − b, b − c, 1/2(a − b − c) a − b, b + c, 1/2(−a − b + c)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] P42 32 (208) [2] P432 (207)

1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; (13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24)+( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24

• Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc I432 (211) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (u − v, −u + v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (229) [2] Im3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell [4] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P432 (207)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

404

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 212, p. 405.

O6

P 43 3 2

P 43 3 2

No. 212

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

e

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 14 , x + 34 , z¯ + 34 x + 14 , z + 34 , y¯ + 34 z + 14 , y + 34 , x¯ + 34

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 z + 2 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12 y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 x¯ + 34 , z + 14 , y + 34 z + 34 , y¯ + 34 , x + 14

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P21 31 (198, P21 3) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12
1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 [3] P43 12 (96, P43 21 2) 1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20 [3] P43 12 (96, P43 21 2) 1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21 [3] P43 12 (96, P43 21 2) ⎧ [4] P132 (155, R32) 1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24 ⎪ ⎨ [4] P132 (155, R32) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22 ⎪ ⎩ [4] P132 (155, R32) [4] P132 (155, R32) 1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22

x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 y + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ y + 34 , x¯ + 34 , z + 14 x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 z¯ + 34 , y + 14 , x + 34

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12 y¯ + 34 , x + 14 , z + 34 x + 34 , z¯ + 34 , y + 14 z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14

b, c, a c, a, b a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

1/4, 0, 3/8 3/8, 1/4, 0 0, 3/8, 1/4 1/8, 1/8, 1/8 7/8, 5/8, 3/8 5/8, 3/8, 7/8 3/8, 7/8, 5/8

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2v, 2p − 12 ); P41 32 (213) 3 + (2u, 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); p p 1 3 3 13 + ( 3p 4 − 4 + u − v, 4 − 4 − u + v, 4 − 4 + 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 P43 32 (212) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2v, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (2u, 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 3p 3 3 13 + ( 4p − 14 + u − v, 3p 4 − 4 − u + v, 4 − 4 + 2w) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I41 32 (214); [4] F41 32 (210) • Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

405

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 213, p. 406.

P 41 3 2

No. 213

O7

P 41 3 2

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

e

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ + 14 x + 34 , z + 14 , y¯ + 14 z + 34 , y + 14 , x¯ + 14

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 z + 2 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12 y¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 x¯ + 14 , z + 34 , y + 14 z + 14 , y¯ + 14 , x + 34

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P21 31 (198, P21 3) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12
1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 [3] P41 12 (92, P41 21 2) 1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20 [3] P41 12 (92, P41 21 2) 1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21 [3] P41 12 (92, P41 21 2) ⎧ [4] P132 (155, R32) 1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24 ⎪ ⎨ [4] P132 (155, R32) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22 ⎪ ⎩ [4] P132 (155, R32) [4] P132 (155, R32) 1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22

x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 y + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ y + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z + 34 x¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 z¯ + 14 , y + 34 , x + 14

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12 y¯ + 14 , x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯ + 14 , y + 34 z¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34

b, c, a c, a, b a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

1/4, 1/2, 1/8 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 1/2, 1/8, 1/4 3/8, 3/8, 3/8 5/8, 7/8, 1/8 7/8, 1/8, 5/8 1/8, 5/8, 7/8

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2v, 2p − 12 ); P41 32 (213) 3 + (2u, 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); p p 3 1 1 13 + ( 3p 4 − 4 + u − v, 4 − 4 − u + v, 4 − 4 + 2w) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 P43 32 (212) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2v, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (2u, 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 3p 1 1 13 + ( 4p − 34 + u − v, 3p 4 − 4 − u + v, 4 − 4 + 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations [2] I41 32 (214); [4] F41 32 (210) • Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

406

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 214, p. 407.

O8

I 41 3 2

I 41 3 2

No. 214

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

i

1

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ + 14 x + 34 , z + 14 , y¯ + 14 z + 34 , y + 14 , x¯ + 14

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

¯ z + 12 x¯ + 12 , y, z + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12 y¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 x¯ + 14 , z + 34 , y + 14 z + 14 , y¯ + 14 , x + 34

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I21 31 (199, I21 3) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12)+
(1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16)+ [3] I41 12 (98, I41 22) (1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20)+ [3] I41 12 (98, I41 22) [3] I41 12 (98, I41 22) (1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21)+ ⎧ [4] I132 (155, R32) (1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24)+ ⎪ ⎨ [4] I132 (155, R32) (1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24)+ [4] I132 (155, R32) (1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22)+ ⎪ ⎩ [4] I132 (155, R32) (1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22)+

x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 1 y + 2 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ y + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z + 34 x¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 z¯ + 14 , y + 34 , x + 14

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12 y¯ + 14 , x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯ + 14 , y + 34 z¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34

b, c, a c, a, b −a + b, −b + c, 1/2(a + b + c) a + b, −b − c, 1/2(−a + b − c) −a − b, b − c, 1/2(a − b − c) a − b, b + c, 1/2(−a − b + c)

0, 1/4, 1/8 1/8, 0, 1/4 1/4, 1/8, 0 1/8, 1/8, 1/8 7/8, 5/8, 3/8 5/8, 3/8, 7/8 3/8, 7/8, 5/8

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations [2] P41 32 (213) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; [2] P43 32 (212) (13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24)+( 21 , 12 , 12 ) • Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc I41 32 (214) 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2v, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (2u, 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); p p 3 1 1 13 + ( 3p 4 − 4 + u − v, 4 − 4 − u + v, 4 − 4 + 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (230) [2] Ia3d II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

[4] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P42 32 (208)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

407

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 215, p. 408.

P 4¯ 3 m

Td1

P 4¯ 3 m

No. 215

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

j

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z x, z, y z, y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z x, ¯ z, y¯ z, y, ¯ x¯

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12 ⎧ [2] P231 (195, P23) ¯ ¯ [3] P 41m (111, P 42m) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 ⎨ ¯ ¯ [3] P41m (111, P42m) 1; 4; 2; 3; 17; 20; 18; 19 ⎩ ¯ ¯ [3] P41m (111, P42m) 1; 3; 4; 2; 21; 23; 24; 22 ⎧ [4] P13m (160, R3m) 1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21 ⎪ ⎨ [4] P13m (160, R3m) 1; 6; 12; 14; 20; 21 1; 7; 10; 14; 17; 23 ⎪ ⎩ [4] P13m (160, R3m) [4] P13m (160, R3m) 1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z¯, y z¯, y, x¯

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y, ¯ x, z¯ x, z¯, y¯ z¯, y, ¯x

b, c, a c, a, b a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c ¯ F 43c (219) ¯ F 43m (216)
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c [4] a ⎧ ¯ I 43m (217) ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ I 43m (217) ¯ I 43m (217) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ I 43m (217) ⎧ ¯ I 43m (217) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ⎨ I 43m (217) ¯ I 43m (217) ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ⎪ I 43m (217) ⎪ ⎩

2; 3; 5; 13 + (1, 1, 1) 2; 3; 5; 13

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

2; 3; 5; 13 13; 2 + (2, 2, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 0); 5 + (1, 0, −1) (2; 3) + (2, 0, 0); (5; 13) + (1, −1, 0) 3; 2 + (0, 2, 0); 5 + (0, 1, −1); 13 + (−1, 1, 0) 5; 13; 2 + (1, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 1) 13; 2 + (3, 3, 0); 3 + (3, 0, 1); 5 + (1, 0, −1) 2 + (3, 1, 0); 3 + (3, 0, 1); (5; 13) + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (1, 3, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 1, −1); 13 + (−1, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ pa, pb, pc P43m (215) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (221); [2] Pn3m ¯ (224) [2] Pm3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ ¯ [2] I 43m (217); [4] F 43m (216) • Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

408

1, 1, 0 1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 3/2, 3/2, 1/2 3/2, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 3/2, 1/2

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 216, p. 409.

Td2

F 4¯ 3 m

F 4¯ 3 m

No. 216

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

96

i

1

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) x, y, z (9) y, z, x (17) x, z, y

(2) x, ¯ y, ¯z (10) y, ¯ z, x¯ (18) x, ¯ z, y¯

(3) x, ¯ y, z¯ (11) y, z¯, x¯ (19) x, ¯ z¯, y

(4) x, y, ¯ z¯ (12) y, ¯ z¯, x (20) x, z¯, y¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12)+ ⎧ [2] F231 (196, F23) ¯ ¯ (119, I 4m2) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16)+ ⎨ [3] F 41m ¯ ¯ [3] F 41m (119, I 4m2) (1; 4; 2; 3; 17; 20; 18; 19)+ ⎩ ¯ ¯ [3] F 41m (119, I 4m2) (1; 3; 4; 2; 21; 23; 24; 22)+ ⎧ [4] F13m (160, R3m) (1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21)+ ⎪ ⎨ [4] F13m (160, R3m) (1; 6; 12; 14; 20; 21)+ (1; 7; 10; 14; 17; 23)+ ⎪ ⎩ [4] F13m (160, R3m) (1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23)+ [4] F13m (160, R3m)

(5) z, x, y (13) y, x, z (21) z, y, x

(6) z, x, ¯ y¯ (14) y, ¯ x, ¯z (22) z, y, ¯ x¯

(7) z¯, x, ¯y (15) y, x, ¯ z¯ (23) z¯, y, x¯

(8) z¯, x, y¯ (16) y, ¯ x, z¯ (24) z¯, y, ¯x

1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c 1/2(b − c), 1/2(b + c), a 1/2(−a + c), 1/2(a + c), b 1/2(−a + b), 1/2(−b + c), a + b + c 1/2(a + b), 1/2(−b − c), −a + b − c 1/2(−a − b), 1/2(b − c), a − b − c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(b + c), −a − b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations ⎧ ¯ [4] P43m (215) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ⎪ [4] P 43m (215) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; (5; 6; 7; 8; 21; 22; 23; 24) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ (9; 10; 11; 12; 17; 18; 19; 20) + (0, 12 , 12 ) ¯ [4] P43m (215) 1; 2; 3; 4; 17; 18; 19; 20; (5; 6; 7; 8; 13; 14; 15; 16) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (9; 10; 11; 12; 21; 22; 23; 24) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ [4] P43m (215) 1; 2; 3; 4; 21; 22; 23; 24; (5; 6; 7; 8; 17; 18; 19; 20) + (0, 12 , 12 ); ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ (9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) ⎧ ¯ (215) 1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21; (2; 7; 12; 14; 19; 24) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); ⎪ [4] P43m ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (3; 8; 10; 16; 18; 23) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 6; 11; 15; 20; 22) + (0, 12 , 12 ) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ⎪ [4] P43m (215) 1; 6; 12; 14; 20; 21; (2; 8; 9; 13; 18; 24) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ (3; 7; 11; 15; 19; 23) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 5; 10; 16; 17; 22) + (0, 12 , 12 ) ¯ ⎪ [4] P43m (215) 1; 7; 10; 14; 17; 23; (2; 5; 11; 13; 19; 22) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ (3; 6; 9; 15; 18; 21) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 8; 12; 16; 20; 24) + (0, 12 , 12 ) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ [4] P43m (215) 1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23; (2; 6; 10; 14; 18; 22) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ (3; 5; 12; 16; 19; 21) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 7; 9; 15; 17; 24) + (0, 12 , 12 ) • Enlarged unit cell

1/2, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 0, 1/2 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 3/4, 1/4, 3/4 1/4, 3/4, 3/4 3/4, 3/4, 1/4

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ F 43m (216)

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); pa, pb, pc 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (225); [2] Fd 3m ¯ (227) [2] Fm3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

¯ (215) [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P43m

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

409

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 217, p. 410.

I 4¯ 3 m

Td3

I 4¯ 3 m

No. 217

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

h

1

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z x, z, y z, y, x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z x, ¯ z, y¯ z, y, ¯ x¯

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z¯, y z¯, y, x¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12)+ ⎧ [2] I231 (197, I23) ¯ ¯ (121, I 42m) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16)+ ⎨ [3] I 41m ¯ ¯ [3] I 41m (121, I 42m) (1; 4; 2; 3; 17; 20; 18; 19)+ ⎩ ¯ ¯ [3] I 41m (121, I 42m) (1; 3; 4; 2; 21; 23; 24; 22)+ ⎧ [4] I13m (160, R3m) (1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21)+ ⎪ ⎨ [4] I13m (160, R3m) (1; 6; 12; 14; 20; 21)+ (1; 7; 10; 14; 17; 23)+ ⎪ [4] I13m (160, R3m) ⎩ [4] I13m (160, R3m) (1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23)+

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y, ¯ x, z¯ x, z¯, y¯ z¯, y, ¯x

b, c, a c, a, b −a + b, −b + c, 1/2(a + b + c) a + b, −b − c, 1/2(−a + b − c) −a − b, b − c, 1/2(a − b − c) a − b, b + c, 1/2(−a − b + c)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations ¯ [2] P43n (218) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; (13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24)+( 21 , 12 , 12 ) ¯ [2] P43m (215) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 • Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ I 43m (217) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (u − v, −u + v, 0) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (229) [2] Im3m II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell ¯ [4] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P43m (215)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

410

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 218, p. 411.

Td4

P 4¯ 3 n

P 4¯ 3 n

No. 218

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

24

i

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12 ⎧ [2] P231 (195, P23) ¯ ¯ (112, P42c) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16 ⎨ [3] P41n ¯ ¯ [3] P41n (112, P42c) 1; 4; 2; 3; 17; 20; 18; 19 ⎩ ¯ ¯ [3] P41n (112, P42c) 1; 3; 4; 2; 21; 23; 24; 22 ⎧ [4] P13n (161, R3c) 1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21 ⎪ ⎨ [4] P13n (161, R3c) 1; 6; 12; 14; 20; 21 1; 7; 10; 14; 17; 23 ⎪ ⎩ [4] P13n (161, R3c) [4] P13n (161, R3c) 1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12

b, c, a c, a, b a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

0, 1/2, 1/4 1/4, 0, 1/2 1/2, 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell


[4] ⎧ a = 2a, b = 2b, c = 2c ¯ ⎪ ⎪ I 43d (220) ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ⎨ I 43d (220) ¯ I 43d (220) ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ⎪ I 43d (220) ⎪ ⎩ ⎧ ¯ I 43d (220) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ⎨ I 43d (220) ¯ I 43d (220) ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ⎪ I 43d (220) ⎪ ⎩

5; 13; 2 + (0, 1, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0) 13; 2 + (2, 3, 0); 3 + (3, 0, 0); 5 + (1, 0, −1) 2 + (2, 1, 0); 3 + (3, 0, 0); (5; 13) + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (0, 3, 0); 3 + (1, 0, 0); 5 + (0, 1, −1); 13 + (−1, 1, 0) 5; 13; 2 + (1, 0, 0); 3 + (0, 0, 1) 13; 2 + (3, 2, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 1); 5 + (1, 0, −1) 2 + (3, 0, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 1); (5; 13) + (1, −1, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 0); 3 + (0, 0, 1); 5 + (0, 1, −1); 13 + (−1, 1, 0)

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1, 1, 0 1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1/2, 1/2, 1/2 3/2, 3/2, 1/2 3/2, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 3/2, 1/2

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ P43n (218) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + ( 2p − 12 + u − v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (222); [2] Pm3n ¯ (223) [2] Pn3n II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ ¯ (219) [2] I 43m (217); [4] F 43c

• Decreased unit cell

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

411

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 219, p. 412.

F 4¯ 3 c

Td5

F 4¯ 3 c

No. 219

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

96

h

1

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12)+ ⎧ [2] F231 (196, F23) ¯ ¯ (120, I 4c2) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16)+ ⎨ [3] F 41n ¯ ¯ [3] F 41n (120, I 4c2) (1; 4; 2; 3; 17; 20; 18; 19)+ ⎩ ¯ ¯ (1; 3; 4; 2; 21; 23; 24; 22)+ [3] F 41n (120, I 4c2) ⎧ [4] F13n (161, R3c) (1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21)+ ⎪ ⎨ [4] F13n (161, R3c) (1; 6; 12; 14; 20; 21)+ (1; 7; 10; 14; 17; 23)+ ⎪ ⎩ [4] F13n (161, R3c) [4] F13n (161, R3c) (1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23)+

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12

1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c 1/2(b − c), 1/2(b + c), a 1/2(−a + c), 1/2(a + c), b 1/2(−a + b), 1/2(−b + c), a + b + c 1/2(a + b), 1/2(−b − c), −a + b − c 1/2(−a − b), 1/2(b − c), a − b − c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(b + c), −a − b + c

0, 0, 1/4 1/4, 0, 0 0, 1/4, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations

⎧ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ⎧ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎨

¯ P43n (218) ¯ P43n (218) ¯ P43n (218) ¯ P43n (218) ¯ P43n (218) ¯ P43n (218)

¯ ⎪ [4] P43n (218) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ [4] P43n (218) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩

1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; (5; 6; 7; 8; 21; 22; 23; 24) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (9; 10; 11; 12; 17; 18; 19; 20) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 17; 18; 19; 20; (5; 6; 7; 8; 13; 14; 15; 16) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (9; 10; 11; 12; 21; 22; 23; 24) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 21; 22; 23; 24; (5; 6; 7; 8; 17; 18; 19; 20) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16) + ( 21 , 12 , 0) 1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21; (2; 7; 12; 14; 19; 24) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 8; 10; 16; 18; 23) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 6; 11; 15; 20; 22) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 6; 12; 14; 20; 21; (2; 8; 9; 13; 18; 24) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 7; 11; 15; 19; 23) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 5; 10; 16; 17; 22) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 7; 10; 14; 17; 23; (2; 5; 11; 13; 19; 22) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 6; 9; 15; 18; 21) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 8; 12; 16; 20; 24) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23; (2; 6; 10; 14; 18; 22) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 5; 12; 16; 19; 21) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 7; 9; 15; 17; 24) + (0, 12 , 12 )

• Enlarged unit cell

1/2, 1/2, 0 0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 0, 1/2 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 3/4, 1/4, 3/4 1/4, 3/4, 3/4 3/4, 3/4, 1/4

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ F 43c (219) 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); pa, pb, pc 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + ( 2p − 12 + u − v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 2p − 12 ) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (226); [2] Fd 3c ¯ (228) [2] Fm3c II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

¯ [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P43m (215) Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

412

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 220, p. 413.

Td6

I 4¯ 3 d

I 4¯ 3 d

No. 220

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

e

1

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 14 , x + 14 , z + 14 x + 14 , z + 14 , y + 14 z + 14 , y + 14 , x + 14

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22)

¯ z + 12 x¯ + 12 , y, z + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12 y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z + 34 x¯ + 34 , z + 34 , y¯ + 14 z + 34 , y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12)+ ⎧ [2] I21 31 (199, I21 3) ¯ ¯ (122, I 42d) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16)+ ⎨ [3] I 41d ¯ ¯ [3] I 41d (122, I 42d) (1; 4; 2; 3; 17; 20; 18; 19)+ ⎩ ¯ ¯ [3] I 41d (122, I 42d) (1; 3; 4; 2; 21; 23; 24; 22)+ ⎧ (161, R3c) (1; 5; 9; 13; 17; 21)+ [4] I13d ⎪ ⎨ [4] I13d (161, R3c) (1; 6; 12; 14; 20; 21)+ (1; 7; 10; 14; 17; 23)+ ⎪ ⎩ [4] I13d (161, R3c) [4] I13d (161, R3c) (1; 8; 11; 13; 20; 23)+

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23)

x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 y + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ y + 34 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 , y + 34 z¯ + 34 , y + 34 , x¯ + 14

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24)

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12 y¯ + 34 , x + 34 , z¯ + 14 x + 34 , z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 , x + 34

b, c, a c, a, b −a + b, −b + c, 1/2(a + b + c) a + b, −b − c, 1/2(−a + b − c) −a − b, b − c, 1/2(a − b − c) a − b, b + c, 1/2(−a − b + c)

1/2, 1/4, 1/8 1/8, 1/2, 1/4 1/4, 1/8, 1/2 0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations

none

• Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ I 43d (220)

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2v, 2p − 12 ); pa, pb, pc 3 + (2u, 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + ( 4p − 14 + u − v, 4p − 14 − u + v, 4p − 14 ) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups ¯ (230) [2] Ia3d II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

¯ (218) [4] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c P43n

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

413

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 221, p. 414.

P m 3¯ m

O1h

P 4/m 3¯ 2/m

No. 221

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

n

1

(1) (9) (17) (25) (33) (41)

x, y, z y, z, x x, z, y¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ x, ¯ z¯, y

(2) (10) (18) (26) (34) (42)

x, ¯ y, ¯z y, ¯ z, x¯ x, ¯ z, y x, y, z¯ y, z¯, x x, z¯, y¯

(3) (11) (19) (27) (35) (43)

x, ¯ y, z¯ y, z¯, x¯ x, ¯ z¯, y¯ x, y, ¯z y, ¯ z, x x, z, y

(4) (12) (20) (28) (36) (44)

x, y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ z¯, x x, z¯, y x, ¯ y, z y, z, x¯ x, ¯ z, y¯

(5) (13) (21) (29) (37) (45)

z, x, y y, x, z¯ z, y, x¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z z¯, y, ¯x

(6) (14) (22) (30) (38) (46)

z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ z, y, ¯x z¯, x, y y, x, z z¯, y, x¯

(7) (15) (23) (31) (39) (47)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P43m (215) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48 [2] P432 (207) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 ¯ (200, Pm3) ¯ [2] Pm31 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36
[3] P4/m12/m (123, P4/mmm) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28; 37; 38; 39; 40 [3] P4/m12/m (123, P4/mmm) 1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20; 25; 28; 26; 27; 42; 43; 41; 44 ⎧ [3] P4/m12/m (123, P4/mmm) 1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21; 25; 27; 28; 26; 46; 48; 47; 45 ¯ ¯ (166, R3m) 1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; 25; 29; 33; 38; 43; 48 ⎪ [4] P132/m ⎪ ⎨ ¯ ¯ [4] P132/m (166, R3m) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; 25; 30; 36; 37; 42; 48 ¯ ¯ [4] P132/m (166, R3m) 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; 25; 31; 34; 37; 43; 46 ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ ¯ [4] P132/m (166, R3m) 1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; 25; 32; 35; 38; 42; 46

z¯, x, ¯y y, x, ¯z z¯, y, x z, x, y¯ y, ¯ x, z¯ z, y, ¯ x¯

(8) (16) (24) (32) (40) (48)

z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ x, z z¯, y, ¯ x¯ z, x, ¯y y, x, ¯ z¯ z, y, x

b, c, a c, a, b a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c ¯ (226) Fm3c ¯ (226) Fm3c ¯ (225) Fm3m ¯ (225) Fm3m


[4] ⎧ a = 2a, b = 2b, c = 2c ¯ Im3m (229) ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ Im3m (229) ¯ (229) Im3m ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ ⎧ Im3m (229) ¯ (229) Im3m ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ Im3m (229) ¯ (229) Im3m ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ Im3m (229)

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 3; 3; 3;

5; 5; 5; 5;

25; 13 + (1, 1, 1) 13; 25 + (1, 1, 1) 13; 25 13 + (0, 0, 1); 25 + (1, 1, 1)

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1/2, 1/2, 1/2

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1, 1, 0 1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 3/2, 3/2, 1/2 3/2, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 3/2, 1/2

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ (221) Pm3m 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (u − v, −u + v, 2w); 25 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

2; 3; 5; 13; 25 13; (2; 25) + (2, 2, 0); 3 + (2, 0, 0); 5 + (1, 0, −1) (2; 3; 25) + (2, 0, 0); (5; 13) + (1, −1, 0) 3; (2; 25) + (0, 2, 0); 5 + (0, 1, −1); 13 + (−1, 1, 0) 5; 25; (2; 13) + (0, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 1, 0) 2 + (2, 2, 1); 3 + (2, 1, 0); 5 + (1, 0, −1); 13 + (0, 0, 1); 25 + (2, 2, 0) 2 + (2, 0, 1); 3 + (2, 1, 0); 5 + (1, −1, 0); 13 + (1, −1, 1); 25 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (0, 2, 1); 3 + (0, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 1, −1); 13 + (−1, 1, 1); 25 + (0, 2, 0)

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ (229); [4] Fm3m ¯ (225) [2] Im3m

• Decreased unit cell Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none 414

1/2, 1/2, 1/2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 222, pp. 415–416.

O2h

P 4/n 3¯ 2/n

ORIGIN CHOICE

P n 3¯ n

No. 222

¯ 1, Origin at 4 3 2, at − 14 , − 14 , − 14 from centre (3)

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

i

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z¯ x, z, y¯ z, y, x¯ x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, y z, y, ¯x x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P43n (218) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48 [2] P432 (207) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 ¯ (201, Pn3) ¯ [2] Pn31 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36 ⎧ [3] P4/n12/n (126, P4/nnc) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28; 37; ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 38; 39; 40 ⎪ ⎨ [3] P4/n12/n (126, P4/nnc) 1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20; 25; 28; 26; 27; 42; 43; 41; 44 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21; 25; 27; 28; 26; 46; ⎩ [3] P4/n12/n (126, P4/nnc) 48; 47; 45 ⎧ ¯ ¯ [4] P1 32/n (167, R 3c) 1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; 25; 29; 33; 38; 43; 48 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ ¯ [4] P132/n (167, R3c) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; 25; 30; 36; 37; 42; 48 ¯ ¯ [4] P132/n (167, R3c) 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; 25; 31; 34; 37; 43; 46 ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ ¯ [4] P132/n (167, R3c) 1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; 25; 32; 35; 38; 42; 46

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y, x, ¯z x, ¯ z¯, y¯ z¯, y, x x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 12 , x + 12 y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y, ¯ x, z x, z¯, y z¯, y, ¯ x¯ x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z + 12 , x¯ + 12 y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

b, c, a c, a, b a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 3/4, 1/4, 3/4 1/4, 3/4, 3/4 3/4, 3/4, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ (222) Pn3n

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (u − v, −u + v, 2w); 25 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 2p − 12 + 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

pa, pb, pc

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ (229); [4] Fm3c ¯ (226) [2] Im3m

• Decreased unit cell Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none

415

u, v, w

P n 3¯ n ORIGIN CHOICE

O2h

P 4/n 3¯ 2/n

No. 222 ¯ at 1 , 1 , 1 from 4 3 2 2, Origin at centre (3), 4 4 4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

i

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y, x, z¯ + 12 x, z, y¯ + 12 z, y, x¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z + 12 x, ¯ z¯, y + 12 z¯, y, ¯ x + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z z, x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z, x¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z, y z, y¯ + 12 , x x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯, x + 12 y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯, y¯ z¯, y + 12 , x¯

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y y, z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 y, x¯ + 12 , z x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y, x x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 z + 12 , x + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x + 12 y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y, ¯ x¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P43n (218) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48 [2] P432 (207) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 ¯ (201, Pn3) ¯ [2] Pn31 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36 ⎧ [3] P4/n12/n (126, P4/nnc) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28; 37; ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 38; 39; 40 ⎪ ⎨ [3] P4/n12/n (126, P4/nnc) 1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20; 25; 28; 26; 27; 42; 43; 41; 44 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21; 25; 27; 28; 26; 46; ⎩ [3] P4/n12/n (126, P4/nnc) 48; 47; 45 ⎧ ¯ ¯ [4] P1 32/n (167, R 3c) 1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; 25; 29; 33; 38; 43; 48 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ ¯ [4] P132/n (167, R3c) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; 25; 30; 36; 37; 42; 48 ¯ ¯ [4] P132/n (167, R3c) 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; 25; 31; 34; 37; 43; 46 ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ ¯ [4] P132/n (167, R3c) 1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; 25; 32; 35; 38; 42; 46

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x y¯ + 12 , x, z x, z¯ + 12 , y z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x, ¯ y + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 1 y + 2 , z + 12 , x¯ y + 12 , x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z + 12 , y¯ z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4

b, c, a c, a, b a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

1/2, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ (222) Pn3n

2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 2p − 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (u − v, −u + v, 2p − 12 + 2w); 25 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

pa, pb, pc

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ (229); [4] Fm3c ¯ (226) [2] Im3m

• Decreased unit cell

none 416

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 223, p. 417.

O3h

P 42/m 3¯ 2/n

P m 3¯ n

No. 223

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

l

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12 x, y, z¯ z¯, x, y y, z¯, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12 x, y, ¯z z, x, y¯ y, ¯ z, x y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P43n (218) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; [2] P42 32 (208) 21; 22; 23; 24 ¯ (200, Pm3) ¯ [2] Pm31 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36
[3] P42 /m12/n (131, P42 /mmc) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28; 37; 38; 39; 40 [3] P42 /m12/n (131, P42 /mmc) 1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20; 25; 28; 26; 27; 42; 43; 41; 44 ⎧ [3] P42 /m12/n (131, P42 /mmc) 1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21; 25; 27; 28; 26; 46; 48; 47; 45 ¯ ¯ [4] P132/n (167, R3c) 1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; 25; 29; 33; 38; 43; 48 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ ¯ [4] P132/n (167, R3c) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; 25; 30; 36; 37; 42; 48 ¯ ¯ [4] P1 32/n (167, R 3c) 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; 25; 31; 34; 37; 43; 46 ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ ¯ [4] P132/n (167, R3c) 1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; 25; 32; 35; 38; 42; 46

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, z z, x, ¯y y, z, x¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

0, 1/2, 0 b, c, a 0, 0, 1/2 c, a, b 1/2, 0, 0 a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell




[4] ⎧ a = 2a, b = 2b, c = 2c ¯ ⎪ ⎪ Ia3d (230) ⎨ ¯ (230) Ia3d ¯ Ia3d (230) ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ ⎧ Ia3d (230) ¯ (230) Ia3d ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ Ia3d (230) ¯ (230) Ia 3d ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ Ia3d (230)

5; 25; 2 + (1, 0, 1); 3 + (0, 1, 1); 13 + (1, 0, 0) 2 + (3, 2, 1); 3 + (2, 1, 1); 5 + (1, 0, −1); 13 + (1, 0, 0); 25 + (2, 2, 0) 2 + (3, 0, 1); 3 + (2, 1, 1); 5 + (1, −1, 0); 13 + (2, −1, 0); 25 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (1, 2, 1); 3 + (0, 1, 1); 5 + (0, 1, −1); 13 + (0, 1, 0); 25 + (0, 2, 0) 5; 25; 2 + (0, 1, 1); 3 + (1, 1, 0); 13 + (1, 0, 1) 2 + (2, 3, 1); 3 + (3, 1, 0); 5 + (1, 0, −1); 13 + (1, 0, 1); 25 + (2, 2, 0) 2 + (2, 1, 1); 3 + (3, 1, 0); 5 + (1, −1, 0); 13 + (2, −1, 1); 25 + (2, 0, 0) 2 + (0, 3, 1); 3 + (1, 1, 0); 5 + (0, 1, −1); 13 + (0, 1, 1); 25 + (0, 2, 0)

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1, 1, 0 1, 0, 0 0, 1, 0 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 3/2, 3/2, 1/2 3/2, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 3/2, 1/2

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ (223) Pm3n

2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + ( 2p − 12 + u − v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 2p − 12 + 2w); 25 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ (229); [4] Fm3c ¯ (226) [2] Im3m

• Decreased unit cell Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

none 417

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 224, pp. 418–420.

P n 3¯ m

No. 224

ORIGIN CHOICE

¯ 1, Origin at 4¯ 3m, at − 14 , − 14 , − 14 from centre (3m)

O4h

P 42/n 3¯ 2/m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

l

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯z x, ¯ z¯, y z¯, y, ¯x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12 x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x + 12 y, x, z x, z¯, y¯ z¯, y, x¯

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12 x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 12 , x + 12 y, ¯ x, z¯ x, z, y z, y, ¯ x¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P43m (215) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48 [2] P42 32 (208) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 ¯ (201, Pn3) ¯ [2] Pn31 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36 ⎧ [3] P42 /n12/m (134, P42 /nnm) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28; 37; ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 38; 39; 40 ⎪ ⎨ [3] P42 /n12/m (134, P42 /nnm) 1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20; 25; 28; 26; 27; 42; 43; 41; 44 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ [3] P42 /n12/m (134, P42 /nnm) 1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21; 25; 27; 28; 26; 46; 48; 47; 45 ⎧ ¯ ¯ [4] P1 32/m (166, R 3m) 1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; 25; 29; 33; 38; 43; 48 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ ¯ [4] P132/m (166, R3m) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; 25; 30; 36; 37; 42; 48 ¯ ¯ [4] P1 32/m (166, R 3m) 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; 25; 31; 34; 37; 43; 46 ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ ¯ [4] P132/m (166, R3m) 1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; 25; 32; 35; 38; 42; 46

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z + 12 , x¯ + 12 y, x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z, y¯ z, y, x

b, c, a c, a, b a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 3/4, 1/4, 3/4 1/4, 3/4, 3/4 3/4, 3/4, 1/4

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1/2, 1/2, 1/2

1/2, 1/2, 1/2

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell

[2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c ¯ (228) Fd 3c ¯ (228) Fd 3c ¯ (227) Fd 3m ¯ (227) Fd 3m

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 3; 3; 3;

5; 5; 5; 5;

25; 13 + (1, 1, 1) 13; 25 + (1, 1, 1) 13; 25 (13; 25) + (0, 0, 1)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ (224) Pn3m 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + ( 2p − 12 + u − v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 2p − 12 + 2w); 25 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 2p − 12 + 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

418

CONTINUED

No. 224

ORIGIN CHOICE

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

1

P n 3¯ m

2

P n 3¯ m

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ (229); [4] Fm3m ¯ (225) [2] Im3m

• Decreased unit cell

(Continued from the following page)

none

No. 224

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

ORIGIN CHOICE

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations ¯ (229); [4] Fm3m ¯ (225) [2] Im3m • Decreased unit cell

none

419

P n 3¯ m ORIGIN CHOICE

O4h

P 42/n 3¯ 2/m

No. 224 2, Origin at centre (3¯ m), at 14 , 14 , 14 from 4¯ 3 m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

48

l

1

(1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ x + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ z + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z z, x¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z, x¯ + 12 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x, ¯ z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y, ¯ x + 12 x + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯, x + 12 y, x, z x, z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y, x¯ + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x¯ + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y y, z¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 y + 12 , x, ¯ z + 12 x, ¯ z¯, y¯ z¯, y + 12 , x + 12 x + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 1 z + 2 , x + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x + 12 y¯ + 12 , x, z¯ + 12 x, z, y z, y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P43m (215) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; [2] P42 32 (208) 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24 ¯ (201, Pn3) ¯ [2] Pn31 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36 ⎧ [3] P42 /n12/m (134, P42 /nnm) 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28; 37; ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 38; 39; 40 ⎪ ⎨ [3] P42 /n12/m (134, P42 /nnm) 1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20; 25; 28; 26; 27; 42; 43; 41; 44 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ [3] P42 /n12/m (134, P42 /nnm) 1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21; 25; 27; 28; 26; 46; 48; 47; 45 ⎧ ¯ ¯ [4] P1 32/m (166, R 3m) 1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; 25; 29; 33; 38; 43; 48 ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ ¯ [4] P132/m (166, R3m) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; 25; 30; 36; 37; 42; 48 ¯ ¯ [4] P132/m (166, R3m) 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; 25; 31; 34; 37; 43; 46 ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ ¯ [4] P132/m (166, R3m) 1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; 25; 32; 35; 38; 42; 46

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x, y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x y, ¯ x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯, y + 12 z¯, y, ¯ x¯ x, ¯ y + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 y + 12 , z + 12 , x¯ y, x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z, y¯ + 12 z, y, x

1/4, 1/4, 1/4 1/4, 1/4, 1/4

0, 1/2, 0 b, c, a

0, 0, 1/2

c, a, b

1/2, 0, 0

a − b, b − c, a + b + c −a − b, b + c, −a + b − c a + b, −b + c, a − b − c −a + b, −b − c, −a − b + c

1/2, 0, 1/2 0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Enlarged unit cell [2] a
= 2a, b
= 2b, c
= 2c ¯ (228) Fd 3c ¯ (228) Fd 3c ¯ (227) Fd 3m ¯ (227) Fd 3m

2; 2; 2; 2;

3; 3; 3; 3;

5; 5; 5; 5;

25; 13 + (1, 1, 1) 13; 25 + (1, 1, 1) 13; 25 (13; 25) + (0, 0, 1)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ (224) Pn3m 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 0); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 0, 2p − 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + ( 2p − 12 + u − v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 2w); 25 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups (Continued on the preceding page)

420

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

1/2, 1/2, 1/2

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

1/2, 1/2, 1/2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 225, pp. 421–422.

O5h

F 4/m 3¯ 2/m

F m 3¯ m

No. 225

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

192

l

1

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) (9) (17) (25) (33) (41)

x, y, z y, z, x x, z, y¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ x, ¯ z¯, y

(2) (10) (18) (26) (34) (42)

x, ¯ y, ¯z y, ¯ z, x¯ x, ¯ z, y x, y, z¯ y, z¯, x x, z¯, y¯

(3) (11) (19) (27) (35) (43)

x, ¯ y, z¯ y, z¯, x¯ x, ¯ z¯, y¯ x, y, ¯z y, ¯ z, x x, z, y

(4) (12) (20) (28) (36) (44)

x, y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ z¯, x x, z¯, y x, ¯ y, z y, z, x¯ x, ¯ z, y¯

(5) (13) (21) (29) (37) (45)

z, x, y y, x, z¯ z, y, x¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z z¯, y, ¯x

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] F 43m (216) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48)+ [2] F432 (209) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24)+ ¯ (202, Fm3) ¯ [2] Fm31 (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36)+ ⎧ [3] F4/m12/m (139, I4/mmm) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28; 37; ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 38; 39; 40)+ ⎪ ⎨ [3] F4/m12/m (139, I4/mmm) (1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20; 25; 28; 26; 27; 42; 43; 41; 44)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [3] F4/m12/m (139, I4/mmm) (1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21; 25; 27; 28; 26; 46; ⎪ ⎩ 48; 47; 45)+ ⎧ ¯ ¯ [4] F1 32/m (166, R 3m) (1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; 25; 29; 33; 38; 43; 48)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ ¯ [4] F132/m (166, R3m) (1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; 25; 30; 36; 37; 42; 48)+ ¯ ¯ [4] F132/m (166, R3m) (1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; 25; 31; 34; 37; 43; 46)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ ¯ [4] F132/m (166, R3m) (1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; 25; 32; 35; 38; 42; 46)+

(6) (14) (22) (30) (38) (46)

z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ z, y, ¯x z¯, x, y y, x, z z¯, y, x¯

(7) (15) (23) (31) (39) (47)

z¯, x, ¯y y, x, ¯z z¯, y, x z, x, y¯ y, ¯ x, z¯ z, y, ¯ x¯

(8) (16) (24) (32) (40) (48)

z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ x, z z¯, y, ¯ x¯ z, x, ¯y y, x, ¯ z¯ z, y, x

1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c 1/2(b − c), 1/2(b + c), a 1/2(−a + c), 1/2(a + c), b 1/2(−a + b), 1/2(−b + c), a + b + c 1/2(a + b), 1/2(−b − c), −a + b − c 1/2(−a − b), 1/2(b − c), a − b − c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(b + c), −a − b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations ⎧ ¯ (224) [4] Pn3m ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ (224) ⎪ [4] Pn3m ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ⎧ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ [4] ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨

¯ (224) Pn3m

¯ (224) Pn3m

¯ (221) Pm3m ¯ (221) Pm3m

¯ (221) [4] Pm3m ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ (221) ⎪ [4] Pm3m ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩

1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; 25; 29; 33; 38; 43; 48; (2; 7; 12; 13; 17; 21; 26; 31; 36; 37; 41; 45) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 8; 10; 15; 20; 22; 27; 32; 34; 39; 44; 46) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 6; 11; 16; 18; 23; 28; 30; 35; 40; 42; 47) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; 25; 30; 36; 37; 42; 48; (2; 8; 9; 14; 20; 21; 26; 32; 33; 38; 44; 45) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 7; 11; 16; 17; 22; 27; 31; 35; 40; 41; 46) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 5; 10; 15; 19; 23; 28; 29; 34; 39; 43; 47) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; 25; 31; 34; 37; 43; 46; (2; 5; 11; 14; 17; 23; 26; 29; 35; 38; 41; 47) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 6; 9; 16; 20; 24; 27; 30; 33; 40; 44; 48) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 8; 12; 15; 18; 21; 28; 32; 36; 39; 42; 45) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; 25; 32; 35; 38; 42; 46; (2; 6; 10; 13; 20; 23; 26; 30; 34; 37; 44; 47) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 5; 12; 15; 17; 24; 27; 29; 36; 39; 41; 48) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 7; 9; 16; 19; 21; 28; 31; 33; 40; 43; 45) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28; 37; 38; 39; 40; (5; 6; 7; 8; 21; 22; 23; 24; 29; 30; 31; 32; 45; 46; 47; 48) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (9; 10; 11; 12; 17; 18; 19; 20; 33; 34; 35; 36; 41; 42; 43; 44) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 17; 18; 19; 20; 25; 26; 27; 28; 41; 42; 43; 44; (5; 6; 7; 8; 13; 14; 15; 16; 29; 30; 31; 32; 37; 38; 39; 40) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (9; 10; 11; 12; 21; 22; 23; 24; 33; 34; 35; 36; 45; 46; 47; 48) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 45; 46; 47; 48; (5; 6; 7; 8; 17; 18; 19; 20; 29; 30; 31; 32; 41; 42; 43; 44) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40) + ( 21 , 12 , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

421

1/2, 0, 1/2

0, 1/2, 1/2

1/2, 1/2, 0

1/2, 1/2, 0

0, 1/2, 1/2

1/2, 0, 1/2

F m 3¯ m

No. 225

• Enlarged unit cell

CONTINUED

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ (225) Fm3m 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (u − v, −u + v, 2w); 25 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

pa, pb, pc

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell ¯ (221) [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pm3m

422

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 226, pp. 423–424.

O6h

F 4/m 3¯ 2/c

F m 3¯ c

No. 226

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

192

j

1

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x, ¯ y, ¯z z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z, x¯ y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x + 12 x, y, z¯ z¯, x, y y, z¯, x y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x¯ + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x, ¯ y, z¯ z¯, x, ¯y y, z¯, x¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z + 12 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12 x, y, ¯z z, x, y¯ y, ¯ z, x y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] F 43c (219) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48)+ [2] F432 (209) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24)+ ¯ (202, Fm3) ¯ [2] Fm31 (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36)+ ⎧ [3] F4 /m12/n (140, I4/mcm) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28; 37; ⎪ 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 38; 39; 40)+ ⎪ ⎨ [3] F42 /m12/n (140, I4/mcm) (1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20; 25; 28; 26; 27; 42; 43; 41; 44)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ /m12/n (140, I4/mcm) (1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21; 25; 27; 28; 26; 46; [3] F4 ⎪ 2 ⎩ 48; 47; 45)+ ⎧ ¯ ¯ [4] F1 32/n (167, R 3c) (1; 5; 9; 25; 29; 33; 14; 19; 24; 38; 43; 48)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ ¯ [4] F132/n (167, R3c) (1; 6; 12; 25; 30; 36; 13; 18; 24; 37; 42; 48)+ ¯ ¯ [4] F132/n (167, R3c) (1; 7; 10; 25; 31; 34; 13; 19; 22; 37; 43; 46)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ ¯ [4] F132/n (167, R3c) (1; 8; 11; 25; 32; 35; 14; 18; 22; 38; 42; 46)+

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x, y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x y¯ + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, z z, x, ¯y y, z, x¯ y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

1/4, 1/4, 1/4

1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

1/4, 1/4, 0

1/2(b − c), 1/2(b + c), a

0, 1/4, 1/4

1/2(−a + c), 1/2(a + c), b

1/4, 0, 1/4

1/2(−a + b), 1/2(−b + c), a + b + c 1/2(a + b), 1/2(−b − c), −a + b − c 1/2(−a − b), 1/2(b − c), a − b − c 1/2(a − b), 1/2(b + c), −a − b + c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations ⎧ ¯ (223) [4] Pm3n ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ (223) [4] Pm3n ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ (223) [4] Pm3n ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ (223) ⎪ [4] Pm3n ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩

1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48 1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28; 37; 38; 39; 40; 1/2, 1/2, 0 (5; 6; 7; 8; 21; 22; 23; 24; 29; 30; 31; 32; 45; 46; 47; 48) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (9; 10; 11; 12; 17; 18; 19; 20; 33; 34; 35; 36; 41; 42; 43; 44) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 17; 18; 19; 20; 25; 26; 27; 28; 41; 42; 43; 44; 0, 1/2, 1/2 (5; 6; 7; 8; 13; 14; 15; 16; 29; 30; 31; 32; 37; 38; 39; 40) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (9; 10; 11; 12; 21; 22; 23; 24; 33; 34; 35; 36; 45; 46; 47; 48) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 45; 46; 47; 48; 1/2, 0, 1/2 (5; 6; 7; 8; 17; 18; 19; 20; 29; 30; 31; 32; 41; 42; 43; 44) + (0, 12 , 12 ); (9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40) + ( 21 , 12 , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

423

F m 3¯ c ⎧ ¯ (222) [4] Pn3n ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ (222) ⎪ [4] Pn3n ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ (222) [4] Pn3n ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ (222) ⎪ [4] Pn3n ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩

No. 226

CONTINUED

1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; 25; 29; 33; 38; 43; 48; (2; 7; 12; 13; 17; 21; 26; 31; 36; 37; 41; 45) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 8; 10; 15; 20; 22; 27; 32; 34; 39; 44; 46) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 6; 11; 16; 18; 23; 28; 30; 35; 40; 42; 47) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; 25; 30; 36; 37; 42; 48; (2; 8; 9; 14; 20; 21; 26; 32; 33; 38; 44; 45) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 7; 11; 16; 17; 22; 27; 31; 35; 40; 41; 46) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 5; 10; 15; 19; 23; 28; 29; 34; 39; 43; 47) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; 25; 31; 34; 37; 43; 46; (2; 5; 11; 14; 17; 23; 26; 29; 35; 38; 41; 47) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 6; 9; 16; 20; 24; 27; 30; 33; 40; 44; 48) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 8; 12; 15; 18; 21; 28; 32; 36; 39; 42; 45) + (0, 12 , 12 ) 1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; 25; 32; 35; 38; 42; 46; (2; 6; 10; 13; 20; 23; 26; 30; 34; 37; 44; 47) + ( 21 , 12 , 0); (3; 5; 12; 15; 17; 24; 27; 29; 36; 39; 41; 48) + ( 21 , 0, 12 ); (4; 7; 9; 16; 19; 21; 28; 31; 33; 40; 43; 45) + (0, 12 , 12 )

• Enlarged unit cell

1/2, 0, 1/2

0, 1/2, 1/2

1/2, 1/2, 0

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ (226) Fm3c 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + ( 2p − 12 + u − v, 2p − 12 − u + v, 2p − 12 + 2w); 25 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

pa, pb, pc

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell ¯ (221) [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pm3m

424

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 227, pp. 425–427.

O7h

F 41/d 3¯ 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

F d 3¯ m

No. 227

¯ 1, Origin at 4¯ 3m, at − 18 , − 18 , − 18 from centre (3m)

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

192

i

1

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ + 34 x + 34 , z + 14 , y¯ + 34 z + 34 , y + 14 , x¯ + 34 x¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 z¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 y¯ + 12 , x, ¯ z + 12 1 x¯ + 2 , z¯, y + 12 z¯ + 12 , y, ¯ x + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, ¯ y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 12 , x¯ y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 x¯ + 34 , z + 34 , y + 14 z + 14 , y¯ + 34 , x + 34 x + 14 , y + 34 , z¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , x + 14 , y + 34 y + 34 , z¯ + 34 , x + 14 y, x, z x + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ z¯, y + 12 , x¯ + 12

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ z¯, x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯, x¯ + 12 y + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z + 34 x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 z¯ + 34 , y + 34 , x + 14 x + 34 , y¯ + 34 , z + 14 z + 14 , x + 34 , y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , z + 14 , x + 34 y, ¯ x + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, z, y z + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] F 43m (216) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48)+ (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; [2] F41 32 (210) 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24)+ ¯ (203, Fd 3) ¯ [2] Fd 31 (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36)+ ⎧ [3] F41 /d12/m (141, I41 /amd) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28; 37; ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 38; 39; 40)+ ⎪ ⎨ [3] F41 /d12/m (141, I41 /amd) (1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20; 25; 28; 26; 27; 42; 43; 41; 44)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ /d12/m (141, I4 /amd) (1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21; 25; 27; 28; 26; 46; [3] F4 ⎪ 1 1 ⎩ 48; 47; 45)+ ⎧ ¯ ¯ [4] F1 32/m (166, R 3m) (1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; 25; 29; 33; 38; 43; 48)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ¯ ⎪ (1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; 25; 30; 36; 37; 42; 48)+ ⎪ ⎨ [4] F132/m (166, R3m) ¯ ¯ [4] F132/m (166, R3m) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ¯ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ [4] F132/m (166, R3m)

(1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; 25; 31; 34; 37; 43; 46)+ (1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; 25; 32; 35; 38; 42; 46)+

1/2(b − c), 1/2(b + c), a 1/2(−a + c), 1/2(a + c), b 1/2(−a + b), 1/2(−b + c), a + b + c 1/8, 1/8, 1/8 1/2(a + b), 1/2(−b − c), −a + b − c 3/8, 1/8, 3/8 1/2(−a − b), 1/2(b − c), a − b − c 1/8, 3/8, 3/8 1/2(a − b), 1/2(b + c), −a − b + c 3/8, 3/8, 1/8

• Loss of centring translations

none

• Enlarged unit cell

none

425

x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 12 1 z¯ + 2 , x + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z¯ + 12 , x + 12 y¯ + 34 , x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯ + 34 , y + 34 z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 x¯ + 34 , y + 14 , z + 34 z + 34 , x¯ + 34 , y + 14 y + 14 , z + 34 , x¯ + 34 y + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ x, ¯ z + 12 , y¯ + 12 z, y, x

1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

F d 3¯ m

ORIGIN CHOICE

1

No. 227

CONTINUED

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ (227) Fd 3m 2 + (2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 2p − 12 ); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 , 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); p 3p 3 1 3 13 + ( 3p 4 − 4 + u − v, 4 − 4 − u + v, 4 − 4 + 2w); p p p 1 1 1 25 + ( 4 − 4 + 2u, 4 − 4 + 2v, 4 − 4 + 2w) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 ¯ Fd 3m (227) 2 + ( 21 + 2u, 2p + 2v, 2p − 12 ); 3 + ( 2p + 2u, 2p − 12 , 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); p 3p 3 1 1 13 + ( 3p 4 − 4 + u − v, 4 − 4 − u + v, 4 − 4 + 2w); p p p 1 1 1 25 + ( 4 + 4 + 2u, 4 + 4 + 2v, 4 + 4 + 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

pa, pb, pc

1/4 + u, 1/4 + v, 1/4 + w

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell ¯ (224) [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pn3m

F d 3¯ m

ORIGIN CHOICE

2

No. 227

(Continued from the facing page)

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups

[p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ (227) Fd 3m

p p 3 1 1 2 + ( 3p 4 − 4 + 2u, 4 − 4 + 2v, 2 − 2 ); p p 3p 3 + ( 4 − 14 + 2u, 2 − 12 , 4 − 34 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); p p 3 1 1 13 + ( 3p 4 − 4 + u − v, 4 − 4 − u + v, 2 − 2 + 2w); 25 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

pa, pb, pc

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

¯ (224) [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pn3m

426

u, v, w

O7h

F 41/d 3¯ 2/m

ORIGIN CHOICE

F d 3¯ m

No. 227

2, Origin at centre (3¯ m), at 18 , 18 , 18 from 4¯ 3 m

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

192

i

1

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ + 12 x + 34 , z + 14 , y¯ + 12 z + 34 , y + 14 , x¯ + 12 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z + 12 x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 , y + 12 z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 , x + 12

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x¯ + 34 , y¯ + 14 , z + 12 z + 12 , x¯ + 34 , y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , z + 12 , x¯ + 34 y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ x¯ + 12 , z + 34 , y + 14 z + 14 , y¯ + 12 , x + 34 x + 14 , y + 34 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 14 , y + 34 y + 34 , z¯ + 12 , x + 14 y, x, z x + 12 , z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , y + 12 , x¯ + 14

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x¯ + 14 , y + 12 , z¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , x¯ + 14 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯ + 34 , x¯ + 14 y + 14 , x¯ + 12 , z + 34 x, ¯ z¯, y¯ z¯ + 12 , y + 34 , x + 14 x + 34 , y¯ + 12 , z + 14 z + 14 , x + 34 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 14 , x + 34 y¯ + 34 , x + 12 , z¯ + 14 x, z, y z + 12 , y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] F 43m (216) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48)+ (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; [2] F41 32 (210) 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24)+ ¯ (203, Fd 3) ¯ [2] Fd 31 (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36)+ ⎧ [3] F41 /d12/m (141, I41 /amd) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28; 37; ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 38; 39; 40)+ ⎪ ⎨ [3] F41 /d12/m (141, I41 /amd) (1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20; 25; 28; 26; 27; 42; 43; 41; 44)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ /d12/m (141, I4 /amd) (1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21; 25; 27; 28; 26; 46; [3] F4 ⎪ 1 1 ⎩ 48; 47; 45)+ ⎧ ¯ ¯ [4] F1 32/m (166, R 3m) (1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; 25; 29; 33; 38; 43; 48)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ¯ ⎪ [4] F1 32/m (166, R 3m) (1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; 25; 30; 36; 37; 42; 48)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ ¯ [4] F132/m (166, R3m) (1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; 25; 31; 34; 37; 43; 46)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ¯ (166, R3m) (1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; 25; 32; 35; 38; 42; 46)+ ⎪ [4] F132/m ⎩

3/8, 3/8, 3/8

1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

1/4, 1/4, 0

1/2(b − c), 1/2(b + c), a

0, 1/4, 1/4

1/2(−a + c), 1/2(a + c), b

1/4, 0, 1/4

1/2(−a + b), 1/2(−b + c), a + b + c 1/2(a + b), 1/2(−b − c), −a + b − c 1/4, 0, 1/4 1/2(−a − b), 1/2(b − c), a − b − c 0, 1/4, 1/4 1/2(a − b), 1/2(b + c), −a − b + c 1/4, 1/4, 0

• Loss of centring translations

none

• Enlarged unit cell

none

427

x + 12 , y¯ + 34 , z¯ + 14 z¯ + 14 , x + 12 , y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , z¯ + 14 , x + 12 y¯ + 12 , x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯ + 12 , y + 34 z¯, y, ¯ x¯ x¯ + 12 , y + 14 , z + 34 z + 34 , x¯ + 12 , y + 14 y + 14 , z + 34 , x¯ + 12 y + 12 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 x¯ + 34 , z + 12 , y¯ + 14 z, y, x

1/8, 1/8, 1/8

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

(Continued on the facing page)

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 228, pp. 428–430.

F d 3¯ c ORIGIN CHOICE

O8h

F 41/d 3¯ 2/c

No. 228 ¯ 1, Origin at 2 3, at − 38 , − 38 , − 38 from centre (3)

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

192

h

1

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ + 34 x + 34 , z + 14 , y¯ + 34 z + 34 , y + 14 , x¯ + 34 x¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 y, ¯ x¯ + 12 , z x, ¯ z¯ + 12 , y z¯, y¯ + 12 , x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x, ¯ y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, ¯ y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 12 , x¯ y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 x¯ + 34 , z + 34 , y + 14 z + 14 , y¯ + 34 , x + 34 x + 34 , y + 14 , z¯ + 14 z¯ + 14 , x + 34 , y + 14 y + 14 , z¯ + 14 , x + 34 y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x, z¯, y¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , y, x¯

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z¯ z¯, x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯, x¯ + 12 y + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z + 34 x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 z¯ + 34 , y + 34 , x + 14 x + 14 , y¯ + 14 , z + 34 z + 34 , x + 14 , y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , z + 34 , x + 14 y¯ + 12 , x, z¯ x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z, y, ¯ x¯ + 12

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] F 43c (219) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48)+ (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; [2] F41 32 (210) 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24)+ ¯ (203, Fd 3) ¯ [2] Fd 31 (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36)+ ⎧ [3] F41 /d12/c (142, I41 /acd) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28; 37; ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 38; 39; 40)+ ⎪ ⎨ [3] F41 /d12/c (142, I41 /acd) (1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20; 25; 28; 26; 27; 42; 43; 41; 44)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ /d12/c (142, I4 /acd) (1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21; 25; 27; 28; 26; 46; [3] F4 ⎪ 1 1 ⎩ 48; 47; 45)+ ⎧ ¯ ¯ [4] F1 32/c (167, R 3c) (1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; 25; 29; 33; 38; 43; 48)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ¯ ⎪ (1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; 25; 30; 36; 37; 42; 48)+ ⎪ ⎨ [4] F132/c (167, R3c) ¯ ¯ [4] F132/c (167, R3c) ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ¯ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ [4] F132/c (167, R3c)

(1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; 25; 31; 34; 37; 43; 46)+ (1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; 25; 32; 35; 38; 42; 46)+

1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c

0, 0, 1/4

1/2(b − c), 1/2(b + c), a

1/4, 0, 0

1/2(−a + c), 1/2(a + c), b

0, 1/4, 0

1/2(−a + b), 1/2(−b + c), a + b + c 3/8, 3/8, 3/8 1/2(a + b), 1/2(−b − c), −a + b − c 1/8, 3/8, 1/8 1/2(−a − b), 1/2(b − c), a − b − c 3/8, 1/8, 1/8 1/2(a − b), 1/2(b + c), −a − b + c 1/8, 1/8, 3/8

• Loss of centring translations

none

• Enlarged unit cell

none

428

x + 12 , y, ¯ z¯ + 12 1 z¯ + 2 , x + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z¯ + 12 , x + 12 y¯ + 34 , x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯ + 34 , y + 34 z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 14 x¯ + 14 , y + 34 , z + 14 z + 14 , x¯ + 14 , y + 34 y + 34 , z + 14 , x¯ + 14 y, x, ¯ z¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , z, y¯ z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

1/4, 1/4, 1/4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

CONTINUED

No. 228

ORIGIN CHOICE

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ (228) Fd 3c 2 + (2u, 2p − 12 + 2v, 2p − 12 ); 3 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2p − 12 , 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); p 3p 3 1 3 13 + ( 3p 4 − 4 + u − v, 4 − 4 − u + v, 4 − 4 + 2w); 3p 3p 3p 25 + ( 4 − 34 + 2u, 4 − 34 + 2v, 4 − 34 + 2w) prime p > 4; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n + 1 ¯ Fd 3c (228) 2 + ( 21 + 2u, 2p + 2v, 2p − 12 ); 3 + ( 2p + 2u, 2p − 12 , 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); p 3p 3 1 1 13 + ( 3p 4 − 4 + u − v, 4 − 4 − u + v, 4 − 4 + 2w); 3p 3p 3p 1 1 1 25 + ( 4 − 4 + 2u, 4 − 4 + 2v, 4 − 4 + 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups for p = 4n − 1 I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

1

F d 3¯ c

pa, pb, pc

u, v, w

pa, pb, pc

1/4 + u, 1/4 + v, 1/4 + w

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

¯ (224) [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pn3m

(Continued from the following page)

No. 228

ORIGIN CHOICE

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc p 3 1 ¯ (228) Fd 3c 2 + ( 4p − 14 + 2u, 3p 4 − 4 + 2v, 2 − 2 ); 3p p 3 1 p 1 3 + ( 4 − 4 + 2u, 2 − 2 , 4 − 4 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); p 3 1 13 + ( 3p 4 − 4 + u − v, 4 − 4 − u + v, 2w); 25 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell ¯ (224) [2] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pn3m

429

pa, pb, pc

2

F d 3¯ c

u, v, w

F d 3¯ c ORIGIN CHOICE

O8h

F 41/d 3¯ 2/c

No. 228 ¯ at 3 , 3 , 3 from 2 3 2, Origin at centre (3), 8 8 8

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t(0, 12 , 12 ); t( 21 , 0, 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

192

h

1

(0, 0, 0)+ (0, 12 , 12 )+ ( 21 , 0, 12 )+ ( 21 , 12 , 0)+ (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ x + 34 , z + 14 , y¯ z + 34 , y + 14 , x¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 , y z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 , x

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 , z + 12 z + 12 , x¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 y¯ + 34 , z + 12 , x¯ + 14 y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 x, ¯ z + 34 , y + 14 z + 14 , y, ¯ x + 34 x + 34 , y + 14 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 34 , y + 14 y + 14 , z¯ + 12 , x + 34 y + 12 , x + 12 , z + 12 x, z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , y, x¯ + 14

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x¯ + 34 , y + 12 , z¯ + 14 z¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34 , y + 12 y + 12 , z¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34 y + 14 , x, ¯ z + 34 x¯ + 12 , z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 z¯, y + 34 , x + 14 x + 14 , y¯ + 12 , z + 34 z + 34 , x + 14 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 34 , x + 14 y¯ + 34 , x, z¯ + 14 x + 12 , z + 12 , y + 12 z, y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] F 43c (219) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48)+ (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; [2] F41 32 (210) 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24)+ ¯ (203, Fd 3) ¯ [2] Fd 31 (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36)+ ⎧ [3] F41 /d12/c (142, I41 /acd) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28; 37; ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 38; 39; 40)+ ⎪ ⎨ [3] F41 /d12/c (142, I41 /acd) (1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20; 25; 28; 26; 27; 42; 43; 41; 44)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ /d12/c (142, I4 /acd) (1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21; 25; 27; 28; 26; 46; [3] F4 ⎪ 1 1 ⎩ 48; 47; 45)+ ⎧ ¯ ¯ [4] F1 32/c (167, R 3c) (1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; 25; 29; 33; 38; 43; 48)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ¯ ⎪ [4] F1 32/c (167, R 3c) (1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; 25; 30; 36; 37; 42; 48)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ ¯ [4] F132/c (167, R3c) (1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; 25; 31; 34; 37; 43; 46)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ¯ ¯ (167, R3c) (1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; 25; 32; 35; 38; 42; 46)+ ⎪ [4] F132/c ⎩

1/8, 1/8, 1/8

1/2(a − b), 1/2(a + b), c 1/2(b − c), 1/2(b + c), a 1/2(−a + c), 1/2(a + c), b 1/2(−a + b), 1/2(−b + c), a + b + c 1/2(a + b), 1/2(−b − c), −a + b − c 1/4, 0, 1/4 1/2(−a − b), 1/2(b − c), a − b − c 0, 1/4, 1/4 1/2(a − b), 1/2(b + c), −a − b + c 1/4, 1/4, 0

• Loss of centring translations

none

• Enlarged unit cell

none

430

x + 12 , y¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , x + 12 , y¯ + 14 y¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 , x + 12 y, ¯ x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯, y + 34 z¯ + 12 , y¯ + 12 , x¯ + 12 x¯ + 12 , y + 34 , z + 14 z + 14 , x¯ + 12 , y + 34 y + 34 , z + 14 , x¯ + 12 y, x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 x¯ + 34 , z, y¯ + 14 z + 12 , y + 12 , x + 12

1/8, 1/8, 1/8

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

(Continued on the preceding page)

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 229, p. 431.

O9h

I 4/m 3¯ 2/m

I m 3¯ m

No. 229

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

96

l

1

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) (9) (17) (25) (33) (41)

x, y, z y, z, x x, z, y¯ x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ x, ¯ z¯, y

(2) (10) (18) (26) (34) (42)

x, ¯ y, ¯z y, ¯ z, x¯ x, ¯ z, y x, y, z¯ y, z¯, x x, z¯, y¯

(3) (11) (19) (27) (35) (43)

x, ¯ y, z¯ y, z¯, x¯ x, ¯ z¯, y¯ x, y, ¯z y, ¯ z, x x, z, y

(4) (12) (20) (28) (36) (44)

x, y, ¯ z¯ y, ¯ z¯, x x, z¯, y x, ¯ y, z y, z, x¯ x, ¯ z, y¯

(5) (13) (21) (29) (37) (45)

z, x, y y, x, z¯ z, y, x¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ x, ¯z z¯, y, ¯x

(6) (14) (22) (30) (38) (46)

z, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ x, ¯ z¯ z, y, ¯x z¯, x, y y, x, z z¯, y, x¯

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] I 43m (217) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48)+ [2] I432 (211) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24)+ ¯ (204, Im3) ¯ [2] Im31 (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36)+
[3] I4/m12/m (139, I4/mmm) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28; 37; 38; 39; 40)+ [3] I4/m12/m (139, I4/mmm) (1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20; 25; 28; 26; 27; 42; 43; 41; 44)+ [3] I4/m12/m (139, I4/mmm) (1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21; 25; 27; 28; 26; 46; 48; 47; 45)+ ⎧ ¯ ¯ [4] I132/m (166, R3m) (1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; 25; 29; 33; 38; 43; 48)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ ¯ [4] I132/m (166, R3m) (1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; 25; 30; 36; 37; 42; 48)+ ¯ ¯ [4] I1 32/m (166, R 3m) (1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; 25; 31; 34; 37; 43; 46)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ ¯ [4] I132/m (166, R3m) (1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; 25; 32; 35; 38; 42; 46)+

(7) (15) (23) (31) (39) (47)

z¯, x, ¯y y, x, ¯z z¯, y, x z, x, y¯ y, ¯ x, z¯ z, y, ¯ x¯

(8) (16) (24) (32) (40) (48)

z¯, x, y¯ y, ¯ x, z z¯, y, ¯ x¯ z, x, ¯y y, x, ¯ z¯ z, y, x

b, c, a c, a, b −a + b, −b + c, 1/2(a + b + c) a + b, −b − c, 1/2(−a + b − c) −a − b, b − c, 1/2(a − b − c) a − b, b + c, 1/2(−a − b + c)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations ¯ (224) [2] Pn3m ¯ (223) [2] Pm3n ¯ (222) [2] Pn3n ¯ (221) [2] Pm3m

1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; (13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; (13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; (25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48) + ( 21 , 12 , 12 ) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48

• Enlarged unit cell

1/4, 1/4, 1/4

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ (229) Im3m 2 + (2u, 2v, 0); 3 + (2u, 0, 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); 13 + (u − v, −u + v, 2w); 25 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups

pa, pb, pc

I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell ¯ (221) [4] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pm3m Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

1/4, 1/4, 1/4

431

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Maximal subgroups of space group 230, p. 432.

I a 3¯ d

O10h

I 41/a 3¯ 2/d

No. 230

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0, 0); t(0, 1, 0); t(0, 0, 1); t( 21 , 12 , 12 ); (2); (3); (5); (13); (25) General position

Coordinates

Multiplicity, Wyckoff letter, Site symmetry

96

h

1

(0, 0, 0)+ ( 21 , 12 , 12 )+ (1) (5) (9) (13) (17) (21) (25) (29) (33) (37) (41) (45)

x, y, z z, x, y y, z, x y + 34 , x + 14 , z¯ + 14 x + 34 , z + 14 , y¯ + 14 z + 34 , y + 14 , x¯ + 14 x, ¯ y, ¯ z¯ z¯, x, ¯ y¯ y, ¯ z¯, x¯ y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34 , z + 34 x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 , y + 34 z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 , x + 34

(2) (6) (10) (14) (18) (22) (26) (30) (34) (38) (42) (46)

x¯ + 12 , y, ¯ z + 12 z + 12 , x¯ + 12 , y¯ y, ¯ z + 12 , x¯ + 12 y¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 x¯ + 14 , z + 34 , y + 14 z + 14 , y¯ + 14 , x + 34 x + 12 , y, z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x + 12 , y y, z¯ + 12 , x + 12 y + 14 , x + 14 , z + 14 x + 34 , z¯ + 14 , y¯ + 34 z¯ + 34 , y + 34 , x¯ + 14

(3) (7) (11) (15) (19) (23) (27) (31) (35) (39) (43) (47)

x, ¯ y + 12 , z¯ + 12 z¯ + 12 , x, ¯ y + 12 y + 12 , z¯ + 12 , x¯ y + 14 , x¯ + 14 , z + 34 x¯ + 34 , z¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 z¯ + 14 , y + 34 , x + 14 x, y¯ + 12 , z + 12 z + 12 , x, y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z + 12 , x y¯ + 34 , x + 34 , z¯ + 14 x + 14 , z + 14 , y + 14 z + 34 , y¯ + 14 , x¯ + 34

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] I 43d (220) (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48)+ (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; [2] I41 32 (214) 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24)+ ¯ (206, Ia3) ¯ [2] Ia31 (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36)+ ⎧ [3] I4 /a12/d (142, I4 /acd) (1; 2; 3; 4; 13; 14; 15; 16; 25; 26; 27; 28; 37; ⎪ 1 1 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 38; 39; 40)+ ⎪ ⎨ [3] I41 /a12/d (142, I41 /acd) (1; 4; 2; 3; 18; 19; 17; 20; 25; 28; 26; 27; 42; 43; 41; 44)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ /a12/d (142, I4 /acd) (1; 3; 4; 2; 22; 24; 23; 21; 25; 27; 28; 26; 46; [3] I4 ⎪ 1 1 ⎩ 48; 47; 45)+ ⎧ ¯ ¯ [4] I1 32/d (167, R 3c) (1; 5; 9; 14; 19; 24; 25; 29; 33; 38; 43; 48)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ¯ ¯ [4] I132/d (167, R3c) (1; 6; 12; 13; 18; 24; 25; 30; 36; 37; 42; 48)+ ¯ ¯ [4] I1 32/d (167, R 3c) (1; 7; 10; 13; 19; 22; 25; 31; 34; 37; 43; 46)+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ¯ ¯ [4] I132/d (167, R3c) (1; 8; 11; 14; 18; 22; 25; 32; 35; 38; 42; 46)+

(4) (8) (12) (16) (20) (24) (28) (32) (36) (40) (44) (48)

x + 12 , y¯ + 12 , z¯ z¯, x + 12 , y¯ + 12 y¯ + 12 , z¯, x + 12 y¯ + 14 , x + 34 , z + 14 x + 14 , z¯ + 14 , y + 34 z¯ + 34 , y¯ + 34 , x¯ + 34 x¯ + 12 , y + 12 , z z, x¯ + 12 , y + 12 y + 12 , z, x¯ + 12 y + 34 , x¯ + 14 , z¯ + 34 x¯ + 34 , z + 34 , y¯ + 14 z + 14 , y + 14 , x + 14

b, c, a c, a, b −a + b, −b + c, 1/2(a + b + c) a + b, −b − c, 1/2(−a + b − c) −a − b, b − c, 1/2(a − b − c) a − b, b + c, 1/2(−a − b + c)

0, 1/2, 1/2 1/2, 1/2, 0 1/2, 0, 1/2

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups

• Loss of centring translations

none

• Enlarged unit cell

none

• Series of maximal isomorphic subgroups [p3 ] a
= pa, b
= pb, c
= pc ¯ (230) Ia3d 2 + ( 2p − 12 + 2u, 2v, 2p − 12 ); 3 + (2u, 2p − 12 , 2p − 12 + 2w); 5 + (u − w, −u + v, −v + w); p p 3 1 1 13 + ( 3p 4 − 4 + u − v, 4 − 4 − u + v, 4 − 4 + 2w); 25 + (2u, 2v, 2w) prime p > 2; 0 ≤ u < p; 0 ≤ v < p; 0 ≤ w < p p3 conjugate subgroups I Minimal translationengleiche supergroups

pa, pb, pc

none

II Minimal non-isomorphic klassengleiche supergroups

• Additional centring translations

none

• Decreased unit cell

¯ (223) [4] a
= 12 a, b
= 12 b, c
= 12 c Pm3n Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

432

u, v, w

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Chapter 2.4, pp. 433–452.

2.4. Graphs for translationengleiche subgroups By Volker Gramlich and Hans Wondratschek 2.4.1. Graphs of the translationengleiche subgroups with a cubic summit

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

434

2.4.2. Graphs of the translationengleiche subgroups with a tetragonal summit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

440

2.4.3. Graphs of the translationengleiche subgroups with a hexagonal summit .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

447

2.4.4 Graphs of the translationengleiche subgroups with an orthorhombic summit

450

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

433

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS 2.4.1. Graphs of the translationengleiche subgroups with a cubic summit For an explanation of these graphs, see Section 2.1.8.2.

Fig. 2.4.1.1. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Pm3m and of the included graphs with summits H < Pm3m, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.1.2. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Pn3n and of the included graphs with summits H < Pn3n, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

434

2.4. GRAPHS FOR TRANSLATIONENGLEICHE SUBGROUPS

Fig. 2.4.1.3. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Pm3n and of the included graphs with summits H < Pm3n, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.1.4. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Pn3m and of the included graphs with summits H < Pn3m, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

435

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS

Fig. 2.4.1.5. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Fm3m and of the included graphs with summits H < Fm3m, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.1.6. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Fm3c and of the included graphs with summits H < Fm3c, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

436

2.4. GRAPHS FOR TRANSLATIONENGLEICHE SUBGROUPS

Fig. 2.4.1.7. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Fd3m and of the included graphs with summits H < Fd3m, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.1.8. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Fd3c and of the included graphs with summits H < Fd3c, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

437

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS

Fig. 2.4.1.9. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Im3m and of the included graphs with summits H < Im3m, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.1.10. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Ia3d and of the included graphs with summits H < Ia3d, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

438

2.4. GRAPHS FOR TRANSLATIONENGLEICHE SUBGROUPS

Fig. 2.4.1.11. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space groups P41 32, P43 32 and Pa3, and of the included graphs with summits H < P41 32 or H < P43 32 or H < Pa3, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

439

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS 2.4.2. Graphs of the translationengleiche subgroups with a tetragonal summit For an explanation of these graphs, see Section 2.1.8.2.

Fig. 2.4.2.1. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group P4=mcc and of the included graphs with summits H < P4=mcc, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.2.2. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group P4=nbm and of the included graphs with summits H < P4=nbm, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

440

2.4. GRAPHS FOR TRANSLATIONENGLEICHE SUBGROUPS

Fig. 2.4.2.3. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group P4=mbm and of the included graphs with summits H < P4=mbm, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.2.4. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group P4=mnc and of the included graphs with summits H < P4=mnc, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

441

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS

Fig. 2.4.2.5. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group P4=nmm and of the included graphs with summits H < P4=nmm, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.2.6. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group P4=ncc and of the included graphs with summits H < P4=ncc, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

442

2.4. GRAPHS FOR TRANSLATIONENGLEICHE SUBGROUPS

Fig. 2.4.2.7. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group P42 =mcm and of the included graphs with summits H < P42 =mcm, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.2.8. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group P42 =nbc and of the included graphs with summits H < P42 =nbc, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

443

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS

Fig. 2.4.2.9. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group P42 =mbc and of the included graphs with summits H < P42 =mbc, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.2.10. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group P42 =mnm and of the included graphs with summits H < P42 =mnm, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

444

2.4. GRAPHS FOR TRANSLATIONENGLEICHE SUBGROUPS

Fig. 2.4.2.11. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group P42 =nmc and of the included graphs with summits H < P42 =nmc, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.2.12. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group P42 =ncm and of the included graphs with summits H < P42 =ncm, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

445

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS

Fig. 2.4.2.13. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space groups P41 22 and P43 22 and of the included graphs with summits H < P41 22 or H < P43 22, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

446

2.4. GRAPHS FOR TRANSLATIONENGLEICHE SUBGROUPS 2.4.3. Graphs of the translationengleiche subgroups with a hexagonal summit For an explanation of these graphs, see Section 2.1.8.2.

Fig. 2.4.3.1. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group P6=mmm and of the included graphs with summits H < P6=mmm, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.3.2. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group P6=mcc and of the included graphs with summits H < P6=mcc, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

447

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS

Fig. 2.4.3.3. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group P63 =mcm and of the included graphs with summits H < P63 =mcm, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.3.4. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group P63 =mmc and of the included graphs with summits H < P63 =mmc, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

448

2.4. GRAPHS FOR TRANSLATIONENGLEICHE SUBGROUPS

Fig. 2.4.3.5. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space groups P61 22, P65 22, P62 22 and P64 22, and of the included graphs with summits H < P61 22 or H < P65 22 or H < P62 22 or H < P64 22, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

449

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS 2.4.4. Graphs of the translationengleiche subgroups with an orthorhombic summit For an explanation of these graphs, see Section 2.1.8.2.

Fig. 2.4.4.1. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Pmma and of the included graphs with summits H < Pmma, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.4.2. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Pnna and of the included graphs with summits H < Pnna, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.4.3. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Pmna and of the included graphs with summits H < Pmna, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

450

2.4. GRAPHS FOR TRANSLATIONENGLEICHE SUBGROUPS

Fig. 2.4.4.4. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Pcca and of the included graphs with summits H < Pcca, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.4.5. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Pbcm and of the included graphs with summits H < Pbcm, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.4.6. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Pbcn and of the included graphs with summits H < Pbcn, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

451

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS

Fig. 2.4.4.7. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Pnma and of the included graphs with summits H < Pnma, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

Fig. 2.4.4.8. Graph of the translationengleiche subgroups of the summit space group Cmce and of the included graphs with summits H < Cmce, see Example 2.1.8.2.3.

452

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Chapter 2.5, pp. 453–463.

2.5. Graphs for klassengleiche subgroups By Volker Gramlich and Hans Wondratschek 2.5.1. Graphs of the klassengleiche subgroups of monoclinic and orthorhombic space groups

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

454

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

457

2.5.3. Graphs of the klassengleiche subgroups of trigonal space groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

460

2.5.4. Graphs of the klassengleiche subgroups of hexagonal space groups

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

461

2.5.5. Graphs of the klassengleiche subgroups of cubic space groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

462

2.5.2. Graphs of the klassengleiche subgroups of tetragonal space groups

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

453

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS 2.5.1. Graphs of the klassengleiche subgroups of monoclinic and orthorhombic space groups For an explanation of these graphs, see Section 2.1.8.3.

Fig. 2.5.1.1. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 2.

Fig. 2.5.1.2. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class m.

Fig. 2.5.1.3. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 2=m.

Fig. 2.5.1.4. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 222.

454

Fig. 2.5.1.5. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class mm2.

2.5. GRAPHS FOR KLASSENGLEICHE SUBGROUPS

455

Fig. 2.5.1.6. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class mmm.

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS

456

2.5. GRAPHS FOR KLASSENGLEICHE SUBGROUPS 2.5.2. Graphs of the klassengleiche subgroups of tetragonal space groups For an explanation of these graphs, see Section 2.1.8.3.

Fig. 2.5.2.1. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 4.

Fig. 2.5.2.3. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 4=m.

Fig. 2.5.2.2. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 4.

Fig. 2.5.2.4. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 422.

457

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS

Fig. 2.5.2.5. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 4mm.

Fig. 2.5.2.6. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 42m.

458

Fig. 2.5.2.7. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 4=mmm.

2.5. GRAPHS FOR KLASSENGLEICHE SUBGROUPS

459

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS 2.5.3. Graphs of the klassengleiche subgroups of trigonal space groups For an explanation of these graphs, see Section 2.1.8.3.

Fig. 2.5.3.1. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 3.

Fig. 2.5.3.2. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 3.

Fig. 2.5.3.3. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 32.

Fig. 2.5.3.5. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 3m.

Fig. 2.5.3.4. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 3m.

460

2.5. GRAPHS FOR KLASSENGLEICHE SUBGROUPS 2.5.4. Graphs of the klassengleiche subgroups of hexagonal space groups For an explanation of these graphs, see Section 2.1.8.3.

Fig. 2.5.4.1. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 6.

Fig. 2.5.4.2. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 6=m.

Fig. 2.5.4.3. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 622.

Fig. 2.5.4.4. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 6mm.

Fig. 2.5.4.5. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 62m.

Fig. 2.5.4.6. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 6=mmm.

461

2. MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF THE PLANE GROUPS AND SPACE GROUPS 2.5.5. Graphs of the klassengleiche subgroups of cubic space groups For an explanation of these graphs, see Section 2.1.8.3.

Fig. 2.5.5.1. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 23.

Fig. 2.5.5.2. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class m3.

Fig. 2.5.5.3. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 432.

462

2.5. GRAPHS FOR KLASSENGLEICHE SUBGROUPS

Fig. 2.5.5.4. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class 43m.

Fig. 2.5.5.5. Graph of the klassengleiche subgroups of the space groups of crystal class m3m.

463

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Chapter 3.1, pp. 466–472.

3.1. Guide to the tables By Ulrich Mu¨ller

In the tables of Chapter 3.2, all maximal subgroups of the space groups are listed. For all Wyckoff positions of a space group the relations to the Wyckoff positions of the subgroups are given. The Wyckoff positions are always labelled by their multiplicities and their Wyckoff letters, in the same manner as in International Tables for Crystallography, Volume A (2005). Reference to Volume A therefore is always necessary, especially when the corresponding coordinate triplets or site symmetries are needed. For general remarks on Wyckoff positions see Chapter 1.5.

Rhombohedral space groups are listed only in the setting with hexagonal axes with a rhombohedrally centred obverse cell [i.e.  ð 23 ; 13 ; 13 Þ]. However, for cubic space groups, the rhombohedral subgroups are also given with rhombohedral axes. Settings with different origin choices are taken account of by two separate columns ‘Coordinates’ with the headings ‘origin 1’ and ‘origin 2’. 3.1.1.3. List of Wyckoff positions Under the column heading ‘Wyckoff positions’, the complete sequence of the Wyckoff positions of the space group is given by their multiplicities and Wyckoff letters. If necessary, the sequence runs over two or more lines.

3.1.1. Arrangement of the entries Every space group begins on a new page (with the exception of P43 , P32 , P64 and P65 , which are listed together with P41 , P31 , P62 and P61 , respectively). If necessary, continuation occurs on the following page(s), or, in a few correspondingly marked cases, on the preceding page. The different settings for monoclinic space groups are continued on the same or the following page(s).

3.1.1.4. Subgroup data The subgroups are divided into two sections: I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups and II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups. The latter are further subdivided into three blocks: Loss of centring translations. This block appears only if the space group has a conventionally centred lattice. The centring has been fully or partly lost in the subgroups listed. The size of the conventional unit cell is not changed. Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic. The klassengleiche subgroups listed in this block are non-isomorphic and have conventional unit cells that are enlarged compared with the unit cell of the space group. Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic. The listing includes the isomorphic subgroups with the smallest possible indices for every kind of cell enlargement. If they exist, index values of 2, 3 and 4 are always given (except for P1, which is restricted to index 2). If the indices 2, 3 or 4 are not possible, the smallest possible index for the kind of cell enlargement considered is listed. In addition, the infinite series of isomorphic subgroups are given for all possible kinds of cell enlargements. The factor of the cell enlargement corresponds to the index, which is a prime number p, a square p2 of a prime number, or a cube p3 of a prime number (cf. Section 3.1.1.6). If p > 2, the specifically listed subgroups with small index values also always belong to the infinite series, so that the corresponding information is given twice in these cases. For p ¼ 2 this applies only to certain special cases.

3.1.1.1. Headline The headline lists from the outer margin inwards: (1) The short Hermann–Mauguin symbol; (2) The number of the space group according to Volume A; (3) The full Hermann–Mauguin symbol if it differs from the short symbol; (4) The Schoenflies symbol. In the case of monoclinic space groups, the headline can have one or two additional entries with the full Hermann–Mauguin symbols for different settings. 3.1.1.2. Specification of the settings Each of the monoclinic space groups is listed several times, namely with unique axis b and with unique axis c, and, if applicable, with the three cell choices 1, 2 and 3 according to Volume A. Space permitting, the entries for the different settings have been combined on one page or on facing pages, since in most cases the Wyckoff-position relations do not depend on the choice of setting. In the few cases where there is a dependence, arrows ()) in the corresponding lines show to which settings they refer. Otherwise, the Wyckoff positions of the subgroups correspond to all of the settings listed on the same page or on facing pages. The comment ‘Space groups of the series of isomorphic subgroups appear in different sequences for cell choices 1, 2 and 3’ under a table refers to the infinite series of isomorphic subgroups listed at the bottom of a table of a monoclinic space group. For a given index p (p = prime number > 1) and enlargement of the basis vectors perpendicular to the monoclinic axis, there are p þ 1 non-conjugate isomorphic maximal subgroups. Their cells can be calculated by formulae such as ‘a; b; pc’ and ‘pa; b; qa þ c’ with an integer parameter q taking any value from
12 ðp
1Þ to 12 ðp
1Þ. The same value of q may refer to a different subgroup for cell choices 1, 2 or 3. Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

3.1.1.5. Sequence of the listed subgroups Within each of the aforementioned blocks, the subgroups are listed in the following order. First priority is given to the index, with smallest values first. Subgroups with the same index follow decreasing space-group numbers (according to Volume A). Exception: the translationengleiche subgroup of a tetragonal space group listed last is always the one with the axes transformation to a diagonally oriented cell. Translationengleiche subgroups of cubic space groups are in the order cubic, rhombohedral, tetragonal, orthorhombic. In the case of the isomorphic subgroups, there is a subdivision according to the kind of cell enlargement. For monoclinic, tetragonal, trigonal and hexagonal space groups, cell enlargements in the direction of the unique axis are given first. For

466

3.1. GUIDE TO THE TABLES orthorhombic space groups, the isomorphic subgroups with increased a are given first, followed by increased b and c. The sequence differs somewhat from that in Chapter 2.3 of this volume. In Chapter 2.3, the klassengleiche subgroups have been subdivided in more detail according to the different kinds of cell enlargements and the isomorphic subgroups with specific index values have been listed together with the klassengleiche subgroups, i.e. separately from the infinite series of isomorphic subgroups. A list of the differences in presentation between Chapters 2.3 and 3.2 is given in the Appendix at the end of this volume.

3.1.1.6.4. Coordinates The column ‘Coordinates’ shows how the atomic coordinates of the subgroups are calculated from the coordinates x, y and z of the starting unit cell. This includes coordinate shifts whenever a shift of the origin is required (cf. Section 3.1.3). If the cell of the subgroup is enlarged, the coordinate triplet is followed by a semicolon; then follow fractional numbers in parentheses. This means that in addition to the coordinates given before the semicolon, further coordinates have to be considered; they result from adding the numbers in the parentheses. However, if the subgroup has a centring, the values to be added due to this centring are not mentioned. If no transformation of coordinates is necessary, the entry is omitted.

3.1.1.6. Information for every subgroup 3.1.1.6.1. Index The entry for every subgroup begins with the index in brackets, for example [2] or [p] or [p2 ] (p = prime number). The index for any of the infinite number of maximal isomorphic subgroups must be either a prime number p, or, in certain cases of tetragonal, trigonal and hexagonal space groups, a square p2 of a prime number; for isomorphic subgroups of cubic space groups the index may only be the cube p3 of a prime number. In many instances only certain prime numbers are allowed (Bertaut & Billiet, 1979; Billiet & Bertaut, 2005; Mu¨ller & Brelle, 1995). If restrictions exist, the prime numbers allowed are given under the axes transformations by formulae such as ‘p ¼ prime ¼ 6n þ 1’.

Example 3.1.1.6.1 The entry 1 3x

þ 14; y þ 14; z; ð 13; 0; 0Þ

means: starting from the coordinates of, say, 0.63, 0.12, 0.0, sites with the following coordinates result in the subgroup: 0:46; 0:37; 0:0; 0:793333; 0:37; 0:0; 0:1266667; 0:37; 0:0: Example 3.1.1.6.2 The entry of an I-centred subgroup 1 1 1 2 x; 2 y; 2 z;

þð 12; 0; 0Þ; þð0; 12; 0Þ; þð0; 0; 12 Þ

means: starting from the coordinates of, say, 0.08, 0.14, 0.20, sites with the following coordinates result in the subgroup:

3.1.1.6.2. Subgroup symbol The index is followed by the Hermann–Mauguin symbol (short symbol) and the space-group number of the subgroup. If a nonconventional setting has been chosen, then the space-group symbol of the conventional setting is also mentioned in the following line after the symbol ¼ b. In some cases of nonconventional settings, the space-group symbol does not show uniquely in which manner it deviates from the conventional setting. For example, the nonconventional setting P221 2 of the space group P2221 can result from cyclic exchange of the axes, ðb; c; aÞ or by interchange of b with c ða;
c; bÞ. As a consequence, the relations between the Wyckoff positions can be different. In such cases, cyclic exchange has always been chosen.

0:04; 0:07; 0:10; 0:04; 0:57; 0:10;

0:54; 0:07; 0:10; 0:04; 0:07; 0:60;

in addition, there are all coordinates with þð 12 ; 12 ; 12 Þ due to the I-centring: 0:54; 0:57; 0:60; 0:54; 0:07; 0:60;

0:04; 0:57; 0:60; 0:54; 0:57; 0:10:

For the infinite series of isomorphic subgroups, coordinate formulae are, for example, in the form x; y; p1 z; þð0; 0; upÞ with u ¼ 1; . . . ; p
1. Then there are p coordinate values running from x; y; p1 z to x; y; p1 z þ p
1 p . Example 3.1.1.6.3 For a subgroup with index p2 ¼ 25 (p ¼ 5) the entry 1 1 p x; p y; z;

3.1.1.6.3. Basis vectors The column ‘Axes’ shows how the basis vectors of the unit cell of a subgroup result from the basis vectors a, b and c of the space group considered. This information is omitted if there is no change of basis vectors. A formula such as ‘qa
rb; ra þ qb; c’ together with the restrictions ‘p ¼ q2 þ r2 ¼ prime ¼ 4n þ 1’ and ‘q ¼ 2n0 þ 1  1; r ¼ 2n00 6¼ 0’ means that for a given index p there exist several subgroups with different lattices depending on the values of the integer parameters q (odd) and r (even) within the limits of the restriction. In this example, the prime number p must be p  1 modulo 4 (i.e. 5, 13, 17, . . . ); if it is, say, p ¼ 13 ¼ 32 þ ð2Þ2 , the values of q and r may be q ¼ 3; r ¼ 2 and q ¼ 3; r ¼
2.1

þð up; pv; 0Þ; u; v ¼ 1; . . . ; p
1

means: starting from the coordinates of, say, 0.10, 0.35, 0.0, sites with the following coordinates result in the subgroup: 0:02; 0:07; 0:0; 0:02; 0:67; 0:0; 0:22; 0:07; 0:0; 0:22; 0:67; 0:0; 0:42; 0:07; 0:0; 0:42; 0:67; 0:0; 0:62; 0:07; 0:0; 0:62; 0:67; 0:0; 0:82; 0:07; 0:0; 0:82; 0:67; 0:0;

1

If the sum of two square numbers is a prime number p, then it is p ¼ 2 or p ¼ 4n þ 1, and every prime number p ¼ 4n þ 1 can be expressed by a sum of two square numbers. Index number restrictions of this kind occur among isomorphic subgroups of certain tetragonal space groups. A similar relation occurring among trigonal and hexagonal space groups concerns prime numbers p ¼ q2
qr þ r2 ; p ¼ 3 or p ¼ 6n þ 1 always holds for integer q, r and every prime number p ¼ 6n þ 1 can be expressed by such a sum. For details, see Mu¨ller & Brelle (1995).

0:02; 0:27; 0:0; 0:02; 0:87; 0:0; 0:22; 0:27; 0:0; 0:22; 0:87; 0:0; 0:42; 0:27; 0:0; 0:42; 0:87; 0:0; 0:62; 0:27; 0:0; 0:62; 0:87; 0:0; 0:82; 0:27; 0:0; 0:82; 0:87; 0:0:

0:02; 0:47; 0:0; 0:22; 0:47; 0:0; 0:42; 0:47; 0:0; 0:62; 0:47; 0:0; 0:82; 0:47; 0:0;

If Volume A allows two choices for the origin, coordinate transformations for both are listed in separate columns with the headings ‘origin 1’ and ‘origin 2’. If two origin choices are allowed for both the group as well as the subgroup, then it is understood

467

3. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE WYCKOFF POSITIONS there is no origin shift for choice 1, but an origin shift of 0; 0; 12 for choice 2. The origin shift for choice 2 has been avoided, but as a consequence some of the Wyckoff labels differ for the two choices. For the Wyckoff position 2a of the space group, the entry for these isomorphic subgroups is 2aðby Þ; p
1 2  4f. The footnote reads ‘ y origin 2 and p ¼ 4n
1’. Therefore, 2a is (aside from 4f) the resulting Wyckoff position for origin choice 1 and any value of p; for origin choice 2 it is also 2a if p ¼ 4n þ 1, but it is 2b if p ¼ 4n
1 (the permitted values for p are p ¼ 4n  1).

that the origin choices of the group and the subgroup are the same (either origin choice 1 for both groups or origin choice 2 for both). If the space group has only one origin choice, but the subgroup has two choices, the coordinate transformations are given for both choices on separate lines. 3.1.1.6.5. Wyckoff positions The columns under the heading ‘Wyckoff positions’ contain the Wyckoff symbols of all sites of the subgroups that result therefrom. They are given in the same sequence as in the top line(s). If the symbols at the top run over more than one line, then the symbols for the subgroups take a corresponding number of lines. When an orbit splits into several independent orbits, the corresponding Wyckoff symbols are separated by semicolons, i.e. 1b; 4h; 4k. An entry such as 3  8j means that a splitting into three orbits takes place, all of which are of the same kind 8j; they differ in the values of their free parameters. For the infinite series of isomorphic subgroups general formulae are given. They allow the calculation of the Wyckoffposition relations for any index in a simple manner.

Warning: The listed Wyckoff positions of the subgroups apply only to the transformations given in the column ‘Coordinates’. If other cell transformations or origin shifts are used, this may result in an interchange of Wyckoff positions within each Wyckoff set of the subgroup. 3.1.2. Cell transformations When comparing related crystal structures, unit-cell transformations are troublesome. They result in differing sets of atomic coordinates for corresponding atoms; this can make comparisons more complicated and structural relations may be obscured. Frequently, it is more convenient not to interchange axes and to avoid transformations if possible. The use of a nonconventional setting of a space group may be preferable if this reduces cell transformations. For this reason, in the present tables settings of the subgroups were preferentially chosen in such a way that the directions of the basis vectors of a space group and its subgroup deviate as little as possible. If this results in a nonconventional setting of the subgroup, then the way to transform the basis vectors and coordinates to those of the conventional cell is also given. Subgroups listed in nonconventional settings concern orthorhombic and monoclinic space groups. Their transformations to conventional settings frequently only involve an interchange of axes. In the case of tetragonal subgroups, nonconventional settings with C-centred or F-centred cells are not used; this would have caused nonconventional multiplicities of the Wyckoff positions and would have required listings of all positions in these settings. Equally, face-centred monoclinic cells, B-centred monoclinic cells for unique axis b, C-centred monoclinic cells for unique axis c and hexagonal H cells are not used. Monoclinic space groups allow different descriptions, such as unique axis a, b or c, base- or body-centred cells, and glide vectors in different directions. All settings that are listed in Volume A have been considered to be allowed conventional settings. Whenever a cell transformation can be avoided and the subgroup conforms to any of the settings listed in Volume A (b or c as unique axis; cell choices 1, 2 or 3), then this setting has been chosen. Transformations to other settings are not given in these cases.

Example 3.1.1.6.4  24k means that for a given prime number p, The entry pðp
1Þ 2 ¼ 10 orbits of the kind 24k. say p ¼ 5, there are 5ð5
1Þ 2 In some cases of splittings, there is not enough space to enter all Wyckoff symbols on one line; this requires them to be listed one below the other over two or more lines. Whenever a Wyckoff symbol is followed by a semicolon, another symbol follows. Example 3.1.1.6.5

The last subgroup listed for space group I 4m2, No. 119, is I 4m2 with basis vectors pa; pb; c. The entry for the Wyckoff position 2a is:


2a; p
1  8g;
2

p
1

2  8i;


ðp
1Þðp
3Þ  16j
8 If p ¼ 5, it shows the splitting of an orbit of position 2a into one orbit 2a, two ð5
1 2 ¼ 2Þ orbits 8g, two orbits 8i and one ð ð5
1Þð5
3Þ ¼ 1 Þ orbit 16j. 8 Sometimes a Wyckoff label is followed by another Wyckoff label in parentheses together with a footnote marker. In this case, the Wyckoff label in parentheses is to be taken for the cases specified in the footnote. Example 3.1.1.6.6 The entry 2cðd Þ together with the footnote  p ¼ 4n
1 means that the Wyckoff position is 2c, but it is 2d if the index is p  3 modulo 4 (i.e. p ¼ 3; 7; 11; . . .). The Wyckoff positions of an isomorphic subgroup of a space group with two choices for the origin are only identical for the two choices if certain origin shifts are taken into account. Since origin shifts have been avoided as far as possible, in some cases some Wyckoff positions differ for the two origin choices.

3.1.3. Origin shifts In a group–subgroup relation, an origin shift may be necessary to conform to the conventional origin setting of the subgroup. This causes coordinate changes for corresponding atomic positions and is therefore undesirable for the purpose of comparing related crystal structures. However, in some cases an origin shift can be avoided if the relations between the basis vectors are chosen in a convenient manner. For example, the isomorphic relation of index 27 (for short: i27)

Example 3.1.1.6.7 The isomorphic subgroups of the space group P 42 =n, No. 86, with cell enlargements a; b; pc and p ¼ 4n
1 result in identical Wyckoff positions for the two origin choices only if

468

3.1. GUIDE TO THE TABLES i27

requires an increase of the lattice parameters by a factor of 3. To conform to the conventional setting, the origin must by displaced when the cell of the subgroup is chosen to be 3a, 3b, 3c. However, no displacement is necessary when the cell of the subgroup is taken to be 3b;
3a; 3c. Although the x and
y coordinates exchange places, this may be more convenient, since no values for an origin shift have to be added. For this reason, the latter option is preferred in this case. Origin shifts can be specified in terms of the coordinate system of the starting space group or of the coordinate system of the subgroup. In Part 2 of this volume, all origin shifts refer to the starting space group. In Part 3, the origin shifts are contained in the column ‘Coordinates’ as additive fractional numbers. This means that these shifts refer to the coordinate system of the subgroup. When comparing related crystal structures, it is mainly the atomic coordinates which have to be interconverted. Thus the coordinate conversion formulae are needed anyway; they are given in the column ‘Coordinates’. When space groups are involved that allow two origin choices, the origin shifts from a group to a subgroup can be different depending on whether origin choice 1 or 2 has been selected. Therefore, all space groups with two origin choices have two columns ‘Coordinates’, one for each origin choice. The coordinate conversion formulae for a specific subgroup in the two columns only differ in the additive fractional numbers that specify the origin shift. In addition, origin shifts could also have been specified in terms of the coordinate system of the starting space group. This, however, would have been redundant information that would have required an additional column, causing a serious shortage of space. If the origin shift in the coordinate system of the starting space group is needed, for example in a Ba¨rnighausen tree (Section 1.6.3), it has to be calculated from the origin shift listed in the column ‘Coordinates’ in the following way.

x0o ; y0o ; z0o

1 0
12
1 0 A: 0
12

In the column ‘Coordinates’ for origin choice 1, the coordinate transformations are given as x
z;
y þ 18 ;
2z þ 14 , which implies a coordinate shift of x0o ¼ 0, y0o ¼ 18 and z0o ¼ 14 referred to the coordinate system of the subgroup C12=c1, No. 15. The origin shift in terms of the starting space group Fddd is 0 10 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 xo0 1 0
12 8 B C B C 1 @ yo0 A ¼
@ 0
1 0 A@ 8 A ¼ @ 18 A: 1 1 0 0
12 zo0 4 8 Example 3.1.3.2 Consider space group Pnma, No. 62, and its subgroup P21 21 21, No. 19. In the table for space group Pnma, the coordinate transformation in the column ‘Coordinates’ is given as x; y; z þ 14. Therefore, there is no basis transformation, P ¼ I, but there is an origin shift of x0o ¼ 0, y0o ¼ 0, z0o ¼ 14 expressed in the coordinate system of P21 21 21. In terms of the coordinate system of Pnma this coordinate shift has the opposite sign: 0 1 0 10 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 xo0 @ yo0 A ¼
@ 0 1 0 A@ 0 A ¼ @ 0 A: 1
14 0 0 1 zo0 4 Note: In Chapter 2.3, the listed origin shifts refer to the starting space group and thus are given in a different way to that in Chapter 3.2. In addition, for a given group–subgroup pair the direction of the origin shift selected in Chapter 2.3 usually differs from the origin shift listed in Chapter 3.2 (often the direction is opposite; see the Appendix).

Take: a; b; c O a0 , b0 , c0 O0 xo0 ; yo0 ; zo0

0

1 P ¼ @0 0

F41 32
! F41 32

3.1.4. Nonconventional settings of orthorhombic space groups

basis vectors of the starting space group; origin of the starting space group; basis vectors of the subgroup; origin of the subgroup; coordinates of O0 expressed in the coordinate system of the starting group; coordinates of O expressed in the coordinate system of the subgroup.

Orthorhombic space groups can have as many as six different settings, as listed in Chapter 4.3 of Volume A. They result from the interchange of the axes a; b; c in the following ways: Cyclic exchange: b c a or c a b. Exchange of two axes, combined with the reversal of the direction of one axis in order to keep a right-handed coordinate system: b a c
or b a
c or b
a c; c b a
or c b
a or c
b a; a c b
or a c
b or a
c b:

The basis vectors are related according to ða0 ; b0 ; c0 Þ ¼ ða; b; cÞP: P is the 3  3 transformation matrix of the basis change. The origin shift O ! O0 then corresponds to the vector 0 1 0 01 xo xo0 @ yo0 A ¼
P @ y0o A: zo0 z0o

The exchange has two consequences for a Hermann–Mauguin symbol: (1) the symmetry operations given in the symbol interchange their positions in the symbol; (2) the labels of the glide directions and of the centrings are interchanged.

Example 3.1.3.1 In the group–subgroup relation Fddd ! C12=c1, a cell transformation and an origin shift are needed if origin choice 1 has been selected for Fddd. In the table for space group Fddd, No. 70, the transformation of the basis vectors in the column ‘Axes’ is given as a;
b;
12 ða þ cÞ, which means that the transformation matrix is

In the same way, the sequences and the labels and values of the coordinate triplets have to be interchanged. Example 3.1.4.1 Take space group Pbcm, No. 57 (full symbol P2=b21 =c21 =m), and its Wyckoff position 4c ðx; 14 ; 0Þ. The positions in the

469

3. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE WYCKOFF POSITIONS symbol change as given by the arrows, and simultaneously the labels change:

in Immm all axes are equivalent anyway, wrong results will be obtained. That is, Immm also has to be used in a nonconventional setting, although this is not apparent from the Hermann–Mauguin symbol. Of course, the Wyckoff symbols can then be relabelled so that they correspond to the conventional listings of Volume A (4i ! 4g etc.). It is recommended that this return to the conventional setting of Immm is performed, because using the label 4i for ð0; y; 0Þ in Immm is likely to cause confusion if the nonconventional setting is not explicitly stressed.

The notation b c a means: the former b axis is now in the position of the a axis etc. or: convert b to a, c to b, and a to c. The corresponding interchanges of positions and labels for all possible nonconventional settings are listed at the end of the table of each orthorhombic space group. They have to be applied to all subgroups.

3.1.5. Conjugate subgroups Conjugate subgroups are different subgroups belonging to the same space-group type (they have the same Hermann–Mauguin symbol) and they have the same unit-cell size and the same shape for the conventional cell. They can be mapped onto one another by a symmetry operation of the starting group, i.e. they are symmetry-equivalent in this space group. They can occur only if the index of symmetry reduction is  3. The relations of the Wyckoff positions of a space group with the Wyckoff positions of any representative of a set of conjugate subgroups are always the same. Therefore, in principle it is sufficient to list the relations for only one representative. Two kinds of conjugation of maximal subgroups can be distinguished, translational conjugation and orientational conjugation. Non-maximal subgroups can involve both kinds of conjugation, so the situation is more complicated in chains of group–subgroup relations, cf. Koch (1984) and Mu¨ller (1992). Since the present tables only list maximal subgroups, we will not discuss this here.

Example 3.1.4.2 Consider the nonconventional setting Pcam of Pbcm. The entry at the bottom of the page for space group Pbcm, No. 57, shows the necessary interchanges for the setting Pcam: a ! b, a !
b, and x !
y. For the subgroup Pbna (last entry in the block of klassengleiche non-isomorphic subgroups) this means: Pbna has to be replaced by Pnab, the axes conversion 2a; b; c has to be replaced by a;
2b; c and the coordinate transformation 1 1 1 1 1 2 x þ 4 ; y; z; þð2 ; 0; 0Þ has to be replaced by x;
2 y
4 ; z; 1 þð0;
2 ; 0Þ. Pbna and Pnab are nonconventional settings of Pbcn, No. 60. The interchange of the axes does not affect the Wyckoff labels, just the corresponding coordinates. Example 3.1.4.3 The Wyckoff position 4c ðx; 14 ; 0Þ of Pbcm, No. 57, retains its label for any of the other settings of this space group. In the setting Pbma, this Wyckoff position is still 4c and has the coordinates 14 ; 0; z. In this case, no ambiguity arises because the different settings of space group Pbcm all have different Hermann–Mauguin symbols that uniquely show how the axes have to be interchanged (Pmca, Pbma, Pcam, Pmab and Pcmb).

3.1.5.1. Translational conjugation Translational conjugation occurs when the group–subgroup relation involves a loss of translational symmetry. This happens when the conventional cell has been enlarged or when centring translations have been lost; this means that the primitive unit cell of the subgroup is larger (by a factor  3). Translationally conjugate subgroups of a space group are symmetry-equivalent by a translation of the lattice of this space group. This way, isomorphic subgroups of index p  3 have p conjugate subgroups (unless the cell enlargement occurs in a direction in which the origin may float). The existence of conjugate subgroups of this kind is not specifically mentioned in the tables. However, they can be recognized by looking in the column ‘Coordinates’. If a semicolon appears after the coordinate triplet, followed by values in parentheses to be added, and if, in addition, the index of symmetry reduction is  3, then conjugate subgroups usually exist. They differ in the locations of their origins by values corresponding to the values given in the parentheses.

The interchange of the axes must also be performed for those subgroups that have equivalent directions and where the Hermann–Mauguin symbol does not uniquely show the kind of setting. Otherwise, the wrong Wyckoff positions can result. Example 3.1.4.4 Space group Cmmm, No. 65, has two klassengleiche subgroups of type Immm, No. 71, with doubled c axis. In the nonconventional setting Bmmm of Cmmm, the same subgroups Immm result from a doubling of the b axis. In the conventional setting of Immm, the Wyckoff positions 4e, 4g and 4i represent orbits with the coordinates ðx; 0; 0Þ, ð0; y; 0Þ and ð0; 0; zÞ, respectively. In the space group Cmmm, the position 4k corresponds to ð0; 0; zÞ and upon transition to either of the subgroups Immm it splits to 2  4i. If Bmmm is obtained from Cmmm by cyclic exchange of the axes (a b c a), its Wyckoff position 4k obtains the coordinates ð0; y; 0Þ. Upon doubling of b and transition to Immm, 4k will split to two orbits with the coordinates ð0; 12 y; 0Þ and ð0; 12 y þ 12 ; 0Þ. These are two orbits 4i of Immm, but this is only correct if the axes of Immm have also been interchanged in the same way. If the interchange of axes has not been performed in the subgroup Immm in the assumption that

Example 3.1.5.1.1 x; y; 13 z; ð0; 0; 13Þ gives the positional coordinates in the subgroup originating from the coordinates of one unit cell of the starting group, namely x; y; 13 z;

x; y; 13 z þ 13 ;

x; y; 13 z
13 :

In addition, this also means that there are three conjugate subgroups. They differ in the locations of their origins referred to the origin of the starting space group by 0; 0; 0, 0; 0; 13 and

470

3.1. GUIDE TO THE TABLES 0; 0;
13,

interconverted by transformations such as a  qc; b; c with an integer value for q (Sayari & Billiet, 1977). The most commonly chosen cell is the one with the shortest basis vectors a and c and a non-acute angle
. For triclinic space groups the ‘reduced’ cell is preferred, which depends on the metric values of the lattice (Billiet & Rolley Le Coz, 1980). Some relations always require a cell transformation, for example rhombohedral to monoclinic relations. A group– subgroup relation in which the subgroup is monoclinic or triclinic can always be chosen together with a cell transformation that produces one of the cells mentioned. The transformation to be chosen depends on the cell metrics of the starting space group. For general tables we therefore cannot specify a priori the kind of cell transformation that will be needed. The settings listed for monoclinic and triclinic subgroups were chosen in such a way that axes transformations are avoided or kept to a minimum. Depending on the cell metrics, this may result in cells that do not have the shortest possible basis vectors. Unfortunately, transformation of a monoclinic or triclinic cell setting to another one may cause an interchange of Wyckoff labels (within the Wyckoff sets). Frequently, several possible cell settings of the same monoclinic subgroup have been listed; the entry for the subgroup then is followed by the word ‘or’ or ‘alternative’, plus another entry.

expressed in terms of the coordinate system of the subgroup, which is equivalent to 0; 0; 0, 0; 0;
1 and 0; 0; 1 in the coordinate system of the starting group. Primitive subgroups of face-centred cubic space groups have sets of four conjugate subgroups. Because in this case no values have to be added to the coordinates, the existence of conjugate subgroups is expressed by the entry ‘4 conjugate subgroups’. They differ in their origin locations corresponding to the centring vectors of the face-centred cell. Cell enlargements do not always produce conjugate subgroups. If the cell is being enlarged in a direction in which the origin may float, i.e. is not fixed by symmetry, no conjugate subgroups result. This applies to the following crystal classes: 1, enlargement in any direction; 2, mm2, 3, 3m, 4, 4mm, 6 and 6mm, enlargement in the direction of the unique axis; m, enlargement parallel to the plane of symmetry. Example 3.1.5.1.2 The cell enlargement a; b; 5c of space group Cmc21, No. 36, (crystal class mm2) does not produce conjugate subgroups. If one is unsure whether conjugate subgroups exist, this can be looked up in the tables of Chapter 2.3 of this volume, where all conjugate subgroups are always mentioned and joined by a left brace.

Example 3.1.6.1 Space group Cmcm, No. 63, has the subgroup P 1 1 21 =m, No. 11. It requires a cell transformation which is given as a; 12 ð
a þ bÞ; c. The following two lines list two other possible cell transformations for the same subgroup after the words ‘or’: 1 1 1 2 ða
bÞ; b; c and 2 ða
bÞ; 2 ða þ bÞ; c. These three options cause different relations for the Wyckoff positions 4b and 8d of Cmcm.

Example 3.1.5.1.3 For space group Pm3m, No. 221, two subgroups Im3m (2a; 2b; 2c) with index 4 are listed. Each of them belongs to a set of four conjugate subgroups which differ in their origin locations (0; 0; 0;
1; 0; 0; 0;
1; 0; 0; 0;
1 for the first listed subgroup, referred to the coordinate system of Pm3m). This can be seen by the coordinate values to be added (0; 0; 0; 1 1 1 2 ; 0; 0; 0; 2 ; 0; 0; 0; 2; coordinate system of Im3m). In Chapter 2.3, all four conjugate subgroups and their origin shifts are listed and joined by a brace.

Caution should also be exerted when different cell choices of monoclinic cells are involved. Monoclinic subgroups may refer to any of the three cell choices listed in Volume A. As long as these cell choices are used as listed in Volume A, no problems should arise. However, interconversions from one setting to another and especially nonconventional settings require special attention.

3.1.5.2. Orientational conjugation In this case, the conjugate subgroups have differently oriented unit cells that are equivalent by a symmetry operation other than a translation of the space group. This occurs in the following cases: orthorhombic subgroups of hexagonal space groups; monoclinic subgroups of trigonal (including rhombohedral) space groups; rhombohedral and tetragonal subgroups of cubic space groups. In these cases, the corresponding cell and coordinate transformations are listed for all conjugate subgroups after the word ‘conjugate’. Their Wyckoff symbols, being the same for all conjugate subgroups, are not repeated.

Example 3.1.6.2 The common setting of space group No. 15 is C12=c1, which means unique axis b and cell choice 1; the glide plane c is located at y ¼ 0 (and y ¼ 12 ). By interchanging the axes b and
c, C12=c1 becomes B112=b with the b glide plane at z ¼ 0. This was the setting listed in International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1952, 1965, 1969) for unique axis c. However, since the 1983 edition of Volume A, B112=b does not correspond to one of the listed cell choices. Instead, they are now A112=a (cell choice 1) or B112=n (cell choice 2) or I112=b (cell choice 3). Note that for all three cell choices the glide plane mentioned in the symbol is at z ¼ 0. B112=n also has a b-glide plane, but unlike B112=b it is at z ¼ 14. B112=n and B112=b can be set up with the same unit-cell dimensions, but with origins shifted by 14 ; 0; 14. The full Hermann–Mauguin symbol always shows uniquely which is the setting.

Example 3.1.5.2.1 The cubic space group P43m, No. 215, has three tetragonal conjugate subgroups P42m. Their tetragonal c axes correspond to the cubic a, b or c axes, respectively. In P43m, a, b and c are symmetry-equivalent by the threefold rotation axes.

The cell settings of isomorphic subgroups of monoclinic and triclinic space groups listed in this volume often will not correspond to the commonly chosen or reduced cells. It is impossible to give general formulae that cover all cases and simultaneously yield these cells. Therefore, the listed cell settings often have to

3.1.6. Monoclinic and triclinic subgroups Aside from the two choices for the unique axis and the three possible cell choices given in Volume A, the unit cell of a monoclinic space group allows many more settings that can be

471

3. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE WYCKOFF POSITIONS transformations of this second step were chosen to be the same as in the left-hand path, so that the final cell is identical for both paths and corresponds to the conventions. However, in the listing of the isomorphic subgroups of P112/m this basis transformation cannot be found. Instead, we find the transformation pa, qa + b, c taking p = 5 and q = 2. This is another cell setting for the very same subgroup, as shown in the righthand part of Fig. 3.1.6.1.

References Bertaut, E. F. & Billiet, Y. (1979). On equivalent subgroups and supergroups of the space groups. Acta Cryst. A35, 733–745. Billiet, Y. & Bertaut, E. F. (2005). Isomorphic subgroups of space groups. International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A, Space-group symmetry, edited by Th. Hahn, Part 13. Heidelberg: Springer. Billiet, Y. & Rolley Le Coz, M. (1980). Le groupe P1 et ses subgroupes. II. Tables des sous-groupes. Acta Cryst. A36, 242–248. International Tables for Crystallography (2005). Vol. A, Space-group symmetry, edited by Th. Hahn, 5th ed. Heidelberg: Springer. International Tables for X-ray Crystallography (1952, 1965, 1969). Vol. I, Symmetry groups, edited by N. F. M. Henry & K. Lonsdale. Birmingham: Kynoch Press. Koch, E. (1984). The implications of normalizers on group–subgroup relations between space groups. Acta Cryst. A40, 593–600. Mu¨ller, U. (1992). Berechnung der Anzahl mo¨glicher Strukturtypen fu¨r Verbindungen mit dichtest gepackter Anionenteilstruktur. I. Das Rechenverfahren. Acta Cryst. B48, 172–178. ¨ ber isomorphe Untergruppen von Mu¨ller, U. & Brelle, A. (1995). U
4=m, 3, 3,
6, 6
und 6=m. Acta Raumgruppen der Kristallklassen 4, 4, Cryst. A51, 300–304. Sayari, A. & Billiet, Y. (1977). Subgroups and changes of standard settings of triclinic and monoclinic space groups. Acta Cryst. A33, 985– 986.

Fig. 3.1.6.1. Two paths of group–subgroup relations from P4/m to a subgroup P112/m of index 10. Right: different cell settings for the final cell.

be converted to the desired settings, which may be accompanied by interchanges of Wyckoff labels. Example 3.1.6.3 The two possible paths of symmetry reduction from P4/m to a subgroup P112/m of index 10 are shown in Fig. 3.1.6.1. In the left-hand path the first step corresponds to an isomorphic group–subgroup relation with a fivefold cell enlargement, as listed in the tables for one of the isomorphic subgroups of P4/m of index 5. In the right-hand path, the cell enlargement occurs in the second step, which corresponds to an isomorphic monoclinic-to-monoclinic group–subgroup relation. The basis

472

references

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 1, p. 474.

P1

C11

No. 1 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 1a

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P1

2a, b, c

[2] P1

a, 2b, c

[2] P1

a, b−c, b+c

[2] P1

a−c, b, a+c

[2] P1

a+b, –a+b, c

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 (y–z), 12 (y+z); +(0, 12 , 12 ) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–z), y, 2 (x+z); +( 2 , 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x+y–z), 2 (–x+y+z), 2 (x–y+z); x, y, 12 z; (0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 3 x, y, z; +( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x–z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+y), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x–y), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+y+z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+y–z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x–y+z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x–y–z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (y+z), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (y–z), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, y, 13 z; (0, 0, 13 ) 1 u p (x–qy–rz), y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

2×1a 2×1a 2×1a 2×1a 2×1a +( 21 , 12 , 12 )

[2] P1

a+b, b+c, a+c

[2] P1

a, b, 2c

[3] P1

3a, b, c

[3] P1

3a, b, –a+c

[3] P1

3a, b, a+c

[3] P1

3a, –a+b, c

[3] P1

3a, a+b, c

[3] P1

3a, –a+b, –a+c

[3] P1

3a, –a+b, a+c

[3] P1

3a, a+b, –a+c

[3] P1

3a, a+b, a+c

[3] P1

a, 3b, c

[3] P1

a, 3b, –b+c

[3] P1

a, 3b, b+c

[3] P1

a, b, 3c

[p] P1

pa, qa+b, ra+c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . p −1; – 12 (p –1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p –1) – 12 (p –1) ≤ r ≤ 12 (p –1)

p×1a

[p] P1

a, pb, qb+c x, 1p (y–qz), z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . p −1; – 12 (p –1), ≤ q ≤ 12 (p –1)

p×1a

[p] P1

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime; u = 1, . . . p −1;

p×1a

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2×1a 2×1a 3×1a 3×1a 3×1a 3×1a 3×1a 3×1a 3×1a 3×1a 3×1a 3×1a 3×1a 3×1a 3×1a

474

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 2, p. 475.

Ci1 Axes

I

P 1¯

No. 2 Coordinates 1a

1b 1f

Wyckoff positions 1c 1d 1g 1h

1e 2i

1a

1a 1a

1a 1a

1a 1a

1a 2×1a

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1 (1) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 x, y, z; +( 1 , 0, 0) [2] P1¯ 2a, b, c 2

2

1a; 1d

1b; 1 f 2i

1c; 1e 1g; 1h

2i 2i

2i 2×2i

[2] P1¯ 2a, b, c

1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

2i

2i 1b; 1 f

2i 2i

1a; 1d 1g; 1h

1c; 1e 2×2i

[2] P1¯ a, b+c, –b+c

x, 12 (y+z), 12 (–y+z); +(0, 12 , 12 )

1a; 1g

2i 2i

2i 1b; 1c

1d; 1h 1e; 1 f

2i 2×2i

[2] P1¯ a, b+c, –b+c

x, 12 (y+z)+ 41 , 12 (–y+z)+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 12 )

2i

1a; 1g 1d; 1h

1b; 1c 2i

2i 2i

1e; 1 f 2×2i

[2] P1¯ a–c, b, a+c

1a; 1 f

2i 1b; 1d

1c; 1h 2i

2i 1e; 1g

2i 2×2i

2i

1b; 1d 2i

2i 1e; 1g

1a; 1 f 2i

1c; 1h 2×2i

1a; 1e

1b; 1h 2i

2i 2i

2i 1 f ; 1g

1c; 1d 2×2i

2i

2i 1 f ; 1g

1a; 1e 1b; 1h

1c; 1d 2i

2i 2×2i

1a; 1h

2i 1b; 1e

2i 1c; 1 f

2i 2i

1d; 1g 2×2i

2i

1d; 1g 2i

1b; 1e 2i

1c; 1 f 1a; 1h

2i 2×2i

[2] P1¯ a, 2b, c

1 1 2 (x–z), y, 2 (x+z); 1 1 +( 2 , 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–z)+ 4 , y, 2 (x+z)+ 4 ; 1 1 +( 2 , 0, 2 ) 1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , 2 (–x+y)+ 4 , z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 2 (x+y–z), 2 (–x+y+z), 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y+z); +( 2 , 2 , 2 ) 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y–z)+ 4 , 2 (–x+y+z)+ 4 , 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y+z)+ 4 ; +( 2 , 2 , 2 ) x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

1a; 1c

1b; 1g 1 f ; 1h

2i 2i

1d; 1e 2i

2i 2×2i

[2] P1¯ a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2i

2i 2i

1a; 1c 1b; 1g

2i 1 f ; 1h

1d; 1e 2×2i

[2] P1¯ a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; (0, 0, 12 )

1a; 1b

2i 2i

1c; 1g 2i

1d; 1 f 2i

1e; 1h 2×2i

[2] P1¯ a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; (0, 0, 12 )

2i

1a; 1b 1d; 1 f

2i 1c; 1g

[2] P1¯ a–c, b, a+c [2] P1¯ a+b, –a+b, c [2] P1¯ a+b, –a+b, c [2] P1¯ a+b, b+c, a+c [2] P1¯ a+b, b+c, a+c

[p] P1¯ pa, qa+b, ra+c 1p (x–qy–rz), y, z; +( up , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . p −1; – 12 (p –1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p –1) – 12 (p –1) ≤ r ≤ 12 (p –1) [p] P1¯ a, pb, qb+c x, 1 (y–qz), z; +(0, u , 0) p

p

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . p −1; – 12 (p –1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p –1) [p] P1¯ a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . p −1

2i 1e; 1h 1a; p–2 1×2i 1b( f † ); p–2 1×2i 1c(e∗ ); p–2 1×2i 1d; p–2 1×2i 1 f (b† ); p–2 1×2i 1g(h‡ ); p–2 1×2i 1h(g‡ ); p–2 1×2i

2i 2×2i 1e(c∗ ); p–2 1×2i p×2i

1a; p–2 1×2i 1b(g∗ ); p–2 1×2i 1c; p–2 1×2i 1d; p–2 1×2i 1e; p–2 1×2i ∗ p–1 ∗ p–1 ∗ p–1 1 f (h ); 2 ×2i 1g(b ); 2 ×2i 1h( f ); 2 ×2i p×2i 1a; p–2 1×2i 1b; p–2 1×2i 1 f ; p–2 1×2i ∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

475

q = 2n+1

1c; p–2 1×2i 1g; p–2 1×2i †

r = 2n+1

1d; p–2 1×2i 1h; p–2 1×2i ‡

q+r = 2n+1

1e; p–2 1×2i p×2i

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 3, pp. 476–477.

P2

P121

No. 3

C21

UNIQUE AXIS b

Axes I

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 1c 1d

1a

1b

2e

1a

1a

1a

1a

2×1a

2×2a

2×2b

4c

4c

2×4c

4c

4c

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

2×2a

4c

2×2b

4c

2×4c

4c

2×2a

4c

2×2b

2×4c

2×2a

4c

4c

2×2b

2×4c

4c

2×2b

2×2a

4c

2×4c

2a

2a

2a

2a

2×2a

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1 (1) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] C121 (5)

2a, 2b, c

[2] C121 (5)

2a, 2b, c

[2] A121 (5)

a, 2b, 2c

[2] A121 (5)

a, 2b, 2c

[2] I121 (5)

a−c, 2b, a+c 2a, 2b, –a+c

or: C121 [2] I121 (5) or: C121

a−c, 2b, a+c 2a, 2b, –a+c

[2] P121 1 (4) a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, z; +(0, 2 , 0) x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–z), 2 y, 2 (x+z); +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x+z), 2 y, z; +(0, 2 , 0); 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x–z)+ 4 , 2 y, 2 (x+z)+ 4 ; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 (x+z)+ 4 , 2 y, z; +(0, 2 , 0); x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2×1a

2×1b

2×1c

2×1d

2×2e

[3] P121

a, 3b, c

3×1a

3×1b

3×1c

3×1d

3×2e

[p] P121

1 1 3 y, z; ±(0, 3 , 0) 1 u p y, z; +(0, p , 0)

a, pb, c x, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×1a

p×1b

p×1c

p×1d

p×2e

[2] P121

2a, b, c

1a; 1c

1b; 1d

2e

2e

2×2e

[2] P121

2a, b, c

2e

2e

1a; 1c

1b; 1d

2×2e

[2] P121

a−c, b, a+c

1a; 1d

2e

2e

1b; 1c

2×2e

[2] P121

a−c, b, a+c

2e

1b; 1c

1a; 1d

2e

2×2e

[2] P121

a, b, 2c

1a; 1b

2e

1c; 1d

2e

2×2e

[2] P121

a, b, 2c

2e

1a; 1b

2e

1c; 1d

2×2e

[3] P121

3a, b, c

1a; 2e

1b; 2e

1c; 2e

1d; 2e

3×2e

1a; 2e

1d; 2e

1c; 2e

1b; 2e

3×2e

1a; 2e

1c; 2e

1d; 2e

1b; 2e

3×2e

1a; 2e

1d; 2e

1c; 2e

1b; 2e

3×2e

1a; 2e

1c; 2e

1d; 2e

1b; 2e

3×2e

[2] P121

[3] P121

3a, b, –a+c or: 2a+c, b, –a+c

[3] P121

3a, b, a+c or: 2a−c, b, a+c

x,

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–z), y, 2 (x+z); +( 2 , 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x–z)+ 4 , y, 2 (x+z)+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 2 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 3 (x+z), y, 3 (–x+2z); ±( 3 , 0, 3 ) 1 1 3 (x–z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 3 (x–z), y, 3 (x+2z); ±( 3 , 0, 3 ) x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up )

[3] P121

a, b, 3c

[p] P121

a, b, pc p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] P121

1 u pa, b, qa+c p (x–qz), y, z; +( p , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

1a; 2e 1b; 2e 1c; 2e 1d; 2e 3×2e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 1a; 2 ×2e 1b; 2 ×2e 1c; 2 ×2e 1d; 2 ×2e p×2e 1a; p –2 1×2e 1b(d ∗ ); 1c; p –2 1×2e 1d(b∗ ); p×2e p –1 p –1 ×2e ×2e 2 2 ∗

476

q = 2n+1

P112 Axes I

CONTINUED

UNIQUE AXIS c

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] A112

a, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] A112

a, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] B112

2a, b, 2c

[2] B112

2a, b, 2c

[2] I112

a+b, –a+b, 2c,

or: A112

a−b, 2b, 2c

[2] I112

a+b, –a+b, 2c

or: A112

a−b, 2b, 2c

1 1 1 2 x, y, 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) x, 12 (x+y), 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , 2 (–x+y)+ 4 , 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) x, 12 (x+y)+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P1121 a, b, 2c

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P112

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[3] P112

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P112

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1;

[2] P112

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] P112

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] P112

a+b, –a+b, c

[2] P112

a+b, –a+b, c

[2] P112

2a, b, c

[2] P112

2a, b, c

[3] P112

a, 3b, c

[3] P112

a−b, 3b, c

1 1 1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , 2 (–x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 1 1 1 2 3 (2x–y), 3 (x+y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0) x, 13 (–x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 1 1 1 1 3 (2x+y), 3 (–x+y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

or: a−b, a+2b, c [3] P112

a+b, 3b, c or: a+b, –a+2c, c

P2

[3] P112

3a, b, c

[p] P112

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] P112

a+qb, pb, c x, 1p (–qx+y), z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

477

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 4, p. 478.

P 21

UNIQUE AXIS b

Axes I

P 1 21 1

P 1 1 21

No. 4

Coordinates

C22

UNIQUE AXIS c

Wyckoff positions 2a

Axes

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 2×1a

P1

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

3×2a

P1121 a, b, 3c

[p] P121 1 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2a

P1121 a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2×2a

P1121 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2×2a

P1121 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2×2a

P1121 a+b, –a+b, c 12 (x+y), 12 (–x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) or: 2a, –a+b, c 12 (x+y), y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0)

2×2a

P1121 a+b, –a+b, c 12 (x+y)+ 41 , 12 (–x+y)+ 41 , z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) or: 2a, –a+b, c 12 (x+y)+ 41 , y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0)

2×2a

P1121 2a, b, c

2×2a

P1121 2a, b, c

3×2a

P1121 a, 3b, c

3×2a

P1121 a−b, 3b, c

3×2a

P1121 a+b, 3b, c

3×2a

P1121 3a, b, c

[p] P121 1 a, b, pc p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2a

P1121 pa, b, c p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] P121 1 pa, b, qa+c 1p (x–qz), y, z; +( up , 0, 0) p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

p×2a

P1121 a+qb, pb, c x, 1p (–qx+y), z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

[2] P1 (1) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P121 1 a, 3b, c

[2] P121 1 2a, b, c [2] P121 1 2a, b, c [2] P121 1 a−c, b, a+c or: a−c, b, 2c [2] P121 1 a−c, b, a+c or: a−c, b, 2c [2] P121 1 a, b, 2c [2] P121 1 a, b, 2c [3] P121 1 3a, b, c [3] P121 1 3a, b, –a+c [3] P121 1 3a, b, a+c [3] P121 1 a, b, 3c

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–z), y, 2 (x+z); +( 2 , 0, 2 ) x, y, 12 (x+z); +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x–z)+ 4 , y, 2 (x+z)+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 x, y, 2 (x+z)+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x–z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up )

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

478

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (–x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 5, pp. 479–481.

C23

C121

CELL CHOICE

1

CELL CHOICE

Axes

Coordinates 2a

I

A121

No. 5 Wyckoff positions 2b 4c

C2

UNIQUE AXIS b

2

Axes

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1 (1)

1 2 (a–b),

b, c 2x, x+y, z

1a

1a

2×1a

P1

2a

2a

2×2a

P121 1

1a; 1c 1a; 1b

1b; 1d 1c; 1d

2×2e 2×2e ⇒ P121

a, b, 12 (–b+c) x, x+y, 2z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations x+ 41 , y, z

[2] P121 1 (4) [2] P121 (3)

x, y, z+ 41

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] C121

a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

3×2a

3×2b

3×4c

A121 a, 3b, c

[p] C121

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2a

p×2b

p×4c

A121 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] C121

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

A121 2a, b, c

[2] C121

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

A121 2a, b, c

[2] I121

a, b, 2c

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

I121

2a, b, c

[2] I121

a, b, 2c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

I121

2a, b, c

[3] C121

3a, b, c

2a; 4c

2b; 4c

3×4c

A121 a+c, b, 3c

[3] C121

3a, b, –a+c

2a; 4c

2b; 4c

3×4c

A121 a−c, b, 3c

[3] C121

3a, b, a+c

2a; 4c

2b; 4c

3×4c

A121 a, b, 3c

[3] C121

a, b, 3c a, b, pc

2a; 4c 2b; 4c 3×4c – – 2a; p 2 1× 2b; p 2 1× p×4c 4c 4c

A121 3a, b, c

[p] C121

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x–z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up )

A121 pa, b, c

2a; p –2 1×

A121 a+qc, b, pc

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [p] C121

pa, b, qa+c

1 p (x–qz), y, z;

+( up , 0, 0)

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

4c

2b; p –2 1×

4c

For cell choice 3 see next page

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

479

p×4c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x– 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x– 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, y, 13 (–x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 13 (x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 x, y, 1p (–qx+z); +(0, 0, up )

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

C2 UNIQUE AXIS b CELL CHOICE 3

Axes

I 121

CONTINUED

UNIQUE AXIS c CELL CHOICE 1

Coordinates 2a

I

A112

No. 5 Wyckoff positions 2b 4c

Axes

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1 (1)

a, 12 (–a+b−c), c x+y, 2y, y+z

a, 12 (b–c), c x, 2y, y+z

1a

1a

2×1a

P1 (1)

2a

2a

2×2a

P1121 (4)

1a; 1d 1a; 1c 1a; 1b

1b; 1c 1b; 1d 1c; 1d

2×2e 2×2e ⇒ P112 (3) 2×2e =⇒

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P121 1 (4)

x– 14 , y, z– 14

[2] P121 (3)

x, y+ 41 , z

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] I121

a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

3×2a

3×2b

3×4c

A112

a, b, 3c

[p] I121

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2a

p×2b

p×4c

A112

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] I121

2a, b, –a+c

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

A112

2a, b, c

[2] I121

2a, b, –a+c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

A112

2a, b, c

[2] I121

2a, b, a+c

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

I112

2a, b, c

[2] I121

2a, b, a+c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

I112

2a, b, c

[3] I121

a, b, 3c

2a; 4c

2b; 4c

3×4c

A112

a, 3b, c

[3] A121

3a, b, –a+c

2a; 4c

2b; 4c

3×4c

A112

a–b, 3b, c

[3] I121

3a, b, c

2a; 4c

2b; 4c

3×4c

A112

a+b, 3b, c

[3] A121

3a, b, a+c

A112

3a, b, c

[p] I121

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; 4c 2b; 4c 3×4c p –1 p –1 2a; 2 × 2b; 2 × p×4c 4c 4c

A112

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] I121

a+2qc, b, pc x, y, 1p (–2qx+z); +(0, 0, up ) 2a; p –2 1× 2b; p –2 1× p×4c 4c 4c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; 1 1 − 2 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 2 (p −1)

A112

a+qb, pb, c x, 1p (–qx+y), z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

1 1 2 (x+z), y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 (x+z)+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 (x–z), y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–z)+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 1 1 3 (x+z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x–z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; ±( p , 0, 0)

Space groups of the series of isomorphic subgroups appear in different sequences for cell choices 1, 2 and 3 For unique axis b, cell choices 1 and 2, see preceding page

480

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (–x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

B112 CELL CHOICE

I 112 2

CELL CHOICE

Axes I

Coordinates

CONTINUED

UNIQUE AXIS c

3

Axes

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1

1 2 (a−c),

b, c 2x, y, y+z

P1

a, b, 12 (–a−b+c) x+z, y+z, 2z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations x+ 41 , y, z

[2] P1121 [2]

x– 14 , y– 14 , z

P1121 P112

[2] P112 Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 , z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

I112

a, b, 3c

[p] B112 a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

I112

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] B112 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

I112

a−b, 2b, c

x, 12 (x+y), z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] B112 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y– 14 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

I112

a−b, 2b, c

x, 12 (x+y)+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] I112

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

I112

a+b, 2b, c

x, 12 (–x+y), z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] I112

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y– 14 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

I112

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y– 14 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

1 1 3 (x–y), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+y), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0)

I112

3a, b, c

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, 13 (x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (–x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 1p y, z; ±(0, up , 0)

[3] B112 a, b, 3c

[3] B112 3a, a+b, c [3] B112 3a, –a+b, c [3] B112 3a, b, c [3] B112 a, 3b, c

B112 a−b, 3b, c I112

a, 3b, c

B112 a+b, 3b, c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] B112 a, pb, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

I112

a, pb, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] B112 pa, qa+b, c 1p (x–qy), y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

I112

1 u pa, 2qa+b, c p (x–2qy), y, z; +( p , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

481

C2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 6, pp. 482–483.

Pm

P1m1

No. 6

UNIQUE AXIS b

Axes I

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 1a 1b

2c

1a

1a

2×1a

2×2a

4b

2×4b

4b

2×2a

2×4b

2×2a

4b

2×4b

4b

2×2a

2×4b

2×2a

4b

2×4b

4b

2×2a

2×4b

2a

2a

2×2a

2a

2a

2×2a

2a

2a

2×2a

1a; 1b

2c

2×2c

2c

1a; 1b

2×2c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1 (1) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] C1m1 (8)

2a, 2b, c

[2] C1m1 (8)

2a, 2b, c

[2] C1m1 (8)

2a, 2b, –a+c

[2] C1m1 (8)

2a, 2b, –a+c

[2] A1m1 (8)

a, 2b, 2c

[2] A1m1 (8)

a, 2b, 2c

[2] P1a1 (7)

2a, b, c

[2] P1c1 (7)

a, b, 2c

[2] P1c1 (7)

a−c, b, 2c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , z; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x+z), 2 y, z; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x+z), 2 y+ 4 , z; x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0); x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 (x+z); +(0, 0, 12 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P1m1

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 2 y+ 4 , z; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 3 y, z; ±(0, 3 , 0) 1 u p y, z; +(0, p , 0)

[2] P1m1

a, 2b, c

x,

[3] P1m1

a, 3b, c

x,

[p] P1m1

a, pb, c x, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] P1m1

2a, b, c

[2] P1m1

a−c, b, a+c

[2] P1m1

a, b, 2c

[3] P1m1

3a, b, c

[3] P1m1

3a, b, –a+c

[3] P1m1

3a, b, a+c

[3] P1m1

a, b, 3c

[p] P1m1 [p] P1m1

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–z), y, 2 (x+z); +( 2 , 0, 2 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x–z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up )

1a; 2c 1b; 2c 3×2c p –1 p –1 1a; 2 ×2c 1b; 2 ×2c p×2c 2×1a

2×1b

2×2c

2×1a

2×1b

2×2c

2×1a

2×1b

2×2c

3×1a

3×1b

3×2c

3×1a

3×1b

3×2c

3×1a

3×1b

3×2c

3×1a

3×1b

3×2c

a, b, pc p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×1a

p×1b

p×2c

1 u pa, b, qa+c p (x–qz), y, z; +( p , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

p×1a

p×1b

p×2c

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

482

Cs1

P11m

CONTINUED

Pm

UNIQUE AXIS c

Axes I

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] A11m a, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] A11m a, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] A11m a−b, 2b, 2c

x, 12 (x+y), 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] A11m a−b, 2b, 2c

x, 12 (x+y), 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] B11m 2a, b, 2c

1 1 1 2 x, y, 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 2 x, y, 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 (x+y), y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

[2] B11m 2a, b, 2c [2] P11b

a, 2b, c

[2] P11a

2a, b, c

[2] P11a

2a, –a+b, c

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P11m a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P11m a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[3] P11m a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P11m a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [2] P11m a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] P11m a+b, –a+b, c

1 1 1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (–x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

[2] P11m 2a, b, c [3] P11m a, 3b, c [3] P11m a−b, 3b, c [3] P11m a+b, 3b, c [3] P11m 3a, b, c

[p] P11m pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] P11m a+qb, pb, c x, 1p (–qx+y), z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

483

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 7, pp. 484–485.

Pc P1c1

No. 7

UNIQUE AXIS b CELL CHOICE 1

Axes

I

P1n1 CELL CHOICE

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2a

Axes

P1a1 2

CELL CHOICE

Coordinates

Axes

Cs2 3 Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1 (1)

2×1a

P1

P1

2×4a

A1n1 a−c, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y, 12 (x+z); +(0, 12 , 0)

I1a1 a, 2b, a+2c

x– 12 z, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2×4a

A1n1 a−c, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 (x+z); +(0, 12 , 0)

I1a1 a, 2b, a+2c

x– 12 z, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] C1c1 2a, 2b, c (9)

1 1 2 x, 2 y, z;

+(0, 12 , 0)

[2] C1c1 2a, 2b, c 12 x, 12 y+ 41 , z; (9) +(0, 12 , 0) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P1c1 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2×2a

P1n1 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

P1a1 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] P1c1 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) 2×2a

P1n1 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

P1a1 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[3] P1c1 a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

3×2a

P1n1 a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

P1a1 a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[p] P1c1 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2a

P1n1 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

P1a1 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] P1c1 2a, b, c

1 2 x, y, z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

2×2a

P1n1 a−c, b, 2c

x, y, 12 (x+z); +(0, 0, 12 )

P1a1 a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P1n1 2a, b, c

1 2 x, y, z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

2×2a

P1a1 a−c, b, 2c

x, y, 12 (x+z); +(0, 0, 12 )

P1n1 a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[3] P1c1 3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z;

±( 31 , 0, 0)

3×2a

P1n1 a−2c, b, 3c

x, y, 13 (2x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 )

P1a1 a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] P1c1 a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

P1n1 3a, b, c

±( 31 , 0, 0)

P1a1 3a, b, a+c

[3] P1c1 a+c, b, 3c

x, y, 13 (–x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

P1n1 a, b, 3c

1 3 x, y, z; x, y, 13 z;

±(0, 0, 13 )

P1a1 3a, b, c

1 1 3 (x–z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0)

[3] P1c1 a−c, b, 3c

x, y, 13 (x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

P1n1 2a+c, b, 13 (2x–z), y, 13 (–x+2z); a+2c ±( 31 , 0, 13 )

P1a1 3a, b, –a+c

p×2a

P1n1 a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1;

P1a1 a, b, pc p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1;

1 P1n1 pa, b, p (x–2qz), y, z; 2qa+c +( up , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p−1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p−1)

1 P1a1 pa, b, p (x–qz), y, z; qa+c +( up , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p−1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p−1)

[p] P1c1 pa, b, c 1p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0) p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1;

[p] P1c1 a+qc, x, y, 1p (–qx+z); p×2a u b, pc +(0, 0, p ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

Space groups of the series of isomorphic subgroups appear in different sequences for cell choices 1, 2 and 3

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

484

1 3 (x+z), y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up )

P11a CELL CHOICE

1

Axes

I

P11n

No. 7

CELL CHOICE

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2a

Axes

P11b 2

CELL CHOICE

Coordinates

Axes

Pc UNIQUE AXIS c

3 Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 2×1a P1

[2] P1 (1)

P1

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] A11a a,2b,2c x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) (9)

1 1 1 2×4a B11n 2a, 2 (x+y), y, 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) I11b 2a+b, –a+b, 2c b, 2c

1 1 1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 )

[2] A11a a,2b,2c x, 12 y, 12 z+ 41 ; (9) +(0, 0, 12 )

1 1 1 2×4a B11n 2a, 2 (x+y), y, 2 z+ 4 ; –a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 12 )

I11b 2a+b, b, 2c

1 1 1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

P11b a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P11a a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P11a a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 2×2a P11n a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

P11b a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[3] P11a a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

P11b a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P11a a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2×2a P11n a, b, 2c

3×2a P11n a, b, 3c

p×2a P11n a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

P11b a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2×2a P11n 2a, –a+b, c

1 2 (x+y), y, z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

P11b 2a, b, c

1 2 x, y, z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

[2] P11n a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2×2a P11b 2a, –a+b, c

1 2 (x+y), y, z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

P11n 2a, b, c

1 2 x, y, z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

P11b 3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z;

±( 31 , 0, 0)

[2] P11a a, 2b, c

[3] P11a a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

1 3×2a P11n 3a, 3 (x+2y), y, z; –2a+b, c ±( 31 , 0, 0)

[3] P11a 3a, b, c

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 3 (x–y), y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 3 (x+y), y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0)

3×2a P11n a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

3×2a P11n 3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z;

[3] P11a 3a, a+b, c [3] P11a 3a, –a+b, c

[p] P11a a, pb, c p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1;

±( 31 , 0, 0)

P11b a+b, 3b, c x, 13 (–x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) P11b a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

1 1 3×2a P11n 2a+b, 3 (2x–y), 3 (–x+2y), z; 1 1 a+2b, c ±( 3 , 3 , 0)

P11b a−b 3b, c

x, 13 (x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

p×2a P11n pa, b, c 1p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0) p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1;

1 u P11b pa, b, c p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0) p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1;

1 [p] P11a pa, p×2a P11n a+2qb, x, 1p (–2qx+y), z; p (x–qy), y, z; pb, c +(0, up , 0) qa+b, c +( up , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; 1 1 − 2 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 2 (p −1) − 21 (p−1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p−1)

P11b a+qb, x, 1p (–qx+y), z; pb, c +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p−1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p−1)

Space groups of the series of isomorphic subgroups appear in different sequences for cell choices 1, 2 and 3

485

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 8, pp. 486–487.

Cm

C1m1

A1m1

No. 8

UNIQUE AXIS b CELL CHOICE 1

Axes I

CELL CHOICE

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2a 4b

Axes

2

I 1m1 CELL CHOICE

Coordinates

Cs3 3

Axes

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1 (1)

1 2 (a−b),

2x, x+y, z;

1a

2×1a P1

a, b, x, x+y, 2z 1 (–b+c) 2

2a

2×2a P1c1

1a; 1b

2×2c

4a

2×4a A1n1 2a+c, b, c

4a

2×4a I1a1

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

2a; 4b

3×4b A1m1 a, 3b, c

b, c

P1

a, x+y, 2y, y+z 1 (–a+b–c), c 2

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations x, y+ 41 , z

[2] P1a1 (7) [2] P1m1 (6)

x, y+ 41 , z

P1m1

x, y+ 41 , z

P1n1 P1m1

Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] C1c1 (9) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] C1c1 (9) a−2c, b, 2c x, y, x+ 21 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) =
I1a1 a, b, 2c x, y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a, b, c

1 –1 2 x, y, 2 x+z; 1 +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 2 x, y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0)

I1a1

2a, b, –a+c

I1a1

2a, b, a+c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

I1m1 a, 3b, c

1 2 x, y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 1 2 x, y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) x, y, 13 (–x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 13 (x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 1 3 x, y, z; +( 31 , 0, 0) 1 p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0)

I1m1 2a, b, –a+c

1 2 (x+z), y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 1 2 (x–z), y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] C1m1

a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

2a; p–2 1×4b p×4b A1m1 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; I1m1 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) +(0, up , 0) +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] C1m1

a, pb, c

[2] C1m1

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2×2a

2×4b A1m1 2a, b, c

[2] I1m1

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2×2a

2×4b I1m1 2a, b, c

[3] C1m1

3a, b, c

3×2a

3×4b A1m1 a+c, b, 3c

[3] C1m1

3a, b, –a+c

3×2a

3×4b A1m1 a−c, b, 3c

[3] C1m1

3a, b, a+c

3×2a

3×4b A1m1 a, b, 3c

[3] C1m1

a, b, 3c

3×2a

3×4b A1m1 3a, b, c

[p] C1m1

a, b, pc

1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 3 (x+z), y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 3 (x–z), y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up )

p×2a

p×4b A1m1 pa, b, c

p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1 1 pa, b, p (x–qz), y, z; p×2a qa+c +( up , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

[p] C1m1

I1m1 2a, b, a+c I1m1 a, b, 3c I1m1 3a, b, 2a+c I1m1 3a, b, c I1m1 3a, b, –2a+c I1m1 pa, b, c

1 2 (x+z), y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 1 2 (x–z), y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 1 3 (x–2z), y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 3 (x+2z), y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 p x, y, z; ±( up , 0, 0)

p = prime; > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×4b A1m1 a+qc, x, y, 1p (–qx+z); I1m1 a+2qc, x, y, 1p (–2qx+z); u b, pc +(0, 0, p ) b, pc +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1) − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

486

A11m CELL CHOICE

1

Axes I

B11m

No. 8

CELL CHOICE

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2a 4b

2

I 11m

Cm

UNIQUE AXIS c CELL CHOICE 3

Axes

Coordinates

Axes

1 2 (a–c),

2x, y, y+z

P1

x, y, z+ 41

P11n

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups a, 12 (b−c), c x, 2y, y+z;

[2] P1 (1)

1a

2×1a

P1

b, c

a, b, x+z, y+z, 2z 1 (–a–b+c) 2

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations x, y, z+ 41

x, y, z+ 41

2a

2×2a

P11a

1a; 1b

2×2c

P11m

P11m

4a

2×4a

B11n a, x– 12 y, 12 y, z; a+2b, c +(0, 12 , 0)

I11b

a−b, 2b, c

x, 12 (x+y), z; +(0, 12 , 0)

4a

2×4a

I11b

I11b

a+b, 2b, c

x, 12 (–z+y), z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2a; 4b

3×4b

B11m a, b, 3c

2a; p–2 1×4b p×4b x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

B11m a, b, pc

[2] P11b (7) [2] P11m (6)

Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] A11a (9) 2a, b, c [2] A11a (9) 2a, –2a+b, c =
I11b a, 2b, c

1 2 x, y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 1 2 x+y, y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) x, 12 y, z+ 41 ; +( 21 , 0, 0)

a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] A11m [p] A11m

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

a, b, pc

[2] A11m

2a, b, c

[2] I11m

2a, b, c

[3] A11m

a, 3b, c

[3] A11m

a−b, 3b, c

[3] A11m

a+b, 3b, c

[3] A11m

3a, b, c

[p] A11m

pa, b, c

1 2 x, y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 1 2 x, y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (–x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0)

I11m a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

x, y, 1p z; I11m a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2×2a

2×4b

B11m a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

I11m a−b, 2b, c

x, 12 (x+y), z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2×2a

2×4b

I11m a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

I11m a+b, 2b, c

x, 12 (–x+y), z; +(0, 12 , 0)

3×2a

3×4b

B11m 3a, a+b, c

I11m 3a, b, c

3×2a

3×4b

B11m 3a, –a+b, c

3×2a

3×4b

B11m 3a, b, c

3×2a

3×4b

B11m a, 3b, c

p×2a

p×4b

B11m a, pb, c

1 3 (x–y), y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 3 (x+y), y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) x, 13 y, z; +(0, 13 , 0) x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0)

1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) x, 13 (–2x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (2x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 1p y, z; ±(0, up , 0)

p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [p] A11m

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

a+qb, x, 1p (–qx+y), z; p×2a pb, c +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

p×4b

I11m a+2b, 3b, c I11m a, 3b, c I11m a−2b, 3b, c I11m a, pb, c

p = prime; > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

1 1 B11m pa, I11m pa, p (x–qy), y, z; p (x–2qy), y, z; u qa+b, c +( p , 0, 0) 2qa+b, c +( up , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1) − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

487

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 9, pp. 488–489.

Cc C1c1

No. 9

UNIQUE AXIS b CELL CHOICE 1

Axes

I

A1n1 CELL CHOICE

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4a

I 1a1 2

CELL CHOICE

Axes

Coordinates

a, b, 1 2 (–b+c)

x, x+y, 2z

Cs4 3

Axes

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1 (1)

1 2 (a−b),

2x, x+y, z

2×2a

P1

2×2a

P1n1

b, c

P1

a, x+y, 2y, y+z 1 (–a+b–c), c 2

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P1c1 (7) x, y+ 41 , z

[2] P1n1 (7)

P1a1

2×2a

P1a1

x, y+ 41 , z

3×4a

A1n1 a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) I1a1 a, 3b, c

P1c1

x, y+ 41 , z

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[3] C1c1

a, 3b, c

[p] C1c1

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] C1c1

3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z;

±( 31 , 0, 0)

3×4a

A1n1 a−2c, b, 3c x, y, 13 (2x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 )

I1a1 a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] C1c1

3a, b, 2a+c

1 3 (x–2z), y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+z), y+ 4 , z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 3 (x+2z), y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x–z), y+ 4 , z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×4a

A1n1 a+2c, b, 3c x, y, 13 (–2x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 )

I1a1 3a, b, 2a+c

1 3 (x–2z), y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0)

3×4a

A1n1 a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) I1a1 3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z;

3×4a

A1n1 3a, b, c

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0)

1 3 (x+2z), y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

or: 3a, b, –a+c

A1n1 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) I1a1 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

±( 31 , 0, 0)

[3] C1c1

3a, b, –2a+c or: 3a, b, a+c

[3] C1c1

a, b, 3c

[p] C1c1

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

1 u A1n1 pa, b, c p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0) I1a1 pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] C1c1

1 pa, b, p×4a p (x–2qz), y, z; 2qa+c +( up , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

A1n1 a+2qc, b, pc x, y, 1p (–2qx+z); I1a1 a+2qc, b, pc x, y, 1p (–2qx+z); +(0, 0, up ) +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1) − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

I1a1 3a, b, –2a+c

Space groups of the series of isomorphic subgroups appear in different sequences for cell choices 1, 2 and 3

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

488

A11a CELL CHOICE

1

Axes

I

B11n

No. 9

CELL CHOICE

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2a

I 11b 2

CELL CHOICE

Axes

Coordinates

1 2 (a−c),

2x, y, y+z

Cc UNIQUE AXIS c

3

Axes

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1

a, 1 2 (b−c), c

x, 2y, y+z

2×2a

P1

P1

b, c

a, b, x+y, y+z, 2z 1 (–a−b+c) 2

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P11a [2] P11n

2×2a x, y, z+ 41

P11n

P11b

2×2a

P11b

x, y, z+ 41

x, y, z+ 41

3×4a

B11n a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) I11b a, b, 3c

P11a

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] A11a a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] A11a a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [3] A11a a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[3] A11a a+2b, 3b, c x, 13 (–2x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) or: a−b, 3b, c x, 13 (x+y), z+ 41 ; ±(0, 13 , 0)

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

B11n a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) I11b a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

3×4a

B11n 3a, –2a+b, c

3×4a

B11n 3a, 2a+b, c

1 3 (x+2y), y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 3 (x–2y), y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0)

I11b 3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z;

±( 31 , 0, 0)

I11b a+2b, 3b, c x, 13 (–2x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[3] A11a a−2b, 3b, c or: a+b, 3b, c

x, 13 (2x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (–z+y), z+ 41 ; ±(0, 13 , 0)

3×4a

B11n 3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z;

±( 31 , 0, 0) I11b a, 3b, c

[3] A11a 3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z;

±( 31 , 0, 0)

3×4a

B11n a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) I11b a–2b, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

x, 13 (2x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

1 u [p] A11a pa, b, c p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0) p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

B11n a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) I11b a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] A11a a+2qb, x, 1p (–2qx+y), z; p×4a pb, c +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

B11n pa, 2qa+b, c

1 p (x–2qy), y, z; +( up , 0, 0)

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

I11b pa, 2qa+b, c

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

Space groups of the series of isomorphic subgroups appear in different sequences for cell choices 1, 2 and 3

489

1 p (x–2qy), y, z; +( up , 0, 0)

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 10, pp. 490–493.

P 2/m

P 1 2/m 1

No. 10

C2h1

UNIQUE AXIS b

Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 1e 1f 1g 2k 2l

1a

1b

1c

1d

[2] P1m1 (6)

1a

1b

1a

1a

1b

1b 2c

[2] P121 (3)

1a

1a

1b

1c

1c

1b 1d 1d 2×1b 2×1d 2e

[2] P1¯ (2)

1a

1c(b∗ ) 1b(d ∗ ) 1d(c∗ ) 1e(g∗ ) 1g( f ∗ ) 1 f (e∗ ) 1h 2i 2i 2i ∗ unique axis c

2i 2i

2i 2×2i

2a

2c

2d

2e

2e

2b 4g

4g 4g

2×2e 2×4g

2e

2e

2f

2a

2c

2f 2d 2×2 f 4g

I

1h 2m

2i 2n

2j 4o

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic +( 21 , 0, 0)

1a 2c

1b 2c 2c 2×1a 2×1b 2×2c 2×1a 2×1c 2e 2×2e

[2] P12/a1 (13)

2a, b, c

1 2 x, y, z;

[2] P12/a1 (13)

2a, b, c

1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z;

[2] P12/c1 (13)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a

2c

2e

2d

2b

2e 2f 2f 2×2e 2×2 f 4g

4g 4g

[2] P12/c1 (13)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2e

2e

2a

2f

2f

2c 4g

2d 4g

2b 4g

2×2e 2×2 f 4g 2×4g

[2] P12/c1 (13)

a–c, b, 2c

x, y, 12 (x+z); +(0, 0, 12 )

2a

2c

2e

2f

2f

2e 2d 2×2e 4g

2b 4g

4g 4g

2×2 f 2×4g

1 1 2 (x–z), y, 2 (x+z);

2a

2c

2f

2e

2e

2f 2d 2×2 f 4g

2b 4g

4g 4g

2×2e 2×4g

x, y, 12 (x+z)+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2e

2e

2a

2d

2b

2c 4g

2f 2f 2×2 f 4g

2×2e 4g 4g 2×4g

2f

2f

2a

2d

2b

2c 4g

2e 2e 2×2e 4g

2×2 f 4g 4g 2×4g

2a; 2b 4g

2c; 2d 4i

4e

4h 4i 2×4h 8 j

4i

or: P12/n1 a–c, b, a+c [2] P12/c1 (13)

a–c, b, 2c

+( 21 , 0, 0)

+( 21 , 0, 12 )

[2] C12/m1 (12)

2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 1 2 (x–z)– 4 , y, 2 (x+z)+ 4 ; +( 21 , 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +(0, 2 , 0)

[2] C12/m1 (12)

2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, z;

+(0, 12 , 0)

4i

4e

[2] C12/m1 (12)

2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , z;

+(0, 12 , 0)

4g

[2] C12/m1 (12)

2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , z;

4e

[2] C12/m1 (12)

2a, 2b, –a+c

1 1 2 (x+z), 2 y, z;

[2] C12/m1 (12)

2a, 2b, –a+c

1 1 1 2 (x+z)+ 4 , 2 y, z;

[2] C12/m1 (12)

2a, 2b, –a+c

1 1 1 2 (x+z), 2 y+ 4 , z;

[2] C12/m1 (12)

2a, 2b, –a+c

[2] A12/m1 (12) [2] A12/m1 (12)

or: P12/n1 a–c, b, a+c

2f 2f 2×2 f 4g 2b 4g

2×2e 4g 4g 2×4g 4g 2×4g

4f 2×4g 8 j 2×4i 8 j 2×8 j

2a; 2b 4g

4f 8j

2a; 2b 4h

4e

4i

2c; 2d 4 f 2×4h 8 j

4i

4f

4g

2a; 2b 4i 8j

4h 2c; 2d 8 j 2×4g 2×4h 8 j 2×4i 2×8 j

2a; 2b 4g

4i

4i

4e

2c; 2d 4h 2×4g 8 j 2×4h 2×4i 8 j 2×8 j

+(0, 12 , 0)

4i

4e

2c; 2d 2a; 2b 4g

+(0, 12 , 0)

4g

2a; 2b 4 f

4e

4i

1 1 1 1 1 2 (x+z)+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , z; +(0, 2 , 0)

4e

4i

4h

4g

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4 f 2×4h 8 j

a, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0);

2a; 2b 4g

4i

2c; 2d 4h

a, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0);

4g

+(0, 12 , 0)

+(0, 12 , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2a; 2b 4e

490

4h

4f 8j

2c; 2d 4h 8j 2×4h 2×4i 8 j

4h 4i 2×4h 8 j 4i 8j

4i 8j

2×4h 2×8 j

2×4g 8 j 2×4i 2×8 j

4f 8j 2×4i 8 j

2×4g 2×8 j

4h 2c; 2d 2×4g 8 j 2×4h 8 j 2×4i 2×8 j 4i 8j

8j 2×4g 2×4i 2×8 j

4e 8j

4i 8j

4f 2×4g 2×4h 2×4i 8 j 2×8 j

2c; 2d 4i 8j

4f 8j

4i 8j

2×4g 2×4h 2×4i 2×8 j

P 1 1 2/m

CONTINUED

P 2/m

UNIQUE AXIS c

I

Axes Coordinates Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P11m [2] P112 [2] P1¯

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P112/b

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] P112/b

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] P112/a

2a, b, c

1 2 x, y, z;

[2] P112/a

2a, b, c

1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z;

[2] P112/a

2a, –a+b, c

1 2 (x+y), y, z;

or: P112/n a+b, –a+b, c [2] P112/a

2a, –a+b, c

or: P112/n a+b, –a+b, c

+( 21 , 0, 0) +( 21 , 0, 0) +( 21 , 0, 0)

1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), z; 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , y, z;

+( 21 , 12 , 0)

+( 21 , 0, 0)

1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , 2 (–x+y)– 4 , z;

+( 21 , 12 , 0)

[2] A112/m

a, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] A112/m

a, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] A112/m

a, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] A112/m

a, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] A112/m

a–b, 2b, 2c

x, 12 (x+y), 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] A112/m

a–b, 2b, 2c

x, 12 (x+y)+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] A112/m

a–b, 2b, 2c

x, 12 (x+y), 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] A112/m

a–b, 2b, 2c

x, 12 (x+y)+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] B112/m

2a, b, 2c

1 1 2 x, y, 2 z;

[2] B112/m

2a, b, 2c

1 1 1 2 x, y, 2 z+ 4 ;

+(0, 0, 12 ) +(0, 0, 12 )

491

P 2/m

No. 10

P 1 2/m 1

CONTINUED

UNIQUE AXIS b

Axes

1a

1b 2i

1c 2j

Wyckoff positions 1d 1e 1f 2k 2l 2m

1g 2n

1h 4o

4i

4e 8j

2a; 2b 8j

4i 2×4g

4f 2×4h

4g 2×4i

2c; 2d 8j

4h 2×8 j

[2] A12/m1 (12) a, 2b, 2c (12)

x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0) 4e

4i 8j

4g 8j

4f 2×4g

4i 2×4h

2a; 2b 8j

4h 2×4i

2c; 2d 2×8 j

[2] P121 /m1 (11)

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2a

2e 4f

2c 4f

2b 4f

2e 4f

2e 4f

2d 2×2e

2e 2×4 f

[2] P121 /m1 (11)

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2e

2a 4f

2e 4f

2e 4f

2b 4f

2c 2×2e

2e 4f

2d 2×4 f

[2] A12/m1 (12)

Coordinates

x, 12 y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0)

a, 2b, 2c

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P12/m1

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

1a; 1b

2i 2×2i

1c; 1 f 2×2 j

1d; 1e 2×2k

2j 2×2l

2k 2m; 2n

1g; 1h 4o

2l 2×4o

[2] P12/m1

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2i

1a; 1b 2×2i

2k 2×2 j

2j 2×2k

1d; 1e 2×2l

1c; 1 f 4o

2l 2m; 2n

1g; 1h 2×4o

[3] P12/m1

a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

1a; 2i

[p] P12/m1

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

1b; 2i 3×2i p–1 1a; 2 × 1b; p–2 1× 2i 2i p×2i

1c; 2k 3×2 j 1c; p–2 1× 2k p×2 j

1d; 2 j 3×2k 1d; p–2 1× 2j p×2k

1e; 2 j 3×2l 1e; p–2 1× 2j p×2l

1h; 2l 3×4o 1h; p–2 1× 2l p×4o

[2] P12/m1

2a, b, c

1 2 x, y, z;

1a; 1d

1b; 1e 2i; 2 j

1c; 1g 4o

2m 2k; 2l

2n 4o

1 f ; 2k 1g; 2l 2m; 4o 2n; 4o 1 f ; p–2 1× 1g; p–2 1× 2k 2l 2m; p–2 1× 2n; p–2 1× 4o 4o 1 f ; 1h 2m 2×2m 2×2n

[2] P12/m1

2a, b, c

1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z;

2m

2n 4o

2m 2i; 2 j

1a; 1d 4o

1b; 1e 2k; 2l

2n 2×2m

1c; 1g 2×2n

1 f ; 1h 2×4o

[2] P12/m1

a–c, b, a+c

1a; 1g

1b; 1h 2i; 2l

2m 4o

2m 4o

2n 2 j; 2k

2n 2×2m

1c; 1d 2×2n

1e; 1 f 2×4o

[2] P12/m1

a–c, b, a+c

2m

2n 4o

1c; 1d 2i; 2l

1a; 1g 2 j; 2k

1b; 1h 4o

1e; 1 f 2×2m

2m 2×2n

2n 2×4o

[2] P12/m1

a, b, 2c

1 1 2 (x–z), y, 2 (x+z); 1 1 +( 2 , 0, 2 ) 1 1 2 (x–z)+ 4 , y, 1 1 1 1 2 (x+z)+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 2 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

1a; 1c

1b; 1 f 2i; 2k

2m 2 j; 2l

1d; 1g 4o

1e; 1h 4o

2n 2×2m

2m 2×2n

2n 2×4o

[2] P12/m1

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2m

2n 4o

1a; 1c 4o

2m 2i; 2k

2n 2 j; 2l

1b; 1 f 2×2m

1d; 1g 2×2n

1e; 1h 2×4o

[3] P12/m1

3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z;

±( 31 , 0, 0)

1a; 2m

1b; 2n 2i; 4o

1c; 2m 2 j; 4o

1d; 2m 2k; 4o

1e; 2n 2l; 4o

1 f ; 2n 3×2m

1g; 2m 3×2n

1h; 2n 3×4o

[3] P12/m1

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

1a; 2m

1b; 2n 2i; 4o

1c; 2m 2 j; 4o

1d; 2m 2k; 4o

1e; 2n 2l; 4o

1 f ; 2n 3×2m

1g; 2m 3×2n

1h; 2n 3×4o

[3] P12/m1

a−c, b, 3c

x, y, 13 (x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 )

1a; 2m

1b; 2n 2i; 4o

1c; 2m 2l; 4o

1g; 2m 2k; 4o

1h; 2n 2 j; 4o

1 f ; 2n 3×2m

1d; 2m 3×2n

1e; 2n 3×4o

[3] P12/m1

a+c, b, 3c

x, y, 13 (–x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 )

1a; 2m

[p] P12/m1

1 u pa, b, c p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0) p =prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

1a; p–2 1× 2m 1a; p–2 1× 2m

1c; 2m 2l; 4o 1c; p–2 1× 2m 2 j; p–2 1× 4o 1c; p–2 1× 2m

1h; 2n 2 j; 4o 1e; p–2 1× 2n 2l; p–2 1× 4o 1e(h∗ ); p–1 2 ×2n

1 f ; 2n 1d; 2m 1e; 2n 3×2m 3×2n 3×4o p–1 p–1 1 f ; 2 × 1g; 2 × 1h; p–2 1× 2n 2m 2n

a+qc, b, pc x, y, 1p (–qx+z);

1b; 2n 2i; 4o 1b; p–2 1× 2n 2i; p–2 1× 4o 1b; p–2 1× 2n – 2i; p 2 1× 4o

[p] P12/m1

+( 21 , 0, 0) +( 21 , 0, 0)

+(0, 0, up ) p =prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 − 21 (p −1)

≤q≤

1 2 (p −1)

1g; 2m 2k; 4o 1d; p–2 1× 2m 2k; p–2 1× 4o 1d(g∗ ); p–1 2 ×2m ∗ 2 j(l ); 2k; p–2 1× 4o p–1 2 ×4o

492

p×2m p×2n p×4o 1 f ; p–2 1× 1g(d ∗ ); 1h(e∗ ); 2n p–1×2m p–1×2n 2 2

2l( j∗ ); p×2m p–1 ×4o 2

∗

2n 2×4o

q = 2n+1

p×2n

p×4o

P 1 1 2/m

CONTINUED

P 2/m

UNIQUE AXIS c

Axes

Coordinates

[2] B112/m

2a, b, 2c

1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, 2 z;

[2] B112/m

2a, b, 2c

1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, 2 z+ 4 ;

+(0, 0, 12 ) +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P1121 /m a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P1121 /m a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P112/m

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P112/m

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[3] P112/m

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P112/m a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [2] P112/m

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] P112/m

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] P112/m

a+b, –a+b, c

1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), z;

[2] P112/m

a+b, –a+b, c

1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , 2 (–x+y)+ 4 , z;

[2] P112/m

2a, b, c

1 2 x, y, z;

[2] P112/m

2a, b, c

1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z;

[3] P112/m

a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[3] P112/m

3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z;

[3] P112/m

3a, –a+b, c

1 3 (x+y), y, z;

[3] P112/m

3a, a+b, c

1 3 (x–y), y, z;

+( 21 , 12 , 0) +( 21 , 12 , 0)

+( 21 , 0, 0) +( 21 , 0, 0)

±( 31 , 0, 0) ±( 31 , 0, 0) ±( 31 , 0, 0)

[p] P112/m a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p =prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [p] P112/m

1 u pa, qa+b, c p (x–qy), y, z; +( p , 0, 0) p =prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

493

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 11, pp. 494–495.

P 21/m

P 1 21/m 1

No. 11

UNIQUE AXIS b

Axes I

Coordinates

C2h2

2a

2b

Wyckoff positions 2c 2d

2e

4f

2c

2c

2c

2c

1a; 1b

2×2c

2a

2a

2a

2a

2a

2×2a

1a; 1c

1d; 1e

1b; 1g

1 f ; 1h

2i

2×2i

1a; 1b

1c; 1g

1d; 1 f

1e; 1h

2i

2×2i ⇒

2a; 2c

4e

2b; 2d

4e

4e

2×4e

4e

2a; 2c

4e

2b; 2d

4e

2×4e

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4e

4e

4e

2×4e

4e

4e

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4e

2×4e

2a; 2c

4e

4e

2b; 2d

4e

2×4e

4e

2b; 2d

2a; 2c

4e

4e

2×4e

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups x, y+ 41 , z

[2] P1m1 (6) [2] P121 1 (4) [2] P1¯ (2)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P121 /a1 (14) 2a, b, c [2] P121 /a1 (14) 2a, b, c [2] P121 /c1 (14) a, b, 2c [2] P121 /c1 (14) a, b, 2c [2] P121 /c1 (14) a−c, b, 2c [2] P121 /c1 (14) a−c, b, 2c

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 (x+z); +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 (x+z)+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P121 /m1

a, 3b, c

[p] P121 /m1

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] P121 /m1

2a, b, c

[2] P121 /m1

2a, b, c

[2] P121 /m1

a−c, b, a+c or: a−c, b, 2c

[2] P121 /m1

a−c, b, a+c or: a−c, b, 2c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–z), y, 2 (x+z); +( 2 , 0, 2 ) 1 1 x, y, 2 (x+z); +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–z)+ 4 , y, 2 (x+z)+ 4 ; 1 1 +( 2 , 0, 2 ) x, y, 12 (x+z)+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x−z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up )

[2] P121 /m1

a, b, 2c

[2] P121 /m1

a, b, 2c

[3] P121 /m1

3a, b, c

[3] P121 /m1

3a, b, –a+c

[3] P121 /m1

3a, b, a+c

[3] P121 /m1

a, b, 3c

[p] P121 /m1

a, b, pc p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] P121 /m1

pa, b, qa+c 1p (x–qz), y, z; +( up , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

2a; 4 f 2b; 4 f 2c; 4 f 2d; 4 f 2e; 4 f 3×4 f p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4 f 2b; 2 ×4 f 2c; 2 ×4 f 2d; 2 ×4 f 2e; 2 ×4 f p×4 f 2a; 2b

4f

2c; 2d

4f

2×2e

2×4 f

4f

2a; 2b

4f

2c; 2d

2×2e

2×4 f

2a; 2d

4f

4f

2b; 2c

2×2e

2×4 f

2a; 2c

4f

4f

2b; 2d

2×2e

2×4 f

4f

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

4f

2×2e

2×4 f

4f

2b; 2d

2a; 2c

4f

2×2e

2×4 f

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4f

4f

2×2e

2×4 f

4f

4f

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

2×2e

2×4 f

2a; 4 f

2b; 4 f

2c; 4 f

2d; 4 f

3×2e

3×4 f

2a; 4 f

2b; 4 f

2d; 4 f

2c; 4 f

3×2e

3×4 f

2a; 4 f

2b; 4 f

2d; 4 f

2c; 4 f

3×2e

3×4 f

2a; 4 f 2b; 4 f 2c; 4 f 2d; 4 f 3×2e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4 f 2b; 2 ×4 f 2c; 2 ×4 f 2d; 2 ×4 f p×2e

3×4 f

2a; p –2 1×4 f 2b; p –2 1×4 f 2c(d ∗ ); 2d(c∗ ); p×2e p–1 p–1 ×4 f ×4 f 2 2

p×4 f

∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

494

q = 2n+1

p×4 f

P 1 1 21/m Axes I

CONTINUED

UNIQUE AXIS c

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups x, y, z+ 41

[2] P11m [2] P1121 [2] P1¯

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P1121 /b

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] P1121 /b

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] P1121 /a

2a, b, c

[2] P1121 /a

2a, b, c

[2] P1121 /a

2a, –a+b, c

[2] P1121 /a

2a, –a+b, c

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 (x+y), y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P1121 /m a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P1121 /m a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [2] P1121 /m a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] P1121 /m a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] P1121 /m a+b, –a+b, c or: 2a, –a+b, c

1 1 1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 2 (x+y), y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , 2 (–x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

[2] P1121 /m a+b, –a+b, c or: 2a, –a+b, c [2] P1121 /m 2a, b, c [2] P1121 /m 2a, b, c [3] P1121 /m a, 3b, c [3] P1121 /m a−b, 3b, c [3] P1121 /m a+b, 3b, c [3] P1121 /m 3a, b, c

P 21/m

1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (–x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

[p] P1121 /m pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

x, 1p (–qx+y), z; +(0, up , 0) [p] P1121 /m a+qb, pb, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

495

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 12, pp. 496–499.

C 2/m UNIQUE AXIS b , CELL CHOICE

Axes I

C 1 2/m 1

No. 12

C2h3

1

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4e 4f

2a

2b

2c

2d

4g

4h

4i

8j

2a

2a

2a

2a

4b

4b

4b

4b

2×2a 2×4b

2a

2a

2b

2b

4c

4c

2×2a 2×2b 4c

1a 1a 1a

1c 1c 1f

1b 1e 1d

1g 1d 1b

1d; 1e 1 f ; 1h 2i 1b; 1g 1 f ; 1h 2i 1c; 1h 1e; 1g 2i

2i 2i 2i

2i 2i 2i

2×2i 2×2i ⇒ 2×2i ⇒

2a

2c

2d

2b

4e

4e

4e

4e

2×4e

2e

2e

2f

2f

2a; 2c

2b; 2d 2×2e 2×2f

4g

2×4g

2e 2e 2e

2e 2e 2e

2e 2e 2e

2e 2e 2e

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4 f 2a; 2c 2b; 2d 4 f 2a; 2d 2b; 2c 4 f

1a; 1e 1a; 1 f 1a; 1h

1b; 1d 1b; 1c 1b; 1g

1c; 1h 1e; 1g 1d; 1 f

1 f ; 1g 4o 1d; 1h 4o 1c; 1e 4o

4o 4o 4o

2i; 2 j 2i; 2k 2i; 2l

2k; 2l 2m; 2n 2×4o 2 j; 2l 2m; 2n 2×4o ⇒ 2 j; 2k 2m; 2n 2×4o ⇒ 2×4e 8 f

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] C1m1 (8) [2] C121(5) [2] P1¯ (2)

1 2 (a−b),

2x, x+y, z

b, c

2×4c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P121 /a1 (14) [2] P12/a1 (13) [2] P121 /m1 (11)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

[2] P12/m1 (10)

4e

4f 4f 4f

2×2e 2×4f 2×2e 2×4f ⇒ 2×2e 2×4f ⇒

Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] C12/c1 (15) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4a

4b

4e

4e

4c; 4d

8f

8f

[2] C12/c1 (15) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, x+ 21 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 –y, x; +( 21 , 0, 0) 2 z, x, y, x+ 21 z+ 41 ;+(0,0, 21 ) 1 1 –y, x; +( 21 , 0, 0) 2 z+ 4 ,

4e

4e

4a

4b

8f

4c; 4d

2×4e 8 f

4a

4b

4e

4e

8f

4c; 4d

8f

4e

4e

4a

4b

4c; 4d

8f

2×4e 8 f

[2] C12/c1 (15) a–2c, b,2c or: I12/a1 2c, –b, a [2] C12/c1 (15) a–2c, b,2c or: I12/a1 2c, –b, a

2×8f

8f

2×8f

2×4e 8 f

2×8f

8f

2×8f

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[3] C12/m1

a, 3b, c

[p] C12/m1

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] C12/m1

a, b, 2c

+(0, 0,

[2] C12/m1

a, b, 2c

x, y,

[2] I12/m1

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] I12/m1

2a; 2c(d ∗ ) 2b; 2d(c∗ ) 4i

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 2 z+ 4 ;

1 1 2 z+ 4 ;

+(0, 0,

1 2)

1 2)

a, b, 2c

x, y,

[3] C12/m1

3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z;

[3] C12/m1

3a, b,–a+c

1 1 3 (x+z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0)

[3] C12/m1

3a, b, a+c

1 3 (x–z), y, z;

[3] C12/m1

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] C12/m1

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] C12/m1

1 p z;

2a; 4g 2b; 4g 2c; 4h 2d; 4h 4e; 8 j 4 f ; 8 j 3×4g 3×4h 4i; 8 j 3×8 j p–1 p–1 2a; 2 × 2b; 2 × 2c; p–2 1 2d; p–2 1 4e; p–2 1 4f ; p–2 1 p×4g p×4h 4i; p–2 1 p×8j 4g 4g ×4h ×4h ×8 j ×8 j ×8 j

±( 31 , 0, 0)

4e; 4 f ∗

8j

4g; 4h 8 j

4e; 4 f

8j

4e; 4 f

4g; 4h 8 j

8j

8j

4i

4i

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

2a(b ); 2b(a ); 8 j 2c 2d 4i 4i 8j

4i

4i

2a; 2d 2b; 2c

2a; 4i

4e( f ); 4f (e ); 8j 8j 2b; 4i 2d(c† ); 2c(d † ); 4e; 8 j 4 f ; 8 j 4i 4i 2b; 4i 2d(c††); 2c(d ††); 4e( f † ); 4f (e† ); 4i 4i 8j 8j 2b; 4i 2c; 4i 2d; 4i 4e; 8 j 4 f ; 8 j 2b; p–2 1 × 2c; p–2 1 2d; p–2 1 4e( f ‡ ); 4f (e‡ ); 4i ×4i ×4i p–1×8j p–1×8j 2 2 2b; p–2 1 × 2c(d § ); 2d(c§ ); 4e( f
); 4f (e
); 4i p–1×4i p–1×4i p–1×8j p–1×8j 2b; 4i

2a; 4i

±( 31 , 0, 0) 2a; 4i

u p)

4i ∗

2a; 4i 2a; p–1 × 2

4i

2c; 4i

pa, b, qa+c 1p (x–qz), y, z;+( up , 0, 0) 2a; p–2 1 × 4i p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 2 1 1 − 2 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 2 (p −1) ∗ cell choice 2 (A12/m1) † cell choice 3 (I12/m1) †† cell choices 2 or 3

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

496

4e; 4 f †

2d; 4i

2

2

§ cell

†

2

2×4i 2×8j

4g; 4h 2×4i 2×8j 2×4i 2×8j

4g; 4h 2×4i 2×8j

4g; 8 j 4h; 8 j 3×4i 3×8j 4g; 8 j 4h; 8 j 3×4i 3×8j 4g; 8 j 4h; 8 j 3×4i 3×8j 4g; 8 j 4h; 8 j 3×4i 3×8j 4g; p–2 1 4h; p–2 1 p×4i p×8j ×8 j ×8 j 4g; p–2 1 4h; p–2 1 p×4i p×8j ×8 j ×8 j

choices 1 or 2 and q = 2n+1 cell choice 3 (I12/m1) and p = 4n−1
cell choice 3 (I12/m1) and p+2q = 4n−1 ‡

A 1 2/m 1 CELL CHOICE

2

Axes I

I 1 2/m 1 CELL CHOICE

Coordinates

CONTINUED

UNIQUE AXIS b

3

Axes

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] A1m1

I1m1

[2] A121

I121

[2] P1¯

a, b, 12 (–b+c) x, y+z, 2z

P1¯

a, 12 (–a+b–c), c x+y, 2y, y+z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P121 /c1

P121 /n1

[2] P12/c1

x, y+ 41 , z+ 41

[2] P121 /m1

x, y+ 41 , z+ 41

P12/n1

x– 14 , y+ 41 , z– 14

P121 /m1

x– 14 , y+ 41 , z– 14

[2] P12/m1 P12/m1 Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 1 1 –1 [2] A12/n1 2a+c, b, c 2 x, y, 2 x+z; +( 2 , 0, 2 ) [2] A12/n1

2a+c, b, c

[2] I12/a1

2a, b, c

1 1 1 –1 2 x– 4 , y, 2 x+z– 4 ; 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

[2] I12/a1

2a, b, c

1 1 1 2 x– 4 , y, z+ 2 ;

+( 21 , 0, 12 )

+( 21 , 0, 0)

I12/a1

2a, b, –a+c

I12/a1

2a, b, –a+c

I12/a1 2a, b, a+c or: C12/c1 –a+c, –b, 2a I12/a1 2a, b, a+c or: C12/c1 –a+c, –b, 2a

1 1 2 (x+z), y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 (x+z)+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 (x–z), y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) z, –y, 12 (x+z); +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 2 (x–z)+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) z, –y, 12 (x+z)+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

I12/m1

a, 3b, c

[p] A12/m1 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

I12/m1

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

I12/m1

2a, b, –a+c

I12/m1

2a, b, –a+c

A12/m1

2a, b, –a+c

[3] A12/m1

a, 3b, c

[2] A12/m1

2a, b, c

[2] A12/m1

2a, b, c

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x– 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

1 1 2 (x+z), y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 (x+z)+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

[3] A12/m1

a−2c, b, 3c

1 1 1 –1 2 x, y, 2 x+z; +( 2 , 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 1 –1 2 x– 4 , y, 2 x+z– 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 2 ) x, y, 13 (2x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] A12/m1

a−c, b, 3c

x, y, 13 (x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 )

I12/m1

3a, b, 2a+c

1 3 (x–2z), y, z;

[3] A12/m1

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

I12/m1

3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z;

[3] A12/m1

3a, b, c

I12/m1

3a, b, –2a+c

[p] A12/m1

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

I12/m1

1 1 3 (x+2z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; ±( p , 0, 0)

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

I12/m1

a+2qc, b, pc x, y, 1p (–2qx+z); +(0, 0, up ) 1 − 2 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

[2] C12/m1 2a+c, b, c [2] C12/m1 2a+c, b, c

[p] A12/m1 a+qc, b, pc x, y, 1p (–qx+z); +(0, 0, up ) − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

A12/m1

2a, b, –a+c

I12/m1

a, b, 3c

1 1 2 (x+z), y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 (x+z)+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

±( 31 , 0, 0)

±( 31 , 0, 0)

Space groups of the series of isomorphic subgroups appear in different sequences for cell choices 1, 2 and 3

497

C 2/m

C 2/m

A 1 1 2/m

No. 12

UNIQUE AXIS c, CELL CHOICE

Axes

C2h3

1

CONTINUED

2a

2b

2c

Wyckoff positions 2d 4e 4f

[2] A11m (8)

2a

2a

2a

2a

4b

4b

4b

[2] A112(5) [2] P1¯ (2)

2a

2a

2b

2b

4c

4c

2×2a 2×2b 4c

1a 1a 1a

1b 1b 1e

1d 1g 1c

1f 1c 1d

1c; 1g 1e; 1h 2i 1d; 1 f 1e; 1h 2i 1b; 1h 1 f ; 1g 2i

2i 2i 2i

2i 2i 2i

2×2i 2×2i ⇒ 2×2i ⇒

2a

2c

2d

2b

4e

4e

4e

2×4e

2e

2e

2f

2f

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 2×2e 2×2f

4g

2×4g

2e 2e 2e

2e 2e 2e

2e 2e 2e

2e 2e 2e

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4 f 2a; 2c 2b; 2d 4 f 2a; 2d 2b; 2c 4 f

2×2e 2×4f 2×2e 2×4f ⇒ 2×2e 2×4f ⇒

1a; 1e 1a; 1 f 1a; 1h

1b; 1d 1b; 1c 1b; 1g

1c; 1h 1e; 1g 1d; 1 f

1 f ; 1g 4o 1d; 1h 4o 1c; 1e 4o

4a

4b

4e

4e

4c; 4d 8 f

4e

4e

4a

4b

8f

4c; 4d 2×4e 8 f

4a

4b

4e

4e

8f

4c; 4d 8 f

4e

4e

4a

4b

4c; 4d 8 f

I

Coordinates

4g

4h

4i

8j

4b

2×2a 2×4b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

a, 1 2 (b−c), c

x, 2y, y+z

2×4c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P1121 /b (14) [2] P112/b (13) [2] P1121 /m (11)

x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 x, y+ 41 , z+ 41

[2] P112/m (10)

4e

4e

4o 4o 4o

4f 4f 4f

2i; 2 j 2i; 2k 2i; 2l

2k; 2l 2m; 2n 2×4o 2 j; 2l 2m; 2n 2×4o ⇒ 2 j; 2k 2m; 2n 2×4o ⇒

8f

2×4e 8 f

Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] A112/a (15) 2a, b, c [2] A112/a (15) 2a, b, c [2] A112/a (15) 2a,–2a+b, c or: I112/b b, 2a, –c [2] A112/a (15) 2a,–2a+b, c or: I112/b b, 2a, –c

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x+y, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) y, 12 x, –z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x+y+ 4 , y, z;+( 2 ,0,0) y, 12 x+ 41 , –z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2×8f

8f

2×8f

2×4e 8 f

2×8f

2×4e 8 f

8f

2×8f

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] A112/m

a, b, 3c

[p] A112/m

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] A112/m

2a, b, c

1 p z;

[2] A112/m

2a, b, c

[2] I112/m

2a, b, c

[2] I112/m

2a, b, c

u p)

2a; 4g 2b; 4g 2c; 4h 2d; 4h 4e; 8 j 4 f ; 8 j 3×4g 3×4h 4i; 8 j 3×8 j p–1 p–1 2a; 2 × 2b; 2 × 2c; p–2 1 2d; p–2 1 4e; p–2 1 4 f ; p–2 1 p×4g p×4h 4i; p–2 1 p×8j 4g 4g ×4h ×4h ×8 j ×8 j ×8 j

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

2a; 2c(d ∗) 2b; 2d(c∗) 4i 4i

4i

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

2a(b ); 2b(a ); 8 j 2c 2d 4i 4i 8j

4i

4i

2a; 2d 2b; 2c

[3] A112/m

a, 3b, c

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

2a; 4i

2b; 4i

[3] A112/m

a−b, 3b, c

x, 13 (x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 2a; 4i

2b; 4i

[3] A112/m

a+b, 3b, c

x, 13 (–x+y), z;±(0, 31 ,0) 2a; 4i

[3] A112/m

3a, b, c

[p] A112/m

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] A112/m

2a; 4i 2a; p–1 × 2

4i

4i ∗

2c; 4i

4e; 4 f 8 j ∗

4g; 4h 8 j

4e; 4 f 8 j

8j

4e( f ); 4f (e ); 4g; 8 j 8j 8j 2c(d † ); 4e; 8 j 4 f ; 8 j 4g; 8 j 4i 2c(d ††); 4e( f † ); 4f (e† ); 4g; 8 j 4i 8j 8j 2d; 4i 4e; 8 j 4 f ; 8 j 4g; 8 j 2d; p–2 1 4e( f ‡ ); 4f (e‡ ); 4g; p–2 1 ×4i p–1×8j p–1×8j ×8 j †

†

2d(c† ); 4i 2b; 4i 2d(c††); 4i 2b; 4i 2c; 4i 2b; p–2 1 × 2c; p–2 1 4i ×4i 2 2 2b; p–2 1 × 2c(d § ); 2d(c§ ); 4e( f
); 4f (e
); 4g; p–2 1 4i p–1×4i p–1×4i p–1×8j p–1×8j ×8 j 2 2 2 2

a+qb, pb, c x, 1p (–qx+y), z;+(0, up ,0) 2a; p–2 1 × 4i p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 1 1 − 2 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 2 (p −1) ∗ cell choice 2 (B112/m) † cell choice 3 (I112/m) †† cell choices 2 or 3

498

4g; 4h 2×4i 2×8j

4e; 4 f 4g; 4h 8 j

4e; 4 f 8 j

2d; 4i

2×4i 2×8j

§ cell

2×4i 2×8j

4g; 4h 2×4i 2×8j 4h; 8 j 3×4i 3×8j 4h; 8 j 3×4i 3×8j 4h; 8 j 3×4i 3×8j 4h; 8 j 3×4i 3×8j 4h; p–2 1 p×4i p×8j ×8 j 4h; p–1 p×4i p×8j 2

×8 j

choices 1 or 2 and q = 2n+1 cell choice 3 (I112/m) and p = 4n−1
cell choice 3 (I112/m) and p+2q = 4n−1 ‡

B 1 1 2/m CELL CHOICE

2

CELL CHOICE

Axes I

I 1 1 2/m Coordinates

CONTINUED

UNIQUE AXIS c

3

Axes

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] B11m

I11m

[2] B112

I112

[2] P1¯

1 2 (a−c),

b, c 2x, y, x+z a, b, 12 (–a–b+c) x+y, y+z, 2z

P1¯

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P1121 /a

P1121 /n

[2] P112/a

x+ 41 , y, z+ 41

[2] P1121 /m

x+ 41 , y, z+ 41

P112/n

x– 14 , y– 14 , z+ 41

P1121 /m

x– 14 , y– 14 , z+ 41

[2] P112/m P112/m Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] B112/n

a, a+2b, c

x– 12 y, 12 y, z; +( 21 , 12 , 0)

I112/b

a−b, 2b, c

x, 12 (x+y), z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] B112/n

a, a+2b, c

x– 12 y– 14 , 12 y– 14 , z; +( 21 , 12 , 0)

I112/b

a−b, 2b, c

x, 12 (x+y)+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] I112/b

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

I112/b a+b, 2b, c or: A112/a 2b, a−b, –c

x, 12 (–x+y), z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 –z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 2 (x+y), x,

[2] I112/b

a, 2b, c

x+ 21 , 12 y– 14 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

I112/b a+b, 2b, c or: A112/a 2b, a−b, –c

x, 12 (–x+y)+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 –z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 2 (x+y)+ 4 , x,

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

I112/m

a, b, 3c

[p] B112/m a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

I112/m

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] B112/m

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[2] B112/m

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

I112/m

a−b, 2b, c

x, 12 (x+y), z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] B112/m

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y– 14 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

I112/m

a−b, 2b, c

x, 12 (x+y)+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] A112/m

a, a+2b, c

x– 12 y, 12 y, z; +( 21 , 12 , 0)

B112/m

a−b, 2b, c

x, 12 (x+y), z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] A112/m

a, a+2b, c

x– 12 y– 14 , 12 y– 14 , z; +( 21 , 12 , 0)

B112/m

a−b, 2b, c

x, 12 (x+y)+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[3] B112/m

3a, –2a+b, c

1 3 (x+2y), y, z;

I112/m

3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z;

[3] B112/m

3a, –a+b, c

1 3 (x+y), y, z;

I112/m

a+2b, 3b, c

x, 13 (–2x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[3] B112/m

3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z;

±( 31 , 0, 0)

I112/m

a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[3] B112/m

a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

I112/m

a−2b, 3b, c

x, 13 (2x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[p] B112/m a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

I112/m

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; ±(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

I112/m

1 u pa, 2qa+b, c p (x–2qy), y, z; +( p , 0, 0) − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

[p] B112/m

±( 31 , 0, 0)

±( 31 , 0, 0)

pa, qa+b, c 1p (x–qy), y, z; +( up , 0, 0) − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

±( 31 , 0, 0)

Space groups of the series of isomorphic subgroups appear in different sequences for cell choices 1, 2 and 3

499

C 2/m

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 13, pp. 500–503.

P 2/c UNIQUE AXIS b , CELL CHOICE

Axes I

P 1 2/c 1

No. 13

C2h4

1

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2d 2e

2a

2b

2c

2f

4g

2a

2a

2a

2a

2a

2a

2×2a

2e

2e

2e

2e

1a; 1b

1c; 1d

2×2e

1a; 1b 1a; 1 f 1a; 1d

1e; 1h 1e; 1g 1g; 1h

1c; 1g 1c; 1h 1c; 1e

1d; 1 f 1b; 1d 1b; 1 f

2i 2i 2i

2i 2i 2i

2×2i 2×2i ⇒ 2×2i =⇒

4a; 4b

4c; 4d

8f

8f

2×4e

8f

2×8 f

8f

8f

4c; 4d

4a; 4b

8f

2×4e

2×8 f

8f

8f

4a; 4b

4c; 4d

2×4e

8f

2×8 f

4c; 4d

4a; 4b

8f

8f

8f

2×4e

2×8 f

2a; 2c

4e

4e

2b; 2d

4e

4e

2×4e

4e

2b; 2d

2a; 2c

4e

4e

4e

2×4e

2a; 2c

4g

4g

2b; 2d

2×2e

2×2 f

2×4g

4g

2b; 2d

2a; 2c

4g

2×2e

2×2 f

2×4g

2a; 4g 2b; 4g 2c; 4g 2d; 4g 3×2e p–1 p–1 p–1 p–1 2a; 2 × 2b; 2 × 2c; 2 × 2d; 2 × p×2e 4g 4g 4g 4g

3×2 f

3×4g

p×2 f

p×4g

2a; 2d

4g

2b; 2c

4g

2e; 2 f

4g

2×4g

4g

2b; 2c

4g

2a; 2d

4g

2e; 2 f

2×4g

2a; 2d

4g

2b; 2c

4g

4g

2e; 2 f

2×4g

4g

2b; 2c

4g

2a; 2d

2e; 2 f

4g

2×4g

2a; 4g

2b; 4g

2c; 4g

2d; 4g

2e; 4g

2 f ; 4g

∗

∗

2 f ; 4g

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1c1 (7) x, y, z+ 41

[2] P121 (3) [2] P1¯ (2)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] C12/c1 (15) 2a, 2b, c [2] C12/c1 (15) 2a, 2b, c [2] C12/c1 (15) 2a, 2b, c [2] C12/c1 (15) 2a, 2b, c [2] P121 /c1 (14) a, 2b, c [2] P121 /c1 (14) a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, z; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , z; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , z; +(0, 2 , 0) x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P12/c1

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] P12/c1

a, 2b, c

x,

[3] P12/c1

a, 3b, c

x,

[p] P12/c1

a, pb, c

x,

1 1 1 2 y+ 4 , z; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 3 y, z; ±(0, 3 , 0) 1 u p y, z; +(0, p , 0)

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [2] P12/c1

2a, b, c

[2] P12/c1

2a, b, c

[2] P12/n1

2a, b, c

[2] P12/n1

2a, b, c

[3] P12/c1

3a, b, c

[3] P12/c1

a, b, 3c

[3] P12/c1

a−c, b, 3c

[3] P12/c1

a+c, b, 3c

[p] P12/c1

pa, b, c

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 13 (x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 13 (–x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 ) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [p] P12/c1

3×4g

2a; 4g

2b; 4g

2c; 4g

2d; 4g

2e( f ); 4g 2 f (e ); 4g 3×4g

2a; 4g

2b; 4g

2c; 4g

2d; 4g

2e; 4g

3×4g

2a; 4g 2b; 4g 2c; 4g 2d; 4g 2e; 4g 2 f ; 4g 3×4g p–1 p–1 p–1 p–1 p–1 p–1 2a; 2 × 2b; 2 × 2c; 2 × 2d; 2 × 2e; 2 × 2 f ; 2 × p×4g 4g 4g 4g 4g 4g 4g

a+qc, b, pc x, y, 1p (–qx+z); +(0, 0, up ) 2a; p–2 1× 2b; p–2 1× 2c; p–2 1× 2d; p–2 1× 2e; p–2 1× 2 f ; p–2 1× p×4g 4g 4g 4g 4g 4g 4g p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1) ∗ cell choice 2 (P12/n1)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

500

P 1 2/n 1 CELL CHOICE

2

Axes I

P 1 2/a 1 CELL CHOICE

Coordinates

CONTINUED

UNIQUE AXIS b

3

Axes

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1n1 [2] P121

P11a x– 14 , y, z– 14

x+ 41 , y, z

P121

[2] P1¯ P1¯ II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] A12/n1 a−c, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y, 12 (x+z); +(0, 12 , 0)

I12/a1

a, 2b, a+2c x– 12 z, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] A12/n1 a−c, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y, 12 (x+z)+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0)

I12/a1

a, 2b, a+2c x– 12 z– 14 , 12 y, 12 z– 14 ; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] A12/n1 a−c, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 (x+z); +(0, 12 , 0)

I12/a1

a, 2b, a+2c x– 12 z, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] A12/n1 a−c, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 (x+z)+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0)

I12/a1

a, 2b, a+2c x– 12 z– 14 , 12 y+ 41 , 12 z– 14 ; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] P121 /n1 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

P121 /a1 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] P121 /n1 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

P121 /a1 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P12/n1 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

P12/a1

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] P12/n1 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

P12/a1

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[3] P12/n1 a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

P12/a1

a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[p] P12/n1 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

P12/a1

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] P12/n1 a−c, b, 2c

x, y, 12 (x+z); +(0, 0, 12 )

P12/a1

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P12/n1 a−c, b, 2c

x, y, 12 (x+z)+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

P12/a1

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z– 14 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P12/a1 a−c, b, 2c

x, y, 12 (x+z); +(0, 0, 12 )

P12/n1

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P12/a1 a−c, b, 2c

x, y, 12 (x+z)+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

P12/n1

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z– 14 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[3] P12/n1 a−2c, b, 3c

x, y, 13 (2x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 )

P12/a1

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] P12/n1 3a, b, c

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (2x–z), y, 3 (–x+2z); x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up )

P12/a1

3a, b, a+c

P12/a1

3a, b, –a+c

P12/a1

3a, b, c

[p] P12/n1 a, b, pc p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

P12/a1

1 1 3 (x−z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up )

a, b, pc p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] P12/n1 pa, b, 2qa+c 1p (x–2qz), y, z; +( up , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p−1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p−1)

P12/a1

pa, b, qa+c 1p (x–qz), y, z; +( up , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p−1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p−1)

[3] P12/n1 2a+c, b, a+2c [3] P12/n1 a, b, 3c

±( 31 , 0, 13 )

Space groups of the series of isomorphic subgroups appear in different sequences for cell choices 1, 2 and 3

501

P 2/c

P 2/c

UNIQUE AXIS c, CELL CHOICE

Axes I

P 1 1 2/a

No. 13

C2h4

1

CONTINUED

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2d 2e

2a

2b

2c

2f

4g

2a

2a

2a

2a

2a

2a

2×2a

2e

2e

2e

2e

1a; 1b

1c; 1d

2×2e

1a; 1d 1a; 1e 1a; 1c

1g; 1h 1 f ; 1g 1 f ; 1h

1b; 1 f 1b; 1h 1b; 1g

1c; 1e 1c; 1d 1d; 1e

2i 2i 2i

2i 2i 2i

2×2i 2×2i ⇒ 2×2i =⇒

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P11a (7) x+ 41 , y, z

[2] P112 (3) [2] P1¯ (2)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] A112/a (15) a, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4a; 4b

4c; 4d

8f

8f

2×4e

8f

2×8 f

[2] A112/a (15) a, 2b, 2c

x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, 12 y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

8f

8f

4c; 4d

4a; 4b

8f

2×4e

2×8 f

8f

8f

4a; 4b

4c; 4d

2×4e

8f

2×8 f

4c; 4d

4a; 4b

8f

8f

8f

2×4e

2×8 f

2a; 2c

4e

4e

2b; 2d

4e

4e

2×4e

4e

2b; 2d

2a; 2c

4e

4e

4e

2×4e

[2] A112/a (15) a, 2b, 2c [2] A112/a (15) a, 2b, 2c [2] P1121 /a (14) a, b, 2c [2] P1121 /a (14) a, b, 2c

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P112/a

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a; 2c

4g

4g

2b; 2d

2×2e

2×2 f

2×4g

[2] P112/a

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4g

2b; 2d

2a; 2c

4g

2×2e

2×2 f

2×4g

2a; 4g 2b; 4g 2c; 4g 2d; 4g 3×2e p–1 p–1 p–1 p–1 2a; 2 × 2b; 2 × 2c; 2 × 2d; 2 × p×2e 4g 4g 4g 4g

3×2 f

3×4g

p×2 f

p×4g

[3] P112/a

a, b, 3c

x, y,

[p] P112/a

a, b, pc

x, y,

1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2a; 2d

4g

2b; 2c

4g

2e; 2 f

4g

2×4g

[2] P112/a

a, 2b, c

4g

2b; 2c

4g

2a; 2d

4g

2e; 2 f

2×4g

[2] P112/n

a, 2b, c

2a; 2d

4g

2b; 2c

4g

4g

2e; 2 f

2×4g

[2] P112/n

a, 2b, c

4g

2b; 2c

4g

2a; 2d

2e; 2 f

4g

2×4g

[3] P112/a

a, 3b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+y), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x–y), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0)

2a; 4g

2b; 4g

2c; 4g

2d; 4g

2e; 4g

2 f ; 4g

∗

∗

2 f ; 4g

[2] P112/a

[3] P112/a

3a, b, c

[3] P112/a

3a, –a+b, c

[3] P112/a

3a, a+b, c

[p] P112/a

a, pb, c

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [p] P112/a

pa, qa+b, c

1 p (x–qy), y, z;

+( up , 0, 0)

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

3×4g

2a; 4g

2b; 4g

2c; 4g

2d; 4g

2e( f ); 4g 2 f (e ); 4g 3×4g

2a; 4g

2b; 4g

2c; 4g

2d; 4g

2e; 4g

3×4g

2a; 4g 2b; 4g 2c; 4g 2d; 4g 2e; 4g 2 f ; 4g 3×4g p–1 p–1 p–1 p–1 p–1 p–1 2a; 2 × 2b; 2 × 2c; 2 × 2d; 2 × 2e; 2 × 2 f ; 2 × p×4g 4g 4g 4g 4g 4g 4g 2a; p–2 1× 2b; p–2 1× 2c; p–2 1× 2d; p–2 1× 2e; p–2 1× 2 f ; p–2 1× p×4g 4g 4g 4g 4g 4g 4g ∗

502

cell choice 2 (P112/n)

P 1 1 2/n CELL CHOICE

2

Axes I

P 1 1 2/b CELL CHOICE

Coordinates

CONTINUED

UNIQUE AXIS c

3

Axes

P 2/c

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P11n [2] P112

P11b x– 14 , y– 14 , z

x, y+ 41 , z

P112

[2] P1¯ P1¯ II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] B112/n 2a, –a+b, 2c 12 (x+y), y, 12 z, ; +(0, 0, 12 ) [2] B112/n 2a, –a+b, 2c [2] B112/n 2a, –a+b, 2c [2] B112/n 2a, –a+b, 2c [2] P1121 /n a, b, 2c [2] P1121 /n a, b, 2c

1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , y, 2 z, ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y), y, 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , y, 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

P1121 /b a, b, 2c

1 1 1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 1 –1 2 x– 4 , 2 x+y– 4 , 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 2 x– 4 , 2 x+y– 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

I112/b

2a+b, b, 2c

I112/b

2a+b, b, 2c

I112/b

2a+b, b, 2c

I112/b

2a+b, b, 2c

P1121 /b a, b, 2c

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P112/n a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

P112/b

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P112/n a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

P112/b

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[3] P112/n a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

P112/b

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P112/n a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

P112/b

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

P112/b

2a, b, c

P112/b

2a, b, c

P112/n

2a, b, c

P112/n

2a, b, c

P112/b

3a, b, c

P112/b

a+b, 3b, c

P112/b

a−b, 3b, c

P112/b

a, 3b, c

[p] P112/n pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

P112/b

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] P112/n a+2qb, pb, c x, 1p (–2qx+y), z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p−1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p−1)

P112/b

a+qb, pb, c x, 1p (–qx+y), z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p−1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p−1)

[2] P112/n 2a, –a+b, c [2] P112/n 2a, –a+b, c [2] P112/b 2a, –a+b, c [2] P112/b 2a, –a+b, c [3] P112/n 3a, –2a+b, c [3] P112/n a, 3b, c [3] P112/n 2a+b, a+2b, c [3] P112/n 3a, b, c

1 1 2 (x+y), y, z, ; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 (x+y), y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+2y), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 1 1 1 1 3 (2x–y), 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x– 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x– 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, 13 (–x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

Space groups of the series of isomorphic subgroups appear in different sequences for cell choices 1, 2 and 3

503

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 14, pp. 504–507.

P 21/c

UNIQUE AXIS b , CELL CHOICE

Axes I

P 1 21/c 1

No. 14

C2h5

1

Coordinates 2a

2b

Wyckoff positions 2c 2d

4e

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1c1 (7)

x, y+ 41 , z

2a

2a

2a

2a

2×2a

[2] P121 1 (4) [2] P1¯ (2)

x, y, z+ 41

2a

2a

2a

2a

2×2a

1a; 1g

1d; 1h

1b; 1c

1e; 1 f

2×2i

1a; 1h

1b; 1e

1c; 1 f

1d; 1g

2×2i ⇒

1a; 1e

1 f ; 1g

1c; 1d

1b; 1h

2×2i =⇒

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P121 /c1

a, 3b, c

[p] P121 /c1

a, pb, c x, +(0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] P121 /c1

2a, b, c

[2] P121 /c1

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 1 p y, z;

2a, b, c

[2] P121 /n1

2a, b, c

[2] P121 /n1

2a, b, c

[3] P121 /c1

3a, b, c

[3] P121 /c1

a, b, 3c

[3] P121 /c1

a−c, b, 3c

[3] P121 /c1

a+c, b, 3c

or: 3a, b, –2a+c

u p , 0)

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 13 (x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 13 (–x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 ) 1 1 3 (x+2z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

[p] P121 /c1

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] P121 /c1

a+qc, b, pc x, y, 1p (–qx+z); +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p−1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p−1)

2a; 4e 2b; 4e p –1 2a; 2 ×4e 2b; p –2 1×4e

2c; 4e 2d; 4e p –1 2c; 2 ×4e 2d; p –2 1×4e

3×4e

2a; 2b(d † ) 4e

2c; 2d(b† ) 4e

2×4e

2a(c ); 2b †

4e

2c(a ); 2d †

4e

p×4e

2×4e

2a; 2d(b ) 4e

2b(d ); 2c 4e

2×4e

4e

2a; 2d

4e

2b; 2c

2×4e

2a; 4e

2b; 4e

2c; 4e

2d; 4e

3×4e

2a; 4e

2b; 4e

2c; 4e

2d; 4e

3×4e

2a; 4e

2d; 4e

2c; 4e

2b; 4e

3×4e

2a; 4e

2d; 4e

2c; 4e

2b; 4e

3×4e

†

†

2a; 4e 2b; 4e – 2a; p 2 1×4e 2b; p–2 1×4e

2c; 4e 2d; 4e – 2c; p 2 1×4e 2d; p–2 1×4e

3×4e p×4e

2a; p –2 1×4e 2b(d ∗ ); p –2 1×4e 2c; p –2 1×4e 2d(b∗ ); p –2 1×4e p×4e

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

cell choice 3 (P121 /a1) q = 2n+1; does not apply to cell choice 2 (P121 /n1) †

∗

504

P 1 21/n 1 CELL CHOICE

2

Axes I

P 1 21/a 1 CELL CHOICE

Coordinates

CONTINUED

UNIQUE AXIS b

3

Axes

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1n1

x, y+ 41 , z

P1a1

x, y+ 41 , z

[2] P121 1

x– 14 , y, z– 14

P121 1

x+ 41 , y, z

[2] P1¯ P1¯ II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P121 /n1 a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

P121 /a1 a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[p] P121 /n1 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

P121 /a1 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] P121 /n1 a−c, b, 2c

x, y, 12 (x+z); +(0, 0, 12 )

P121 /a1 a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P121 /n1 a−c, b, 2c

x+ 41 , y, 12 (x+z)+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

P121 /a1 a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z– 14 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P121 /a1 a−c, b, 2c

x, y, 12 (x+z); +(0, 0, 12 )

P121 /n1 a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P121 /a1 a−c, b, 2c

x, y, 12 (x+z)+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

P121 /n1 a, b, 2c

x– 14 , y, 12 z– 14 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[3] P121 /n1 a−2c, b, 3c

x, y, 13 (2x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 )

P121 /a1 a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] P121 /n1 3a, b, c

P121 /a1 3a, b, –2a+c

[3] P121 /n1 2a+c, b, a+2c

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (2x–z), y, 3 (–x+2z);

1 1 3 (x+2z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0)

[3] P121 /n1 a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

±( 31 , 0, 13 )

P121 /a1 3a, b, –a+c P121 /a1 3a, b, c

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up )

[p] P121 /n1 a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

P121 /a1 a, b, pc p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] P121 /n1 pa, b, 2qa+c 1p (x–2qz), y, z; +( up , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p−1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p−1)

1 u P121 /a1 pa, b, qa+c p (x–qz), y, z; +( p , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p−1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p−1)

Space groups of the series of isomorphic subgroups appear in different sequences for cell choices 1, 2 and 3

505

P 21/c

P 21/c

UNIQUE AXIS c, CELL CHOICE

Axes I

P 1 1 21/a

No. 14

C2h5

1

CONTINUED

Coordinates 2a

2b

Wyckoff positions 2c 2d

4e

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P11a (7)

x, y, z+ 41

2a

2a

2a

2a

2×2a

[2] P1121 (4) [2] P1¯ (2)

x+ 41 , y, z

2a

2a

2a

2a

2×2a

1a; 1 f

1c; 1h

1b; 1d

1e; 1g

2×2i

1a; 1h

1d; 1g

1b; 1e

1c; 1 f

2×2i ⇒

1a; 1g

1e; 1 f

1b; 1c

1d; 1h

2×2i =⇒

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P1121 /a

a, b, 3c

[p] P1121 /a

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] P1121 /a

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+y), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x−y), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 x, 3 (2x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0)

[2] P1121 /a

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 1 p z;

[2] P1121 /n

a, 2b, c

[2] P1121 /n

a, 2b, c

[3] P1121 /a

a, 3b, c

[3] P1121 /a

3a, b, c

[3] P1121 /a

3a, –a+b, c

[3] P1121 /a

3a, a+b, c

or: a–2b, 3b, c

u p)

[p] P1121 /a

a, pb, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] P1121 /a

pa, qa+b, c 1p (x–qy), y, z; +( up , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p−1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p−1)

2a; 4e 2b; 4e p –1 2a; 2 ×4e 2b; p –2 1×4e

2c; 4e 2d; 4e p –1 2c; 2 ×4e 2d; p –2 1×4e

3×4e

2a; 2b(d † ) 4e

2c; 2d(b† ) 4e

2×4e

2a(c ); 2b †

4e

2c(a ); 2d †

4e

p×4e

2×4e

2a; 2d(b ) 4e

2b(d ); 2c 4e

2×4e

4e

2a; 2d

4e

2b; 2c

2×4e

2a; 4e

2b; 4e

2c; 4e

2d; 4e

3×4e

2a; 4e

2b; 4e

2c; 4e

2d; 4e

3×4e

2a; 4e

2d; 4e

2c; 4e

2b; 4e

3×4e

2a; 4e

2d; 4e

2c; 4e

2b; 4e

3×4e

†

†

2a; 4e 2b; 4e p–1 2a; 2 ×4e 2b; p–2 1×4e

2c; 4e 2d; 4e p–1 2c; 2 ×4e 2d; p–2 1×4e

3×4e p×4e

2a; p –2 1×4e 2b(d ∗ ); p –2 1×4e 2c; p –2 1×4e 2d(b∗ ); p –2 1×4e p×4e

cell choice 3 (P1121 /b) q = 2n+1; does not apply to cell choice 2 (P1121 /n) †

∗

506

P 1 1 21/n CELL CHOICE

2

Axes I

P 1 1 21/b CELL CHOICE

Coordinates

CONTINUED

UNIQUE AXIS c

3

Axes

P 21/c

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P11n

x, y, z+ 41

P11a

x, y, z+ 41

[2] P1121

x– 14 , y– 14 , z

P121 1

x, y+ 41 , z

[2] P1¯ P1¯ II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P1121 /n a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

P1121 /b a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P1121 /n a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

P1121 /b a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] P1121 /n 2a, –a+b, c

P1121 /b 2a, b, c

[2] P1121 /n 2a, –a+b, c [2] P1121 /b 2a, –a+b, c [2] P1121 /b 2a, –a+b, c [3] P1121 /n 3a, –2a+b, c [3] P1121 /n a, 3b, c [3] P1121 /n 2a+b, a+2b, c [3] P1121 /n 3a, b, c

1 1 2 (x+y), y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , y+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 (x+y), y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+2y), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 1 1 1 1 3 (2x–y), 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0)

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

P1121 /b a−b, 3b, c

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x– 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x– 4 , y– 4 , z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, 13 (2x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

P1121 /b a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

P1121 /b 2a, b, c P1121 /n 2a, b, c P1121 /n 2a, b, c P1121 /b 3a, b, c P1121 /b a−2b, 3b, c

[p] P1121 /n pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

1 u P1121 /b pa, b, c p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] P1121 /n a+2qb, pb, c x, 1p (–2qx+y), z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p−1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p−1)

P1121 /b a+qb, pb, c x, 1p (–qx+y), z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p−1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p−1)

Space groups of the series of isomorphic subgroups appear in different sequences for cell choices 1, 2 and 3

507

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 15, pp. 508–511.

C 2/c UNIQUE AXIS b , CELL CHOICE

Axes I

C 1 2/c 1

No. 15

C2h6

1

Coordinates 4a

4b

Wyckoff positions 4c 4d

4e

8f

4a

4a

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

4c

4c

4c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

1a; 1b 1a; 1e 1a; 1d

1c; 1g 1c; 1d 1b; 1 f

1e; 1 f 1g; 1h 1c; 1g

1d; 1h 1b; 1 f 1e; 1h

2i 2i 2i

2×2i 2×2i ⇒ 2×2i =⇒

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4e

4e

4e

2×4e

4e

4e

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

4e

2×4e

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4g

4g

2e; 2 f

2×4g

4g

4g

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

2e; 2 f

2×4g

4a; 8 f 4b; 8 f 4d; 8 f 4c; 8 f 3×4e p –1 p –1 ∗ ∗ 4a; 2 ×8 f 4b; 2 ×8 f 4c(d ); 4d(c ); p×4e p –1 p –1 2 ×8 f 2 ×8 f

3×8 f

4a; 8 f

4b; 8 f

4d; 8 f

4c; 8 f

4e; 8 f

3×8 f

4a; 8 f

4b; 8 f

4d; 8 f

4c; 8 f

4e; 8 f

3×8 f

4a; 8 f

4b; 8 f

4d; 8 f

4c; 8 f

4e; 8 f

3×8 f

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] C1c1 (9) [2] C121 (5) [2] P1¯ (2)

x, y, z+ 41 1 2 (a−b),

b, c 2x, x+y, z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P121 /n1 (14) [2] P121 /c1 (14)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

[2] P12/c1 (13) [2] P12/n1 (13)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[3] C12/c1

a, 3b, c

[p] C12/c1

a, pb, c x, +(0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] C12/c1

3a, b, c

[3] C12/c1

3a, b, 2a+c

[3] C12/c1

3a, b, –2a+c

[3] C12/c1

a, b, 3c

[p] C12/c1

a, b, pc p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1;

[p] C12/c1

pa, b, 2qa+c 1p (x–2qz), y, z; +( up , 0, 0) 4a; p –2 1×8 f 4b; p –2 1×8 f 4c(d ∗ ); 4d(c∗ ); 4e; p –2 1×8 f p×8 f – – p 1 p 1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; 2 ×8 f 2 ×8 f 1 1 − 2 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 2 (p −1) ∗ p = 4n −1

1 p y, z;

u p , 0)

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x–2z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x+2z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up )

p×8 f

4a; 8 f 4b; 8 f 4c; 8 f 4d; 8 f 4e; 8 f 3×8 f – – – – – 4a; p 2 1×8 f 4b; p 2 1×8 f 4c; p 2 1×8 f 4d; p 2 1×8 f 4e; p 2 1×8 f p×8 f

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

508

A 1 2/n 1 CELL CHOICE

2

Axes I

I 1 2/a 1 CELL CHOICE

Coordinates

CONTINUED

UNIQUE AXIS b

3

Axes

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] A1n1

I1a1 x– 14 , y, z– 14

[2] A121 [2] P1¯

a, b, 12 (–b+c) x, y+z, 2z

x+ 41 , y, z

I121

a, 12 (–a+b–c), c x+y, 2y, y+z

P1¯

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P121 /a1 [2] P121 /n1

P121 /c1 x, y+ 41 , z+ 41

[2] P12/n1 [2] P12/a1

P121 /a1

x– 14 , y+ 41 , z– 14

P12/a1 x, y+ 41 , z+ 41

x– 14 , y+ 41 , z– 14

P12/c1

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

I12/a1

a, 3b, c

[p] A12/n1 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

I12/a1

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] A12/n1 a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[3] A12/n1 a−2c, b, 3c

x, y, 13 (2x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 )

I12/a1

a, b, 2a+3c

x– 23 z, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] A12/n1 a+2c, b, 3c

x, y, 13 (–2x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 )

I12/a1

3a, b, 2a+c

[3] A12/n1 a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

I12/a1

3a, b, c

[3] A12/n1 3a, b, c

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

I12/a1

a–2c, b, 3c

[p] A12/n1 pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1;

I12/a1

1 1 3 (x–2z), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, y, 13 (2x+z); ±(0, 0, 13 ) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1;

[p] A12/n1 a+2qc, b, pc x, y, 1p (–2qx+z); +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

I12/a1

a+2qc, b, pc x, y, 1p (–2qx+z); +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

Space groups of the series of isomorphic subgroups appear in different sequences for cell choices 1, 2 and 3

509

C 2/c

C 2/c

UNIQUE AXIS c , CELL CHOICE

Axes I

A 1 1 2/a

No. 15

C2h6

1

CONTINUED

Coordinates 4a

4b

Wyckoff positions 4c 4d

4e

8f

4a

4a

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

4c

4c

4c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

1a; 1d 1a; 1g 1a; 1c

1b; 1 f 1b; 1c 1d; 1e

1e; 1g 1 f ; 1h 1b; 1 f

1c; 1h 1d; 1e 1g; 1h

2i 2i 2i

2×2i 2×2i ⇒ 2×2i =⇒

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4e

4e

4e

2×4e

4e

4e

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

4e

2×4e

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4g

4g

2e; 2 f

2×4g

4g

4g

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

2e; 2 f

2×4g

4a; 8 f 4b; 8 f 4d; 8 f 4c; 8 f 3×4e p –1 p –1 ∗ ∗ 4a; 2 ×8 f 4b; 2 ×8 f 4c(d ); 4d(c ); p×4e p –1 p –1 ×8 f ×8 f 2 2

3×8 f

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] A11a (9) x+ 41 , y, z

[2] A112 (5) [2] P1¯ (2) a, 12 (b−c), c x, 2y, y+z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P1121 /n (14) [2] P1121 /a (14)

x, y+ 41 , z+ 41

[2] P112/a (13) [2] P112/n (13)

x, y+ 41 , z+ 41

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] A112/a

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] A112/a a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 1 p z;

u p)

p×8 f

a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

4a; 8 f

4b; 8 f

4d; 8 f

4c; 8 f

4e; 8 f

3×8 f

[3] A112/a

a+2b, 3b, c

4a; 8 f

4b; 8 f

4d; 8 f

4c; 8 f

4e; 8 f

3×8 f

[3] A112/a

a−2b, 3b, c

4a; 8 f

4b; 8 f

4d; 8 f

4c; 8 f

4e; 8 f

3×8 f

[3] A112/a

3a, b, c

[p] A112/a

x, 13 (–2x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 (2x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z, ; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1;

[3] A112/a

4a; 8 f 4b; 8 f 4c; 8 f 4d; 8 f 4e; 8 f 3×8 f p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8 f 4b; 2 ×8 f 4c; 2 ×8 f 4d; 2 ×8 f 4e; 2 ×8 f p×8 f

[p] A112/a a+2qb, pb, c x, 1p (–2qx+y), z; +(0, up , 0) 4a; p –2 1×8 f 4b; p –2 1×8 f 4c(d ∗ ); 4d(c∗ ); 4e; p –2 1×8 f p×8 f p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; 2 ×8 f 2 ×8 f − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1) ∗ p = 4n −1

510

B 1 1 2/n CELL CHOICE

I 1 1 2/b

2

CELL CHOICE

Axes I

Coordinates

CONTINUED

UNIQUE AXIS c

3

Axes

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] B11n

I11b x– 14 , y– 14 , z

[2] B112 [2] P1¯

1 2 (a−c),

x, y+ 41 , z

I112

b, c 2x, y, x+z a, b, 12 (–a–b+c) x+z, y+z, 2z

P1¯

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P1121 /b [2] P1121 /n

P1121 /a x+ 41 , y, z+ 41

[2] P112/n [2] P112/b

P1121 /b

x– 14 , y– 14 , z+ 41

P112/b x+ 41 , y, z+ 41

x– 14 , y– 14 , z+ 41

P112/a

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

I112/b

a, b, 3c

[p] B112/n a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

I112/b

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

I112/b

3a+2b, b, c

I112/b

a+2b, 3b, c

I112/b

a, 3b, c

I112/b

3a, –2a+b, c

[p] B112/n a, pb, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1;

I112/b

a, pb, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1;

[p] B112/n pa, 2qa+b, c 1p (x–2qy), y, z; +( up , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

I112/b

1 u pa, 2qa+b, c p (x–2qy), y, z; +( p , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1; − 21 (p −1) ≤ q ≤ 12 (p −1)

[3] B112/n a, b, 3c

[3] B112/n 3a, –2a+b, c [3] B112/n 3a, 2a+b, c [3] B112/n 3a, b, c [3] B112/n a, 3b, c

1 1 3 (x+2y), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 (x–2y), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 z, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0)

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

1 1 –2 3 x, 3 x+y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, 13 (–2x+y), z; ±(0, 13 , 0) x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 1 1 3 (x+2y), y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0)

Space groups of the series of isomorphic subgroups appear in different sequences for cell choices 1, 2 and 3

511

C 2/c

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 16, pp. 512–513.

P222 Axes

D12

No. 16 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 1f 1g 1h 2o 2p 2q

1a

1b

1c

1d 2m

1e 2n

1a

1a

1b

1c 2e

1b 2e

[2] P121 (3)

1a

1c

1a

1b 1c 1d 1b 1d 2×1a 2×1b 2×1c 2×1d 2e

[2] P112 (3)

1a

1b

1c

1a 2e

4a; 4b 8e

8f

8g 8h 2×8 f 16k

I

2i 2r

2j 2s

2k 2t

2l 4u

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P211 (3) =P121


c, a, b

z, x, y

1d 2e

1c 2e

1d 2e

1d 2e

2×1a 2×1c 2×1b 2×1d 2e 2e 2e 2×2e 2e 2e

2e 2e

1b 2e

1c 2e

8i 16k

8j 4c; 4d 2×8e 16k 2×8i 2×8g 16k 16k

2e 2e

2e 2×2e

1d 2e 2e 2e 2e 2×1a 2×1b 2×1c 2×1d 2×2e

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic +( 21 , 0, 0)

[2] F222 (22) 2a,2b,2c (22)

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z;

[2] F222 (22) 2a,2b,2c (22)

1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, 2 z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

[2] F222 (22) 2a,2b,2c (22)

1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , 2 z;

+( 21 , 0, 0) 8 f

8h

4a; 4b 8 j 8e 2×8 f 16k

[2] F222 (22) 2a,2b,2c (22)

1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z+ 4 ;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

8i

8j

8e

8g

4a; 4b 8h

8i 16k

8f 8g 4c; 4d 8 j 2×8i 2×8 f 16k 16k 4c; 4d 8g 8i 16k 2×8i 16k

16k 2×8 j 2×8h 2×16k

2×8e 16k 16k 2×8g 2×8h 16k

2×8 j 2×16k

16k 2×8 j 2×8e 16k 2×8h 2×8g 16k 2×16k

4a; 4b 4c; 4d 8e 8f 16k 2×8 f 2×8i 16k

8h 16k 2×8g 16k

2×8e 2×8 j 16k 16k 2×8h 2×16k

4g 4f 2×4e 8l

4k 4i; 4 j 8l 2×4g 2×4h 8l

[2] A222 (21) a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) =C222
2b, 2c, a 12 y, 12 z, x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4e

[2] A222 (21) a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) =C222
2b, 2c, a 12 y+ 41 , 12 z, x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

4e

4f

2a; 2b 4k 2c; 2d 4k 4g 2×4e 8l 2×4 f 8l

[2] A222 (21) a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0) =C222
2b, 2c, a 12 y, 12 z+ 41 , x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

4g

4h

4k

2a; 2b 4k 2c; 2d 4e 4f 8l 4i; 4 j 2×4k 8l 8l 2×4e 8l 2×4 f 2×4g 2×4h 8l 8l 2×8l

[2] A222 (21) a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 ;+(0, 12 , 0) 4k =C222
2b, 2c, a 12 y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 , x;+( 21 , 0, 0)

4k

4g

4e 8l

4h 4k 2×4 f 8l

4h 4f 2×4e 8l

2a; 2b 4g

[2] C222 (21) 2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x, y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 z, 2 x, y; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 z, 2 x+ 4 , y; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x, y, 2 z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 , 2 x, y; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, 2 z+ 4 ;+( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 , 2 x+ 4 , y;+(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

[2] C222 (21) 2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

4e

2a; 2b 4k

[2] C222 (21) 2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

4g

4k

2a; 2b 4h 4e 4k 2×4g 2×4h 8l

[2] C222 (21) 2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , z;+( 2 , 0, 0)

4k

4g

4e

4k 8l

[2] P21 22 (17) 2a, b, c 12 x, y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) =
P2221 b, c, 2a y, z, 12 x; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a

2c

2a

2b 2d 2c 2×2a 2×2b 4e

[2] P21 22 (17) 2a, b, c 12 x+ 41 , y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) =
P2221 b, c, 2a y, z, 12 x+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2c

2a

2d

2c 4e

[2] B222 (21) 2a, b, 2c =C222
2c, 2a, b [2] B222 (21) 2a, b, 2c =C222
2c, 2a, b [2] B222 (21) 2a, b, 2c =C222
2c, 2a, b [2] B222 (21) 2a, b, 2c =C222
2c, 2a, b

2c; 2d 4e 4h 4i; 4 j 8l

4k 8l

4h 8l

8l 8l

4k 8l

4e

4k

4f

2a; 2b 4k 4g 2c; 2d 4h 8l 8l 4i; 4 j 2×4k 8l 2×4e 8l

4k

4e

4k

4g 4f 2×4k 8l

2a; 2b 4e

4g

2c; 2d 4k 4f 2×4g 2×4h 8l

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

512

2c; 2d 4e 4k 2×4k 4i; 4 j 8l

4f 8l

2×4g 8l 2×4e 8l

2×4h 8l 2×4 f 2×8l

2×4g 8l 2×4 f 8l

2×4h 2×8l

2a; 2b 4h 2c; 2d 8l 2×4g 8l 2×4h 8l 4i; 4 j 8l 2×4e 8l 2×4 f 2×8l 4h 8l

4k 2×4e 2×4 f 8l 8l 4i; 4 j 8l 8l 2×4k 2×8l

2c; 2d 4k 4h 2×4g 2×4h 8l 2c; 2d 4 f 8l 8l

2×4e 2×4 f 8l 4i; 4 j 2×4k 8l

2b 4e

2d 4e

8l 2×8l

8l 8l 2×4e 2×4 f 2×4k 4i; 4 j 8l 2×8l

2a; 2b 4h 4f 2c; 2d 8l 8l 2×4g 2×4h 2×4k 8l

2a 4e

2×4k 4i; 4 j 8l 2×4g 2×4h 2×8l

4f 4k 2×4g 8l 2×4h 8l 2×4k 2×4e 8l 2×4 f 8l 2×8l

2a; 2b 4h

4g 8l

2×4k 2×8l

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 2×4k 8l 8l 4i; 4 j 2×4 f 8l 8l 2×4g 2×4h 2×8l

4g

4f 8l

8l 8l

8l 8l

2×4e 2×4 f 4i; 4 j 2×8l

4e 4e 2×2c 4e

4e 4e 2×2d 2×4e

2b 2d 2b 4e 2×2a 2×2b 2×2c 4e

4e 4e 2×2d 4e

4e 2×4e

No. 16

CONTINUED

Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 1f 1g 2p 2q

1a

1b 2l

1c 2m

1d 2n

1e 2o

[2] P221 2 a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; (17) +(0, 12 , 0) =
P2221 c, a, 2b z, x, 12 y; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a

2b 2×2d

2c 4e

2a 4e

2c 4e

2b 4e

[2] P221 2 a, 2b, c x, 12 y+ 41 , z; (17) +(0, 12 , 0) =
P2221 c, a, 2b z, x, 12 y+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2c

2c 4e

2a 4e

2d 4e

2b 4e

P222 1h 2r

2i 2s

2j 2t

2k 4u

2d 2×2a

2d 2×2b

4e 4e

4e 4e

2×2c 2×4e

2d 4e

2a 4e

2b 4e

2×2c 2×2a

2×2d 2×2b

4e 2×4e

[2] P2221 (17)

a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a

2a 4e

2b 4e

2c 2×2c

2b 4e

2d 2×2d

2c 4e

2d 4e

2×2a 4e

4e 4e

2×2b 2×4e

[2] P2221 (17)

a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2c

2d 2×2b

2c 2×2c

2a 4e

2d 2×2d

2a 4e

2b 4e

2b 4e

4e 4e

2×2a 4e

4e 2×4e

1a; 1b

2i 2×2l

1c; 1e 2m; 2o

2d; 2 f 2n; 2p

2k 4u

2j 4u

1g; 1h 2q; 2r

2l 4u

2×2i 2s; 2t

2×2 j 4u

2×2k 2×4u

2i

1a; 1b 2×2l

2k 4u

2j 4u

1c; 1e 1d; 1 f 2m; 2o 2n; 2p

2l 4u

1g; 1h 2q; 2r

2×2i 4u

2×2 j 2s; 2t

2×2k 2×4u

1a; 2i

1b; 2i 3×2l

1c; 2k 2m; 4u

1d; 2 j 2n; 4u

1e; 2k 2o; 4u

1g; 2l 2q; 4u

1h; 2l 2r; 4u

3×2i 2s; 4u

3×2 j 2t; 4u

3×2k 3×4u

1a; 1b; 1c; 1d; 1e; 1f; 1g; 1h; p×2i p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×2i 2 ×2i 2 ×2k 2 ×2 j 2 ×2k 2 ×2 j 2 ×2l 2 ×2l

p×2 j

p×2k

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P222

2a, b, c

[2] P222

2a, b, c

[3] P222

3a, b, c

[p] P222

pa, b, c

1 2 x, y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0)

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

1 f ;2 j 2p; 4u

p×2l

2m; 2n; 2o; 2p; 2q; 2r; 2s; 2t; p×4u p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×4u ×4u ×4u ×4u ×4u ×4u ×4u ×4u 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

[2] P222

a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

1a; 1c

1b; 1e 4u

2m 2×2m

1d; 1g 2×2n

2o 2×2o

1 f ; 1h 2×2p

2n 2q; 2s

2p 2r; 2t

2i; 2k 4u

2 j; 2l 4u

4u 2×4u

[2] P222

a, 2b, c x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2m

2o 2 j; 2l

1a; 1c 2×2m

2n 2×2n

1b; 1e 2×2o

2p 2×2p

1d; 1g 4u

1 f ; 1h 4u

4u 2q; 2s

4u 2r; 2t

2i; 2k 2×4u

[3] P222

a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

1a; 2m

1b; 2o 2l; 4u

1c; 2m 3×2m

1d; 2n 3×2n

1e; 2o 3×2o

1 f ; 2p 3×2p

1g; 2n 2q; 4u

1h; 2p 2r; 4u

2i; 4u 2s; 4u

2 j; 4u 2t; 4u

2k; 4u 3×4u

[p] P222

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; 1a; 1b; 1c; 1d; 1e; 1f; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 u +(0, p , 0) 2 ×2m 2 ×2o 2 ×2m 2 ×2n 2 ×2o 2 ×2p p = prime > 2; 2l; p×2m p×2n p×2o p×2p p –1 u = 1, . . . , p −1 ×4u 2

1g; 1h; 2i; 2 j; 2k; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×2n 2 ×2p 2 ×4u 2 ×4u 2 ×4u

[2] P222

a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

1a; 1d

1b; 1 f 4u

1c; 1g 2m; 2n

2q 4u

2r 4u

2s 2×2q

2t 2×2r

2i; 2 j 2×2s

4u 2×2t

2k; 2l 2×4u

[2] P222

a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2q

2r 2k; 2l

2s 4u

1a; 1d 2t 2m; 2n 4u

1b; 1 f 2o; 2p

1c; 1g 2×2q

1e; 1h 2×2r

4u 2×2s

2i; 2 j 2×2t

4u 2×4u

[3] P222

a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

1a; 2q

1b; 2r 2l; 4u

1c; 2s 2m; 4u

1d; 2q 2n; 4u

1 f ; 2r 2p; 4u

1g; 2s 3×2q

1h; 2t 3×2r

2i; 4u 3×2s

2 j; 4u 3×2t

2k; 4u 3×4u

[p] P222

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; 1a; 1b; 1c; 1d; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 u +(0, 0, p ) 2 ×2q 2 ×2r 2 ×2s 2 ×2q p = prime > 2; 2l; 2m; 2n; p –1 p –1 p –1 u = 1, . . . , p −1 ×4u ×4u 2 2 2 ×4u

513

1e; 1h 2o; 2p

1e; 2t 2o; 4u

2q; 2r; 2s; 2t; p×4u p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×4u ×4u ×4u ×4u 2 2 2 2

1e; 1f; 1g; 1h; 2i; 2 j; 2k; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×2t 2 ×2r 2 ×2s 2 ×2t 2 ×4u 2 ×4u 2 ×4u 2o; 2p; p×2q p –1 p –1 ×4u ×4u 2 2

p×2r

p×2s

p×2t

p×4u

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 17, p. 514.

P 2 2 21

D22

No. 17

Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2c 2d

2a

2b

[2] P1121 (4)

2a

2a

2a

2a

2×2a

[2] P211 (3) =
P121

1a; 1c

1b; 1d

2e

2e

2×2e

2e

2e

1a; 1b

1c; 1d

2×2e

2×4a

8c

2×4b

8c

2×8c

2×4a

8c

8c

2×4b

2×8c

8c

2×4a

2×4b

8c

2×8c

8c

2×4a

8c

2×4b

2×8c

4c

4c

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

4c

4c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

2a; 2b

4c

4c

4c

2×4c

4c

2a; 2b

4c

4c

2×4c

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

2×2a

2×2b

2c; 2d

4e

2×4e

2×2a

2×2b

4e

2c; 2d

2×4e

3×2a

3×2b

p×2a

p×2b

2c; 4e 2d; 4e 3×4e p –1 p –1 2c; 2 ×4e 2d; 2 ×4e p×4e

I

4e

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

c, a, b

z, x, y x, y, z+ 41

[2] P121 (3)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] C2221 (20) 2a, 2b, c [2] C2221 (20) 2a, 2b, c [2] C2221 (20) 2a, 2b, c [2] C2221 (20) 2a, 2b, c [2] P21 221 (18) 2a, b, c =
P21 21 2 c, 2a, b [2] P21 221 (18) 2a, b, c =
P21 21 2 c, 2a, b [2] P221 21 (18) a, 2b, c =
P21 21 2 2b, c, a [2] P221 21 (18) a, 2b, c =
P21 21 2 2b, c, a

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x, y, z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 z+ 4 , 2 x, y; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 z+ 4 , 2 x+ 4 , y; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 2 y, z, x; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 2 y+ 4 , z, x; +( 2 , 0, 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P2221

2a, b, c

[2] P2221

2a, b, c

[3] P2221

3a, b, c

[p] P2221

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] P2221

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2a; 2b

4e

2×2c

2×2d

2×4e

[2] P2221

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

4e

2a; 2b

2×2c

2×2d

2×4e

[3] P2221

a, 3b, c

3×4e

a, pb, c x, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; 4e 2b; 4e 3×2c p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4e 2b; 2 ×4e p×2c

3×2d

[p] P2221

1 1 3 y, z; ±(0, 3 , 0) 1 u p y, z; +(0, p , 0)

p×2d

p×4e

[3] P2221

a, b, 3c

[p] P2221

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

x,

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 1 p z;

u p)

2a; 4e 2b; 4e 2c; 4e 2d; 4e 3×4e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4e 2b; 2 ×4e 2c; 2 ×4e 2d; 2 ×4e p×4e

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

P 21 2 2 P 2 21 2

C→A

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

C→B

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

514

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 18, p. 515.

D32 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2b

2a I

P 21 21 2

No. 18 4c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P21 11 (4) =
P121 1

c, a, b

[2] P121 1 (4)

x, y+ 41 , z z, x, y+ 41

2a

2a

2×2a

x+ 41 , y, z

2a

2a

2×2a

1a; 1d

1b; 1c

2×2e

4a

4a

2×4a

4a

4a

2×4a

[2] P112 (3) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P21 21 21 (19) a, b, 2c x+ 41 , y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) [2] P21 21 21 (19) a, b, 2c

x+ 41 , y, 12 z+ 41 ;

+(0, 0,

1 2)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 2a; 4c

[p] P21 21 2

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2a;

[3] P21 21 2

a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

2a; 4c

[p] P21 21 2

pa, b, c x, +(0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2a;

[2] P21 21 2

a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

3×2a

3×2b

3×4c

p×2a

p×2b

p×4c

[3] P21 21 2

3a, b, c

1 p y, z;

u p , 0)

1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

[2] P21 21 2

a, b, 2c x, y,

[3] P21 21 2

a, b, 3c x, y,

[p] P21 21 2

a, b, pc x, y, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2b; 4c

1 –1)×4c 2 (p

2b;

1 –1)×4c 2 (p

2b; 4c

1 –1)×4c 2 (p

2b;

1 –1)×4c 2 (p

3×4c p×4c 3×4c p×4c

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

P 2 21 21 P 21 2 21

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

515

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 19, p. 516.

P 21 21 21 Axes I

D42

No. 19 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4a

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P21 11 (4) =
P121 1 c, a, b

x, y+ 41 , z z, x, y+ 41

2×2a

[2] P121 1 (4)

x, y, z+ 41

2×2a

[2] P1121 (4)

x+ 41 , y, z

2×2a

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

[3] P21 21 21

3a, b, c

[p] P21 21 21

pa, b, c p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 0, . . . , p −1

[3] P21 21 21

a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[p] P21 21 21

a, pb, c x, +(0, p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 0, . . . , p −1

[3] P21 21 21

a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P21 21 21

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 0, . . . , p −1

1 p y, z;

1 p z;

3×4a

3×4a

u p , 0)

3×4a

u p)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

516

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 20, p. 517.

D52 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4b

4a I

C 2 2 21

No. 20 8c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] C211 (5) =
C121

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

x, y, z+ 41

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

c x–y, x+y, z

2a

2a

2×2a

–b, a, c

–y, x, z

[2] C121 (5) 1 1 2 (a−b), 2 (a+b),

[2] P1121 (4)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P21 21 21 (19)

x+ 41 , y, z

4a

4a

2×4a

[2] P221 21 (18) =
P21 21 2 b, c, a

x+ 41 , y, z y, z, x+ 41

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

[2] P21 221 (18) =
P21 21 2 c, a, b

x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 z+ 41 , x, y+ 41

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

2×4e

3×4a

4b; 8c

3×8c

[2] P2221 (17) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 3a, b, c

[3] C2221

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

p×4a

4b;

1 –1)×8c 2 (p

[p] C2221

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] C2221

a, 3b, c

3×4b

3×8c

[p] C2221

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) 4a; 12 (p –1)×8c p×4b p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×8c

[3] C2221

a, b, 3c

[p] C2221

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) 4a; 12 (p –1)×8c 4b; 12 (p –1)×8c p×8c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 4a; 8c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 4a; 8c

4b; 8c

p×8c

3×8c

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

A 21 2 2 B 2 21 2

C→A

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

C→B

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

CONTINUED (from

Axes

No. 21

next page)

Coordinates 2a

[2] C222 a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) [2] C222 a, b, 2c x, y, [3] C222 a, b, 3c x, y,

1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

[p] C222 a, b, pc x, y, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2b

Wyckoff positions 4f 4g

2c

2d

4e

2a; 2d 2b; 2c

4j

4i

4e; 4 f

4i

4j

2b; 2c

2a; 4i

2b; 4 j

2c; 4 j

4h

4i

4j

4k

8l

8l

4g; 4h

8l

2×4i 2×4 j 2×4k 2×8l

2a; 2d 8l

4e; 4 f

8l

4g; 4h

2×4i 2×4 j 2×4k 2×8l

2d; 4i

4 f ; 8l

4g; 8l

4h; 8l

3×4i 3×4 j 3×4k 3×8l

4e; 8l

2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 4e; 4f; 4g; 4h; p×4i p×4 j p×4k p×8l p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×4i ×4 j ×4 j ×4i ×8l ×8l ×8l ×8l 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

A222 B222

C222

C→A

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

C→B

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

517

C222 Axes

I

D62

No. 21 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4e 4f 4g

2a

2b

2c

2d

4h

4i 4k

4j 8l

2a

2a

2b

2b

2×2a

2×2b

4c

4c

4c 4c

4c 2×4c

2a

2a

2b

2b

4c

4c

2×2a

2×2b

4c 4c

4c 2×4c

1a

1d

1d

1a

2e

2e

2e

2e

2×1a 1b; 1c

2×1d 2×2e

2a

2b

2b

2a

4c

4c

4c

4c

2×2a 4c

2×2b 2×4c

2a

2a

b, c, a

x, y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , z, x

2b

2b

4e

4e

2×2a

2×2b

4e 2c; 2d

4e 2×4e

2c

c, a, b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z z, x+ 41 , y+ 41

2c

2d

2d

2×2c

2×2d

4e

4e

4e 2a; 2b

4e 2×4e

1a; 1e

1b; 1c

1 f ; 1g

1d; 1h

2i; 2k

2 j; 2l

2m; 2o 2n; 2p 2q; 2t 4u

2r; 2s 2×4u

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] C211 (5) =C121


–b, a, c

–y, x, z

[2] C121 (5) [2] P112 (3)

1 2 (a−b), 1 2 (a+b),

x–y, x+y, z c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P21 21 2 (18) [2] P21 22 (17) =
P2221 [2] P221 2 (17) =
P2221 [2] P222 (16) Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] I21 21 21 (24) a, b, 2c

x+ 41 , y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4b

4b

4a

4a

8d

2×4a

2×4b

8d

8d 2×4c

8d 2×8d

[2] I21 21 21 (24) a, b, 2c

x+ 41 , y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4a

4a

4b

4b

2×4a

8d

8d

2×4b

8d 2×4c

8d 2×8d

[2] I222 (23)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4j

4i

4e; 4 f

8k

4g; 4h

8k

2×4i 8k

2×4 j 2×8k

[2] I222 (23)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4i

4j

2b; 2d

2a; 2c

8k

4e; 4 f

8k

4g; 4h

2×4i 8k

2×4 j 2×8k

[2] C2221 (20)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4a

4a

4b

4b

2×4a

8c

8c

2×4b

8c 8c

8c 2×8c

[2] C2221 (20)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4b

4b

4a

4a

8c

2×4a

2×4b

8c

8c 8c

8c 2×8c

2b; 4e

2c; 4 f

2d; 4 f

4h; 8l

4i; 8l 4k; 8l

4 j; 8l 3×8l

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 3 x, y, z;

±( 31 , 0, 0) 2a; 4e

[3] C222

3a, b, c

3×4e

3×4 f

4g; 8l

[p] C222

1 u pa, b, c 2b; 2c; 2d; p×4e p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0) 2a; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; ×4e ×4e ×4 f ×4 f 2 2 2 2 u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×4 f

4g; 4h; 4i; 4 j; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×8l ×8l ×8l 2 2 2 2 ×8l 4k; p×8l p –1 ×8l 2

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 2a; 4g

[3] C222

a, 3b, c

2b; 4g

2c; 4h

2d; 4h

4e; 8l

4 f ; 8l

3×4g

3×4h

4i; 8l 4k; 8l

[p] C222

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 4e; 4f; p×4g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; 2 ×4g 2 ×4g 2 ×4h 2 ×4h 2 ×8l 2 ×8l u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×4h

4i; 4 j; p –1 p –1 2 ×8l 2 ×8l 4k; p×8l p –1 ×8l 2

Continued on preceding page

518

4 j; 8l 3×8l

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 22, p. 519.

D72 Axes

Coordinates 4a

I

F 222

No. 22 4b

4c

4d

Wyckoff positions 8e 8f 8g

8h

8i

8j

4c

4c

4c

2×2b 2×4c

4c

2×2b 4c

16k

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups a, b, x, y+z, 2z 1 (–b+c) 2 b, –a, y+z, –x, 2z 1 (–b+c) 2

2a

2a

2b

2b

2×2a 4c

[2] C121 (5)

a, b, x+z, y, 2z 1 (–a+c) 2

2a

2a

2b

2b

4c

2×2a 4c

[2] A112 (5)

1 2 (a–b),

2a

2a

2b

2b

4c

4c

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4k

4k

4i; 4 j 4e; 4 f 4g; 4h 8l

4k

4k

2b; 2d

2a; 2c

2×4k 8l

8l

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4k

4k

4g; 4h 4i; 4 j

4e; 4 f 8l

4k

4k

2b; 2d

2a; 2c

8l

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4k

4k

4e; 4 f 4g; 4h 4i; 4 j

4k

4k

2b; 2d

2a; 2c

8l

8l

4a

4a

4b

4b

8c

2×4a 8c

4b

4b

4a

4a

8c

8c

4a

4a

4b

4b

8c

8c

4b

4b

4a

4a

2×4b 8c

8c

2×4a 8c

4a

4a

4b

4b

2×4a 8c

8c

4b

4b

4a

4a

8c

2×4b 8c

4a; 8e

4b; 8e

4d; 8 j

4c; 8 j

3×8e 8 f ;16k 8g;16k 8h;16k 8i;16k 3×8 j 3×16k

[2] C211 (5) =
C121

2x, x+y, z

2×2a 2×2b 4c

4c

2×4c 2×4c

b, c II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] A222 (21) =
C222 b, c, a

y, z, x

[2] A222 (21) =
C222 b, c, a

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 y+ 41 , z+ 41 , x+ 41

[2] B222 (21) =
C222 c, a, b

z, x, y

[2] B222 (21) =
C222 c, a, b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 z+ 41 , x+ 41 , y+ 41

[2] C222 (21) [2] C222 (21) [2] A21 22 (20) =
C2221 b, c, a [2] A21 22 (20) =
C2221 b, c, a [2] B221 2 (20) =
C2221 c, a, b [2] B221 2 (20) =
C2221 c, a, b [2] C2221 (20) [2] C2221 (20)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 x, y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , z, x x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 y, z+ 41 , x+ 41 x, y, z+ 41 z+ 41 , x, y x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z z, x+ 41 , y+ 41 x+ 41 , y, z x, y+ 41 , z+ 41

2×4k 8l

8l

2×4k 2×8l

4g; 4h 4e; 4 f 4i; 4 j 2×8l 2×4k 8l

2×8l

4e; 4 f 4i; 4 j 4g; 4h 2×8l 2×4k 8l

2×4k 4i; 4 j

8l

2×8l

4g; 4h 4e; 4 f 2×8l

2×4b 8c

8c

2×8c

2×4b 8c

2×4a 8c

2×8c

2×4a 8c

8c

2×4b 2×8c 8c

2×8c

8c

2×4b 8c

2×8c

8c

8c

2×4a 2×8c

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

[3] F222

3a, b, c

[p] F222

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] F222

a, 3b, c

4a; 4b; 4c(d ∗ ); 4d(c∗ ); p×8e 8 f ; 8g; 8h; 8i; p×8 j p×16k p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×8e ×8e ×8 j ×8 j × × × × 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16k 16k 16k 16k

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 4a; 8 f 1 u p y, z; +(0, p , 0)

4b; 8 f

4d; 8i

4c; 8i

8e;16k 3×8 f

8g;16k 8h;16k 3×8i 8 j;16k 3×16k

4a; 4b; 4c(d ∗ ); 4d(c∗ ); 8e; p×8 f 8g; 8h; p×8i 8 j; p×16k p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×8 f 2 ×8 f 2 ×8i 2 ×8i 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 16k 16k 16k 16k

[p] F222

a, pb, c x, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] F222

a, b, 3c

[p] F222

a, b, pc x, y, 1p y; +(0, 0, up ) 4a; 4b; 4c(d ∗ ); 4d(c∗ ); 8e; 8f; p×8g p×8h 8i; 8 j; p×16k p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; ×8g ×8g ×8h ×8h × × × × 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16k 16k 16k 16k u = 1, . . . , p −1

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 4a; 8g

4b; 8g

4d; 8h

∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

4c; 8h

p = 4n −1

519

8e;16k 8 f ;16k 3×8g 3×8h 8i;16k 8 j;16k 3×16k

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 23, p. 520.

I 222 Axes

I

D82

No. 23 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4e 4f

2a

2b

2c

2d

4g

4h 4j

4i 8k

2a

2a

2b

2b

2×2a

2×2b

4c

4c 4c

4c 2×4c

2a

2b

2b

2a

4c

4c

2×2a

2×2b 4c

4c 2×4c

2a

2b

2a

2b

4c

4c

4c

4c 2×2b

2×2a 2×4c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I211 (5) =
I121 =C121


c, a, b z, x, y –b–c, a, b –y, x, –y+z

[2] I121 (5) =C121


–a–c, b, a

[2] I112 (5) =
A112

a, –a+b, c x+y, y, z

–z, y, x–z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P221 21 (18) =
P21 21 2 b, c, a

x+ 41 , y, z y, z, x+ 41

2a

2a

2b

2b

2×2a

2×2b

4c

4c 4c

4c 2×4c

[2] P21 221 (18) =
P21 21 2 c, a, b

x, y+ 41 , z z, x, y+ 41

2a

2b

2b

2a

4c

4c

2×2a

2×2b 4c

4c 2×4c

[2] P21 21 2 (18)

x, y, z+ 41

2a

2b

2a

2b

4c

4c

4c

4c 2×2b

2×2a 2×4c

1a; 1h

1b; 1g

1d; 1e

1c; 1 f

2i; 2l

2 j; 2k

2m; 2p 2n; 2o 2r; 2s

2q; 2t 2×4u

±( 31 , 0, 0) 2a; 4e

2b; 4e

2c; 4 f

2d; 4 f

4i; 8k 3×8k

[2] P222 (16) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 3 x, y, z;

[3] I222

3a, b, c

3×4e

3×4 f

4g; 8k

4h; 8k 4 j; 8k

[p] I222

1 u pa, b, c 2b; 2c; 2d; p×4e p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0) 2a; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; 2 ×4e 2 ×4e 2 ×4 f 2 ×4 f u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×4 f

4g; 4h; 4i; p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×8k 2 ×8k 2 ×8k 4 j; p×8k p –1 ×8k 2

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 2a; 4g

[3] I222

a, 3b, c

2b; 4h

2c; 4h

2d; 4g

4e; 8k

4 f ; 8k

3×4g

3×4h 4 j; 8k

4i; 8k 3×8k

[p] I222

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 4e; 4f; p×4g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; ×4g ×4h ×4h ×4g ×8k ×8k 2 2 2 2 2 2 u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×4h

4i; p –1 ×8k 2

4 j; p×8k p –1 ×8k 2

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 2a; 4i

[3] I222

a, b, 3c

2b; 4 j

[p] I222

a, b, pc x, y, 1p y; +(0, 0, up ) 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 4e; 4f; 4g; 4h; p×4i p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; ×4i ×4 j ×4i ×4 j ×8k ×8k ×8k ×8k 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 u = 1, . . . , p −1 p×4 j p×8k

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2c; 4i

520

2d; 4 j

4e; 8k

4 f ; 8k

4g; 8k

4h; 8k 3×4 j

3×4i 3×8k

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 24, p. 521.

D92 Axes I

I 21 2 1 2 1

No. 24 Coordinates 4a

Wyckoff positions 4b 4c

8d

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I211 (5) =
I121 =
C121

x, y, z+ 41 c, a, b z+ 41 , x, y –b−c, a, c –y, x, –y+z+ 41

2a; 2b

4c

4c

2×4c

[2] I121 (5) =
C121

x+ 41 , y, z –a−c, b, a –z, y, x–z+ 41

4c

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

[2] I112 (5) =
A112

x, y+ 41 , z a, –a+b, c x+y+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

4c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4e

2×4e

2c; 2d

4e

2a; 2b

2×4e

4e

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

2×4e

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

3×4a

4b; 8d 4c; 8d 3×8d p –1 p –1 4b; 2 ×8d 4c; 2 ×8d p×8d

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

4a; 8d 3×4b p –1 4a; 2 ×8d p×4b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P21 21 21 (19) [2] P2221 (17) [2] P221 2 (17) =
P2221

c, a, b

[2] P21 22 (17) =
P2221

b, c, a

x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 z+ 41 , x, y+ 41 x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , z, x+ 41

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] I21 21 21

3a, b, c

[p] I21 21 21

pa, b, c p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] I21 21 21

a, 3b, c

[p] I21 21 21

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] I21 21 21

a, b, 3c

[p] I21 21 21

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

4c; 8d 3×8d p –1 4c; 2 ×8d p×8d

4a; 8d 4b; 8d 3×4c – – 4a; p 2 1×8d 4b; p 2 1×8d p×4c

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

521

3×8d p×8d

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 25, pp. 522–523.

Pmm2 Axes

C2v1

No. 25 1a

1b

1c

Wyckoff positions 1d 2e 2f 2g

1a

1a

1b

1b

2c

[2] P1m1 (6)

1a

1b

1a

1b

2×1a 2×1b 2c

2c

2×2c

[2] P112 (3)

1a

1c

1b

1d

2e

2e

2×2e

2×4a 8c

8d

8b

2×8d 16e

2×8c 16e

8d

8b

2×4a 8c

2×8d 16e

16e

8c

2×4a 8b

8d

8b

8d

8c

2×4a 16e

2×8d 16e

2×8c 2×16e

4a

4c

4b

4c

8d

2×4c 8d

8d

2×8d

4c

4a

4c

4b

2×4c 8d

8d

8d

2×8d

4a

4b

4c

4c

8d

8d

8d

2×4c 2×8d

4c

4c

4a

4b

8d

8d

2×4c 8d

I

Coordinates

2h

4i

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Pm11 (6) =
P1m1

c, a, b

2c

2×1a 2×1b 2×2c

z, x, y 2e

2e

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Fmm2 (42) 2a,2b,2c [2] Fmm2 (42) 2a,2b,2c [2] Fmm2 (42) 2a,2b,2c [2] Fmm2 (42) 2a,2b,2c [2] Aem2 (39)

a, 2b, 2c

[2] Aem2 (39)

a, 2b, 2c

[2] Bme2 (39) =
Aem2

2a, b, 2c –b, 2a, 2c

[2] Bme2 (39) =
Aem2

2a, b, 2c –b, 2a, 2c

[2] Amm2 (38) a, 2b, 2c [2] Amm2 (38) a, 2b, 2c [2] Bmm2 (38) 2a, b, 2c –b, 2a, 2c =
Amm2 [2] Bmm2 (38) 2a, b, 2c –b, 2a, 2c =
Amm2 [2] Cmm2 (35) 2a,2b,c [2] Cmm2 (35) 2a,2b,c [2] Cmm2 (35) 2a,2b,c [2] Cmm2 (35) 2a,2b,c [2] Pma2 (28)

2a, b, c

[2] Pma2 (28)

2a, b, c

[2] Pbm2 (28) =
Pma2

a, 2b, c 2b, –a, c

[2] Pbm2 (28) =
Pma2

a, 2b, c 2b, –a, c

[2] Pcc2 (27)

a, b, 2c

[2] Pmc21 (26) a, b, 2c [2] Pcm21 (26) a, b, 2c =
Pmc21 b, –a, 2c

1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x, y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 –y, 2 x, 2 z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0) –y, 12 x+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x, y, 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 –y, 2 x, 2 z; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) –y, 12 x+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 –x, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 2 y, x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 –x, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 2 y+ 4 , x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) y, –x, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2×2a 4d 4d

2×2b 4e

2×2a 4e

2×2a 2×2b 4d 4d

4e

16e

2×2b 8 f 4e

2×8c 2×16e

2×8d 2×8c 16e

2×4c 8 f

2×16e

2×16e

2×8d

2×4d 2×4e 2×8 f

2×4c 2×4d 2×4e 2×8 f

2×4d 2×4e 2×4c 8 f

2×2a 2×4b 2×4d 2×4e 8 f

2×8 f

2×4c 2×8 f

2a; 2b 4e

4d

4c

2×4d 8 f

2×4e 8 f

4d

4c

2a; 2b 4e

2×4d 8 f

8f

4e

2a; 2b 4c

4d

4c

4d

4e

2a; 2b 8 f

2×4d 8 f

2×4e 2×8 f

2a

2b

2c

2c

4d

4d

4d

2×2c 2×4d

2c

2c

2a

2b

4d

4d

2×2c 4d

2a

2c

2b

2c

4d

2×2c 4d

2c

2a

2c

2b

2×2c 4d

2a

2b

2c

2d

4e

2a

2a

2b

2b

4c

2a

2b

2a

2b

2×2a 2×2b 4c

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

522

8f

2×8 f

2×4e 2×8 f

2×4d 2×4e 8 f

2×8 f

2×4d

4d

2×4d

4d

4d

2×4d

4e

4e

4e

2×4e

4c

2×2a 2×2b 2×4c 4c

2×4c

No. 25

CONTINUED

Axes

Coordinates

Pmm2

1a

1b

1c

Wyckoff positions 1d 2e 2f

1a; 1c

1b; 1d

2e

2f

2×2e

2×2 f

2g; 2h

4i

2×4i

2e

2f

1a; 1c

1b; 1d

2×2e

2×2 f

4i

2g; 2h

2×4i

1a; 2e

1b; 2 f

1c; 2e

1d; 2 f

3×2e

3×2 f

2g; 4i

2h; 4i

3×4i

[p] Pmm2 pa, b, c 1a; 1b; 1c; 1d; p×2e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 2 ×2e 2 ×2 f 2 ×2e 2 ×2 f

p×2 f

2g; 2h; p×4i p –1 p –1 2 ×4i 2 ×4i

[2] Pmm2 a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2g

2h

4i

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] Pmm2 2a, b, c [2] Pmm2 2a, b, c [3] Pmm2 3a, b, c

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

1a; 1b

2g

1c; 1d

2h

2e; 2 f

4i

2×2g

2×2h

2×4i

2g

1a; 1b

2h

1c; 1d

4i

2e; 2 f

2×2g

2×2h

2×4i

1a; 2g

1b; 2g

1c; 2h

1d; 2h

2e; 4i

2 f ; 4i

3×2g

3×2h

3×4i

[p] Pmm2 a, pb, c x, 1a; 1b; 1c; 1d; 2e; 2f; p×2g p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 p –2 1×2g p –2 1×2g p –2 1×2h p –2 1×2h p –2 1×4i p –2 1×4i

p×2h

p×4i

[2] Pmm2 a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] Pmm2 a, 2b, c x, [3] Pmm2 a, 3b, c x,

1 1 1 2 y+ 4 , z; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 3 y, z; ±(0, 3 , 0) 1 u p y, z; +(0, p , 0)

[3] Pmm2 a, b, 3c x, y,

1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p y, z; +(0, 0, p )

[p] Pmm2 a, b, pc x, y, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2×1a

2×1b

2×1c

2×1d

2×2e

2×2 f

2×2g

2×2h

2×4i

3×1a

3×1b

3×1c

3×1d

3×2e

3×2 f

3×2g

3×2h

3×4i

p×1a

p×1b

p×1c

p×1d

p×2e

p×2 f

p×2g

p×2h

p×4i

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

P2mm Pm2m

A→B→C →A

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A←B←C ←A

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

523

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 26, p. 524.

P m c 21 Axes

Coordinates 2a

I

C2v2

No. 26 Wyckoff positions 2b 4c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1c1 (7)

2a

2a

2×2a

[2] Pm11 (6) =
P1m1

2×1a

2×1b

2×2c

2a

2a

2×2a

2×4a

8b

2×8b

8b

2×4a

2×8b

2×4a

8b

2×8b

8b

2×4a

2×8b

2×2a

4b

2×4b

4b

2×2a

2×4b

4a

4a

2×4a

4a

4a

2×4a

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

c, a, b

z, x, y

[2] P1121 (4) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Cmc21 (36) 2a, 2b, c [2] Cmc21 (36) 2a, 2b, c [2] Cmc21 (36) 2a, 2b, c [2] Cmc21 (36) 2a, 2b, c [2] Pmn21 (31) 2a, b, c [2] Pmn21 (31) 2a, b, c [2] Pbc21 (29) a, 2b, c =
Pca21 2b, –a, c [2] Pbc21 (29) a, 2b, c =
Pca21 2b, –a, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, 12 y, z 1 –x, z 2 y, 1 x, 2 y+ 41 , z 1 1 –x, z 2 y+ 4 ,

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] Pmc21

2a, b, c

[2] Pmc21

2a, b, c

[3] Pmc21

3a, b, c

[p] Pmc21

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] Pmc21

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

[2] Pmc21

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

[3] Pmc21

a, 3b, c

3×2a

3×2b

3×4c

[p] Pmc21

1 1 3 y, z; ±(0, 3 , 0) 1 u p y, z; +(0, p , 0)

a, pb, c x, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2a

p×2b

p×4c

[3] Pmc21

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

3×2b

3×4c

[p] Pmc21

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2a

p×2b

p×4c

x,

1 p y;

u p)

2a; 4c 2b; 4c 3×4c p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4c 2b; 2 ×4c p×4c

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

P 21 m a P b 21 m P c m 21 P 21 a m P m 21 b

C→A

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

B←C

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

C→A

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

B←C

b
c

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

524

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 27, p. 525.

C2v3

Pcc2

No. 27 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2c 2d

2a

2b

2a

2a

2a

2a

2×2a

[2] P1c1 (7)

2a

2a

2a

2a

2×2a

[2] P112 (3)

2×1a

2×1c

2×1b

2×1d

2×2e

4a; 4b

8d

8d

2×4c

2×8d

8d

2×4c

4a; 4b

8d

2×8d

8d

4a; 4b

2×4c

8d

2×8d

2×4c

8d

8d

4a; 4b

2×8d

2×2a

2×2b

4c

4c

2×4c

4c

4c

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

2×2a

4c

2×2b

4c

2×4c

4c

2×2a

4c

2×2b

2×4c

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4e

4e

2×4e

4e

4e

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

2×4e

I

4e

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Pc11 (7) =
P1c1

b, a, –c

y, x, –z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Ccc2 (37) 2a, 2b, c [2] Ccc2 (37) 2a, 2b, c [2] Ccc2 (37) 2a, 2b, c [2] Ccc2 (37) 2a, 2b, c [2] Pcn2 (30) 2a, b, c =
Pnc2 b, 2a, –c [2] Pcn2 (30) 2a, b, c =
Pnc2 b, 2a, –c [2] Pnc2 (30) a, 2b, c [2] Pnc2 (30) a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) y, 12 x, –z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 y, 2 x+ 4 , –z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] Pcc2

2a, b, c

[2] Pcc2

2a, b, c

[3] Pcc2

3a, b, c

[p] Pcc2

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] Pcc2

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2a; 2b

4e

2c; 2d

4e

2×4e

[2] Pcc2

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

4e

2a; 2b

4e

2c; 2d

2×4e

[3] Pcc2

a, 3b, c

[p] Pcc2

1 1 3 y, z; ±(0, 3 , 0) 1 u p y, z; +(0, p , 0)

a, pb, c x, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pcc2

a, b, 3c

[p] Pcc2

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

x,

2a; 4e 2b; 4e 2c; 4e 2d; 4e 3×4e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4e 2b; 2 ×4e 2c; 2 ×4e 2d; 2 ×4e p×4e

2a; 4e 2b; 4e 2c; 4e 2d; 4e 3×4e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4e 2b; 2 ×4e 2c; 2 ×4e 2d; 2 ×4e p×4e

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

3×2b

3×2c

3×2d

3×4e

u p)

p×2a

p×2b

p×2c

p×2d

p×4e

1 p z;

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

P2aa Pb2b

C→A

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

C→B

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

525

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 28, p. 526.

Pma2 Axes I

C2v4

No. 28 Coordinates 2a

Wyckoff positions 2b 2c

4d

2a

2a

2a

2×2a

2c

2c

1a; 1b

2×2c

1a; 1b

1c; 1d

2e

2×2e

2×4a

8b

8b

2×8b

2×4a

8b

2×8b

2×4a

8c

2×4b

2×8c

8c

2×4a

2×4b

2×8c

2a; 2b

4c

4c

2×4c

4c

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

4b

4b

2×2a

2×4b

2×2a

2×2b

4c

2×4c

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1a1 (7) [2] Pm11 (6) =
P1m1

x+ 41 , y, z z, x+ 41 , y

c, a, b

[2] P112 (3) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Aea2 (41)

a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] Aea2 (41)

a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) 8b

[2] Ama2 (40)

a, 2b, 2c

[2] Ama2 (40)

a, 2b, 2c

[2] Pba2 (32)

a, 2b, c

[2] Pba2 (32)

a, 2b, c

[2] Pmn21 (31) a, b, 2c [2] Pcn2 (30) =
Pnc2

a, b, 2c b, –a, 2c

[2] Pca21 (29) a, b, 2c

x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) x+ 41 , y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) y, –x, 12 z +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

2a; 4d 2b; 4d 2c; 4d 3×4d p –1 p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4d 2b; 2 ×4d 2c; 2 ×4d p×4d

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2a; 2b

4d

2×2c

2×4d

4d

2a; 2b

2×2c

2×4d

2a; 4d 2b; 4d 3×2c – – 2a; p 2 1×4d 2b; p 2 1×4d p×2c

3×4d

[3] Pma2

3a, b, c

[p] Pma2

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] Pma2

a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 y+ 4 , z; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 3 y, z; ±(0, 3 , 0) 1 u p y, z; +(0, p , 0)

[2] Pma2

a, 2b, c

x,

[3] Pma2

a, 3b, c

x,

[p] Pma2

a, pb, c x, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] Pma2

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2×2a

2×2b

2×2c

2×4d

[3] Pma2

a, b, 3c

3×2a

3×2b

3×2c

3×4d

[p] Pma2

1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

a, b, pc x, y, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2a

p×2b

p×2c

p×4d

x, y,

p×4d

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

P2mb Pc2m Pbm2 P2cm Pm2a

A→B

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A→C

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

A→B

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

A→C

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

b
c

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

526

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 29, p. 527.

C2v5

No. 29 Axes

I

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4a

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Pc11 (7) =
P1c1

x+ 41 , y, z –b, a, c, –y, x+ 41 , z

2×2a

[2] P1a1 (7)

2×2a

[2] P1121 (4)

2×2a

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Pna21 (33) a, 2b, c [2] Pna21 (33) a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) x,

1 1 2 y+ 4 , z;

+(0,

1 2 , 0)

2×4a 2×4a

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

3×4a

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2×4a

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2×4a

[3] Pca21

a, 3b, c

3×4a

[p] Pca21

1 1 3 y, z; ±(0, 3 , 0) 1 u p y, z; +(0, p , 0)

a, pb, c x, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×4a

[3] Pca21

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×4a

[p] Pca21

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pca21

3a, b, c

[p] Pca21

pa, b, c p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] Pca21 [2] Pca21

x,

1 p z;

u p)

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

P 21 a b P c 21 b P b c 21 P 21 c a P b 21 a

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

b
c

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

527

P c a 21

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 30, p. 528.

Pnc2 Axes

Coordinates 2a

I

C2v6

No. 30 Wyckoff positions 2b 4c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Pn11 (7) =
P1n1

c, a, b

2a

2×2a

2a

2a

2×2a

1a; 1c

1b; 1d

2×2e

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

z, x, y x, y+ 41 , z

[2] P1c1 (7)

2a

[2] P112 (3) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Pnn2 (34) 2a, b, c [2] Pnn2 (34) 2a, b, c

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

[2] Pnc2

2a, b, c

[2] Pnc2

2a, b, c

[3] Pnc2

3a, b, c

[p] Pnc2

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pnc2

a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[p] Pnc2

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pnc2

a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

3×2b

3×4c

[p] Pnc2

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p×2a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2b

p×4c

1 p z;

2a; 4c 2b; 4c 3×4c 2a; p –2 1×4c 2b; p –2 1×4c p×4c 2a; 4c 2b; 4c 3×4c p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4c 2b; 2 ×4c p×4c

u p)

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

P2na Pb2n Pcn2 P2an Pn2b

c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

c→b

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

a
−b

x
−y

c→a

a
−c

x
−z

c→b

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

528

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 31, p. 529.

C2v7

No. 31 Axes

I

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2a 4b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1n1 (7)

2a

2×2a

[2] Pm11 (6) =P1m1


1a; 1b

2×2c

2a

2×2a

4a

2×4a

[2] Pbn21 (33) a, 2b, c x+ 41 , 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) 4a =Pna2
2b, a, –c 12 y+ 41 , x+ 41 , –z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 1

2×4a

c, a, b

z, x, y x+ 41 , y, z

[2] P1121 (4)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Pbn21 (33) a, 2b, c x+ 41 , 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) =Pna2
2b, a, –c 12 y, x+ 41 , –z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 1

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

2a; 4b 3×4b p –1 2a; 2 ×4b p×4b

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2×2a

2×4b

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2×2a

2×4b

[3] Pmn21

a, 3b, c

3×2a

3×4b

[p] Pmn21

1 1 3 y, z; ±(0, 3 , 0) 1 u p y, z; +(0, p , 0)

a, pb, c x, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2a

p×4b

[3] Pmn21

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

3×4b

[p] Pmn21

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2a

p×4b

[3] Pmn21

3a, b, c

[p] Pmn21

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] Pmn21 [2] Pmn21

x,

1 p z;

u p)

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

P 21 m n P n 21 m P n m 21 P 21 n m P m 21 n

a→b→c

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

c←a←b

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

a→c

a
−c

x
−z

b→c

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

529

P m n 21

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 32, p. 530.

Pba2 Axes

Coordinates 2a

I

C2v8

No. 32 Wyckoff positions 2b 4c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Pb11 (7) =
P1c1 [2] P1a1 (7) =
P1c1

2a

2a

2×2a

c, a, b

x+ 41 , y, z z, x+ 41 , y

2a

2a

2×2a

c, b, –a

x, y+ 41 , z z, y+ 41 , –x

1a; 1d

1b; 1c

2×2e

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) y, –x, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4a

4a

2×4a

4a

4a

2×4a

[2] P112 (3) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Pnn2 (34)

a, b, 2c

[2] Pna21 (33) a, b, 2c [2] Pbn21 (33) a, b, 2c =
Pna21 b, –a, 2c

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

2a; 4c 2b; 4c 3×4c p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4c 2b; 2 ×4c p×4c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

2a; 4c 2b; 4c 3×4c p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4c 2b; 2 ×4c p×4c

[3] Pba2

3a, b, c

[p] Pba2

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pba2

a, 3b, c

[p] Pba2

a, pb, c x, +(0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] Pba2

a, b, 2c

1 p y, z;

u p , 0)

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y,

1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

[3] Pba2

a, b, 3c

[p] Pba2

a, b, pc x, y, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

3×2a

3×2b

3×4c

p×2a

p×2b

p×4c

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

P2cb Pc2a

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

530

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 33, p. 531.

C2v9

No. 33 Axes

I

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4a

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Pn11 (7) =
P1n1 c, a, b

x+ 41 , y, z z, x+ 41 , y

2×2a

[2] P1a1 (7) x, y+ 41 , z =
P1c1 c, b, –a z, x+ 41 , –x

2×2a

[2] P1121 (4)

2×2a

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 3×4a

[p] Pna21

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

pa, b, c p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pna21

a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

3×4a

[p] Pna21

a, pb, c x, +(0, p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pna21

a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] Pna21

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pna21

3a, b, c

1 p y, z;

u p , 0)

1 p z;

3×4a

u p)

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

P 21 n b P c 21 n P b n 21 P 21 c n P n 21 a

a → b; c → a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

a→c

a
−c

x
−z

b→c

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

531

P n a 21

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 34, p. 532.

Pnn2 Axes

Coordinates 2a

I

C2v10

No. 34 Wyckoff positions 2b 4c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Pn11 (7) =
P1n1

x+ 41 , y, z z, x+ 41 , y

c, a, b

=
P1c1

b, a, –b−c y–z, x+ 41 , –z

[2] P1n1 (7) =
P1c1

x, y+ 41 , z –a, b, a+c –x+z, y+ 41 , z

[2] P112 (3)

2a

2a

2×2a

2a

2a

2×2a

1a; 1d

1b; , 1c

2×2e

2×8a

16b

2×16b

16b

2×8a

2×16b

16b

2×8a

2×16b

2×8a

16b

2×16b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Fdd2 (43) 2a,2b,2c [2] Fdd2 (43) 2a,2b,2c [2] Fdd2 (43) 2a,2b,2c [2] Fdd2 (43) 2a,2b,2c

1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

2a; 4c 2b; 4c 3×4c p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4c 2b; 2 ×4c p×4c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

2a; 4c 2b; 4c 3×4c p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4c 2b; 2 ×4c p×4c

[3] Pnn2

3a, b, c

[p] Pnn2

pa, b, c p = prime > 2 u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pnn2

a, 3b, c

[p] Pnn2

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pnn2

a, b, 3c

[p] Pnn2

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 1 p z;

u p)

3×2a

3×2b

3×4c

p×2a

p×2b

p×4c

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

P2nn Pn2n

c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

c→b

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

532

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 35, p. 533.

C2v11 Axes I

Cmm2

No. 35 Coordinates 2a

2b

2a

2a

2a

Wyckoff positions 4c

4d

4e

8f

4b

4b

2×2a

2×4b

2a

4b

2×2a

4b

2×4b

1a

1d

1b; 1c

2e

2e

2×2e

2a

2b

4c

4c

4c

2×4c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Cm11 (8) =
C1m1

–b, a, c

–y, x, z

[2] C1m1 (8) 1 2 (a−b), 1 2 (a+b),

[2] P112 (3)

x–y, x+y, z c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pba2 (32) [2] Pma2 (28)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

2c

2c

2a; 2b

4d

2×2c

2×4d

[2] Pbm2 (28)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , –x– 14 , z

2c

2c

2a; 2b

2×2c

4d

2×4d

1a; 1d

1b; 1c

4i

2e; 2 f

2g; 2h

2×4i

=
Pma2

b, –a, c

[2] Pmm2 (25) Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Ima2 (46)

a, b, 2c

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4b

4b

2×4a

8c

2×4b

2×8c

[2] Ibm2 (46)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 4b y+ 41 , –x– 14 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4b

2×4a

2×4b

8c

2×8c

=
Ima2

a, b, 2c b, –a, 2c

[2] Iba2 (45)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4a

4b

8c

8c

8c

2×8c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) y, –x, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2×2a

2×2b

8e

2×4c

2×4d

2×8e

4a

4b

2×4c

8d

8d

2×8d

4a

4a

8b

8b

2×4a

2×8b

4a

4a

8b

2×4a

8b

2×8b

[2] Imm2 (44) a, b, 2c [2] Ccc2 (37)

a, b, 2c

[2] Cmc21 (36) a, b, 2c [2] Ccm21 (36) a, b, 2c =
Cmc21 b, –a, 2c

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

2a; 4d 2b; 4d 4c; 8 f 3×4d p –1 p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4d 2b; 2 ×4d 4c; 2 ×8 f p×4d

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

2a; 4e 2b; 4e 4c; 8 f 4d; 8 f 3×4e – – – – 2a; p 2 1×4e 2b; p 2 1×4e 4c; p 2 1×8 f 4d; p 2 1×8 f p×4e

3×8 f

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

2×4d

2×4e

2×8 f

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

3×2b

3×4c

3×4d

3×4e

3×8 f

a, b, pc x, y, 1p y; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2a

p×2b

p×4c

p×4d

p×4e

p×8 f

[3] Cmm2

3a, b, c

[p] Cmm2

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Cmm2

a, 3b, c

[p] Cmm2

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] Cmm2

a, b, 2c

[3] Cmm2

a, b, 3c

[p] Cmm2

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

A2mm Bm2m

C→A

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

C→B

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

533

4e; 8 f 3×8 f p –1 4e; 2 ×8 f p×8 f

p×8 f

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 36, p. 534.

C m c 21 Axes I

C2v12

No. 36 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4a 8b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] C1c1 (9)

4a

2×4a

[2] Cm11 (8) =
C1m1

2×2a

2×4b

b, a, –c

[2] P1121 (4)

1 1 2 (a−b), 2 (a+b),

2a

2×2a

4a

2×4a

y, x, –z c x–y, x+y, z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pbn21 (33) =
Pna21 b, a, –c

y, x, –z

[2] Pmn21 (31)

x, y+ 41 , z

2×2a

2×4b

[2] Pbc21 (29) =
Pca21 b, a, –c [2] Pmc21 (26)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , x+ 41 , –z

4a

2×4a

2a; 2b

2×4c

4a; 8b

3×8b

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Cmc21

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

3a, b, c

4a;

1 –1)×8b 2 (p

[p] Cmc21

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×8b

[3] Cmc21

a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 3×4a

3×8b

[p] Cmc21

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×8b

[3] Cmc21

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 3×4a

3×8b

[p] Cmc21

a, b, pc x, y, 1p y; +(0, 0, up ) p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×8b

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

A 21 m a B b 21 m C c m 21 A 21 a m B m 21 b

C→A

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

C→B

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

C→A

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

C→B

b
c

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

534

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 37, p. 535.

C2v13 Axes I

Ccc2

No. 37 Coordinates 4a

Wyckoff positions 4b 4c

8d

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

2×1a 2×1a

2×1b 2×1d

1c; 1d 1b; 1c

2×2e 2×2e

2×2a

2×2b

4c

2×4c

4c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

4c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

4e

2×4e

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Cc11 (9) =
C1c1

b, –a, c

y, –x, z

[2] C1c1 (9) [2] P112

(3) a, 12 (–a+b), c or: 12 (a−b), 12 (a+b),

x+y, 2y, z c x–y, x+y, z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pnn2 (34) x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , –x– 14 , z

[2] Pnc2 (30) [2] Pcn2 (30) =
Pnc2 b –a, c [2] Pcc2 (27)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

[3] Ccc2

3a, b, c

[p] Ccc2

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Ccc2

a, 3b, c

4a; 8d 4b; 8d 4c; 8d 3×8d p –1 p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8d 4b; 2 ×8d 4c; 2 ×8d p×8d

[p] Ccc2

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 4a; 8d 4b; 8d 4c; 8d 3×8d p –1 p –1 p –1 1 u a, pb, c x, p y, z; +(0, p , 0) 4a; 2 ×8d 4b; 2 ×8d 4c; 2 ×8d p×8d p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Ccc2

a, b, 3c

[p] Ccc2

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 3×4a 1 p z;

u p)

p×4a

3×4b

3×4c

3×8d

p×4b

p×4c

p×8d

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

A2aa Bb2b

C→A

c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

C→B

c→b

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

535

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 38, p. 536.

Amm2 Axes I

C2v14

No. 38 Coordinates 2a

2b

2a

2a

1a

Wyckoff positions 4c

4d

4e

8f

2×2a

4b

4b

2×4b

1b

2c

2×1a

2×1b

2×2c

2a

2b

4c

4c

4c

2×4c

2a

2a

2×2a

4b

4b

2×4b

2a

2b

4c

4c

4c

2×4c

2a

2b

4c

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

1a; 1b

1c; 1d

2e; 2 f

2×2g

2×2h

2×4i

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

4a

4b

8c

8c

2×4b

2×8c

4b

4a

8c

2×4b

8c

2×8c

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

2×4d

8e

2×8e

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

8e

2×4d

2×8e

4a

4b

8c

8c

2×4b

2×8c

4b

4a

8c

2×4b

8c

2×8c

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

4d; 4e

8f

2×8 f

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

8f

4d; 4e

2×8 f

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

2a; 4d 2b; 4e 4c; 8 f 3×4d – – – 2a; p 2 1×4d 2b; p 2 1×4e 4c; p 2 1×8 f p×4d

3×4e

3×8 f

p×4e

p×8 f

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

3×2b

3×4c

3×4d

3×4e

3×8 f

u p)

p×2a

p×2b

p×4c

p×4d

p×4e

p×8 f

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] A1m1 (8) a, 12 (b−c), 12 (b+c) x, y–z, y+z 1 1 2 (b+c), a, 2 (b−c) y+z, x, y–z

[2] Pm11 (6) =
P1m1 [2] A112 (5)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pnm21 (31) =
Pmn21 b, a, –c

y, –x, z

[2] Pnc2 (30) x, y+ 41 , z

[2] Pmc21 (26) [2] Pmm2 (25)

Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Ima2 (46)

2a, b, c

[2] Ima2 (46)

2a, b, c

[2] Imm2 (44)

2a, b, c

[2] Imm2 (44)

2a, b, c

[2] Ama2 (40)

2a, b, c

[2] Ama2 (40)

2a, b, c

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] Amm2

2a, b, c

[2] Amm2

2a, b, c

[3] Amm2

3a, b, c

[p] Amm2

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Amm2

a, 3b, c

[p] Amm2

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Amm2

a, b, 3c

[p] Amm2

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 1 p z;

2a; 4c 2b; 4c 3×4c p–1 p–1 2a; 2 ×4c 2b; 2 ×4c p×4c

4d; 8 f 4e; 8 f 3×8 f p–1 p –1 4d; 2 ×8 f 4e; 2 ×8 f p×8 f

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

B2mm Cm2m

A→B

a → b; c → a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A→C

a←b←c

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

536

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 39, p. 537.

C2v15 Axes I

Aem2

No. 39 Coordinates 4a

Wyckoff positions 4b 4c

8d

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] A1m1 (8) =
C1m1

4b

4b

2×2a

2×4b

c, –b, a

x, y+ 41 , z z, –y– 14 , x

[2] Pb11 (7) =
P1c1

a, b, 12 (–b+c) x, y+z, 2z 1 2 (–b+c), a, b 2z, x, y+z

2a

2a

2a

2×2a

2×2a

2×2b

4c

2×4c

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

2×2a

2×2b

2×2c

2×4d

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4e

2×4e

4c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

2×4a

8c

2×4b

2×8c

8c

2×4a

2×4b

2×8c

4a; 4b

8c

8c

2×8c

8c

4a; 4b

8c

2×8c

2×4a

8b

8b

2×8b

8b

2×4a

8b

2×8b

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

4a; 4b

8d

2×4c

2×8d

8d

4a; 4b

2×4c

2×8d

4a; 8d 4b; 8d 3×4c p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8d 4b; 2 ×8d p×4c

3×8d

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

4a; 8d 4b; 8d 4c; 8d 3×8d p –1 p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8d 4b; 2 ×8d 4c; 2 ×8d p×8d

[2] A112 (5) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pbc21 (29) =
Pca21 b, –a, c

x, y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , –x, z

[2] Pbm2 (28) =
Pma2 b, –a, c

y, –x, z

[2] Pcc2 (27) [2] Pcm21 (26) =
Pmc21 b, –a, c

x, y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , –x, z

Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Ibm2 (46) =
Ima2

2a, b, c b, 2a, –c

[2] Ibm2 (46) =
Ima2

2a, b, c b, 2a, –c

[2] Iba2 (45)

2a, b, c

[2] Iba2 (45)

2a, b, c

[2] Aea2 (41)

2a, b, c

[2] Aea2 (41)

2a, b, c

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 y, 2 x, –z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 y, 2 x+ 4 , –z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] Aem2

2a, b, c

[2] Aem2

2a, b, c

[3] Aem2

3a, b, c

[p] Aem2

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Aem2

a, 3b, c

[p] Aem2

a, pb, c x, +(0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Aem2

a, b, 3c

[p] Aem2

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p y, z;

u p , 0)

p×8d

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×4a

3×4b

3×4c

3×8d

u p)

p×4a

p×4b

p×4c

p×8d

1 p z;

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

B2em Cm2e Bme2 C2me Ae2m

A → B; C → A

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A → C; C → B

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

A→B

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

A
C

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

C→B

b
c

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

537

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 40, p. 538.

Ama2 Axes

Coordinates 4a

I

C2v16

No. 40 Wyckoff positions 4b 8c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] A1a1 (9) =
C1c1

c, –b, a 1 2 (b+c),

=
P1m1

4a

4×2a

2c

1a; 1b

2×2c

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

4a

4a

2×4a

4b

2×2a

2×4b

2a; 2b

2×2c

2×4d

z, –y, x

a, 12 (b−c), 12 (b+c) x+ 41 , y–z, y+z

[2] Pm11 (6)

4a

a,

1 2 (b−c)

y+z, x+ 41 , y–z

[2] A112 (5) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pnn2 (34) x, y+ 41 , z x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

[2] Pna21 (33) [2] Pmn21 (31) [2] Pma2 (28) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

4a; 8c 4b; 8c 3×8c p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8c 4b; 2 ×8c p×8c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

4a; 8c 3×4b p –1 4a; 2 ×8c p×4b

3×8c

3×4a

3×4b

3×8c

a, b, pc x, y, 1p , z; +(0, 0, up ) p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×4b

p×8c

[3] Ama2

3a, b, c

[p] Ama2

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Ama2

a, 3b, c

[p] Ama2

a, pb, c x, +(0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Ama2

a, b, 3c

[p] Ama2

1 p y, z;

u p , 0)

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

p×8c

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

B2mb Cc2m Bbm2 C2cm Am2a

A → B; C → A

a → b; c → a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A → C; C → B

a → c; c → b

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

A→B

a→b

a
−b

x
−y

A
C

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

C→B

c→b

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

538

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 41, p. 539.

C2v17

No. 41 Axes

I

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4a 8b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] A1n1 (9) =C1c1


c, b, –a

[2] Pb11 (7) =P1c1


a, b, 12 (–b+c) 1 2 (–b+c), a, b

z, y+ 41 , –x x+ 41 , y+z, 2z 2z, x+ 41 , y+z

[2] A112 (5)

4a

2×4a

2a

2×2a

2a; 2b

2×4c

4a

2×4a

2a; 2b

2×4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

4a

2×4a

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pbn21 (33) =Pna2
b, –a, c 1

x, y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , –x, z

[2] Pba2 (32) [2] Pcn2 (30) =Pnc2


b, –a, c

y, –x, z x, y+ 41 , z

[2] Pca21 (29)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [p] Aea2

±( 31 , 0, 0) 4a; 8b 3×8b p –1 u pa, b, c +( p , 0, 0) 4a; 2 ×8b p×8b p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Aea2

a, 3b, c

[3] Aea2

3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z; 1 p x, y, z;

[p] Aea2

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 4a; 8b 3×8b – p 1 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) 4a; 2 ×8b p×8b p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Aea2

a, b, 3c

[p] Aea2

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 3×4a 1 p z;

u p)

p×4a

3×8b p×8b

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

B2eb Cc2e Bbe2 C2ce Ae2a

A → B; C → A

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A → C; C → B

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

A→B

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

A
C

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

C→B

c
b

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

539

Aea2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 42, p. 540.

F mm2 Axes I

C2v18

No. 42 Coordinates 4a

8b

Wyckoff positions 8c 8d

16e

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Cm11 (8) =C1m1


a, b, 12 (–b+c) x, y+z, 2z b, a, 12 (–b−c) y–z, x, –2z

2a

4b

2×2a

4b

2×4b

[2] C1m1 (8)

a, b, 12 (–a+c) x+z, y, 2z

2a

4b

4b

2×2a

2×4b

[2] A112 (5)

1 2 (a−b),

2a

2×2b

4c

4c

2×4c

4a

8b

8b

8b

2×8b

4a

8b

8b

8b

2×8b

b, c

2x, x+y, z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Aea2 (41) [2] Bbe2 (41) =Aea2


b, –a, c

y, –x, z

[2] Ama2 (40)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

4b

2×4a

2×4b

8c

2×8c

[2] Bbm2 (40) =Ama2
b, –a, c

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , –x– 14 , z x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , –x– 14 , z

4b

2×4a

8c

2×4b

2×8c

4c

4a; 4b

8d

2×4c

2×8d

4c

4a; 4b

2×4c

8d

2×8d

[2] Amm2 (38)

2a; 2b

8f

4d; 4e

2×4c

2×8 f

[2] Bmm2 (38) =Amm2
b, –a, c

2a; 2b

8f

2×4c

4d; 4e

2×8 f

y, –x, z

[2] Ccc2 (37)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

4c

4a; 4b

8d

8d

2×8d

[2] Cmc21 (36)

x, y+ 41 , z x+ 41 , y, z y, –x– 14 , z

4a

8b

2×4a

8b

2×8b

4a

8b

8b

2×4a

2×8b

2a; 2b

2×4c

2×4e

2×4d

2×8 f

[2] Aem2 (39) [2] Bme2 (39) =Aem2


b, –a, c

[2] Ccm21 (36) =Cmc2
b, –a, c 1 [2] Cmm2 (35)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

[3] Fmm2

3a, b, c

[p] Fmm2

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Fmm2

a, 3b, c

4a; 8d 8b; 16e 8c; 16e 3×8d p –1 p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8d 8b; 2 ×16e 8c; 2 ×16e p×8d

3×16e p×16e

[p] Fmm2

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 4a; 8c 8b; 16e 3×8c p –1 p –1 1 u a, pb, c x, p y, z; +(0, p , 0) 4a; 2 ×8c 8b; 2 ×16e p×8c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Fmm2

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 3×4a

3×8b

3×8c

3×8d

3×16e

[p] Fmm2

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×8b

p×8c

p×8d

p×16e

8d; 16e 3×16e p –1 8d; 2 ×16e p×16e

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

F 2mm F m2m

A→B →C →A

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A←B ←C ←A

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

540

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 43, p. 541.

C2v19

No. 43 Axes

I

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 8a 16b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Cc11 (9) a, b, 12 (–b+c) x+ 81 , y+z, 2z =
C1c1 b, –a, 12 (–b+c) y+z, –x– 18 , 2z

4a

2×4a

[2] C1c1 (9) a, b, 12 (–a+c)

x+z, y+ 81 , 2z

4a

2×4a

2x, x+y, z

2a; 2b

2×4c

1 1 1 1 3 x+ 4 , y+ 4 , z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 5 x, y, z; ±( 5 , 0, 0); ±( 5 , 0, 0) 1 u p x+s, y+s, z; +( p , 0, 0)

8a; 16b

3×16b

[2] A112 (5)

1 2 (a−b),

b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Fdd2

3a, b, c

[5] Fdd2

5a, b, c

[p] Fdd2

pa, b, c p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1 s = 0 if p = 4n +1 s = 14 if p = 4n −1

[3] Fdd2

a, 3b, c

x+ 41 , 13 y+ 41 , z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

8a; 16b

[5] Fdd2

a, 5b, c

[p] Fdd2

x, 15 y, z; ±(0, 15 , 0); ±(0, 25 , 0) x+s, 1p y+s, z; +(0, up , 0)

a, pb, c p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1 s = 0 if p = 4n +1 s = 14 if p = 4n −1

8a; 2×16b 5×16b p –1 8a; 2 ×16b p×16b

[3] Fdd2

a, b, 3c

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×8a

3×16b

5×8a

5×16b

p×8a

p×16b

x, y,

1 5 z;

±(0, 0,

1 5 );

±(0, 0,

[5] Fdd2

a, b, 5c

[p] Fdd2

a, b, pc x+s, y+s, +(0, 0, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1 s = 0 if p = 4n +1 s = 14 if p = 4n −1 1 p z;

2 5)

u p)

8a; 2×16b 5×16b p –1 8a; 2 ×16b p×16b

3×16b

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

F 2d d F d 2d

A → B; C → A

c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A → C; C → B

c→b

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

541

Fdd2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 44, p. 542.

I mm2

C2v20

No. 44

Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4c 4d

2a

2b

2a

2a

4b

2×2a

2×4b

[2] I1m1 (8)

2a

2a

2×2a

4b

2×4b

[2] I112 (5)

2a

2b

4c

4c

2×4c

2a

2b

4c

4c

2×4c

2a

2a

4b

2×2a

2×4b

2a

2a

2×2a

4b

2×4b

1a; 1d

1b; 1c

2e; 2 f

2g; 2h

2×4i

I

8e

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Im11 (8) =
I1m1 =
C1m1

–b−c, a, c –y, x, –y+z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pnn2 (34) [2] Pmn21 (31) [2] Pnm21 (31) =
Pmn21 b, a, –c

x, y+ 41 , z x+ 41 , y, z y, x+ 41 , –z

[2] Pmm2 (25) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

2a; 4c 2b; 4c 3×4c p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4c 2b; 2 ×4c p×4c

4d; 8e 3×8e p –1 4d; 2 ×8e p×8e

[3] Imm2

3a, b, c

[p] Imm2

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Imm2 [p] Imm2

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 2a; 4d 2b; 4d 4c; 8e 3×4d p –1 p –1 p –1 1 u a, pb, c x, p y, z; +(0, p , 0) 2a; 2 ×4d 2b; 2 ×4d 4c; 2 ×8e p×4d p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Imm2

a, b, 3c

[p] Imm2

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p×2a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

a, 3b, c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 3×2a 1 p z;

u p)

3×8e p×8e

3×2b

3×4c

3×4d

3×8e

p×2b

p×4c

p×4d

p×8e

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

I 2mm I m2m

C→A

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

C→B

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

542

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 45, p. 543.

C2v21

No. 45 Axes

Coordinates 4a

I

Wyckoff positions 4b 8c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Ic11 (9) =
I1a1 =
C1c1 [2] I1c1 (9) =
I1a1 =
C1c1 [2] I112 (5) =
A112

4a

4a

2×4a

4a

4a

2×4a

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

4a

4a

2×4a

4a

4a

2×4a

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

2×4e

c, a, b z, x, y –b−c, a, c –y, x, –y+z

a−c, b, c

x, y+ 41 , z x, y, x+z

b, –a−b, c x+y, –x, z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pba2 (32) [2] Pca21 (29) [2] Pbc21 (29) =Pca2
b, a, –c 1

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , x+ 41 , –z

[2] Pcc2 (27) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Iba2 [p] Iba2

±( 31 , 0, 0) 4a; 8c 4b; 8c 3×8c p –1 p –1 u pa, b, c +( p , 0, 0) 4a; 2 ×8c 4b; 2 ×8c p×8c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z; 1 p x, y, z;

[p] Iba2

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 4a; 8c 4b; 8c 3×8c – – p 1 p 1 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) 4a; 2 ×8c 4b; 2 ×8c p×8c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Iba2

a, b, 3c

[p] Iba2

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Iba2

a, 3b, c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 3×4a 1 p z;

u p)

3×4b

3×8c

p×4b

p×8c

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

I 2cb I c2a

A → B; C → A

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A → C; C → B

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

543

I ba2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 46, p. 544.

I ma2 Axes

Coordinates 4a

I

C2v22

No. 46 Wyckoff positions 4b 8c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I1a1 (9) =
C1c1

–a−c, b, a –z, y, x–z

[2] Im11 (8) =
I1m1 =
C1m1

x+ 41 , y, z c, a, b z, x+ 41 , y –b−c, a, c –y, x+ 41 , –y+z

[2] I112 (5) =A112


b, –a−b, c –x+y, –x, z

4a

4a

2×4a

4b

2×2a

2×4b

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

4a

4a

2×4a

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

2a; 2b

2×2c

2×4d

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

[2] Pna21 (33) [2] Pnc2 (30) [2] Pma2 (28)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

[2] Pmc21 (26)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

4a; 8c 4b; 8c 3×8c p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8c 4b; 2 ×8c p×8c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

4a; 8c 3×4b p –1 4a; 2 ×8c p×4b

3×8c

3×4a

3×4b

3×8c

a, b, pc x, y, 1p y; +(0, 0, up ) p×4a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×4b

p×8c

[3] Ima2

3a, b, c

[p] Ima2

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Ima2

a, 3b, c

[p] Ima2

a, pb, c x, +(0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Ima2

a, b, 3c

[p] Ima2

1 p y, z;

u p , 0)

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

p×8c

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

I 2mb I c2m I bm2 I 2cm I m2a

A → B; C → A

a → b; c → a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A → C; C → B

a → c; c → b

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

A→B

a→b

a
−b

x
−y

A
C

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

C→B

c→b

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

544

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 47, pp. 545–549.

D12h

P 2/m 2/m 2/m Axes

Coordinates 1a

1b

1c 2l

1d 2m

1e 2n 4u

1a

1a

1b 1b 2×1d 2e

1c 2f 4i

1a

1b

1c 2h

[2] Pmm2 (25)

1a

1c

[2] P222 (16)

1a

[2] P2/m11 (10) =P12/m1
c, a, b

I

Pmmm

No. 47 Wyckoff positions 1f 1g 1h 2o 2p 2q 4v 4w 4x

2i 2r 4y

2j 2s 4z

2k 2t 8α

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 1c 2e 4i

1d 1d 2×1a 2×1b 2×1c 2f 2g 2h 2g 2h 2×2g 2×2h 2×2e 2×2 f 2×4i

1d 1a 2×1a 2×1c 2×2e

1b 2×1b 2×2 f

1c 1d 2×1d 2e 4i 4i

1a 2f

1c 2g

1b 2g 2×2g

1d 2h 2×2h

1b 1d 2e 2e 2f 2h 2×1a 2×1b 2×1c 2×1d 2×2e 2×2 f 4i 4i 2×4i

1b

1d 2l

1f 2m

1c 2n 4u

1e 2o 4u

1g 2p 4u

1h 2q 4u

2i 2s 4u

2j 2r 4u

2k 2t 2×4u

1a

1b

1d 2l

1e 2m

1c 1f 2m 2n 2×2m 2×2n

1g 2n 4o

1h 2m 4o

2i 2m 4o

2j 2n 4o

2k 2n 2×4o

[2] P12/m1 (10)

1a

1d

1c 2n

1g 2i

1b 2k 4o

1e 2j 4o

1f 1h 2m 2l 2m 2n 2×2m 2×2n 4o

2m 2m 4o

2n 2n 2×4o

[2] P112/m (10)

1a

1c

1b 2n

1f 2m

1d 2n 4o

1g 2m 4o

1e 2n 4o

8i 16l

8d 8h 8e 2×8h 16m 16o 2×16m 32p

[2] P2mm (25) =Pmm2
[2] Pm2m (25) =Pmm2


b, c, a

c, a, b

y, z, x

z, x, y

z, x, y

1h 2i 4o

2g 2h 2g 2e 2f 2f 2×2g 2×2h 2×4i

2m 2n 2m 2j 2k 2l 2×2m 2×2n 2×4o

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Fmmm (69)

2a, 2b, 2c

1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

4a; 4b 8g

[2] Fmmm (69)

2a, 2b, 2c

1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, 2 z; 1 +( 2 , 0, 0)

8g

4a; 4b 8d 16l

8i 16o

[2] Fmmm (69)

2a, 2b, 2c

1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , 2 z; +( 21 , 0, 0)

8h

8e

8c 16n

8f 4a; 4b 8g 2×8h 16m 16o 2×16m 32p

[2] Fmmm (69)

2a, 2b, 2c

1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +( 2 , 0, 0)

8i

8d

4a; 4b 8g 16o 16m

8c 8f 2×8h 16k 2×16m 32p

8h 8e 16o 2×8i 2×16n 32p

[2] Fmmm (69)

2a, 2b, 2c

1 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +( 2 , 0, 0)

8c

8f

8h 8e 2×8g 16m

8i 8d 2×8h 16k 2×16m 32p

4a; 4b 8g 16l 16o 16m 2×8i 32p 2×16n 32p

[2] Fmmm (69)

2a, 2b, 2c

1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +( 2 , 0, 0)

8d

8i

8g 16o

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

8e 16k 32p

4a; 4b 8 f 16k 16o 32p

545

8c 8f 16k 2×8i 2×16n 32p

8h 8f 8c 2×8h 16m 16n 2×16m 2×16n 32p 8i 16k 32p

2×8g 16n 16m 16n 2×16o 32p

16o 16 j 2×32p

2×8g 16n 16 j 2×8i 2×16o 32p

16o 16m 2×32p

8d 16o 16l 16m 2×8i 16 j 2×16n 2×16o 32p

8c 8e 8h 16m 2×8h 16n 2×16m 2×16n 32p

16n 16m 32p

16n 16 j 32p

2×8g 16n 2×32p

2×8g 16l 16n 16 j 2×16o 2×32p 16o 16n 16 j 16n 2×16o 2×32p 2×8g 16l 2×8i 16m 2×16o 2×32p

Pmmm Axes

No. 47

P 2/m 2/m 2/m

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 1f 1g 1h 2o 2p 2q 4v 4w 4x

CONTINUED

1a 1b 1c 2l

1d 2m

1e 2n 4u

[2] Fmmm 2a, 2b, 2c 12 x+ 41 , 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; (69) +( 21 , 0, 0)

8e 8h 8 f 16n

8c 16o

8g 16k 32p

4a; 4b 8d 2×8h 16m 2×16m 32p

[2] Fmmm 2a, 2b, 2c 12 x+ 41 , 12 y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 ; (69) +( 21 , 0, 0)

8 f 8c 8e 8h 2×8g 16k

8d 16o 32p

8i 8g 4a; 4b 16l 16m 2×8h 16 j 16n 2×16m 32p 2×16n 32p

16o 16n 16m 2×8i 2×16o 2×32p

4c 4d 4g 8n

4g 8h

4a 8n 16o

4b 8i 16o

4e 4f 8n 8m 2×8m 16o

8m 8j 16o

2×4g 8l 8m 8k 2×8n 2×16o

4a 4b 4e 4f 2×4g 8h

4c 8n 16o

4d 8i 16o

4g 8n 16o

4g 8l 8j 8m 2×8m 16o

8n 8m 8k 8m 2×8n 2×16o

4g 4g 4c 8l

4d 8n

4e 8h 16o

4f 8n 16o

4a 4b 8i 8m 2×8m 16o

4e 4 f 4a 8m

4b 8n

4g 8h 16o

4g 8n 16o

4c 4g 4a 8k

4e 8m

4d 8l 16o

4g 2×4g 2×8n

4g 4c 4e 8k

[2] Aemm a, 2b, 2c (67) =Cmme
2b,2c,a [2] Aemm a, 2b, 2c (67) =Cmme
2b, 2c, a [2] Aemm a,2b,2c (67) =Cmme
2b, 2c, a [2] Aemm a, 2b, 2c (67) =Cmme
2b, 2c, a [2] Bmem 2a, b, 2c (67) =Cmme
2c, 2a, b [2] Bmem 2a, b, 2c (67) =Cmme
2c,2a,b [2] Bmem 2a, b, 2c (67) =Cmme
2c,2a,b [2] Bmem 2a, b, 2c (67) =Cmme
2c,2a,b

x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 2 y, 2 z, x; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 y+ 4 , 2 z, x; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, 12 y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 y, 2 z+ 4 , x; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 , x; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x, y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 z, 2 x, y; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 z, 2 x+ 4 , y; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x, y, 2 z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 , 2 x, y; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, 2 z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0)

2i 2r 4y

2j 2s 4z

8i 16o 16l 16 j 16n 16m 2×16n 2×16o 32p

2k 2t 8α 2×8g 2×8i 2×32p

2×4g 8m 8j 8m 2×8n 16o

8n 8k 2×16o

4c 8i 16o

4d 8n 8l 8j 8m 8k 2×8m 2×8n 16o

2×4g 8m 2×16o

4b 8n 16o

4f 8h 16o

8m 8j 8i 8n 2×8m 16o

8m 8n 2×16o

4a 4g 4d 2×4g 8n 8m 2×8n 16o

4f 8l 16o

4b 8n 16o

8m 8j 8n 8h 2×8m 16o

8m 8i 2×16o

4a 4e 4c 8m

4g 8l

4b 8m 16o

4d 4g 2×4g 8h 16o 16o

8j 8i 16o

8m 8k 8n 8n 2×8m 2×16o

4e 4a 4g 8m

4c 8n

4f 4b 2×4g 8l 2×8n 16o

4g 8m 16o

4d 8n 16o

8j 8n 16o

8m 8k 8h 8i 2×8m 2×16o

4c 4a 4d 8n

4b 8m

4g 4e 8m 8j 2×8m 16o

4g 8k 16o

4f 8h 8i 8m 2×4g 8l 2×8n 16o 16o

8n 8n 2×16o

4g 8h 8l 8n 2×8n 16o

8i 8m 16o

8n 2×4g 2×16o

4d 4b 8n 8k 2×4g 8m 2×8n 16o 16o

8n 8n 16o

8h 8l 2×16o

4f 8n 2×8n

[2] Cmme (67)

2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 , 2 x+ 4 , y; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

[2] Cmme (67)

2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

4a 4c 4b 8n

4d 8j

4e 8k 16o

[2] Cmme (67)

2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

4g 4e 4g 8i

4f 8m

4c 4a 8m 8j 2×8m 16o

[2] Cmme (67)

2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , z;

+( 21 , 0, 0) 4e 4g 4 f 8i

4g 8j

4a 8k 16o

546

4g 4f 8m 8m 2×8m 16o

4c 4b 4d 8m 8m 8n 2×8m 2×8n 16o

8n 8l 16o

8n 8h 2×4g 8m 16o 2×16o

P 2/m 2/m 2/m

CONTINUED

Axes

No. 47

Coordinates 1a

1b

1c 2l

1d 2m

Pmmm

Wyckoff positions 1e 1f 1g 1h 2n 2o 2p 2q 4u 4v 4w 4x

2i 2r 4y

2j 2s 4z

2k 2t 8α

[2] Ammm a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) (65) =Cmmm
2b, 2c, a 12 y, 12 z, x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4i 8m

4j 4g 4h 4e 4f 4k; 4l 8n 8o 2×4g 8p 2×4h 8q 2×4i 8p 2×4 j 8q 2×8p 2×8q 2×8n 16r 2×8o 16r 2×16r

[2] Ammm a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) (65) =Cmmm
2b, 2c, a 12 y+ 41 , 12 z, x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

4g

4h

4e 8n

4f 2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4i 2×4g 8p 2×4h 8q 2×8p 2×8q 16r

[2] Ammm a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0) (65) =Cmmm
2b, 2c, a 12 y, 12 z+ 41 , x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

4i

4j

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4e 4f 4g 4h 8n 8o 8p 2×4g 8q 2×4h 2×4i 8p 2×8p 2×8q 2×8n 16r 16r

[2] Ammm a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0) 4e (65) =Cmmm
2b, 2c, a 12 y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 , x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

4f

4g 4h 4k; 4l 8p

[2] Bmmm 2a, b, 2c (65) =Cmmm
2c, 2a, b [2] Bmmm 2a, b, 2c (65) =Cmmm
2c, 2a, b [2] Bmmm 2a, b, 2c (65) =Cmmm
2c, 2a, b [2] Bmmm 2a, b, 2c (65) =Cmmm
2c, 2a, b

1 1 2 x, y, 2 z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

2a; 2b 4i

4g 8q

4k; 4l 2×4 j 2×16r

4k; 4l 8m 2×4 j 8q 2×8o 2×16r

4i 4j 2a; 2b 2c; 2d 8m 8o 8n 2×4g 8q 2×4h 8p 2×4i 8q 2×4 j 2×8p 2×8q 16r 2×8n 16r 2×8o 2×16r

4e 2c; 2d 4 j 4k; 4l 8o 8n 2×8o 16r

1 1 1 2 z, 2 x, y; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

4i

2a; 2b 4e 8q

1 1 1 1 2 z, 2 x+ 4 , y; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x, y, 2 z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0)

4g

4e

2a; 2b 4i 2×4 j 8o

1 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 , 2 x, y; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, 2 z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0)

4e

4g

4i 2a; 2b 4 f 2×4 j 8m 8n 16r

2a; 2b 4g

4g 8n

4j 8o 8m 8p 2×4i 8q 2×8n 2×8o 16r

4j 8m 16r

4h 4f 2×4i 8p 8m 2×4g 2×4h 8p 2×8p 2×8q 2×8n 16r

2×4 j 8q 2×16r

2c; 2d 4 f 4h 2×4i 8p 2×4 j 4k; 4l 8o 8p 8q 2×4g 2×4h 2×8o 2×8p 2×8q 2×8n 16r 2×16r

4h 4f 4k; 4l 8m 2×8o 16r

2c; 2d 4 j 8p 2×4i 8q 8n 2×4g 2×4h 8p 8q 2×8p 2×8q 16r 2×8n 2×16r

4h 4j 2c; 2d 8p 8o 4k; 4l 8p 8q 2×8o 2×8p 2×8q 16r

2×4i 8q 2×4g 2×4h 2×8n 2×16r

[2] Cmmm (65)

2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 , 2 x+ 4 , y; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

[2] Cmmm (65)

2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

4g

2a; 2b 4h 8q

[2] Cmmm (65)

2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

4i

4e

4j 4f 2a; 2b 4g 2×4h 2×4i 2×4 j 8p 2×8n 16r

[2] Cmmm (65)

2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , z;

+( 21 , 0, 0) 4e

4i

4f 4j 2×4h 8p

4g 8q 16r

2a; 2b 4h 2c; 2d 8p 8q 2×4g 2×4i 2×4 j 8m 8o 8n 4k; 4l 2×8n 16r 2×8o 2×8p 2×8q 2×16r

[2] Pmma (51)

2a, b, c

1 2 x, y, z;

2a

2e

2c 4j

2e 4g

2b 4h 8l

2f 2d 2f 4i 4k 4k 4i 4j 2×4k 2×4i 2×4 j 8l

[2] Pmma (51)

2a, b, c

1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z;

2e

2a

2e 4j

2c 4k

2f 2b 4k 4g 2×4k 8l

2a

2e

2b 4j

2f 4i

2c 4j 8l

[2] Pmam 2a, b, c (51) =
Pmma 2a, –c, b

1 2 x, y, z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

+( 21 , 0, 0)

+( 21 , 0, 0)

1 –z, y 2 x,

2c; 2d 4h 4i 4e 8q 2×4i 2×4 j 8p 2×8n 16r

+( 21 , 0, 0)

547

2c; 2d 4e 8p 8q 16r

4j 4f 2×4g 2×4h 8p 8q 4k; 4l 8n 8o 8m 2×8o 16r 2×8p 2×8q 2×16r

4i 4f 4j 2×4i 2×4 j 8o 2×8n 2×8o 16r

2×4g 2×4h 8p 8m 4k; 4l 8n 2×8p 2×8q 2×16r

2c; 2d 4h 8p 8q 2×4g 8q 8n 4k; 4l 8m 8o 16r 2×8o 2×8p 2×8q 2×16r

4i 4j 2×2e 2×2 f 8l 2×8l

2f 2d 4i 4i 4h 2×2e 2×2 f 4i 2×4i 2×4 j 8l 8l

2e 2d 2f 2×2e 2×2 f 4g 2×4k 8l 8l

4j 4j 2×8l

4i 4j 4i 4h 4k 4k 2×4i 2×4 j 2×8l

Pmmm Axes

No. 47 Coordinates 1a 1b 1c 1d 2m

[2] Pmam 2a, b, c (51) =
Pmma 2a, –c, b [2] Pbmm a, 2b, c (51) =
Pmma 2b, c, a [2] Pbmm a, 2b, c (51) =
Pmma 2b, c, a [2] Pmmb a, 2b, c (51) =
Pmma 2b, –a, c [2] Pmmb a, 2b, c (51) =
Pmma 2b, –a, c [2] Pcmm a, b, 2c (51) =
Pmma 2c, –b, a [2] Pcmm a, b, 2c (51) =
Pmma 2c, –b, a [2] Pmcm a, b, 2c (51) =
Pmma 2c, a, b

P 2/m 2/m 2/m

1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

1 1 –z, y +( 21 , 0, 0) 2 x+ 4 , x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 2 y, z, x; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 2 y+ 4 , z, x; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 –x, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 2 y, x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 –x, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 2 y+ 4 , x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 –y, x; +( 21 , 0, 0) 2 z, x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 –y, x; +( 21 , 0, 0) 2 z+ 4 , x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

1e 2n

Wyckoff positions 1f 1g 1h 2i 2o 2p 2q 2r 4v 4w 4x

CONTINUED

2j 2s 4y

2k 2t 4z

2l 4u 8α

2e 2a 2 f 2b 2e 2c 2×2e 2×2 f 4i

2f 4j 8l

2d 4k 8l

4i 4k 8l

4j 4i 4j 4g 4h 2×4k 2×4i 2×4 j 2×8l

2a 2c 2b 2d 4i

2e 4j

2e 4i

2f 4j 8l

2f 4g 8l

4i 4j 2×2e 2×2 f 4k 4h 4k 8l 2×4k 2×4i 2×4 j 2×8l

2e 2e 2 f 2 f 4i

2a 4j

2c 4i

2b 4j 8l

2d 2×2e 2×2 f 4i 4j 4k 4g 4k 4h 8l 2×4k 8l 2×4i 2×4 j 2×8l

2a 2b 2c 2d 4i

2e 4i

2f 4j

2e 2f 4j 4i 2×4 j 8l

2e 2 f 2e 2 f 4i

2a 4i

2b 4j

2c 2d 4k 4j 2×2e 4i 2×4 j 2×4k 8l

2a 2c 2e 2e 4g

2b 4k

2d 4h

2f 4k 8l

2f 4i 2×2e 4 j 2×2 f 4i 4j 4i 4j 8l 2×4i 2×4 j 8l 2×4k 2×8l

2e 2e 2a 2c 4k

2f 4g

2f 4k

2b 4h 8l

2d 2×2e 4i 2×2 f 4 j 4i 4j 4i 4j 8l 2×4i 2×4 j 2×4k 8l 2×8l

2a 2b 2e 2 f 4i

2c 2d 2×2e 4 j

4g 4h 2×2e 4 j 2×4k 8l

4k 4k 2×2 f 2×4i 8l 2×8l

4k 4g 2×2 f 4 j 8l 8l

4h 2×4i 2×8l

2e 2f 2×2 f 4i 2×4 j 8l

4g 4i 8l

4k 4j 8l

2e 2 f 2a 2b 2e 2×2e 4i

2f 2c 2d 2×2 f 4 j 4i 2×4 j 8l

4k 4i 8l

4g 4k 4j 4j 2×4k 8l

4h 2×4i 2×8l

2a 2e 2c 2g 4q

2d 4q

2f 4i

2b 4j 8r

2h 4q 8r

4m 4q 8r

4o 4k 8r

4p 4l 8r

4n 2×4q 2×8r

2f 4j

2d 4q

b, c, 2a

+( 21 , 0, 0) 2e 2a 2g 2c 4i y, z, 12 x+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2h 2b 4q 4k 2×4q 8r

4m 4l 8r

4o 4q 8r

4p 4q 8r

4n 8r 2×8r

a, 2b, c

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2a 2c 2d 2b 4m

2e 4p

2g 4o

c, a, 2b

z, x, 12 y; +(0, 0, 12 )

2f 4n 8r

2h 4q 4q 4i 2×4q 8r

4q 4q 8r

4k 4j 8r

4l 8r 2×8r

a, 2b, c

2a 4p

2c 4o

c, a, 2b

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) 2e 2g 2 f 2h 4m z, x, 12 y+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2d 4n 8r

2b 4i 8r

4k 4l 4q 4j 2×4q 8r

4q 4q 8r

4q 8r 2×8r

[2] Pccm (49)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a 2d 2e 2 f 4q

2c 4k

2b 4q

2g 4l 8r

2h 4m 8r

4q 4o 8r

4i 4q 4p 4n 2×4q 8r

4j 8r 2×8r

[2] Pccm (49)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2e 2 f 2a 2d 4k

2g 4q

2h 4l

2c 4q 8r

2b 4m 8r

4i 4o 8r

4q 4p 8r

[2] Pmcm a, b, 2c (51) =
Pmma 2c, a, b [2] Pmaa (49) =
Pccm [2] Pmaa (49) =
Pccm [2] Pbmb (49) =
Pccm [2] Pbmb (49) =
Pccm

1 1 2 z, x, y; +( 2 , 0, 0) x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a, b, c

1 1 1 2 z+ 4 , x, y; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

b, c, 2a

y, z, 12 x; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a, b, c

1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z;

548

4h 4k 4j 2×4i 2×4k 2×8l

4j 4q 4n 8r 2×4q 2×8r

P 2/m 2/m 2/m

CONTINUED

Axes

Coordinates

1a

No. 47

Pmmm

1b 2k

1c 2l 2t

1d 2m 4u

Wyckoff positions 1e 1f 1g 2n 2o 2p 4v 4w 4x

1h 2q 4y

2i 2r 4z

2j 2s 8α

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] Pmmm 2a, b, c

1 2 x, y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0)

1a; 1b

2i 2×2k

1c; 1d 2×2l 4x

2j 2m; 2o 4u; 4v

1e; 1 f 2n; 2p 8α

2k 4y 2×4w

1g; 1h 4z 2×4x

2l 2q; 2s 2×4y

2×2i 2r; 2t 2×4z

2×2 j 4w 2×8α

[2] Pmmm 2a, b, c

1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; 1 +( 2 , 0, 0)

2i

1a; 1b 2×2k

2j 2×2l 2r; 2t

1c; 1d 4y 8α

2k 4z 4u; 4v

1e; 1 f 2m; 2o 2×4w

2l 2n; 2p 2×4x

1g; 1h 4w 2×4y

2×2i 4x 2×4z

2×2 j 2q; 2s 2×8α

[3] Pmmm 3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0)

1a; 2i

1b; 2i 3×2k

1c; 2 j 3×2l 2t; 4x

1d; 2 j 2m; 4y 4u; 8α

1e; 2k 2n; 4z 4v; 8α

1 f ; 2k 2o; 4y 3×4w

1g; 2l 2p; 4z 3×4x

1h; 2l 2q; 4w 3×4y

3×2i 2r; 4x 3×4z

3×2 j 2s; 4w 3×8α

[p] Pmmm pa, b, c

1 p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0)

1a; 1b; 1c; 1d; 1e; 1f; 1g; 1h; p×2i p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×2i 2 ×2i 2 ×2 j 2 ×2 j 2 ×2k 2 ×2k 2 ×2l 2 ×2l

p×2 j

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2k

p×2l

2m; 2n; 2o; 2p; 2q; 2r; 2s; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×4y 2 ×4z 2 ×4y 2 ×4z 2 ×4w 2 ×4x 2 ×4w

2t; 4u; 4v; p×4w p –1 p –1 p –1 ×4x ×8α ×8α 2 2 2

p×4x

p×4y

p×4z

p×8α

[2] Pmmm a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; 1a; 1e +(0, 12 , 0)

1b; 1 f 4y

1c; 1g 4z 4v

1d; 1h 2×2m 2×4u

2m 2×2n 2×4v

2o 2×2o 4w; 4x

2n 2×2p 8α

2p 2q; 2r 2×4y

2i; 2k 4u 2×4z

2 j; 2l 2s; 2t 2×8α

[2] Pmmm a, 2b, c x, 12 y+ 41 , z; 2m +(0, 12 , 0)

2o 2i; 2k

2n 2 j; 2l 2s; 2t

2p 2×2m 2×4u

1a; 1e 2×2n 2×4v

1b; 1 f 2×2o 8α

1c; 1g 2×2p 4w; 4x

1d; 1h 4u 2×4y

4y 2q; 2r 2×4z

4z 4v 2×8α

[3] Pmmm a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; 1a; 2m ±(0, 13 , 0)

1b; 2o 2k; 4y

1c; 2n 2l; 4z 2t; 4v

1d; 2p 3×2m 3×4u

1e; 2m 3×2n 3×4v

1 f ; 2o 3×2o 4w; 8α

1g; 2n 3×2p 4x; 8α

1h; 2p 2q; 4u 3×4y

2i; 4y 2r; 4u 3×4z

2 j; 4z 2s; 4v 3×8α

[p] Pmmm a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

1a; 1b; 1c; 1d; 1e; 1f; 1g; 1h; 2i; 2 j; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×2m ×2o ×2n ×2p ×2m ×2o ×2n ×2p ×4y 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ×4z 2k; 2l; p×2m p –1 p –1 ×4y ×4z 2 2

p×2n

p×2o

2t; p×4u p –1 ×4v

p×4v

4w; 4x; p×4y p –1 p –1 ×8α ×8α 2 2

p×4z

p×8α

2

p×2p

2q; 2r; 2s; p –1 p –1 p –1 ×4u ×4u 2 2 2 ×4v

[2] Pmmm a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z; 1a; 1c 1 +(0, 0, 2 )

1b; 1d 2k; 2l

2q 4x 2×2t

2s 2m; 2n 2×4u

1e; 1g 4u 2×4v

1 f ; 1h 2o; 2p 2×4w

2r 4v 2×4x

2t 2×2q 4y; 4z

2i; 2 j 2×2r 8α

4w 2×2s 2×8α

[2] Pmmm a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; 2q +(0, 0, 12 )

2s 4x

1a; 1c 2k; 2l 2×2t

1b; 1d 4u 2×4u

2r 2m; 2n 2×4v

2t 4v 2×4w

1e; 1g 2o; 2p 2×4x

1 f ; 1h 2×2q 8α

4w 2×2r 4y; 4z

2i; 2 j 2×2s 2×8α

[3] Pmmm a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; 1a; 2q ±(0, 0, 13 )

1b; 2s 2k; 4x

1c; 2q 2l; 4x 3×2t

1d; 2s 2m; 4u 3×4u

1e; 2r 2n; 4u 3×4v

1 f ; 2t 2o; 4v 3×4w

1g; 2r 2p; 4v 3×4x

1h; 2t 3×2q 4y; 8α

2i; 4w 3×2r 4z; 8α

2 j; 4w 3×2s 3×8α

[p] Pmmm a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

1a; 1b; 1c; 1d; 1e; 1f; 1g; 1h; 2i; 2 j; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×2q ×2s ×2q ×2s ×2r ×2t ×2r ×2t ×4w 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ×4w 2k; 2l; 2m; 2n; 2o; 2p; p×2q p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×4x ×4x ×4u ×4u ×4v ×4v 2 2 2 2 2 2 p×2t

p×4u

549

p×4v

p×4w

p×4x

p×2r

p×2s

4y; 4z; p×8α p –1 p –1 ×4α ×4α 2 2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 48, pp. 550–551.

Pnnn

P 2/n 2/n 2/n

No. 48 Axes origin 1

Coordinates origin 2

Wyckoff positions 2d 4e 4f 4i 4j 4k

4g 4l

2b

2b 4c

4c 4c

2×2a 2×2b 4c 2×4c

2b

2b

2a 4c 2×2a 2×2b

4c 4c

4c 4c

2b

2a

2b 4c

4c 2×2a

4c 4c 2×2b 2×4c

1a; 1h 1b; 1g 1d; 1e 1c; 1 f 4u 2m; 2p 2n; 2o

4u 2q; 2t

2i; 2l 2 j; 2k 2r; 2s 2×4u

2e

2e

2f

2f 4g

2c; 2d 4g

2a; 2b 4g

2×2e 2×2 f 4g 2×4g

2a

2b

2c

2a

2a

y, z, x

x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 y+ 41 , z+ 41 , x

2a

z, x, y

x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 z+ 41 , x+ 41 , y

[2] Pnn2 (34)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

2a

[2] P222 (16)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

I

D22h 4h 8m

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P2nn (34) =
Pnn2 [2] Pn2n (34) =
Pnn2

b, c, a c, a, b

4c 4c

4c 4c

4c 2×4c

[2] P2/n11 (13) =
P12/n1 c, a, b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 z+ 41 , x+ 41 , y+ 41

[2] P12/n1 (13)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

2e

2f

2f

2e 2c; 2d 2×2e 2×2 f

2a; 2b 4g

4g 4g

[2] P112/n (13)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

2e

2f

2e

2f 4g

2c; 2d 4g

2a; 2b 2×2e

4g 4g 2×2 f 2×4g

16 f

16c;16d 32h

z, x, y

4g 2×4g

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Fddd (70)

[2] Fddd (70)

[2] Fddd (70)

[2] Fddd (70)

[2] Fddd (70)

[2] Fddd (70)

[2] Fddd (70)

[2] Fddd (70)

2a, 2b, 2c

2a, 2b, 2c

2a, 2b, 2c

2a, 2b, 2c

2a, 2b, 2c

2a, 2b, 2c

2a, 2b, 2c

2a, 2b, 2c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z;



1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, 2 z;



1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , 2 z;



1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z+ 4 ;



1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ;   +( 21 , 0, 0)

8a; 8b 16e

1 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ;   1 +( 2 , 0, 0)

16e

1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, 2 z+ 4 ;  +( 21 , 0, 0)

16 f

1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z;

 +( 21 , 0, 0)

1 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ;



1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, 2 z;  +( 21 , 0, 0)

1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, 2 z+ 4 ;



1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , 2 z;  +( 21 , 0, 0)

1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z;



1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 1 1 2 z+ 4 ;



1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z+ 4 ;

 +( 21 , 0, 0)











1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z;

 +( 21 , 0, 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

16g

16e

16 f

16g

8a; 8b 16 f

16g

16 f

550

16e

16g

16 f

16e

2×16g 32h

16g

32h

16c;16d 2×16e 32h

32h

2×16 f 32h

16c;16d 32h

2×16 f 32h

32h

32h

2×32h

2×16g 2×32h

8a; 8b 32h

2×16e

2×16g 2×32h

16c;16d 32h

2×16e

32h

2×16 f 2×16g 32h

2×32h

16g

16c;16d 32h

2×16e 32h

32h

2×16 f 32h

2×16g 2×32h

8a; 8b 16c;16d 32h

32h

2×16 f 32h

2×16g 2×32h

8a; 8b 16e 32h 16g

2×16e 32h

2×16 f 32h

8a; 8b 16e

8a; 8b 16 f

8a; 8b 16e 

16g

32h

16c;16d 32h

2×16e

32h

2×16e

2×16 f 2×16g 32h

2×32h

16 f 32h 2×16 f 32h

16c;16d 2×16e 32h 2×16g 32h 2×32h

P 2/n 2/n 2/n

CONTINUED

Axes

Coordinates origin 1 origin 2

2a

No. 48

2b

2c

2d 4i

Pnnn

Wyckoff positions 4e 4f 4j 4k

4g 4l

4h 8m

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Pnnn 3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0)

1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0)

2a(b∗ ); 4g 2b(a∗ ); 4g 2c(d ∗ ); 4h 2d(c∗ ); 4h 4 f (e∗ ); 8m 4e( f ∗ ); 8m 3×4g 3×4h 4i( j∗ ); 8m 4 j(i∗ ); 8m 4k(l ∗ ); 8m 4l(k∗ ); 8m 3×8m

[p] Pnnn pa, b, c

1 p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0)

1 p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0)

2a(b† ); 2b(a† ); 2c(d † ); 2d(c† ); 4e( f ‡ ); 4 f (e‡ ); p×4g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×4g ×4g ×4h ×4h ×8m ×8m 2 2 2 2 2 2

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×4h

4i( j† ); 4 j(i† ); 4k(l † ); 4l(k† ); p×8m p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×8m ×8m ×8m ×8m 2 2 2 2 2a(d ∗ ); 4i 2b(c∗ ); 4 j 2c(b∗ ); 4 j 2d(a∗ ); 4i 4 f (e∗ ); 8m 4e( f ∗ ); 8m 4g(h∗ ); 8m 4h(g∗ ); 8m 3×4i 3×4 j 4k(l ∗ ); 8m 4l(k∗ ); 8m 3×8m

[3] Pnnn a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; x, 13 y, z; 1 ±(0, 3 , 0) ±(0, 13 , 0)

[p] Pnnn a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; x, 1p y, z; 2a(d † ); 2b(c† ); 2c(b† ); 2d(a† ); 4e( f ‡ ); 4 f (e‡ ); 4g(h† ); 4h(g† ); p –1 p–1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 u u +(0, p , 0) +(0, p , 0) 2 ×4i 2 ×4 j 2 ×4 j 2 ×4i 2 ×8m 2 ×8m 2 ×8m 2 ×8m p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 p×4i p×4 j 4k(l † ); 4l(k† ); p×8m p –1 p –1 ×8m ×8m 2 2 2a(c∗ ); 4k 2b(d ∗ ); 4l 2c(a∗ ); 4k 2d(b∗ ); 4l 4 f (e∗ ); 8m 4e( f ∗ ); 8m 4g(h∗ ); 8m 4h(g∗ ); 8m 4i( j∗ ); 8m 4 j(i∗ ); 8m 3×4k 3×4l 3×8m

[3] Pnnn a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; x, y, 13 z; 1 ±(0, 0, 3 ) ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] Pnnn a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; x, y, 1p z; 2a(c† ); 2b(d † ); 2c(a† ); 2d(b† ); 4e( f ‡ ); 4 f (e‡ ); 4g(h† ); 4h(g† ); p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 u u +(0, 0, p ) +(0, 0, p ) 2 ×4k 2 ×4l 2 ×4k 2 ×4l 2 ×8m 2 ×8m 2 ×8m 2 ×8m p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 4i( j† ); 4 j(i† ); p×4k p×4l p×8m p –1 p –1 ×8m ×8m 2 2 ∗ †

CONTINUED (from

Axes

P 2/c 2/c 2/m

page 553)

Coordinates

2a

[3] Pccm a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; 2a; 4m 1 ±(0, 0, 3 )

‡

origin 2 origin 2 and p = 4n−1

origin 1 and p = 4n−1

No. 49

Wyckoff positions 2f 2g 4m 4n

2b

2c

2d

2e 4l

2b; 4n

2c; 4o

2d; 4p

2e; 4m 4l; 8r

2 f ; 4p 3×4m

2g; 4o 3×4n

Pccm

2h 4o

4i 4p

4j 4q

4k 8r

2h; 4n 3×4o

4i; 8r 3×4p

4 j; 8r 4q; 8r

4k; 8r 3×8r

[p] Pccm a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 2e; 2f; 2g; 2h; 4i; 4 j; 4k; +(0, 0, up ) p–2 1×4m p –2 1×4n p –2 1×4o p –2 1×4p p –2 1×4m p –2 1×4p p –2 1×4o p –2 1×4n p –2 1×8r p –2 1×8r p –2 1×8r p = prime > 2; 4l; p×4m p×4n p×4o p×4p 4q; p×8r p –1 p –1 u = 1, . . . , p−1 2 ×8r 2 ×8r Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Pmaa Pbmb

C→A

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

C→B

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

551

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 49, pp. 551–553.

Pccm Axes

P 2/c 2/c 2/m

No. 49 Coordinates

D32h

Wyckoff positions 2e 2f 2g 2h 4l 4m 4n 4o

4i 4p

2a

2b

2c

2d

2c

2c

2c

2c

2a 4d

2a 4d

2b 4d

2b 4d

2×2a 2×2b 4d 4d 2×2c 2×4d

2c

2c

2c

2c

2a 2b 2×2b 4d

2a 4d

2b 4d

4d 4d

2a

2d

2b

2c

2a 4e

2q

2t

2s

2r

1a; 1d 1b; 1f 1c; 1g 1e; 1h 2i; 2 j 2k; 2l 2m; 2n 2o; 2p 2×2q 2×2t 2×2s 2×2r 4u 2×4u

[2] P2/c11 (13) =
P12/c1 –b, a, c –y, x, z

2a

2b

2d

2c

2e 4g

2e 4g

2f 4g

2f 4g

2×2e 2×2 f 4g 4g 4g 2×4g

[2] P12/c1 (13)

2a

2b

2c

2d

2e 2f 2×2 f 4g

2e 4g

2f 4g

4g 4g

[2] P112/m (10)

1a; 1b 1g; 1h 1d; 1e 1c; 1f 2i 4o

I

4j 4q

4k 8r

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P2cm (28) x, y, z+ 41 =
Pma2 c, –b, a z+ 41 , –y, x [2] Pc2m (28) =
Pma2 c, a, b

x, y, z+ 41 z+ 41 , x, y

[2] Pcc2 (27) [2] P222 (16)

x, y, z+ 41

4d 2×2a 2×2c 2×4d

2c 2b 2d 4e 4e 2×2a 2×2d 2×2b 2×2c 4e

4g 4g

4e 2×4e

2×2e 2×4g

2k 2j 2l 4o 4o 4o 2×2i 2×2l 2×2 j 2×2k 2m; 2n 2×4o

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Ccce (68) 2a, 2b, c 12 x, 12 y, z+ 41 ; +( 21 , 0, 0) (orig. 1) 8g origin 2: 12 x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +( 21 , 0, 0)

8h

8d

8c

4a; 4b 8e 8f 8h 16i 2×8g 2×8h 16i

[2] Ccce (68) 2a, 2b, c 12 x+ 41 , 12 y, z+ 41 ;+( 21 , 0, 0)(or. 1) 8c origin 2: 12 x+ 41 , 12 y+ 41 , z; +( 21 , 0, 0)

8d

8h

8g

8e 4a; 4b 8h 2×8 f 16i 16i

[2] Ccce (68) 2a, 2b, c 12 x, 12 y– 14 , z+ 41 ;+( 21 , 0, 0) (or. 1) 8d origin 2: 12 x, 12 y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0)

8c

8g

8h

8f 16i

[2] Ccce (68) 2a, 2b, c 12 x+ 41 , 12 y– 14 , z+ 41 ; +( 21 , 0, 0) 8h origin 2: 12 x+ 41 , 12 y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) (or. 1)

8g

8c

8d

8h 8f 8e 4a; 4b 16i 2×8 f 2×8h 2×8g 16i 16i

4c; 4d 4e; 4f 8l

8l

4a; 4b 8g 8h 8k 16m 8i; 8 j 2×8k 16m

+( 21 , 0, 0)

8h 16i

1 1 2 x, 2 y, z;

[2] Cccm (66) 2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y, z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

8l

8l

4e; 4f 4c; 4d 8g 4a; 4b 8k 2×8h 16m 16m

[2] Cccm (66) 2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y+ 4 , z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

8l

8l

4c; 4d 4e; 4f 8h 16m

[2] Cccm (66) 2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , z;

[2] Pcca (54) 2a, b, c

1 2 x, y, z;

[2] Pcca (54) 2a, b, c

1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

2×8 f 2×16i

8f 2×8e 16i 2×8h 2×8g 16i

16i 2×16i

4a; 4b 8e 16i 2×8e 2×8 f 16i 2×8g 2×8h 16i 2×16i

[2] Cccm (66) 2a, 2b, c

8k 16m

2×8e 16i 16i 16i

2×8g 16m 2×8h 16m 2×8l 2×16m

8h 2×8g 16m 16m 2×8k 8i; 8 j 2×8l 2×16m

4a; 4b 8g 16m 2×8g 2×8h 16m 8i; 8 j 2×8k 2×8l 2×16m

4e; 4f 4c; 4d 8l

8l

8k 8h 8g 4a; 4b 16m 2×8h 2×8k 8i; 8 j 16m 16m

4a

4e

4b

4d

4c 8f

4d

4b

4e

4a

4d 4c 4e 2×4c 2×4d 8 f

[2] Pccb (54) a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) =
Pcca 2b,–a, c 12 y, –x, z; +( 21 , 0, 0)

4a

4e

4d

4b

4c 8f

4c 8f

[2] Pccb (54) a, 2b, c x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) =
Pcca 2b,–a, c 12 y+ 41 , –x, z; +( 21 , 0, 0)

4d

4b

4a

4e

4d 8f

4e 4c 2×4d 8 f

[2] Pcnm (53) 2a, b, c 12 x, y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) =
Pmna c,–b, 2a z, –y, 12 x; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a; 2b 4h

[2] Pcnm (53) 2a, b, c 12 x+ 41 , y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) =
Pmna c,–b, 2a z, –y, 12 x+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4h

+( 21 , 0, 0) +( 21 , 0, 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2c; 2d 4h

2c; 2d 4h

552

4d 8f

4c 4e 2×4e 8 f

4e 8i

2×8g 16m 2×8l 2×16m

8f 8f 2×4d 8 f

4c 8f 2×4e 8 f

2×4c 2×8 f

8f 8f

8f 2×8 f

4d 4e 2×4c 8 f 2×4e 2×4d 8 f 8f

8f 2×8 f

4e 4g 4f 2×4g 2×4e 8i

2a; 2b 4g 8i

2×8e 16i 16i 2×16i

4c 8f

8f 2×4c 8 f 2×4e 8 f 2×8 f

4g 8i 2×4 f 8i

4g 4f 2×4 f 8i

8i 8i 2×4h 2×8i

8i 8i 2×4g 2×4e 2×4h 2×8i

P 2/c 2/c 2/m

CONTINUED

Axes

No. 49

Coordinates 2a

Pccm

Wyckoff positions 2e 2f 2g 2h 4l 4m 4n 4o

2b

2c

2d

[2] Pncm (53) a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) =
Pmna c, a, 2b z, x, 12 y; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a; 2b 4h

4h

2c; 2d 4e 8i

[2] Pncm (53) a, 2b, c x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) =
Pmna c, a, 2b z, x, 12 y+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4h

4f 4g 2×4e 8i

4j 4q

4k 8r

8i 2×4g 8i 2×4 f 2×4h 2×8i

2c; 2d 2a; 2b 4h

4g 8i

[2] Pcna (50) 2a, b, c 12 x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 ; +( 21 , 0, 0) (or. 1) 4e origin 2: 12 x, y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) =
Pban c, 2a, b z+ 41 , 12 x+ 41 , y; +(0, 12 , 0) (or. 1) origin 2: z, 12 x, y; +(0, 12 , 0)

4h

4f

4g

4i 2a; 2b 4 j 2c; 2d 2×4i 2×4 j 8m 4k; 4l 8m 2×4h 8m 2×4g 8m 2×8m

[2] Pcna (50) 2a, b, c 12 x, y, z+ 41 ; +( 21 , 0, 0) (origin 1) 4g origin 2: 12 x+ 41 , y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) =
Pban c, 2a, b z+ 41 , 12 x, y; +(0, 12 , 0) (origin 1) origin 2: z, 12 x+ 41 , y; +(0, 12 , 0)

4f

4h

4e

2a; 2b 4i 2c; 2d 4 j 2×4i 2×4 j 4k; 4l 8m 2×4g 8m 2×4h 8m 8m 2×8m

[2] Pncb (50) a, 2b, c x, 12 y+ 41 , z+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0) (or. 1) 4e origin 2: x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) =
Pban 2b, c, a 12 y+ 41 , z+ 41 , x; +( 21 , 0, 0) (or. 1) 1 1 2 y, z, x; +( 2 , 0, 0) (origin 2)

4j

4i

4f

4g 4h 2×4h 8m

[2] Pncb (50) a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0) (origin 1) 4i origin 2: x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) =
Pban 2b, c, a 12 y, z+ 41 , x; +( 21 , 0, 0) (origin 1) origin 2: 12 y+ 41 , z, x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

4f

4e

4j

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4g 2×4h 2×4i 8m

2a

4g 8i

4g 8i

4i 4p

Wyckoff positions 2f 2g 4m 4n

2b

2c

2d

2e 4l

2a; 2d

4q

2b; 2c

4q

2e; 2 f 8r

4q

2b; 2c

4q

2a; 2d

2a; 4q

2b; 4q

2c; 4q

2d; 4q

4e 4f 2×4g 8i 8i 2×4 f 2×4e 8i 2×4h 2×8i

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 8m 2×4 j 2×4i 8m

4h 8m

4k; 4l 2×4g 8m 2×8m

4k; 4l 8m 2×4 j 8m

2×4g 2×8m

2h 4o

4i 4p

4j 4q

4k 8r

4i 2g; 2h 4m; 4p 8r

4j 4n; 4o

2×4i 8r

2×4 j 2×4q

4k; 4l 2×8r

4i 4k; 4l

2e; 2 f 8r

4j 4n; 4o

2g; 2h 8r

2×4i 2×4 j 4m; 4p 2×4q

8r 2×8r

2e; 4i 4l; 8r

2 f ; 4i 4m; 8r

2g; 4 j 4n; 8r

2h; 4 j 4o; 8r

3×4i 4p; 8r

3×4 j 3×4q

4k; 8r 3×8r

2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 2e; 2f; 2g; 2h; p×4i p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×4q 2 ×4q 2 ×4q 2 ×4q 2 ×4i 2 ×4i 2 ×4 j 2 ×4 j

p×4 j

4k; p –1 ×8r

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] Pccm

2a, b, c

[2] Pccm

2a, b, c

[3] Pccm

3a, b, c

[p] Pccm

pa, b, c

1 2 x, y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; 1 +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0)

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p−1 [2] Pccm

a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] Pccm

a, 2b, c x, 12 y+ 41 , z; 4q +(0, 12 , 0)

[3] Pccm

a,3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

2a; 2c

2a; 4q

2

4l; 4m; 4n; 4o; 4p; p×4q p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×8r 2 ×8r 2 ×8r 2 ×8r 2 ×8r

p×8r

4q

4q

2b; 2d

2e; 2g 2×4l

2 f ; 2h 4k 4m; 4o 8r

4l 8r

4i; 4 j 4n; 4p

8r 2×4q

2×4k 2×8r

2b; 2d

2a; 2c

4q

4k 2×4l

4l 8r

2e; 2g 4n; 4p

2 f ; 2h 4m; 4o

8r 8r

4i; 4 j 2×4q

2×4k 2×8r

2b; 4q

2c; 4q

2d; 4q

2e; 4k 3×4l

2 f ; 4l 4m; 8r

2g; 4k 4n; 8r

2h; 4l 4o; 8r

4i; 8r 4p; 8r

4 j; 8r 3×4q

3×4k 3×8r

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 2e; 2f; 2g; 2h; 4i; 4 j; p×4k +(0, up , 0) p –2 1×4q p –2 1×4q p –2 1×4q p –2 1×4q p –2 1×4k p –2 1×4l p –2 1×4k p –2 1×4l p –2 1×8r p –2 1×8r p = prime > 2; p×4l 4m; 4n; 4o; 4p; p×4q p×8r p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 u = 1, . . . , p−1 2 ×8r 2 ×8r 2 ×8r 2 ×8r Continued at the bottom of page 551 [p] Pccm

553

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 50, pp. 554–555.

Pban

P 2/b 2/a 2/n

No. 50 Axes origin 1

Coordinates origin 2

Wyckoff positions 4e 4f 4g

D42h

2a

2b

2c

2d

[2] Pba2 (32)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z 2a

2b

2b

2a

4c

4c

4c

[2] P2an (30) =
Pnc2

2a

2a

2b

2b

4c

4c

z, y, –x

x, y+ 41 , z z, y+ 41 , –x

2×2a 2×2b 4c 4c 4c

2a

2a

2b

2b

4c

4c

4c

z, x, y

x+ 41 , y, z z, x+ 41 , y

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z 1a; 1e 1b; 1c 1f ; 1g 1d; 1h 4u

4u

2i; 2k 2 j; 2l 2m; 2o 2n; 2p 2q; 2t 2r; 2s 2×4u

I

4h 4k

4i 4l

4j 8m

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Pb2n (30) =
Pnc2

c, b, –a c, a, b

[2] P222 (16) [2] P2/b11 (13) =
P12/c1 c, a, b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z z, x+ 41 , y+ 41

z, x, y

[2] P12/a1 (13) –c, b, a =
P12/c1

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z –z, y+ 41 , x+ 41

–z, y, x

[2] P112/n (13)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

4c 4c 4c 2×2a 2×2b 2×4c

4c 4c

4c 2×4c

2×2a 2×2b 4c 2×4c

2e

2e

2f

2f

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 2×2e 2×2 f 4g 4g 4g

4g 2×4g

2e

2e

2f

2f

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 4g

4g 4g

2e

2f

2f

2e

2a; 2d 2b; 2c 4g

4g 4g 4g 2×2e 2×2f 2×4g

2×4d 2×4c 8e 8e 8e 2×8e

2×2e 2×2 f 4g 2×4g

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Pnan (52) =
Pnna [2] Pnan (52) =
Pnna

a, b, 2c

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) a, –2c, b x+ 41 , – 12 z, y+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0)

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, – 12 z, y; +(0, 12 , 0)

4c

4c

4d

4d

4a; 4b 8e

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) a, –2c, b x+ 41 , – 12 z– 14 , y+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0)

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; 4d +(0, 0, 12 ) x, – 12 z– 14 , y; +(0, 12 , 0)

4d

4c

4c

8e

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) y+ 41 , 12 z, x+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0)

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) y, 12 z, x; +(0, 12 , 0)

4c

4c

4d

4d

4a; 4b 8e

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 , x+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0)

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) y, 12 z+ 41 , x; +(0, 12 , 0)

4d

4d

4c

4c

8e

4l

2b; 2d 2a; 2c 4e; 4f 8m

a, b, 2c

[2] Pbnn (52)

a, b, 2c

=
Pnna

b, 2c, a

[2] Pbnn (52)

a, b, 2c

=
Pnna

b, 2c, a

[2] Pnnn (48)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4k

[2] Pnnn (48)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 4l

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

554

4k

8m

8e

4a; 4b 2×4d 8e 8e

2×4c 8e 8e

4a; 4b 8e

8m

8e 8e

2×4c 2×8e

8e 8e

2×4d 2×8e

2×4c 2×4d 8e 8e 8e 2×8e

4g; 4h 8m 4i; 4 j 2×4k 2×4l 2×8m

4e; 4f 4g; 4h 8m 4i; 4 j 8m 2×4k 2×4l 2×8m

P 2/b 2/a 2/n

CONTINUED

Axes

Coordinates origin 1 origin 2

2a

2b

No. 50 2c

2d

Wyckoff positions 4e 4f 4j

Pban 4g 4k

4h 4l

4i 8m

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Pban 3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0)

1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0)

2a(b∗ ); 4g 2b(a∗ ); 4g 2c(d ∗ ); 4h 2d(c∗ ); 4h 4e; 8m

[p] Pban pa, b, c

1 p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0)

1 p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0)

2a(b† ); 2b(a† ); 2c(d † ); 2d(c† ); 4e; 4f; p×4g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p–1 p–1 ×4g ×4g ×4h ×4h ×8m ×8m 2 2 2 2 2 2

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

4 f ; 8m 4 j; 8m

3×4g 3×4h 4i; 8m 4k(l ∗ ); 8m 4l(k∗ ); 8m 3×8m p×4h

2

4 j; 4k(l ); 4l(k ); p–1 p –1 p–1 ×8m ×8m 2 2 2 ×8m †

[3] Pban a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; x, 13 y, z; 2a(b∗ ); 4i 2b(a∗ ); 4i 2c(d ∗ ); 4 j 2d(c∗ ); 4 j 4e; 8m ±(0, 13 , 0) ±(0, 13 , 0)

4f ; 8m 3×4 j

4i; p–1 ×8m

†

p –1 2 ×8m

4g; 8m 4h; 8m 3×4i ∗ ∗ 4k(l ); 8m 4l(k ); 8m 3×8m

[p] Pban a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; x, 1p y, z; 2a(b† ); 2b(a† ); 2c(d † ); 2d(c† ); 4e; 4f; 4g; 4h; p×4i – – – p 1 p 1 p 1 p –1 p–1 p–1 p–1 p–1 u u +(0, p , 0) +(0, p , 0) 2 ×4i 2 ×4i 2 ×4 j 2 ×4 j 2 ×8m 2 ×8m 2 ×8m 2 ×8m p–1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 † p×4 j 4k(l ); 4l(k† ); 2 ×8m p –1 p–1 2 ×8m 2 ×8m [2] Pban a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z; x, y, 12 z; 2a; 2d 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) +(0, 0, 12 )

2b; 2c

4l

4k

4e; 4f

8m 8m

4g; 4h 2×4k

8m 2×4l

4i; 4 j 2×8m

[2] Pban a, b, 2c x, y, 21 z+ 41 ; x, y, 21 z+ 41 ; 4k +(0, 0, 12 ) +(0, 0, 12 )

4l

2b; 2c

2a; 2d

8m

4e; 4f 4i; 4 j

8m 2×4k

4g; 4h 2×4l

8m 2×8m

[3] Pban a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; x, y, 13 z; 2a; 4k 1 ±(0, 0, 3 ) ±(0, 0, 13 )

2b; 4l

2c; 4l

2d; 4k

4e; 8m

4 f ; 8m 4 j; 8m

4g; 8m 3×4k

4h; 8m 3×4l

4i; 8m 3×8m

[p] Pban a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; x, y, 1p z; 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 4e; 4f; 4g; 4h; 4i; p –1 p –1 p–1 p–1 p –1 p–1 p–1 u +(0, 0, p ) +(0, 0, up ) p –2 1×4k p –2 1×4l ×4l ×4k ×8m ×8m ×8m ×8m 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ×8m p–1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 4 j; p×4k p×4l 2 ×8m p–1 ×8m 2

∗

†

origin 2

origin 2 and p = 4n−1

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Pncb Pcna

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

555

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 51, pp. 556–557.

Pmma Axes

Coordinates 2a

I

P 21/m 2/m 2/a

No. 51

Wyckoff positions 2e 2f 4g

2b

2c

2d

2a

2a

2b

2b

2c

2c

2a

2b

2a

2b

2a

2e

2f

2e

2f

2a

2a

2b

2a

2d

2a 1a; 1d

D52h

4h

4i 4k

4j 8l

2×2a

2×2b

4d 2×2c

4d 2×4d

2b

4c

4c

2×2a 4c

2×2b 2×4c

1a; 1c

1b; 1d

4i

4i

2×2e 2g; 2h

2×2 f 2×4i

2b

2c

2d

2×2a

2×2b

4e 4e

4e 2×4e

2c

2b

2e

2f

4g

4g

4g 4g

4g 2×4g

2c

2b

2d

2e

2e

4f

4f

4f 2×2e

4f 2×4 f

1b; 1e

1c; 1g

1 f ; 1h

2m

2n

2i; 2 j

2k; 2l

2×2m 4o

2×2n 2×4o

2c; 4i

2d; 4 j

2e; 4i

2f; 4j

4g; 8l

4h; 8l

3×4i 4k; 8l

3×4 j 3×8l

2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 2e; 2f; 4g; 4h; p×4i p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×4i ×4 j ×4i ×4 j ×4i ×4 j ×8l ×8l 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

p×4 j

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Pm2a (28) =
Pma2

a, c, –b x, z, –y

[2] P21 ma (26) =
Pmc21

b, c, a

y, z, x x+ 41 , y, z

[2] Pmm2 (25) [2] P21 22 (17) =
P2221

b, c, a

y, z, x

[2] P1 1 2/a (13) =
P12/c1

b, c, a

y, z, x

[2] P21 /m 1 1 (11) =
P121 /m1 c, a, b

z, x, y

[2] P1 2/m 1 (10)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic see next page Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Pmma

3a, b, c

[p] Pmma

pa, b, c

1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0)

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p−1

2a; 4i

2b; 4 j

4k; p×8l p –1 ×8l 2

[2] Pmma

a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2a; 2b

4g

2c; 2d

4h

2e; 2 f

4k

2×4g

2×4h

4i; 4 j 2×4k

8l 2×8l

[2] Pmma

a, 2b, c x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

4g

2a; 2b

4h

2c; 2d

4k

2e; 2 f

2×4g

2×4h

8l 2×4k

4i; 4 j 2×8l

[3] Pmma

a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

2a; 4g

2b; 4g

2c; 4h

2d; 4h

2e; 4k

2 f ; 4k

3×4g

3×4h

4i; 8l 3×4k

4 j; 8l 3×8l

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 2e; 2f; p×4g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 +(0, up , 0) ×4g ×4g ×4h ×4h ×4k ×4k 2 2 2 2 2 2 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p−1

p×4h

4i; 4 j; p –1 p –1 ×8l 2 2 ×8l

[p] Pmma

1 2 z;

p×4k

p×8l

[2] Pmma

a, b, 2c x, y, +(0, 0, 12 )

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4i

4j

2×2e

2×2 f

4g; 4h

8l

2×4i 2×4k

2×4 j 2×8l

[2] Pmma

a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4i

4j

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

2×2e

2×2 f

8l

4g; 4h

2×4i 2×4k

2×4 j 2×8l

[3] Pmma

a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

2a; 4i

2b; 4 j

2c; 4i

2d; 4 j

3×2e

3×2 f

4g; 8l

4h; 8l

3×4i 3×4k

3×4 j 3×8l

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; p×2e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 +(0, 0, up ) ×4i ×4 j ×4i ×4 j 2 2 2 2 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p−1

p×2 f

4g; 4h; p×4i p –1 p –1 ×8l ×8l 2 2

p×4 j

p×4k

p×8l

[p] Pmma

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

556

P 21/m 2/m 2/a

CONTINUED

Axes

No. 51

Coordinates 2a

Pmma

Wyckoff positions 2e 2f 4g

2b

2c

2d

4h

4i 4k

4j 8l

[2] Aema (64) a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) =Cmce
2b, 2c, a 12 y, 12 z, x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

4a; 4b 8d

8f

8c

8f

8e

2×8d 16g

2×8 f 16g 16g 2×16g

[2] Aema (64) a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) =Cmce
2b, 2c, a 12 y+ 41 , 12 z, x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

8d

4a; 4b 8c

8f

8e

8f

2×8d 16g

16g 16g

[2] Aema (64) a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0) =Cmce
2b, 2c, a 12 y, 12 z+ 41 , x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

8f

8c

4a; 4b 8d

8f

8e

16g

2×8d 2×8 f 16g 16g 2×16g

[2] Aema (64) a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0) =Cmce
2b, 2c, a 12 y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 , x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

8c

8f

8d

4a; 4b 8e

8f

16g

2×8d 16g 16g

[2] Amma (63) a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y, 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) =Cmcm
2b, 2c, a 12 y, 12 z, x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

4a; 4b 8e

8f

8d

2×4c 8g

[2] Amma (63) a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 12 , 0) =Cmcm
2b, 2c, a 12 y+ 41 , 12 z, x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

8e

4a; 4b 8d

8f

8g

[2] Amma (63) a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0) =Cmcm
2b, 2c, a 12 y, 12 z+ 41 , x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

8f

8d

4a; 4b 8e

[2] Amma (63) a, 2b, 2c x, 12 y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 12 , 0) =Cmcm
2b, 2c, a 12 y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 , x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

8d

8f

8e

[2] Pmmn (59) a, 2b, c

origin 1: x+ 41 , 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) 4c origin 2: x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

4f

[2] Pmmn (59) a, 2b, c

origin 1: x+ 41 , 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) origin 2: x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0)

4f

[2] Pbma (57) a, 2b, c =Pbcm
c, a, 2b

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) z, x, 12 y; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] Pbma (57) a, 2b, c =Pbcm
c, a, 2b

Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic

2×8 f 2×16g

2×8 f 2×16g

2×8e 16h

2×8 f 16h 2×8g 2×16h

2×4c 2×8e 16h

16h 2×8 f 2×8g 2×16h

16h

2×8e 2×8 f 16h 2×8g 2×16h

4a; 4b 8g

2×4c 16h

2×8e 16h 2×8 f 2×8g 2×16h

4d

4f

4e

2a; 2b 8g

8g

8g 2×4 f 2×4e 2×8g

4c

4f

4d

2a; 2b 4e

8g

8g

2×4 f 8g 2×4e 2×8g

4a

4d

4b

4d

4c

4d

8e

8e

8e 8e

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) z, x, 12 y+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4d

4a

4d

4b

4d

4c

8e

8e

2×4d 8e 8e 2×8e

[2] Pmca (57) a, b, 2c =Pbcm
b, 2c, a

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) y, 12 z, x; +(0, 12 , 0)

4a

4b

4c

4c

4d

4d

8e

2×4c 8e 8e 2×4d 2×8e

[2] Pmca (57) a, b, 2c =Pbcm
b, 2c, a

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) y, 12 z+ 41 , x; +(0, 12 , 0)

4c

4c

4a

4b

4d

4d

2×4c 8e

8e 8e 2×4d 2×8e

[2] Pcma (55) a, b, 2c =Pbam
2c, a, b

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 2 z, x, y; +( 2 , 0, 0)

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 4g

4h

4g

4h

4e; 4 f 8i

2×4g 2×4h 8i 2×8i

[2] Pcma (55) a, b, 2c =Pbam
2c, a, b

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 , x, y; +( 2 , 0, 0)

4g

4h

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 4g

4h

8i

4e; 4 f 2×4g 2×4h 8i 2×8i

[2] Pcca (54)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4a

4b

4c

4c

4d

4e

8f

2×4c 8 f 8f

[2] Pcca (54)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4c

4c

4a

4b

4d

4e

2×4c 8 f

[2] Pbmn (53) a, 2b, c =Pmna
2b, c, a

x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 2 y, z, x; +( 2 , 0, 0)

2a; 2b 4e

2c; 2d 4 f

4h

4g

2×4e 2×4 f 2×4h 8i 8i 2×8i

[2] Pbmn (53) a, 2b, c =Pmna
2b, c, a

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 2 y+ 4 , z, x; +( 2 , 0, 0)

4e

2c; 2d 4g

4h

2×4e 2×4 f 8i 8i

2a; 2b 4 f

Continued at the bottom of the next page

557

2×4c 8g

8f 8f

2×4d 2×8e

8f 2×8 f 8f 2×8 f

2×4h 2×8i

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 52, p. 558.

Pnna

P 2/n 21/n 2/a

No. 52 Axes

Coordinates 4a

I

4b

Wyckoff positions 4c 4d

D62h

8e

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Pnn2 (34)

x+ 41 , y, z

4c

4c

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

[2] Pn21 a (33) =
Pna21

x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 x+ 41 , z+ 41 , –y x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 y+ 41 , z+ 41 , x x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 z+ 41 , x+ 41 , y

4a

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

4c

4c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

4e

4e

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

2×4e

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

4e

4e

2×4e

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4g

2e; 2 f

2×4g

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

2e; 2 f

4g

2×4g

a, c, –b

[2] P2na (30) =
Pnc2

b, c, a

[2] P221 2 (17) =
P2221

c, a, b

[2] P121 /n1 (14) [2] P2/n11 (13) =
P12/n1 c, a, b [2] P112/a (13) =
P12/c1 b, c, a

z, x, y y, z, x

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Pnna

3a, b, c

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

4a; 8e 4b; 8e 4c; 8e 3×4d p –1 p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8e 4b; 2 ×8e 4c; 2 ×8e p×4d

3×8e

[p] Pnna

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pnna

a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 4a; 8e 4b; 8e 4c; 8e 4d; 8e 3×8e – – – – p 1 p 1 p 1 p 1 a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) 4a; 2 ×8e 4b; 2 ×8e 4c; 2 ×8e 4d; 2 ×8e p×8e p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] Pnna [3] Pnna [p] Pnna

a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 4a; 8e 4b; 8e 3×4c – – p 1 p 1 a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) 4a; 2 ×8e 4b; 2 ×8e p×4c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×8e

4d; 8e 3×8e p –1 4d; 2 ×8e p×8e

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Pbnn Pncn Pnnb Pcnn Pnan

a → b; c → a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

a → c; c → b

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

b
c

b
−c

y
−z

Pmma

No. 51

P 21/m 2/m 2/a

CONTINUED (from

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Pbmm Pmcm Pmmb Pcmm Pmam

A → B; C → A

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A → C; C → B

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

A→B

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

A
C

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

C→B

b
c

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

558

preceding page)

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 53, p. 559.

P 2/m 2/n 21/a

D72h Axes

Pmna

No. 53

2a

2b

2c

Wyckoff positions 2d 4e 4f

4g

4h

8i

2a

2a

2a

2a

4b

4b

4b

2×2a

2×4b

2a

2a

2b

2b

2×2a

2×2b

4c

4c

2×4c

2c

2c

2c

2c

4d

4d

2a; 2b

2×2c

2×4d

2a

2a

2b

2b

2×2a

2×2b

2c; 2d

4e

2×4e

[2] P1121 /a (14)

2a

2c

2d

2b

4e

4e

4e

4e

2×4e

[2] P12/n1 (13)

2a

2d

2b

2c

4g

4g

2e; 2 f

4g

2×4g

[2] P2/m11 (10) =
P12/m1 c, a, b

1a; 1e

1b; 1d

1 f ; 1g

1c; 1h

2i; 2 j

2k; 2l

4o

2m; 2n 2×4o

I

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Pmn21 (31) [2] P2na (30) =
Pnc2

b, c, a

[2] Pm2a (28) =
Pma2

x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 a, c, –b x+ 41 , z+ 41 , –y

y, z, x

x+ 41 , y, z

[2] P2221 (17)

z, x, y

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Pbna (60) =
Pbcn

a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) c, a,2b z, x, 12 y; +(0, 0, 12 )

4a

4b

4c

4c

8d

2×4c

8d

8d

2×8d

[2] Pbna (60) =
Pbcn

a, 2b, c x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) 4c c, a, 2b z, x, 12 y+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4c

4b

4a

2×4c

8d

8d

8d

2×8d

[2] Pmnn (58) =
Pnnm

a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) 2b, c,a 12 y, z, x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

2b; 2c

4g

4g

4e; 4 f

8h

8h

2×4g

2×8h

[2] Pmnn (58) =
Pnnm

a, 2b, c x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) 4g 2b, c, a 12 y+ 41 , z, x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

4g

2b; 2c

2a; 2d

8h

4e; 4 f

8h

2×4g

2×8h

[2] Pbnn (52) =
Pnna

a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) 2b, c, a 12 y, z, x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

4a

4b

4c

4c

8e

2×4c

2×4d

8e

2×8e

[2] Pbnn (52) =
Pnna

a, 2b, c x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) 4c 2b, c, a 12 y+ 41 , z, x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

4c

4b

4a

2×4c

8e

2×4d

8e

2×8e

2b; 4e

2c; 4 f

2d; 4 f

3×4e

3×4 f

4g; 8i

4h; 8i

3×8i

pa, b, c 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; p×4e p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 p –2 1×4e p –2 1×4e p –2 1×4 f p –2 1×4 f

p×4 f

4g; 4h; p×8i p –1 p –1 ×8i ×8i 2 2

2a; 2d

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

2a; 4e

[2] Pmna

a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

2a; 2d

[2] Pmna

a, 2b, c x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) 4h

[3] Pmna [p] Pmna

[3] Pmna [p] Pmna [3] Pmna [p] Pmna

3a, b, c

2b; 2c

4h

4h

4e; 4 f

8i

2×4g

2×4h

2×8i

4h

2b; 2c

2a; 2d

8i

4e; 4 f

2×4g

2×4h

2×8i

2b; 4h

2c; 4h

2d; 4h

4e; 8i

4 f ; 8i

3×4g

3×4h

3×8i

a, pb, c x, 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 4e; 4f; p×4g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 2 ×4h 2 ×4h 2 ×4h 2 ×4h 2 ×8i 2 ×8i

p×4h

p×8i

3×4h

3×8i

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 4e; 4f; 4g; p×4h p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 2 ×4h 2 ×4h 2 ×4h 2 ×4h 2 ×8i 2 ×8i 2 ×8i

p×8i

1 1 3 y, z; ±(0, 3 , 0) 1 u p y, z; +(0, p , 0)

2a; 4h

a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

2a; 4h

a, 3b, c x,

1 p z;

2b; 4h

2c; 4h

2d; 4h

4e; 8i

4 f ; 8i

u p)

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Pbmn Pncm Pnmb Pcnm Pman

a→b→c →a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

b
c

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

559

4g; 8i

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 54, p. 560.

Pcca Axes I

P 21/c 2/c 2/a

No. 54 Coordinates

D82h

4a

4b

Wyckoff positions 4c 4d

4e

8f

4c

4c

2a; 2b

4c

4c

2×4c

4a

4a

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups x, y, z+ 41 z+ 41 , x, y

[2] Pc2a (32) =
Pba2

c, a, b

[2] P21 ca (29) =
Pca21

x, y, z+ 41 c, –b, a z+ 41 , –y, x

[2] Pcc2 (27)

x+ 41 , y, z

4e

4e

4e

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

2×4e

[2] P21 22 (17) =
P2221

x, y, z+ 41 y, z+ 41 , x

4e

4e

2a; 2b

2×2c

2×2d

2×4e

[2] P21 /c11 (14) =
P121 /c1 b, –a, c y, –x, z

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4e

4e

4e

2×4e

[2] P12/c1 (13)

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

2e; 2 f

4g

4g

2×4g

[2] P112/a (13)

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4g

2×2e

2×2 f

2×4g

4a; 4b

8d

8d

2×4c

8d

2×8d

b, c, a

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Pnca (60) =
Pbcn

a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) 2b, c, a 12 y, z, x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

[2] Pnca (60) =
Pbcn

a, 2b, c x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) 8d 2b, c, a 12 y+ 41 , z, x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

4a; 4b

8d

8d

2×4c

2×8d

[2] Pccn (56)

a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

4a; 4b

8e

8e

8e

4c; 4d

2×8e

8e

4a; 4b

8e

4c; 4d

8e

2×8e

4a; 4b

8e

2×4c

8e

2×4d

2×8e

8e

4a; 4b

2×4c

2×4d

8e

2×8e

[2] Pccn (56)

a, 2b, c

[2] Pncn (52) =
Pnna

a, 2b, c c, a, 2b

[2] Pncn (52) =
Pnna

a, 2b, c c, a, 2b

x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0) z, x, 12 y; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, 12 y+ 41 , z; +(0, 12 , 0) z, x, 12 y+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Pcca [p] Pcca [2] Pcca

3a, b, c

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 a, 2b, c x, 12 y, z; +(0, 12 , 0)

[2] Pcca

a, 2b, c x,

[3] Pcca

a, 3b, c x,

[p] Pcca [3] Pcca [p] Pcca

1 1 1 2 y+ 4 , z; +(0, 2 , 0) 1 1 3 y, z; ±(0, 3 , 0) 1 u p y, z; +(0, p , 0)

a, pb, c x, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 1 p z;

u p)

4a; 8 f 4b; 8 f 4c; 8 f 4d; 8 f 4e; 8 f 3×8 f p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8 f 4b; 2 ×8 f 4c; 2 ×8 f 4d; 2 ×8 f 4e; 2 ×8 f p×8 f 4a; 4b

8f

2×4c

4d; 4e

8f

2×8 f

8f

4a; 4b

2×4c

8f

4d; 4e

2×8 f

4a; 8 f 4b; 8 f 3×4c p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8 f 4b; 2 ×8 f p×4c

4d; 8 f 4e; 8 f 3×8 f p –1 p –1 4d; 2 ×8 f 4e; 2 ×8 f p×8 f

4a; 8 f 4b; 8 f 4c; 8 f 3×4d p –1 p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8 f 4b; 2 ×8 f 4c; 2 ×8 f p×4d

3×4e

3×8 f

p×4e

p×8 f

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Pbaa Pbcb Pccb Pcaa Pbab

a→b→c →a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

b
c

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

560

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 55, p. 561.

P 21/b 21/a 2/m

D92h Axes

Pbam

No. 55

2a

2b

2c

Wyckoff positions 2d 4e 4f

4g

4h

8i

2a

2a

2b

2b

2×2a

2×2b

4c

4c

2×4c

2a

2b

2a

2b

4c

4c

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

2a

2b

2a

2b

4c

4c

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

[2] P21 21 2 (18)

2a

2a

2b

2b

2×2a

2×2b

4c

4c

2×4c

[2] P21 /b11 (14) =
P121 /c1 c, a, b

2a

2b

2c

2d

4e

4e

4e

4e

2×4e

[2] P121 /a1 (14)

2a

2d

2c

2b

4e

4e

4e

4e

2×4e

[2] P112/m (10)

1a; 1g

1b; 1h

1c; 1d

1e; 1 f

2i; 2l

2 j; 2k

2×2m 2×2n

2×4o

I

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Pba2 (32) [2] Pb21 m (26) =
Pmc21

c, a, b

[2] P21 am (26) =
Pmc21

c, b, –a

x+ 41 , y, z z, x+ 41 , y x, y+ 41 , z z, y+ 41 , –x

z, x, y

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Pnam (62) =
Pnma

a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) a, 2c, –b x, 12 z, –y; +(0, 12 , 0)

4a

4c

4b

4c

8d

8d

8d

2×4c

2×8d

[2] Pnam (62) =
Pnma

a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 4c a, 2c, –b x, 12 z+ 41 , –y; +(0, 12 , 0)

4a

4c

4b

8d

8d

2×4c

8d

2×8d

[2] Pbnm (62) =
Pnma

a, b, 2c b, 2c, a

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) y, 12 z, x; +(0, 12 , 0)

4a

4c

4b

4c

8d

8d

8d

2×4c

2×8d

[2] Pbnm (62) =
Pnma

a, b, 2c b, 2c, a

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 4c y, 12 z+ 41 , x; +(0, 12 , 0)

4a

4c

4b

8d

8d

2×4c

8d

2×8d

[2] Pnnm (58)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a; 2b

4e

2c; 2d

4f

2×4e

2×4 f

2×4g

8h

2×8h

4e

2a; 2b

4f

2c; 2d

2×4e

2×4 f

8h

2×4g

2×8h

2a; 4g

2b; 4h

2c; 4g

2d; 4h

4e; 8i

4 f ; 8i

3×4g

3×4h

3×8i

[p] Pbam

pa, b, c 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 4e; 4f; p×4g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 2 ×4g 2 ×4h 2 ×4g 2 ×4h 2 ×8i 2 ×8i

p×4h

p×8i

[3] Pbam

a, 3b, c

3×4g

3×4h

3×8i

[p] Pbam

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 4e; 4f; p×4g p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 p –2 1×4g p –2 1×4h p –2 1×4g p –2 1×4h p –2 1×8i p –2 1×8i

p×4h

p×8i

[2] Pbam

a, b, 2c

[2] Pnnm (58)

a, b, 2c

x, y,

1 1 2 z+ 4 ;

+(0, 0,

1 2)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Pbam

3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z; 1 p x, y, z;

±( 31 , 0, 0) +( up , 0, 0)

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

2a; 4g

2b; 4h

2c; 4g

2d; 4h

4e; 8i

4 f ; 8i

2a; 2b

4e

2c; 2d

4f

2×4e

2×4 f

4g; 4h

8i

2×8i

4e

2a; 2b

4f

2c; 2d

2×4e

2×4 f

8i

4g; 4h

2×8i

2a; 4e

2b; 4e

2c; 4 f

2d; 4 f

4h; 8i

3×8i

[2] Pbam

a, b, 2c

x, y,

[3] Pbam

a, b, 3c

x, y,

3×4e

3×4 f

4g; 8i

[p] Pbam

a, b, pc x, y, 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; p×4e p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 p –2 1×4e p –2 1×4e p –2 1×4 f p –2 1×4 f

p×4 f

4g; 4h; p×8i p –1 p –1 ×8i ×8i 2 2

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Pmcb Pcma

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

561

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 56, p. 562.

Pccn

P 21/c 21/c 2/n

No. 56 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4c 4d

4a

4b

4a

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

x, y, z+ 41 z+ 41 , x, y

4a

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

[2] Pcc2 (27)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

4e

4e

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

2×4e

[2] P21 21 2 (18)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

4c

4c

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

[2] P21 /c11 (14) =
P121 /c1 b, –a, c y, –x, z

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

4e

4e

2×4e

[2] P121 /c1 (14)

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

4e

4e

2×4e

[2] P112/n (13)

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

2×2e

2×2 f

2×4g

I

8e

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups x, y, z+ 41 c, b, –a z+ 41 , y, –x

[2] P21 cn (33) =
Pna21 [2] Pc21 n (33) =
Pna21

c, a, b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Pccn

3a, b, c

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

4a; 8e 4b; 8e 4d; 8e 4c; 8e 3×8e p –1 p –1 ∗ p –1 ∗ p –1 4a; 2 ×8e 4b; 2 ×8e 4c(d ); 2 ×8e 4d(c ); 2 ×8e p×8e

[p] Pccn

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pccn

a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 4a; 8e 4b; 8e 4d; 8e 4c; 8e 3×8e p –1 p –1 1 u ∗ p –1 ∗ p –1 a, pb, c x, p y, z; +(0, p , 0) 4a; 2 ×8e 4b; 2 ×8e 4c(d ); 2 ×8e 4d(c ); 2 ×8e p×8e p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] Pccn [3] Pccn [p] Pccn

a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 4a; 8e 4b; 8e 3×4c p –1 p –1 1 u a, b, pc x, y, p z; +(0, 0, p ) 4a; 2 ×8e 4b; 2 ×8e p×4c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

∗

3×4d

3×8e

p×4d

p×8e

p = 4n −1

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Pnaa Pbnb

a → b; c → a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

a → c; c → b

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

562

D102h

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 57, p. 563.

P 2/b 21/c 21/m

D112h Axes I

Coordinates

Pbcm

No. 57 Wyckoff positions 4c 4d

4a

4b

8e

4a

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

4d

4d

2a; 2b

2×2c

2×4d

4c

4c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

c, a, b

x, y, z+ 41 z+ 41 , x, y

4c

4c

2a; 2b

4c

2×4c

b, c, a

x, y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , z, x

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4e

4e

2×4e

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

2e; 2 f

4g

2×4g

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4f

2×2e

2×4 f

4a; 4b

8d

8d

2×4c

2×8d

4a; 4b

8d

2×4c

2×8d

4a; 4b

8c

8c

8c

2×8c

8c

4a; 4b

8c

8c

2×8c

4a; 4b

8d

2×4c

8d

2×8d

8d

4a; 4b

2×4c

8d

2×8d

4a; 4b

8e

2×4c

2×4d

2×8e

8e

4a; 4b

2×4c

2×4d

2×8e

4a; 8e 4b; 8e 3×4c p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8e 4b; 2 ×8e p×4c

3×4d

3×8e

p×4d

p×8e

4a; 8e 4b; 8e 4c; 8e 3×4d p –1 p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8e 4b; 2 ×8e 4c; 2 ×8e p×4d

3×8e

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Pbc21 (29) =
Pca21

b, a, –c y, x, –z

[2] P2cm (28) =
Pma2

x, y+ 41 , z c, b, –a z, y+ 41 , –x

[2] Pb21 m (26) =
Pmc21 [2] P221 21 (18) =
P21 21 2 [2] P121 /c1 (14) [2] P2/b11 (13) =
P12/c1

c, a, b

z, x, y

[2] P1121 /m (11) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Pbnm (62) =
Pnma

2a, b, c 12 x, y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) b, c, 2a y, z, 12 x; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] Pbnm (62) =
Pnma

2a, b, c 12 x+ 41 , y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 8d b, c, 2a y, z, 12 x+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] Pbca (61)

2a, b, c

[2] Pbca (61)

2a, b, c

[2] Pbna (60) =
Pbcn

2a, b, c c, 2a, b

[2] Pbna (60) =
Pbcn

2a, b, c c, 2a, b

1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 z, 2 x, y; +(0, 12 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 z, 2 x+ 4 , y; +(0, 12 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 2 x, y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

[2] Pbcm

2a, b, c

[2] Pbcm

2a, b, c

[3] Pbcm

3a, b, c

[p] Pbcm

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pbcm

a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[p] Pbcm

a, pb, c x, +(0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pbcm

a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] Pbcm

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p y, z;

1 p z;

u p , 0)

u p)

p×8e

4a; 8e 4b; 8e 4c; 8e 4d; 8e 3×8e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8e 4b; 2 ×8e 4c; 2 ×8e 4d; 2 ×8e p×8e

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Pmca Pbma Pcam Pmab Pcmb

a→b→c →a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

b
c

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

563

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 58, p. 564.

Pnnm Axes

Coordinates 2a

I

P 21/n 21/n 2/m

No. 58

Wyckoff positions 2d 4e

2b

2c

2a

2a

2b

2b

2a

2a

2a

2a

2a

2a

D122h

4f

4g

8h

2×2a

2×2b

4c

2×4c

2a

4b

4b

2×2a

2×4b

2a

2a

4b

4b

2×2a

2×4b

2a

2b

2b

2×2a

2×2b

4c

2×4c

2a

2b

2c

2d

4e

4e

4e

2×4e

2a

2d

2b

2c

4e

4e

4e

2×4e

1a; 1h

1b; 1g

1d; 1 f

1c; 1e

2i; 2l

2 j; 2k

2m; 2n 2×4o

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Pnn2 (34) [2] P21 nm (31) =
Pmn21

c, b, –a

[2] Pn21 m (31) =
Pmn21

c, a, b

[2] P21 21 2 (18)

x, y+ 41 , z z, y+ 41 , –x x+ 41 , y, z z, x+ 41 , y x, y, z+ 41

[2] P121 /n1 (14) [2] P21 /n11 (14) =
P121 /n1 c, a, b

z, x, y

[2] P112/m (10) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Pnnm [p] Pnnm [3] Pnnm [p] Pnnm [3] Pnnm [p] Pnnm

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

2a; 4g 2b; 4g 2c; 4g 2d; 4g 4e; 8h 4 f ; 8h 3×4g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 pa, b, c 2a; 2 ×4g 2b; 2 ×4g 2c; 2 ×4g 2d; 2 ×4g 4e; 4f; p×4g p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 ×8h ×8h 2 2

3×8h

a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 2a; 4g 2b; 4g 2c; 4g 2d; 4g 4e; 8h 4 f ; 8h 3×4g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 1 u a, pb, c x, p y, z; +(0, p , 0) 2a; 2 ×4g 2b; 2 ×4g 2c; 2 ×4g 2d; 2 ×4g 4e; 4f; p×4g p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 ×8h ×8h 2 2

3×8h

a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 2a; 4e 2b; 4e 2c; 4 f 2d; 4 f 3×4e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 1 u a, b, pc x, y, p z; +(0, 0, p ) 2a; 2 ×4e 2b; 2 ×4e 2c; 2 ×4 f 2d; 2 ×4 f p×4e p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

3×8h

3a, b, c

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Pmnn Pnmn

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

564

p×8h

p×8h

3×4 f

4g; 8h

p×4 f

4g; p×8h p –1 ×8h 2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 59, p. 565.

P 21/m 21/m 2/n

D132h Axes

Coordinates origin 2

origin 1 I

Pmmn

No. 59 2a

2b

4c

Wyckoff positions 4d 4e

4f

8g

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Pm21 n (31) =
Pmn21 a, c, –b x, z, –y

x+ 41 , y, z x+ 41 , z, –y

2a

2a

4b

4b

2×2a

4b

2×4b

[2] P21 mn (31) =
Pmn21 b, c, a

x, y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , z, x

2a

2a

4b

4b

4b

2×2a

2×4b

[2] Pmm2 (25)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

1a; 1d

1b; 1c

4i

4i

2g; 2h

2e; 2 f

2×4i

[2] P21 21 2 (18)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

2a

2b

4c

4c

4c

4c

2×4c

2e

2f

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

4g

4g

2×4g

2e

2e

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

2×2e

4f

2×4f

2e

2e

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4f

2×2e

2×4f

4c

4c

4a; 4b

8d

8d

2×4c

2×8d

[2] Pcmn (62) a, b, 2c x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 21 z+ 41 ;+(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 4c =
Pnma 2c, b, –a 12 z+ 41 , y+ 41 , 34 –x;+( 21 , 0, 0) 12 z+ 41 , y, –x;+( 21 , 0, 0)

4c

8d

4a; 4b

8d

2×4c

2×8d

[2] P112/n (13) [2] P21 /m11 (11) =
P121 /m1 c, a, b [2] P121 /m1 (11)

y, z, x

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z z, x+ 41 , y+ 41 x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

z, x, y

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Pcmn (62) a, b, 2c x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) =
Pnma 2c, b, –a 12 z, y+ 41 , 34 –x; +( 21 , 0, 0)

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 –x; +( 21 , 0, 0) 2 z, y,

[2] Pmcn (62) a, b, 2c =
Pnma 2c, a, b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 2 z, x+ 4 , y+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0)

4c

4c

4a; 4b

8d

2×4c

8d

2×8d

[2] Pmcn (62) a, b, 2c =
Pnma 2c, a, b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 21 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 4c 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 , x+ 4 , y+ 4 ;+( 2 , 0, 0) 2 z+ 4 , x, y; +( 2 , 0, 0)

4c

8d

4a; 4b

2×4c

8d

2×8d

[2] Pccn (56)

a, b, 2c

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4c

4d

4a; 4b

8e

8e

8e

2×8e

a, b, 2c

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 21 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4c

4d

8e

4a; 4b

8e

8e

2×8e

4d; 8g

4e; 8g

[2] Pccn (56)

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 2 z, x, y; +( 2 , 0, 0)

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y,

1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 3 x, y, z;

±( 31 , 0, 0)

[3] Pmmn

3a,b,c

[p] Pmmn

pa, b, c 1p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pmmn

a, 3b, c

[p] Pmmn

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

1 1 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

[2] Pmmn

a, b, 2c

x, y,

[2] Pmmn

a, b, 2c

x, y,

[3] Pmmn

a, b, 3c

x, y,

[p] Pmmn

a, b, pc x, y, p = prime > 2;

u = 1, . . . , p −1

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0)

2a(b∗ ); 2b(a∗ ); 4c; 8g 4f 4f

3×4 f

3×8g

1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

2a(b† ); 2b(a† ); 4c; 4d; 4e; p×4f p–1 p–1 p–1 p–1 p–1 2 ×4f 2 ×4f 2 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×8g

p×8g

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

2a(b∗ ); 2b(a∗ ); 4c; 8g 4e 4e

3×4e

4 f ; 8g 3×8g

x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0)

2a(b† ); 2b(a† ); 4c; 4d; p×4e p–1 p–1 p–1 p–1 ×4e ×4e ×8g ×8g 2 2 2 2

4f; p×8g p–1 ×8g

2×2a

2×2b

4c; 4d

8g

2×4e

2×4 f

2×8g

2×2a

2×2b

8g

4c; 4d

2×4e

2×4 f

2×8g

3×2a

3×2b

4c; 8g

4d; 8g

3×4e

3×4 f

3×8g

p×2a

p×2b

4c; 4d; p×4e; p×4 f p–1 p–1 2 ×8g 2 ×8g

p×8g

x, y, x, y, x, y, x, y,

1 1 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

∗ †

origin 2 origin 2 and p = 4n−1

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Pnmm Pmnm

a → b; c → a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

a → c; c → b

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

565

4d; 8g

2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 60, p. 566.

Pbcn

P 21/b 2/c 21/n

No. 60 Axes

4a

Wyckoff positions 4b 4c

8d

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

4c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

4c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4e

2×4e

[2] P1121 /n (14)

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4e

2×4e

[2] P12/c1 (13)

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

2e; 2 f

2×4g

I

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups x, y+ 41 , z c, b, –a z, y+ 41 , –x

[2] P21 cn (33) =
Pna21

x, y, z+ 41 z+ 41 , x, y

[2] Pb2n (30) =
Pnc2

c, a, b

[2] Pbc21 (29) =
Pca21

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z b, a, –c y+ 41 , x+ 41 , –z

[2] P21 221 (18) =
P21 21 2

c, a, b

[2] P21 /b11 (14) =
P121 /c1 c, a, b

x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 z+ 41 , x, y+ 41 z, x, y

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Pbcn

3a, b, c

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

[p] Pbcn

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pbcn

a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[p] Pbcn

a, pb, c x, +(0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pbcn

a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] Pbcn

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p y, z;

1 p x;

u p , 0)

u p)

4a; 8d 4b; 8d 4c; 8d 3×8d 4a; p –2 1×8d 4b; p –2 1×8d 4c; p –2 1×8d p×8d 4a; 8d 4b; 8d 3×4c p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8d 4b; 2 ×8d p×4c

3×8d p×8d

4a; 8d 4b; 8d 4c; 8d 3×8d p –1 p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8d 4b; 2 ×8d 4c; 2 ×8d p×8d

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Pnca Pbna Pcan Pnab Pcnb

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

b
c

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

566

D142h

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 61, p. 567.

P 21/b 21/c 21/a

D152h Axes

Coordinates 4a

I

No. 61

Wyckoff positions 4b 8c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P21 ca (29) =
Pca21

x, y+ 41 , z c, b, –a z, y+ 41 , –x

4a

4a

2×4a

[2] Pb21 a (29) =
Pca21

x, y, z+ 41 a, c, –b x, z+ 41 , –y

4a

4a

2×4a

[2] Pbc21 (29) =
Pca21

x+ 41 , y, z b, a, –c y, x+ 41 , –z

4a

4a

2×4a

[2] P21 21 21 (19)

4a

4a

2×4a

[2] P21 /b11 (14) =
P121 /c1 c, a, b

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

2×4e

[2] P121 /c1 (14)

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

2×4e

[2] P1121 /a (14)

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

2×4e

z, x, y

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [p] Pbca

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

4a; 8c 4b; 8c 3×8c – – 4a; p 2 1×8c 4b; p 2 1×8c p×8c

[3] Pbca

a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[p] Pbca

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

4a; 8c 4b; 8c 3×8c 4a; p –2 1×8c 4b; p –2 1×8c p×8c

[3] Pbca

a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] Pbca

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pbca

3a, b, c

1 p z;

u p)

4a; 8c 4b; 8c 3×8c p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8c 4b; 2 ×8c p×8c

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Pcab

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

567

Pbca

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 62, p. 568.

Pnma

P 21/n 21/m 21/a

No. 62 Axes

4a

Wyckoff positions 4b 4c

8d

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

4b

4b

2×2a

2×4b

x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 y+ 41 , z+ 41 , x

4c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

x, y, z+ 41

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4e

2×4e

[2] P1121 /a (14)

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4e

2×4e

[2] P121 /m1 (11)

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

2×2e

2×4 f

4a; 8d 4b; 8d 3×4c – – 4a; p 2 1×8d 4b; p 2 1×8d p×4c

3×8d

I

Coordinates

D162h

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Pn21 a (33) =
Pna21

a, c, –b x, z, –y

[2] Pnm21 (31) =
Pmn21

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z b, a, –c y+ 41 , x+ 41 , –z

[2] P21 ma (26) =
Pmc21

b, c, a

[2] P21 21 21 (19) [2] P21 /n11 (14) =
P121 /n1 c, a, b

z, x, y

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Pnma

3a, b, c

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

[p] Pnma

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Pnma

a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 4a; 8d 4b; 8d 4c; 8d 3×8d a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) 4a; p –2 1×8d 4b; p –2 1×8d 4c; p –2 1×8d p×8d p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] Pnma [3] Pnma [p] Pnma

a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 4a; 8d 4b; 8d 3×4c p –1 p –1 1 u a, b, pc x, y, p z; +(0, 0, p ) 4a; 2 ×8d 4b; 2 ×8d p×4c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×8d

3×8d p×8d

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Pbnm Pmcn Pmnb Pcmn Pnam

a → b; c → a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

a → c; c → b

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

b
c

b
−c

y
−z

Cmcm

No. 63

C 2/m 2/c 21/m

CONTINUED (from

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Amma Bbmm Ccmm Amam Bmmb

C → A; A → B

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

C → B; A → C

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

A→B

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

C
A

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

C→B

b
c

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

568

next page)

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 63, pp. 568–569.

C 2/m 2/c 21/m

D172h Axes

Cmcm

4a

4b

4c

Wyckoff positions 8d 8e 8f

8g

16h

4a

4a

4b

8c

2×4a

8c

2×4b

2×8c

4c

4c

2a; 2b

8f

8f

2×4c

4d; 4e

2×8 f

[2] Cmc21 (36)

4a

4a

4a

8b

8b

2×4a

8b

2×8b

[2] C2221 (20)

4a

4a

4b

8c

2×4a

8c

8c

2×8c

[2] C12/c1 (15)

4a

4b

4e

4c; 4d

8f

8f

8f

2×8 f

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4i

4e; 4 f

4g; 4h

2×4i

8j

2×8 j

a, 12 (–a+b), c x+y, 2y, z

2a

2c

2e

2b; 2d

4f

4f

2×2e

2×4 f

1 2 (a−b), 1 2 (a−b), 1 2 (a+b),

2a

2b

2e

2c; 2d

4f

4f

2×2e

2×4 f

2a

2d

2e

2b; 2c

4f

4f

2×2e

2×4 f

4a

4b

4c

8d

8d

8d

2×4c

2×8d

4c

4c

4c

4a; 4b

8d

2×4c

8d

2×8d

4a

4b

4c

8d

8d

8d

8d

2×8d

origin 1: x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 4f origin 2: x– 14 , y+ 41 , z c, a, b z+ 41 , x, y+ 41 (origin 1) z, x– 14 , y+ 41 (origin 2)

4f

2a; 2b

4c; 4d

8g

2×4 f

2×4e

2×8g

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4g

8h

4e; 4 f

2×4g

8h

2×8h

I

Coordinates

No. 63

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] C2cm (40) =
Ama2 [2] Cm2m (38) =
Amm2

c, b, –a

z, y, –x

c, a, b

x, y, z+ 41 z+ 41 , x, y

[2] C2/m11 (12) =
C12/m1 b, –a, c [2] P1121 /m (11)

or: or:

y, –x, z b, c 2x, x+y, z x–y, x+y, z c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pbnm (62) =
Pnma [2] Pmcn (62) =
Pnma

b, c, a

y, z, x

c, a, b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z z, x+ 41 , y+ 41

[2] Pbcn (60) [2] Pmnm (59) =
Pmmn [2] Pmnn (58) =
Pnnm

b, c, a

y, z, x

[2] Pbcm (57)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

4c

4c

4d

4a; 4b

2×4c

8e

2×4d

2×8e

[2] Pbnn (52) =
Pnna

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , z, x+ 41

4c

4c

4d

4a; 4b

2×4c

8e

8e

2×8e

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

2e; 2 f

8l

4g; 4h

4i; 4 j

2×4k

2×8l

4b; 8e

4c; 8g

8d; 16h

3×8e

8 f ; 16h

3×8g

3×16h

[2] Pmcm (51) =
Pmma

b, c, a c, a, b

z, x, y

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Cmcm

3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z;

±( 31 , 0, 0)

4a; 8e

1 3 x, y, z;

+( up , 0, 0)

4a; 4b; 4c; 8d; p×8e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×8e 2 ×8e 2 ×8g 2 ×16h

8f; p×8g p –1 ×16h

p×16h

4a; 8 f

3×8 f

3×8g

3×16h

4a; 4b; p×4c p –1 p –1 ×8 f ×8 f 2 2

8d; 8e; p×8 f p –1 p –1 ×16h ×16h 2 2

p×8g

p×16h

4a; 8 f

8d; 16h

8g; 16h

3×16h

[p] Cmcm

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Cmcm

a, 3b, c

[p] Cmcm

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Cmcm

a, b, 3c

[p] Cmcm

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 1 p z;

u p)

4b; 8 f

4b; 8 f

3×4c

4c; 8 f

8d; 16h

8e; 16h

8e; 16h

2

3×8 f

4a; 4b; 4c; 8d; 8e; p×8 f p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×8 f 2 ×8 f 2 ×8 f 2 ×16h 2 ×16h

Continued on preceding page

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

569

8g; p×16h p –1 ×16h 2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 64, p. 570.

Cmce Axes I

C 2/m 2/c 21/e

No. 64 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 8d 8e

4a

4b

8c

4a

4a

8b

2×4a

D182h

8f

16g

8b

8b

2×8b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] C2ce (41) =
Aea2

c, –b, a

z, –y, x 4c

4c

8d

8d

4a; 4b

2×4c

2×8d

c, a, b

x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 z+ 41 , x+ 41 , y

[2] Cmc21 (36)

x, y+ 41 , z

4a

4a

8b

8b

8b

2×4a

2×8b

[2] C2221 (20)

x+ 41 , y, z

4a

4a

8c

2×4a

2×4b

8c

2×8c

[2] C2/m11 (12) =
C12/m1 b, –a, c

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

4e; 4 f

4g; 4h

8j

2×4i

2×8 j

y, –x, z

[2] C12/c1 (15)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

4c

4d

4a; 4b

8f

2×4e

8f

2×8 f

2a

2c

2b; 2d

4e

4e

4e

2×4e

4c

4c

4a; 4b

8d

8d

2×4c

2×8d

4a

4b

8c

8c

8c

8c

2×8c

4c

4c

4a; 4b

2×4c

8d

8d

2×8d

4d

4d

4a; 4b

8e

2×4c

2×4d

2×8e

4a

4b

8e

8e

4c; 4d

8e

2×8e

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

8i

4e; 4 f

8i

4g; 4h

2×8i

4c

4c

4a; 4b

2×4c

4d; 4e

8f

2×8 f

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

8i

4e; 4 f

2×4g

2×4h

2×8i

±( 31 , 0, 0) 4a; 8d

4b; 8d

8c; 16g

3×8d

8e; 16g

8 f ; 16g

3×16g

[2] Cm2e (39) =
Aem2

[2] P1121 /a (14) a,

1 2 (–a+b),

c x+y, 2y, z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pmnb (62) =
Pnma

b, –a, c

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , –x– 14 , z

[2] Pbca (61)

[2] Pmca (57) =
Pbcm

b, c, a

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z z, x+ 41 , y+ 41 x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , z, x+ 41

[2] Pbnb (56) =
Pccn

c, a, b

z, x, y

[2] Pmcb (55) =
Pbam

b, c, a

y, z, x

c, a, b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z z, x+ 41 , y+ 41

[2] Pbna (60) =
Pbcn

[2] Pbcb (54) =
Pcca

c, a, b

[2] Pmna (53) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Cmce

3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z; 1 p x, y, z;

+( up , 0, 0)

[p] Cmce

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

4a; 4b; 8c; p×8d p –1 p –1 p –1 ×8d ×8d ×16g 2 2 2

[3] Cmce

a, 3b, c

3×8e

3×8 f

3×16g

[p] Cmce

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) 4a; 4b; 8c; 8d; p×8e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 ×8 f ×8 f ×16g ×16g 2 2 2 2

p×8 f

p×16g

[3] Cmce

a, b, 3c

3×8 f

3×16g

[p] Cmce

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

4a; 4b; 8c; 8d; 8e; p×8 f p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×8 f ×8 f ×16g ×16g ×16g 2 2 2 2 2

p×16g

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 4a; 8 f

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 4a; 8 f 1 p z;

u p)

4b; 8 f

4b; 8 f

8c; 16g

8c; 16g

8d; 16g

8d; 16g

8e; 8f; p×16g p –1 p –1 ×16g ×16g 2 2

8e; 16g

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Aema Bbem Ccme Aeam Bmeb

C → A; A → B

a→b→c →a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

C → B; A → C

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

A→B

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

A
C

a
c

a
−c

x
−z

C→B

b
c

b
−c

y
−z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

570

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 65, pp. 571–573.

D192h

C 2/m 2/m 2/m Axes

Cmmm

No. 65

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4f 4g 4h 8m 8n

2a

2b

2c

2d

4e

2a

2a

2b

2b

4d

4e

2×2a 2×2b 4d 4e 4c 4c 8f 8f 2×4c 2×4d 2×4e 2×8 f

2a

2a

2b

2b

4d

4e

4d 8f

[2] Cmm2 (35)

2a

2b

2b

2a

4c

4c

4d 4d 4e 4e 2×4c 2×4e 2×4d 8 f

2×2a 2×2b 8f 2×8 f

[2] C222 (21)

2a

2b

2c

2d

4k

4k

4e 4f 2×4k 8l

2a

2b

2d

2c

4e

4f

[2] C12/m1 (12)

2a

2b

2d

2c

4e

4f

[2] P112/m (10) a, 12 (–a+b), c x+y, 2y, z

1a

1c

1f

1b

1d; 1g 1e; 1h 2m 2n 2 j; 2l 4o

2m 4o

2n 2i 2k 2×2m 2×2n 2×4o

or: 12 (a−b), 1 2 (a+b), c

1a

1g

1h

1b

1c; 1d 1e; 1 f 2m 2n 2 j; 2k 4o

2m 4o

2n 2i 2l 2×2m 2×2n 2×4o

2a

2b

2b

2a

4c

4d

4f 8g

4f 4e 4e 2×4e 2×4 f 8g

2a

2c

2d

2b

4g

4h

4g 8i

4h 8i

2a

2b

2c

2d

4g

4g

4h 4h 2×4g 8i

2a

2b

2c

2d

4g

4g

4e 4f 4h 2×4g 2×4h 8i

I

4i 8o

4j 8p

4k 8q

4l 16r

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] C2mm (38) =
Amm2

c, –b, a

z, –y, x

[2] Cm2m (38) =
Amm2

c, a, b

z, x, y

[2] C2/m11 (12) =
C12/m1 b, –a, c

y, –x, z

x–y, x+y, z

4e 2×2a 2×2b 4c 4c 2×4c 8 f 2×4d 2×4e 2×8 f

4g 8l

4h 8l

4i 8l

4j 2×8l

4g 8j

4h 4i 2×4i 8 j

4i 8j

4i 8j

4i 2×8 j

4i 8j

4i 8j

4g 4h 2×4i 8 j

4i 8j

4i 2×8 j

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pmmn (59)

origin 1: x, y, z origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

[2] Pbam (55)

4g 8i

2×2a 2×2b 8g 2×8g

4h 4e 4f 2×4g 2×4h 2×8i

[2] Pbmn (53) =
Pmna

b, c, a

y, z, x

[2] Pman (53) =
Pmna

a, –c, b

x, –z, y 2e

2e

2f

2f

b, c, a

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , z, x+ 41

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 2×2e 2×2 f 4i 4j 4k 4k 4g; 4h 8l 2×4k 2×4i 2×4 j 2×8l

2e

2f

2f

a, –c, b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z 2e x+ 41 , –z, y+ 41

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 4i 4j 2×2e 2×2 f 4k 4k 4g; 4h 2×4k 8l 2×4i 2×4 j 2×8l

2b

2c

2d

4e

4f

4g 8m

1a; 1 f 1b; 1e 1d; 1g 1c; 1h 4y

4z

2i; 2k 2 j; 2l 2m; 2o 2n; 2p 2q; 2t 2r; 2s 8α 4u; 4v 4w; 4x 2×4y 2×4z 2×8α

[2] Pbmm (51) =
Pmma [2] Pmam (51) =
Pmma [2] Pban (50) [2] Pmmm (47)

origin 1: x, y, z origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

2a

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

571

4h 8m

4e 4f 2×4h 8i

4i 8m

4h 8i

4j 8m

4h 8i

4h 2×8i

4h 8i

4h 2×8i

4k 8m

4l 2×8m

Cmmm

No. 65 Axes

C 2/m 2/m 2/m

Coordinates 2a

2b

2c

2d

4e

Wyckoff positions 4f 4g 4h 8m 8n

4i 8o

CONTINUED

4j 8p

4k 8q

4l 16r

Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Ibmm (74) a, b, 2c =
Imma

b, 2c, a

[2] Ibmm (74) a, b, 2c =
Imma

b, 2c, a

[2] Imam (74) a, b, 2c =
Imma

a,–2c,b

[2] Imam (74) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) y, 12 z, x; +(0, 12 , 0)

4a

4b

4e

4e

8g

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) y, 12 z+ 41 , x; +(0, 12 , 0)

4e

4e

4b

4a

4c; 4d 8g

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, – 12 z, y; +(0, 12 , 0)

4a

4b

4e

4e

8g

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; 4e +(0, 0, 12 ) x, – 12 z– 14 , y; +(0, 0, 12 )

4e

4b

4a

4c; 4d 8g

8i 8f 2×4e 8h 8h 2×8g 2×8h 16 j 2×8i 16 j

8h 2×16 j

8i 2×16k

4c; 4d 8h 2×4e 8 f 8i 2×8g 16 j 2×8h 16 j

2×4e 8h 2×8g 16 j

8h 8h 2×8i 2×16 j

8i 8f 8h 2×8h 2×8i 16 j

4c; 4d 8 f 8i 8h 2×8g 2×8h 16 j

8h 2×16 j

2×4e 8h 8h 16 j 2×8i 2×16 j

=
Imma

a,–2c,b

[2] Ibam (72)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4c

4d

4b

4a

8j

8e

8j 16k

8f 16k

8j 16k

8g 8h 2×8 j 16k

[2] Ibam (72)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4a

4b

4d

4c

8e

8j

8f 16k

8j 16k

8g 16k

8j 16k

[2] Immm (71) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 4 j

4i

8n

8k

4e; 4 f 8m 4g; 4h 8l 2×4i 2×4 j 16o 2×8l 2×8m 2×8n 16o 2×16o

[2] Immm (71) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4i

4j

2b; 2d 2a; 2c 8k

8n

8m 16o

[2] Cccm (66) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4c

4d

4b

4a

4e; 4 f 8k

[2] Cccm (66) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4a

4b

4d

4c

4a

4b

4c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; 4c +(0, 0, 12 ) b, –a, 2c y, –x, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) b, –a, 2c y, –x, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] Ccmm (63) a, b, 2c =
Cmcm

[2] Ccmm (63) a, b, 2c =
Cmcm

8h 8i 2×8 j 2×16k

4e; 4 f 8l 4g; 4h 2×4i 2×4 j 2×8l 2×8m 16o 2×8n 2×16o

8l 8g 2×8k 16m

8l 16m

8h 8i 8j 2×8l 16m 2×16m

8k

4e; 4 f 8g 8l 2×8k 16m

8h 16m

8l 16m

8i 8j 2×8l 2×16m

4c

8d

8g

8f 16h

2×4c 8e 8g 16h 2×8 f 16h

8f 8f 2×8g 2×16h

4b

4a

8g

8d

2×4c 8 f 16h 16h

8g 8e 8f 2×8 f 2×8g 16h

[2] Cmcm (63) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4a

4b

4c

4c

8d

8g

8e 16h

8g 8f 2×8 f 16h

[2] Cmcm (63) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4c

4c

4b

4a

8g

8d

8g 16h

8e 2×4c 8 f 8f 2×8 f 16h 2×8g 16h

572

8f 2×16h

2×4c 8 f 8f 16h 2×8g 2×16h 8f 2×16h

C 2/m 2/m 2/m

CONTINUED

Axes

Coordinates

2a

No. 65

Cmmm

2b

2c 4k

2d 4l

Wyckoff positions 4e 4f 4g 8m 8n 8o

4h 8p

4i 8q

4j 16r

2b; 4g

2c; 4h 4k; 8o

2d; 4h 4l; 8o

4e; 8p 8m;16r

4 j; 8q 3×16r

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Cmmm 3a,b,c

1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0)

2a; 4g

3×4g 3×8o

3×4h 3×8p

4i; 8p 3×8q

[p] Cmmm pa,b,c

1 p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0)

2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 4e; 4f; p×4g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×4g ×4g ×4h ×4h ×8p ×8q 2 2 2 2 2 2

p×4h

4i; 4 j; p –1 p –1 ×8p 2 2 ×8q

4k; 4l; 8m; 8n; p×8o p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×8o ×8o ×16r ×16r 2 2 2 2

p×8p

p×8q

p×16r

2c; 4 j 4k; 8n

4h; 8q 3×8p

3×4i 3×8q

3×4 j 3×16r

[p] Cmmm a,pb,c x, 1p y, z; 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 4e; 4f; 4g; 4h; p×4i +(0, up , 0) p –2 1×4i p –2 1×4i p –2 1×4 j p –2 1×4 j p –2 1×8p p –2 1×8q p –2 1×8p p –2 1×8q p =prime > 2; 4k; 4l; 8m; p×8n 8o; p×8p p×8q p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 u = 1, . . . , p−1 2 ×8n 2 ×8n 2 ×16r 2 ×16r

p×4 j

[2] Cmmm a,b,2c x, y, 12 z; 2a; 2d +(0, 0, 12 )

2b; 2c

4l 2×4k

4k 2×4l

4e; 4 f 2×8m

8m 2×8n

4g; 4h 2×8o

8o 8p; 8q

4i; 4 j 16r

8n 2×16r

[2] Cmmm a,b,2c x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; 4k +(0, 0, 12 )

4l

2b; 2c 2×4k

2a; 2d 2×4l

8m 2×8m

4e; 4 f 2×8n

8o 2×8o

4g; 4h 16r

8n 8p; 8q

4i; 4 j 2×16r

[3] Cmmm a,b,3c x, y, 13 z; 2a; 4k ±(0, 0, 13 )

2b; 4l

2c; 4l 3×4k

2d; 4k 3×4l

4e; 8m 3×8m

4 f ; 8m 3×8n

4g; 8o 3×8o

4h; 8o 8p; 16r

4i; 8n 8q;16r

4 j; 8n 3×16r

p =prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p−1 [3] Cmmm a,3b,c x, 13 y, z; 2a; 4i ±(0, 13 , 0)

2b; 4i

2d; 4 j 4l; 8n

4e; 8p 8m;16r

4 f ; 8q 8n; 16r

4 f ; 8q 3×8n

4g; 8p 8o; 16r

p×16r

[p] Cmmm a,b,pc x, y, 1p z; 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 4e; 4f; 4g; 4h; 4i; 4 j; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 u +(0, 0, p ) 2 ×4k 2 ×4l 2 ×4l 2 ×4k 2 ×8m 2 ×8m 2 ×8o 2 ×8o 2 ×8n p –2 1×8n p =prime > 2; p×4k p×4l p×8m p×8n p×8o 8p; 8q; p×16r p –1 p –1 u = 1, . . . , p−1 ×16r ×16r 2 2 Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Ammm Bmmm

C→A→B

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A→C →B

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

573

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 66, pp. 574–575.

Cccm

C 2/c 2/c 2/m

No. 66 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4f 8g 8h

D202h

4a

4b

4c

4d

4e

4a

4a

4b

4b

4b

4b

2×4a 8c

c, –b, a

x, y, z+ 41 z+ 41 , –y, x

4a

4a

4b

4b

4b

4b

c, a, b

x, y, z+ 41 z+ 41 , x, y

4a

4b

4a

4b

4c

2a; 2d 2b; 2c 4i

4j

4e

4e

4a

[2] C12/c1 (15)

4e

4e

4a

[2] P112/m (10) a, 12 (–a+b), c x+y, 2y, z

2i

2k

1a; 1b 1c; 1 f 1e; 1g 1d; 1h 4o

4o

or: 12 (a−b), 1 2 (a+b), c

2i

2l

1a; 1b 1g; 1h 1d; 1 f 1c; 1e 4o

4o

4e

4f

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4g

4g

8h

8h

2×4e 2×4 f 8h

2×4g 2×8h

[2] Pccn (56)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z 4c

4d

4c

4d

4a

4b

8e

8e

2×4c 2×4d 8e

8e 2×8e

[2] Pcnm (53) =
Pmna

4g

4h

4h

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 8i

c, –b, a

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z 4g z, –y– 14 , x+ 41

[2] Pncm (53) =
Pmna

4g

4h

4h

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 2×4g 8i

c, a, b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z 4g z, x+ 41 , y+ 41

[2] Pncn (52) =
Pnna

4c

4c

4a

4b

4d

4d

8e

c, a, b

z, x, y

[2] Pcnn (52) =
Pnna

4c

4c

4a

4b

4d

4d

2×4c 8e

c, –b, a

z, –y, x 2e; 2h 2 f ; 2g 2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4q

4q

4i; 4 j 4k; 4l 4m; 4n 4o; 4p 8r

2×4q 2×8r

4e

4g; 4h 4i; 4 j 2×4k 2×4l 8m

8m 2×8m

I

8i

8j

8k

8l 16m

8c

8c

8c

2×4b 2×8c

8c

2×4a 8c

8c

8c

2×4b 2×8c

4c

8d

8d

4k

4k

4e; 4 f 4g; 4h 2×4i 2×4 j 2×4k 8l 2×8l

4b

4c

4d

2×4e 8 f

4b

4c

4d

8f

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] C2cm (40) =
Ama2 [2] Cc2m (40) =
Ama2 [2] Ccc2 (37) [2] C222 (21)

x, y, z+ 41

[2] C2/c11 (15) =
C12/c1 b, a, –c

y, x, –z

x–y, x+y, z

2×4a 2×4b 2×4c 8d 2×8d

8f

8f

8f

8f 2×8 f

2×4e 8 f

8f

8f

8f 2×8 f

2×2i 2×2k 2 j; 2l 2m; 2n 2×4o 2×2i 2×2l 2 j; 2k 2m; 2n 2×4o

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pnnm (58)

[2] Pccm (49) [2] Pnnn (48)

origin 1: x, y, z– 14 2a; 2c 2b; 2d 4k origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

4l

574

4f

2×4g 8i

8i

4e; 4 f 2×4h 2×8i

8i

8i

4e; 4 f 2×4h 2×8i

2×4c 8e

8e

2×4d 8e 2×8e

8e

2×4d 8e 2×8e

8e

C 2/c 2/c 2/m

CONTINUED

Axes

No. 66

Coordinates 4a

4b

4c

4d

4b; 8g

4c; 8l

4d; 8l

Wyckoff positions 4e 4f 8j

Cccm

8g 8k

8h 8l

8i 16m

3×8g 8k; 16m

8h; 16m 3×8l

8i; 16m 3×16m

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Cccm 3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z;

±( 31 , 0, 0) 4a; 8g

4 f ; 8l

4e; 8l 8 j; 16m

[p] Cccm pa, b, c 1p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0) 4a; 4b; 4c; 4d; 4e; 4f; p×8g 8h; 8i; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; ×8g ×8g ×8l ×8l ×8l ×8l ×16m 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ×16m u = 1, . . . , p−1 8 j; 8k; p×8l p×16m p –1 p –1 ×16m ×16m 2 2 [3] Cccm a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 4a; 8h

4b; 8h

4c; 8l

4d; 8l

4 f ; 8l

4e; 8l 8 j; 16m

8g; 16m 8k; 16m

3×8h 3×8l

8i; 16m 3×16m

[p] Cccm a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) 4a; 4b; 4c; 4d; 4e; 4f; 8g; p×8h p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; 2 ×8h 2 ×8h 2 ×8l 2 ×8l 2 ×8l 2 ×8l 2 ×16m u = 1, . . . , p−1 8 j; 8k; p×8l p –1 p –1 ×16m ×16m 2 2

8i; p –1 ×16m

[3] Cccm a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 4a; 8i

3×8i 3×16m

4b; 8 j

4c; 8i

4d; 8 j

4e; 8k

4 f ; 8k 3×8 j

[p] Cccm a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) 4a; 4b; 4c; 4d; 4e; 4f; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; 2 ×8i 2 ×8 j 2 ×8i 2 ×8 j 2 ×8k 2 ×8k u = 1, . . . , p−1 p×8 j

8g; 16m 3×8k

8h; 16m 8l;16m

p×8k

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates: C→A→B

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A→C →B

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

575

p×16m

8g; 8h; p×8i p –1 p –1 2 ×16m 2 ×16m 8l; p×16m p –1 ×16m 2

Amaa Bbmb

2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 67, pp. 576–578.

Cmme Axes

I

C 2/m 2/m 2/e

No. 67 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4f 4g 8h

8i

D212h

4a

4b

4c

4d

4e

8j 8m

4a

4b

4a

4b

4c

4c

4c

2×4a 2×4b 8d 8d

8k 8n

8l 16o

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] C2me (39) =
Aem2

8d 8d 2×4c 2×8d

c, –b, a

z, –y, x 4a

4b

4c

4c

4a

4b

4c

8d

8d

c, a, b

x+ 41 , y, z z, x+ 41 , y

2×4a 2×4b 8d 2×4c 8d 2×8d

[2] Cmm2 (35)

x, y+ 41 , z

4c

4c

4e

4e

4d

4d

2a; 2b 8 f

8f

8f 8f 2×4c 2×4e 2×4d 2×8 f

[2] C222 (21)

x+ 41 , y, z

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4e

4f

4g

4h

4k

2×4e 2×4 f 2×4g 2×4h 4i; 4 j 8l 8l 2×8l

[2] P112/a (13) a, x+y, 2y, z 1 (–a+b), c 2

2e

2e

2a

2c

2d

2b

2f

4g

4g 4g

2×2e 2×4g

[2] C2/m11 (12) =
C12/m1 b, –a, c

4g

4h

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4e

4f

4i

y, –x, z

2×4g 2×4h 8 j 8j 2×4i 8 j

8j 2×8 j

[2] C12/m1 (12)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

4g

4h

4e

4f

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4i

8j

8j

2×4g 2×4h 8 j 8j 2×4i 2×8 j

4c

4c

4d

4d

4a

4b

4d

8e

8e

8e 8e 2×4d 8e

4c

4c

4a

4b

4d

4d

4d

8e

8e

8e 8e

4d

4e

4d

4e

4a

4b

4c

2×4d 2×4e 8 f 8f

4d

4e

4a

4b

4d

4e

4c

8f

8f

2×4d 2×4e 8 f 8f 8f 2×8 f

4g

4h

4k

4k

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 2e; 2 f 8l

8l

2×4g 2×4h 8l 2×4k 4i; 4 j 2×8l

4g

4h

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4k

4k

2e; 2 f 2×4g 2×4h 8l 8l 8l 4i; 4 j 2×4k 2×8l

2e; 2 f 2g; 2h 2a; 2d 2b; 2c 4i

4j

4q

4m; 4p 4n; 4o 2×4i 2×4 j 4k; 4l 2×4q 8r 2×8r

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 4q

2×4k 2×4l 4m; 4o 4n; 4p 4i; 4 j 8r 2×4q 2×8r

[2] Cm2e (39) =
Aem2

4g

4g 4g

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pmab (57) =
Pbcm

c, –b, a

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z z, –y– 14 , x+ 41

[2] Pbma (57) =
Pbcm

c, a, b

z, x, y

[2] Pbaa (54) =
Pcca

b, c, a

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , z, x+ 41

[2] Pbab (54) =
Pcca

a, –c, b

x, –z, y x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

[2] Pmma (51) [2] Pmmb (51) =
Pmma [2] Pmaa (49) =
Pccm [2] Pbmb (49) =
Pccm

b, –a, c

y, –x, z

b, c, a

y, z, x

c, a, b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z z, x+ 41 , y+ 41

2e; 2g 2 f ; 2h 4k

4l

2×4c 2×8e

8e 2×4c 2×4d 2×8e 8f 8f

8f 2×8 f

Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] Imma (74)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

8f

8g

4a; 4b 8h

[2] Imma (74)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

8g

8f

8h

4a; 4b 4c; 4d 8i

2×4e 16 j

2×8 f 2×8g 16 j 16 j 2×8h 2×8i 2×16 j

[2] Ibca (73)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

8d

8c

8a

8c

8d

8b

8e

16 f

2×8c 2×8d 16 f 16 f 16 f

[2] Ibca (73)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

8c

8d

8c

8a

8b

8d

8e

2×8c 16 f

16 f 16 f

[2] Imcb (72) =
Ibam

a, b, 2c b, 2c, a

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 4a; 4b 8g y, 12 z, x; +(0, 12 , 0)

4c; 4d 8 j

8f

8e

8j

8h; 8i 16k

2×8 f 16k 2×8 j 16k

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

576

8i

4c; 4d 2×4e 2×8 f 16 j

16 j 2×8g 16 j 2×8h 2×8i 2×16 j

16 f 2×16 f

2×8d 16 f 16 f 2×16 f 2×8g 2×16k

C 2/m 2/m 2/e

CONTINUED

Axes

No. 67

Coordinates

Cmme

4a

4b 8i

4c 8j

Wyckoff positions 4d 4e 4f 8k 8l 8m

4g 8n

8h 16o

[2] Imcb (72) a, b, 2c =
Ibam b, 2c, a

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) y, 12 z+ 41 , x; +(0, 12 , 0)

8g

4a; 4b 8h; 8i

8j 16k

4c; 4d 2×8 f

8e 2×8g

8f 2×8 j

8j 16k

16k 2×16k

[2] Icma (72) a, b, 2c =
Ibam 2c, a, b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 2 z, x+ 4 , y+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0)

4a; 4b

8f 16k

8g 8h; 8i

8e 16k

4c; 4d 2×8 f

8j 16k

8j 2×8 j

2×8g 2×16k

[2] Icma (72) a, b, 2c =
Ibam 2c, a, b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 8 f 1 1 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 , x+ 4 , y+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0)

4a; 4b 2×8g

8e 16k

8g 8h; 8i

8j 2×8 f

4c; 4d 16k

8j 2×8 j

16k 2×16k

[2] Ccce (68) a, b, 2c 4a; 4b origin 1: x+ 41 , y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

8g 16i

8e 2×8 f

8c 16i

8f 2×8g

8d 16i

8h 16i

2×8e 2×16i

[2] Ccce (68) a, b, 2c origin 1: x+ 41 , y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

8g

4a; 4b 2×8e

8c 16i

8e 2×8 f

8d 2×8g

8f 16i

8h 16i

16i 2×16i

[2] Cmce (64) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

8d

8e 16g

4a; 4b 16g

8f 2×8e

8c 16g

8e 2×8 f

8f 16g

2×8d 2×16g

[2] Cmce (64) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

8e

8d 2×8d

8f 2×8e

4a; 4b 16g

8e 16g

8c 2×8 f

8f 16g

16g 2×16g

8d

8e 2×8e

8c 2×8d

8e 16g

4a; 4b 16g

8f 16g

8f 2×8 f

16g 2×16g

8d 16g

8e 16g

8c 2×8d

8f 16g

4a; 4b 16g

8f 2×8 f

2×8e 2×16g

4b; 8i 3×8i

4c; 8h 8 j; 16o

4d; 8i 8k; 16o

4e; 8n 8l; 16o

4 f ; 8n 4g; 8n 8m; 16o 3×8n

3×8h 3×16o

[2] Ccme (64) a, b, 2c x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) =
Cmce b, –a, 2c y+ 41 , –x– 14 , 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] Ccme (64) a, b, 2c x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 8e =
Cmce b, –a, 2c y+ 41 , –x– 14 , 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 3 x, y, z;

±( 31 , 0, 0)

[3] Cmme

3a, b, c

[p] Cmme

pa, b, c 1p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[3] Cmme

a, 3b, c

[p] Cmme

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

4a; 8h

4a; 4b; 4c; 4d; 4e; 4f; 4g; p×8h p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×8h ×8i ×8h ×8i ×8n ×8n ×8n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4a; 8 j

p×8i

8 j; 8k; 8l; 8m; p×8n p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×16o 2 ×16o 2 ×16o 2 ×16o

p×16o

4b; 8k 8i; 16o

4c; 8m 3×8 j

8h; 16o 3×16o

4d; 8m 3×8k

+(0, 0,

1 2)

4 f ; 8k 3×8m

4g; 8m 8n; 16o

4a; 4b; 4c; 4d; 4e; 4f; 4g; 8h; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×8 j ×8k ×8m ×8m ×8 j ×8k ×8m 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ×16o 8i; p×8 j p –1 ×16o

p×8k

8l; p×8m p –1 ×16o

8n; p×16o p –1 ×16o

4a; 4b

8l 16o

4c; 4d 8 j; 8k

8m 16o

4e; 4 f 2×8l

8n 2×8m

2×4g 2×8n

8h; 8i 2×16o

2

1 2 z;

4e; 8 j 8l; 16o

2

2

[2] Cmme

a, b, 2c

x, y,

[2] Cmme

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

8l

4a; 4b 8h; 8i

8m 16o

4c; 4d 8 j; 8k

8n 2×8l

4e; 4 f 2×8m

2×4g 2×8n

16o 2×16o

[3] Cmme

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

4a; 8l

4b; 8l 8i; 16o

4c; 8m 8 j; 16o

4d; 8m 8k; 16o

4e; 8n 3×8l

4 f ; 8n 3×8m

3×4g 3×8n

8h; 16o 3×16o

[p] Cmme

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

Continued at the bottom of the next page

4a; 4b; 4c; 4d; 4e; 4f; p×4g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×8l 2 ×8l 2 ×8m 2 ×8m 2 ×8n 2 ×8n p×8i 8 j; 8k; p×8l p –1 p –1 p –1 ×16o ×16o ×16o 2 2 2

577

p×8m

p×8n

p×8h p –1 2 ×16o p×16o

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 68, pp. 578–579.

Ccce Axes

origin 1 I

C 2/c 2/c 2/e

No. 68 Coordinates origin 2

D222h

Wyckoff positions 8e 8f 8g

4a

4b

8c

8d

8h

16i

4a

8b

8b

2×4a 8b

z, –y, x

x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 4a z+ 41 , –y– 14 , x

8b

8b

2×8b

4a

4a

8b

8b

z, x, y

x, y, z+ 41 z+ 41 , x, y

8b

2×4a 8b

8b

2×8b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z x+ 41 , y, z

4c

4c

8d

8d

8d

8d

2×4c

4a; 4b

2×8d

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 8l

8l

4e; 4 f 4g; 4h 4i; 4 j

2×4k

2×8l

2×4e 8 f

8f

2×8 f

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] C2ce (41) =
Aea2

c, –b, a

[2] Cc2e (41) =
Aea2

c, a, b

[2] Ccc2 (37) [2] C222 (21) [2] C2/c11 (15) =
C12/c1 b, –a, c [2] C12/c1 (15) [2] P112/a (13) a,

1 2 (–a+b),

c

x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 y, –x– 14 , z+ 41 x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 x+y+ 41 , 2y, z+ 41

x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , –x– 14 , z

4e

4e

4e

4a; 4b 4c; 4d

4e

4c; 4d ∗

4a; 4b 8 f

∗

2×4e 8 f

8f ∗

2×8 f

∗

2 f (e ) 2 f (e ) 2b(a ); 2a(b ); 4g 2d(c∗ ) 2c(d ∗ )

4g

2×2 f (e ) 2×2e( f ) 2×4g

4c

4c

8d

4a; 4b 8d

8d

2×4c

8d

2×8d

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z 4c y+ 41 , z, x+ 41

4c

4a; 4b 8d

8d

2×4c

8d

2×8d

4c

4c

8f

4d; 4e

2×8 f

4c

4c

4a; 4b 8 f

4d

4d

8e

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z 4d y+ 41 , –x– 14 , z

4d

4a; 4b 8e

x+y, 2y, z

∗

8f

∗

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pcnb (60) =
Pbcn [2] Pnca (60) =
Pbcn

a, –c, b

x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 x, –z– 14 , y+ 41 x, –z, y

b, c, a

x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 y, z+ 41 , x+ 41

[2] Pcca (54)

x, y+ 41 , z+ 41

[2] Pccb (54) =
Pcca

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z y+ 41 , –x– 14 , z

[2] Pnnb (52) =
Pnna

b, –a, c

x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 y, –x– 14 , z+ 41 x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 y, –x– 14 , z+ 41

[2] Pncb (50) =
Pban

b, c, a

y, z, x

y, z, x

z, x, y

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z z, x+ 41 , y– 14

b, –a, c

[2] Pnna (52)

[2] Pcna (50) =
Pban

c, a, b

No. 67

4a; 4b 8 f

2×4c 8 f

2×4c 8 f

8f

4d; 4e

2×8 f

4a; 4b 2×4d 8e

8e

2×4c

2×8e

2×4d 8e

2×4c

2×8e

8e

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 8m

4e; 4 f

4k; 4l 4g; 4h 4i; 4 j

8m

2×8m

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 4e; 4 f

8m

4i; 4 j 4k; 4l 4g; 4h

8m

2×8m

∗

Cmme

8d

origin 1

C 2/m 2/m 2/e

CONTINUED (from

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Aemm Bmem

C→A→B

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A→C →B

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

578

preceding page)

C 2/c 2/c 2/e

CONTINUED

Axes

Coordinates origin 1 origin 2

No. 68

Ccce

4a

4b

8c

Wyckoff positions 8d 8e 8f

8g

8h

16i

8d; 16i

8g; 16i

8h; 16i

3×16i

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Ccce 3a, b, c

1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0)

1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0)

4a; 8e

4b; 8e

8c; 16i

[p] Ccce pa, b, c

1 p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0)

1 p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0)

4a; p –1 ×8e

4b; p –1 ×8e

8c; 8d; p×8e p –1 p –1 2 ×16i 2 ×16i

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2

2

[3] Ccce a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; x, 13 y, z; 4a(b∗ ); 8 f 4b(a∗ ); 8 f 8c; 16i 1 1 ±(0, 3 , 0) ±(0, 3 , 0) [p] Ccce a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; x, 1p y, z; 4a(b† ); u u +(0, p , 0) +(0, p , 0) p –2 1×8 f p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

4b(a† ); p –1 2 ×8 f

∗ †

4b(a† ); p –1 2 ×8g

8e; 16i

8 f ; 16i

8f; 8g; 8h; p×16i p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×16i 2 ×16i 2 ×16i 3×8 f

8c; 8d; 8e; p×8 f p –1 p –1 p –1 ×16i ×16i ×16i 2 2 2

[3] Ccce a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; x, y, 13 z; 4a(b∗ ); 8g 4b(a∗ ); 8g 8c; 16i 1 1 ±(0, 0, 3 ) ±(0, 0, 3 ) [p] Ccce a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; x, y, 1p z; 4a(b† ); +(0, 0, up ) +(0, 0, up ) p –2 1×8g p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

8d; 16i

3×8e

8d; 16i

8e; 16i

8 f ; 16i

8h; 16i

3×16i

8g; 8h; p×16i p –1 p –1 ×16i ×16i 2 2 3×8g

3×8h

3×16i

8c; 8d; 8e; 8f; p×8g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×16i 2 ×16i 2 ×16i 2 ×16i

p×8h

p×16i

origin 2 origin 2 and p = 4n−1

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

Aeaa Bbeb

8g; 16i

C→A→B

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A→C →B

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

579

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 69, pp. 580–581.

F mmm Axes

F 2/m 2/m 2/m

No. 69 Coordinates

D232h

4b

8c

8d

8e

Wyckoff positions 8f 8g 8h 8i

16 j

16k 16n

4a

4a

8b

8c

8d

8b

2×4a 8d

8c

16e

16e 2×8b 16e 2×8c 2×8d 2×16e

4a

4a

8d

8b

8c

8b

8c

2×4a 8d

16e

2×8b 16e 2×8d 16e 2×8c 2×16e

[2] Fmm2 (42)

4a

4a

8c

8d

8b

8b

8d

8c

2×4a 2×8b 16e 16e 2×8d 16e

[2] F222 (22)

4a

4b

8j

8i

8h

4c; 4d 8e

8f

8g

2×8h 2×8i 2×8 j 16k 16k 16k 2×16k

[2] B2/m11 (12) a, 12 (b–c), c x, 2y, y+z =
C12/m1 c, a, 12 (b–c) y+z, x, 2y

2a

2b

2c; 2d 4e

4f

4h

4g

4i

4i

8j

8j 8j

[2] C12/m1 (12) a, b, 1 2 (–a+c)

x+z, y, 2z

2a

2b

4f

2c; 2d 4e

4h

4i

4g

4i

8j

2×4h 8 j 2×4i 8 j

1 2 (a−b),

2x, x+y, z

2a

2b

4e

4f

2c; 2d 4h

4i

4i

4g

2×4h 8 j 8j

8j 8j 2×4i 2×8 j

4a origin 1: x, y, z origin 2: x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 b, c, a y, z, x (ori. 1) origin 2: y, z+ 41 , x+ 41

4b

8h

8d

8c

8h

8g

8e

8f

16i

16i 16i

2×8h 16i 16i 2×16i

origin 1: x, y, z 4a origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z c, a, b z, x, y (ori. 1) origin 2: z, x+ 41 , y+ 41

4b

8c

8h

8d

8h

8f

8g

8e

16i

2×8h 16i 16i 16i

origin 1: x, y, z 4a origin 2: x, y+ 41 , z+ 41

4b

8d

8c

8h

8h

8e

8f

8g

2×8h 16i 16i

4g

8l

4c; 4d 4e; 4 f 4a; 4b 2×4g 8n

8m

b, c, a

x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 4g y, z+ 41 , x+ 41

8 j; 8k 8h; 8i 2×8l 16o 2×8m 2×8n 2×16o

4g

4e; 4 f 8l

2×4g 8n

c, a, b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z 4g z, x+ 41 , y+ 41

8h; 8i 2×8l 8 j; 8k 2×8n 16o 2×8m 2×16o

[2] Cmme (67)

x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 4g

4g

4c; 4d 4e; 4 f 8l

4a; 4b 8n

8m

2×4g 2×8l 8 j; 8k 8h; 8i 2×8m 2×8n 16o 2×16o

[2] Amaa (66) =
Cccm

4f

4c; 4d 8g

8h

4a; 4b 8k

8l

8l

b, c, a

x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 4e y+ 41 , z+ 41 , x

2×8h 2×8g 8i; 8 j 2×8l 16m 16m 2×16m

4f

8h

4c; 4d 8g

4a; 4b 8l

8k

8l

c, a, b

x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 4e z+ 41 , x+ 41 , y

2×8g 8i; 8 j 2×8h 16m 2×8l 16m 2×16m

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z 4e

4f

8g

8h

4c; 4d 4a; 4b 8l

8l

8k

8i; 8 j 2×8h 2×8g 16m 16m 2×8l 2×16m

4a I

16l 16o

16m 32p

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] F2mm (42) =
Fmm2

b, c, a

y, z, x

[2] Fm2m (42) =
Fmm2

c, a, b

z, x, y

[2] A112/m (12)

b, c

2×8c 2×16e

2×4h 2×4i 8j 2×8 j 8j 2×8 j

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Aeaa (68) =
Ccce [2] Bbeb (68) =
Ccce [2] Ccce (68) [2] Aemm (67) =
Cmme [2] Bmem (67) =
Cmme

[2] Bbmb (66) =
Cccm [2] Cccm (66) [2] Ammm (65) =
Cmmm

b, c, a

y, z, x

[2] Bmmm (65) =
Cmmm

c, a, b

z, x, y

[2] Cmmm (65)

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 4e; 4 f 8n

4c; 4d 4a; 4b 8m

16i 16i

16i 2×16i

16i 2×16i

8o

8m

4k; 4l 4g; 4h 4i; 4 j 16r

16r 2×8m 8p; 8q 2×8n 2×8o 2×16r

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 8o

4e; 4 f 8n

8m

4i; 4 j 4k; 4l 4g; 4h 16r

2×8m 16r 2×8o 8p; 8q 2×8n 2×16r

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 8n

8o

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

580

4e; 4 f 8m

4g; 4h 4i; 4 j 4k; 4l 2×8m 16r 16r 2×8n 2×8o 8p; 8q 2×16r

F 2/m 2/m 2/m

CONTINUED

Axes

No. 69

Coordinates

F mmm

Wyckoff positions 8e 8f 8g 16k 16l 16m

8h 16n

8i 16o

16 j 32p

8f

8e 16g

8e 16g

8f 16g

8d 2×8 f

8f 16g

2×8e 2×16g

8c

8e

8f 2×8e

8e 16g

8f 16g

8f 16g

8d 2×8 f

16g 2×16g

4b

8e

8c

8f 16g

8e 2×8e

8f 16g

8f 16g

8d 2×8 f

16g 2×16g

4a

4b

8f

8c

8e 16g

8e 16g

8d 2×8 f

8f 16g

8f 16g

2×8e 2×16g

[2] Cmce (64)

4a

4b

8f

8e

8c 2×8e

8e 16g

8d 2×8 f

8f 16g

8f 16g

16g 2×16g

[2] Ccme (64) =
Cmce b, –a, c y, –x, z

4a

4b

8e

8f

8c 16g

8e 2×8e

8f 16g

8d 2×8 f

8f 16g

16g 2×16g

[2] Amam (63) x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z 4c =
Cmcm c, –b, a z, –y– 14 , x+ 41

4c

8g

8d

4a; 4b 16h

8e 16h

8f 2×8g

2×4c 16h

8g 2×8 f

2×8e 2×16h

[2] Amma (63) =
Cmcm b, c, a

x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 4c y, z+ 41 , x+ 41

4c

8g

4a; 4b

8d 2×8e

8e 16h

8f 2×8g

8g 2×8 f

2×4c 16h

16h 2×16h

[2] Bbmm (63) =
Cmcm c, a, b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z 4c z, x+ 41 , y+ 41

4c

8d

8g

4a; 4b 16h

8e 16h

2×4c 16h

8f 2×8g

8g 2×8 f

2×8e 2×16h

[2] Bmmb (63) x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 4c =
Cmcm a, –c, b x, –z– 14 , y+ 41

4c

4a; 4b

8g

8d 16h

8e 2×8e

8g 2×8 f

8f 2×8g

2×4c 16h

16h 2×16h

[2] Ccmm (63) x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 4c =
Cmcm b, –a, c y, –x– 14 , z+ 41

4c

8d

4a; 4b

8g 2×8e

8e 16h

2×4c 16h

8g 2×8 f

8f 2×8g

16h 2×16h

x, y+ 41 , z+ 41 4c

4c

4a; 4b

8d

8g 16h

8e 2×8e

8g 2×8 f

2×4c 16h

8f 2×8g

16h 2×16h

4b; 8g

8c; 16l

8d; 16n

8e; 16o 8 f ; 16l 16k; 32p 3×16l

8i; 16n 3×16o

16 j; 32p 3×32p

4a

4b

8c

8d

4a

4b

8c

[2] Aeam (64) =
Cmce c, –b, a z, –y, x

4a

4b

[2] Bbem (64) =
Cmce c, a, b

4a

[2] Bmeb (64) =
Cmce a, –c, b x, –z, y

[2] Aema (64) =
Cmce b, c, a

[2] Cmcm (63)

y, z, x

z, x, y

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Fmmm

3a, b, c

[p] Fmmm

pa, b, c

1 3 x, y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0)

4a; 8g

3×8g 8h; 16o 16m; 32p 3×16n

4a; 4b; 8c; 8d; 8e; 8f; p×8g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×16l 2 ×16n 2 ×16o 2 ×16l

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

16k; p×16l p–1 2 ×32p

8h; 8i; 16 j; p –1 p –1 p–1 2 ×16o 2 ×16n 2 ×32p

16m; p×16n p–1 2 ×32p

p×16o

p×32p

[3] Fmmm

a, 3b, c x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0)

[p] Fmmm

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; 4a; 4b; 8c; 8d; 8e; 8f; 8g; p×8h 8i; 16 j; p –1 p –1 p–1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p–1 p–1 +(0, up , 0) ×8h ×8h ×16m ×16k ×16o ×16k ×16o ×16m 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ×32p p = prime > 2; p×16k 16l; p×16m 16n; p×16o p×32p p–1 p–1 u = 1, . . . , p −1 ×32p ×32p 2 2

[3] Fmmm

a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] Fmmm

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; 4a; 4b; 8c; 8d; 8e; 8f; 8g; 8h; p×8i p×16 j p –1 p –1 p–1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p–1 u +(0, 0, p ) 2 ×8i 2 ×8i 2 ×16m 2 ×16n 2 ×16 j 2 ×16 j 2 ×16n 2 ×16m p = prime > 2; 16k; 16l; p×16m p×16n 16o; p×32p p–1 p–1 p–1 u = 1, . . . , p −1 2 ×32p 2 ×32p 2 ×32p

4a; 8h

4a; 8i

4b; 8h

4b; 8i

8c; 16m 8d; 16k

8c; 16m 8d; 16n

581

8e; 16o 3×16k

8 f ;16k 8g; 16o 16l; 32p 3×16m

8e; 16 j 8 f ; 16 j 8g; 16n 16k; 32p 16l; 32p 3×16m

3×8h 8i; 16m 16n; 32p 3×16o

8h; 16m 3×16n

16 j; 32p 3×32p

3×8i 3×16 j 16o; 32p 3×32p

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 70, p. 582.

Fddd

F 2/d 2/d 2/d

No. 70

Axes origin 1

Coordinates origin 2

D242h

Wyckoff positions 16d 16e 16 f

8a

8b

16c

8a

8a

16b

16b

2×8a 16b

y, z, x

x, y+ 81 , z+ 81 y+ 81 , z+ 81 , x

8a

8a

16b

16b

z, x, y

x+ 81 , y, z+ 81 z+ 81 , x+ 81 , y

[2] Fdd2 (43)

x+ 81 , y+ 81 , z

8a

8a

16b

[2] F222 (22)

x+ 81 , y+ 81 , z+ 81

4a; 4c 4b; 4d 16k

–x, y–z, –2z

4e

4e

4a; 4c 4b; 4d 2×4e 8 f

x–z, –y, –2z

4e

4e

–2x, –x+y, –z

4e

4e

origin 2

8a

8b

Wyckoff positions 16c 16d

1 1 1 1 3 x− 4 , y+ 4 , z+ 4 ; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

1 1 1 3 x, y+ 4 , z+ 4 ; ±( 31 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

8b; 16e

8a; 16e

1 1 1 1 p x− 4 , y+ 4 , z+ 4 ; +( up , 0, 0)

1 1 1 p x, y+ 4 , z+ 4 ; +( up , 0, 0)

I

16g

32h

16b

2×16b

16b

2×8a 16b

2×16b

16b

16b

16b

16k

8e; 8 j 8 f ; 8i 8g; 8h 2×16k

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] F2dd (43) =
Fdd2 [2] Fd2d (43) =
Fdd2

[2] C2/c11 (15) =
C12/c1 [2] C12/c1 (15) [2] A112/a (15)

b, c, a c, a, b

–a, b, – 12 (b+c) b, a, – 12 (b+c) a, –b, – 12 (a+c) – 12 (a+b), b, –c

–x+ 81 , y–z, –2z+ 41 y–z, x– 18 , –2z+ 41 x–z, –y+ 81 , –2z+ 41 –2x+ 41 , –x+y, –z+ 81

origin 1

2×8a 2×16b

8f

2×8 f

4a; 4d 4b; 4c 8 f

2×4e 8 f

2×8 f

4a; 4d 4b; 4c 8 f

8f

y–z, x, –2z

16e

16 f

2×4e 2×8 f

16g

32h

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Fddd 3a, b, c

[p] Fddd pa, b, c p = prime = 4n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [p] Fddd pa, b, c

p = prime = 4n−1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Fddd a, 3b, c x+ 41 , 13 y− 41 , z+ 41 ; x+ 41 , 13 y, z+ 41 ; ±(0, 13 , 0) ±(0, 13 , 0)

16c; 32h 16d; 32h 3×16e

16 f ; 32h 16g; 32h 3×32h

8a(b∗ ); 8b(a∗ ); 16c(d † ); 16d(c† ); p×16e p –1 p –1 p–1 p–1 2 ×16e 2 ×16e 2 ×32h 2 ×32h

16 f ; 16g; p×32h p–1 p–1 ×32h ×32h 2 2

8b(a‡ ); 8a(b‡ ); 16c(d § ); 16d(c§ ); p×16e p –1 p –1 p–1 p–1 2 ×16e 2 ×16e 2 ×32h 2 ×32h

16 f ; 16g; p×32h p–1 p–1 2 ×32h 2 ×32h

8b; 16 f

8a; 16 f

16c; 32h 16d; 32h 16e; 32h 3×16 f

16g; 32h 3×32h

[p] Fddd a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) 8a(b∗ ); 8b(a∗ ); 16c(d † ); 16d(c† ); 16e; p×16 f p –1 p –1 p–1 p–1 p–1 p = prime = 4n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1 ×16 f ×16 f ×32h ×32h ×32h 2 2 2 2 2

16g; p×32h p–1 ×32h 2

[p] Fddd a, pb, c x+ 41 , 1p y− 41 , z+ 41 ; x+ 41 , 1p y, z+ 41 ; +(0, up , 0) +(0, up , 0) p = prime = 4n−1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

8b(a‡ ); 8a(b‡ ); 16c(d § ); 16d(c§ ); 16e; p×16 f p –1 p –1 p–1 p–1 p–1 ×16 f ×16 f ×32h ×32h ×32h 2 2 2 2 2

16g; p×32h p–1 ×32h 2

[3] Fddd a, b, 3c x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 13 z− 41 ; x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) ±(0, 0, 13 )

8b; 16g

8a; 16g

16c; 32h 16d; 32h 16e; 32h 16 f ; 32h 3×16g

3×32h

[p] Fddd a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) 8a(b∗ ); 8b(a∗ ); 16c(d † ); 16d(c† ); 16e 16 f ; p×16g p –1 p –1 p–1 p–1 p–1 p–1 p = prime = 4n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1 ×16g ×16g ×32h ×32h ×32h ×32h 2 2 2 2 2 2

p×32h

[p] Fddd a, b, pc x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 1p z− 41 ; x+ 41 , y+ 41 , 1p z; +( up , 0, 0) +( up , 0, 0) p = prime = 4n−1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×32h

8b(a‡ ); 8a(b‡ ); 16c(d § ); 16d(c§ ); 16e; 16 f ; p×16g p –1 p –1 p–1 p–1 p–1 p–1 ×16g ×16g ×32h ×32h ×32h ×32h 2 2 2 2 2 2 ∗

origin 2 and origin 1 and ‡ origin 2 and § origin 1 and †

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

582

p = 8n −3 p = 8n −3 p = 8n −1 p = 8n −1

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 71, pp. 583–584.

D252h

I 2/m 2/m 2/m Axes

I mmm

No. 71

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4f 4g 4h

2a

2b

2c

2d

4e

2a

2a

2b

2b

2×2a 2×2b 4c

2a

2b

2b

2a

4d

4d

2×2a 2×2b 4c

[2] Imm2 (44)

2a

2b

2a

2b

4c

4c

4d

4d

2×2a 2×2b 8e 2×4c 8e

2×4d 2×8e

[2] I222 (23)

2a

2b

2c

2d

4e

4f

4g

4h

4i

4j 8k

8k 8k

8k 2×8k

[2] I2/m11 (12) =
I12/m1 c, a, b z, x, y –b–c, a, c –y, x, –y+z =
C12/m1

2a

2b

2c

2d

4g

4h

4i

4i

4i

4i 8j

4e; 4 f 2×4i 8j 2×8 j

[2] I12/m1 (12) –a–c, b, a –z, y, x–z =
C12/m1

2a

2c

2d

2b

4i

4i

4g

4h

4i

4i 4e; 4 f 8 j 2×4i 8 j 2×8 j

[2] I112/m (12) =
A112/m b, –a–b, c –x+y, –x, z

2a

2d

2b

2c

4i

4i

4i

4i

4g

4h 8j

2a

2b

2a

2b

4f

4f

4e

4e

2×2a 2×2b 4c; 4d 2×4e 2×4 f 8g 2×8g

origin 1: x, y+ 41 , z 2a origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 c, a, b z, x, y+ 41 (origin 1) z+ 41 , x+ 41 , y+ 41 (origin 2)

2b

2b

2a

4e

4e

2×2a 2×2b 4 f

origin 1: x+ 41 , y, z 2a 1 1 1 origin 2: x+ 4 , y+ 4 , z+ 4 b, c, a y, z, x+ 41 (origin 1) y+ 41 , z+ 41 , x+ 41 (origin 2)

2a

2b

2b

2×2a 2×2b 4 f

4f

4e

4e 4c; 4d 8g 2×4e 2×4 f 2×8g

2a

2d

2b

2c

4g

4g

4g

4g

4e

4f 8h

2a

2c

2d

2b

4g

4g

4e

4f

4g

4g 8h 2×4g 8h

8h 2×8h

2a

2b

2c

2d

4e

4f

4g

4g

4g

4g 8h

8h 8h

2×4g 2×8h

2a

2b

2c

2d

4g

4h

4i

4j

4k

4l 8m

4e; 4 f 8m 8m 2×8m

I

4i

4j 8m

8k 8n

8l 16o

4d

4d 8e 8e 2×4d 2×4c 2×8e

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I2mm (44) =
Imm2

b, c, a

y, z, x

[2] Im2m (44) =
Imm2

c, a, b

z, x, y

4c

4c 8e

8e 2×4c 2×4d 2×8e

4e; 4 f 8 j 2×4i 2×8 j

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pmmn (59) [2] Pmnm (59) =
Pmmn

[2] Pnmm (59) =
Pmmn

origin 1: x, y, z+ 41 origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

[2] Pnnm (58) [2] Pnmn (58) =
Pnnm [2] Pmnn (58) =
Pnnm [2] Pnnn (48) [2] Pmmm (47)

c, a, b b, c, a

z, x, y y, z, x

origin 1: x, y, z origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

4f 8g

4c; 4d 2×4 f 2×4e 2×8g

8h 8h 2×4g 2×8h

1a; 1h 1b; 1g 1c; 1 f 1d; 1e 2i; 2l 2 j; 2k 2m; 2p 2n; 2o 2q; 2t 2r; 2s 8α 4u; 4v 4w; 4x 4y; 4z 2×8α

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

583

I mmm Axes

No. 71

I 2/m 2/m 2/m

Coordinates 2a

2b

2c

2d

Wyckoff positions 4e 4f 4g 8k 8l

2a; 4e

2b; 4e

2c; 4 f

2d; 4 f

3×4e

CONTINUED

4h 8m

4i 8n

4j 16o

4h; 8n 3×8m

4i; 8m 3×8n

4 j; 8m 3×16o

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Immm 3a, b, c

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0)

[p] Immm pa, b, c 1p x, y, z; +( up , 0, 0) 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; p×4e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; 2 ×4e 2 ×4e 2 ×4 f 2 ×4 f u = 1, . . . , p−1

[3] Immm a,3b,c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 2a; 4g

2b; 4h

2c; 4h

2d; 4g

4e; 8n

3×4 f 8k; 16o

4g; 8n 8l; 16o

p×4 f

4g; 4h; 4i; 4 j; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×8n 2 ×8n 2 ×8m 2 ×8m

8k; 8l; p×8m p –1 p –1 ×16o ×16o 2 2 4 f ; 8n 8k; 16o

3×4g 3×8l

[p] Immm a,pb,c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 4e; 4f; p×4g p–1 p–1 p–1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; 2 ×4g 2 ×4h 2 ×4h 2 ×4g 2 ×8n 2 ×8n u = 1, . . . , p−1 8k; p×8l p –1 ×16o 2

[3] Immm a,b,3c

x, y,

1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 )

2a; 4i

2b; 4 j

2c; 4i

2d; 4 j

4e; 8m

4 f ; 8m 8k; 16o

4g; 8l 3×8l

p×8n

p×16o

3×4h 4i; 8l 8m; 16o 3×8n

4 j; 8l 3×16o

p×4h

4i; 4 j; p –1 p –1 2 ×8l 2 ×8l

8m; p×8n p –1 ×16o 2

p×16o

4h; 8l 3×8m

3×4 j 3×16o

3×4i 8n; 16o

[p] Immm a,b,pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) 2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 4e; 4f; 4g; 4h; p×4i p×4 j p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; 2 ×4i 2 ×4 j 2 ×4i 2 ×4 j 2 ×8m 2 ×8m 2 ×8l 2 ×8l u = 1, . . . , p−1 8k; p×8l p×8m 8n; p×16o p –1 p–1 ×16o ×16o 2 2

584

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 72, p. 585.

D262h

I 2/b 2/a 2/m Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 8f 8g 8h

4a

4b

4c

4d

8e

4a

4a

4b

4b

8c

2×4a 8c

c, –b, a

x, y, z+ 41 z+ 41 , –y, x

4a

4a

4b

4b

8c

c, a, b

x, y, z+ 41 z+ 41 , x, y

4a

4b

4a

4b

2a; 2c 2b; 2d 4i

[2] I2/c11 (15) =
I12/a1 c, a, b z, x, y –b–c, a, c –y, x, –y+z =
C12/c1

4e

4e

[2] I12/c1 (15) =
C12/c1 a–c, b, c

4e

I

I bam

No. 72 8i

8j

16k

8c

8c

2×4b 2×8c

8c

2×4a 8c

8c

2×4b 2×8c

8c

8c

8c

4j

8k

4e; 4 f 4g; 4h 2×4i

4a

4b

4c; 4d 2×4e 8 f

4e

4a

4b

4c; 4d 8 f

4g

4h

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4e; 4 f 8 j

8j

4c

4c

4a

4b

8d

8d

2×4c 8d

4c

4c

4a

4b

8d

2×4c 8d

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I2cm (46) =
Ima2 [2] Ic2m (46) =
Ima2 [2] Iba2 (45)

x, y, z+ 41

[2] I222 (23)

2×4a 2×4b 8c

2×8c

2×4 j 8k

2×8k

8f

8f

8f

2×8 f

2×4e 8 f

8f

8f

2×8 f

x, y, x+z

[2] I112/m (12) =
A112/m b, –a–b, c –x+y, –y, z

2×4g 2×4h 2×4i

2×8 j

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pbcn (60) [2] Pcan (60) =
Pbcn

b, –a, c

8d

8d

2×8d

8d

8d

8d

2×8d

8e

8e

2×4d 2×8e

8e

2×4d 2×8e

y, –x, z

[2] Pbcm (57)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

4c

4c

4d

4d

4a; 4b 2×4c 8e

[2] Pcam (57) =
Pbcm

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 y+ 41 , –x– 14 , z+ 41

4c

4c

4d

4d

4a; 4b 8e

2×4c 8e

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

4c

4d

4c

4d

4a; 4b 8e

8e

2×4c 2×4d 8e

4e

4f

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 8i

8i

2×4e 2×4 f 4g; 4h 2×8i

b, –a, c

[2] Pccn (56) [2] Pbam (55) [2] Pban (50)

origin 1: origin 2:

x, y, z+ 41 x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

[2] Pccm (49)

2a; 2d 2b; 2c 4k

4l

8i

4e; 4 f 4g; 4h 4i; 4 j

2e; 2h 2 f ; 2g 2a; 2b 2c; 2d 8r

4i; 4 j

4k; 4l

2×4k 2×4l 8m

2×8e

2×8m

4m; 4n 4o; 4p 2×4q 2×8r

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Ibam [p] Ibam

[3] Ibam [p] Ibam

[3] Ibam [p] Ibam

3a, b, c

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p ,0,0)

4a; 8 f 4b; 8 f 4c; 8 j 4d; 8 j 8e;16k 3×8 f

8g;16k 8h;16k 8i;16k 3×8 j 3×16k

pa, b, c 4a; 4b; 4c; 4d; 8e; p×8 f 8g; 8h; 8i; p×8 j p×16k p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 p –2 1× p –2 1× p –2 1× p –2 1× p –2 1× × × × 2 2 2 8f 8f 8j 8j 16k 16k 16k 16k a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 4a; 8g 4b; 8g 4c; 8 j 4d; 8 j 8e;16k 8 f ;16k 3×8g 8h;16k 8i;16k 3×8 j 3×16k

a, pb, c x, 1p y, z; +(0, up , 0) 4a; 4b; 4c; 4d; 8e; 8f; p×8g 8h; 8i; p×8 j p×16k p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 p –2 1× p –2 1× p –2 1× p –2 1× p –2 1× p –2 1× × × 2 2 8g 8g 8j 8j 16k 16k 16k 16k a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 4a; 8h 4b; 8i 4c; 8h 4d; 8i 8e;16k 8 f ;16k 8g;16k 3×8h 3×8i 8 j;16k 3×16k

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0,0, up ) 4a; 4b; 4c; 4d; 8e; 8f; 8g; p×8h p×8i 8 j; p×16k p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 8h 8i 8h 8i 16k 16k 16k 16k

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

I mcb I cma

C→A→B

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A→C →B

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

585

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 73, p. 586.

I bca Axes I

I 21/b 21/c 21/a

No. 73 Coordinates

D272h

8a

8b

Wyckoff positions 8c 8d

8e

16 f

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] Iba2 (45)

x, y+ 41 , z

8c

8c

8c

8c

4a; 4b

2×8c

[2] Ic2a (45) =
Iba2

8c

8c

8c

4a; 4b

8c

2×8c

c, a, b

[2] I2cb (45) =
Iba2

8c

8c

4a; 4b

8c

8c

2×8c

b, c, a

x+ 41 , y, z z, x+ 41 , y x, y, z+ 41 y, z+ 41 , x

[2] I21 21 21 (24)

8d

8d

2×4a

2×4b

2×4c

2×8d

[2] I2/c11 (15) =
I12/a1 c, a, b z, x, y –b–c, a, c –y, x, –y+z =
C12/c1

4a; 4b

4c; 4d

2×4e

8f

8f

2×8 f

[2] I12/a1 (15) –a–c, b, a –z, y, x–z =
C12/c1

4a; 4b

4c; 4d

8f

2×4e

8f

2×8 f

[2] I112/b (15) =
A112/a b, –a–b, c x+y, –x, z

4a; 4b

4c; 4d

8f

8f

2×4e

2×8 f

4a; 4b

8c

8c

8c

8c

2×8c

8c

4a; 4b

8c

8c

8c

2×8c

8f

4a; 4b

8f

2×4c

4d; 4e

2×8 f

8f

4a; 4b

4d; 4e

8f

2×4c

2×8 f

8f

4a; 4b

2×4c

4d; 4e

8f

2×8 f

4a; 4b

8f

8f

4d; 4e

2×4c

2×8 f

4a; 4b

8f

2×4c

8f

4d; 4e

2×8 f

4a; 4b

8f

4d; 4e

2×4c

8f

2×8 f

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pbca (61)

[2] Pbaa (54) =
Pcca

b, c, a

[2] Pbcb (54) =
Pcca

c, a, b

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 y+ 41 , –x– 14 , z+ 41 z+ 41 , y+ 41 , –x– 14 x+ 41 , z+ 41 , –y– 14 x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 y+ 41 , z+ 41 , x+ 41 x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 z+ 41 , x+ 41 , y+ 41

[2] Pbab (54) =
Pcca

a, –c, b

x, –z, y

[2] Pccb (54) =
Pcca

b, a, –c

y, x, –z

[2] Pcaa (54) =
Pcca

–c, b, a

–z, y, x

[2] Pcab (61) =
Pbca =
Pbca =
Pbca

b, –a, c c, b, –a a, c, –b

[2] Pcca (54)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Ibca

3a, b, c

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

8a; 16 f 8b; 16 f 3×8c p –1 p –1 8a; 2 ×16 f 8b; 2 ×16 f p×8c

8d; 16 f 8e; 16 f 3×16 f p –1 p –1 8d; 2 ×16 f 8e; 2 ×16 f p×16 f

[p] Ibca

pa, b, c p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] Ibca

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 8a; 16 f 8b; 16 f 8c; 16 f 3×8d p –1 p –1 p –1 1 u a, pb, c x, p y, z; +(0, p , 0) 8a; 2 ×16 f 8b; 2 ×16 f 8c; 2 ×16 f p×8d p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] Ibca [3] Ibca [p] Ibca

a, 3b, c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 8a; 16 f 8b; 16 f 8c; 16 f 8d; 16 f 3×8e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 1 u a, b, pc x, y, p z; +(0, 0, p ) 8a; 2 ×16 f 8b; 2 ×16 f 8c; 2 ×16 f 8d; 2 ×16 f p×8e p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 a, b, 3c

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

I cab

8e; 16 f 3×16 f p –1 8e; 2 ×16 f p×16 f

A→B

a
b

a
−b

x
−y

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

586

3×16 f p×16 f

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 74, p. 587.

I 21/m 21/m 21/a

D282h Axes I

I mma

No. 74

Coordinates 4a

4b

4c

4d

4a

4a

4b

4b

Wyckoff positions 4e 8f

8g

8h

8i

16 j

4b

2×4a 8c

8c

2×4b 2×8c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I2mb (46) =
Ima2

b, c, a

y, z, x 4b

4b

4a

4a

4b

8c

2×4a 2×4b 8c

a, –c, b

x+ 41 , y, z+ 41 x+ 41 , –z– 14 , y

[2] Imm2 (44)

x, y+ 41 , z

4d

4d

4c

4c

2a; 2b

8e

8e

[2] I21 21 21 (24)

x, y, z+ 41

4a

4a

4b

4b

4c

2×4a 2×4b 8d

8d

2×8d

[2] I112/b (15) =
A112/a b, –a–b, c –x+y, –x, z

4a

4b

4d

4c

4e

8f

8f

8f

2×8 f

[2] I2/m11 (12) =
I12/m1 c, a, b z, x, y –b–c, a, c –y, x, –y+z =
C12/m1

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

4e

4f

4i

4g; 4h 8 j

2×4i

8j

2×8 j

[2] I12/m1 (12) x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 –a–c, b, a –z– 14 , y+ 41 , x–z =
C12/m1

4e

4f

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4i

8j

4g; 4h 8 j

2×4i 2×8 j

4a

4b

4c

4c

4c

8d

8d

8d

2×4c 2×8d

4c

4c

4a

4b

4c

8d

8d

2×4c 8d

2×8d

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

4g

4g

4h

4e; 4 f 2×4g 2×4h 8i

2×8i

4g

4g

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

4h

2×4g 4e; 4 f 8i

2×4h 2×8i

4d

4d

4a

4b

4c

2×4d 8e

8e

8e

2×8e

4a

4b

4d

4d

4c

8e

2×4d 8e

8e

2×8e

4k

4k

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

2e; 2 f

8l

4g; 4h 2×4k 4i; 4 j 2×8l

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

4k

4k

2e; 2 f

4g; 4h 8l

4a; 8 f

4b; 8 f

4c; 8i

4d; 8i

4e; 8i

3×8 f 8g;16 j 8h;16 j 3×8i 3×16 j

[2] Im2a (46) =
Ima2

8f

2×8c

2×4d 2×4c 2×8e

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pnma (62) [2] Pmnb (62) =
Pnma

b, –a, c

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 y+ 41 , –x– 14 , z+ 41

[2] Pmna (53) [2] Pnmb (53) =
Pmna

b, –a, c

[2] Pnna (52) [2] Pnnb (52) =
Pnna

b, –a, c

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 y+ 41 , –x– 14 , z+ 41 x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 y, –x, z

[2] Pmma (51)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

[2] Pmmb (51) =
Pmma b, –a, c

y, –x, z

4i; 4 j

2×4k 2×8l

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] Imma [p] Imma

[3] Imma [p] Imma

[3] Imma [p] Imma

3a, b, c

1 1 3 x, y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0) 1 u p x, y, z; +( p , 0, 0)

pa, b, c 4a; 4b; 4c; 4d; 4e; p×8 f 8g; 8h; p×8i p×16 j p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 2 ×8 f 2 ×8 f 2 ×8i 2 ×8i 2 ×8i 2 × 2 × 16 j 16 j a, 3b, c

x, 13 y, z; ±(0, 13 , 0) 4a; 8h

4b; 8h

4d; 8g

4c; 8g

∗

∗

a, b, 3c

4d; 8i

4c; 8i

∗

∗

u p , 0)

4e; 8h

8 f ;16 j 3×8g 3×8h 8i; 16 j 3×16 j

a, pb, c x, +(0, 4a; 4b; 4c(d ); 4d(c ); 4e; 8f; p×8g p×8h 8i; p×16 j p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 2 ×8h 2 ×8h 2 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×8h 2 × 2 × 16 j 16 j 1 p y, z;

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 4a; 8h

3×4e

8 f ;16 j 8g;16 j 3×8h 3×8i 3×16 j

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, 4a; 4b; 4c(d ); 4d(c ); p×4e p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 p –2 1×8h p –2 1×8h p –2 1×8i p –2 1×8i

8f; 8g; p×8h p×8i p×16 j p –1 p –1 × × 2 2 16 j 16 j

1 p z;

4b; 8h

u p)

∗

p = 4n−1

Nonconventional settings Interchange letters and sequences in Hermann–Mauguin symbols, axes and coordinates:

I bmm I mcm

C→A→B

a→b→c→a

a→b→c→a

x→y→z→x

A →C →B

a←b←c←a

a←b←c←a

x←y←z←x

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

587

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 75, p. 588.

P4 Axes I

C41

No. 75 Coordinates 1a

Wyckoff positions 1b 2c

4d

1a

1d

1b; 1c

2×2e

2×2a

4b

8c

2×8c

4b

2×2a

8c

2×8c

2a

2b

2×2c

2×4d

2×1a

2×1b

2×2c

2×4d

3×1a

3×1b

3×2c

3×4d

p×1a

p×1b

p×2c

p×4d

1 1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 2 1 1 3 5 (x+2y), 5 (–2x+y), z; ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 5 , 5 , 0) 1 1 3 1 1 2 5 (x–2y), 5 (2x+y), z; ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 5 , 5 , 0) uq ur 1 1 p (qx–ry), p (rx+qy), z; +( p , p , 0)




1a; 1b

2c

4d

2×4d

2c

1a; 1b

4d

2×4d

1a; 4d

1b; 4d

2c; 2×4d

5×4d

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

1a; 2×4d

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P112 (3) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] I4 (79)

a−b, a+b, 2c

[2] I4 (79)

a−b, a+b, 2c

[2] P42 (77) a, b, 2c

1 1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P4

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y,

1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

[3] P4

a, b, 3c

[p] P4

a, b, pc x, y, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] P4

a−b, a+b, c

[2] P4

a−b, a+b, c

[5] P4

a+2b, –2a+b, c

[5] P4

a−2b, 2a+b, c

[p] P4

qa−rb, ra+qb, c q = 2n +1 ≥ 1; r = ±2n = 0; p = q2 +r2 = prime = 4n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] P4

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] P4

pa, pb, c p = prime = 4n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

1a; 4d 1b; 4d 2c; 2×4d 5×4d – – – 1a; p 4 1×4d 1b; p 4 1×4d 2c; p 2 1×4d p×4d

1b; 2×4d

2c; 4×4d

9×4d

2 2 2 1a; p 4–1×4d 1b; p 4–1×4d 2c; p 2–1×4d p2 ×4d

588

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 76, p. 589.

P 41 Axes

I

C42

No. 76 Coordinates

C44 Wyckoff Positions 4a

P 43

No. 78 Axes

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P1121 (4)

2×2a

[2] P1121 (4)

3×4a

[3] P41 (76) a, b, 3c

p×4a

[p] P41 (76) a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 4n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

5×4a

[5] P43

a, b, 5c

p×4a

[p] P43

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 4n +1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2×4a

[2] P43

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z;

2×4a

[2] P43

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z;

5×4a

[5] P43

1 1 a+2b, 5 (x+2y), 5 (–2x+y), z; 1 3 –2a+b, c ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 52 , 15 , 0)

1 1 5 (x–2y), 5 (2x+y), z; ±( 51 , 25 , 0); ±( 53 , 15 , 0) uq ur 1 1 p (qx–ry), p (rx+qy), z; +( p , p , 0)




II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P43 (78) a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P43 (78) a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 4n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1 x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 )

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 )

[5] P41

a, b, 5c

[p] P41

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 4n +1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] P41

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z;

[2] P41

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z;

[5] P41

1 1 a+2b, 5 (x+2y), 5 (–2x+y), z; 1 3 –2a+b, c ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 52 , 15 , 0)

[5] P41

a−2b, 2a+b, c

5×4a

[5] P43

a−2b, 2a+b, c

[p] P41

qa−rb, p×4a ra+qb, c q = 2n +1 ≥ 1; r = ±2n = 0 p = q2 +r2 = prime = 4n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] P43

qa−rb, ra+qb, c q = 2n +1 ≥ 1; r = ±2n = 0 p = q2 +r2 = prime = 4n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] P41

3a, 3b, c

9×4a

[9] P43

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] P41

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); 1 1 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0); ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

pa, pb, c p = prime = 4n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

p2 ×4a

[p2 ] P43

pa, pb, c p = prime = 4n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

+( 21 , 12 , 0) +( 21 , 12 , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

589

+( 21 , 12 , 0) +( 21 , 12 , 0)

1 1 5 (x–2y), 5 (2x+y), z; ±( 51 , 25 , 0); ±( 53 , 15 , 0) uq ur 1 1 p (qx–ry), p (rx+qy), z; +( p , p , 0)




1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); 1 1 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0); ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 77, p. 590.

P 42 Axes I

C43

No. 77 Coordinates 2a

Wyckoff positions 2b 2c

4d

2×1a

2×1d

1b; 1c

2×2e

8b

8b

2×4a

2×8b

8b

8b

2×4a

2×8b

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

3×2a

3×2b

3×2c

3×4d

p×2a

p×2b

p×2c

p×4d

1 1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 2 1 1 3 5 (x+2y), 5 (–2x+y), z; ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 5 , 5 , 0) 1 1 3 1 1 2 5 (x–2y), 5 (2x+y), z; ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 5 , 5 , 0) uq ur 1 1 p (qx–ry), p (rx+qy), z; +( p , p , 0)




2a; 2b

2×2c

4d

2×4d

2×2c

2a; 2b

4d

2×4d

2a; 2×4d

2b; 2×4d

2c; 2×4d

5×4d

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); 1 1 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0); ±( 3 , 3 , 0)

2a; 4×4d

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P112 (3) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] I41 (80) a−b, a+b, 2c [2] I41 (80) a−b, a+b, 2c [2] P43 (78) a, b, 2c [2] P41 (76) a, b, 2c

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 2 (x+y)+ 4 , 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)– 4 , 2 (x+y)+ 4 , 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] P42

a, b, 3c

[p] P42

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] P42

a−b, a+b, c

[2] P42

a−b, a+b, c

[5] P42

a+2b, –2a+b, c

[5] P42

a−2b, 2a+b, c

[p] P42

qa−rb, ra+qb, c q = 2n +1 ≥ 1; r = ±2n = 0; 2 2 p = q +r = prime = 4n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] P42

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] P42

1 1 u v pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime = 4n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

u p)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2a; 2×4d 2b; 2×4d 2c; 2×4d 5×4d p –1 p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4d 2b; 2 ×4d 2c; 2 ×4d p×4d

2b; 4×4d

2c; 4×4d

9×4d

2 2 2 2a; p 2–1×4d 2b; p 2–1×4d 2c; p 2–1×4d p2 ×4d

590

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 79, p. 591.

C45 Axes

Coordinates 2a

I

I4

No. 79 Wyckoff positions 4b 8c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I112 (5) =
A112 a, –a+b, c

2a

2×2b

2×4c

2c

2a; 2b

2×4d

1a; 1b

2×2c

2×4d

3×2a

3×4b

3×8c

p×2a

p×4b

p×8c

1 1 2 1 1 3 5 (x+2y), 5 (–2x+y), z; ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 5 , 5 , 0) 1 1 3 1 1 2 5 (x–2y), 5 (2x+y), z; ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 5 , 5 , 0) uq ur 1 1 p (qx–ry), p (rx+qy), z; +( p , p , 0)




2a; 8c

4b; 2×8c

5×8c

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0)

2a; 2×8c

x+y, y, z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations x+ 21 , y, z

[2] P42 (77) [2] P4 (75)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] I4

a, b, 3c

[p] I4

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[5] I4

a+2b, –2a+b, c

[5] I4

a−2b, 2a+b, c

[p] I4

qa−rb, ra+qb, c q = 2n +1 ≥ 1; r = ±2n = 0; p = q2 +r2 = prime = 4n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] I4

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] I4

1 1 u v pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime = 4n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

u p)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2a; 8c 4b; 2×8c 5×8c – – 2a; p 4 1×8c 4b; p 2 1×8c p×4d

4b; 4×8c

9×8c

2 2 2a; p 4–1×8c 4b; p 2–1×8c p2 ×4d

591

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 80, p. 592.

I 41 Axes I

C46

No. 80 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4a 8b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I112 (5) =
A112 a, –a+b, c

2a; 2b

2×4c

x+y, y, z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P43 (78)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

4a

2×4a

[2] P41 (76)

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z

4a

2×4a

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic b, –a, 3c y, –x, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) [3] I41

3×4a

3×8b

u p)

p×4a

p×8b

5×4a

5×8b

p×4a

p×8b

1 1 1 3 2 1 5 (x+2y), 5 (–2x+y), z; ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 5 , 5 , 0) 1 1 1 2 3 1 5 (x–2y), 5 (2x+y), z; ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 5 , 5 , 0) uq ur 1 1 p (qx–ry), p (rx+qy), z; +( p , p , 0)




4a; 2×8b

5×8b

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); 1 1 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0); ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

4a; 4×8b

[p] I41

b, –a, pc y, –x, +(0, 0, p = prime = 4n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[5] I41

a, b, 5c

[p] I41

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime = 4n +1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[5] I41

a+2b, –2a+b, c

[5] I41

a−2b, 2a+b, c

[p] I41

qa−rb, ra+qb, c q = 2n +1 ≥ 1; r = ±2n = 0; p = q2 +r2 = prime = 4n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] I41

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] I41

pa, pb, c p = prime = 4n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 ) 1 p z;

u p)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

4a; 2×8b 5×8b – 4a; p 2 1×8b p×8b

9×8b

2 4a; p 2–1×8b p2 ×8b

592

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 81, p. 593.

S41 Axes

Coordinates 1a

I

P 4¯

No. 81 Wyckoff positions 1d 2e

1b

1c

2f

2g

4h

1a

1a

1d

1d

2×1a

2×1d

1b; 1c

2×2e

2a; 2b

4e

4f

2c; 2d

2×4e

2×4 f

8g

2×8g

4e

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4f

2×4e

2×4 f

8g

2×8g

1a; 1b

2e

1c; 1d

2f

2×2e

2×2 f

2×2g

2×4h

2e

1a; 1b

2f

1c; 1d

2×2e

2×2 f

2×2g

2×4h

1a; 2e 1b; 2e 1c; 2 f 1d; 2 f 3×2e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 1a; 2 ×2e 1b; 2 ×2e 1c; 2 ×2 f 1d; 2 ×2 f p×2e

3×2 f

3×2g

3×4h

p×2 f

p×2g

p×4h

1a; 1c

1b; 1d

2g

2g

2e; 2 f

2×2g

4h

2×4h

2g

2g

1a; 1c

1b; 1d

2×2g

2e; 2 f

4h

2×4h

1a; 4h

1b; 4h

1c; 4h

1d; 4h

2e; 2×4h 2 f ; 2×4h 2g; 2×4h 5×4h

1a; 4h

1b; 4h

1c; 4h

1d; 4h

2e; 2×4h 2 f ; 2×4h 2g; 2×4h 5×4h

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P112 (3) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 [2] I 4¯ a−b, (x–y), 1 (x+y), 1 z; 2

(82) a+b, 2c [2] I 4¯ a−b, (82) a+b, 2c

2 2 +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +(0, 0, 2 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P4¯ a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, 1 )

2 2 1 1 z+ ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 2 4 1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

[2] P4¯ a, b, 2c [3] P4¯ a, b, 3c [p] P4¯ a, b, pc

x, y,

[2] P4¯ a−b, a+b, c ¯ [2] P4 a−b,

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 5 (x+2y), 5 (–2x+y), z; 1 3 ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 52 , 15 , 0) 1 1 5 (x–2y), 5 (2x+y), z; ±( 51 , 25 , 0); ±( 53 , 15 , 0) 1 1 p (qx–ry), p (rx+qy), z; uq ur +( p , p , 0) 2

x, y,

x, y, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

a+b, c [5] P4¯ a+2b, –2a+b, c [5] P4¯ a−2b,

2a+b, c ¯ [p] P4 qa−rb, ra+qb, c p = q2 +r = prime = 4n+1; q = 2n
+1 ≥ 1; r = ±2n

= 0; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [9] P4¯ 3a, 3b, c 1 x, 1 y, z; 3

[p2 ] P4¯ pa, pb, c

3 ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

p = prime = 4n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1a; p –4 1×4h 1b; p –4 1×4h 1c; p –4 1×4h 1d; p –4 1×4h 2e; 2f; 2g; p×4h p –1 p –1 p –1 ×4h ×4h ×4h 2 2 2

1a; 2×4h

1b; 2×4h

1c; 2×4h

1d; 2×4h

2e; 4×4h 2 f ; 4×4h 2g; 4×4h 9×4h

2 2 2 2 1a; p 4–1×4h 1b; p 4–1×4h 1c; p 4–1×4h 1d; p 4–1×4h 2e; 2f; 2g; p2 ×4h 2– 2– 2– p 1 p 1 p 1 2 ×4h 2 ×4h 2 ×4h

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

593

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 82, p. 594.

I 4¯ Axes I

S42

No. 82 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2d 4e

2a

2b

2c

4f

8g

2a

2a

2b

2b

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

1a; 1d

1b; 1c

2g

2g

2e; 2 f

2×2g

2×4h

2g

2g

1a; 1d

1b; 1c

2×2g

2e; 2 f

2×4h

2a; 4e

2b; 4e

2d; 4 f

2c; 4 f

3×4e

3×4 f

3×8g

2a; 2b; 2c(d ∗ ); 2d(c∗ ); p×4e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×4e 2 ×4e 2 ×4 f 2 ×4 f

p×4 f

p×8g

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I112 (5) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P4¯ (81) x+ 21 , y, z+ 41

[2] P4¯ (81)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; +(0, 0, 13 )

[3] I 4¯ [p] I 4¯

a, b, 3c

[5] I 4¯

a+2b, –2a+b, c

[5] I 4¯

a−2b, 2a+b, c

[p] I 4¯

qa−rb, ra+qb, c p = q2 +r2 = prime = 4n+1; q = 2n +1 ≥ 1; r = ±2n = 0; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] I 4¯

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] I 4¯

pa, pb, c

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 1 1 5 (x+2y), 5 (–2x+y), z; ±( 51 , 35 , 0); ±( 52 , 15 , 0) 1 1 5 (x–2y), 5 (2x+y), z; 1 2 ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 53 , 15 , 0) 1 1 p (qx–ry), p (rx+qy), z; uq ur +( p , p , 0)

2a; 8g

2b; 8g

2c; 8g

2d; 8g

4e; 2×8g 4 f ; 2×8g 5×8g

2a; 8g

2b; 8g

2c; 8g

2d; 8g

4e; 2×8g 4 f ; 2×8g 5×8g

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

2a; 2×8g 2b; 2×8g 2c; 2×8g 2d; 2×8g 4e; 4×8g 4 f ; 4×8g 9×8g

p = prime = 4n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 4e; 4f; p×8g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×8g ×8g ×8g ×8g ×8g ×8g 4 4 4 4 2 2

2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 4e; 4f; p2 ×8g 2– 2– 2– 2– 2– 2– p 1 p 1 p 1 p 1 p 1 p 1 4 ×8g 4 ×8g 4 ×8g 4 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×8g ∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

594

p = 4n −1

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 83, pp. 595–596.

C4h1

P 4/m

No. 83 Axes

1a

1b

1c

Wyckoff positions 1d 2e 2f 2g

2h

4i

[2] P4¯ (81)

1a

1b

1c

1d

2g

2g

2e

2f

2×2g 4h

4h 2×4h

[2] P4 (75)

1a

1a

1b

1b

2c

2c

2×1a 2×1b 2×2c 4d

4d 2×4d

[2] P112/m (10)

1a

1b

1g

1h

1c; 1d 1e; 1 f 2i

2a; 2b 4e

4c

4d

8h

8f

2×4e 8g

4c

4d

2a; 2b 4e

8h

8f

8g

4e

2a; 2b 4d

4c

8f

8h

2×4e 8g

4d

4c

4e

2a; 2b 8 f

8h

2a

2b

2c

2c

4d

2c

2c

2a

2b

4d

[2] P42 /m (84) a, b, 2c

1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 2 z; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) origin 1: 12 (x–y), 1 1 1 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 origin 2: 2 (x–y)– 14 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) origin 1: 12 (x–y)+ 21 , 1 1 1 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 origin 2: 2 (x–y)+ 41 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a

2e

2b

2f

2c; 2d 4i

[2] P42 /m (84) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2e

2a

2f

2b

4i

I

Coordinates

4j

4k 8l

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

2l

2 j; 2k 2×2m 2×2n 2×4o

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] I4/m (87)

a–b, a+b, 2c

[2] I4/m (87)

a–b, a+b, 2c

[2] I4/m (87)

a–b, a+b, 2c

[2] I4/m (87)

a–b, a+b, 2c

[2] P4/n (85)

a–b, a+b, c

[2] P4/n (85)

a–b, a+b, c

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

595

16i

2×8h 16i 2×16i

2×4e 16i

2×8h 16i 2×16i

16i

16i

2×8h 2×16i

8g

2×4e 16i

16i

2×8h 2×16i

4e

4f

2×2c 8g

8g

8g 2×8g

4e

2×2c 4 f

8g

8g

8g 2×8g

4g

4h

2×4i 2×4 j 8k 2×8k

2c; 2d 4g

4h

2×4i 8k

2×4 j 2×8k

P 4/m

No. 83 Axes

CONTINUED

Coordinates 1a

1b

1c

Wyckoff positions 1d 2e 2f 4i 4j

2g 4k

2h 8l

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P4/m a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

1a; 1b

2g

1c; 1d

2h

2e; 2 f 2×4i

4i 4 j; 4k

2×2g 8l

2×2h 2×8l

[2] P4/m a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2g

1a; 1b

2h

1c; 1d

4i 2×4i

2e; 2 f 8l

2×2g 4 j; 4k

2×2h 2×8l

[3] P4/m a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

1a; 2g

1b; 2g

1c; 2h

1d; 2h

2e; 4i 3×4i

2 f ; 4i 4 j; 8l

3×2g 4k; 8l

3×2h 3×8l

1a; 1b; 1c; 1d; 2e; 2f; p×2g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×2g 2 ×2g 2 ×2h 2 ×2h 2 ×4i 2 ×4i

p×2h

[p] P4/m a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] P4/m a−b, a+b, c [2] P4/m a−b, a+b, c [5] P4/m a+2b, –2a+b, c [5] P4/m a−2b, 2a+b, c [p] P4/m qa−rb, ra+qb, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 5 (x+2y), 5 (–2x+y), z; 1 3 ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 52 , 15 , 0) 1 1 5 (x–2y), 5 (2x+y), z; ±( 51 , 25 , 0); ±( 53 , 15 , 0) 1 1 p (qx–ry), p (rx+qy), z; uq ur +( p , p , 0)

[p2 ] P4/m pa, pb, c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

p = prime = 4n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

4 j; 4k; p×8l p –1 p –1 2 ×8l 2 ×8l

1a; 1c

1b; 1d

2e

2f

4j 8l

4k 2×4 j

2g; 2h 2×4k

4i 2×8l

2e

2f

1a; 1c

1b; 1d

4j 8l

4k 2×4 j

4i 2×4k

2g; 2h 2×8l

1a; 4 j

1b; 4k

1c; 4 j

1d; 4k

2e; 2×4 j 2 f ; 2×4k 2g; 8l 4i; 2×8l 5×4 j 5×4k

2h; 8l 5×8l

1a; 4 j

1b; 4k

1c; 4 j

1d; 4k

2e; 2×4 j 2 f ; 2×4k 2g; 8l 4i; 2×8l 5×4 j 5×4k

2h; 8l 5×8l

1a; 1b; 1c; 1d; 2e; 2f; 2g; 2h; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×4 j ×4k ×4 j ×4k ×4 j ×4k ×8l 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 ×8l

p = q2 +r2 = prime = 4n+1; q = 2n
+1 ≥ 1; r = ±2n

= 0; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [9] P4/m 3a, 3b, c

p×4i

4i;

p –1 2 ×8l

p×4 j

p×4k

p×8l

1a; 2×4 j 1b; 2×4k 1c; 2×4 j 1d; 2×4k 2e; 4×4 j 2 f; 4×4k 2g; 2×8l 2h; 2×8l 4i; 4×8l 9×4 j 9×4k 9×8l 1a; 1b; 1c; 1d; 2e; 2f; 2g; 2h; p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 4 ×4 j 4 ×4k 4 ×4 j 4 ×4k 2 ×4 j 2 ×4k 4 ×8l 4 ×8l 4i; p2 – 1 2 ×8l

596

p2 ×4 j

p2 ×4k

p2 ×8l

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 84, p. 597.

C4h2

P 42/m

No. 84 Axes

2a

2b

2c

Wyckoff positions 2d 2e 2f 4i

2e

2f

2g

2g

1a; 1b

[2] P42 (77)

2a

2b

2c

2c

[2] P112/m (10)

1a; 1b

1g; 1h

1d; 1 f

I

Coordinates

4g 4j

4h 8k

1c; 1d 2×2g

2×2e 4h

2×2 f 2×4h

2a

2b 2×2c

2×2a 4d

2×2b 2×4d

1c; 1e

2i

2l 2 j; 2k

2×2i 2m; 2n

2×2l 2×4o

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P4¯ (81)

x, y, z+ 41

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P42 /n (86)

a–b, a+b, c origin 1: 12 (x–y), 4f 1 1 1 1 (x+y), z+ ; +( , , 0) 2 4 2 2 origin 2: 12 (x–y)+ 41 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

4e

4d

4c

2a; 2b

4e 8g

2×4 f 8g

2×4e 2×8g

[2] P42 /n (86)

a–b, a+b, c origin 1: 12 (x–y)+ 21 , 4e 1 1 1 1 (x+y), z+ ; +( , , 0) 2 4 2 2 origin 2: 12 (x–y)– 14 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

4f

4c

4d

4e

2a; 2b 8g

2×4e 8g

2×4 f 2×8g

2b; 4h

2c; 4i

2d; 4i

2e; 4g

2 f ; 4h 3×4i

3×4g 4 j; 8k

3×4h 3×8k

2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 2e; 2f; p×4g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×4g 2 ×4h 2 ×4i 2 ×4i 2 ×4g 2 ×4h

p×4h

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P42 /m a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P42 /m a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; 4g

p×4i

4 j; p×8k p –1 ×8k 2

[2] P42 /m a–b, a+b, c [2] P42 /m a–b, a+b, c [5] P42 /m a+2b, –2a+b, c [5] P42 /m a–2b, 2a+b, c [p] P42 /m qa−rb, ra+qb, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 5 (x+2y), 5 (–2x+y), z; ±( 51 , 35 , 0); ±( 52 , 15 , 0) 1 1 5 (x–2y), 5 (2x+y), z; 1 2 ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 53 , 15 , 0) 1 1 p (qx–ry), p (rx+qy), z; uq ur +( p , p , 0)

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4j

4j

2e; 2 f

4i 8k

4g; 4h 2×4 j

2×4i 2×8k

2c; 2d

2a; 2b

4j

4j

4i

2e; 2 f 8k

2×4i 2×4 j

4g; 4h 2×8k

2a; 2×4 j 2b; 2×4 j 2c; 2×4 j 2d; 2×4 j 2e; 8k

2 f ; 8k 4g; 2×8k 4h; 2×8k 4i; 2×8k 5×4 j 5×8k

2a; 2×4 j 2b; 2×4 j 2c; 2×4 j 2d; 2×4 j 2e; 8k

2 f ; 8k 4g; 2×8k 4h; 2×8k 4i; 2×8k 5×4 j 5×8k

2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 2e; 2f; 4g; 4h; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×4 j 2 ×4 j 2 ×4 j 2 ×4 j 4 ×8k 4 ×8k 2 ×8k 2 ×8k

p = q2 +r2 = prime = 4n+1; 4i; p×4 j p×8k p –1 q = 2n
+1 ≥ 1; r = ±2n

= 0; ×8k 2 u = 1, . . . , p −1 1 1 1 [9] P42 /m 3a, 3b, c 2a; 4×4 j 2b; 4×4 j 2c; 4×4 j 2d; 4×4 j 2e; 2×8k 2 f ; 2×8k 4g; 4×8k 4h; 4×8k 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); 1 1 1 ±(0, 3 , 0); ±( 3 , 3 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 4i; 4×8k 9×4 j 9×8k [p2 ] P42 /m pa, pb, c

1 1 p x, p y, z;

+( up , vp , 0)

p = prime = 4n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; 2b; 2c; 2d; 2e; 2f; 4g; 4h; p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 ×4 j ×4 j ×4 j ×4 j ×8k ×8k ×8k 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 ×8k 4i; p2 – 1 2 ×8k

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

597

p2 ×4 j

p2×8k

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 85, p. 598.

P 4/n

C4h3

No. 85

Axes origin 1

Coordinates origin 2

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P4¯ (81) x+ 1 , y– 1 , z

Wyckoff positions 4d 4e

2a

2b

2c

4f

8g

1a; 1c

1b; 1d

2g

4h

4h

2e; 2 f

2×4h

2c

2c

1a; 1b

4d

4d

2×2c

2×4d

2f

2f

2e

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

2×2 f

2×4g

2a; 2b

4f

4e

8g

4c; 4d

2×4 f

2×8g

4f

2a; 2b

4e

4c; 4d

8g

2×4 f

2×8g

2a; 2b

4f

2×2c

4d; 4e

8g

2×4 f

2×8g

4f

2a; 2b

2×2c

8g

4d; 4e

2×4 f

2×8g

2a; 4 f

2b; 4 f

3×2c

4d; 8g

4e; 8g

3×4 f

3×8g p×8g

I

[2] P4 (75) [2] P112/n (13)

x+ 21 , y, z x+ 41 , y– 14 , z

4 4 x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P42 /n (86)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

x+ 21 , y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P42 /n (86)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; x+ 21 , y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) +(0, 0, 12 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 
[2] P4/n a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )



1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

[2] P4/n

a, b, 2c

x, y,

[3] P4/n

a, b, 3c

x, y,

[p] P4/n

a, b, pc x, y, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; 2b; p×2c p –1 p –1 ×4 f ×4 f 2 2

4d; 4e; p×4 f p –1 p –1 ×8g ×8g 2 2

[5] P4/n

1 1 a+2b, 5 (x+2y), 5 (–2x+y), z; 1 3 –2a+b, c ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 52 , 15 , 0)

2a; 8g

2b; 8g

2c; 8g

4d; 2×8g 4e; 2×8g 4 f ; 2×8g 5×8g

[5] P4/n

a−2b, 2a+b, c

2a; 8g

2b; 8g

2c; 8g

4d; 2×8g 4e; 2×8g 4 f ; 2×8g 5×8g

[p] P4/n

1 1 5 (x–2y), 5 (2x+y), z; 1 2 ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 53 , 15 , 0) 1 1 p (qx–ry), p (rx+qy), z; uq ur +( p , p , 0) 2

qa−rb, ra+qb, c p = q2 +r = prime = 4n+1; q = 2n
+1 ≥ 1; r = ±2n

= 0; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] P4/n

3a, 3b, c

2a; 2×8g 2b; 2×8g 2c; 2×8g 4d; 4×8g 4e; 4×8g 4 f ; 4×8g 9×8g

[p2 ] P4/n

pa, pb, c

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

p = prime = 4n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; 2b; 2c; 4d; 4e; 4f; p×8g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×8g ×8g ×8g ×8g ×8g ×8g 4 4 4 2 2 2

2a; 2b; 2c; 4d; 4e; 4f; p2 ×8g 2– 2– 2– 2– 2– 2– p 1 p 1 p 1 p 1 p 1 p 1 4 ×8g 4 ×8g 4 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×8g

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

598

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 86, p. 599.

C4h4 Axes origin 1 I

P 42/n

No. 86 Coordinates origin 2

Wyckoff positions 4d 4e

2a

2b

4c

4f

8g

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z

2c

2c

4d

4d

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

2a; 2b

2×2c

2×4d

1a; 1d

1b; 1c

4h

4h

2×2g

2e; 2 f

2×4h

2e

2e

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

2×2 f

2×2e

2×4g

4a; 4b

8e

8c; 8d

16 f

16 f

2×8e

2×16 f

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P42 (77) [2] P4¯ (81)

x+ 21 , y, z

[2] P112/n (13)

x– 14 , y– 14 , z– 14

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic
  1 1 1 1 a−b, (x–y), (x+y), z; +(0, 0, ) [2] I41 /a 2 2 2 2 (88) a+b, 2c [2] I41 /a (88)

a−b, a+b, 2c

1 1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z+ 4 ;

+(0, 0, 12 )

8e

4a; 4b

16 f

8c; 8d

16 f

2×8e

2×16 f

[2] I41 /a (88)

a−b, a+b, 2c

1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 2 z;

+(0, 0, 12 )

8e

4a; 4b

8c; 8d

16 f

16 f

2×8e

2×16 f

[2] I41 /a (88)

a−b, a+b, 2c

4a; 4b

8e

16 f

8c; 8d

16 f

2×8e

2×16 f

1 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +(0, 0, 2 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

2a(b∗ ); 4 f 2b(a∗ ); 4 f 4d(c∗ ); 8g 4c(d ∗ ); 8g 3×4e

3×4 f

3×8g

x, y, 1p z; x, y, 1p z; u +(0, 0, p ) +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2a(b† ); 2b(a† ); 4c(d ‡ ); 4d(c‡ ); p×4e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×4 f ×4 f ×8g ×8g 2 2 2 2

p×4 f

p×8g

[3] P42 /n

a, b, 3c

[p] P42 /n

a, b, pc

[5] P42 /n

a+2b, –2a+b, c

1 5 (x+2y), 1 5 (–2x+y), z;

1 5 (x+2y), 1 5 (–2x+y), z;

2a(b∗ ); 8g 2b(a∗ ); 8g 4c; 2×8g 4d; 2×8g 4e; 2×8g 4 f ; 2×8g 5×8g

a−2b, 2a+b, c

1 5 (x–2y), 1 5 (2x+y), z;

1 5 (x–2y), 1 5 (2x+y), z;

2a(b∗ ); 8g 2b(a∗ ); 8g 4c; 2×8g 4d; 2×8g 4e; 2×8g 4 f ; 2×8g 5×8g

qa−rb, ra+qb, c

1 p (qx–ry), 1 p (rx+qy), z; ur +( uq p , p , 0) 2

1 p (qx–ry), 1 p (rx+qy), z; ur +( uq p , p , 0)

2a(b∗∗ ); 2b(a∗∗ ); 4c; 4d; 4e; 4f; p×8g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 4 ×8g 4 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×8g

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z;

2a(b∗ );

[5] P42 /n

[p] P42 /n

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )







  ±( 51 , 35 , 0); ±( 52 , 15 , 0)   ±( 51 , 25 , 0); ±( 53 , 15 , 0)

p = q2 +r = prime = 4n+1; q = 2n +1 ≥ 1; r = ±2n = 0; u = 1, . . . , p –1 [9] P42 /n

[p2 ] P42 /n

3a, 3b, c

pa, pb, c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z;




  ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0)

1 1 p x, p y, z; u v +( p , p , 0)

1 1 p x, p y, z; u v +( p , p , 0)

p = prime = 4n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2×8g

2b(a∗ );

4c; 4×8g 4d; 4×8g 4e; 4×8g 4 f ; 4×8g 9×8g

2×8g

2a(b† ); 2b(a† ); 4c; 4d; 4e; 4f; p2 ×8g p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 4 ×8g 4 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×8g ∗

origin 2 origin 2 and p = 4n−1 ‡ origin 1 and p = 4n−1 ∗∗ origin 2 and q+r = 4n −1 †

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

599

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 87, p. 600.

I 4/m

C4h5

No. 87 Axes

Coordinates 2a

2b

4c

[2] I 4¯ (82)

2a

2b

4f

[2] I4 (79)

2a

2a

[2] I112/m (12)

2a

[2] P42 /n (86) origin 1: x, y, z origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 origin 1: x+ 21 , y, z+ 41 origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

I

Wyckoff positions 4d 8g

4e 8h

8f 16i

2c; 2d 2×4 f

4e 8g

8g 2×8g

4b

4b 2×4b

2×2a 8c

8c 2×8c

2b

2c; 2d

4h 2×4h

4g 2×4i

4e; 4 f 2×8 j

2a

2b

4e

4e 2×4e

4f 8g

4c; 4d 2×8g

2c

2c

4f

2a; 2b 2×4 f

2×2c 8g

4d; 4e 2×8g

2d

2c

2a; 2b

2e; 2 f 4g; 4h

4i 2×4 j

8k 2×8k

1a; 1d

1b; 1c

2e; 2 f

4i 2×4i

2g; 2h 4 j; 4k

8l 2×8l

2a; 4e

2b; 4e

4c; 8g

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations

[2] P4/n (85) [2] P42 /m (84)

x+ 21 , y, z

[2] P4/m (83) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] I4/m

a, b, 3c

[p] I4/m

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

4d; 8g 3×4e 3×8g 8h;16i 2a; p –2 1×4e 2b; p –2 1×4e 4c; p –2 1×8g 4d; p –2 1×8g p×4e p×8g 8h; p –2 1×16i

[5] I4/m

1 1 a+2b, 5 (x+2y), 5 (–2x+y), z; 2a; 8h 1 3 –2a+b, c ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 52 , 15 , 0)

[5] I4/m

a–2b, 2a+b, c

[p] I4/m

qa−rb, ra+qb, c p = q2 +r = prime = 4n+1; q = 2n
+1 ≥ 1; r = ±2n

= 0; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2b; 8h

4c; 2×8h

2b; 8h

4c; 2×8h

4d; 16i 8g; 2×16i

4e; 16i 5×8h

8 f ; 16i 3×16i 8 f ; p –1×16i 2

p×16i 8 f ; 2×16i 5×16i

1 1 5 (x–2y), 5 (2x+y), z; 1 2 ±( 5 , 5 , 0); ±( 53 , 15 , 0) 1 1 p (qx–ry), p (rx+qy), z; uq ur +( p , p , 0) 2

2a; 8h

4d; 16i 4e; 16i 8g; 2×16i 5×8h 2a; p –4 1×8h 2b; p –4 1×8h 4c; p –2 1×8h 4d; p –4 1×16i 4e; p –4 1×16i 8g; p –1×16i p×8h

8 f ; 2×16i 5×16i 8 f ; p –1×16i

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

2a; 2×8h

8 f ; 4×16i 9×16i

[9] I4/m

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] I4/m

pa, pb, c p = prime = 4n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2

2b; 2×8h

4c; 4×8h

4d; 2×16i 8g; 4×16i

4e; 2×16i 9×8h

2

p×16i

2 2 2 2 2 2 2a; p 4–1×8h 2b; p 4–1×8h 4c; p 2–1×8h 4d; p 4–1×16i 4e; p 4–1×16i 8 f ; p 2–1×16i 2 8g; p 2–1×16i p2 ×8h p2 ×16i

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

600

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 88, p. 601.

C4h6

I 41/a

No. 88 Axes origin 1

Coordinates origin 2

Wyckoff positions 8c 8d

4a

4b

8e

16 f

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] I 4¯ (82) x, y+ 1 , z+ 1

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

8g

8g

4e; 4 f

2×8g

[2] I41 (80)

4a

4a

8b

8b

2×4a

2×8b

4e

4e

4a; 4d

4b; 4c

2×4e

2×8 f

4a; 8e

4b; 8e

8d; 16 f

8c; 16 f

3×8e

3×16 f

I

4 x, y+ 41 , z

[2] I112/b (15) =
A112/a b, –a–b, c

x, y– 14 , z– 18 –x+y– 14 , –x, z– 18

8

–x+y, –x, z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] I41 /a

a, b, 3c

x+ 21 , y, 13 z– 14 ; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[5] I41 /a

a, b, 5c

x, y, 15 z; x, y, 15 z;    ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 )

4a(b∗ ); 2×8e 4b(a∗ ); 2×8e 8d(c∗ ); 8c(d ∗ ); 5×8e 2×16 f 2×16 f

5×16 f

[p] I41 /a

a, b, pc

x, y, 1p z; x, y, 1p z; u +(0, 0, p ) +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 4n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

4a(b† ); 4b(a† ); 8c(d †† ) 8d(c†† ); p×8e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×8e 2 ×8e 2 ×16 f 2 ×16 f

p×16 f

[p] I41 /a

a, b, pc

x+ 21 , y, 1p z– 14 ; x+ 21 , y, 1p z; u +(0, 0, p ) +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 4n−1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

4a(b‡ ); 4b(a‡ ); 8d(c‡‡ ); 8c(d ‡‡ ); p×8e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×8e 2 ×8e 2 ×16 f 2 ×16 f

p×16 f

[5] I41 /a

a+2b, –2a+b, c

1 5 (x+2y), 1 5 (–2x+y), z;

1 1 5 (x+2y)+ 2 , 1 5 (–2x+y), z;

4a; 16 f

4b; 16 f

8d; 2×16 f 8c; 2×16 f 8e; 2×16 f 5×16 f

a−2b, 2a+b, c

1 5 (x–2y), 1 5 (2x+y), z;

1 1 5 (x–2y)+ 2 , 1 5 (2x+y), z;

4a;16 f

4b; 16 f

8d; 2×16 f 8c; 2×16 f 8e; 2×16 f 5×16 f

qa−rb, ra+qb, c

1 p (qx−ry), 1 p (rx+qy), z; ur +( uq p , p , 0)

1 p (qx−ry), 1 p (rx+qy)+s, z; ur +( uq p , p , 0)

4a; p –4 1×16 f 4b; p –4 1×16 f 8c; 8d; 8e; p×16 f p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×16 f 2 ×16 f 2 ×16 f

1 p (qx−ry), 1 p (rx+qy), z; ur +( uq p , p , 0)

1 1 p (qx−ry)+ 2 , 1 p (rx+qy)+s, z; ur +( uq p , p , 0)

4a; p –4 1×16 f 4b; p –4 1×16 f 8d; 8c; 8e; p×16 f p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×16 f 2 ×16 f 2 ×16 f

[5] I41 /a

[p] I41 /a





x+ 21 , y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

 ±( 51 , 35 , 0); ±( 52 , 15 , 0)  ±( 51 , 25 , 0); ±( 53 , 15 , 0)





p = q2 +r2 = prime = 4n+1; q = 2n +1 ≥ 1; r = ±4n = 0; u = 1, . . . , p −1 s = 0 if q = 4n +1; s = 12 if q = 4n −1 [p] I41 /a

qa−rb, ra+qb, c

p = q2 +r2 = prime = 4n+1; q = 2n +1 ≥ 1; r = ±4n +2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 s = 0 if q = 4n +1; s = 12 if q = 4n −1 [9] I41 /a

3a, 3b, c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z;

1 1 1 3 x, 3 y+ 2 , z;

4a; 2×16 f

[p2 ] I41 /a

pa, pb, c

1 1 p x, p y, z; +( up , vp , 0)

1 1 1 p x, p y+ 2 , z; +( up , vp , 0)

2 2 4a; p 4–1×16 f 4b; p 4–1×16 f 8c; 8d; 8e; p2×16 f 2– 2– 2– p 1 p 1 p 1 2 ×16 f 2 ×16 f 2 ×16 f

   ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0)

p = prime = 4n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

4b; 2×16 f

8c; 4×16 f 8d; 4×16 f 8e; 4×16 f 9×16 f

∗

origin 2 origin 2 and p = 8n −3 ‡ origin 2 and p = 8n −1 †

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

601

†† ‡‡

origin 1 and p = 8n −3 origin 1 and p = 8n −1

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 89, pp. 602–603.

P422 Axes

D14

No. 89 1a

1b

1c

1d

Wyckoff positions 2e 2f 2g 2h 4l 4m

[2] P4 (75)

1a

1a

1b

1b

2c

[2] P222 (16)

1a

1d

1e

1h

1b; 1c 1 f ; 1g 2q 2t 2r; 2s 4u 4u 2i; 2m 2l; 2p 2 j; 2n 2k; 2o 2×4u

2a

2d

2b

2c

4k

4k

4i 8l

2a; 2b 4e

4c

4d

8g

8j

2×4e 8 f 16k 2×8g 2×8 j 16k

4c

4d

2a; 2b 4e

8g

8j

8f 16k

4e

2a; 2b 4d

4c

8j

8g

2×4e 8 f 16k 16k

4d

4c

4e

2a; 2b 8 j

8g

8f 2×4e 16k 2×8 j 2×8g 16k

2a

2e

2b

2f

2c; 2d 4i

I

Coordinates

4i 4n

4j 4o

4k 8p

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] C222 (21)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

2c

2×1a 2×1b 2×2c 4d 4d 4d 4d 4d

4j 8l

4d 2×4d

2×4k 4e; 4g 4 f ; 4h 8l 8l 2×8l

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] I422 (97)

a−b, a+b, 2c

[2] I422 (97)

a−b, a+b, 2c

[2] I422 (97)

a−b, a+b, 2c

[2] I422 (97)

a−b, a+b, 2c

[2] P42 22 (93)

a, b, 2c

1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 2 z; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P42 22 (93)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2e

2a

2f

2b

4i

2c; 2d 4g 8p

[2] P421 2 (90)

a−b, a+b, c

2a

2b

2c

2c

4e

4f

4d 2×2c 8g 8g 2×4e 8g 2×4 f 8g

[2] P421 2 (90)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0)

2c

2c

2a

2b

4e

4f

2×2c 4d 8g 8g 2×4 f 8g

8h; 8i 16k 16k 2×16k

2×4e 16k 8h; 8i 16k 16k 2×8 j 2×8g 2×16k

4g 4h 4 j; 4l 8p

16k 16k 8h; 8i 2×8g 2×8 j 2×16k 16k 16k

8h; 8i 2×16k

2×4i 8p 4n; 4o 8p 4k; 4m 2×8p

4h 2×4i 4n; 4o 8p 4k; 4m 4 j; 4l 8p 2×8p 8g 2×8g

8g 8g 2×4e 2×8g

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P422

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

1a; 1b 2g

[2] P422

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2g

[3] P422

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

1a; 2g 1b; 2g 1c; 2h 1d; 2h 2e; 4i 2 f ; 4i 3×2g 3×2h 3×4i 4 j; 8p 4k; 8p 4l; 8p 4m; 8p 4n; 8p 4o; 8p 3×8p

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

1c; 1d 2h

1a; 1b 2h

602

2e; 2 f 4i

1c; 1d 4i

2×2g 2×2h 2×4i 4 j; 4k 8p 4l; 4n 8p 8p 4m; 4o 2×8p

2e; 2 f 2×2g 2×2h 2×4i 8p 8p 4m; 4o 4l; 4n 8p

4 j; 4k 2×8p

No. 89

CONTINUED

Axes

Coordinates

1a

x, y, 1p z; 1a; p –2 1×2g u +(0, 0, p ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] P422 a, b, pc

[2] P422 a−b, a+b, c [2] P422 a−b, a+b, c [9] P422 3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] P422 pa, pb, c

1 2 (x–y), 1 2 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 1 2 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 p x, p y, z; u v +( p , p , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

P422

Wyckoff positions 1d 2e 4j 4k 4n

1b 2h

1c 4i

1b; p –2 1×2g

1c; p –2 1×2h

p×2h

p×4i

1d; p –2 1×2h 4 j; p –1×8p 2

2f 4l 4o

2g 4m 8p

2e; p –2 1×4i 2 f ; p –2 1×4i 4k; p –2 1×8p 4l; p –2 1×8p 4n; p –1×8p 4o; p –1×8p

p×2g 4m; p –1×8p

2

p×8p

2

2

1a; 1c

1b; 1d 4i

2e 8p

2f 4l; 4o

4j 4m; 4n 2×4k

4k 2×4 j 8p

2g; 2h 8p 2×8p

2e

2f 2g; 2h

1a; 1c 8p

1b; 1d 4l; 4o

4j 4m; 4n 8p

4k 8p 2×4 j

4i 2×4k 2×8p

1a; 4 j; 4l

1b; 4k; 4n 2h; 2×8p

1c; 4 j; 4o 4i; 4×8p

1d; 4k; 4m 3×4 j; 3×8p

2e; 4l; 4o; 8p 2 f ; 4m; 4n; 8p 2g; 2×8p 3×4k; 3×8p 3×4l; 3×8p 3×4m; 3×8p 3×4n; 3×8p 3×4o; 3×8p 9×8p

1a; p –2 1×4 j; p –1 ×4l;

1b; p –2 1×4k; p –1 ×4n;

1c; p –2 1×4 j; p –1 ×4o;

2 1d; p –2 1×4k; 2e; p –2 1×4l; 2 f ; p –2 1×4m; 2g; p 4–1×8p p –1 p –1 p –1 2 2 2 2 ×4m; 2 ×4o; 2 ×4n; 2 (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1) (p – 1)2 ×8p ×8p ×8p ×8p 8 8 8 8 4 ×8p 4 ×8p 2 2h; p 4–1×8p

2 4i; p 2–1×8p

p×4 j;

p(p – 1) 2 ×8p

p×4k; p(p – 1) 2

p×4n; p(p – 1) 2

603

p×4l; ×8p ×8p

p(p – 1) 2 ×8p

p×4o; p(p – 1) 2

p×4m; p(p – 1) 2

p2 ×8p ×8p

×8p

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 90, p. 604.

P 4 21 2 Axes

Coordinates 2b

Wyckoff positions 2c 4d 4e

4f

8g

2c

2c

1a; 1b

2×2c

4d

4d

2×4d

2a

2a

2b

2×2a

4c

4c

2×4c

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4k

4i; 4 j

4e; 4g

4 f ; 4h

2×8l

2a; 2b

4c

4d

2×4c

4e; 4 f

8g

2×8g

2a; 2b

4d

2×4c

8g

4e; 4 f

2×8g

2a; 2b

4d

2×2c

2×4d

4e; 4 f

8g

2×8g

4d

2a; 2b

2×2c

2×4d

8g

4e; 4 f

2×8g

2a; 4d 2a; p –1×4d

2b; 4d 2b; p –1×4d

3×2c

3×4d

p×2c

p×4d

4e; 8g 4 f ; 8g 3×8g – – 4e; p 2 1×8g 4 f ; p 2 1×8g p×8g

2a; 2×4e; 8g

2b; 2×4 f ; 8g

2c; 2×8g 4d; 4×8g 3×4e; 3×8g 3×4 f ; 3×8g 9×8g

2a I

D24

No. 90

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups x+ 21 , y, z

[2] P4 (75) [2] P21 21 2 (18) [2] C222 (21)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P42 21 2 a, b, 2c (94)

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P42 21 2 a, b, 2c (94)

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 4c

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P421 2

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

[2] P421 2

a, b, 2c

x, y,

[3] P421 2

a, b, 3c

x, y,

[p] P421 2

a, b, pc x, y, p = prime > 2 u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] P421 2

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] P421 2 pa, pb, c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2

2

2a; (p –1)×4e; 2b; (p –1)×4 f ; 2c; 4d; p×4e; p×4 f ; p2×8g 2 2 2 2 (p – 1) (p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p –1 p –1 4 ×8g 4 ×8g 4 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×8g

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

604

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 91, p. 605.

D34 Axes I

P 41 2 2

No. 91 Coordinates 4a

Wyckoff positions 4b 4c

8d

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P41 (76) [2] P2221 (17)

x, y, z+ 41

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4e

2×4e

[2] C2221 (20)

1 1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), z+ 8

8c

8c

4a; 4b

2×8c

2×4a

8b

8b

2×8b

8b

2×4a

8b

2×8b

a+b, –a+b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P41 21 2 (92) a+b, –a+b, c 12 (x+y), 12 (–x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) [2] P41 21 2 (92) a+b, –a+b, c

1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 2 , 2 (–x+y), z;

+( 21 , 12 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] P43 22 (95)

a, b, 3c

[p] P43 22 (95)

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime = 4n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[5] P41 22

a, b, 5c

[p] P41 22

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime = 4n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] P41 22

a+b, –a+b, c

[2] P41 22

a+b, –a+b, c

[9] P41 22

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] P41 22

pa, pb, c p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

4a; 8d 4b; 8d 4c; 8d 3×8d p –1 p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8d 4b; 2 ×8d 4c; 2 ×8d p×8d

u p)

x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 ) 1 p z;

4a; 2×8d 4b; 2×8d 4c; 2×8d 5×8d p –1 p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8d 4b; 2 ×8d 4c; 2 ×8d p×8d

u p)

1 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), z– 8 ; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 2 , 2 (–x+y), z– 8 ; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); 1 1 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0); ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2×4c

8d

4a; 4b

2×8d

8d

2×4c

4a; 4b

2×8d

3×4a; 3×8d 3×4b; 3×8d 3×4c; 3×8d 9×8d p×4a; p(p – 1) 2

605

×8d

p×4b; p(p – 1) 2

×8d

p×4c; p(p – 1) 2

p2×8d ×8d

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 92, p. 606.

P 41 21 2

D44

No. 92

Axes

Coordinates 4a

I

Wyckoff positions 8b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P41 (76)

x+ 21 , y, z

4a

2×4a

[2] P21 21 21 (19)

x+ 41 , y, z+ 81 1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), z

4a

2×4a

4a; 4b

2×8c

4a; 8b 4a; p –1×8b

3×8b

4a; 2×8b 4a; p –1×8b

5×8b

3×4a; 3×8b

9×8b

[2] C2221 (20)

a+b, –a+b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P43 21 2 (96) a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P43 21 2 (96) a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 4n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1 x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 )

[5] P41 21 2

a, b, 5c

[p] P41 21 2

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime = 4n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] P41 21 2

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] P41 21 2

pa, pb, c p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

u p)

1 p z;

p×8b

2

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); 1 1 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0); ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

P 42 2 2

p×8b

2

– p×4a; p(p2 1)×8b p2×8b

No. 93 Axes

CONTINUED (from

Coordinates 1a 2g

[p] P42 22 a, b, pc

x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up )

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

Wyckoff positions 1c 1d 4i 4j 4m 4n

1b 2h

2e 4k 4o

next page)

2f 4l 8p

2a; p –2 1×4g 2b; p –2 1×4h

2c; p –2 1×4i

2d; p –2 1×4i 4 j; p –1×8p

2e; p –2 1×4g 2 f ; p –2 1×4h 4k; p –2 1×8p 4l; p –2 1×8p

p×4g

p×4h

p×4i 2 4m; p –2 1×8p 4n(o∗ ); 4o(n∗ ); p×8p p –1 p –1 ×8p ×8p 2 2

[2] P42 22 a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 1 z+ 4 ; +( 21 , 12 , 0)

2e; 2 f 4g; 4h

4i 2×4i

4o 8p 8p

4n 2×4n 4 j; 4m

2a; 2b 8p 4k; 4l

2c; 2d 2×4o 2×8p

[2] P42 22 a−b, a+b, c

1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 1 1 1 z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

4i 2×4i

2e; 2 f 4g; 4h

4n 8p 2×4n

4o 8p 4 j; 4m

2c; 2d 2×4o 4k; 4l

2a; 2b 8p 2×8p

2c; 4l; 4m; 8p 4i; 4×8p 3×4m; 3×8p 2c; p –2 1×4l; p –1 2 ×4m; (p – 1)2 4 ×8p

2d; 4 j; 4k; 8p 3×4 j; 3×8p 3×4n; 3×8p 2d; p –2 1×4 j; p –1 2 ×4k; (p – 1)2 4 ×8p

2e; 4n; 4o; 8p 3×4k; 3×8p 3×4o; 3×8p 2e; p –2 1×4n; p –1 2 ×4o; (p – 1)2 4 ×8p

2 f ; 4n; 4o; 8p 3×4l; 3×8p 9×8p 2 f ; p –2 1×4n; p –1 2 ×4o; (p – 1)2 4 ×8p

p×4 j; p(p – 1)

p×4k; p(p – 1)

p×4l; p(p – 1)

[9] P42 22 3a, 3b, c 13 x, 13 y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0); 2a; 4 j; 4l; 8p 2b; 4k; 4m; 8p ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); 4g; 4×8p 4h; 4×8p ±( 31 , 23 , 0) [p2 ] P42 22 pa, pb, c 1p x, 1p y, z; +( up , vp , 0) 2a; p –2 1×4 j; 2b; p –2 1×4k; p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; 2 ×4l; 2 ×4m; 2 (p – 1) (p – 1)2 u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 4 ×8p 4 ×8p

2 2 2 4g; p 2–1×8p 4h; p 2–1×8p 4i; p 2–1×8p

2

p×4m; p(p – 1) ∗

2

p = 4n −1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

606

×8p

p×4n; p(p – 1) 2

×8p ×8p

2

p×4o; p(p – 1) 2

×8p

2

p ×8p 2

×8p

×8p

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 93, pp. 606–607.

D54

P 42 2 2

No. 93 Axes

2a

2b

2c

2d

Wyckoff positions 2e 2f 4g 4h 4l 4m

[2] P42 (77)

2a

2b

2c

2c

2a

2b

2×2a 2×2b 2×2c 4d 4d 4d 4d 4d

[2] P222 (16)

1a; 1d 1e; 1h 1c; 1 f 1b; 1g 2q

2t

2×2q 2×2t 2r; 2s 2i; 2n 2l; 2o 2 j; 2m 2k; 2p 4u 4u 2×4u

I

Coordinates

4i 4n

4j 4o

4k 8p

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] C222 (21)

a–b, a+b, c

1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z+ 4

4i

4j

4k

4k

8d

8e

8c

4a; 4b 8 f

8e

8d

4a; 4b 8c

8d

8e

4a; 4b 8c

8e

8d

[2] P43 22 (95) a, b, 2c

1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 2 (x+y)+ 4 , 1 1 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)– 4 , 2 (x+y)+ 4 , 1 1 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 2 (x+y)+ 4 , 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)– 4 , 2 (x+y)+ 4 , 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4a

[2] P43 22 (95) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4a

[2] P42 21 2 (94) a–b, a+b, c

4d 2×4d

2a; 2d 2b; 2c 2×4i 2×4 j 2×4k 8l 8l 8l 8l 4e; 4h 4 f ; 4g 2×8l

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] I41 22 (98)

a–b, a+b, 2c

[2] I41 22 (98)

a–b, a+b, 2c

[2] I41 22 (98)

a–b, a+b, 2c

[2] I41 22 (98)

a–b, a+b, 2c

8f

16g 16g

8f

8f

16g 16g 2×8c 16g 16g 2×8e 2×8d 16g 2×8f 2×16g

8f

8f

16g 16g 2×8c 16g 2×8d 2×8e 2×8 f 16g

8c

4a; 4b 8 f

8f

16g 16g

4b

4a

4b

4c

4c

8d 8d 2×4a 8d

4b

4b

4a

4c

4c

8d 8d

8d 8d 2×4b 8d

2×4a 8d 2×4c 2×8d

2a; 2b 4d

4f

4e

4c

4d

2×4c 2×4d 8g 2×4 f 8g 8g

2×4e 8g 8g 2×8g

4d

2a; 2b 4e

4f

4d

4c

2×4d 2×4c 8g 8g 2×4e 8g

8g 8g

[2] P41 22 (91) a, b, 2c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4a

4b

4a

4b

4c

4c

8d 8d 2×4a 8d

8d 2×4b 2×4c 2×8d

[2] P41 22 (91) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4a

4b

4b

4a

4c

4c

8d 8d

[2] P42 21 2 (94) a–b, a+b, c

16g 16g

16g 16g

2×8c 2×8d 2×8e 16g 2×8 f 2×16g

16g 2×16g

2×8c 2×8e 2×8d 2×8 f 16g 2×16g 8d 8d 2×4c 8d

8d 8d

2×4b 2×8d

2×4 f 2×8g

8d 8d 2×4a 8d 2×4b 2×4c 8d 2×8d

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P42 22

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

2a; 4g 2b; 4h 2c; 4i 2d; 4i 2e; 4g 2 f ; 4h 3×4g 3×4h 3×4i 4 j; 8p 4k; 8p 4l; 8p 4m; 8p 4o; 8p 4n; 8p 3×8p

Continued on preceding page

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

607

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 94, p. 608.

P 42 21 2 Axes I

D64

No. 94 Coordinates 2a

2b

4c

Wyckoff positions 4d 4e

4f

8g

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P42 (77)

x+ 21 , y, z

2c

2c

2×2c

2a; 2b

4d

4d

2×4d

[2] P21 21 2 (18)

x, y, z+ 41

2a

2a

2×2a

2×2b

4c

4c

2×4c

[2] C222 (21)

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4i; 4 j

2×4k

4 f ; 4g

4e; 4h

2×8l

4a

4a

8b

8b

2×4a

8b

2×8b

4a

4a

8b

8b

8b

2×4a

2×8b

4a

4a

8b

8b

2×4a

8b

2×8b

4a

4a

8b

8b

8b

2×4a

2×8b

2a; 4c 2a; p –1×4c

2b; 4c 2b; p –1×4c

3×4c

3×4d

p×4c

p×4d

4e; 8g 4 f ; 8g 3×8g p –1 p –1 4e; 2 ×8g 4 f ; 2 ×8g p×8g

a−b, a+b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P43 21 2 (96) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P43 21 2 (96) a, b, 2c

x, y,

[2] P41 21 2 (92) a, b, 2c

x, y,

1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 1 1 2 z; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0,

[2] P41 21 2 (92) a, b, 2c

x, y,

1 2)

1 2)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] P42 21 2

a, b, 3c

[p] P42 21 2

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] P42 21 2

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] P42 21 2

pa, pb, c

1 p z;

u p)

1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2

2

2a; 4e; 4 f ; 8g 2b; 4e; 4 f ; 8g 4c; 4×8g 4d; 4×8g 3×4e; 3×8g 3×4 f ; 3×8g 9×8g

2a; p –2 1×4e; 2b; p –2 1×4e; 4c; 4d; p×4e; p×4 f ; p2×8g p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p –1 p –1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 2 ×4 f ; 2 ×4 f ; 2 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×8g (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 ×8g ×8g 4 4

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

608

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 95, p. 609.

D74 Axes I

P 43 2 2

No. 95 Coordinates 4a

Wyckoff positions 4b 4c

8d

4a

4a

4a

2×4a

x, y, z+ 41

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4e

2×4e

1 1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), z– 8

8c

8c

4a; 4b

2×8c

2×4a

8b

8b

2×8b

8b

2×4a

8b

2×8b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P43 (78) [2] P2221 (17) [2] C2221 (20)

a+b, –a+b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P43 21 2 (96) a+b, –a+b, c 12 (x+y), 12 (–x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) [2] P43 21 2 (96) a+b, –a+b, c

1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 2 , 2 (–x+y), z;

+( 21 , 12 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] P41 22 (91)

a, b, 3c

[p] P41 22 (91)

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime = 4n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[5] P43 22

a, b, 5c

[p] P43 22

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime = 4n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] P43 22

a+b, –a+b, c

[2] P43 22

a+b, –a+b, c

[9] P43 22

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] P43 22

pa, pb, c p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

4a; 8d 4b; 8d 4c; 8d 3×8d p –1 p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8d 4b; 2 ×8d 4c; 2 ×8d p×8d

u p)

x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 ) 1 p z;

4a; 2×8d 4b; 2×8d 4c; 2×8d 5×8d p –1 p –1 p –1 4a; 2 ×8d 4b; 2 ×8d 4c; 2 ×8d p×8d

u p)

1 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), z+ 8 ; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 2 , 2 (–x+y), z+ 8 ; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); 1 1 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0); ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2×4c

8d

4a; 4b

2×8d

8d

2×4c

4a; 4b

2×8d

3×4a; 3×8d 3×4b; 3×8d 3×4c; 3×8d 9×8d p×4a; p(p – 1) 2

609

×8d

p×4b; p(p – 1) 2

×8d

p×4c; p(p – 1) 2

p2×8d ×8d

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 96, p. 610.

P 43 21 2 Axes

D84

No. 96 Coordinates 4a

I

Wyckoff positions 8b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P43 (78)

x+ 21 , y, z

4a

2×4a

[2] P21 21 21 (19)

x+ 41 , y, z– 18

4a

2×4a

[2] C2221 (20)

1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), z

4a; 4b

2×8c

4a; 8b 4a; p –1×8b

3×8b

4a; 2×8b 4a; p –1×8b

5×8b

3×4a; 3×8b

9×8b

a+b, –a+b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P41 21 2 (92) a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P41 21 2 (92) a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 4n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1 x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 )

[5] P43 21 2

a, b, 5c

[p] P43 21 2

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime = 4n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] P43 21 2

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] P43 21 2

pa, pb, c p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

u p)

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); 1 1 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0); ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2

2

p×8b

p×8b

– p×4a; p(p2 1)×8b p2×8b

610

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 97, p. 611.

D94 Axes

Coordinates 2a

I

I 422

No. 97 2b 8g

Wyckoff positions 4c 4d 8h 8i

4e 8j

8f 16k

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I4 (79)

2a

2a 8c

4b 8c

4b 8c

2×2a 8c

2×4b 2×8c

[2] I222 (23)

2a

2c 8k

2b; 2d 4e; 4g

4j 4 f ; 4h

4i 8k

2×4 j 2×8k

4a

4b 8e; 8 f

8h 16k

4c; 4d 16k

8g 8i; 8 j

2×8h 2×16k

2a

2b 4e; 4 f

4d 8g

4d 8g

4c 8g

2×4d 2×8g

[2] F222 a−b, (22) a+b, c

1 2 (x–y), 1 2 (x+y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P42 21 2 (94) [2] P42 22 (93)

x+ 21 , y, z

2d

2c 8p

2a; 2b 4 j; 4k

2e; 2 f 4l; 4m

4i 4n; 4o

4g; 4h 2×8p

[2] P421 2 (90)

x+ 21 , y, z+ 41

2c

2c 8g

4d 8g

2a; 2b 8g

2×2c 4e; 4 f

2×4d 2×8g

1a; 1d

1b; 1c 4 j; 4k

2e; 2 f 4l; 4m

4i 4n; 4o

2g; 2h 8p

2×4i 2×8p

2b; 4e 8g; 16k 2b; p –1×4e

4c; 8f 8h; 16k 4c; p –1×8 f

4d; 8f 8i; 16k 4d; p –1×8 f

3×4e 8 j; 16k

3×8 f 3×16k

2b; 8g; 8i 3×8g; 3×16k

4c; 8h; 8i;16k 4d; 2×8 j;16k 4e; 2×16k 8 f ; 4×16k 3×8h; 3×16k 3×8i; 3×16k 3×8 j; 3×16k 9×16k

[2] P422 (89) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 2a; 4e

[3] I422

a, b, 3c

[p] I422

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) 2a; p –2 1×4e p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] I422

3a, 3b, c 13 x, 13 y, z; 2a; 8g; 8h ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) pa, pb, c 1p x, 1p y, z; 2a; p –2 1×8g; p –1 u v +( , , 0) ×8h;

[p2 ] I422

p p

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2 8g; p –2 1×16k

2 8h; p –2 1×16k

2 8i; p –2 1×16k

p×4e p×8 f p –1 8 j; 2 ×16k p×16k

2 2 2b; p –2 1×8g; 4c; p –2 1×8h; 4d; (p –1)×8 j; 4e; p 4–1×16k 8 f ; p 2–1×16k (p – 1)2 p –1 p –1 2 2 ×8i; 2 ×8i; 4 ×16k (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)2 ×16k ×16k 8 8 4 ×16k

p×8g; p(p – 1) 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

×16k

611

p×8h; p(p – 1) 2

p×8i; ×16k

p(p – 1) 2 ×16k

p×8 j; p(p – 1) 2

p2 ×16k ×16k

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 98, p. 612.

I 41 2 2 Axes

Coordinates 4a

I

D104

No. 98 Wyckoff positions 8d 8e

4b

8c

4a

4a

2×4a

8b

8f

16g

8b

8b

2×8b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I41 (80) [2] I21 21 21 (24)

x, y+ 41 , z+ 81

4c

4c

2×4c

8d

8d

4a; 4b

2×8d

[2] F222 (22)

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

4a; 4d

4b; 4c

8g; 8h

8 f ;8 j

8e; 8i

16k

2×16k

a−b, a+b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P43 21 2 (96)

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z+ 41

4a

4a

8b

8b

2×4a

8b

2×8b

[2] P43 22 (95)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 81 x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z x+ 41 , y– 14 , z+ 81

4c

4c

8d

2×4c

8d

4a; 4b

2×8d

4a

4a

8b

2×4a

8b

8b

2×8b

4c

4c

8d

8d

2×4c

4a; 4b

2×8d

4b; 8c 4b; p –1×8c

3×8c p×8c

8e; 16g 8d; 16g 8 f ; 16g 3×16g p –1 p –1 p –1 8e; 2 ×16g 8d; 2 ×16g 8 f ; 2 ×16g p×16g

4b; 2×8c

5×8c

8d; 2×16g

4b; p –2 1×8c

p×8c

8d; p –2 1×16g 8e; p –2 1×16g 8 f ; p –2 1×16g p×16g

[2] P41 21 2 (92) [2] P41 22 (91)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic b, –a, 3c y, –x, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 4a; 8c [3] I41 22 [p] I4 22 b, –a, pc y, –x, 1 z; +(0, 0, u ) 4a; p –1×8c 1

p

p = prime = 4n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p

2

x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); 4a; 2×8c ±(0, 0, 25 ) x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, u ) 4a; p –1×8c

2

[5] I41 22

a, b, 5c

[p] I41 22

a, b, pc p p p = prime = 4n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] I41 22

3a, 3b, c 13 x, 13 y, z; 4a; 8d; 8e;16g 4b; 8d; 8e;16g 8c; 4×16g 3×8d; 3×16g 3×8e; 3×16g 3×8f ; 3×16g 9×16g ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) pa, pb, c 1p x, 1p y, z; 4a; p–2 1×8d; 4b; p–2 1×8d; 8c; p×8d; p×8e; p×8 f ; p2×16g p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p –1 p –1 p2 – 1 u v +( p , p , 0) 2 ×8e; 2 ×8e; 2 ×16g 2 ×16g 2 ×16g 2 ×16g (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 p = prime > 2; 4 ×16g 4 ×16g u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

[p2 ] I41 22

2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

612

8e; 2×16g

8 f ; 2×16g

5×16g

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 99, p. 613.

C4v1 Axes I

P4mm

No. 99 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4d 4e

1a

1b

2c

4f

8g

1a

1b

2c

4d

4d

4d

2×4d

1a

1d

1b; 1c

4i

2e; 2g

2f ; 2h

2×4i

2a

2b

4c

4d; 4e

8f

8f

2×8 f

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P4 (75) [2] Pmm2 (25) [2] Cmm2 (35)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] I4cm (108)

1 1 1 a−b, 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z; 1 a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 2 )

4a

4b

8c

16d

16d

2×8c

2×16d

[2] I4cm (108)

1 1 1 1 a−b, 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 2 z; 4b 1 a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 2 )

4a

8c

16d

2×8c

16d

2×16d

4b

8c

2×8d

2×8c

16e

2×16e

1 1 1 1 [2] I4mm (107) a−b, 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 2 z; 4b a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 12 )

2×2a

8c

2×8d

16e

2×8c

2×16e

[2] P42 mc (105) a, b, 2c

1 1 1 [2] I4mm (107) a−b, 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z; 1 a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 2 )

[2] P4cc (103)

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a

2b

2×2c

8f

2×4d

2×4e

2×8f

1 2) 1 2)

2a

2b

4c

8d

8d

8d

2×8d

2a

2b

4c

2×4d

8e

8e

2×8e

2a

2b

4c

8d

8d

2×4c

2×8d

2b

2a

4c

8d

2×4c

8d

2×8d

1 2 z; 1 2 z;

+(0, 0,

a, b, 2c

x, y,

[2] P42 cm (101) a, b, 2c

x, y,

[2] P4bm (100) a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0)

[2] P4bm (100) a−b, a+b, c

2×2a

+(0, 0,

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P4mm

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2×1a

2×1b

2×2c

2×4d

2×4e

2×4 f

2×8g

[3] P4mm

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×1a

3×1b

3×2c

3×4d

3×4e

3×4 f

3×8g

[p] P4mm

u p)

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×1a

p×1b

p×2c

p×4d

p×4e

p×4f

p×8g

[2] P4mm

a−b, a+b, c

1a; 1b

2c

4d

4e; 4 f

2×4d

8g

2×8g

[2] P4mm

a−b, a+b, c

2c

1a; 1b

4d

4e; 4 f

8g

2×4d

2×8g

[9] P4mm

3a, 3b, c

1a; 4d; 4e

1b; 4d; 4f

2c; 4e; 4f ; 8g 3×4d; 3×4e; 3×4 f ; 9×8g 3×8g 3×8g 3×8g

[p2 ] P4mm

pa, pb, c 1a; p–2 1×4d; 1b; p–2 1×4d; 2c; p–2 1×4e; p×4d; p×4e; p×4 f ; p2 ×8g p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 2 ×4e; 2 ×4 f ; 2 ×4 f ; 2 ×8g 2 ×8g 2 ×8g (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)2 × × 8 8 4 ×8g 8g 8g

1 p z;

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

613

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 100, p. 614.

P4bm Axes I

C4v2

No. 100 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4c

2a

2b

8d

1a; 1b

2c

4d

2×4d

2a

2b

4c

2×4c

4c

2a; 2b

4d; 4e

2×8 f

4a

4b

8c

2×8c

2×2a

4b

8c

2×8c

4b

2×2a

2×4c

2×8d

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

2×8d

±(0, 0, 13 ) +(0, 0, up )

3×2a

3×2b

3×4c

3×8d

p×2a

p×2b

p×4c

p×8d

2a; 2×8d

2b; 2×4c; 8d

3×4c; 3×8d

9×8d

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P4 (75) [2] Pba2 (32) [2] Cmm2 (35)

a–b, a+b, c

1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P42 bc (106) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P4nc (104)

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

a, b, 2c

[2] P42 nm (102) a, b, 2c

x+ 21 , y, 12 z;

+(0, 0,

1 2)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P4bm

a, b, 2c

x, y,

1 3 z; 1 p z;

[3] P4bm

a, b, 3c

[p] P4bm

a, b, pc x, y, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] P4bm

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] P4bm

pa, pb, c p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2a; 2b; (p –1)×4c; p×4c; p2 ×8d 1 1 2 –1)×8d –1)2 ×8d 12 p(p –1)×8d 4 (p 4 (p

614

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 101, p. 615.

C4v3 Axes I

P 42 c m

No. 101 Coordinates 2a

2b

2a

2b

2a

Wyckoff positions 4c

4d

8e

2×2c

4d

2×4d

2d

2b; 2c

4e

2×4e

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

4d; 4e

2×8 f

4a

4b

8c

8c

2×8c

4b

4a

8c

8c

2×8c

2a; 2b

2×2c

8f

4d; 4e

2×8 f

2×2c

2a; 2b

8f

4d; 4e

2×8 f

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P42 (77) [2] Pcc2 (27) [2] Cmm2 (35)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P42 bc (106) a−b, a+b, c [2] P42 bc (106) a–b, a+b, c [2] P42 mc (105) a−b, a+b, c [2] P42 mc (105) a−b, a+b, c

1 1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P42 cm

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

3×2b

3×4c

3×4d

3×8e

[p] P42 cm

a, b, pc

x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up )

p×2a

p×2b

p×4c

p×4d

p×8e

2a; 2×4d; 8e

2b; 2×4d; 8e

4c; 4×8e

3×4d; 3×8e 9×8e

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

[9] P42 cm

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] P42 cm

pa, pb, c p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2a; (p –1)×4d; 2b; (p –1)×4d; 4c; p×4d; p2 ×8e 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 –1) ×8e 4 (p –1) ×8e 2 (p –1)×8e 2 p(p –1)×8e 4 (p

615

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 102, p. 616.

P 42 n m Axes I

C4v4

No. 102 Coordinates 2a

Wyckoff positions 4b 4c

8d

2c

2a; 2b

4d

2×4d

2a

2×2b

4c

2×4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

4d; 4e

2×8 f

8a

16b

16b

2×16b

+(0, 0, 12 ) 8a

16b

16b

2×16b

2×4a

16c

2×8b

2×16c

2×4a

16c

2×8b

2×16c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups x+ 21 , y, z

[2] P42 (77) [2] Pnn2 (34) [2] Cmm2 (35)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] I41 cd (110) a−b, a+b, 2c [2] I41 cd (110) a−b, a+b, 2c [2] I41 md (109) a−b, a+b, 2c [2] I41 md (109) a−b, a+b, 2c

1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z; 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z; 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y),

+(0, 0, 12 ) 1 2 z;

+(0, 0, 1 2 z;

1 2)

+(0, 0,

1 2)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P42 nm

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

3×4b

3×4c

3×8d

[p] P42 nm

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2a

p×4b

p×4c

p×8d

[9] P42 nm

3a, 3b, c

2a; 2×4c; 8d

4b; 4×8d

3×4c; 3×8d

9×8d

[p2 ] P42 nm

pa, pb, c p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2a; (p –1)×4c; 4b; p×4c; p2×8d 1 –1)2×8d 12 (p2 –1)×8d 12 p(p –1)×8d 4 (p

616

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 103, p. 617.

C4v5 Axes I

P4cc

No. 103 Coordinates 2a

Wyckoff positions 2b 4c

8d

2×1a

2×1b

2×2c

2×4d

2a

2d

2b; 2c

2×4e

4a

4b

2×4c

2×8d

2×2a

4b

8c

2×8c

4b

2×2a

8c

2×8c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

3×2b

3×4c

3×8d

u p)

p×2a

p×2b

p×4c

p×8d

2a; 2b

4c

8d

2×8d

4c

2a; 2b

8d

2×8d

2a; 2×8d

2b; 2×8d

4c; 4×8d

9×8d

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P4 (75) [2] Pcc2 (27) [2] Ccc2 (37)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P4nc (104) a−b, a+b, c [2] P4nc (104) a−b, a+b, c

1 1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P4cc

a, b, 3c

[p] P4cc

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[2] P4cc

a−b, a+b, c

[2] P4cc

a−b, a+b, c

[9] P4cc

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] P4cc

pa, pb, c p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

1 1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); 1 1 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0); ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2a; 14 (p2 –1)×8d 2b; 14 (p2 –1)×8d 4c; 12 (p2 –1)×8d p2×8d

617

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 104, p. 618.

P4nc Axes

C4v6

No. 104 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4b

2a I

8c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P4 (75) [2] Pnn2 (34) [2] Ccc2 (37) a−b, a+b, c

1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z

1a; 1b

2×2c

2×4d

2a

2×2b

2×4c

4c

4a; 4b

2×8d

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P4nc

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

3×4b

3×8c

[p] P4nc

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2a

p×4b

p×8c

[9] P4nc

3a, 3b, c

2a; 2×8c

4b; 4×8c

9×8c

[p2 ] P4nc

pa, pb, c p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2a; 14 (p2 –1)×8c 4b; 12 (p2 –1)×8c p2×8c

618

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 105, p. 619.

C4v7 Axes I

P 42 m c

No. 105 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2c 4d

2a

2b

4e

8f

2a

2b

2c

4d

4d

2×4d

2×1a

2×1d

1b; 1c

2e; 2g

2 f ; 2h

2×4i

4a

4b

4c

8d

8d

2×8d

2×2a

4b

4c

2×4c

8d

2×8d

4b

2×2a

4c

8d

2×4c

2×8d

2a; 2b

4c

4d

2×4d

8e

2×8e

4c

2a; 2b

4d

8e

2×4d

2×8e

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P42 (77) [2] Pmm2 (25) [2] Ccc2 (37) a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P42 nm (102)

a−b, a+b, c

[2] P42 nm (102)

a−b, a+b, c

[2] P42 cm (101)

a−b, a+b, c

[2] P42 cm (101)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] P42 mc

a, b, 3c

3×2a

3×2b

3×2c

3×4d

3×4e

3×8f

[p] P42 mc

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p×2a p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2b

p×2c

p×4d

p×4e

p×8 f

[9] P42 mc

3a,3b,c

2b; 2×4e; 8 f

2c; 4d; 4e; 8 f 3×4d; 3×8 f 3×4e; 3×8 f 9×8 f

[p2 ] P42 mc

pa, pb, c

1 p z;

u p)

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; 2×4d; 8 f

2a; (p –1)×4d; 2b; (p –1)×4e; 2c; p –2 1×4d; p×4d; p×4e; p2×8 f (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p –1 4 ×8 f 4 ×8 f 2 ×4e; 2 ×8 f 2 ×8 f (p – 1)2 ×8 f 4

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

619

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 106, p. 620.

P 42 b c Axes

C4v8

No. 106 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4b

4a I

8c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P42 (77)

2a; 2b

2×2c

2×4d

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

2×4c

4a; 4b

2×8d

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×4a

3×4b

3×8c

u p)

p×4a

p×4b

p×8c

4a; 4×8c

4b; 4×8c

9×8c

[2] Pba2 (32) [2] Ccc2 (37) a−b, a+b, c

1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P42 bc

a, b, 3c

[p] P42 bc

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] P42 bc

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] P42 bc

pa, pb, c p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); 1 1 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0); ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

4a; 12 (p2 –1)×8c 4b; 12 (p2 –1)×8c p2×8c

620

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 107, p. 621.

C4v9

I 4mm

No. 107 Axes

Coordinates

8d

16e

8c

8c

2×8c

2×2b

8e

4c; 4d

2×8e

4a

8b

8c; 8d

16e

2×16e

2c

2a; 2b

8f

4d; 4e

2×8 f

[2] P4nc (104)

2a

4b

8c

8c

2×8c

[2] P42 nm (102)

2a

4b

2×4c

8d

2×8d

[2] P4mm (99)

1a; 1b

2×2c

2×4d

4e; 4 f

2×8g

I

2a

4b

2a

4b

2a

Wyckoff positions 8c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I4 (79) [2] Imm2 (44) [2] Fmm2 (42) a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations x+ 21 , y, z

[2] P42 mc (105)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] I4mm

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

3×4b

3×8c

3×8d

3×16e

[p] I4mm

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2a

p×4b

p×8c

p×8d

p×16e

[9] I4mm

3a, 3b, c

2a; 8c; 8d

4b; 2×8d;16e 3×8c; 3×16e 3×8d; 3×16e 9×16e

[p2 ] I4mm

pa, pb, c

1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); 1 ±(0, 3 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; p –2 1×8c; 4b; (p –1)×8d; p×8c; p×8d; p2×16e 2 (p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p –1 2 ×8d; 4 ×16e 2 ×16e 2 ×16e (p – 1)(p – 3) ×16e 8

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

621

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 108, p. 622.

I 4cm Axes I

C4v10

No. 108 Coordinates 4a

Wyckoff positions 4b 8c

16d

2×2a

4b

8c

2×8c

4a

4b

8c

2×8c

8b

2×4a

8c; 8d

2×16e

4b

4a

8c

2×8c

2a; 2b

4c

8d

2×8d

4c

2a; 2b

2×4d

2×8e

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

2×8d

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×4a

3×4b

3×8c

3×16d

u p)

p×4a

p×4b

p×8c

p×16d

4a; 2×16d

4b; 2×8c; 16d 3×8c; 3×16d

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I4 (79) [2] Iba2 (45) [2] Fmm2 (42) a−b, a+b, c

1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations x+ 21 , y, z

[2] P42 bc (106) [2] P4cc (103)

x+ 21 , y, z

[2] P42 cm (101) [2] P4bm (100)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] I4cm

a, b, 3c

[p] I4cm

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] I4cm

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] I4cm

pa, pb, c p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

9×16d

4a; 4b; (p –1)×8c; p×8c; p2×16d 1 1 2 –1)×16d 1 2 –1) ×16d 2 p(p –1)×16d 4 (p 4 (p

622

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 109, p. 623.

C4v11 Axes

Coordinates 4a

I

I 41 m d

No. 109 Wyckoff positions 8b

16c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I41 (80)

4a

8b

2×8b

2a; 2b

4c; 4d

2×8e

8a

16b

2×16b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] I41 md b, –a, 3c y, –x, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×4a

3×8b

3×16c

u p)

p×4a

p×8b

p×16c

5×4a

5×8b

5×16c

p×4a

p×8b

p×16c

[2] Imm2 (44) [2] Fdd2 (43) a+b, –a+b, c

1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), z

[p] I41 md

b, –a, pc y, –x, +(0, 0, p = prime = 4n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[5] I41 md

a, b, 5c

[p] I41 md

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime = 4n +1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] I41 md

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] I41 md

pa, pb, c p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 ) 1 p z;

u p)

1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

4a; 2×8b; 16c 3×8b; 3×16c

9×16c

±( 31 , 23 , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

4a; (p –1)×8b; p×8b; p2×16c 1 1 –1)2×16c 2 p(p –1)×16c 4 (p

623

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 110, p. 624.

I 41 c d Axes I

C4v12

No. 110 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 8a 16b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I41 (80)

2×4a

2×8b

4a; 4b

2×8c

2×8a

2×16b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] I41 cd b, –a, 3c y, –x, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×8a

3×16b

u p)

p×8a

p×16b

5×8a

5×16b

p×8a

p×16b

8a; 4×16b

9×16b

[2] Iba2 (45) [2] Fdd2 (43) a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

[p] I41 cd

b, –a, pc y, –x, +(0, 0, p = prime = 4n −1; u = 0, . . . , p −1

[5] I41 cd

a, b, 5c

[p] I41 cd

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime = 4n +1; u = 0, . . . , p −1

[9] I41 cd

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] I41 cd

pa, pb, c p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 ) 1 p z;

u p)

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

P 4¯ 2 m

8a; 12 (p2 –1)×16b p2×16b

No. 111 Axes

CONTINUED (from

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 1d 4i 4m

1a

1b 2g

1c 2h 4l

¯ [p] P42m a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

1a; p –2 1×2g

1b; p –2 1×2h p×2g

1c; p –2 1×2g p×2h 4l; p –2 1×8o

¯ [9] P42m 3a,3b,c

1a; 4i; 4n

1b; 4 j; 4n 2g; 2×4n; 8o

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0)

¯ [p2 ] P42m pa,pb,c 1p x, 1p y, z; +( up , vp , 0) p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1c; 4k; 4n 2h; 2×4n; 8o 3×4l; 3×8o 1a; p –2 1×4i; 1b; p –2 1×4 j; 1c; p –2 1×4k; p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×4n; 2 ×4n; 2 ×4n; – – – – – (p 1)(p 3) (p 1)(p 3) (p 1)(p – 3) ×8o ×8o ×8o 8 8 8

2e 4j 4n

next page)

2f 4k 8o

1d; p –2 1×2h 4i; p –2 1×8o p×4m

2e; p –2 1×4m 2 f ; p –2 1×4m 4 j; p –2 1×8o 4k; p –2 1×8o p×4n p×8o

1d; 4l; 4n 3×4i; 3×8o 4m; 4×8o 1d; p –2 1×4l; p –1 2 ×4n; – (p 1)(p – 3) ×8o 8

2e; 4i; 4l; 8o 3×4 j; 3×8o 3×4n; 3×8o 2e; p –2 1×4i; p –1 2 ×4l; (p – 1)2 4 ×8o

2 f ; 4 j; 4k; 8o 3×4k; 3×8o 9×8o 2 f ; p –2 1×4 j; p –1 2 ×4k; (p – 1)2 4 ×8o

2g; (p –1)×4n; 2h; (p –1)×4n; p×4i; p×4 j; p×4k; (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) ×8o ×8o ×8o ×8o 4 4 2 2 2 ×8o p×4l;

p(p – 1) 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

624

×8o

2 4m; p 2–1×8o p×4n; p(p – 1)

2

p2 ×8o ×8o

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 111, pp. 624–625.

D12d

P 4¯ 2 m

No. 111 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2f 2g 2h

1a

1b

1c

1d

2e

4i

4j 4m

4k 4n

4l 8o

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 1a [2] P4¯ (81)

1d

1b

1c

2g

2e

2f

4h

4h 4h 2×2g 4h

1a

1h

1d

1e

1b; 1c 1 f ; 1g 2q

2t

2i; 2m 2l; 2p 2 j; 2n 2k; 2o 2r; 2s 4u 2×4u

2a

2b

2a

2b

4c

4c

2×2a 2×2b 8 f

8f 8f 8f 2×4c 4d; 4e 2×8 f

4b

4c

4a

4d

8h

8e

8f

8g

16i

16i 16i

1 1 1 1 a−b, 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; 4a 1 a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 2 )

4d

4b

4c

8e

8h

8f

8g

2×8e 2×8h 16i 16i 16i

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4e

4f

8g

8h

2×4e 2×4 f 2×8g 2×8h 16 j 16 j 16 j 2×8i 2×16 j

4f

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 8h

8g

2×4e 2×4 f 16 j

16 j 16 j

2a

2d

2b

2c

4g

4h

4e

4f

8i

2×4h 8i 8i 8i

2c

2b

2d

2a

4g

4h

4f

4e

2×4g 8i 8i

2×4h 8i 8i 2×8i

1c; 1d 2g

4h

4i

2e; 2 f 2×2g 2×4h 8l 8l

2×4i 8l 4 j; 4k 2×8l

2×2g 2e; 2 f 8l

I

[2] P222 (16) [2] Cmm2 a−b, (35) a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 ¯ [2] I 4c2 a−b, (x–y), 1 (x+y), 1 z; 2

(120) ¯ [2] I 4c2 (120) ¯ [2] I 4m2 (119) ¯ [2] I 4m2 (119) ¯ [2] P4b2 (117) ¯ [2] P4b2

(112) ¯ [2] P42c

2

1 1 1 a−b, 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z; 1 a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 2 )

1 1 1 1 a−b, 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; 4e 1 a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 2 )

a−b, a+b, c

a−b, (117) a+b, c ¯ [2] P4m2 a−b, (115) a+b, c ¯ [2] P4m2 a−b, (115) ¯ [2] P42c

2

a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 12 )

a+b, c a, b, 2c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

1a; 1b 2g

2g

2g

1c; 1d 2g

1a; 1b 4h

4i

2e

2c

2a

2f

4m

2b; 2d 4k

2a

2f

2e

2c

2b; 2d 4m

1a; 1c 2h

2g

1b; 1d 2e; 2 f 4m

(112) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [2] P42m a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, 1 ) 2

2

4k

4h 2×4h

2×8e 2×8h 16i 2×16i 16i 2×16i

2×8g 2×8h 2×8i 2×16 j 2×4g 2×8i

2×4i 8l 2×4h 8l 4 j; 4k 2×8l

4l

8n

4h; 4i 4g; 4 j 8n 2×4m 8n 2×8n

4l

4g; 4 j 8n 8n 2×4m 8n

4h; 4i 2×8n

2×2g 2×2h 4i; 4k 8o 8o 4 j; 4l 2×4m 2×4n 2×8o

¯ [2] P42m a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2g

¯ [3] P42m a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

1a; 2g 1b; 2h 1c; 2g 1d; 2h 2e; 4m 2 f ; 4m 3×2g 3×2h 4i; 8o 4 j; 8o 4k; 8o 4l; 8o 3×4m 3×4n 3×8o

1b; 1d 1a; 1c 2h

Continued on preceding page

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

625

4m

2e; 2 f 2×2g 2×2h 8o

4 j; 4l 4i; 4k 8o 2×4m 2×4n 2×8o

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 112, p. 626.

P 4¯ 2 c Axes

D22d

No. 112 Coordinates 2a 4h

Wyckoff positions 2d 2e 4k 4l

2b 4i

2c 4j

2f 4m

4g 8n

4h

2g 4h

2f 4h

2g 2×2e

1a; 1b 2×2 f

1c; 1d 2×2g

4h 2×4h

x, y, z+ 41

1a; 1d 2k; 2p

1c; 1 f 2l; 2o

1e; 1h 2i; 2n

1b; 1g 2×2q

2q 2×2t

2t 2r; 2s

2 j; 2m 2×4u

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

4a 8d

4c 8d

4b 8d

4c 2×4a

4a 2×4b

4b 2×4c

8d 2×8d

4e 2×4 f

4f 2×4g

2c; 2d 8i

4g 2×4e

2a; 2b 2×4h

4h 8i

8i 2×8i

2c; 2d 8i

4g 8i

4e 2×4 f

4f 2×4h

4h 2×4e

2a; 2b 8i

2×4g 2×8i

2a; 2b 8j

4e 8j

4i 2×4 f

4f 4g; 4h

2c; 2d 2×4i

4i 8j

2×4e 2×8 j

4i 2×4f

4f 2×4e

2a; 2b 8j

4e 2×4i

4i 4g; 4h

2c; 2d 8j

8j 2×8 j

2a; 4k 4i; 8n 2a; p –1×4k

2d; 4m 4h; 8n

2c; 4l 4g; 8n 2c; p –1×4l

2b; 4m 3×4k

2e; 4k 3×4l

2 f ; 4l 3×4m

4 j; 8n 3×8n

I

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 2e [2] P4¯ (81)

[2] P222 (16) [2] Ccc2 (37)

a−b, a+b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 ¯ [2] P4n2 a−b, (x–y), 1 (x+y), z; 2

(118) ¯ [2] P4n2 (118) ¯ [2] P4c2 (116) ¯ [2] P4c2 (116)

2

a+b, c

+( 21 , 12 , 0)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 1 1 1 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 1 1 1 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

a−b, a+b, c a−b, a+b, c

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [3] P42c a, b, 3c x, y, 1 z; ±(0, 0, 1 ) 3

¯ [p] P42c

3

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2

2b(d ∗ ); p –1 ×4m

2

2

2d(b∗ ); 2e; 2f ; 4g( j∗ ); p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×4m 2 ×4k 2 ×4l 2 ×8n

4h(i∗ ); 4i(h∗ ); 4 j(g∗ ); p×4k p –1 p –1 p –1 ×8n ×8n ×8n 2 2 2 ¯ [9] P42c

3a, 3b, c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

p×4l

p×4m

p×8n

2a; 4g; 4 j; 8n 2b; 4g; 4h; 8n 2c; 4h; 4i; 8n 2d; 4i; 4 j; 8n 2e; 2×8n 2 f ; 2×8n 3×4g; 3×8n 3×4h; 3×8n 3×4i; 3×8n 3×4 j; 3×8n 4k; 4×8n 4l; 4×8n 4m; 4×8n 9×8n

2a; p –2 1×4g; 2b; p –2 1×4g; 2c; p –2 1×4h; 2d; p –2 1×4i; 2e; 2f ; p×4g; p(p – 1) p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p = prime > 2; 2 ×4 j; 2 ×4h; 2 ×4i; 2 ×4 j; 4 ×8n 4 ×8n 2 ×8n 2 2 2 2 (p – 1) (p – 1) (p – 1) (p – 1) u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 4 ×8n 4 ×8n 4 ×8n 4 ×8n p2 – 1 p×4h; p×4i; p×4 j; 4k; 2 ×8n 4l; 4m; p2 ×8n 2 2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p –1 p –1 2 ×8n 2 ×8n 2 ×8n 2 ×8n 2 ×8n

¯ [p2 ] P42c pa, pb, c

∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

p = 4n −1

626

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 113, p. 627.

D32d

P 4¯ 21 m

No. 113 Axes

2a

2b

Wyckoff positions 2c 4d

1a; 1c

1b; 1d

2g

2e; 2f

4h

2×4h

2a

2a

2b

2×2a

4c

2×4c

4c

4c

2a; 2b

2×4c

4d; 4e

2×8f

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic ¯ 1 c (114) a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, 1 ) [2] P42

2a; 2b

4c

4d

2×4c

8e

2×8e

¯ 1 c (114) a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z+ 1 ; +(0, 0, 1 ) [2] P42 2 4 2

4c

2a; 2b

4d

2×4c

8e

2×8e

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ 1m a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, 1 ) [2] P42

2a; 2b

4d

2×2c

2×4d

2×4e

2×8 f

4d

2a; 2b

2×2c

2×4d

2×4e

2×8 f

2a; 4d 2b; 4d 3×2c p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4d 2b; 2 ×4d p×2c

3×4d

3×4e

3×8 f

p×4d

p×4e

p×8 f

2a; 2×8 f

4d; 4×8 f

3×4e; 3×8 f 9×8 f

I

Coordinates

4e

8f

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P4¯ (81) [2] P21 21 2 (18) [2] Cmm2 (35)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z

2

2

2 2 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

¯ 1m [2] P42 ¯ 1m [3] P42

a, b, 2c x, y,

¯ 1m [p] P42

a, b, pc x, y, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

¯ 1m [9] P42

3a,3b,c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0)

¯ 1m [p2 ] P42

pa,pb,c

1 1 p x, p y, z;

a, b, 3c x, y,

+( up , vp , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2b; 2×8 f

2c; 2×4e; 8 f

2 2 2 2a; p 4–1×8 f 2b; p 4–1×8 f 2c; (p –1)×4e; 4d; p 2–1×8 f p×4e; p2 ×8 f 2 (p – 1) p(p – 1) 4 ×8 f 2 ×8 f

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

627

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 114, p. 628.

P 4¯ 21 c Axes I

D42d

No. 114 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4c 4d

2a

2b

8e

1a; 1d

1b; 1c

2e; 2 f

2×2g

2×4h

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P4¯ (81) [2] P21 21 2 (18)

x, y, z+ 41

2a

2a

2×2a

2×2b

2×4c

[2] Ccc2 (37)

1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z

4c

4c

2×4c

4a; 4b

2×8d

2a; 4c 2b; 4c 3×4c – – 2a; p 2 1×4c 2b; p 2 1×4c p×4c

3×4d

3×8e

p×4d

p×8e

2a; 2×8e

4d; 4×8e

9×8e

a−b, a+b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ 1c a, b, 3c x, y, 1 z; ±(0, 0, 1 ) [3] P42 3 1 p z;

3 +(0, 0, up )

¯ 1c [p] P42

a, b, pc x, y, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

¯ 1c [9] P42

3a, 3b, c

¯ 1c [p2 ] P42

1 1 u v pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0)

P 4¯ m 2

2b; 2×8e

4c; 4×8e

2 2 2 2 2a; p 4–1×8e 2b; p 4–1×8e 4c; p 2–1×8e 4d; p 2–1×8e p2×8e

No. 115 Axes

¯ [9] P4m2 3a, 3b, c

¯ [p2 ] P4m2 pa, pb, c

CONTINUED (from

Coordinates

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

Wyckoff positions 1d 4j

1a 2g

1b 4h

1c 4i

1a; 4h; 4 j 2g; 4 j; 4k; 8l

1b; 4h; 4k 3×4h; 3×8l

1c; 4i; 4k 3×4i; 3×8l

1d; 4i; 4 j 3×4 j; 3×8l

next page)

2e 4k

2f 8l

2e; 2×4 j; 8l 3×4k; 3×8l

2 f ; 2×4k; 8l 9×8l

1a; p –2 1×4h; p –1 ×4 j;

1b; p –2 1×4h; 1c; p –2 1×4i; 1d; p –2 1×4i; 2e; (p –1)×4 j; 2 f ; (p–1)×4k; (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 2 ×4k; 2 ×4k; 2 ×4 j; 4 ×8l 4 ×8l (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) ×8l ×8l ×8l ×8l 8 8 8 8

– 2g; p –2 1×4 j; p×4h; p×4i; p×4 j; p×4k; p(p2 1)×8l p2×8l p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p –1 2 ×4k; 2 ×8l 2 ×8l 2 ×8l 2 – (p 1) 4 ×8l

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

628

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 115, pp. 628–629.

D52d

P 4¯ m 2

No. 115 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 1d 2e 4i

1a

1b

1c

2f 4j

2g 4k

4h 8l

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 1a [2] P4¯ (81)

1c

1d

1b

2e 4h

2f 4h

2g 4h

4h 2×4h

1a

1d

1d

1a

2×1a 4i

2×1d 1b; 1c 4i 2e; 2g 2 f ; 2h 2×4i

2a

2b

2c

2d

4i 4 f ; 4h

4j 8l

2a; 2b

4c

4d

4e

2×4e 16 j

8h 8i 2×8i 16 j

8 f ; 8g 2×16 j

4e

4d

4c

2a; 2b

2×4e 8 f ; 8g

8h 8i 2×8i 16 j

16 j 2×16 j

4c

2a; 2b

4e

4d

8h 16 j

2×4e 8i 8 f ; 8g 16 j 2×8i 2×16 j

4d

4e

2a; 2b

4c

8h 8 f ; 8g

2×4e 8i 16 j 16 j 2×8i 2×16 j

2c

2d

2b

2a

4g 4e; 4 f

4h 8j

4i 8j

8j 2×8 j

2a

2b

2d

2c

4g 8j

4h 8j

4i 8j

4e; 4 f 2×8 j

2a

2c

2c

2b

4d 8f

2×2c 4e 8f 8f 2×4e 2×8 f

2c

2a

2b

2c

2×2c 8f

4d 4e 2×4e 8 f

8f 2×8 f

1a; 1d

2e

2f

1b; 1c

2g; 2h 4 j; 4k

4m 4n 2×4n 8o

4i; 4l 2×8o

2e

1a; 1d

1b; 1c

2f

4m 4 j; 4k

2g; 2h 4n 4i; 4l 8o 2×4n 2×8o

1a; 1d

1b; 1c

2f

2e

2×2e 8l

2×2 f 2×2g 4h; 4i 2×4 j 2×4k 2×8l

I

[2] Pmm2 (25) [2] C222 (21)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 ¯ (x–y), 1 (x+y), 1 z; [2] I 42m a−b, 2

(121) ¯ [2] I 42m (121) ¯ [2] I 42m (121) ¯ [2] I 42m (121) ¯ [2] P4c2 (116) ¯ [2] P4c2

a−b, a+b, 2c a−b, a+b, 2c a−b, a+b, 2c a, b, 2c

(111) ¯ [2] P42m (111)

2

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 2 z; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

(116) ¯ 1 m a−b, [2] P42 (113) a+b, c ¯ 1 m a−b, [2] P42 (113) ¯ [2] P42m

2

a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 12 )

a+b, c a−b, a+b, c a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [2] P4m2 a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, 1 ) 2

2

4k 8l

4e; 4g 2×8l

¯ [2] P4m2

a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2e

2f

1b; 1c

1a; 1d

2×2e 4h; 4i

2×2 f 2×2g 8l 2×4 j 2×4k 2×8l

¯ [3] P4m2

a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

1a; 2e

1b; 2 f

1c; 2 f

1d; 2e

3×2e 4i; 8l

¯ [p] P4m2

3×2 f 3×2g 4h; 8l 3×4 j 3×4k 3×8l p×2 f p×2g 4h; p –1×8l

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) 1a; p –2 1×2e 1b; p –2 1×2 f 1c; p –2 1×2 f 1d; p –2 1×2e p×2e 2 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 4i; p –2 1×8l p×4 j p×4k p×8l

Continued on preceding page

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

629

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 116, p. 630.

P 4¯ c 2 Axes

D62d

No. 116 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2d 4e 4h 4i

2a

2b

2c 4g

4f 8j

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 2e [2] P4¯

2f

1a; 1b 2×2e

1c; 1d 2×2 f

4h 2×2g

4h 2×4h

2a

2d

2a 2×2a

2d 2×2d

4e 2b; 2c

4e 2×4e

2a; 2d

2b; 2c

4i 2×4i

4j 2×4 j

4e; 4h 2×4k

4 f ; 4g 2×8l

4c

4d

2a; 2b 2×4c

4d 2×4d

8e 8e

8e 2×8e

4d

4c

4d 2×4d

2a; 2b 2×4c

8e 8e

8e 2×8e

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

2e; 2 f 4k; 4l

4m 2×4m

4h; 4 j 8n

4g; 4i 2×8n

2b; 2d

2a; 2c

4m 2×4m

2e; 2 f 4k; 4l

4h; 4 j 8n

4g; 4i 2×8n

2a; 4g

2b; 4h

4f ; 8 j 3×4i

4e; 8 j 3×8 j

I

(81) [2] Pcc2 (27) [2] C222 a−b, (21) a+b, c

1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z+ 4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 ¯ 1 c a−b, (x–y), 1 (x+y), z; [2] P42 2

(114) a+b, c ¯ 1 c a−b, [2] P42 (114) a+b, c ¯ [2] P42c a−b, (112) a+b, c ¯ [2] P42c a−b, (112) a+b, c

2

+( 21 , 12 , 0)

1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [3] P4c2 a, b, 3c x, y, 1 z; ±(0, 0, 1 ) 3

3

¯ [p] P4c2 a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 ¯ [9] P4c2 3a, 3b, c 1 x, 1 y, z; 3

3 ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0)

¯ [p2 ] P4c2 pa, pb, c 1p x, 1p y, z; +( up , vp , 0) p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2c; 4g 2d; 4h 3×4g 3×4h 2a; p –2 1×4g 2b; p –2 1×4h 2c; p –2 1×4g 2d; p –2 1×4h p×4g p×4h

4e( f ∗ ); p –2 1×8 j 4 f (e∗ ); p –2 1×8 j p×4i p×8 j

2a; 4e; 4 f ; 8 j 2b; 4e; 4 f ; 8 j 2c; 2×8 j 4g; 4×8 j

3×4e; 3×8 j 4i; 4×8 j

2d; 2×8 j 4h; 4×8 j

3×4f; 3×8 j 9×8 j

2 2 – – 2a; p –2 1×4e; 2b; p –2 1×4e; 2c; p 4–1×8 j 2d; p 4–1×8 j p×4e; p(p2 1)×8 j p×4 f ; p(p2 1)×8 j p –1 p –1 2 ×4 f ; 2 ×4 f ; (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 4 ×8 j 4 ×8 j 2 2 2 4g; p 2–1×8 j 4h; p 2–1×8 j 4i; p 2–1×8 j p2×8 j

∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

630

p = 4n −1

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 117, p. 631.

D72d

P 4¯ b 2

No. 117 Axes

Coordinates 2a

2b

2c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 1a; 1c [2] P4¯ (81)

1b; 1d

2g

[2] Pba2 (32)

2a

2a

4k

2a; 2b

Wyckoff positions 2d 4g

4e 4h

4f 8i

2g 4h

2e; 2 f 4h

2×2g 2×4h

2b

2b 4c

2×2a 4c

2×2b 2×4c

4k

2a; 2b

2c; 2d 4e; 4g

2×4k 4 f ; 4h

4i; 4 j 2×8l

4e

4h

2c; 2d 8i

2×4e 4 f ; 4g

2×4h 2×8i

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4h 4 f ; 4g

2×4e 8i

2×4h 2×8i

4e

2c; 2d

4f 4g; 4h

2×4e 8i

2×4 f 2×8i

I

[2] C222 (21) a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z;

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic ¯ [2] P4n2 a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, 1 ) 2

(118) ¯ [2] P4n2

a, b, 2c

2

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 4e

(118) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [2] P4b2 a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, 1 ) 2

2

2a; 2b

¯ [2] P4b2

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 4e

2a; 2b

4f

2c; 2d 8i

2×4e 4g; 4h

2×4 f 2×8i

¯ [3] P4b2

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 );

2b; 4e

2c; 4 f

3×4e 4h; 8i

3×4 f 3×8i

¯ [p] P4b2

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2d; 4 f 4g; 8i 2d; p –1×4 f 2 4g; p –2 1×8i

p×4e p×4 f p –1 4h; 2 ×8i p×8i

¯ [9] P4b2

3a, 3b, c

2d; 2×4h; 8i 3×4g; 3×8i

4e; 4×8i 4f ; 4×8i 3×4h; 3×8i 9×8i

¯ [p2 ] P4b2

pa, pb, c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; 4e

2a; p –2 1×4e 2b; p –2 1×4e 2c; p –2 1×4 f

2a; 2×8i

2b; 2×8i

2c; 2×4g; 8i

2 2 2 2 2a; p 4–1×8i 2b; p 4–1×8i 2c; (p–1)×4g; 2d; (p–1)×4h; 4e; p 2–1×8i 4 f ; p 2–1×8i (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 4 ×8i 4 ×8i p(p – 1) p×4g; 2 ×8i p×4h; p2 ×8i p(p – 1) 2 ×8i

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

631

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 118, p. 632.

P 4¯ n 2 Axes

D82d

No. 118 Coordinates 2a

2b

2c

1b; 1c

2g

2a

2a

4k

Wyckoff positions 2d 4g

4e 4h

4f 8i

2g 4h

2e; 2 f 2×2g

4h 2×4h

2b

2b 4c

2×2a 2×2b

4c 2×4c

4k

2a; 2c

2b; 2d 4e; 4h

2×4k 4i; 4 j

4 f ; 4g 2×8l

4a; 4b

8c

8d

8d 16e

2×8c 16e

2×8d 2×16e

8c

4a; 4b

8d

8d 2×8d

2×8c 16e

16e 2×16e

8c

4a; 4b

8d

8d 16e

2×8c 16e

2×8d 2×16e

4a; 4b

8c

8d

8d 2×8d

2×8c 16e

16e 2×16e

2a; 4e

2b; 4e

2d; 4h

2c; 4h 4 f ; 8i

3×4e 3×4h

4g; 8i 3×8i

I

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 1a; 1d [2] P4¯ (81)

[2] Pnn2 (34) [2] C222 a−b, (21) a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z+ 4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 ¯ (x–y), 1 (x+y), 1 z; [2] I 42d a−b, 2

(122) ¯ [2] I 42d (122) ¯ [2] I 42d (122) ¯ [2] I 42d (122)

2

a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 12 ) a−b, a+b, 2c a−b, a+b, 2c a−b, a+b, 2c

2

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 2 z; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [3] P4n2 a, b, 3c x, y, 1 z; 3

±(0, 0, 13 ) ¯ [p] P4n2

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

¯ [9] P4n2

3a, 3b, c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

¯ [p2 ] P4n2 pa, pb, c p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; p –2 1×4e 2b; p –2 1×4e 2c(d ∗ ); p–2 1×4h 2d(c∗ ); p–2 1×4h p×4e 4g( f ∗ ); p –2 1×8i p×4h

4 f (g∗ ); p–2 1×8i p×8i

2a; 2×8i

3×4 f ; 3×8i 9×8i

2b; 2×8i

2c; 4 f ; 4g; 8i

2d; 4 f ; 4g; 8i 3×4g; 3×8i

4e; 4×8i 4h; 4×8i

2 2 2 – 2a; p 4–1×8i 2b; p 4–1×8i 2c; p –2 1×4 f ; 2d; p –2 1×4 f ; 4e; p 2–1×8i p×4 f ; p(p2 1)×8i p –1 p –1 2 ×4g; 2 ×4g; 2 (p – 1) (p – 1)2 4 ×8i 4 ×8i 2 p(p – 1) p×4g; 2 ×8i 4h; p 2–1×8i p2 ×8i

∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

632

p = 4n −1

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 119, p. 633.

D92d

I 4¯ m 2

No. 119 Axes

Coordinates 2a

2b

2c 8g

2b

2c 8g

2a

2a

4a

Wyckoff positions 2d 8h

4e 8i

4f 16 j

2d 8g

4e 8g

4f 2×8g

2b 8e

2b 8e

2×2a 4c; 4d

2×2b 2×8e

4b

4d 8e; 8 f

4c 8i; 8 j

8g 16k

8h 2×16k

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations ¯ 2a [2] P4n2

2b

(118) ¯ [2] P4n2

2c 8i

2d 4 f ; 4g

4e 8i

4h 2×8i

2d

2c

2a 4 f ; 4g

2b 8i

4h 8i

4e 2×8i

1a; 1c

1b; 1d

2g 4h; 4i

2g 8l

2e; 2 f 4 j; 4k

2×2g 2×8l

2g

2g

1a; 1c 8l

1b; 1d 4h; 4i

2×2g 4 j; 4k

2e; 2 f 2×8l

2a; 4e

2b; 4e

2d; 4 f 8g; 16 j

2c; 4 f 8h; 16 j

3×4e 3×8i

3×4 f 3×16 j

2a; p –2 1×4e

2b; p –2 1×4e

2c(d ∗ ); p–2 1×4f 2d(c∗ ); p–2 1×4f p×4e 8g; p –2 1×16 j 8h; p –2 1×16 j p×8i

p×4 f p×16 j

2a; 8g; 8i

2b; 8g; 8i

2c; 8h; 8i 3×8g; 3×16 j

I

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 2a [2] I 4¯ (82)

[2] Imm2 (44) [2] F222 a−b, (22) a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

x+ 21 , y, z+ 41

(118) ¯ [2] P4m2 (115) ¯ [2] P4m2

x+ 21 , y, z+ 41

(115) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [3] I 4m2 a, b, 3c x, y, 1 z; ±(0, 0, 1 ) 3

3

¯ [p] I 4m2 a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 ¯ [9] I 4m2 3a, 3b, c 1 x, 1 y, z; 3

3

±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0)

2d; 8h; 8i 3×8h; 3×16 j

4e; 2×8i; 16 j 4 f ; 2×8i; 16 j 3×8i; 3×16 j 9×16 j

+( up , vp , 0) 2a; p –2 1×8g; 2b; p –2 1×8g; 2c; p –2 1×8h; 2d; p –2 1×8h; 4e; (p –1)×8i; 4 f ; (p –1)×8i; (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; 2 ×8i; 2 ×8i; 2 ×8i; 2 ×8i; 4 ×16 j 4 ×16 j – –3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 (p 1)(p ×16 j ×16 j ×16 j ×16 j 8 8 8 8

¯ [p2 ] I 4m2 pa, pb, c

1 1 p x, p y, z;

p×8g;

p(p – 1) 2 ×16 j ∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

633

p×8h;

p(p – 1) 2 ×16 j

p = 4n −1

p×8i; p(p – 1) 2

p2 ×16 j ×16 j

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 120, p. 634.

I 4¯ c 2 Axes

D102d

No. 120 Coordinates 4b

Wyckoff positions 4c 4d 8g

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4a

4a

4a; 4b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations ¯ [2] P4b2 (117) ¯ [2] P4b2

4a

8e 8h

8f 16i

4f 2×4 f

8g 8g

2×4e 2×8g

4b

4b 2×4b

8c 8c

2×4a 2×8c

8g

8h

4c; 4d 2×8h

8e; 8 f 8i; 8 j

2×8g 2×16k

4e

2a; 2b

4f

2c; 2d 2×4 f

8i 4g; 4h

2×4e 2×8i

2c; 2d

4f

2a; 2b

4e 2×4e

4g; 4h 8i

2×4 f 2×8i

2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4i

4i 2×4i

4e; 4 f 8j

4g; 4h 2×8 j

4i

4i

2c; 2d

2a; 2b 4g; 4h

8j 4e; 4 f

2×4i 2×8 j

4a; 8 f

4b; 8 f

4c; 8g

8e; 16i 8h; 16i 8e; p –2 1×16i 8h; p –1×16i

3×8 f 3×16i

I

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 4e [2] I 4¯ (82)

[2] Iba2 (45) [2] F222 (22)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z+ 4

x+ 21 , y, z+ 41

(117) ¯ [2] P4c2 (116) ¯ [2] P4c2

x+ 21 , y, z+ 41

(116) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [3] I 4c2 a, b, 3c x, y, 1 z; ±(0, 0, 1 ) 3

¯ [p] I 4c2

3

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

¯ [9] I 4c2

3a, 3b, c

¯ [p2 ] I 4c2

pa, pb, c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

4a; p –2 1×8 f

4a; 2×8e; 16i

4d; 8g 3×8g 4b; p –2 1×8 f 4c; p –2 1×8g 4d; p –2 1×8g p×8g 4b; 2×16i

4c; 2×16i

2

p×8 f p×16i

4d; 2×8h; 16i 3×8e; 3×16i 8 f ; 4×16i 8g; 4×16i 3×8h; 3×16i 9×16i

2 2 2 4a; (p –1)×8e; 4b; p 4–1×16i 4c; p 4–1×16i 4d; (p–1)×8h; p×8e; 8 f ; p 2–1×16i (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 p(p – 1) 4 ×16i 4 ×16i 2 ×16i 2 8g; p 2–1×16i

p×8h; p(p – 1) 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

634

p2 ×16i ×16i

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 121, p. 635.

D112d

I 4¯ 2 m

No. 121 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4c 4d 8g 8h

4e 8i

8f 16 j

2a

2b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 2a [2] I 4¯ (82)

2b

4f 8g

2c; 2d 2×4 f

4e 8g

8g 2×8g

[2] I222 (23)

2a

2c

2b; 2d 4 f ; 4h

4j 2×4 j

4i 8k

4e; 4g 2×8k

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

4a

4a

8b 16e

8b 2×8b

2×4a 8c; 8d

16e 2×16e

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations ¯ 1c [2] P42

2a

2b

(114) ¯ 1m [2] P42

4d 8e

4d 2×4d

4c 8e

8e 2×8e

x+ 21 , y, z+ 41

2c

2c

(113) ¯ [2] P42c

4d 8f

2a; 2b 2×4d

2×2c 2×4e

8f 2×8 f

x+ 21 , y, z+ 41

2b

2d

2a; 2c 4i; 4 j

2e; 2 f 4k; 4l

4m 8n

4g; 4h 2×8n

1a; 1b

1c; 1d

2e; 2 f 4k; 4l

4m 2×4m

2g; 2h 2×4n

4i; 4 j 2×8o

2a; 4e

2b; 4e 2b; p –2 1×4e

4d; 8h 3×8h 4d; p –1×8h

3×4e 3×8i

2a; p –2 1×4e

4c; 8h 8g; 16 j 4c; p –2 1×8h 8g; p –1×16 j

8f ; 16 j 3×16 j 8f ; p –1×16 j

I

[2] Fmm2 (42)

a−b, a+b, c

(112) ¯ [2] P42m (111) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [3] I 42m a, b, 3c x, y, 1 z; ±(0, 0, 1 ) 3

¯ [p] I 42m

3

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2

2

p×8h

p×4e p×8i

2

p×16 j

¯ [9] I 42m

3a, 3b, c

2a; 8 f ; 8i

2b; 8g; 8i

4c; 8 f ; 8g; 16 j 4d; 2×16 j 3×8g; 3×16 j 8h; 4×16 j

¯ [p2 ] I 42m

pa,

2a; p –2 1×8 f ; p –1 ×8i;

2b; p –2 1×8g; p –1 ×8i;

4c; p –2 1×8 f ; p –1 ×8g;

2 4d; p 4–1×16 j 4e; (p –1)×8i; p×8 f ; (p – 1)2 p(p – 1) 4 ×16 j 2 ×16 j

p×8g; p(p – 1)

2 8h; p 2–1×16 j p×8i; p(p – 1)

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) pb, c 1p x, 1p y, z; +( up , vp , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2 2 (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) ×16 j ×16 j 8 8

2 (p – 1)2 4 ×16 j

2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

635

×16 j

4e; 2×8i; 16 j 3×8 f ; 3×16 j 3×8i; 3×16 j 9×16 j

2

p2 ×16 j ×16 j

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 122, p. 636.

I 4¯ 2 d Axes I

D122d

No. 122 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 8c 8d

4a

4b

16e

2a; 2c

2b; 2d

4e; 4 f

8g

2×8g

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I 4¯ (82) [2] I21 21 21 (24)

x, y+ 41 , z+ 81

4c

4c

2×4c

4a; 4b

2×8d

[2] Fdd2 (43)

1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), z

8a

8a

2×8a

16b

2×16b

4a; 8c 4a; p –1×8c

3×8c

2

4b; 8c 4b; p –1×8c

8d; 16e 3×16e – 8d; p 2 1×16e p×16e

4a; 2×8c 4a; p –1×8c

5×8c

2

4b; 2×8c 4b; p –1×8c

p×8c

8d; 2×16e 5×16e p –1 8d; 2 ×16e p×16e

4a; 2×16e

4b; 2×16e

8c; 4×16e

3×8d; 3×16e 9×16e

a+b, –a+b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [3] I 42d b, –a, 3c y, –x, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) ¯ [p] I 42d

b, –a, pc y, –x, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 4n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

¯ [5] I 42d ¯ [p] I 42d

a, b, 5c

¯ [9] I 42d

3a, 3b, c

¯ [p2 ] I 42d

pa, pb, c p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 )

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 4n +1; u = 1, . . . , p −1 1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); 1 1 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0); ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2

2

p×8c

2 2 2 4a; p 4–1×16e 4b; p 4–1×16e 8c; p 2–1×16e p×8d; p(p – 1)

2

636

p2 ×16e ×16e

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 123, pp. 637–639.

D14h

P 4/m 2/m 2/m Axes

P 4/m m m

No. 123

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2f 2g 2h 4m 4n 4o

1a

1b

1c 1d 2e 4l

4i 8p 8s

4j 8q 8t

4k 8r 16u

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4m2 (115)

1a

1d

1b 1c 2g 4j

2g 4j

2e 4k

2f 4k

2×2g 8l 2×4 j

4h 4i 8l 8l 2×4k 2×8l

¯ [2] P42m (111)

1a

1c

1d 1b 2 f 4i

2e 4k

2g 4l

2h 4j

4m 8o 8o

4n 8o 8o

[2] P4mm (99)

1a

1a

1b 1b 2c 4e

2c 4e

2×1a 2×1b 2×2c 4f 4f 8g 2×4e

4d 4d 8g 2×4d 2×4 f 2×8g

[2] P422 (89)

1a

1b

1c 1d 2 f 4l

2e 4n

2g 4o

2h 4m

4i 8p 8p

4j 8p 8p

[2] P4/m (83)

1a

1b

1c 1d 2 f 4j

2e 4k

2g 4j

2h 4k

4i 2×4 j 8l

4j 4k 2×4k 8l 8l 2×8l

[2] Pmmm (47)

1a

1c

1 f 1h 1d; 1g 1b; 1e 2q 2t 2r; 2s 4y 4z 2i; 2m 2 j; 2n 2k; 2o 2l; 2p 2×4y 2×4z 8α 4u; 4w 4v; 4x 2×8α

2a

2d

2b 2c 4 f 8p

4e 8q

4k 8p

I

[2] Cmmm (65)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

4l 8q

8m 2×8p 16r

4n 2×4n 2×8o

4k 8p 2×8p

4g; 4i 4h; 4 j 2×8q 8n; 8o 16r 2×16r

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] I4/mcm (140)

1 1 1 a−b, 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z; 1 a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 2 )

4c

4a

4d 4b 8e 16k

8h 16i

8f 8g 2×8h 16l

[2] I4/mcm (140)

1 1 1 1 a−b, 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; 1 a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 2 )

4a

4c

4b 4d 8h 16i

8e 16k

8f 16l

8g 16l 2×8h 32m 32m

[2] I4/mcm (140)

1 1 1 1 a−b, 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 2 z; a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 12 )

4d

4b

4c 4a 8e 8h 2×8h 16l

8g 16k

8f 16i

16l 16k 2×16k 32m 2×16l 32m

[2] I4/mcm (140)

1 1 1 1 1 a−b, 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; 4b 1 a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 2 )

4d

4a 4c 8h 16l

8e 8g 2×8h 16i

8f 16k

16l 16 j 16k 32m 2×16k 32m 2×16l 32m 2×32m

[2] I4/mmm (139)

1 1 1 a−b, 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z; 1 a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 2 )

2a; 2b 4e

2×4e 8g 16l 16k

16m 8i; 8 j 16n 2×16l 32o 2×16n 2×16m 32o 2×32o

[2] I4/mmm (139)

1 1 1 1 a−b, 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; 1 a+b, 2c +(0, 0, 2 )

4e

8f 2×4e 8g 2×8h 16k 16l

16m 16n 8i; 8 j 32o 2×16l 2×16n 2×16m 32o 2×32o

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

4c 4d 8 f 8h 2×8h 16m

2a; 2b 4d 4c 8h 16m

637

16l 16k 16 j 2×16k 32m 32m 32m 2×16l 2×32m 16 j 16k 2×16k 32m 2×16l 2×32m 16 j 32m 2×32m

P 4/m m m Axes

No. 123

P 4/m 2/m 2/m

Coordinates 1a 1b 1c

1d

[2] I4/mmm a−b, (139) a+b, 2c

1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 2 z; 1 +(0, 0, 2 )

4c 4d 2a; 2b 4e

[2] I4/mmm a−b, (139) a+b, 2c

1 1 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +(0, 0, 2 )

[2] P42 /mcm a, b, 2c (132)

2e 4l

CONTINUED

Wyckoff positions 2f 2g 2h 4m 4n 4o

4i 8p 8s

4j 8q 8t

4k 8r 16u

8f 16l

8h 16k

8g 2×4e 16m 8i; 8 j 16n 2×8h 16m 2×16l 32o 2×16n 32o 2×16m 2×32o

4d 4c 4e

2a; 2b 8h 16k

8f 16l

8g 16m

2×4e 16m 2×8h 32o 32o

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a 2b 2c

2d

4e 8n

4f 8l

4g 8n

4h 8m

8k 4i; 4 j 2×8n 16p 16p 16p

8o 2×8o 2×16p

[2] P42 /mcm a, b, 2c (132)

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2b 2a 2d

2c

4f 8l

4e 8n

4g 8m

4h 8n

8k 16p 16p

8o 2×8n 16p

4i; 4 j 2×8o 2×16p

[2] P42 /mmc a, b, 2c (131)

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a 2e 2b

2f

4i 2c; 2d 4g 4h 4 j; 4l 8o 4k; 4m 8p

2×4i 8q 2×8q 16r 2×8o 2×8p

8n 16r 2×16r

[2] P42 /mmc a, b, 2c (131)

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2e 2a 2 f

2b

2c; 2d 4i 4g 8o 4 j; 4l 8p

4h 2×4i 8n 4k; 4m 16r 2×8q 2×8o 2×8p

8q 16r 2×16r

[2] P4/nmm a–b, a+b, c origin 1: 12 (x–y), 1 1 1 (129) 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 origin 2: 2 (x–y)– 14 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

2a 2b 2c

2c

4e 8g

4d 8h

4f 8j

2×2c 8 j 8j 16k 16k

8i 2×8i 2×16k

[2] P4/nmm a–b, a+b, c origin 1: 12 (x–y)+ 21 , 1 1 1 (129) 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 origin 2: 2 (x–y)+ 41 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

2c 2c 2a

2b

4e 8j

4d 8j

2×2c 4 f 8g 8h

[2] P4/mbm a–b, a+b, c 12 (x–y), 12 (x+y), z; (127) +( 21 , 12 , 0)

2a 2b 2d

2c

4h 8i

4g 8j

4e 4f 8k 8i 2×4g 2×4h 2×8i 2×8 j 16l 2×8k

[2] P4/mbm a–b, a+b, c 12 (x–y)+ 21 , 12 (x+y), z; (127) +( 21 , 12 , 0)

2d 2c 2a

2b

4h 4g 4f 2×4g 2×4h 8i

4e 8j

8k 8i 2×8i 2×8 j 2×8k 16l

16n 8i; 8 j 2×16l 2×16n 2×16m 2×32o

8i 16k 2×8 j

8j 8i 16k 16k 2×8 j 16k

8i 2×8i 2×16k 8j 16l 2×16l 8j 16l 2×16l

[2] P4/nbm (125)

a–b, a+b, c origin 1: 12 (x–y), 1 1 1 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 origin 2: 2 (x–y)+ 41 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

2a 2b 2c

2d

4f 8i

4e 8j

4g 8m

4h 8m

8m 16n 16n

[2] P4/nbm (125)

a–b, a+b, c origin 1: 12 (x–y)+ 21 , 1 1 1 2 (x+y), z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 origin 2: 2 (x–y)– 14 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

2c 2d 2a

2b

4f 8m

4e 8m

4h 8i

4g 8j

8m 8k 16n 16n 2×8m 16n

8l 16n 2×16n

[2] P4/mcc (124)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2b 2a 2d

2c

4f 8m

4e 8k

4g 8m

4h 8l

8i 8m 2×8m 16n 16n 16n

8j 16n 2×16n

[2] P4/mcc (124)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a 2b 2c

2d

4e 8k

4f 8m

4g 8l

4h 8m

8i 16n 16n

638

8k 8l 16n 16n 2×8m 2×16n

8j 8m 2×8m 16n 16n 2×16n

P 4/m 2/m 2/m

CONTINUED

Axes

Coordinates

No. 123

1a 2g

1b 2h 4m

1c 4i 4n 8r

Wyckoff positions 1d 4j 4o 8s

P 4/m m m 2e 4k 8p 8t

2f 4l 8q 16u

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P4/mmm a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

1a; 1b 2×2g

2g 2×2h 8s

1c; 1d 2×4i 4n; 4o 2×8r

2h 4 j; 4k 8t 2×8s

4i 8r 8p; 8q 2×8t

2e; 2 f 4l; 4m 16u 2×16u

[2] P4/mmm a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; 2g +(0, 0, 12 ) 2×2g

1a; 1b 2×2h 4l; 4m

2h 2×4i 8t 2×8r

1c; 1d 8r 4n; 4o 2×8s

2e; 2 f 4 j; 4k 16u 2×8t

4i 8s 8p; 8q 2×16u

[3] P4/mmm a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

1a; 2g 3×2g

1b; 2g 3×2h 4m; 8s

[p] P4/mmm a, b, pc

x, y, 1p z;

1a; p –2 1×2g

1b; p –2 1×2g

1c; 2h 3×4i 4n; 8t 3×8r 1c; p –1×2h

1d; 2h 4 j; 8r 4o; 8t 3×8s 1d; p –1×2h

2 f ; 4i 4l; 8s 8q; 16u 3×16u 2 f ; p –1×4i

p×2h 4m; p –1×8s

p×4i 4n; p –1×8t

4 j; p –2 1×8r 4o; p –1×8t

2e; 4i 4k; 8r 8p; 16u 3×8t 2e; p –1×4i

p×8r

p×8s

p×8t

p×16u

+(0, 0, up ) p×2g p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

4k; p –2 1×8r 4l; p –2 1×8s 8p; p –2 1×16u 8q; p –2 1×16u

[2] P4/mmm a−b, a+b, c

1 2 (x–y), 1 2 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0)

1a; 1c 2g; 2h

1b; 1d 4i 2×4k

2f 8r 8p 8s; 8t

2e 4l; 4n 8q 2×8r

4k 4m; 4o 2×8p 16u

4j 2×4 j 2×8q 2×16u

[2] P4/mmm a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 1 2 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0)

2f 4i

2e 2g; 2h 8q

1a; 1c 8r 2×4 j 8s; 8t

1b; 1d 4l; 4n 2×4k 16u

4k 4m; 4o 2×8p 2×8r

4j 8p 2×8q 2×16u

[9] P4/mmm 3a, 3b, c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 p x, p y, z; u v +( p , p , 0)

1a; 4 j; 4l 2g; 8r; 8s

1b; 4k; 4m 2h; 8r; 8t 3×4m; 3×8q

1c; 4 j; 4n 4i; 8s; 8t; 16u 3×4n; 3×8p 3×8r; 3×16u

1d; 4k; 4o 3×4 j; 3×8p 3×4o; 3×8q 3×8s; 3×16u

2e; 4m; 4o; 8q 3×4k; 3×8q 9×8p 3×8t; 3×16u

2 f ; 4l; 4n; 8p 3×4l; 3×8p 9×8q 9×16u

1a; p –2 1×4 j; 1b; p –2 1×4k; 1c; p –2 1×4 j; 1d; p –2 1×4k; 2e; p –2 1×4m; 2 f ; p –2 1×4l; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×4l; 2 ×4m; 2 ×4n; 2 ×4o; 2 ×4o; 2 ×4n; 2 (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1) (p – 1)2 p = prime > 2; ×8p ×8q ×8p ×8q 8 8 8 8 4 ×8q 4 ×8p u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 2g; p –2 1×8r; 2h; p –2 1×8r; 4i; p –2 1×8s; p×4 j; p×4k; p×4l; p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×8s; 2 ×8t; 2 ×8t; 2 ×8p 2 ×8q 2 ×8p 2 (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1) ×16u ×16u ×16u 8 8 4

[p2 ] P4/mmm pa, pb, c

p×4m;

p(p – 1) 2 ×8q

p×4n;

p×4o;

p2 ×8p

p2 ×8q

p×8r; p(p – 1)

p×8s; p(p – 1)

p×8t; p(p – 1)

p2 ×16u

p(p – 1) 2 ×8p

2

639

×16u

p(p – 1) 2 ×8q

2

×16u

2

×16u

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 124, pp. 640–641.

P 4/m c c Axes

P 4/m 2/c 2/c

No. 124 2a

2b

2c

2d

Wyckoff positions 4e 4f 4g 4h

¯ (116) [2] P4c2

2a

2c

2b

2d

4i

4i

4g

4h

2×4i 4e; 4 f 8 j 8j 8j 2×8 j

¯ (112) [2] P42c

2a

2e

2c

2f

4m

2b; 2d 4k

4l

2×4m 8n 4h; 4i 8n

4g; 4 j 2×8n

[2] P4cc (103)

2a

2a

2b

2b

4c

4c

2×2a 2×2b 2×4c 8d 8d 8d

8d 2×8d

1c; 1d 2h

4i

2e; 2 f 2×2g 2×2h 2×4i 4 j; 4k 4l; 4n 4m; 4o 8p 2×8p

I

Coordinates

D24h

8i 8l

8j 8m

8k 16n

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

x, y, z+ 41

[2] P422 (89)

1a; 1b 2g

[2] P4/m (83)

2g

1a; 1b 2h

1c; 1d 2e; 2 f 4i

[2] Pccm (49)

2e

2a

2h

2b

2c; 2d 2 f ; 2g 4m

4n

4o; 4p 8r 4i; 4k 4 j; 4l 2×4q 2×8r

4a

4c

4b

4d

4e; 4 f 8k

8i

8j

2×8k 8g; 8h 16m 16m 2×8l 2×16m

[2] P4/ncc (130)

4a a−b, origin 1: 12 (x–y), a+b, c 12 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) origin 2: 12 (x–y)– 14 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

4b

4c

4c

8d

8f

8e

2×4c 16g 16g

[2] P4/ncc (130)

a−b, origin 1: 12 (x–y)+ 21 , 4c a+b, c 12 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) origin 2: 12 (x–y)+ 41 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

4c

4a

4b

8d

8f

[2] P4/mnc (128)

a−b, 12 (x–y), 12 (x+y), z; a+b, c +( 21 , 12 , 0)

4e

2a; 2b 4d

4c

8h

[2] P4/mnc (128)

a−b, 12 (x–y)+ 21 , 12 (x+y), z; a+b, c +( 21 , 12 , 0)

4d

4c

4e

[2] P4/nnc (126)

a−b, origin 1: 12 (x–y), 2a; 2b 4e a+b, c 12 (x+y), z+ 41 ; +( 21 , 12 , 0) origin 2: 12 (x–y)+ 41 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

4c

[2] P4/nnc (126)

a−b, origin 1: 12 (x–y)+ 21 , 4c a+b, c 12 (x+y), z+ 41 ; +( 21 , 12 , 0) origin 2: 12 (x–y)– 14 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

[2] Cccm (66) a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

2×2g 2×2h 2×4i 8l 8l 8l 4 j; 4k 2×8l

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic

4d

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

16g 16g

2×8 f 2×16g

2×4c 8e

16g 16g 2×8 f 16g

16g 2×16g

8g

2×4e 8 f

16i 16i 16i 2×8g 2×8h 2×16i

2a; 2b 8h

8g

8f

4d

8f

8h

2×4e 8g

2a; 2b 4e

8f

8h

8g

640

2×4e 16i 16i 16k 16k

16i 2×8g 2×8h 2×16i 8i; 8 j 2×8h 16k 2×16k

2×4e 16k 8i; 8 j 16k 2×8h 16k 2×16k

P 4/m 2/c 2/c

CONTINUED

Axes

No. 124

Coordinates

P 4/m c c

Wyckoff positions 2d 8i 8l

2a

2b 4g

2c 4h

2a; 4g

2b; 4g 3×4g

2c; 4h 3×4h

2a; p –2 1×4g

2b; p –2 1×4g p×4g

2c; p –2 1×4h p×4h

4e 8j 8m

4f 8k 16n

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] P4/mcc a, b, 3c

[p] P4/mcc a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [2] P4/mcc a−b, a+b, c [2] P4/mcc a−b, a+b, c [9] P4/mcc 3a, 3b,

1 2 (x–y), 1 2 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 1 2 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) c 13 x, 13 y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0)

[p2 ] P4/mcc pa, pb, c

1 1 p x, p y, z; u v +( p , p , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2d; 4h 3×8i 8l; 16n 2d; p –1×4h

4e; 8i 8 j; 16n 8m;16n 4e; p –2 1×8i 2 p×8i 8 j; p –2 1×16n p –1 8l; 2 ×16n 8m; p –2 1×16n

4 f ; 8i 8k; 16n 3×16n 4 f ; p –2 1×8i 8k; p –1×16n 2

p×16n

2a; 2c

2b; 2d 4g; 4h

4f 8i

4e 16n 16n

8m 8k; 8l 2×8m

8j 2×8 j 2×16n

4f

4e 8i

2a; 2c 4g; 4h

2b; 2d 16n 2×8 j

8m 8k; 8l 2×8m

8j 16n 2×16n

2a; 8 j; 8k

2b; 2×8m 4g; 2×16n

2c; 8 j; 8l 4h; 2×16n

2d; 2×8m 4e; 4×8m 4 f ; 8k; 8l; 16n 8i; 4×16n 3×8 j; 3×16n 3×8k; 3×16n 3×8l; 3×16n 9×8m 9×16n

2a; p–2 1×8 j; p –1 ×8k;

2 2b; p 4–1×8m 2c; p –2 1×8 j; p –1 ×8l;

2 2 2d; p 4–1×8m 4e; p 2–1×8m 4 f ; p –2 1×8k; p –1 ×8l;

2 2 4g; p 4–1×16n 4h; p 4–1×16n

2 8i; p 2–1×16n p×8 j; p(p – 1)

2 (p – 1)(p – 3) ×16n 8

2 (p – 1)(p – 3) ×16n 8

2 (p – 1)2 4 ×16n

2

p×8l; p(p – 1) 2

641

p2 ×8m ×16n

×16n

p×8k; p(p – 1) 2

p2 ×16n

×16n

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 125, pp. 642–643.

P 4/n b m Axes origin 1 I

P 4/n 2/b 2/m

No. 125 Coordinates origin 2

D34h

2a

2b

2c

Wyckoff positions 2d 4e 4f 4g

4h

8i 8l

2b

2×4g 2×4h 8i 8i 8i 2×8i

8j 8m

8k 16n

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

¯ (117) [2] P4b2

x+ 21 , y, z

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z 2c

2d

2a

4g

4h

4f

4e

¯ [2] P42m (111)

x+ 21 , y, z

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z 2e

2f

1a; 1d 1b; 1c 4n

4n

4m

2g; 2h 8o 8o 4i; 4l 4 j; 4k 2×4n 2×8o

[2] P4bm (100)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z 2a

2a

2b

2b

4c

4c

2×2a 2×2b 8d 8d

[2] P422 (89)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z 1a; 1c 1b; 1d 2e

2f

4j

4k

2g; 2h 4i

2×4 j 2×4k 4l; 4o 4m; 4n 8p 2×8p

2c

2c

2a

2b

4d

4e

2×2c 4 f

8g 8g

8g 8g

8g 2×8g

2a

2d

2b

2c

4e

4f

4k

8m 8m 4h; 4 j 8m

4g; 4i 2×8m

4a

4b

4g

4g

4c; 4e 4d; 4 f 8l

2a; 2b 4e; 4 f 8m

x+ 21 , y, z

[2] P4/n (85) [2] Pban (50) [2] Cmme (67) a+b, –a+b, c

1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , 1 2 (–x+y), z

1 2 (x+y), 1 2 (–x+y), z

4l

8d 8d 2×4c 2×8d

2×4g 8h; 8 j 8i; 8k 16o 16o 8m; 8n 2×16o

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P42 /nnm (134)

a, b, 2c

x+ 21 , y, 12 z+ 41 x, y, 12 z

4d

4c

4g

[2] P42 /nnm (134)

a, b, 2c

x+ 21 , y, 12 z

4c

4d

2a; 2b 4g

8m

4e; 4 f 8h

2×4g 16n 16n

8k; 8l 8i; 8 j 2×8m 2×16n

[2] P42 /nbc (133)

a, b, 2c

x+ 21 , y, 12 z+ 41 x, y, 12 z

4a

4c

4b

4d

8e

8j

8f

8g

16k 16k

2×8 j 8h; 8i 16k 2×16k

[2] P42 /nbc (133)

a, b, 2c

x+ 21 , y, 12 z

x, y, 12 z+ 41

4c

4a

4d

4b

8j

8e

8f

8g

2×8 j 16k 8h; 8i 16k

[2] P4/nnc (126)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41

x, y, 12 z

4e

2a; 2b 4d

4c

8f

8h

2×4e 8g

16k 2×8h 16k 8i; 8 j 16k 2×16k

[2] P4/nnc (126)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z

x, y, 12 z+ 41

2a; 2b 4e

4d

8h

8f

2×4e 8g

2×8h 16k 16k 16k

x, y, 12 z+ 41

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

4c

642

8h

2×4g 8k; 8l 16n 16n 8i; 8 j 2×8m 2×16n

16k 2×16k

8i; 8 j 2×16k

P 4/n 2/b 2/m

CONTINUED

Axes

Coordinates origin 1 origin 2

2a 4f

No. 125

P 4/n b m

Wyckoff positions 2c 2d 4h 8i 8l 8m

2b 4g 8k

4e 8j 16n

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P4/nbm a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; 2a; 2b x, y, 12 z; 1 ±(0, 0, 2 ) ±(0, 0, 12 ) 8m

4g 2×4g 8k; 8l

2c; 2d 2×4h 16n

4h 8i; 8 j 2×8m

4e; 4 f 16n 2×16n

[2] P4/nbm a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; 4g ±(0, 0, 12 ) ±(0, 0, 12 ) 4e; 4 f

2a; 2b 2×4g 16n

4h 2×4h 8k; 8l

2c; 2d 16n 2×8m

8m 8i; 8 j 2×16n

[3] P4/nbm a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; x, y, 13 z; 2a; 4g 1 ±(0, 0, 3 ) ±(0, 0, 13 ) 4 f ; 8m

2b; 4g 3×4g 8k; 16n 2b; p –1×4g

2c; 4h 3×4h 8l; 16n 2c; p –1×4h

p×4g 8k; p –2 1×16n

p×4h 8l; p –2 1×16n

2d; 4h 8i; 16n 3×8m 2d; p –2 1×4h 8i; p –1×16n

4e; 8m 8 j; 16n 3×16n 4e; p–2 1×8m 8 j; p –1×16n

p×8m

p×16n

2b; 8 j; 8l

2c; 8k; 8m

2d; 8l; 8m

4e; 8i; 8m; 16n

4g; 2×16n 3×8k; 3×16n

4h; 2×8m; 16n 3×8i; 3×16n 3×8 j; 3×16n 3×8l; 3×16n 3×8m; 3×16n 9×16n

x, y, 1p z; x, y, 1p z; 2a; p –2 1×4g u u +(0, 0, p ) +(0, 0, p ) 4 f ; p –2 1×8m p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] P4/nbm a, b, pc

1 1 2a; 8i; 8k 3 x, 3 y, z;
  4 f ; 8 j; 8m; 16n ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) [p2 ] P4/nbm pa, pb, c 1p x, 1p y, z; 1p x, 1p y, z; 2a; p –2 1×8i; p –1 +( u , v , 0) +( u , v , 0) ×8k;

[9] P4/nbm 3a, 3b, c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z;

p p

p p

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2

2

2

2

2b; p –2 1×8 j; 2c; p –2 1×8k; 2d; p –2 1×8l; 4e; p –2 1×8i; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 2 ×8l; 2 ×8m; 2 ×8m; 2 ×8m; (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)2 ×16n ×16n ×16n ×16n 8 8 8 8 4 ×16n

2 4 f ; p –2 1×8 j; 4g; p 4–1×16n p –1 2 ×8m; (p – 1)2 4 ×16n

p×8k;

p(p – 1) 2 ×16n

643

4h; (p–1)×8m; p×8i; p×8 j; (p – 1)2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1) 4 ×16n 2 ×16n 2 ×16n p×8l;

p(p – 1) 2 ×16n

p×8m; p(p – 1) 2

p2 ×16n ×16n

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 126, p. 644.

P 4/n n c Axes

I

P 4/n 2/n 2/c

No. 126 Coordinates origin 1 origin 2

2a

Wyckoff positions 4c 4d 8h 8i

2b 8g

D44h 4e 8j

8f 16k

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups x+ 21 , y, z+ 41

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z

2d

2c 2×4e

4e 4 f ; 4g

2a; 2b 8i

4h 8i

8i 2×8i

x+ 21 , y, z+ 41

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z

2b

2d 4k; 4l

2a; 2c 8n

2e; 2 f 4g; 4h

4m 4i; 4 j

8n 2×8n

[2] P4nc (104)

x+ 41 , 2a 1 1 y+ 4 , z+ 4

2a 2×4b

4b 8c

4b 8c

2×2a 8c

8c 2×8c

[2] P422 (89)

x+ 41 , 1a; 1d y+ 41 , z+ 41

1b; 1c 2×4i

2e; 2 f 4 j; 4k

4i 4l; 4m

2g; 2h 4n; 4o

8p 2×8p

2c

2c 2×4 f

4f 8g

2a; 2b 8g

2×2c 8g

4d; 4e 2×8g

2a

2c 2×4l

2b; 2d 8m

4l 4g; 4i

4k 4h; 4 j

4e; 4 f 2×8m

4a

4b 2×8h

8h 8e; 8 f

8h 16i

8g 16i

8c; 8d 2×16i

2b(a∗ ); 4e 3×8g 2b(a† ); p–1×4e

4c; 8g 8h; 16k 4c; p –1×8g

4d; 8g 3×4e 8 f ; 16k ∗ ∗ 8i( j ); 16k 8 j(i ); 16k 3×16k 4d; p –2 1×8g p×4e 8f ; p–2 1×16k

¯ [2] P4n2 (118) ¯ [2] P42c (112)

x+ 21 , y, z+ 41

[2] P4/n (85) [2] Pnnn (48) [2] Ccce (68)

a−b, a+b, c

1 2 (x–y), 1 2 (x+y), z

1 2 (x–y), 1 2 (x+y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P4/nnc a, b, 3c [p] P4/nnc a, b, pc

x, y, 13 z; x, y, 13 z; 2a(b∗ ); 4e ±(0, 0, 13 ) ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 1 z; x, y, 1 z; 2a(b† ); p–1×4e p

p

2

+(0, 0, up ) +(0, 0, up ) p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [9] P4/nnc 3a, 3b, c

[p ] P4/nnc pa, pb, c 2

2

p×8g

2 p –1 8h; 2 ×16k

8i( j† ); 8 j(i† ); p×16k p –1 p –1 ×16k ×16k 2 2

1 1 ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ 3 x, 3 y, z; 2a(b ); 8h; 8i( j ) 2b(a ); 8h; 8 j(i ) 4c; 8i; 8 j;16k 4d; 2×16k 4e; 2×16k 8 f ; 4×16k
  8g; 4×16k 3×8h; 3×16k 3×8i( j∗ ); 3×8 j(i∗ ); 9×16k ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); 3×16k 3×16k ±( 1 , 1 , 0); ±( 1 , 2 , 0) 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z;

3 3 1 1 p x, p y, z; u v +( p , p , 0)

3 3 1 1 p x, p y, z; u v +( p , p , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2a(b† ); p –2 1×8h; 2b(a† ); p –2 1×8h; 4c; p –2 1×8i; 4d; 4e; 8f; p –1 p –1 p –1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 † † ×8i( j ); ×8 j(i ); ×8 j; ×16k ×16k 2 2 2 4 4 2 ×16k 2 (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1) ×16k ×16k 8 8 4 ×16k 2– 8g; p 2 1×16k p×8h; p×8i( j† ); p×8 j(i† ); p2 ×16k p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) 2 ×16k 2 ×16k 2 ×16k ∗ †

origin 2 origin 2 and p = 4n−1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

644

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 127, p. 645.

P 4/m 21/b 2/m

D54h Axes

P 4/m b m

No. 127

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4f 4g 4h

2a

2b

2c

2d

4e

8i

8j

8k

16l

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ (117) 2a [2] P4b2

2b

2d

2c

4e

4f

4g

4h

8i

8i

8i

2×8i

¯ 1 m (113) [2] P42

2a

2b

2c

2c

4d

2×2c 4e

4e

8f

8f

2×4e 2×8 f

2a

2a

2b

2b

2×2a 2×2b 4c

4c

8d

8d

2×4c 2×8d

2c

2c

2b

2a

2×2c 4d

4e

4f

8g

8g

8g

2×8g

1a; 1c 1b; 1d 2 f

2e

2g; 2h 4i

4j

4k

2×4 j 2×4k 8l

2×8l

2a

2b

2d

2c

4e

4g

4h

2×4g 2×4h 8i

2×8i

4e

4f

2c; 2d 2a; 2b 8m

4k; 4l 4g; 4i 4h; 4 j 2×8p 2×8q 8n; 8o 2×16r

2×4e 4f ; 4g 8 j

I

[2] P4bm (100) x+ 21 , y, z

[2] P421 2 (90) [2] P4/m (83) [2] Pbam (55) [2] Cmmm (65) a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z

4f

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P42 /mnm (136)

a, b, 2c

x+ 21 , y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

4c

4d

4e

[2] P42 /mnm (136)

a, b, 2c

x+ 21 , y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4d

4c

2a; 2b 4e

8h

2×4e 8 j

4f ; 4g 16k

[2] P42 /mbc (135)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 4a

4b

4d

4c

8e

8f

8h

8g

2×8h 16i

[2] P42 /mbc (135)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

4a

4c

4d

8e

8f

8g

8h

16i

[2] P4/mnc (128)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 2a; 2b 4e

4d

4c

2×4e 8f

8h

8g

2×8h 16i

[2] P4/mnc (128)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a; 2b 4c

4d

2×4e 8f

8g

8h

16i

4b

4e

2a; 2b 8h

2×8i 16k 2×8i

2×8 j 2×16k 2×8 j 2×16k 16i

2×16i

2×8h 16i

2×16i

16i

2×16i

2×8h 16i

2×16i

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 2a; 2b 4e

[2] P4/mbm

a, b, 2c

[3] P4/mbm

a, b, 3c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[2] P4/mbm

4e

[9] P4/mbm

[p2 ] P4/mbm

2c; 2d 2×4e 2×4 f 4g; 4h 8k

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4 f

2×4e 2×4 f 8k

8i; 8 j 16l

4g; 4h 16l

2×8k 2×16l

8i; 8 j 2×8k 2×16l

2a; 4e 2b; 4e 2c; 4 f 2d; 4 f 3×4e 3×4 f 4g; 8k 4h; 8k 8i; 16l 8 j; 16l 3×8k 3×16l 2a 4g

[p] P4/mbm

4f

2b 4h

2c 8i

Wyckoff positions 2d 8j

4e 8k

4f 16l

x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) 2a; p –2 1×4e 2b; p –2 1×4e 2c; p –2 1×4 f p = prime > 2; 4g; p –2 1×8k 4h; p –2 1×8k 8i; p –2 1×16l u = 1, . . . , p −1

2d; p –2 1×4 f 8 j; p –1×16l

p×4e

p×4 f

p×8k

p×16l

3a, 3b, c 13 x, 13 y, z; 2a; 2×8i 2b; 2×8 j 2c; 2×4h; 8 j ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); 3×4g; 3×8i 3×4h; 3×8 j 9×8i ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 2 2 pa, pb, c 1p x, 1p y, z; 2a; p 4–1×8i 2b; p 4–1×8 j 2c; (p–1)×4h; (p – 1)2 +( up , vp , 0) 4 ×8 j p = prime > 2; p×4g; p×4h; p2 ×8i u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 p(p –1)×8i p(p –1)×8 j 2 2

2d; 2×4g; 8i 9×8 j

4e; 2×16l 4 f ; 2×8k; 16l 3×8k; 3×16l 9×16l

a, b, pc

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

645

2

2 2d; (p –1)×4g; 4e; p 4–1×16l 4f; (p–1)×8k; (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 4 ×8i 4 ×16l

p2 ×8 j

p×8k; p(p – 1) 2

p2 ×16l ×16l

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 128, p. 646.

P 4/m n c Axes

P 4/m 21/n 2/c

No. 128 Coordinates

D64h

Wyckoff positions 4d 8g

4e 8h

8f 16i

4h

2c; 2d 4f ; 4g

4e 8i

2×4h 2×8i

2b

4d

4d 8e

4c 8e

2×4d 2×8e

2a

2a

4b

4b 8c

2×2a 8c

2×4b 2×8c

2c

2c

4d

2a; 2b 4e; 4 f

2×2c 8g

2×4d 2×8g

[2] P4/m (83)

1a; 1d

1b; 1c

2e; 2 f

4i 8l

2g; 2h 4 j; 4k

2×4i 2×8l

[2] Pnnm (58)

2a

2b

2c; 2d

4f 8h

4e 2×4g

2×4f 2×8h

4e

4f

4c; 4d

4a; 4b 8g; 8h

8k 2×8l

8i; 8 j 2×16m

2a; 4e

2b; 4e

4c; 8f

4d; 8f 8g; 16i 2a; p –2 1×4e 2b; p –2 1×4e 4c; p –2 1×8 f 4d; p –2 1×8 f 8g; p –1×16i

3×4e 8h; 16i

3×8f 3×16i

2a; 2×8h

4e; 2×16i 9×8h

2a

2b

4c

¯ (118) [2] P4n2

2a

2b

¯ 1 c (114) [2] P42

2a

[2] P4nc (104)

I

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

x+ 21 , y, z+ 41

[2] P421 2 (90)

[2] Cccm (66) a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] P4/mnc

a, b, 3c

[p] P4/mnc

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2 u = 1, . . . , p −1

[9] P4/mnc

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] P4/mnc

pa, pb, c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

2

2b; 2×8h

4c; 4×8h

4d; 2×8g; 16i 3×8g; 3×16i

p×4e p×8 f p –1 8h; 2 ×16i p×16i 8f; 4×16i 9×16i

2 2 2 2 2 2a; p 4–1×8h 2b; p 4–1×8h 4c; p 2–1×8h 4d; (p –1)×8g; 4e; p 4–1×16i 8 f ; p 2–1×16i 2 (p – 1) p = prime > 2; 4 ×16i – u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 p×8g; p(p2 1)×16i p2 ×8h p2 ×16i

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

646

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 129, p. 647.

P 4/n 21/m 2/m

D74h Axes

Coordinates origin 1 origin 2

4d

4e

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P4m2 (115) x+ 41 , y– 14 , z 1a; 1b 1c; 1d 2g ¯ 1 m (113) [2] P42 x+ 41 , y– 14 , z 2a 2b 2c

4h

4i

2e; 2 f

2×4h 2×4i

4 j; 4k 8l

4e

4e

4d

8f

8f

8f

8g

4e; 4 f 2×4d 2×8g

[2] P4mm (99) [2] P421 2 (90)

x– 14 , y– 14 , z x+ 41 , y– 14 , z

[2] P4/n (85) a−b, a+b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P42 /ncm a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z; x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; 1 (138) +(0, 0, 2 ) +(0, 0, 12 ) [2] P42 /ncm a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; x, y, 12 z; (138) +(0, 0, 12 ) +(0, 0, 12 ) [2] P42 /nmc a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z; x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; 1 (137) +(0, 0, 2 ) +(0, 0, 12 ) [2] P42 /nmc a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; x, y, 12 z; (137) +(0, 0, 12 ) +(0, 0, 12 ) [2] P4/ncc a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z; x, y, 12 z; (130) +(0, 0, 12 ) +(0, 0, 12 ) [2] P4/ncc a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; (130) +(0, 0, 12 ) +(0, 0, 12 ) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 12 z; [2] P4/nmm a, b, 2c x, y, 12 z; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) +(0, 0, 12 )

2a

2b

2c

4e

4f

4d

2×4e 2×4 f 8g

8g

2×8g

4d

4e

4f

8g

8g

8g

8g

2×8g

2×2a(b ) 8g

8g

4e; 4 f 8g

2×8g

2b

2c ∗

∗

4b

4g

4c; 4e 4d; 4 f 8l

8h; 8 j 8i; 8k

4b

4a

4e

8i

16 j

4a

4b

4e

4c; 4d 8i

8f

8g; 8h 16 j

16 j

2a; 2b 4c

4d

8f

8e

2×4c

2×8 f 16h

2×8g 16h

2×16h

4c

2a; 2b 4d

8e

8f

2×4c

16h

2×8 f 2×8g 16h

2×16h

4b

4a

4c

8d

8f

8e

16g

2×8 f 16g

16g

2×16g

4a

4b

4c

8f

8d

8e

2×8 f 16g

16g

16g

2×16g

2×4 f

8g; 8h 16k

2×8i 2×8 j 2×16k

2a; 2b 4 f

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p2 ] P4/nmm pa, pb, c

1 x, 1 y, z;
 3 3  ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0)

1 1 p x, p y, z; +( up , vp , 0)

1 1 p x, p y, z; +( up , vp , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . p −1

4d; 4e 2×4 f

2a; 4 f 2b; 4 f 3×2c 4d; 8 j 4e; 8 j 3×4 f

2b 4f

x, y, 1p z; x, y, 1p z; 2a; p –2 1×4 f u u +(0, 0, p ) +(0, 0, p ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . p −1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z;

4c; 4d 8 f

2×2c 4d; 4e 8 j

2a; 2b 2×2c 8 j

2a

3a, 3b, c

4d

∗

4a

[3] P4/nmm

[9] P4/nmm

2×4e 2×8 f

8g

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; 4 f +(0, 0, 12 ) +(0, 0, 12 )

a, b, pc

2×8l

2×2c

a, b, 2c

[p] P4/nmm

16k

4d

[2] P4/nmm

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

8j

1a; 1b 4d

2a(b ) 2a(b ) 2b(a ) 4c 1 2 (x–y), 1 2 (x+y), z

8i

2c

∗

1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 1 2 (x+y), z

8h

2c 2a

[2] Pmmn (59) [2] Cmme (67)

2b

Wyckoff positions 4f 8g

2c

x+ 21 , y, z

2a

P 4/n m m

No. 129

2a; 8g; 8i

16k

16o

8m; 8n 2×16o

8g; 8h 16 j

2×8i 2×16 j 2×8i 2×16 j

8g; 8h 2×8i 2×8 j 2×16k

8g;16k 8h;16k 3×8i 3×8 j 3×16k

Wyckoff positions 2c 4d 8g 8h 8j

4e 8i 16k

2b; p –2 1×4 f p×4 f

p×2c 8g; p –2 1×16k

4d; p –2 1×8 j 8h; p –2 1×16k p×8 j

4e; p –2 1×8 j p×8i p×16k

2b; 8h; 8i 4 f ; 2×8i; 16k

2c; 8i; 8 j 3×8g; 3×16k

4d; 8g; 8 j; 16k 4e; 8h; 8 j; 16k 3×8h; 3×16k 3×8i; 3×16k 3×8 j; 3×16k 9×16k

2a; p –2 1×8g; 2b; p –2 1×8h; 2c; p –2 1×8i; 4d; p –2 1×8g; 4e; p –2 1×8h; – – – p 1 p 1 p 1 p –1 p –1 2 ×8i; 2 ×8i; 2 ×8 j; 2 ×8 j; 2 ×8 j; (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 ×16k ×16k ×16k 8 8 8 4 ×16k 4 ×16k 4 f ; (p –1)×8i; p×8g; p×8h; p×8i; (p – 1)2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) 4 ×16k 2 ×16k 2 ×16k 2 ×16k p×8 j; p(p – 1) ∗

2

origin 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

647

p2 ×16k ×16k

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 130, p. 648.

P 4/n c c Axes origin 1 I

P 4/n 21/c 2/c

No. 130 Coordinates origin 2

4a

4b

Wyckoff positions 4c 8d 8f

D84h 8e 16g

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

¯ (116) [2] P4c2

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z 2a; 2b

2c; 2d

4i

8j 4e; 4 f

4g; 4h 2×8 j

¯ 1 c (114) [2] P42

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z 4c

2a; 2b

4d

8e 8e

2×4c 2×8e

[2] P4cc (103)

x+ 21 , y, z

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z 4c

4c

2a; 2b

8d 8d

2×4c 2×8d

[2] P421 2 (90)

x, y, z+ 41

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z+ 41

2a; 2b

4d

2×2c

8g 4e; 4 f

2×4d 2×8g

4f

2a; 2b

2×2c

4d; 4e 8g

2×4 f 2×8g

4d

4d

4c

4a; 4b 8e

2×4d 2×8e

1 2 (x+y), 1 2 (–x+y), z

4a; 4b

8g

8h

8c; 8d 8e; 8 f

2×8g 2×16i

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

4a; 8e

4b; 8e

3×4c

4a; p –2 1×8e

4b; p –2 1×8e

p×4c

8d; 16g 3×8e 8 f ; 16g 3×16g 8d; p –2 1×16g p×8e 8 f ; p –1×16g p×16g

[2] P4/n (85) x+ 41 , y– 14 , z

[2] Pccn (56) [2] Ccce (68)

a+b, –a+b, c

1 2 (x+y), 1 1 2 (–x+y), z+ 4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P4/ncc

a, b, 3c

[p] P4/ncc

a, b, pc

[9] P4/ncc

[p2 ] P4/ncc

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

x, y, 1p z; x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2

1 1 4a; 2×8 f ; 16g 4b; 2×16g 4c; 2×16g 8d; 4×16g 3 x, 3 y, z;   ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0) 3×8 f ; 3×16g 1 1 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0); ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 2 2 2 1 1 pa, pb, c 1p x, 1p y, z; 4a; (p –1)×8 f ; 4b; p 4–1×16g 4c; p 4–1×16g 8d; p 2–1×16g p x, p y, z; 2 (p – 1) +( up , vp , 0) +( up , vp , 0) 4 ×16g p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 p×8 f ; p(p – 1) 2 ×16g

3a, 3b, c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z;




Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

648

8e; 4×16g 9×16g 2 8e; p 2–1×16g

p2 ×16g

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 131, pp. 649–650.

P 42/m 2/m 2/c

D94h Axes

I

P 42/m m c

No. 131

Coordinates 2a

2b

2c

2d

Wyckoff positions 2e 2f 4g 4h 4l 4m 8n 8o

4i 8p

4j 8q

4k 16r

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

¯ [2] P4m2 (115)

x, y, z+ 41

2e

2f

2g

2g

1a; 1d 1b; 1c 2×2e 2×2 f 2×2g 4 j 4j 4k 4h; 4i 2×4 j 2×4k 8l

4k 2×8l

¯ (112) [2] P42c

x, y, z+ 41

2a

2c

2d

2b

2e 4j

2f 4i

4k 8n

4g 8n

4h 2×8n

[2] P42 mc (105)

2a

2b

2c

2c

2a 4d

2b 4e

2×2a 2×2b 2×2c 4d 8f 2×4d 2×4e 8 f

4e 2×8 f

[2] P42 22 (93)

2a

2b

2c

2d

2e 4l

2f 4m

4g 4h 4n; 4o 8p

4i 8p

4j 8p

4k 2×8p

[2] P42 /m (84)

2a

2b

2c

2d

2e 4j

2f 4j

4g 8k

4i 8k

4j 4j 2×4 j 2×8k

[2] Pmmm (47)

1a; 1c 1 f; 1h 1d; 1e 1b; 1g 2q 2t 2×2q 2×2t 2r; 2s 2i; 2n 2l; 2o 2 j; 2m 2k; 2p 8α 4u; 4w 4v; 4x 4y; 4z 2×8α

[2] Cccm (66) a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

4l 8n

4h 8k

4m 8n

4c

4d

4f

4e

4a 8l

4b 8l

8i 8j 8g; 8h 16m

8k 16m

8l 8l 2×8l 2×16m

[2] P42 /ncm (138)

a−b, a+b, c origin 1: 12 (x–y), 4a 1 1 1 1 (x+y), z+ ; +( , , 0) 2 4 2 2 origin 2: 12 (x–y)– 14 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

4e

4d

4c

4b 8h

4e 8i

8f 16 j

[2] P42 /ncm (138)

a−b, a+b, c origin 1: 12 (x–y)+ 21 , 4e 1 1 1 1 (x+y), z+ ; +( , , 0) 2 4 2 2 origin 2: 12 (x–y)+ 41 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

4a

4c

4d

4e 8i

4b 8g

2×4e 8 f 8i 16 j 2×8i 16 j

8i 16 j

[2] P42 /mnm a−b, a+b, c 12 (x–y), 12 (x+y), z; (136) +( 21 , 12 , 0)

2a; 2b 4c

4g

4f

4e 4d 2×4g 8i

2×4e 8h 8j 16k 2×8 j 16k

2×4 f 8i 2×8i 2×16k

[2] P42 /mnm a−b, a+b, c 12 (x–y)+ 21 , 12 (x+y), z; (136) +( 21 , 12 , 0)

4c

2a; 2b 4 f

4g

4d 8i

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic

4e 8h 2×4 f 16k

[2] P42 /nnm (134)

a−b, a+b, c origin 1: 12 (x–y), 4g 1 1 1 1 (x+y), z+ ; +( , , 0) 2 4 2 2 origin 2: 12 (x–y)– 14 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

4d

4f

4e

2a; 2b 4c 8m 8k

[2] P42 /nnm (134)

a−b, a+b, c origin 1: 12 (x–y)+ 21 , 4d 1 1 1 1 (x+y), z+ ; +( , , 0) 2 4 2 2 origin 2: 12 (x–y)+ 41 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

4g

4e

4f

4c 8l

[2] P42 /mcm (132)

a−b, a+b, c

2a; 2c 4 f

4j

4i

2b; 2d 4e 2×4 j 8n

[2] P42 /mcm (132)

a−b, a+b, c

2a; 2c 4i

4j

4e 8n

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0)

4f

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

649

2×4e 8i 8g 16 j 2×8i 16 j

8i 2×16 j

8h 2×16 j

2×4e 8 j 8i 2×4g 16k 2×8 j 2×8i 2×16k

2×4g 8h 8m 8i; 8 j 2×8m 16n

8m 16n

8l 2×16n

2a; 2b 8h 2×4g 8m 8k 8m 8i; 8 j 16n 2×8m 16n

8m 2×16n

4g; 4h 8k 8o 8l; 8m 2×8o 16p

2×4i 8n 2×8n 2×16p

2b; 2d 8k 4g; 4h 8o 8n 2×4 j 2×4i 8l; 8m 16p 2×8o 2×8n 2×16p

P 42/m m c Axes

P 42/m 2/m 2/c

No. 131 Coordinates

2a 4g 4m

Wyckoff positions 2d 4j 8p

CONTINUED

2b 4h 8n

2c 4i 8o

2e 4k 8q

2f 4l 16r

2b; 4h 3×4h 8n; 16r 2b; p –1×4h

2c; 4i 3×4i 3×8o 2c; p –1×4i

2e; 4g 4k; 8p 8q; 16r 2e; p –2 1×4g 4k; p –2 1×8p 8q; p –1×16r

2 f ; 4h 4l; 8o 3×16r 2 f ; p –2 1×4h 4l; p –1×8o

p×4h 8n; p –2 1×16r

p×4i p×8o

2b; 4k; 4m; 8q

2c; 4l; 4m; 8q 2d; 4 j; 4k; 8q 2e; 8n; 8o

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 2a; 4g [3] P42 /mmc a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 3×4g 4m; 8p 1 [p] P4 /mmc a, b, pc x, y, z; 2a; p –1×4g 2

p

2

+(0, 0, up ) p×4g p = prime > 2; 4m; p –2 1×8p u = 1, . . . , p −1 [9] P42 /mmc 3a,3b,c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 p x, p y, z; +( up , vp , 0)

2a; 4 j; 4l; 8q

2

2

2d; 4i 4 j; 8o 3×8p 2d; p –2 1×4i 4 j; p –1×8o 2

p×8p

2

2

p×16r 2 f ; 8n; 8p

4g; 2×8o; 16r 4h; 2×8p; 16r 4i; 8o; 8p; 16r 3×4 j; 3×8q 3×4k; 3×8q

3×4l; 3×8q

3×4m; 3×8q

9×16r

3×8n; 3×16r

3×8o; 3×16r 3×8p; 3×16r 9×8q

2a; p –2 1×4 j; 2b; p –2 1×4k; 2c; p –2 1×4l; 2d; p –2 1×4 j; 2e; p –2 1×8n; 2 f ; p –2 1×8n; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×4l; 2 ×4m; 2 ×4m; 2 ×4k; 2 ×8o; 2 ×8p; 2 2 2 2 – – – – – – – (p 1) (p 1) (p 1) (p 1) (p 1)(p 3) (p 1)(p – 3) p = prime > 2; ×16r ×16r 4 ×8q 4 ×8q 4 ×8q 4 ×8q 8 8 u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 p –1 4g; (p –1)×8o; 4h; (p –1)×8p; 4i; 2 ×8o; p×4 j; p×4k; p×4l; (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p –1 ×16r ×16r ×8p; ×8q ×8q 4 4 2 2 2 2 ×8q 2 (p – 1) 4 ×16r

[p2 ] P42 /mmc pa,pb,c

p×4m;

p(p – 1) 2 ×8q

p×8n;

p(p – 1) 2 ×16r

p×8o; p(p – 1)

650

2

×16r

p×8p; p(p – 1) 2

p2 ×8q ×16r

p2 ×16r

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 132, pp. 651–652.

P 42/m 2/c 2/m

D104h Axes

I

P 42/m c m

No. 132

Coordinates 2a

2b

2c

2d

2b

2d

Wyckoff positions 4e 4f 4g 8k 8l 8m

4h 8n

4i 8o

4j 16p

4h 8j

4e 8j

4f 2×8 j

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

¯ (116) [2] P4c2

x, y, z+ 41

2a

2c

¯ [2] P42m (111)

x, y, z+ 41

2g

1a; 1c 2h

1b; 1d 2e; 2 f 4m 2×2g 2×2h 4n 4n 2×4m 4i; 4k 4 j; 4l 8o 2×4n 2×8o

2a

2a

2b

2b

4c 4c 2×4c 8e

2e

2a

2f

2b

2c; 2d 4i 4g 4h 2×4i 4 j; 4l 4k; 4m 8p

[2] P42 /m (84)

2a

2e

2b

2f

4i 2c; 2d 4g 2×4i 8k 8k

[2] Pccm (49)

2a

2e

2b

2h

[2] P42 cm (101) x, y, z+ 41

[2] P42 22 (93)

[2] Cmmm (65) a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

2a; 2d 4k

2b; 2c 4l

4i 4i 2×4i 8 j

4g 8j

2×2a 2×2b 4d 4d 8e 8e 2×4d 2×8e 4n 8p

4o 2×8p

4h 4j 2×4 j 8k

4j 2×8k

2 f ; 2g 2c; 2d 4m 4n 4q 4o; 4p 4i; 4k 4 j; 4l 2×4q 8r

4q 2×8r

8m 4e; 4 f 2×4k 2×4l 4h; 4i 4g; 4 j 2×8m 16r 16r 8p; 8q 8n; 8o 2×16r

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P42 /nmc (137)

a−b, a+b, c origin 1: 12 (x–y), 4c 1 1 1 1 (x+y), z+ ; +( , , 0) 2 4 2 2 origin 2: 12 (x–y)– 14 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

2a; 2b 4d

4d

[2] P42 /nmc (137)

a−b, a+b, c origin 1: 12 (x–y)+ 21 , 4d 1 1 1 1 (x+y), z+ ; +( , , 0) 2 4 2 2 origin 2: 12 (x–y)+ 41 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0)

4d

4c

2a; 2b 8 f 16h

8e 16h

2×4d 2×4c 8g 8g 2×8 f 16h 2×8g 2×16h

[2] P42 /mbc (135)

a−b, a+b, c

4a

4b

4c

4d

8g 16i

8h 16i

8e 8f 8h 2×8g 2×8h 16i

[2] P42 /mbc (135)

a−b, a+b, c

4c

4d

4a

4b

8g 16i

8h 8f 2×8g 16i

[2] P42 /nbc (133)

a−b, a+b, c

4b

4d

4a

4c

8j 16k

8e 16k

[2] P42 /nbc (133)

a−b, a+b, c

4a

4c

4b

4d

8j 16k

8e 8f 2×8 j 16k

[2] P42 /mmc (131)

a−b, a+b, c

2a; 2b 2e; 2 f 2c; 2d 4i

8n 16r

8q 4g; 4h 2×4i 4k; 4l 4 j; 4m 2×8n 16r 2×8q 8o; 8p 2×16r

[2] P42 /mmc (131)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; +( 21 , 12 , 0) origin 1: 12 (x–y), 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y), z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 2 , 0) origin 2: 12 (x–y)– 14 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) origin 1: 12 (x–y)+ 21 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y), z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 2 , 0) origin 2: 12 (x–y)+ 41 , 1 1 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z; +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 1 2 (x–y)+ 2 , 2 (x+y), z; 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0)

2c; 2d 4i

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

651

8f 16h

2a; 2b 2e; 2 f 8n 16r

8e 2×4c 2×4d 8g 8g 2×8 f 16h 16h 2×8g 2×16h

8q 16r

8e 8h 2×8h 16i

8g 8f 2×8 j 16k

8g 16k

8h 2×16i 8h 2×16i

8i 16k

8h 2×16k

8i 16k

8h 2×16k

2×4i 4g; 4h 4k; 4l 4 j; 4m 2×8n 2×8q 8o; 8p 2×16r

P 42/m c m Axes

P 42/m 2/c 2/m

No. 132 Coordinates

2a 4g

CONTINUED

Wyckoff positions 2d 4e 4j 8k 8n 8o

2b 4h

2c 4i 8m

4f 8l 16p

2a; 4g [3] P42 /mcm a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 3×4g

2b; 4g 3×4h

[p] P42 /mcm a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; 2a; p –2 1×4g u +(0, 0, p ) p×4g p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2b; p –2 1×4g p×4h

2c; 4h 4i; 8o 8m; 16p 2c; p –2 1×4h 4i; p –2 1×8o 8m; p –1×16p

2d; 4h 4 j; 8o 8n; 16p 2d; p –2 1×4h 4 j; p –2 1×8o 8n; p –1×16p

4e; 8k 3×8k 3×8o 4e; p –1×8k

[9] P42 /mcm 3a,3b,c

2b; 8l; 8o

2c; 4i; 4 j; 8n

2d; 8m; 8o

4e; 8l; 8m; 16p 4 f ; 4×8n

3×4 j; 3×8n

8k; 4×16p

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic

[p2 ] P42 /mcm pa,pb,c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 p x, p y, z; u v +( p , p , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; 4i; 4 j; 8n

2

4g; 2×8o; 16p 4h; 2×8o; 16p 3×4i; 3×8n

2a; p –2 1×4i; p –1 ×4 j;

2b; p –2 1×8l; p –1 ×8o;

2 2 (p – 1)2 (p – 1)(p – 3) ×8n ×16p 4 8

2

2

p×8k p×8o

4 f ; 8k 8l; 16p 3×16p 4 f; p –2 1×8k 8l; p –1×16p 2

p×16p

3×8l; 3×16p

3×8m; 3×16p 9×8n

3×8o; 3×16p 9×16p

2c; p –2 1×4i; p –1 ×4 j;

4e; p –2 1×8l; p –1 ×8m;

2d; p –2 1×8m; p –1 ×8o;

2 2 (p – 1)2 (p – 1)(p – 3) ×8n ×16p 4 8

2 4 f ; p 2–1×8n

2 (p – 1)2 4 ×16p

2 4g; (p–1)×8o; 4h; (p–1)×8o; p×4i; p×4 j; 8k; p 2–1×16p p×8l; (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) 4 ×16p 4 ×16p 2 ×8n 2 ×8n 2 ×16p

p×8m; p(p – 1) 2

652

p2 ×8n ×16p

p×8o; p(p – 1) 2

p2 ×16p ×16p

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 133, p. 653.

P 42/n 2/b 2/c

D114h Axes

I

Coordinates origin 1 origin 2

4a

P 42/n b c

No. 133 Wyckoff positions 4d 8i

4b 8g

4c 8h

8e 8j

8f 16k

4f x+ 41 , 1 1 y– 4 , z+ 4

4e 2×4e

2c; 2d 8i

2a; 2b 8i

8i 4g; 4h

2×4 f 2×8i

x+ 41 , 2b; 2d y– 14 , z+ 41

2a; 2c 4k; 4l

4m 4g; 4i

2e; 2 f 4h; 4 j

8n 8n

2×4m 2×8n

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

¯ [2] P4b2 (117) ¯ [2] P42c (112) [2] P42 bc (106)

x+ 21 , y, z

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

4a

4b 2×4b

4a 8c

4b 8c

8c 8c

2×4a 2×8c

[2] P42 22 (93)

x+ 21 , y, z– 14

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

2a; 2b

2c; 2d 2×4i

2e; 2 f 4 j; 4m

4i 4k; 4l

8p 4n; 4o

4g; 4h 2×8p

x+ 21 , y, z

4e

4f 2×4 f

4e 8g

2a; 2b 8g

4c; 4d 8g

2×4e 2×8g

2a; 2d

2b; 2c 2×4l

4k 4g; 4 j

4l 4h; 4i

4e; 4 f 8m

2×4k 2×8m

8g

8h 2×8h

4a; 4b 16i

8h 16i

8c; 8d 8e; 8 f

2×8g 2×16i

4b; 8g 3×8g 4b; p –1×8g

4c; 8 f 8h(i∗ ); 16k 4c; p –1×8 f

4d; 8g 8i(h∗ ); 16k 4d; p –1×8g

[2] P42 /n (86) x+ 21 , y, z– 14

[2] Pban (50) [2] Ccce (68)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z

1 2 (x–y), 1 2 (x+y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P42 /nbc a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

x, y, 13 z; 4a; 8 f ±(0, 0, 13 ) x, y, 1 z; 4a; p –1×8 f

[p] P42 /nbc a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; p +(0, 0, up ) +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p –1 [9] P42 /nbc 3a,3b,c

2

2

p×8g

8e; 16k 3×8 f 8 j; 16k 3×16k 8e; p –2 1×16k p×8 f 2 2 8h(i† ); p–2 1×16k 8i(h† ); p–2 1×16k 8 j; p –2 1×16k p×16k

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z;

1 1 4d; 2×16k 3 x, 3 y, z; 4a; 8h; 8i;16k 4b; 8h; 8i;16k 4c; 2×8 j;16k   ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); 8g; 4×16k 3×8h; 3×16k 3×8i; 3×16k ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 2 p –1 p –1 1 1 –1)×8 j; 4d; p 4–1×16k [p2 ] P42 /nbc pa,pb,c 1p x, 1p y, z; p x, p y, z; 4a; 2 ×8h; 4b; 2 ×8h; 4c; (p (p – 1)2 p –1 +( up , vp , 0) +( up , vp , 0) p –2 1×8i; 2 ×8i; 4 ×16k (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 p = prime > 2; ×16k ×16k 4 4




u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2 8g; p 2–1×16k p×8h;

p(p – 1) 2 ×16k

∗ †

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

653

p×8i;

p(p – 1) 2 ×16k

origin 1 origin 1 and p = 4n−1

8e; 4×16k

8 f ; 4×16k

3×8 j; 3×6k 9×16k 2 2 8e; p 2–1×16k 8 f ; p 2–1× 16k

p×8 j; p(p – 1) 2

p2 ×16k ×16k

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 134, pp. 654–655.

P 42/n n m Axes origin 1 I

P 42/n 2/n 2/m

No. 134 Coordinates origin 2

2a

2b

4c 8i

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z+ 41

2a

2b

4h 8i

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z+ 41

Wyckoff positions 4d 4e 8j 8k

4f 8l

D124h 4g 8m

8h 16n

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

¯ [2] P4n2 (118) ¯ [2] P42m

2c; 2d 8i

4f 4g 4e 2×4g 2×4 f 8i

1a; 1b 1c; 1d 2e; 2 f 4i; 4 j

4m 4k; 4l

4n 8o

4n 8o

2g; 2h 2×4m 2×4n 2×8o

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z

2a

2a

4b 8d

4b 8d

4c 8d

4c 8d

2×2a 2×4b 2×4c 2×8d

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

2c

2d

2a; 2b 4l; 4m

2e; 2 f 4 j; 4k

4o 4n 4i 2×4n 2×4o 8p

4g; 4h 2×8p

x, y+ 21 , z

2a

2b

4e 8g

4e 8g

4c 8g

4d 8g

4f 8g

2×4e 2×8g

2a(d ∗ ) 2c(b∗ ) 2b(a∗ ); 2d(c∗ ) 4l(k∗ ) 4e 4g(h∗ ); 4i 4h(g∗ ); 4 j 8m

4f 8m

4k(l ∗ ) 2×4l(k∗ ) 8m 2×8m

(111) [2] P42 nm (102) x, y+ 21 , z

[2] P42 22 (93) [2] P42 /n (86) [2] Pnnn (48) [2] Cmme (67)

a+b, –a+b, c

1 2 (x+y), 1 1 1 2 (–x+y)+ 4 , z– 4

1 2 (x+y), 1 2 (–x+y), z

2×4h 2×8i

4g

4g

8l 16o

4a; 4b 16o

4d; 4e 4c; 4 f 2×4g 2×8l 8h; 8k 8i; 8 j 8m; 8n 2×16o

8a

8b

16 f 32g

16e 2×16 f

16e 32g

8b

8a

16 f 2×16 f

16e 32g

16c 16e 2×16e 32g

8b

8a

16 f 2×16 f

16e 32g

16e 32g

8a

8b

16 f 32g

16e 2×16 f

16c 16e 2×16e 32g

16g 2×16g

16 f 32i

16h 8c; 8d 2×8e 32i 2×16 f 32i 2×16h 2×32i

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] I41 /acd a+b, –a+b, 2c (142) [2] I41 /acd a+b, –a+b, 2c (142) [2] I41 /acd a+b, –a+b, 2c (142) [2] I41 /acd a+b, –a+b, 2c (142) [2] I41 /amd a+b, –a+b, 2c (141) [2] I41 /amd a+b, –a+b, 2c (141) [2] I41 /amd a+b, –a+b, 2c (141) [2] I41 /amd a+b, –a+b, 2c (141)

1 2 (x+y), 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 z; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 2 (x+y), 1 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 2 , 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 z; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 2 , 1 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 2 (x+y), 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 z; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 2 (x+y), 1 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 2 , 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 z; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 2 , 1 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +(0, 0, 2 )

1 2 (x+y), 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 z; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 2 (x+y), 1 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 2 , 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 z; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 2 , 1 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 2 (x+y), 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 z; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 2 (x+y), 1 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 2 , 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 z; 1 +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 2 , 1 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +(0, 0, 2 )

4a; 4b 8e

32g 2×32g

16d 32g

32g 2×32g

16c 16d 2×16e 32g

32g 2×32g

16d 32g

32g 2×32g

8e

4a; 4b 16g 32i

16 f 2×16g

8c; 8d 16h 2×8e 32i 32i 2×16 f 2×16h 2×32i

8e

4a; 4b 16g 32i

16 f 2×16g

16h 8c; 8d 2×8e 32i 2×16 f 32i 2×16h 2×32i

16 f 32i

8c; 8d 16h 2×8e 32i 32i 2×16 f 2×16h 2×32i

4a; 4b 8e

∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

16c 16d 2×16e 32g

origin 2

654

16g 2×16g

P 42/n 2/n 2/m

CONTINUED

Axes

Coordinates origin 1 origin 2

2a 4f

2b 4g 8k

No. 134

P 42/n n m

Wyckoff positions 4c 4d 8h 8i 8l 8m

4e 8j 16n

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 2a(b∗ ); 4g [3] P42 /nnm a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; x, y, 13 z; 1 1 ±(0, 0, 3 ) ±(0, 0, 3 ) 4e( f ∗ ); 8m [p] P42 /nnm a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; x, y, 1p z; 2a(b† ); p –2 1×4g u u +(0, 0, p ) +(0, 0, p ) 4 f (e‡ ); p–1×8m 2 p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p –1 [9] P42 /nnm 3a,3b,c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z;




1 1 3 x, 3 y,z;





±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) [p2 ] P42 /nnm pa,pb,c

1 1 1 1 p x, p y, z; p x, p y,z; u v +( p , p , 0) +( up , vp , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2b(a∗ ); 4g 3×4g 8l(k∗ ); 16n 2b(a† ); p –1×4g

4c; 8h 3×8h 8k(l ∗ ); 16n 4c; p –1×8h

4d; 8h 8i( j∗ ); 16n 3×8m 4d; p –1×8h

p×4g

p×8h

8k(l ‡ ); p –2 1×16n

8i( j† ); p–2 1×16n 8 j(i† ); p–2 1×16n

8l(k‡ ); p×8m p –1 ×16n

2

2

2

4 f (e∗ ); 8m 8 j(i∗ ); 16n 3×16n 4e( f ‡ ); p–1×8m 2

p×16n

2

2a(b∗ ); 8i( j∗ ); 8m

2b(a∗ ); 8 j(i∗ ); 8m 4c; 8i; 8 j;16n 4d; 8k; 8l; 16n

4 f ; 8k; 8m; 16n

4g; 2×8m; 16n

8h; 4×16n

3×8k; 3×16n

3×8l; 3×16n 3×8m; 3×16n

4e; 8l; 8m; 16n

3×8i( j∗ ); 3×16n 3×8 j(i∗ ); 3×16n 9×16n

2a(b† ); p–2 1×8i( j† ); 2b(a† ); p–2 1×8 j(i† ); 4c; p –2 1×8i; 4d; p –2 1×8k; 4e; p –2 1×8l; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×8m; 2 ×8m; 2 ×8 j; 2 ×8l; 2 ×8m; 2 2 (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1) (p – 1) (p – 1)2 ×16n ×16n 8 8 4 ×16n 4 ×16n 4 ×16n 2 4 f ; p –2 1×8k; 4g; (p–1)×8m; 8h; p 2–1×16n p×8i( j† ); p×8 j(i† ); (p – 1)2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p –1 2 ×8m; 4 ×16n 2 ×16n 2 ×16n 2 (p – 1) 4 ×16n – p×8k; p(p2 1)×16n p×8l; p×8m; p2 ×16n p(p – 1) p(p – 1) 2 ×16n 2 ×16n

∗ † ‡

origin 2 origin 2 and p = 4n−1 origin 1 and p = 4n−1

655

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 135, p. 656.

P 42/m b c Axes

Coordinates 4a

I

P 42/m 21/b 2/c

No. 135

Wyckoff positions 4c 4d 8g

4b

D134h

8e 8h

8f 16i

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

¯ [2] P4b2 (117) ¯ 1c [2] P42

x, y, z+ 41

4e

2a; 2b

4f

2c; 2d 4g; 4h

2×4e 8i

2×4 f 2×8i

x, y, z+ 41

4c

2a; 2b

4d

4d 8e

2×4c 8e

2×4d 2×8e

4a

4a

4b

4b 8c

2×4a 8c

2×4b 2×8c

4d

4d

4c

2a; 2b 4e; 4 f

2×4d 8g

2×4c 2×8g

[2] P42 /m (84)

2a; 2b

2e; 2 f

2c; 2d

4i 8k

4g; 4h 2×4 j

2×4i 2×8k

[2] Pbam (55)

2a; 2b

4e

2c; 2d

4f 8i

2×4e 4g; 4h

2×4 f 2×8i

4e; 4 f

8k

4c; 4d

4a; 4b 8g; 8h

2×8k 2×8l

8i; 8 j 2×16m

4b; 8e

4c; 8 f

4d; 8 f 8g; 16i [p] P42 /mbc a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) 4a; p –2 1×8e 4b; p –2 1×8e 4c; p –2 1×8 f 4d; p –2 1×8 f p = prime > 2 8g; p –1×16i

3×8e 8h; 16i

3×8 f 3×16i

[9] P42 /mbc 3a, 3b, c 13 x, 13 y, z; 4a; 4×8h 4b; 2×16i 4c; 4×8h 4d; 2×8g; 16i ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); 3×8g; 3×16i ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 2 2 2 [p2 ] P42 /mbc pa, pb, c 1p x, 1p y, z; 4a; p 2–1×8h 4b; p 4–1×16i 4c; p 2–1×8h 4d; (p –1)×8g; (p – 1)2 +( up , vp , 0) 4 ×16i p = prime > 2; p×8g; p(p – 1) u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 2 ×16i

8e; 4×16i 9×8h

(114) [2] P42 bc (106) x+ 21 , y, z+ 41

[2] P42 21 2 (94)

[2] Cccm (66)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P42 /mbc a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) 4a; 8e

2

u = 1, . . . , p −1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

656

p×8e p×8 f p –1 8h; 2 ×16i p×16i 8 f ; 4×16i 9×16i

2 2 8e; p 2–1×16i 8 f ; p 2–1×16i

p2 ×8h

p2 ×16i

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 136, p. 657.

D144h

P 42/m 21/n 2/m Axes

Coordinates 2a

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ (118) [2] P4n2 x+ 1 , y, z+ 1 2d

P 42/m n m

No. 136 Wyckoff positions 4d 8i

2b 4g

4c 8h

2c 4f

4e 2×4e

4e 8j

4f 16k

2a; 2b 8i

4h 8i

4g 2×8i

I

2

4

¯ 1 m (113) [2] P42

x+ 21 , y, z+ 41 2c

2c 4e

4d 2×4d

2a; 2b 8f

2×2c 2×4e

4e 2×8 f

[2] P42 nm (102)

2a

2a 4c

4b 2×4b

4b 8d

2×2a 2×4c

4c 2×8d

[2] P42 21 2 (94)

2a

2b 4f

4d 2×4d

4d 8g

4c 8g

4e 2×8g

2d

2c 4j

2a; 2b 4g; 4h

2e; 2 f 2×4 j

4i 8k

4j 2×8k

2a

2b 4g

2c; 2d 2×4 f

4f 2×4g

4e 8h

4g 2×8h

2a; 2c

2b; 2d 4g; 4 j

4e; 4 f 2×8m

8m 8p; 8q

4k; 4l 8n; 8o

4h; 4i 2×16r

2b; 4e 4c; 8h 4g; 8 j 3×8h p –1 p –1 2a; 2 ×4e 2b; 2 ×4e 4c; p –2 1×8h 4g; p –1×8 j p×8h

4d; 8h 8i; 16k 4d; p –1×8h

3×4e 3×8 j p×4e

4 f ;8 j 3×16k 4 f ; p –1×8 j

p×8 j

p×16i

2a; 4 f ; 4g; 8i 2b; 4 f ; 4g; 8i 4c; 4×8i 3×4g; 3×8i 8h; 4×16k

4d; 2×16k 9×8i

[2] P42 /m (84)

x+ 21 , y, z

[2] Pnnm (58) [2] Cmmm (65) a−b, a+b, c

1 2 (x–y), 1 2 (x+y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P42 /mnm

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P42 /mnm

a, b, pc

x, y, 1p z; u p)

+(0, 0, p = prime > 2 u = 1, . . . , p −1 [9] P42 /mnm

3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] P42 /mnm

pa, pb, c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 p x, p y, z; u v +( p , p , 0)

2a; 4e

2

2 8i; p –2 1×16k

2

4e; 2×8 j; 16k 3×4 f ; 3×8i 3×8 j; 3×16k 9×16k

2 2 2a; p –2 1×4 f ; 2b; p –2 1×4 f 4c; p 2–1×8i 4d; p 4–1×16k 4e; (p –1)×8 j; p×4 f ; (p – 1)2 p(p – 1) p –1 p –1 2 ×4g; 2 ×4g; 4 ×16k 2 ×8i (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 p = prime > 2; 4 ×8i 4 ×8i 2 u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 p×4g; 8h; p 2–1×16k p2 ×8i p×8 j; p2 ×16k p(p – 1) p(p – 1) 2 ×8i 2 ×16k

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

657

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 137, p. 658.

P 42/n m c Axes

I

P 42/n 21/m 2/c

No. 137

Coordinates origin 1 origin 2

2a

2b

D154h

Wyckoff positions 4c 4d 8f 8g

8e 16h

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups x+ 41 , y– 14 , z+ 41 1a; 1c

1b; 1d

2e; 2 f 4h; 4i

2×2g 4 j; 4k

8l 2×8l

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z+ 41 2a

2b

4c 8e

4d 8e

8e 2×8e

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

2c

2c

2×2c 8f

2a; 2b 4d; 4e

8f 2×8 f

[2] P42 21 2 (94)

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z+ 41 2a

2b

4c 4e; 4 f

4d 8g

8g 2×8g

[2] P42 /n (86)

x, y+ 21 , z

2a

2b

4f 8g

4e 8g

4c; 4d 2×8g

2a(b∗ )

2a(b∗ )

2×2a(b∗ ) 8g

2×2b(a∗ ) 4e; 4 f

4c; 4d 2×8g

4a(b∗ )

4b(a∗ )

8g 8e; 8 f

8h 16i

8c; 8d 2×16i

x, y, 13 z; [3] P42 /nmc a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; 1 ±(0, 0, 3 ) ±(0, 0, 13 )

2a(b∗ ); 4c

2b(a∗ ); 4c

3×4c 8 f ; 16h

3×4d 3×8g

[p] P42 /nmc a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; x, y, 1p z; u +(0, 0, p ) +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p –1

2a(b† ); p –2 1×4c 2b(a† ); p –2 1×4c p×4c 8 f ; p –1×16h

p×4d

8e; 16h 3×16h 8e; p –1×16h

p×8g

p×16h

[9] P42 /nmc 3a,3b,c

2a(b∗ ); 8 f ; 8g

¯ [2] P4m2 (115) ¯ 1c [2] P42 (114) x+ 21 , y, z

[2] P42 mc (105)

x, y, z+ 41

[2] Pmmn (59) [2] Ccce (68)

a+b, –a+b, c

1 2 (x+y), 1 2 (–x+y), z

1 2 (x+y), 1 2 (–x+y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic

[p2 ] P42 /nmc pa,pb,c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z;

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z;
  ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0)

1 1 p x, p y, z; +( up , vp , 0)

1 1 p x, p y, z; +( up , vp , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2

2b(a∗ ); 8 f ; 8g

2

4c; 2×8g; 16h 4d; 2×8g; 16h 8e; 4×16h 3×8 f ; 3×16h 3×8g; 3×16h 9×16h

2 2a(b† ); p –2 1×8 f ; 2b(a† ); p –2 1×8 f ; 4c; (p –1)×8g; 4d; (p –1)×8g; 8e; p 2–1×16h (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 p –1 p –1 2 ×8g; 2 ×8g; 4 ×16h 4 ×16h (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) ×16h ×16h 8 8

p×8 f ; p(p – 1) 2 ∗ †

origin 2 origin 2 and p = 4n−1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

658

×16h

p×8g; p(p – 1) 2

p2 ×16h ×16h

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 138, p. 659.

P 42/n 21/c 2/m

D164h Axes

I

Coordinates origin 1 origin 2

P 42/n c m

No. 138

4a 8f

4b 8g

Wyckoff positions 4c 4d 8h 8i

4e 16 j

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

¯ (116) [2] P4c2

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z+ 41

2a; 2b 4g; 4h

2c; 2d 2×4e

4e 2×4 f

4f 8j

4i 2×8 j

¯ 1 m (113) [2] P42

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z+ 41

4d 2×4d

2a; 2b 8f

4e 8f

4e 2×4e

2×2c 2×8 f

4c 2×4c

4c 8e

4d 8e

4d 2×4d

2a; 2b 2×8e

[2] P42 cm (101)

x+ 21 , y, z

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z

[2] P42 21 2 (94)

x, y, z– 14

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z 2a; 2b 2×4c

4c 2×4e

4e 2×4 f

4f 8g

4d 2×8g

x+ 21 , y, z

4f 2×4 f

2a; 2b 8g

4c 8g

4d 8g

4e 2×8g

4d 2×4d

4d 8e

4b 8e

4a 8e

4c 2×8e

4a; 4b 2×8l

8l 8i; 8 j

4d; 4e 8h; 8k

4c; 4 f 8m; 8n

2×4g 2×16o

4a; 8 f 3×8 f 4a; p –1×8 f

4b; 8 f 8g(h∗ ); 16 j 4b; p –1×8 f

[2] P42 /n (86) [2] Pccn (56)

x+ 41 , y– 14 , z– 14

[2] Cmme (67) a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y)– 4 , 1 1 2 (x+y), z– 4

1 2 (x–y), 1 2 (x+y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P42 /ncm

a, b, 3c

[p] P42 /ncm

a, b, pc

[9] P42 /ncm

[p2 ] P42 /ncm

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

x, y, 1p z; x, y, 1p z; u +(0, 0, p ) +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p –1

3a, 3b, c

pa, pb, c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z;

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z;
  ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0)

1 1 p x, p y, z; +( up , vp , 0)

1 1 p x, p y, z; +( up , vp , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

4c(d ∗ ); 8i 4d(c∗ ); 8i ∗ 8h(g ); 16 j 3×8i † p –1 4c(d ); 2 ×8i 4d(c† ); p –2 1×8i 2 8g(h† ); p –2 1×16 j 8h(g† ); p –2 1×16 j p×8i

2

p×8 f

3×4e 3×16 j p×4e p×16 j

4a; 8g; 8h;16 j 4b; 2×16 j

4c; 8g; 8i;16 j

4d; 8h; 8i; 16 j 4e; 2×8i; 16 j

8 f ; 4×16 j

3×8h; 3×16 j

3×8i; 3×16 j

9×16 j

2 4a; p –2 1×8g; 4b; p 4–1×16 j p –1 ×8h;

4c; p –2 1×8g; p –1 ×8i;

4d; p –2 1×8h; p –1 ×8i;

4e;(p–1)×8i; (p – 1)2 4 ×16 j

2 8 f ; p 2–1×16 j p×8g;

p×8h;

p×8i;

p2 ×16 j

3×8g; 3×16 j

2 (p – 1)2 4 ×16 j

p(p – 1) 2 ×16 j

∗ †

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

659

2 (p – 1)2 4 ×16 j

p(p – 1) 2 ×16 j

origin 1 origin 1 and p = 4n−1

2 (p – 1)2 4 ×16 j

p(p – 1) 2 ×16 j

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 139, pp. 660–661.

I 4/m m m Axes

I 4/m 2/m 2/m

No. 139

Coordinates

D174h

2b

4c

4d

4e

Wyckoff positions 8f 8g 8h

8i

8j 16m

16k 16n

16l 32o

2a

2b

4c

4d

4e

8i

8h

8i

8f

8g 2×8i

16 j 16 j

16 j 2×16 j

2a

2b

4f

2c; 2d 4e

8h

2×4 f 8g

8i

8i 16 j

2×8h 2×8i

16 j 2×16 j

[2] I4mm (107)

2a

2a

4b

4b

2×2a 8c

2×4b 8c

8d

8d 2×8c

16e 2×8d

16e 2×16e

[2] I422 (97)

2a

2b

4c

4d

4e

8j

8f

8g

8h

8i 16k

2×8 j 16k

16k 2×16k

[2] I4/m (87)

2a

2b

4c

4d

4e

8f

8g

8h

8h

8h 16i

16i 16i

2×8h 2×16i

[2] Immm (71)

2a

2c

2b; 2d 4 j

4i

8k

2×4 j 8n

16o 8l; 8m

2×8n 2×16o

4a

4b

8e

8f

8i

8c; 8d 16 j

[2] P42 /nmc (137)

origin 1: x, y, z 2a origin 2: x+ 41 , y– 14 , z+ 41

2b

4d

4d

4c

8e

2×4d 8 f

[2] P42 /mnm (136)

2a

2b

4c

4d

4e

8j

8h

[2] P42 /nnm (134)

origin 1: x, y, z 2a origin 2: x+ 41 , y– 14 , z+ 41

2b

4c

4d

4g

4e; 4 f 8h

2d

2c

2a; 2b 2e; 2 f 4i

[2] P4/nmm (129)

origin 1: x, y+ 21 , z+ 41 2c origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

2c

4f

[2] P4/mnc (128)

2a

2b

[2] P4/nnc (126)

origin 1: x, y, z 2a origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

2b

2a I

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

¯ [2] I 42m (121) ¯ [2] I 4m2 (119)

[2] Fmmm (69)

a−b, a+b, c

1 2 (x–y), 1 2 (x+y), z

4e; 4g 4 f ; 4h 16o

8g; 8h 16o

16o 16k; 16l 2×16o 16m; 16n 32p 2×32p

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations

[2] P42 /mmc (131)

[2] P4/mmm (123)

x+ 21 , y, z

8g 16h

16h 2×8g

16h 2×16h

4 f ; 4g 8i

8i 2×8 j

16k 16k

2×8i 2×16k

8m

8j 2×8m

8k; 8l 16n

16n 2×16n

4 j; 4k 4l; 4m 16r

2×8n 8o; 8p

2×8q 2×16r

2a; 2b 2×2c 4d; 4e 2×4 f 8 j

8i

8i 2×8 j

8g; 8h 2×8i

16k 2×16k

4c

4d

4e

8g

8f

8h

8h

8h 16i

2×8g 16i

2×8h 2×16i

4c

4d

4e

8f

8g

8h

8i

8j 16k

16k 16k

16k 2×16k

16u 8s; 8t

8p; 8q 2×16u

1a; 1d 1b; 1c 2e; 2 f 4i

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

8n

2g; 2h 8r

660

4g; 4h 8q

8g

8i

2×4i 4 j; 4k 4l; 4o 4m; 4n 2×8r

I 4/m 2/m 2/m

CONTINUED

Axes

Coordinates

2a

No. 139 Wyckoff positions 4d 8i 16m

2b 8g

4c 8h 16l

2a; 4e [3] I4/mmm a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

2b; 4e 3×8g

[p] I4/mmm a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; 2a; p –2 1×4e +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

2b; p –2 1×4e

4c; 8g 8h; 16m 16l; 32o 4c; p –1×8g

I 4/m m m 4e 8j 16n

8f 16k 32o

3×4e 8 j; 16n 3×16n

8 f ; 16m 16k; 32o 3×32o 8 f ; p –1×16m

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic

[9] I4/mmm 3a,3b,c

[p2 ] I4/mmm pa,pb,c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 p x, p y, z; u v +( p , p , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; 8h; 8i

4d; 8g 8i; 16n 3×16m 4d; p –1×8g

2 8i; p –2 1×16n

p×4e 8 j; p –1×16n

p×16m

p×16n

p×32o

4c; 8i; 8 j; 16l 4d; 16k; 16n

4e; 16m; 16n

8 f ; 16k; 16m; 32o

8g; 2×16n; 32o 3×8h; 3×16l 3×8i; 3×16l

3×8 j; 3×16l

3×16k; 3×32o

p×8g

2b; 8h; 8 j

2 8h; p –2 1×16m 16l; p –2 1×32o

9×16l

2

2

16k; p –2 1×32o

3×16m; 3×32o 3×16n; 3×32o 9×32o

2a; p –2 1×8h; 2b; p –2 1×8h; 4c; p –2 1×8i; 4d; p –2 1×16k; 4e; p –2 1×16m; 8 f ; p –2 1×16k; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×8i; 2 ×8 j; 2 ×8 j; 2 ×16n; 2 ×16n; 2 ×16m; 2 (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)2 ×16l ×16l ×32o ×32o 8 8 4 ×16l 8 8 4 ×32o 8g; (p –1)×16n; p×8h; p×8i; p×8 j; p×16k; (p – 1)2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) 4 ×32o 2 ×16l 2 ×16l 2 ×16l 2 ×32o p2 ×16l

p×16m; p(p – 1) 2

661

×32o

p×16n p(p – 1) 2

p2 ×32o ×32o

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 140, pp. 662–663.

I 4/m c m Axes

I 4/m 2/c 2/m

No. 140 Coordinates

D184h

4c

4d

8e

Wyckoff positions 8f 8g 8h 16i

16 j

4c

2a; 2b 4d

4e

8i

8h

2×4e 8i

16 j

8 f ; 8g 16 j

2×8i 2×16 j

4a

4c

4b

4d

8e

8f

8g

2×8e

16i

16i

16i 2×16i

4a

4b

4a

4b

8c

2×4a 2×4b 8c

16d

16d

16d

2×8c 2×16d

2a; 2b 4c

4e

4d

8g

2×4e 8 f

8j

2×8g

8h; 8i 16k

16k 2×16k

[2] I4/m (87)

4e

4d

2a; 2b 4c

8f

2×4e 8g

8h

16i

16i

[2] Ibam (72)

4a

4b

4c

4d

8e

8h

8j

16k

8 f ; 8g 2×8 j 16k 2×16k

8f

8i

8e

4a; 4b 8c; 8d 16 j

2×8i 8g; 8h 16k; 16l 32p

2×16o 16m; 16n 2×32p

4e

4b

4e

4c; 4d 8 f

2×4e 8i

8g; 8h

16 j

16 j

4d

4b

4c

4a

8g

8f

8e

8h

2×8g

16i

2×8h 16i 2×16i

origin 1: x, y, z 4b origin 2: x+ 41 , y– 14 , z+ 41

4a

4d

4c

8e

8g

8f

8j

16k

8h; 8i 16k

2b; 2d 4 f

2a; 2c 8o

8k

4g; 4h 4i; 4 j 16p

origin 1: x+ 21 , y, z+ 41 4c origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

4b

4c

4a

2×4c 8e

4e

4f

2a; 2b 2c; 2d 8k

4a I

4b

16k

16l 32m

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups x+ 21 , y, z+ 41

¯ [2] I 42m (121) ¯ [2] I 4c2

8h

(120) [2] I4cm (108) x, y, z+ 41

[2] I422 (97)

[2] Fmmm (69)

a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y)+ 4 , 1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , z

8i

2×8h 16i 2×16i

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P42 /ncm (138) [2] P42 /mbc (135) [2] P42 /nbc (133) [2] P42 /mcm (132) [2] P4/ncc (130) [2] P4/mbm (127) [2] P4/nbm (125) [2] P4/mcc (124)

origin 1: x, y, z 4a origin 2: x+ 41 , y– 14 , z+ 41 x+ 21 , y, z

x+ 21 , y, z

4e

origin 1: x, y, z+ 41 2a; 2b 2c; 2d 4g origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 2a; 2c 4 f

4h

2b; 2d 4e

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

8d

8f

2×8i 2×16 j

16k 2×16k

8l; 8m 2×8n 2×8o 2×16p

16g

16g

16g

16g 2×16g

2×4e 2×4 f 4g; 4h 16l

16l

8i; 8 j 2×8k 2×16l

4e; 4 f 2×4g 2×4h 8m

8i; 8 j

8k; 8l 16n

8j

2×8 j

8k; 8l 2×8m 16n 2×16n

662

4g; 4h 8i

8m

2×8m 2×16n

I 4/m 2/c 2/m

CONTINUED

Axes

Coordinates

4a

No. 140 Wyckoff positions 4d 8h 16k

4b

4c 8g

4a; 8 f [3] I4/mcm a, b, 3c x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

4b; 8g

4c; 8 f 3×8g

[p] I4/mcm a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; 4a; p –2 1×8 f +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

4b; p –2 1×8g

4c; p –2 1×8 f

I 4/m c m 8e 16i 16l

8f 16 j 32m

8e; 16l 16i; 32m 3×16l 8e; p –1×16l

3×8 f 16 j; 32m 3×32m

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic

p×8g

4d; 8g 8h; 16l 16k; 32m 4d; p –1×8g

2 8h; p –2 1×16l 16k; p–2 1×32m

p×8 f

2 16i; p –2 1×32m

16 j; p –2 1×32m

p×16l

p×32m

[9] I4/mcm 3a,3b,c

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0)

4a; 16i; 16 j

4b; 16 j; 16l

4c; 2×16k 4d; 2×8h; 16k 8e;16i;16l; 32m 8 f ; 2×32m 8g; 2×16l; 32m 3×8h; 3×16k 3×16i; 3×32m 3×16 j; 3×32m 9×16k 3×16l; 3×32m 9×32m

[p2 ] I4/mcm pa,pb,c

1 1 p x, p y, z; +( up , vp , 0)

4a; p –2 1×16i; p –1 ×16 j;

4b; p –2 1×16 j; p –1 ×16l;

2 4c; p 4–1×16k

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2 2 (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) ×32m ×32m 8 8

2 4d; (p –1)×8h; 8e; p –2 1×16i; 8 f ; p 4–1×32m (p – 1)2 p –1 4 ×16k 2 ×16l; (p – 1)2 4 ×32m

8g; (p –1)×16l; p×8h; p×16i; p×16 j; (p – 1)2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) 4 ×32m 2 ×16k 2 ×32m 2 ×32m p2 ×16k

p×16l; p(p – 1) 2

663

p2 ×32m ×32m

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 141, p. 664.

I 41/a m d Axes origin 1

I 41/a 2/m 2/d

No. 141 Coordinates origin 2

D194h

Wyckoff positions 8c 8d 16g 16h

4a

4b 16 f

x, y– 14 , z+ 81

4a

4b 2×8d

8d 16e

8d 16e

8c 2×16e

x, y– 14 , z+ 81

2a; 2c

2b; 2d 16 j

8i 8g; 8h

8i 2×8i

4e; 4 f 2×16 j

[2] I41 md (109)

x, y– 14 , z

4a

4a 16c

8b 16c

8b 2×8b

2×4a 2×16c

[2] I41 22 (98)

x, y– 14 , z+ 81

4a

4b 2×8 f

8f 8d; 8e

8f 16g

8c 2×16g

[2] I41 /a (88)

x, y+ 21 , z

4a

4b 16 f

8c 16 f

8d 16 f

8e 2×16 f

4e

4e 8 f ; 8g

4a; 4d 16 j

4b; 4c 8h; 8i

2×4e 2×16 j

8a

8b 32h

16c 16e; 16 f

16d 32h

16g 2×32h

4a; 8e

4b; 8e 16 f ; 32i

8d; 16h 16g; 32i

8c; 16h 3×16h

3×8e 3×32i

I

8e 32i

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

¯ [2] I 42d (122) ¯ [2] I 4m2 (119)

x, y+ 41 , z– 18

[2] Imma (74) [2] Fddd (70)

a+b, –a+b, c

1 2 (x+y), 1 2 (–x+y), z

1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , 1 1 2 (–x+y)+ 4 , z

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] I41 /amd a, b, 3c

x+ 21 , y, 13 z– 14 ; x+ 21 , y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] I41 /amd a, b, pc

4a(b∗ ); p–2 1×8e 4b(a∗ ); p–2 1×8e 8c(d † ); p–2 1×16h 8d(c† ); p–2 1×16h p×8e 16 f ; p –2 1×32i 16g; p –2 1×32i p×16h p×32i

[p] I41 /amd a, b, pc

4a(b‡ ); p–2 1×8e 4b(a‡ ); p–2 1×8e 8c(d § ); p–2 1×16h 8d(c§ ); p–2 1×16h p×8e 16 f ; p –2 1×32i 16g; p –2 1×32i p×16h p×32i

x, y, 1p z; x, y, 1p z; u +(0, 0, p ) +(0, 0, up ) p = prime; = 4n+1 u = 0, . . . , p−1 x+ 21 , y, 1p z– 14 ; x, y+ 21 , 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 4n−1; u = 0, . . . , p−1

[9] I41 /amd 3a, 3b, c

[p2 ] I41 /amd pa, pb, c

1 1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, z; 3 x, 3 y+ 2 ,z;
  ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 p x, p y, z; +( up , vp , 0)

1 1 p x, p y+s, z; +( up , vp , 0)

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 s = 0 if p = 4n+1; s = 12 if p = 4n−1

4a; 16g; 16h

4b; 16g; 16h

8c;16 f ;16h; 32i 8d;16 f ;16h; 32i 8e; 2×16h; 32i

3×16 f ; 3×32i 3×16g; 3×32i

3×16h; 3×32i

9×32i

4a; p –2 1×16g; 4b; p –2 1×16g; 8c; p –2 1×16 f ; 8d; p –2 1×16 f ; 8e; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 (p –1)×16h; 2 ×16h; 2 ×16h; 2 ×16h; 2 ×16h; (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 ×32i ×32i 8 8 4 ×32i 4 ×32i 4 ×32i p×16 f ; p(p – 1) 2 ∗

p×16g; ×32i

origin 2 and p = 8n −3 ‡ origin 2 and p = 8n +3

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

664

p(p – 1) 2

×32i

p(p – 1) 2

origin 1 and p = 8n −3 § origin 1 and p = 8n +3 †

p2 ×32i

p×16h;

×32i

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 142, p. 665.

I 41/a 2/c 2/d

D204h Axes

origin 1 I

Coordinates origin 2

I 41/a c d

No. 142

8a

Wyckoff positions 16c 16 f

8b 16e

16d 32g

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

¯ (122) [2] I 42d x, y+ 21 , z+ 41 (or: b, –a, c y, –x, z ¯ (120) [2] I 4c2

x, y+ 41 , z+ 83 4a; 4b y– 14 , –x, z+ 81 )

8c 2×8d

16e 16e

2×8c 2×16e

x, y– 14 , z+ 81

4b; 4c

4a; 4d 16i

16i 8e; 8h

8 f ; 8g 2×16i

[2] I41 cd (110)

x, y– 14 , z+ 81

8a

8a 16b

16b 16b

2×8a 2×16b

x, y– 14 , z+ 83

8c

4a; 4b 2×8 f

16g 8d; 8e

2×8c 2×16g

x, y+ 21 , z

4a; 4b

8e 16 f

8c; 8d 16 f

2×8e 2×16 f

8e

8e 8c; 8d

8a; 8b 16 f

2×8e 2×16 f

16g

8a; 8b 32h

16c; 16d 16e; 16 f

2×16g 2×32h

x, y, z+ 41

[2] I41 22 (98) [2] I41 /a (88) [2] Ibca (73)

x, y+ 41 , z– 18

[2] Fddd (70) a+b, –a+b, c

1 1 2 (x+y)+ 4 , 1 1 2 (–x+y)+ 4 , z

1 2 (x+y), 1 2 (–x+y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] I41 /acd

a, b, 3c

x+ 21 , y, 13 z+ 41 ; x+ 21 , y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] I41 /acd

a, b, pc

x+s, y, 1p z+ 21 s; x+s, y, 1p z;

+(0, 0, up ) +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 0, . . . , p –1 s = 0 if p = 4n+1; s = 12 if p = 4n−1 [9] I41 /acd

[p2 ] I41 /acd

3a, 3b, c

pa,pb,c

1 1 1 3 x, 3 y+ 2 , z;

1 1 3 x, 3 y, z;




  ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 23 , 0)

1 1 p x, p y, z; +( up , vp , 0)

1 1 p x, p y+s, z; +( up , vp , 0)

8a; 16d

8b; 16d 16e; 32g p –1 8a; 2 ×16d 8b; p –2 1×16d 16e; p –1×32g 2

8a; 2×32g

1 2

2

8b; 2×16 f ; 32g 16c; 4×32g 3×16e; 3×32g

16d; 4×32g

3×16 f ; 3×32g 9×32g

2 2 2 8a; p 4–1×32g 8b; (p –1)×16 f ; 16c; p 2–1×32g 16d; p 2–1×32g (p – 1)2 4 ×32g

p = prime > 2; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 s = 0 if p = 4n+1; s=

16c; 32g 3×16d 16 f ; 32g 3×32g p –1 16c; 2 ×32g p×16d 16 f ; p –1×32g p×32g

p×16e; p(p – 1) 2 ×32g

if p = 4n−1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

665

p×16 f ; p(p – 1) 2

p2 ×32g ×32g

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 143, p. 666.

P3 Axes I

C31

No. 143 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 1c

1a

1b

3d

1a

1a

1a

3×1a

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3a

3a

3a

3×3a

1 3)

3a

3a

3a

3×3a

3×3a

9b

9b

3×9b

±(0, 0, 13 )

9b

3×3a

9b

3×9b

±(0, 0, 13 )

9b

9b

3×3a

3×9b

3×3a

9b

9b

3×9b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[3] P1 (1) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [3] P32 (145) a, b, 3c [3] P31 (144) a, b, 3c

x, y,

[3] R3 (146) a−b, a+2b, 3c (hexagonal axes)

1 1 1 3 (2x–y), 3 (x+y), 3 z;

[3] R3 (146) a−b, a+2b, 3c (hexagonal axes)

1 1 1 1 3 (2x–y), 3 (x+y)– 3 , 3 z;

[3] R3 (146) a−b, a+2b, 3c (hexagonal axes)

1 1 1 1 3 (2x–y), 3 (x+y)+ 3 , 3 z;

[3] R3 (146) 2a+b, –a+b, 3c (hexagonal axes)

1 1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), 3 z;

[3] R3 (146) 2a+b, –a+b, 3c (hexagonal axes)

1 1 1 1 3 (x+y)+ 3 , 3 (–x+2y), 3 z;

±(0, 0, 13 ) 9b

3×3a

9b

3×9b

[3] R3 (146) 2a+b, –a+b, 3c (hexagonal axes)

1 1 1 1 3 (x+y)– 3 , 3 (–x+2y), 3 z;

±(0, 0, 13 ) 9b

9b

3×3a

3×9b

2×1a

2×1b

2×1c

2×3d

3×1a

3×1b

3×1c

3×3d

p×1a

p×1b

p×1c

p×1d

1 1 1 2 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 3 (x+y)+ 3 , 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 3 (x+y)– 3 , 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 3 7 (2x+y), 7 (–x+3y), z; ±( 7 , 7 , 0); 3 2 5 1 ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 7 , 7 , 0) 1 1 2 3 7 (x+2y), 7 (–2x+3y), z; ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 17 , 0); ±( 71 , 57 , 0) 1 1 p ((q–r)x+ry), p (–rx+qy), z; uq +( urp , p , 0) 2

1a; 1b; 1c

3d

3d

3×3d

3d

1a; 1b; 1c

3d

3×3d

3d

3d

1a; 1b; 1c

3×3d

1a; 2×3d

1b; 2×3d

1c; 2×3d

7×3d

1a; 2×3d

1c; 2×3d

1b; 2×3d

7×3d

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 1 +( 2 , 2 , 0)

1a; 3d

1 3 z;

±(0, 0,

±(0, 0, 13 )

±(0, 0, 13 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P3

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) x, y,

1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

[3] P3

a, b, 3c

[p] P3

a, b, pc x, y, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] P3

2a+b, –a+b, c

[3] P3

2a+b, –a+b, c

[3] P3

2a+b, –a+b, c

[7] P3

3a+b, –a+2b, c

[7] P3

3a+2b, –2a+b, c

[p] P3

qa+rb, –ra+(q–r)b, c p = prime = q2 −qr+r = 6n +1; q, r = 1, 2, . . . ; q > r; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[4] P3

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P3

1 1 u v pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime = 3n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

+(0, 12 , 0);

1a; p –3 1×3d 1b(c∗ ); p –3 1×3d 1c(b∗ ); p –3 1×3d p×3d

1c; 3d

2 2 1a; p 3–1×3d 1c; p 3–1×3d

∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

666

1b; 3d

4×3d

2 1b; p 3–1×3d

p2 ×3d

q+r = 3n −1

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 144, p. 667.

P 31

No. 144 Axes

I

C32

C33

Coordinates

Wyckoff Positions 3a

No. 145 Axes

Coordinates

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

P32

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[3] P1 (1)

3×1a

[3] P1 (1)

2×3a

[2] P31 (144)

a, b, 2c

p×3a

[p] P31 (144)

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 3n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

7×3a

[7] P32

a, b, 7c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P32 (145)

a, b, 2c

[p] P32 (145)

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 3n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[7] P31

a, b, 7c

[p] P31

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×3a

[p] P32

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] P31

2a+b, –a+b, c

1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 2a+b, –a+b, c 13 (x+y)+ 31 , 13 (–x+2y), z; ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 2a+b, –a+b, c 13 (x+y)− 31 , 13 (–x+2y), z; ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 3a+b, 7 (2x+y), 7 (–x+3y), z; 1 3 –a+2b, c ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 27 , 0); ±( 75 , 1 1 3a+2b, 7 (x+2y), 7 (–2x+3y), z; –2a+b, c ±( 72 , 37 , 0); ±( 73 , 17 , 0); ±( 71 , 1 qa+rb, p ((q–r)x+ry), –ra+(q–r)b, c 1p (–rx+qy), z; +( urp , uqp , 0) 2– 2

3×3a

[3] P32

2a+b, –a+b, c

3×3a

[3] P32

3×3a

[3] P32

7×3a

[7] P32

[3] P31 [3] P31 [7] P31 [7] P31 [p] P31

x, y, 17 z; ±(0, 0, 17 ); ±(0, 0, 27 ); ±(0, 0, 37 )

1 7 , 0)

7×3a 5 7 , 0)

p×3a

[7] P32 [p] P32

p = prime = q qr + r = 6n +1; q, r = 1, 2, . . . ; q > r; u = 1, . . . , p −1

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

[4] P31

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P31

pa, pb, c p = prime = 3n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

x, y, 17 z; ±(0, 0, 17 ); ±(0, 0, 27 ); ±(0, 0, 37 )

1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 2a+b, –a+b, c 13 (x+y)+ 31 , 13 (–x+2y), z; ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 2a+b, –a+b, c 13 (x+y)− 31 , 13 (–x+2y), z; ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 3a+b, 7 (2x+y), 7 (–x+3y), z; 1 3 –a+2b, c ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 27 , 0); ±( 75 , 1 1 3a+2b, 7 (x+2y), 7 (–2x+3y), z; –2a+b, c ±( 72 , 37 , 0); ±( 73 , 17 , 0); ±( 71 , 1 qa+rb, p ((q–r)x+ry), –ra+(q–r)b, c 1p (–rx+qy), z; +( urp , uqp , 0) 2– 2

p = prime = q qr + r = 6n +1; q, r = 1, 2, . . . ; q > r; u = 1, . . . , p −1

4×3a

[4] P32

p2 ×3a [p2 ] P32

667

2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

pa, pb, c p = prime = 3n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 7 , 0) 5 7 , 0)

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 146, p. 668.

R3

C34

No. 146

HEXAGONAL AXES

Axes

Coordinates 3a

I

Wyckoff positions 9b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[3] P1 (1)

1 1 3 (2a+b+c), 3 (–a+b+c), 1 3 (–a–2b+c)

rhombohedral axes:

x+z, –x+y+z, –y+z

1a

3×1a

a, b, c x, y, z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [3] P32 (145)

x– 13 , y, z

3a

3×3a

[3] P31 (144)

x+ 31 , y, z

3a

3×3a

1a; 1b; 1c

3×3d

2×3a

2×9b

p×3a

p×9b

p×3a

p×9b

3a; 2×9b

7×9b

3a; 2×9b

7×9b

[3] P3 (143) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic –a, –b, 2c [2] R3

–x, –y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 p z;

+(0, 0,

[p] R3

–a, –b, pc –x, –y, p = prime = 3n−1; u = 1, . . . , p−1

[p] R3

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p−1

[7] R3

3a+b, –a+2b, c

[7] R3

a+3b, –3a–2b, c

[p] R3

qa+rb, –ra+(q–r)b, c

u p)

1 1 7 (2x+y), 7 (–x+3y), z; ±( 71 , 37 , 0); ±( 75 , 17 , 0); ±( 73 , 27 , 0) 1 1 7 (–2x+3y), 7 (–3x+y), z; 3 1 1 5 ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 72 , 37 , 0) 1 1 p ((q–r)x+ry), p (–rx+qy), z; ur uq +( p , p , 0)

3a; 13 (p –1)×9b p×9b

p = q2 −qr+r2 = prime = 6n+1; q, r = 1, 2, . . . ; q
= r; q+r = 3n +1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

– 12 x, – 12 y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

[4] R3

–2a, –2b, c

[p2 ] R3

– pa, – pb, c – 1p x, – 1p y, z; +( up , vp , 0) p = prime = 3n−1; u, v = 1, . . . , p−1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

668

3a; 9b

4×9b

3a; 13 (p2 –1)×9b p2 ×9b

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 147, p. 669.

C3i1 Axes I

P 3¯

No. 147 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2d 3e

1a

1b

2c

3f

6g

1a

1a

2×1a

1b; 1c

3d

3d

2×3d

1a

1b

2i

2i

1c; 1d; 1e 1 f ; 1g; 1h 3×2i

3a; 6c

3b; 6c

3×6c

18 f

9e; 18 f

9d; 18 f

3×18 f

3a; 6c

3b; 6c

3×6c

18 f

9e; 18 f

9d; 18 f

3×18 f

1a; 1b

2c

2×2c

2×2d

3e; 3 f

6g

2×6g

2c

1a; 1b

2×2c

2×2d

6g

3e; 3 f

2×6g

1a; 2c

1b; 2c

3×2c

3×2d

3e; 6g

3 f ; 6g

3×6g

1a; 1b; p×2c p –1 p –1 ×2c ×2c 2 2

p×2d

3e; 3f; p×6g p –1 p –1 ×6g ×6g 2 2

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P3 (143) [3] P1¯ (2) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 (2x–y), 1 (x+y), 1 z; [3] R3¯ a–b, a+2b, 3c 3

(148) [3] R3¯ (148)

3 1 3)

3

(hexagonal axes)

±(0, 0,

2a+b, –a+b, 3c (hexagonal axes)

1 1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), 3 z; 1 ±(0, 0, 3 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P3¯ a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, 1 )

2 2 1 1 z+ ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 2 4 1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

[2] P3¯ [3] P3¯

a, b, 2c

x, y,

a, b, 3c

x, y,

[p] P3¯

a, b, pc x, y, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] P3¯

2a+b, –a+b, c

[7] P3¯

3a+b, –a+2b, c

[7] P3¯

3a+2b, –2a+b, c

[p] P3¯

qa+rb, –ra+(q−r)b, c p = prime = q2 −qr+r = 6n +1; q, r = 1, 2, . . . ; q > r; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[4] P3¯

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P3¯

pa, pb, c

1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 7 (2x+y), 7 (–x+3y), z; 1 3 ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 27 , 0); ±( 75 , 17 , 0) 1 1 7 (x+2y), 7 (–2x+3y), z; 2 3 ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 17 , 0); ±( 71 , 57 , 0) 1 p ((q–r)x+ry), 1 ur uq p (–rx+qy), z; +( p , p , 0) 2

1a; 2d

1b; 2d

2c; 2×2d 6g

1a; 6g

1b; 6g

2c; 2×6g 2d; 2×6g 3e; 3×6g 3 f ; 3×6g 7×6g

1a; 6g

1b; 6g

2c; 2×6g 2d; 2×6g 3e; 3×6g 3 f ; 3×6g 7×6g

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

1a; 3e

p = prime = 6n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

3e; 6g

3 f ; 6g

3×6g

1a; 1b; 2c; 2d; 3e; 3f; p×6g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×6g ×6g ×6g ×6g ×6g ×6g 6 6 3 3 2 2

1b; 3 f

2c; 6g

2d; 6g

2×6g

2×6g

4×6g

1a; 1b; 2c; 2d; 3e; 3f; p2 ×6g 2– 2– 2– 2– 2– 2– p 1 p 1 p 1 p 1 p 1 p 1 6 ×6g 6 ×6g 3 ×6g 3 ×6g 2 ×6g 2 ×6g

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

669

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 148, p. 670.

R 3¯

C3i2

No. 148

HEXAGONAL AXES

Axes

3a

3b

Wyckoff positions 6c 9d

3a

3a

2×3a

9b

9b

2×9b

1a

1h

2i

1b; 1c; 1d

1e; 1 f ; 1g

3×2i

1a; 2d

1b; 2d

2c; 2×2d

3 f ; 6g

3e; 6g

3×6g

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic –x, –y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) [2] R3¯ –a, –b, 2c –x, –y, 1 z+ 1 ; +(0, 0, 1 ) [2] R3¯ –a, –b, 2c

3a; 3b

6c

2×6c

18 f

9d; 9e

2×18 f

6c 3a; p –2 1×6c

3a; 3b 3b; p –1×6c

2×6c

[p] R3¯

p×6c

9d; 9e 18 f 2×18 f p –1 p –1 9d; 2 ×18 f 9e; 2 ×18 f p×18 f

3b; 18 f

6c; 2×18 f

9d; 3×18 f

I

Coordinates

9e

18 f

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] R3 (146) 1 [3] P1¯ (2a+b+c), (2)

3 1 3 (–a+b+c), 1 3 (–a–2b+c)

rhombo. axes: a, b, c

x+z, –x+y+z, –y+z

x, y, z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [3] P3¯ (147)

2 4 2 1 u z; +(0, 0, ) p p

–a, –b, pc –x, –y, p = prime = 6n−1; u = 1, . . . , p−1

2

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p−1 [7] R3¯

1 1 3a+b, 3a; 18 f 7 (2x+y), 7 (–x+3y), z; –a+2b, c ±( 71 , 37 , 0); ±( 75 , 17 , 0); ±( 73 , 27 , 0)

[7] R3¯

1 1 a+3b, 3a; 18 f 3b; 18 f 6c; 2×18 f 9d; 3×18 f 9e; 3×18 f 7×18 f 7 (–2x+3y), 7 (–3x+y), z; –3a–2b, c ±( 71 , 57 , 0); ±( 72 , 37 , 0); ±( 73 , 17 , 0) 1 qa+rb, 3a; p –6 1×18 f 3b; p –6 1×18 f 6c; p –3 1×18 f 9d; p –2 1×18 f 9e; p –2 1×18 f p×18 f p ((q–r)x+ry), –ra+(q–r)b, c 1p (–rx+qy), z; +( urp , uqp ,0) p = q2 −qr+r2 = prime = 6n+1; q, r = 1, 2, . . . ; q
= r; q+r = 3n +1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] R3¯

– 12 x, – 12 y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

[4] R3¯

–2a, –2b, c

[p2 ] R3¯

– pa, – pb, c – 1p x, – 1p y, z; +( up , vp , 0) p = prime = 6n−1; u, v = 1, . . . , p−1

P312

3b; 9d

6c; 18 f

2×18 f

[p] P312 a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) 1a; p –2 1×2g p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 2a, 2b, c 12 x, 12 y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

1a; 3 j

2×18 f

CONTINUED (from

Coordinates 1a

7×18 f

4×18 f

2 2 2 2 2 3a; p 6–1×18 f 3b; p 6–1×18 f 6c; p 3–1×18 f 9d; p 2–1×18 f 9e; p 2–1×18 f p2×18 f

No. 149 Axes

[4] P312

3a; 9e

9e; 3×18 f

1b

Wyckoff positions 1d 1e 2i 3j 1c; p –2 1×2h 1d; p –2 1×2h 1e; p –2 1×2i p×2h p×2i 3 j; p –1×6l 1c 2h

1b; p –2 1×2g

2

1b; 3k

1e; 3 j 2i; 6l

1 f ; 3k 2h; 6l

1c; 3 j 2×3 j; 6l

next page)

1f 3k

2g 6l

1 f ; p –2 1×2i 3k; p –2 1×6l

p×2g p×6l

1d; 3k 2×3k; 6l

2g; 6l 4×6l 2 2g; p –1×6l

[p2 ] P312 pa, pb, c 1p x, 1p y, z; +( up , vp ,0) 1a; 1b; 1c(e∗ ); 1d( f ∗ ); 1e(c∗ ); 1 f (d ∗ ); (p –1)×3 j; (p –1)×3k; (p –1)×3 j; (p –1)×3k; (p –1)×3 j; (p –1)×3k; p = prime > 4; – –2) – –2) – –2) – –2) – –2) (p – 1)(p – 2) ×6l (p 1)(p ×6l (p 1)(p ×6l (p 1)(p ×6l (p 1)(p ×6l (p 1)(p ×6l u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 6 6 6 6 6 6

3

2h(i∗ ); 2i(h∗ ); p×3 j; p×3k; p2 ×6l p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p2 – 1 p2 – 1 3 ×6l 3 ×6l 2 ×6l 2 ×6l ∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

670

p = 6n −1

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 149, pp. 670–671.

D13

P312

No. 149 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 1f 2g

1a

1b

1c

1d

1e

[2] P3 (143)

1a

1a

1b

1b

1c

1c

[3] C121 a, a+2b, c x– 12 y, 12 y, z (5) conjugate: b, –2a–b, c – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z

2a

2b

2a

2b

2a

9e

I

2h

2i 3k

3j 6l

2×1a

2×1b

2×1c 3d

3d 2×3d

2b

4c

4c

4c 2b; 4c

2a; 4c 3×4c

9d

9e

3×6c

18 f

18 f 9e; 18 f

9d; 18 f 3×18 f

9e

18 f

3×6c

18 f 9e; 18 f

9d; 18 f 3×18 f

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [3] R32 (155)

1 1 1 a−b, 3 (2x–y), 3 (x+y), 3 z; 1 a+2b, 3c ±(0, 0, 3 ) (hexagonal axes)

3a; 6c 3b; 6c 9d

[3] R32 (155)

1 1 1 1 a−b, 3 (2x–y)– 3 , 3 (x+y), 3 z; 1 a+2b, 3c ±(0, 0, 3 ) (hexagonal axes)

9d

9e

3a; 6c 3b; 6c 9d

[3] R32 (155)

1 1 1 1 a−b, 3 (2x–y)+ 3 , 3 (x+y), 3 z; a+2b, 3c ±(0, 0, 13 ) (hexagonal axes)

9d

9e

9d

9e

3a; 6c 3b; 6c 18 f

18 f

3×6c 9e; 18 f

9d; 18 f 3×18 f

[3] R32 (155)

1 1 1 2a+b, 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), 3 z; 1 –a+b, 3c ±(0, 0, 3 ) (hexagonal axes)

3a; 6c 3b; 6c 9d

9e

9d

18 f

18 f 9e; 18 f

9d; 18 f 3×18 f

[3] R32 (155)

1 1 1 1 2a+b, 3 (x+y)– 3 , 3 (–x+2y), 3 z; 9d 1 –a+b, 3c ±(0, 0, 3 ) (hexagonal axes)

9e

9d

9e

3a; 6c 3b; 6c 18 f

18 f

3×6c 9e; 18 f

9d; 18 f 3×18 f

[3] R32 (155)

1 1 1 1 2a+b, 3 (x+y)+ 3 , 3 (–x+2y), 3 z; 9d 1 –a+b, 3c ±(0, 0, 3 ) (hexagonal axes)

9e

3a; 6c 3b; 6c 9d

9e

18 f

3×6c

18 f 9e; 18 f

9d; 18 f 3×18 f

9e

3×6c

[3] P32 12 a, b, 3c (153)

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3a

3b

3a

3b

3a

3b

6c

6c

6c 3b; 6c

3a; 6c 3×6c

[3] P31 12 a, b, 3c (151)

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3a

3b

3a

3b

3a

3b

6c

6c

6c 3b; 6c

3a; 6c 3×6c

[3] P321 2a+b, (150) –a+b, c

1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 3 (x+y)– 3 , 3 (–x+2y), z; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 3 (x+y)+ 3 , 3 (–x+2y), z; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0)

1a; 2d 1b; 2d 3e

3f

3e

3f

2c; 2×2d 6g

6g 3 f ; 6g

3e; 6g 3×6g

3e

3f

3e

3f

1a; 2d 1b; 2d 6g

3e

3f

1a; 2d 1b; 2d 3e

[3] P321 2a+b, (150) –a+b, c [3] P321 2a+b, (150) –a+b, c

3f

6g

2c; 2×2d 3e; 6g 3 f ; 6g 3×6g

6g

2c; 2×2d 6g 3 f ; 6g

3e; 6g 3×6g

2×2g

2×2h

2×2i 6l

3 j; 3k 2×6l

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P312 a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

1a; 1b 2g

[2] P312 a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2g

1e; 1 f 2×2g

2×2h

2×2i 3 j; 3k

6l 2×6l

[3] P312 a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

1a; 2g 1b; 2g 1c; 2h 1d; 2h 1e; 2i 1 f ; 2i 3×2g

3×2h

3×2i 3k; 6l

3 j; 6l 3×6l

1c; 1d 2h

1a; 1b 2h

Continued on preceding page

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

671

1e; 1 f 2i

1c; 1d 2i

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 150, p. 672.

P321 Axes

Coordinates 1a

I

D23

No. 150 Wyckoff positions 2c 2d

1b

3e

3f

6g

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P3 (143) [3] C121 (5)

2a+b, b, c

1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z;

conjugate: a−b, a+b, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z;

conjugate: a+2b, –a, c

1 1 2 y, −x+ 2 y, z;

1a

1a

2×1a

1b; 1c

3d

3d

2×3d

2a

2b

4c

4c

2a; 4c

2b; 4c

3×4c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [3] P32 21 a, b, 3c (154)

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3a

3b

6c

6c

3a; 6c

3b; 6c

3×6c

[3] P31 21 a, b, 3c (152)

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3a

3b

6c

6c

3a; 6c

3b; 6c

3×6c

1b; 1d; 1 f

2g; 2h; 2i

6l

3×3 j

3×3k

3×6l

1a; 1b

2c

2×2c

2×2d

3e; 3 f

6g

2×6g

2c

1a; 1b

2×2c

2×2d

6g

3e; 3 f

2×6g

1a; 2c 1a; p –1×2c

1b; 2c 1b; p –1×2c

3×2c

3×2d

2

p×2c

p×2d

3e; 6g 3 f ; 6g 3×6g p –1 p –1 3e; 2 ×6g 3 f ; 2 ×6g p×6g

1a; 3e

1b; 3 f

2c; 6g

2d; 6g

2×3e; 6g

1 1 [3] P312 2a+b, 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y),z; 1a; 1c; 1e 2 1 (149) –a+b, c ±( 3 , 3 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P321

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

[2] P321

a, b, 2c

x, y,

[3] P321

a, b, 3c

x, y,

[p] P321

a, b, pc x, y, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[4] P321

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P321

pa, pb, c p = prime
= 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

2

2×3 f ; 6g

4×6g

2 2 1a; (p–1)×3e; 1b; (p –1)×3 f ; 2c; p 3–1×6g 2d; p 3–1×6g p×3e; p×3f ; p2×6g (p – 1)(p – 2) (p – 1)(p – 2) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) ×6g ×6g 6 6 2 ×6g 2 ×6g

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

672

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 151, p. 673.

D33 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 3b

3a I

P 31 1 2

No. 151 6c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P31 (144) [3] C121 (5)

a, a+2b, c

conjugate: b, –2a−b, c conjugate: –a−b, a−b, c

x– 12 y, 12 y, z+ 31 – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z 1 1 1 2 (–x–y), 2 (x–y), z– 3

3a

3a

2×3a

2a; 4c

2b; 4c

3×4c

3a; 6c

3b; 6c

3×6c

3a; 6c

3b; 6c

3×6c

3a; 6c

3b; 6c

3×6c

3a; 3b

6c

2×6c

6c

3a; 3b

2×6c

3a; 2×6c 3a; p –1×6c

5×6c

2

3b; 2×6c 3b; p –1×6c

3a; 3×6c 3a; p –1×6c

3b; 3×6c 3b; p –1×6c

7×6c

2×3b; 6c

4×6c

– p×3b; p(p2 1)×6c

p2×6c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [3] P31 21 (152) a−b, a+2b, c [3] P31 21 (152) a−b, a+2b, c [3] P31 21 (152) a−b, a+2b, c

1 1 2 1 3 (2x–y), 3 (x+y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 2 1 3 (2x–y)– 3 , 3 (x+y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 2 1 3 (2x–y)+ 3 , 3 (x+y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P32 12 (153) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P32 12 (153) a, b, 2c

x, y,

[5] P32 12 (153) a, b, 5c

x, y,

1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 2 5 z; ±(0, 0, 5 ); ±(0, 0, 5 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

[p] P32 12 (153) a, b, pc x, y, p = prime = 6n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

x, y, 17 z; ±(0, 0, 17 ); ±(0, 0, 27 ); ±(0, 0, 37 )

[7] P31 12

a, b, 7c

[p] P31 12

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[4] P31 12

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P31 12

1 1 2 x, 2 y, z;

2

+( 21 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 2×3a; 6c – p×3a; p(p2 1)×6c

1 1 u v pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime
= 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

673

2

2

p×6c

p×6c

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 152, p. 674.

P 31 2 1 Axes

D43

No. 152 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 3b

3a I

6c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P31 (144) [3] C121 (5)

a−b, a+b, c

conjugate: 2a+b, b, c conjugate: a+2b, –a, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z 1 1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z+ 3 1 1 1 2 y, −x+ 2 y, z– 3

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [3] P31 12 (151) 2a+b, –a+b, c 13 (x+y), 13 (–x+2y), z; ±( 32 , 13 , 0)

3a

3a

2×3a

2a; 4c

2b; 4c

3×4c

3×3a

3×3b

3×6c

3a; 3b

6c

2×6c

6c

3a; 3b

2×6c

3a; 2×6c 3a; p –1×6c

5×6c

2

3b; 2×6c 3b; p –1×6c

3a; 3×6c 3a; p –1×6c

3b; 3×6c 3b; p –1×6c

7×6c

2×3b; 6c

4×6c

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P32 21 (154) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P32 21 (154) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[5] P32 21 (154) a, b, 5c

x, y,

1 1 5 z; ±(0, 0, 5 ); 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

±(0, 0,

2 5)

[p] P32 21 (154) a, b, pc x, y, p = prime = 6n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1 x, y, 17 z; ±(0, 0, 17 ); ±(0, 0, 27 ); ±(0, 0, 37 )

[7] P31 21

a, b, 7c

[p] P31 21

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[4] P31 21

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ]P31 21

1 1 u v pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime
= 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

1 1 2 x, 2 y, z;

u p)

2

+( 21 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 2×3a; 6c

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2

2

p×6c

p×6c

– – p×3a; p(p2 1)×6c p×3b; p(p2 1)×6c p2×6c

674

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 153, p. 675.

D53 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 3b

3a I

P 32 1 2

No. 153 6c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P32 (145) [3] C121 (5)

a, a+2b, c

x– 12 y, 12 y, z– 13

3a

3a

2×3a

2a; 4c

2b; 4c

3×4c

3a; 6c

3b; 6c

3×6c

3a; 6c

3b; 6c

3×6c

3a; 6c

3b; 6c

3×6c

3a; 3b

6c

2×6c

6c

3a; 3b

2×6c

3a; 2×6c 3a; p –1×6c

5×6c

2

3b; 2×6c 3b; p –1×6c

3a; 3×6c 3a; p –1×6c

3b; 3×6c 3b; p –1×6c

7×6c

2×3b; 6c

4×6c

– p×3b; p(p2 1)×6c

p2×6c

– 12 x+y, – 12 x, z conjugate: b, –2a–b, c conjugate: –a–b, a−b, c 12 (–x–y), 12 (x–y), z+ 31 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [3] P32 21 (154) a−b, a+2b, c [3] P32 21 (154) a−b, a+2b, c [3] P32 21 (154) a−b, a+2b, c

1 1 1 2 3 (2x–y), 3 (x+y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 3 (2x–y)– 3 , 3 (x+y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 3 (2x–y)+ 3 , 3 (x+y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P31 12 (151) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P31 12 (151) a, b, 2c

x, y,

[5] P31 12 (151) a, b, 5c

x, y,

1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 2 5 z; ±(0, 0, 5 ); ±(0, 0, 5 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

[p] P31 12 (151) a, b, pc x, y, p = prime = 6n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

x, y, 17 z; ±(0, 0, 17 ); ±(0, 0, 27 ); ±(0, 0, 37 )

[7] P32 12

a, b, 7c

[p] P32 12

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[4] P32 12

2a, 2b, c

[p ]P32 12 2

1 p z;

1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; 1 1 p x, p y, z;

u p)

2

+( 21 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 2×3a; 6c – p×3a; p(p2 1)×6c

+( up , vp , 0)

pa, pb, c p = prime
= 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

675

2

2

p×6c

p×6c

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 154, p. 676.

P 32 2 1 Axes

D63

No. 154 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 3b

3a I

6c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P32 (145) [3] C121 (5)

a−b, a+b, c

conjugate: 2a+b, b, c conjugate: a+2b, –a, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z 1 1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z– 3 1 1 –x+ 2 y, z+ 31 2 y,

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [3] P32 12 (153) 2a+b, –a+b, c 13 (x+y), 13 (–x+2y), z; ±( 32 , 13 , 0)

3a

3a

2×3a

2a; 4c

2b; 4c

3×4c

3×3a

3×3b

3×6c

3a; 3b

6c

2×6c

6c

3a; 3b

2×6c

3a; 2×6c 3a; p –1×6c

5×6c

2

3b; 2×6c 3b; p –1×6c

3a; 3×6c 3a; p –1×6c

3b; 3×6c 3b; p –1×6c

7×6c

2×3b; 6c

4×6c

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P31 21 (152) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P31 21 (152) a, b, 2c

x, y,

[5] P31 21 (152) a, b, 5c

x, y,

1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 2 5 z; ±(0, 0, 5 ); ±(0, 0, 5 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

[p] P31 21 (152) a, b, pc x, y, p = prime = 6n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

x, y, 17 z; ±(0, 0, 17 ); ±(0, 0, 27 ); ±(0, 0, 37 )

[7] P32 21

a, b, 7c

[p] P32 21

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[4] P32 21

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P32 21

1 1 2 x, 2 y, z;

2

+( 21 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 2×3a; 6c

1 1 u v pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime
= 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

p×3a;

676

p(p – 1) 2

2

2

×6c p×3b;

p(p – 1) 2

p×6c

p×6c

×6c p2 ×6c

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 155, p. 677.

D73

R32

No. 155

HEXAGONAL AXES

Axes I

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 6c 9d

3a

3b

9e

18 f

3a

3a

2×3a

9b

9b

2×9b

2a

2b

4c

2a; 4c

2b; 4c

3×4c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] R3 (146) [3] C121 (5) conjugate: conjugate: alternative: or

1 3 (2a+b–2c), b, 1 3 (2a+b+c) 1 3 (–a+b–2c), –a–b, 13 (–a+b+c) 1 3 (–a–2b–2c), a, 1 3 (–a–2b+c) 1 3 (2a+b–2c), b, c 1 3 (–a+b–2c),

–a–b, c or

1 3 (–a–2b–2c),

alternative: 2a+b, –b, – 13 (2a+b+c) or –a+b, a+b, 1 3 (a–b–c) or –a–2b, –a, 1 3 (a+2b–c)

1 –1 2 x–z, 2 x+y, x+z

– 12 x+ 21 y–z, – 12 (x+y), –x+y+z – 12 y–z, x– 12 y, –y+z 3 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, x+z 3 –1 2 (–x+y), 2 (x+y),

–x+y+z a, c – 32 y, x– 12 y, –y+z 1 1 –3z 2 x–z, 2 x–y, 1 1 –3z 2 (–x+y)–z, 2 (x+y),

– 12 y–z, –x+ 21 y, –3z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [3] P32 21 (154)

x+ 31 , y+ 31 , z 3 conjugate subgroups

3a

3b

6c

3a; 6c

3b; 6c

3×6c

[3] P31 21 (152)

x– 13 , y– 13 , z 3 conjugate subgroups

3a

3b

6c

3a; 6c

3b; 6c

3×6c

[3] P321 (150)

3 conjugate subgroups

1a; 2d

1b; 2d

2c; 2×2d 3e; 6g

3 f ; 6g

3×6g

3a; 3b

6c

2×6c

9d; 9e

18 f

2×18 f

6c

3a; 3b

2×6c

18 f

9d; 9e

2×18 f

3a; 2×6c

3b; 2×6c

5×6c

9d; 2×18 f 9e; 2×18 f 5×18 f

3a; p –2 1×6c

3b; p –2 1×6c

p×6c

9d; p –2 1× 9e; p –2 1× p×18 f 18 f 18 f

3b; 9e

6c; 18 f

2×9d; 18 f 2×9e; 18 f 4×18 f

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic –a, –b, 2c –x, –y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) [2] R32 [2] R32

–a, –b, 2c

[5] R32

–a, –b, 5c

[p] R32

–a, –b, pc

–x, –y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) –x, –y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ) ±(0, 0, 25 ) –x, –y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up )

p = prime = 6n−1; u = 1, . . . , p –1 a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p –1 [4] R32

–2a, –2b, c

– 12 x, – 12 y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

3a; 9d

[p2 ] R32

– pa, – pb, c

– 1p x, – 1p y, z; +( up , vp , 0)

3a; (p –1)×9d; 3b; (p –1)×9e; 6c; p×9d; p×9e; p2 ×18 f (p – 1)(p – 2) (p – 1)(p – 2) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p2 – 1 × × 3 ×18 f 6 6 2 × 2 × 18 f 18 f 18 f 18 f

p = prime = 6n−1; u, v = 1, . . . , p –1 1 1 u v pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime = 6n+1; u, v = 1, . . . , p –1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

677

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 156, p. 678.

P3m1 Axes I

C3v1

No. 156 Coordinates 1a

1b

Wyckoff positions 1c

3d

6e

1a

1b

1c

3d

2×3d

2a

2a

2a

2a; 4b

3×4b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P3 (143) [3] C1m1 (8) 2a+b, b, c conjugate: a−b, a+b, c conjugate: a+2b, –a, c

1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z 1 1 2 y, −x+ 2 y, z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a

2b

2c

6d

2×6d

[3] P31m (157)

2a+b, –a+b, c

1a; 2b

3c

3c

3c; 6d

3×6d

[3] P31m (157)

2a+b, –a+b, c

3c

1a; 2b

3c

3c; 6d

3×6d

[3] P31m (157)

2a+b, –a+b, c

1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; 2 1 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 3 (x+y)+ 3 , 3 (–x+2y), z; 2 1 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 3 (x+y)– 3 , 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 32 , 13 , 0)

3c

3c

1a; 2b

3c; 6d

3×6d

[2] P3c1 (158)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P3m1

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2×1a

2×1b

2×1c

2×3d

2×6e

[3] P3m1

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×1a

3×1b

3×1c

3×3d

3×6e

[p] P3m1

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×1a

p×1b

p×1c

p×3d

p×6e

[4] P3m1

2a, 2b, c

1a; 3d

1c; 3d

1b; 3d

2×3d; 6e 4×6e

[p2 ] P3m1

pa, pb, c p = prime = 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

u p)

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

1a; (p –1)×3d; 1b(c∗ ); 1c(b∗ ); p×3d; p2×6e (p – 1)(p – 2) p(p – 1) ×6e (p –1)×3d; (p –1)×3d; 6 2 ×6e (p – 1)(p – 2) (p – 1)(p – 2) ×6e ×6e 6 6 ∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

678

p = 3n−1

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 157, p. 679.

C3v2 Axes

Coordinates 1a

I

P31m

No. 157 Wyckoff positions 2b 3c

6d

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P3 (143) [3] C1m1 (8)

a, a+2b, c

conjugate: b, –2a–b, c conjugate: a+b, –a+b, c

x– 12 y, 12 y, z – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z 1 1 2 (x+y), 2 (–x+y), z

1a

1b; 1c

3d

2×3d

2a

4b

2a; 4b

3×4b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [3] R3m (160)

a−b, a+2b, 3c 13 (2x–y), 13 (x+y), 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) (hexagonal axes)

3×3a

18c

3×9b

3×18c

[3] R3m (160)

2a+b, –a+b, 3c 13 (x+y), 13 (–x+2y), 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 ) (hexagonal axes)

3×3a

18c

3×9b

3×18c

2a

2×2b

6c

2×6c

1a; 1b; 1c

6e

3×3d

3×6e

[2] P31c (159) a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[3] P3m1 (156) a−b, a+2b, c

1 1 3 (2x–y), 3 (x+y), z;

±( 32 , 13 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2×1a

2×2b

2×3c

2×6d

[3] P31m

a, b, 3c

3×1a

3×2b

3×3c

3×6d

[p] P31m

1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

a, b, pc x, y, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×1a

p×2b

p×3c

p×6d

[4] P31m

2a, 2b, c

[2] P31m

[p ] P31m 2

x, y,

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 2 , 0); +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 p x, p y, z;

+( up , vp , 0)

pa, pb, c p = prime
= 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

679

1a; 3c

2b; 6d 2×3c; 6d 4×6d p2 – 1 1a; (p –1)×3c; 2b; 3 ×6d p×3c; p2 ×6d (p – 1)(p – 2) p(p – 1) ×6d 6 2 ×6d

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 158, p. 680.

P3c1 Axes I

C3v3

No. 158 Coordinates 2a

Wyckoff positions 2b 2c

6d

2×1a

2×1b

2×1c

2×3d

4a

4a

4a

3×4a

2a; 2×2b

6c

6c

3×6c

6c

2a; 2×2b

6c

3×6c

6c

6c

2a; 2×2b

3×6c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P3 (143) [3] C1c1 (9)

2a+b, b, c

conjugate: a−b, a+b, c conjugate: a+2b, –a, c

1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z 1 –x+ 21 y, z 2 y,

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [3] P31c (159) a−b, a+2b, c [3] P31c (159) a−b, a+2b, c [3] P31c (159) a−b, a+2b, c

1 1 1 2 3 (2x–y), 3 (x+y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 3 (2x–y)+ 3 , 3 (x+y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 1 2 3 (2x–y)− 3 , 3 (x+y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P3c1

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

3×2b

3×2c

3×6d

[p] P3c1

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×2a

p×2b

p×2c

p×6d

[4] P3c1

2a, 2b, c

2a; 6d

2c; 6d

2b; 6d

4×6d

[p2 ] P3c1

1 1 u v pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime = 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

2 2 2 2a; p 3–1×6d 2b(c∗ ); p 3–1×6d 2c(b∗ ); p 3–1×6d p2 ×6d

∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

680

p = 3n−1

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 159, p. 681.

C3v4 Axes

Coordinates 2a

I

P31c

No. 159 Wyckoff positions 2b 6c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P3 (143) [3] C1c1 (9) a, a+2b, c conjugate: b, –2a–b, c conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c

x– 12 y, 12 y, z – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [3] P3c1 (158) 2a+b, –a+b, c 13 (x+y), 13 (–x+2y), z; ±( 32 , 13 , 0) [3] R3c (161)

a−b, a+2b, 3c (hexagonal axes)

1 1 1 3 (2x–y), 3 (x+y), 3 z;

±(0, 0,

1 3)

[3] R3c (161)

2a+b, –a+b, 3c (hexagonal axes)

1 1 1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 )

2×1a

1b; 1c

2×3d

4a

4a

3×4a

2a; 2b; 2c

6d

3×6d

3×6a

18b

3×18b

3×6a

18b

3×18b

3×2a

3×2b

3×6c

p×2a

p×2b

p×6c

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] P31c

a, b, 3c

[p] P31c

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[4] P31c

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ]P31c

1 p z;

u p)

+( 21 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 2a; 6c 2b; 6c 4×6c 2– 2– p 1 p 1 1 1 u v pa, pb, c 2a; 3 ×6c 2b; 3 ×6c p2×6c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime
= 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z;

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

681

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 160, p. 682.

R3m

C3v5

No. 160

HEXAGONAL AXES

Axes

Coordinates 3a

I

Wyckoff positions 9b 18c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 3a

9b

2×9b

2a

2a; 4b

3×4b

[3] P3m1 (156)

1a; 1b; 1c

3×3d

3×6e

Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic –x, –y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) [2] R3c (161) –a, –b, 2c

6a

18b

2×18b

[2] R3 (146) [3] C1m1 (8) conjugate: conjugate: alternative: or or

1 3 (2a+b–2c), b, 1 3 (2a+b+c) 1 –a–b, 3 (–a+b–2c), 1 3 (–a+b+c) 1 3 (–a–2b–2c), a, 1 3 (–a–2b+c) 1 3 (2a+b–2c), b, c 1 –a–b, 3 (–a+b–2c), 1 (–a–2b–2c), a, c 3

1 –1 2 x–z, 2 x+y, x+z

– 12 x+ 21 y–z, – 12 x– 12 y, –x+y+z – 12 y–z, x– 12 y, –y+z

c

3 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, x+z 3 –1 –x+y+z 2 (–x+y), 2 (x+y), 3 1 – 2 y, x– 2 y, –y+z 1 1 –3z 2 x–z, 2 x–y,

alternative: 2a+b, –b, – 13 (2a+b+c) or –a+b, a+b, 13 (a–b–c) 12 (–x+y)–z, 12 (x+y), –3z 1 3 (a–b–c) –a–2b, –a, – 12 y–z, –x+ 21 y, –3z or 1 3 (a+2b–c) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic –a, –b, 2c

[2] R3m

–x, –y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2×3a

2×9b

2×18c

[p] R3m

–a, –b, pc –x, –y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 3n−1; u = 1, . . . , p−1

p×3a

p×9b

p×18c

3a; 9b

2×9b; 18c 4×18c

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p−1 [4] R3m

–2a, –2b, c

[p2 ] R3m

– pa, – pb, c

– 12 x, – 12 y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

– 1p x, – 1p y, z; +( up , vp , 0) p = prime = 3n−1; u, v = 1, . . . , p−1

3a; (p –1)×9b; p×9b; p2×18c – (p – 1)(p – 2) ×18c p(p2 1)×18c 6

1 1 u v pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime = 6n+1; u, v = 1, . . . , p−1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

682

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 161, p. 683.

C3v6

R3c

No. 161

HEXAGONAL AXES

Axes I

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 6a 18b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] R3 (146) 1 [3] C1c1 (9) 3 (2a+b–2c), b, c conjugate: 13 (–a+b–2c), –a–b, c conjugate: 13 (–a–2b–2c), a, c alternative: 2a+b, b, – 23 (2a+b)+ 31 c or –a+b, –a–b, 23 (a–b)+ 31 c or –a–2b, a, 23 (a+2b)+ 31 c

3 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, x+z 3 –1 –x+y+z 2 (–x+y), 2 (x+y), 3 1 – 2 y, x– 2 y, –y+z 1 –1 2 x+2z, 2 x+y, 3z 1 –1 2 (–x+y)+2z, 2 (x+y), 3z – 12 y+2z, x– 12 y, 3z

2×3a

2×9b

4a

3×4a

2a; 2b; 2c

3×6d

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [3] P3c1 (158) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic –a, –b, 5c [5] R3c [p] R3c

–x, –y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 ) 5×6a

5×18b

u p)

p×18b

–a, –b, pc –x, –y, +(0, 0, p = prime = 6n−1; u = 1, . . . , p−1 1 p z;

p×6a

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p−1 [4] R3c [p2 ] R3c

– 12 x, – 12 y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0); (0, 12 , 0); 6a; 18b 4×18b +( 21 , 12 , 0) 2 – pa, – pb, c – 1p x, – 1p y, z; +( up , vp , 0) 6a; p 3–1×18b p2×18b p = prime = 3n−1; u, v = 1, . . . , p−1

–2a, –2b, c

1 1 u v pa, pb, c p x, p y, z +( p , p , 0) p = prime = 6n+1; u, v = 1, . . . , p−1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

683

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 162, p. 684.

P 3¯ 1 m Axes

P 3¯ 1 2/m

No. 162 Coordinates 1a 3g

1b 4h

2c 6i

[2] P31m (157)

1a 3c

1a 2×2b

2b 6d

[2] P312 (149) [2] P3¯

1a 3k

1b 2h; 2i

1a 3f

Wyckoff positions 2d 6j

D13d 2e 6k

3f 12l

2b 6d

2×1a 2×3c

3c 2×6d

1c; 1e 2×3 j

1d; 1 f 2×3k

2g 6l

3j 2×6l

1b 2×2d

2d 6g

2d 6g

2c 6g

3e 2×6g

2a 2d; 4 f

2c 8j

4g 4g; 8 j

4h 4h; 8 j

4i 4i; 8 j

2b; 4e 3×8 j

2b 6h

2a 2×4 f

4f 12i

2c; 2d 2×6h

4e 12i

6g 2×12i

2a 6g

2b 2×4 f

2c; 2d 2×6h

4f 12i

4e 12i

6h 2×12i

3a; 6c 9d; 18h

3b; 6c 36i

18 f 18 f ; 36i

18g 18g; 36i

3×6c 3×18h

9e; 18h 3×36i

¯ [3] R3m (166)

1 1 1 2a+b, 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), 3 z; 3a; 6c –a+b, 3c ±(0, 0, 13 ) 9d; 18h (hexagonal axes)

3b; 6c 36i

18 f 18 f ; 36i

18g 18g; 36i

3×6c 3×18h

9e; 18h 3×36i

¯ [3] P3m1 (164)

a−b, a+2b, c

1a; 2d 3 f ; 6i

1b; 2d 12 j

6g 6g; 12 j

6h 6h; 12 j

2c; 2×2d 3×6i

3e; 6i 3×12 j

I

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

(147) [3] C12/m1 a, a+2b, c (12)

x– 12 y, 12 y, z

conjugate: b, –2a–b, c – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic ¯ [2] P31c a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, 1 ) 2

(163) ¯ [2] P31c (163) ¯ [3] R3m (166)

a, b, 2c

2

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

1 1 1 a−b, 3 (2x–y), 3 (x+y), 3 z; 1 a+2b, 3c ±(0, 0, 3 ) (hexagonal axes)

1 1 3 (2x–y), 3 (x+y), z; 2 1 ±( 3 , 3 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [2] P31m

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

1a; 1b 6k

2e 2×4h

2c; 2d 6i; 6 j

4h 12l

2×2e 2×6k

3 f ; 3g 2×12l

¯ [2] P31m

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2e 3 f ; 3g

1a; 1b 2×4h

4h 12l

2c; 2d 6i; 6 j

2×2e 2×6k

6k 2×12l

¯ [3] P31m

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

1b; 2e 2c; 4h 3×4h 6i; 12l p –1 1b; 2 ×2e 2c; p–2 1×4h p×4h 6i; p–2 1×12l

2d; 4h 6 j; 12l 2d; p–2 1×4h 6 j; p–1×12l

3×2e 3×6k

¯ [p] P31m

1a; 2e 3g; 6k 1a; p –2 1×2e 3g; p –1×6k

3 f ; 6k 3×12l 3 f ; p–1×6k

1a; 3 f 6 j; 6k 1a; p–2 1×6i; p –1 2 ×6k; (p – 1)(p – 5) × 12 12l 3g; p–2 1×6 j; p –1 2 ×6k; (p – 1)2 4 ×12l

1b; 3g 4h; 12l 1b; p–2 1×6 j; p –1 2 ×6k; (p – 1)(p – 5) × 12 12l

2c; 6i 2×6i; 12l

2d; 6 j 2×6 j; 12l

2e; 6k 2×6k; 12l

6i; 6k 4×12l 2c; 2d; 2e; 3 f ; p –2 1×6i; (p –1)×6i; (p –1)×6 j; (p –1)×6k; p –2 1×6k; – –2) (p–1)(p–2) – 2 (p – 1)(p – 2) × (p 1)(p × × (p 41) ×12l 6 6 6 12l 12l 12l

4h;

p×6i;

p×6 j; p(p – 1)

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

¯ [4] P31m

2a, 2b, c

¯ [p2 ] P31m

1 1 u v pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime > 4; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

p(p – 1) p2 – 1 3 ×12l 2 ×12l

684

2

2

p×2e p×6k

2

p×12l

p×6k; p2 ×12l p(p – 1) ×12l 2 ×12l

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 163, p. 685.

P 3¯ 1 2/c

D23d Axes

P 3¯ 1 c

No. 163

Coordinates 2a

2b

2c

2a

2a

2b

1a; 1b

2g

[2] P3¯ (147)

2c

[3] C12/c1 a, a+2b, c x– 12 y, 12 y, z (15) conjugate: b, –2a–b, c – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c –(x+y), 12 (x–y), z

Wyckoff positions 2d 6g

4e 6h

4f 12i

2b 6c

2×2a 6c

2×2b 2×6c

1d; 1e

1c; 1 f 6l

2×2g 3 j; 3k

2h; 2i 2×6l

1a; 1b

2d

2d 3e; 3 f

2×2c 6g

2×2d 2×6g

4e

4a

4e

4e 4b; 4c; 4d

8f 4e; 8 f

8f 3×8 f

6a; 12c

6b; 12c

18e

18e 18d; 36 f

3×12c 18e; 36 f

36 f 3×36 f

¯ [3] R3c (167)

1 1 1 2a+b, 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), 3 z; 6a; 12c 1 –a+b, 3c ±(0, 0, 3 ) (hexagonal axes)

6b; 12c

18e

18e 18d; 36 f

3×12c 18e; 36 f

36 f 3×36 f

¯ [3] P3c1 (165)

2a+b, –a+b, c

2a; 4d

2b; 4d

6f

6f 6e; 12g

4c; 2×4d 6 f ; 12g

12g 3×12g

2a; 4e

2b; 4e

2d; 4 f

2c; 4 f 6g; 12i

3×4e 6h; 12i

3×4 f 3×12i

2a; p –2 1×4e

2b; p –2 1×4e 2c(d ∗ ); p –2 1×4 f 2d(c∗ ); p –2 1×4 f p×4e p×4 f p –1 p –1 6g; 2 ×12i 6h; 2 ×12i p×12i

2a; 6h

2b; 6g

2a;

2b;

I

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P31c (159) [2] P312 (149)

x, y, z+ 41

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 ¯ [3] R3c a−b, (2x–y), 1 (x+y), 1 z; 3

(167)

a+2b, 3c ±(0, 0, (hexagonal axes)

3 1 3)

3

1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 31 , 23 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [3] P31c a, b, 3c x, y, 1 z; ±(0, 0, 1 ) 3

3

¯ [p] P31c

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

¯ [4] P31c

2a, 2b, c

¯ [p2 ] P31c

pa, pb, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

p = prime > 4; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2d; 6h

(p –1)×6h;

∗

685

4e; 12i 2×6h;12i

4 f ; 12i 4×12i

2c(d † ); 2d(c† ); 4e; 4f; p –1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 (p –1)×6h; (p –1)×6h; 6 ×12i 3 ×12i 3 ×12i – –2) (p – 1)(p – 2) ×12i (p 1)(p ×12i 6 6 p2 – 1 6g; 2 ×12i p×6h; p2 ×12i p(p – 1) 2 ×12i 2

(p – 1)(p – 2) ×12i 6

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2c; 6h 2×12i

p = 4n−1

†

p = 6n−1

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 164, p. 686.

P 3¯ m 1 Axes

P 3¯ 2/m 1

No. 164 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2d 6h

1a

1b

2c 6g

[2] P3m1 (156)

1a

1a

2×1a 6e

[2] P321 (150)

1a

1b

[2] P3¯ (147)

1a

I

D33d 3e 6i

3f 12 j

1b; 1c 6e

3d 2×3d

3d 2×6e

2c 2×3e

2d 2×3 f

3e 6g

3f 2×6g

1b

2c 6g

2d 6g

3e 6g

3f 2×6g

2a

2c

4i 4g; 8 j

4i 4h; 8 j

2b; 4e 4i; 8 j

2d; 4 f 3×8 j

2b

2a

4c 12g

4d 2×6 f

6e 12g

6f 2×12g

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 2a

2b

4c 2×6 f

4d 12g

6f 12g

6e 2×12g

2a+b, –a+b, c

1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; 2 1 ±( 3 , 3 , 0)

1a; 2c

1b; 2d

2e; 4h 3×6i

6k 3×6 j

3 f ; 6i 6k; 12l

3g; 6 j 3×12l

1a; 1b

2c

2×2c 6g; 6h

2×2d 12 j

3e; 3 f 2×6i

6i 2×12 j 3e; 3 f 2×12 j

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[3] C12/m1 (12)

2a+b, b, c

conjugate: a–b, a+b, c conjugate: a+2b, –a, c

1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z 1 –x+ 21 y, z 2 y,

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic ¯ [2] P3c1 a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, 1 ) 2

(165) ¯ [2] P3c1 (165) ¯ [3] P31m (162)

2

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [2] P3m1 a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, 1 ) 2

2

¯ [2] P3m1

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 2c

1a; 1b

2×2c 12 j

2×2d 6g; 6h

6i 2×6i

¯ [3] P3m1

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

1b; 2c

3×2c 6g; 12 j

3×2d 6h; 12 j

¯ [p] P3m1

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

3e; 6i 3 f ; 6i 3×6i 3×12 j 3e; p –2 1×6i 3 f ; p –2 1×6i

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

¯ [4] P3m1

2a, 2b, c

¯ [p2 ] P3m1

1 1 u v pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime > 4; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1a; 2c

1a; p –2 1×2c 1b; p –2 1×2c p×2c p×2d p –1 6g; 2 ×12 j 6h; p–2 1×12 j p×6i 1a; 3e

1b; 3 f

2c; 6i 2×6g; 12 j

1a; p –2 1×6g; 1b; p –2 1×6h; 2c; p –1 p –1 (p –1)×6i; 2 ×6i; 2 ×6i; (p – 1)(p – 5) (p – 1)(p – 5) (p – 1)(p – 2) × × × 12 12 6 12 j 12 j 12 j p×6g; p(p – 1) 2 ×12 j

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

686

2d; 6i 2×6h; 12 j

p×12 j

6g; 6i 6h; 6i 2×6i; 12 j 4×12 j 2d; 3e; p –2 1×6g; 3 f ; p –2 1×6h; p –1 p –1 (p –1)×6i; 2 ×6i; 2 ×6i; (p – 1)(p – 2) (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 × ×12 j 6 4 4 ×12 j 12 j p×6h; p×6i; p2 ×12i – – p(p 1) p(p 1) 2 ×12 j 2 ×12 j

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 165, p. 687.

P 3¯ 2/c 1

D43d Axes I

P 3¯ c 1

No. 165

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4d 6e

2a

2b

4c

6f

12g

2a

2a

2×2a

2b; 2c

6d

6d

2×6d

1a; 1b

2c

2×2c

2×2d

6g

3e; 3 f

2×6g

2c

1a; 1b

2×2c

2×2d

3e; 3 f

6g

2×6g

4e

4a

8f

8f

4b; 4c; 4d

4e; 8 f

3×8 f

2a; 2c; 2d

2b; 4 f

4e; 2×4 f 12i

6g; 12i

3×6h

3×12i

2a; 4c 2a; p –1×4c

2b; 4c 3×4c – 2b; p 2 1×4c p×4c

3×4d p×4d

6e; 12g 6 f ; 12g 3×12g – – 6e; p 2 1×12g 6 f ; p 2 1×12g p×12g

2a; 6 f

2b; 6e

4d; 12g

2×12g

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P3c1 (158) [2] P321 (150) [2] P3¯ (147)

x, y, z+ 41

[3] C12/c1 (15)

1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z

2a+b, b, c

conjugate: a–b, a+b, c conjugate: a+2b, –a, c

1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z 1 –x+ 21 y, z 2 y,

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 ¯ [3] P31c a−b, (2x–y), 1 (x+y), z; 3

(163)

a+2b, c

3

±( 31 , 23 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [3] P3c1 ¯ [p] P3c1

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

¯ [4] P3c1

2a, 2b, c

¯ [p2 ] P3c1

pa, pb, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

p = prime > 4; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2

4c; 12g

2×6 f ; 12g

4×12g

2 2 2a; (p–1)×6 f ; 2b; p 6–1× 4c; 4d; 6e; p 2–1×12g p×6 f ; p2×12g 2– 12g p2 –1 – (p – 1)(p – 2) p(p 1) p 1 ×12g 6 3 ×12g 3 ×12g 2 ×12g

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

687

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 166, p. 688.

R 3¯ m

R 3¯ 2/m

No. 166

D53d

HEXAGONAL AXES

Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 6c 9d 18g 18h

3a

3b 18 f

I Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] R3m (160)

3a

3a 18c

2×3a 18c

9b 2×9b

9b 2×18c

[2] R32 (155)

3a

3b 2×9d

6c 2×9e

9e 18 f

9d 2×18 f

[2] R3¯ (148)

3a

3b 18 f

6c 18 f

9d 18 f

9e 2×18 f

2d 4g; 8 j

4i 4h; 8 j

2c; 4e 4i; 8 j

2b; 4 f 3×8 j

2c 4g; 8 j

4i 4h; 8 j

2d; 4e 4i; 8 j

2b; 4 f 3×8 j

2d 4g; 8 j

4i 4h; 8 j

2c; 4 f 4i; 8 j

2b; 4e 3×8 j

1b; 2d 6g; 12 j

2c; 2×2d 6h; 12 j

3 f ; 6i 3×6i

3e; 6i 3×12 j

6a 36 f

12c 2×18e

18e 36 f

18d 2×36 f

6b 2×18e

12c 36 f

18d 36 f

18e 2×36 f

6c 18 f ; 18g

2×6c 36i

18h 2×18h

9d; 9e 2×36i

3a; 3b 36i 3b; p –2 1×6c 18 f ; p–1×36i

2×6c 18 f ; 18g

1 –1 [3] C12/m1 13 (2a+b–2c), b, 2a 2 x–z, 2 x+y, x+z 1 (12) (2a+b+c) 3 – 12 x+ 21 y–z, – 12 x– 12 y, conjugate: 13 (–a+b–2c), –a–b, 13 (–a+b+c) –x+y+z conjugate: 13 (–a–2b–2c), a, – 12 y–z, x– 12 y, –y+z 1 3 (–a–2b+c) alternative: 13 (2a+b–2c), b, c 32 x, – 12 x+y, x+z 2a 1 3 1 – or 3 (–a+b–2c), 2 (–x+y), 2 (x+y), –a–b, c –x+y+z or 13 (–a–2b–2c), a, c – 32 y, x– 12 y, –y+z 1 1 –3z alternative: 2a+b, –b, 2a 2 x–z, 2 x–y, 1 – 3 (2a+b+c) or –a+b, a+b, 13 (a–b–c) 12 (–x+y)–z, 12 (x+y), –3z or –a–2b, –a, 13 (a+2b–c) – 12 y–z, –x+ 21 y, –3z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations ¯ [3] P3m1 (164) 3 conjugate subgroups

1a; 2d

Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic ¯ –a, –b, 2c –x, –y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) [2] R3c 6b (167) ¯ –a, –b, 2c –x, –y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 6a [2] R3c (167) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ –a, –b, 2c –x, –y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 ) [2] R3m

–x, –y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 6c

¯ [2] R3m

–a, –b, 2c

¯ [p] R3m

–a, –b, pc –x, –y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n−1; u = 1, . . . , p –1 a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p –1 –2a, –2b, c – 12 x, – 12 y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

¯ [4] R3m ¯ [p2 ] R3m

3a; 3b

– pa, – pb, c – 1p x, – 1p y, z; +( up , vp , 0) p = prime = 6n−1; u, v = 1, . . . , p –1 1 1 u v pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime = 6n+1; u, v = 1, . . . , p –1

3a; p –2 1×6c

2

9e 36i

9d; 9e 18h 2×18h 2×36i p–1 p×6c 9d; 2 ×18h 9e; p–2 1×18h p–1 18g; 2 ×36i p×18h p×36i

3a; 9e

3b; 9d 6c; 18h 18g; 18h 18 f ; 18h 2×18 f ; 36i 2×18g; 36i 2×18h; 36i 4×36i 3a; p–2 1×18 f ; 3b; p–2 1×18g; 6c; 9d; p–2 1×18g; 9e; p –2 1×18 f ; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 (p –1)×18h; 2 ×18h; 2 ×18h; 2 ×18h; 2 ×18h; (p – 1)(p – 5) (p – 1)(p – 5) (p – 1)(p – 2) (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 ×36i ×36i ×36i 12 12 6 4 ×36i 4 ×36i p×18 f ; p(p – 1) 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

688

×36i

p×18g; p(p – 1) 2

×36i

p×18h; p(p – 1) 2

×36i

p2×36i

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 167, p. 689.

R 3¯ 2/c

D63d

R 3¯ c

No. 167

HEXAGONAL AXES

Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 12c 18d

18e

36 f

18b

18b

2×18b

2×6c

18 f

9d; 9e

2×18 f

3a; 3b

2×6c

9d; 9e

18 f

2×18 f

4e

4a

8f

4b; 4c; 4d

4e; 8 f

3×18f

Loss of centring translations ¯ (165) 3 conjugate subgroups [3] P3c1

2a; 4d

2b; 4d

4c; 2×4d 6e; 12g

6 f ; 12g

3×12g

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ –a, –b, 5c –x, –y, 1 z; [5] R3c

6a; 2×12c

6b; 2×12c

5×12c

18e; 2×36 f

5×36 f

I

6a

6b

6a

6a

2×6a

3a; 3b

6c

6c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] R3c(161) x, y, z+ 41

[2] R32 (155) [2] R3¯ (148) [3] C12/c1 (15)

1 3 (2a+b–2c),

b, c

conjugate: 13 (–a+b–2c), –a–b, c conjugate:

2 –1 3 x, 2 x+y, x+z

1 3 (–a–2b–2c),

3 1 2 (–x+y), 2 (–x–y),

–x+y+z – 32 y, x– 12 y, –y+z

a, c 1 –1 alternative: 2a+b, b, 2 x+2z, 2 x+y, 3z 2 1 – 3 (2a+b)+ 3 c or –a+b, –a–b, 12 (–x+y)+2z, 2 1 – 12 (x+y), 3z 3 (a–b)+ 3 c – 12 y+2z, x– 12 y, 3z or –a–2b, a, 2 1 3 (a+2b)+ 3 c

5

18d; 2×36 f

±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 ) ¯ [p] R3c

–a, –b, pc –x, –y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n−1; u = 1, . . . , p –1

6a; p –2 1×12c 6b; p –2 1×12c p×12c

18d; p –2 1×36 f 18e; p –2 1×36 f p×36 f

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p –1 ¯ [4] R3c

–2a, –2b, c

¯ [p2 ] R3c

– pa, – pb, c

– 12 x, – 12 y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0); 6a; 18e +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

6b; 18d

12c; 36 f

2×36 f

2×18e; 36 f

4×36 f

2 2 – 1p x, – 1p y, z; +( up , vp , 0) 6a; 6b; p 6–1×36 f 12c; 18d; p 2–1×36 f p×18e; p2×36 f 2– – p(p 1) p 1 p = prime = 6n−1; u, v = 1, . . . , p –1 (p –1)×18e; 3 ×36 f 2 ×36 f (p – 1)(p – 2) × 1 1 u v 6 pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) 36 f p = prime = 6n+1; u, v = 1, . . . , p –1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

689

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 168, p. 690.

P6

C61

No. 168 Axes

1a

Wyckoff positions 2b 3c

6d

[2] P3 (143)

1a

1b; 1c

3d

2×3d

[3] P112 (3)

1a

2e

1b; 1c; 1d

3×2e

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a

2×2b

6c

2×6c

1 3) 1 3)

3a

6c

3×3b

3×6c

3a

6c

3×3b

3×6c

2×1a

2×2b

2×3c

2×6d

3×1a

3×2b

3×3c

3×6d

p×1a

p×2b

p×3c

p×6d

1a; 2b

6d

3c; 6d

3×6d

1a; 6d

2b; 2×6d

3c; 3×6d

7×6d

1a; 6d

2b; 2×6d

3c; 3×6d

7×6d

I

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P63 (173) a, b, 2c [3] P64 (172) a, b, 3c

x, y,

[3] P62 (171) a, b, 3c

x, y,

1 3 z; 1 3 z;

±(0, 0, ±(0, 0,

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P6

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[3] P6

a, b, 3c

[p] P6

a, b, pc x, y, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] P6

2a+b, –a+b, c

[7] P6

3a+b, –a+2b, c

[7] P6

3a+2b, –2a+b, c

[p] P6

qa+rb, –ra+(q–r)b, c p = prime = q2 −qr+r = 6n +1; q, r = 1, 2, . . . ; q > r; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[4] P6

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P6

x, y,

1 1 3 z; ±(0, 0, 3 ) 1 u p z; +(0, 0, p )

1 1 1 2 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 3 7 (2x+y), 7 (–x+3y), z; ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 27 , 0); ±( 75 , 17 , 0) 1 1 2 3 7 (x+2y), 7 (–2x+3y), z; ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 17 , 0); ±( 71 , 57 , 0) 1 1 p ((q–r)x+ry), p (–rx+qy), z; ur uq +( p , p , 0) 2

1a; p –6 1×6d 2b; p –3 1×6d 3c; p –2 1×6d p×6d

+( 21 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1a; 3c 2b; 6d 2×6d 4×6d p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 1 1 u v pa, pb, c 1a; 6 ×6d 2b; 3 ×6d 3c; 2 ×6d p2 ×6d p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime = 6n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z;

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

690

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 169, p. 691.

P 61

No. 169 Axes

I

C62

Coordinates

C63 Wyckoff Positions 6a

No. 170

P 65

Axes

Coordinates

x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 )

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P31 (144)

2×3a

[2] P32 (145)

[3] P1121 (4)

3×2a

[3] P1121 (4)

5×6a

[5] P61 (169)

a, b, 5c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 )

[5] P65 (170)

a, b, 5c

[p] P65 (170)

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×6a

[p] P61 (169)

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[7] P61

a, b, 7c

x, y, 17 z; ±(0, 0, 17 ); ±(0, 0, 27 ); ±(0, 0, 37 )

7×6a

[7] P65

a, b, 7c

[p] P61

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n +1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×6a

[p] P65

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n +1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] P61

2a+b, –a+b, c

3×6a

[3] P65

2a+b, –a+b, c

[7] P61

3a+b, –a+2b, c

7×6a

[7] P65

3a+b, –a+2b, c

[7] P61

3a+2b, –2a+b, c

7×6a

[7] P65

3a+2b, –2a+b, c

[p] P61

qa+rb, –ra+(q–r)b, p = prime = q − qr+r = 6n +1; q, r = 1, 2, . . . ; q > r; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×6a

[p] P65

qa+rb, –ra+(q–r)b, p = prime = q − qr+r = 6n +1; q, r = 1, 2, . . . ; q > r; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[4] P61

2a, 2b, c

4×6a

[4] P65

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P61

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

pa, pb, c p = prime = 3n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

p2 ×6a

[p2 ] P65

pa, pb, c p = prime = 3n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 1 1 2 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 7 (2x+y), 7 (–x+3y), z; 1 3 ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 27 , 0); ±( 75 , 17 , 0) 1 1 7 (x+2y), 7 (–2x+3y), z; 2 3 ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 17 , 0); ±( 71 , 57 , 0) 1 1 p ((q–r)x+ry), p (–rx+qy), z; c +( urp , uqp , 0) 2 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

691

x, y, 17 z; ±(0, 0, 17 ); ±(0, 0, 27 ); ±(0, 0, 37 )

1 1 1 2 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 7 (2x+y), 7 (–x+3y), z; 1 3 ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 27 , 0); ±( 75 , 17 , 0) 1 1 7 (x+2y), 7 (–2x+3y), z; 2 3 ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 17 , 0); ±( 71 , 57 , 0) 1 1 p ((q–r)x+ry), p (–rx+qy), z; c +( urp , uqp , 0) 2 2

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 171, p. 692.

P 62

No. 171 Axes

C64

P 64

Coordinates 3a

I

Wyckoff positions 3b 6c

No. 172 Axes

C65

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P32 (145)

3a

3a

3×3a

[2] P31 (144)

[3] P112 (3)

3×1a

1b; 1c; 1d 3×2e

[3] P112 (3)

6a

6a

2×6a

[2] P65 (170)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P61 (169)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P64 (172)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2×3a

2×3b

2×6c

[2] P62 (171)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[5] P64 (172)

a, b, 5c

x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 )

5×3a

5×3b

5×6c

[5] P62 (171)

a, b, 5c

x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 )

[p] P64 (172)

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 3n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×3a

p×3b

p×6c

[p] P62 (171)

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 3n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[7] P62

a, b, 7c

x, y, 17 z; ±(0, 0, 17 ); ±(0, 0, 27 ); ±(0, 0, 37 )

7×3a

7×3b

7×6c

[7] P64

a, b, 7c

[p] P62

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n +1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

p×3a

p×3b

p×6c

[p] P64

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n +1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] P62

2a+b, –a+b, c

3a; 6c

3b; 6c

3×6c

[3] P64

2a+b, –a+b, c

[7] P62

3a+b, –a+2b, c

3a; 3×6c 3b; 3×6c 7×6c

[7] P64

3a+b, –a+2b, c

[7] P62

3a+2b, –2a+b, c

3a; 3×6c 3b; 3×6c 7×6c

[7] P64

3a+2b, –2a+b, c

[p] P62

qa+rb, –ra+(q–r)b, p = prime = q − qr+r = 6n +1; q, r = 1, 2, . . . ; q > r; u = 1, . . . , p −1

3a; p –2 1× 3b; p –2 1× p×6c 6c 6c

[p] P64

qa+rb, –ra+(q–r)b, p = prime = q − qr+r = 6n +1; q, r = 1, 2, . . . ; q > r; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[4] P62

2a, 2b, c

3a; 3×3b 2×6c

[4] P64

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P62

pa, pb, c p = prime = 6n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 7 (2x+y), 7 (–x+3y), z; ±( 71 , 37 , 0); ±( 73 , 27 , 0); ±( 75 , 17 , 0) 1 1 7 (x+2y), 7 (–2x+3y), z; 2 3 ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 17 , 0); ±( 71 , 57 , 0) 1 p ((q–r)x+ry), 1 c p (–rx+qy), z; +( urp , uqp , 0) 2 2

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

4×6c

2 2 3a; p 2–1× 3b; p 2–1× p2×6c [p2 ] P64 6c 6c

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

692

x, y, 17 z; ±(0, 0, 17 ); ±(0, 0, 27 ); ±(0, 0, 37 )

1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 7 (2x+y), 7 (–x+3y), z; ±( 71 , 37 , 0); ±( 73 , 27 , 0); ±( 75 , 17 , 0) 1 1 7 (x+2y), 7 (–2x+3y), z; 2 3 ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 17 , 0); ±( 71 , 57 , 0) 1 p ((q–r)x+ry), 1 c p (–rx+qy), z; +( urp , uqp , 0) 2 2

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

pa, pb, c p = prime = 6n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 173, p. 693.

C66 Axes

Coordinates 2a

I

P 63

No. 173 Wyckoff positions 2b 6c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P3 (143)

2×1a

1b; 1c

2×3d

[3] P1121 (4)

2a

2a

3×2a

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

6a

6a

3×6a

1 3)

6a

6a

3×6a

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

3×2b

3×6c

u p)

p×2a

p×2b

p×6c

1 1 1 2 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 7 (2x+y), 7 (–x+3y), z; 1 3 ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 27 , 0); ±( 75 , 17 , 0) 1 1 7 (x+2y), 7 (–2x+3y), z; 2 3 ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 17 , 0); ±( 71 , 57 , 0) 1 1 p ((q–r)x+ry), p (–rx+qy), z; +( urp , uqp , 0) 2

2a; 2×2b

6c

3×6c

2a; 2×6c

2b; 2×6c

7×6c

2a; 2×6c

2b; 2×6c

7×6c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

2a; 6c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [3] P65 (170) a, b, 3c [3] P61 (169) a, b, 3c

x, y,

1 3 z;

±(0, 0,

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P63

a, b, 3c

[p] P63

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] P63

2a+b, –a+b, c

[7] P63

3a+b, –a+2b, c

[7] P63

3a+2b, –2a+b, c

[p] P63

qa+rb, –ra+(q–r)b, c p = prime = q2 − qr+r = 6n +1; q, r = 1, 2, . . . ; q > r; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[4] P63

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ]P63

pa, pb, c p = prime = 3n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2a; p –3 1×6c 2b; p –3 1×6c p×6c

2b; 6c

4×6c

2 2 2a; p 3–1×6c 2b; p 3–1×6c p2 ×6c

693

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 174, p. 694.

P 6¯

C3h1

No. 174 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 1d 1e 2i 3j

1a

1b

1c 2h

[2] P3 (143)

1a

1a

1b 2×1b

1b 2×1c

[3] P11m (6)

1a

1b

1a 2c

1a; 1b

2g

I

1f 3k

2g 6l

1c 3d

1c 3d

2×1a 2×3d

1b 2c

1a 3×1a

1b 3×1b

2c 3×2c

1c; 1d 2×2h

2h 2×2i

1e; 1 f 3 j; 3k

2i 6l

2×2g 2×6l

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P6¯ a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, 1 ) 2

2

[2] P6¯

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2g

1a; 1b

2h 2×2h

1c; 1d 2×2i

2i 6l

1e; 1 f 3 j; 3k

2×2g 2×6l

[3] P6¯

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

1a; 2g

1b; 2g

1c; 2h 3×2h

1d; 2h 3×2i

1e; 2i 3 j; 6l

1 f ;2i 3k; 6l

3×2g 3×6l

[p] P6¯

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

1a; 1b; 1c; 1d; 1e; 1f; p×2g p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×2g ×2g ×2h ×2h ×2i ×2i 2 2 2 2 2 2 p×2h

[3] P6¯ [3] P6¯ [3] P6¯ [7] P6¯ [7] P6¯ [p] P6¯

1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 1 2a+b, 3 (x+y)+ 3 , 3 (–x+2y), z; 1 2 –a+b, c ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 2a+b, 3 (x+y)– 3 , 3 (–x+2y), z; –a+b, c ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 3a+b, 7 (2x+y), 7 (–x+3y), z; 1 3 –a+2b, c ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 27 , 0); ±( 75 , 1 1 3a+2b, 7 (x+2y), 7 (–2x+3y), z; –2a+b, c ±( 72 , 37 , 0); ±( 73 , 17 , 0); ±( 71 , 1 qa+rb, p ((q–r)x+ry), –ra+(q–r)b, c 1p (–rx+qy), z; +( urp , uqp , 0) 2 2

2a+b, –a+b, c

1a; 1c; 1e 1b; 1d; 1 f 3 j 6l

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P6¯ pa, pb, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 p x, p y, z;

+( up , vp , 0)

p = prime = 3n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

3 j; 3k; p×6l p –1 p –1 ×6l ×6l 2 2

3k 6l

3j 3×3 j

3k 3×3k

2g; 2h; 2i 3×6l

3k 3×3k

6l 3×6l

3j

3k

1a; 1c; 1e 1b; 1d; 1 f 3 j 2g; 2h; 2i 6l 3×3 j

3j

3k

3j 6l

3k 1a; 1c; 1e 1b; 1d; 1 f 6l 2g; 2h; 2i 3×3 j 3×3k 3×6l

1 7 , 0)

1a; 2×3 j 1b; 2×3k 1c; 2×3 j 1d; 2×3k 1e; 2×3 j 1 f ; 2×3k 2g; 2×6l 2h; 2×6l 2i; 2×6l p×3 j p×3k p×6l

5 7 , 0)

1a; 2×3 j 1b; 2×3k 1e; 2×3 j 1 f ; 2×3k 1c; 2×3 j 1d; 2×3k 2g; 2×6l 2i; 2×6l 2h; 2×6l p×3 j p×3k p×6l 1a; 1b; 1c(e∗ ); 1d( f ∗ ); 1e(c∗ ); 1 f (d ∗ ); 2g; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 3 ×3 j 3 ×3k 3 ×3 j 3 ×3k 3 ×3 j 3 ×3k 3 ×6l

p = prime = q − qr+r = 6n +1; q, r = 1, 2, . . . ; q > r; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[4] P6¯

p×2i

1a; 3 j

1b; 3k

2h(i∗ ); 2i(h∗ ); p×3 j p –1 p –1 ×6l ×6l 3 3

p×3k

p×6l

1e; 3 j 2i; 6l

1d; 3k 4×3k

2g; 6l 4×6l

1 f ; 3k 2h; 6l

1c; 3 j 4×3 j

1a; 1b; 1e; 1f; 1c; 1d; 2g; p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 3 ×3 j 3 ×3k 3 ×3 j 3 ×3k 3 ×3 j 3 ×3k 3 ×6l 2i; p

2h;

2

–1×6l

p

2

3

694

p2 ×3 j

3 ∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

–1×6l

q+r = 3n −1

p2 ×3k

p2 ×6l

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 175, p. 695.

C6h1

P 6/m

No. 175 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2d 2e 6i 6j

1a

1b

2c 4h

3f 6k

3g 12l

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P6¯ (174)

1a

1b

1c; 1e 2h; 2i

1d; 1f 6l

2g 2×3 j

3j 2×3k

3k 2×6l

[2] P6 (168)

1a

1a

2b 2×2b

2b 2×3c

2×1a 6d

3c 6d

3c 2×6d

[2] P3¯ (147)

1a

1b

2d 2×2d

2d 6g

2c 6g

3e 6g

3f 2×6g

[3] P112/m (10)

1a

1b

2m 4o

2n 2i 2 j; 2k; 2l 3×2m

1c; 1d; 1g 1e; 1f ; 1h 3×2n 3×4o

I

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P63 /m (176)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2b

2a

4f 2×4 f

2c; 2d 12i

4e 12i

6g 2×6h

6h 2×12i

[2] P63 /m (176)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a

2b

2c; 2d 2×4 f

4f 12i

4e 2×6h

6h 12i

6g 2×12i

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P6/m

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

1a; 1b

2e

2c; 2d 2×4h

4h 2×6i

2×2e 6 j; 6k

3 f ; 3g 12l

6i 2×12l

[2] P6/m

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2e

1a; 1b

4h 2×4h

2c; 2d 2×6i

2×2e 12l

6i 6 j; 6k

3 f ; 3g 2×12l

[3] P6/m

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

1a; 2e

1b; 2e

2c; 4h 3×4h

2d; 4h 3×6i

3×2e 6 j; 12l

3 f ; 6i 6k; 12l

3g; 6i 3×12l

[p] P6/m

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] P6/m

2a+b, –a+b, c

[7] P6/m

3a+b, –a+2b, c

[7] P6/m [p] P6/m

3a+2b, –2a+b, c

1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; 2 1 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 7 (2x+y), 7 (–x+3y), z; ±( 71 , 37 , 0); ±( 73 , 27 , 0); ±( 75 , 1 1 7 (x+2y), 7 (–2x+3y), z; 2 3 ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 17 , 0); ±( 71 , 1 p ((q–r)x+ry), 1 ur uq p (–rx+qy), z; +( p , p , 0)

1a; 1b; 2c; 2d; p×2e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×2e ×2e ×4h ×4h 2 2 2 2

[4] P6/m

2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

[p2 ] P6/m

pa, pb, c

1 1 p x, p y, z;

p = prime = 6n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

p×6i

6 j; 6k; p×12l p –1 p –1 ×12l ×6l 2 2

6k 6i; 12l

2e; 4h 3×6 j

1b; 2d

6j 12l

1a; 6 j

1b; 6k

2c; 2×6 j 2d; 2×6k 2e; 12l 4h; 2×12l 6i; 3×12l 7×6 j

3 f ; 3×6 j 3g; 3×6k 7×6k 7×12l

1a; 6 j

1b; 6k

2c; 2×6 j 2d; 2×6k 2e; 12l 4h; 2×12l 6i; 3×12l 7×6 j

3 f ; 3×6 j 3g; 3×6k 7×6k 7×12l

5 7 , 0)

+( up , vp , 0)

p×4h 1a; 2c

1 7 , 0)

qa+rb, –ra+(q–r)b, c p = q2 − qr+r2 = prime = 6n+1; q, r = 1, 2, . . . ; q > r; u = 1, . . . , p −1

3 f ;6 j 3×6k

3g; 6k 3×12l

1a; 1b; 2c; 2d; 2e; 3f; 3g; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 6 ×6 j 6 ×6k 3 ×6 j 3 ×6k 6 ×12l 2 ×6 j 2 ×6k

1a; 3 f

1b; 3g

4h; 6i; p×6 j p –1 p –1 ×12l ×12l 3 2

p×6k

p×12l

2c; 6 j 4h; 12l

2×6 j 4×6k

2×6k 4×12l

2d; 6k 2×12l

2e; 6i 4×6 j

1a; 1b; 2c; 2d; 2e; 3f; 3g; p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 6 ×6 j 6 ×6k 3 ×6 j 3 ×6k 6 ×12l 2 ×6 j 2 ×6k 4h; 6i; p2 ×6 j p2 – 1 p2 – 1 3 ×12l 2 ×12l

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

3f; 3g; p –1 p –1 ×6i 2 2 ×6i

695

p2 ×6k

p2 ×12l

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 176, p. 696.

P 63/m

C6h2

No. 176

Axes

2a

2b

Wyckoff positions 2c 2d 4e 6g 6h

1a; 1b

2g

1d; 1e

1c; 1 f 6l

2×2g 3 j; 3k

2h; 2i 2×6l

[2] P63 (173)

2a

2a

2b

2b 6c

2×2a 6c

2×2b 2×6c

[2] P3¯ (147)

2c

1a; 1b

2d

2d 3e; 3 f

2×2c 6g

2×2d 2×6g

[3] P1121 /m (11)

2e

2a

2e

2e 4f 2b; 2c; 2d 3×2e

4f 3×4 f

2a; 4e

2b; 4e

2d; 4 f

2c; 4 f 6g; 12i

3×4 f 3×12i

I

Coordinates

4f 12i

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P6¯ (174)

x, y, z+ 41

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P63 /m

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P63 /m

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

3×4e 6h; 12i

2a; 2b; 2c(d ∗ ); 2d(c∗ ); p×4e p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×4e 2 ×4e 2 ×4 f 2 ×4 f

p×4 f

6g; 6h; p×12i p –1 p –1 ×12i ×12i 2 2 [3] P63 /m

2a+b, –a+b, c

[7] P63 /m

3a+b, –a+2b, c

[7] P63 /m

3a+2b, –2a+b, c

[p] P63 /m

qa+rb, –ra+(q–r)b,

1 1 1 2 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0)

1 1 7 (2x+y), 7 (–x+3y), z; ±( 71 , 37 , 0); ±( 73 , 27 , 0); ±( 75 , 1 1 7 (x+2y), 7 (–2x+3y), z; 2 3 ±( 7 , 7 , 0); ±( 73 , 17 , 0); ±( 71 , 1 p ((q–r)x+ry), 1 c p (–rx+qy), z; +( urp , uqp , 0) 2 2

2a; 2c; 2d 2b; 4 f

6h

2a; 2×6h 2b; 12i

2c; 2×6h 2d; 2×6h 4e; 2×12i 4f ; 2×12i 6g; 3×12i 7×6h 7×12i

2a; 2×6h 2b; 12i

2d; 2×6h 2c; 2×6h 4e; 2×12i 4f ; 2×12i 6g; 3×12i 7×6h 7×12i

1 7 , 0) 5 7 , 0)

[4] P63 /m

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P63 /m

pa, pb, c

p = prime = 6n −1; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

4e; 2×4 f 12i 3×6h 3×12i

2a; 2b; 2c(d † ); 2d(c† ); 4e; 4f; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 3 ×6h 6 ×12i 3 ×6h 3 ×6h 3 ×12i 3 ×12i

p = prime = q − qr+r = 6n +1; q, r = 1, 2, . . . ; q > r; u = 1, . . . , p −1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

6h 6g; 12i

6g; p×6h p –1 ×12i

p×12i

2c; 6h 2×12i

4 f ; 12i 4×12i

2

2a; 6h

2b; 6g

2d; 6h

4e; 12i 4×6h

2a; 2b; 2d; 2c; 4e; 4f; p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 ×6h ×12i ×6h ×6h ×12i 3 6 3 3 3 3 ×12i 6g; p2 ×6h p2 – 1 ×12i 2

∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

696

p = 4n−1

†

q+r = 3n −1

p2 ×12i

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 177, p. 697.

D16 Axes

Coordinates 1a 4h

I

P622

No. 177 1b 6i

2c 6j

Wyckoff positions 2d 2e 6k 6l

3f 6m

3g 12n

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P6 (168)

1a 2×2b

1a 2×3c

2b 6d

2b 6d

2×1a 6d

3c 6d

3c 2×6d

[2] P321 (150)

1a 2×2d

1b 6g

2d 2×3e

2d 2×3 f

2c 6g

3e 6g

3f 2×6g

[2] P312 (149)

1a 2h; 2i

1b 6l

1c; 1e 6l

1d; 1 f 6l

2g 2×3 j

3j 2×3k

3k 2×6l

2a 8l

2d 4 j; 2×4k

4g 4e; 8l

4h 4 f ; 8l

4i 4g; 8l

2b; 4k 4h; 8l

2c; 4k 3×8l

[3] C222 a, a+2b, c (21)

x– 12 y, 12 y, z

– 12 x+y, – 12 x, z conjugate: b, –2a–b, c conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P63 22 a, b, 2c (182)

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a 2×4 f

2b 12i

4f 2×6g

2c; 2d 12i

4e 12i

6g 2×6h

6h 2×12i

[2] P63 22 a, b, 2c (182)

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2b 2×4 f

2a 12i

2c; 2d 12i

4f 2×6g

4e 2×6h

6h 12i

6g 2×12i

[3] P64 22 a, b, 3c (181)

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3a 12k

3b 3×6 f

6i 6g; 12k

6j 6h; 12k

6e 6i; 12k

3c; 6 f 6 j; 12k

3d; 6 f 3×12k

[3] P62 22 a, b, 3c (180)

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3a 12k

3b 3×6 f

6i 6g; 12k

6j 6h; 12k

6e 6i; 12k

3c; 6 f 6 j; 12k

3d; 6 f 3×12k

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P622

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

1a; 1b 2×4h

2e 2×6i

2c; 2d 6 j; 6k

4h 12n

2×2e 6l; 6m

3 f ; 3g 12n

6i 2×12n

[2] P622

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2e 2×4h

1a; 1b 2×6i

4h 12n

2c; 2d 6 j; 6k

2×2e 12n

6i 6l; 6m

3 f ; 3g 2×12n

[3] P622

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P622 a, b, pc

x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up )

1a; 2e 1b; 2e 2c; 4h 3×4h 3×6i 6 j; 12n p –1 p –1 1a; 2 ×2e 1b; 2 ×2e 2c; p–2 1×4h p×4h p×6i 6 j; p –1×12n

2d; 4h 3×2e 6k; 12n 6l; 12n p–1 2d; 2 ×4h p×2e 6k; p –1×12n 6l; p –1×12n

3 f ; 6i 6m; 12n 3 f ; p–1×6i

3g; 6i 3×12n 3g; p–1×6i

6m; p –2 1×12n p×12n

1a; 2c 12n

1b; 2d 6i; 12n

6j 3×6l

6k 3×6m

2e; 4h 6 j; 12n

3 f ; 6l 6k; 12n

3g; 6m 3×12n

1a; 3 f 4h; 12n

1b; 3g 2×12n

2c; 6l 2×6 j; 12n

2d; 6m 2×6k; 12n

2e; 6i 2×6l; 12n

6 j; 6l 2×6m;12n

6k; 6m 4×12n

2

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [3] P622

2a+b, –a+b, c

[4] P622

2a, 2b, c +(0,

2

2

2 1a; p –2 1×6 j; 1b; p –2 1×6k; 2c; 2d; 2e; p 6–1×12n 3 f ; p –2 1×6 j; 3g; p –2 1×6k; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 (p –1)×6l; (p –1)×6m; 2 ×6l; 2 ×6m; 2 ×6l; 2 ×6m; (p – 1)(p – 5) (p – 1)(p – 5) (p – 1)(p – 2) (p – 1)(p – 2) (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 p = prime > 4; × × × × 12 12 6 6 4 ×12n 4 ×12n 12n 12n 12n 12n u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 4h; 6i; p×6 j; p×6k; p×6l; p×6m; p2 ×12n p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p2 – 1 p2 – 1 3 ×12n 2 ×12n 2 ×12n 2 ×12n 2 ×12n 2 ×12n

[p ] P622 pa, pb, c 2

1 3 (x+y), 1 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0); 1 1 1 2 , 0); +( 2 , 2 , 0) 1 1 p x, p y, z; +( up , vp , 0)

2

2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

697

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 178, p. 698.

P 61 2 2 Axes

D26

No. 178 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 6b

6a I

12c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P61 (169)

6a

6a

2×6a

[2] P31 21 (152)

x, y, z– 16

3a; 3b

6c

2×6c

[2] P31 12 (151)

1 x, y, z– 12 x– 12 y, 12 y, z – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z+ 61 – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z– 16

6c

3a; 3b

2×6c

4a; 8c

4b; 8c

3×8c

1 1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z– 12 1 –x+ 21 y, z– 14 2 y, 1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z+ 12

4b; 8c

4a; 8c

3×8c

6a; 2×12c

6b; 2×12c

5×12c

6a; p –2 1×12c

6b; p –2 1×12c

p×12c

6a; 3×12c

6b; 3×12c

7×12c

6a; p –2 1×12c

6b; p –2 1×12c

p×12c

3×6b

6a; 12c

3×12c

2×6a; 12c

2×6b; 12c

4×12c

[3] C2221 (20)

a, a+2b, c conjugate: b, –2a–b, c conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c

alternative: C2221 2a+b, b, c or a+2b, –a, c or a–b, a+b, c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [5] P65 22 (179) a, b, 5c

x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 )

[p] P65 22 (179) a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1 x, y, 17 z; ±(0, 0, 17 ); ±(0, 0, 27 ); ±(0, 0, 37 )

[7] P61 22

a, b, 7c

[p] P61 22

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] P61 22

2a+b, –a+b, c

[4] P61 22

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P61 22

1 1 u v pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime
= 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z– 12 ; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

– – p×6a; p(p2 1)×12c p×6b; p(p2 1)×12c p2×12c

698

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 179, p. 699.

D36 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 6b

6a I

P 65 2 2

No. 179 12c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P65 (170) [2] P32 21 (154) [2] P32 12 (153) [3] C2221 (20)

a, a+2b, c conjugate: b, –2a–b, c conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c

alternative: C2221 2a+b, b, c or a+2b, –a, c or a–b, a+b, c

6a

6a

2×6a

x, y, z+ 61 1 x, y, z+ 12 x– 12 y, 12 y, z – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z– 16 – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z+ 61

3a; 3b

6c

2×6c

6c

3a; 3b

2×6c

4a; 8c

4b; 8c

3×8c

1 1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z+ 12 1 –x+ 21 y, z+ 41 2 y, 1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z– 12

4b; 8c

4a; 8c

3×8c

6a; 2×12c

6b; 2×12c

5×12c

6a; p –2 1×12c

6b; p –2 1×12c

p×12c

6a; 3×12c

6b; 3×12c

7×12c

6a; p –2 1×12c

6b; p –2 1×12c

p×12c

3×6b

6a; 12c

3×12c

2×6a; 12c

2×6b; 12c

4×12c

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [5] P61 22 (178) a, b, 5c

x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 )

[p] P61 22 (178) a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n −1; u = 1, . . . , p −1 x, y, 17 z; ±(0, 0, 17 ); ±(0, 0, 27 ); ±(0, 0, 37 )

[7] P65 22

a, b, 7c

[p] P65 22

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] P65 22

2a+b, –a+b, c

[4] P65 22

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P65 22

pa, pb, c p = prime
= 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z+ 12 ; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

– – p×6a; p(p2 1)×12c p×6b; p(p2 1)×12c p2×12c

699

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 180, p. 700.

P 62 2 2 Axes

I

D46

No. 180 Coordinates 3a

3b 6g

Wyckoff positions 3c 3d 6h 6i

3a

3a 6c

3b 6c

3b 6c

2×3a 6c

2×3b 2×6c

6e 6j

6f 12k

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P62 (171) [2] P32 21 (154)

x, y, z– 13

3a

3b 2×3a

3a 2×3b

3b 6c

6c 6c

6c 2×6c

[2] P32 12 (153)

x, y, z+ 31

3a

3b 6c

3a 6c

3b 2×3a

6c 2×3b

6c 2×6c

x– 12 y, 12 y, z

2a; 4i

2d; 4i 4e; 8l

2b; 4k 4 f ; 8l

2c; 4k 4g; 8l

3×4i 4h; 8l

4 j; 2×4k 3×8l

6a

6b 2×6a

6a 12c

6b 12c

12c 2×6b

12c 2×12c

6a 12c

6b 2×6a

6a 2×6b

12c 12c

12c 2×12c

6e 6g; 6h

3c; 3d 12k

6f 6i; 6 j

2×6e 12k

2×6 f 2×12k

3a; 3b 12k

6f 6g; 6h

3c; 3d 12k

2×6e 6i; 6 j

2×6 f 2×12k

3b; 2×6e 6g; 2×12k 3a; p –2 1×6e 3b; p –2 1×6e 6g; p–1×12k

3c; 2×6 f 6h; 2×12k 3c; p –2 1×6 f 6h; p–1×12k

3d; 2×6 f 6i; 2×12k 3d; p –2 1×6 f 6i; p–1×12k

5×6e 6 j; 2×12k

5×6 f 5×12k

x, y, 17 z; ±(0, 0, 17 ) 3a; 3×6e 3b; 3×6e ±(0, 0, 27 ); ±(0, 0, 37 ) 6g; 3×12k [p] P62 22 a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) 3a; p –2 1×6e 3b; p –2 1×6e p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p −1 6g; p–1×12k

3c; 3×6 f 6h; 3×12k 3c; p –2 1×6 f 6h; p–1×12k

3d; 3×6 f 6i; 3×12k 3d; p –2 1×6 f 6i; p–1×12k

p×6e p×6 f 6 j; p–2 1×12k p×12k

3c; 6i 3×6 j

3d; 6 j 6g; 12k

6e; 12k 6h; 12k

[3] C222 (21)

a, a+2b, c

conjugate: b, –2a–b, c – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z+ 31 conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z– 13 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P61 22 a, b, 2c (178)

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P61 22 a, b, 2c (178)

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 6b

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P64 22 a, b, 2c (181)

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P64 22 a, b, 2c (181)

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 6e

[5] P64 22 a, b, 5c (181)

x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 )

[p] P64 22 a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) (181) p = prime = 6n–1; u = 1, . . . , p –1

3a; 3b

3a; 2×6e

2

[7] P62 22 a, b, 7c

2

[3] P62 22 2a+b, –a+b, c [4] P62 22 2a, 2b, c

1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z+ 31 ; ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

1 1 u v [p2 ]P62 22 pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime > 4; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

3a; 6i

3b; 6 j 3×6i

2

2

2

2

p×6e p×6 f p–1 6 j; 2 ×12k p×12k 7×6e 6 j; 3×12k

7×6 f 7×12k

6 f ; 12k 3×12k

3a; 3c; 6 f

3b; 3d; 6 f 6g; 6i 6h; 6 j 6e; 3×6 f 2×12k 2×6g; 12k 2×6h; 12k 2×6i; 12k 2×6 j; 12k 4×12k 2 2 3a; p –2 1×6g; 3b; p –2 1×6h; 3c; p –2 1×6g; 3d; p–2 1×6h; 6e; p 2–1×12k 6 f ; p 2–1×12k p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×6i; 2 ×6 j; 2 ×6i; 2 ×6 j; 2 2 2 (p – 1) (p – 1) (p – 1) (p – 1)2 4 ×12k 4 ×12k 4 ×12k 4 ×12k p×6g; p(p – 1) 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

×12k

700

p×6h; p(p – 1) 2

×12k

p×6i; p(p – 1) 2

×12k

p×6 j; p(p – 1) 2

p2 ×12k ×12k

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 181, p. 701.

D56 Axes

I

P 64 2 2

No. 181 Coordinates 3a

3b 6g

Wyckoff positions 3c 3d 6h 6i

3a

3a 6c

3b 6c

3b 6c

2×3a 6c

2×3b 2×6c

6e 6j

6f 12k

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P64 (172) [2] P31 21 (152)

x, y, z+ 31

3a

3b 2×3a

3a 2×3b

3b 6c

6c 6c

6c 2×6c

[2] P31 12 (151)

x, y, z– 13

3a

3b 6c

3a 6c

3b 2×3a

6c 2×3b

6c 2×6c

x– 12 y, 12 y, z

2a; 4i

2d; 4i 4e; 8l

2b; 4k 4 f ; 8l

2c; 4k 4g; 8l

3×4i 4h; 8l

4 j; 2×4k 3×8l

[3] C222 (21)

a, a+2b, c

conjugate: b, –2a–b, c – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z– 13 conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z+ 31 II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P65 22 a,b,2c (179)

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

6a

6b 2×6a

6a 12c

6b 12c

12c 2×6b

12c 2×12c

[2] P65 22 a,b,2c (179)

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

6b

6a 12c

6b 2×6a

6a 2×6b

12c 12c

12c 2×12c

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P62 22 a, b, 2c (180)

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

3a; 3b

6e 6g; 6h

3c; 3d 12k

6f 6i; 6 j

2×6e 12k

2×6 f 2×12k

[2] P62 22 a, b, 2c (180)

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

6e

3a; 3b 12k

6f 6g; 6h

3c; 3d 12k

2×6e 6i; 6 j

2×6 f 2×12k

[5] P62 22 a, b, 5c (180)

x, y, 15 z; ±(0, 0, 15 ); ±(0, 0, 25 )

3a; 2×6e

3b; 2×6e 6g; 2×12k 3a; p –2 1×6e 3b; p –2 1×6e 6g; p–1×12k

3c; 2×6 f 6h; 2×12k 3c; p –2 1×6 f 6h; p–1×12k

3d; 2×6 f 6i; 2×12k 3d; p –2 1×6 f 6i; p–1×12k

5×6e 6 j; 2×12k

5×6 f 5×12k

3a; 3×6e

3b; 3×6e 6g; 3×12k 3a; p –2 1×6e 3b; p –2 1×6e 6g; p–1×12k

3c; 3×6 f 6h; 3×12k 3c; p –2 1×6 f 6h; p–1×12k

3d; 3×6 f 6i; 3×12k 3d; p –2 1×6 f 6i; p–1×12k

p×6e p×6 f 6 j; p–2 1×12k p×12k

3a; 6i

3c; 6i 3×6 j

3d; 6 j 6g; 12k

6e; 12k 6h; 12k

[p] P62 22 a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) (180) p = prime = 6n–1; u = 1, . . . , p –1 [7] P64 22 a, b, 7c

x, y, 17 z; ±(0, 0, 17 ) ±(0, 0, 27 ); ±(0, 0, 37 )

[p] P64 22 a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime = 6n+1; u = 1, . . . , p –1 [3] P64 22 2a+b, –a+b, c [4] P64 22 2a, 2b, c

1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z– 13 ; ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

1 1 u v [p2 ]P64 22 pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime > 4; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2

2

3b; 6 j 3×6i

2

2

2

2

p×6e p×6 f p–1 6 j; 2 ×12k p×12k 7×6e 6 j; 3×12k

7×6 f 7×12k

6 f ; 12k 3×12k

3a; 3c; 6 f

3b; 3d; 6 f 6g; 6i 6h; 6 j 6e; 3×6 f 2×12k 2×6g; 12k 2×6h; 12k 2×6i; 12k 2×6 j; 12k 4×12k 2 p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p2 – 1 3a; 2 ×6g; 3b; 2 ×6h; 3c; 2 ×6g; 3d; 2 ×6h; 6e; 2 ×12k 6 f ; p 2–1×12k p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×6i; 2 ×6 j; 2 ×6i; 2 ×6 j; (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 ×12k ×12k ×12k 4 4 4 4 ×12k p×6g; p(p – 1) 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

701

×12k

p×6h; p(p – 1) 2

×12k

p×6i; p(p – 1) 2

×12k

p×6 j; p(p – 1) 2

p2 ×12k ×12k

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 182, p. 702.

P 63 2 2 Axes

D66

No. 182 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2c 2d 6g

2a

2b

[2] P63 (173)

2a

2a

2b

[2] P321 (150)

1a; 1b

2c

2g

I

4e 6h

4f 12i

2b 6c

2×2a 6c

2×2b 2×6c

2d

2d 3e; 3 f

2×2c 6g

2×2d 2×6g

1a; 1b

1d; 1e

1c; 1 f 6l

2×2g 3 j; 3k

2h; 2i 2×6l

4a

4b

4b

4b 4a; 8c

8c 4b; 8c

8c 3×8c

4b

4a

4a

4a 4b; 8c

8c 4a; 8c

8c 3×8c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

x, y, z+ 41

[2] P312 (149)

[3] C2221 a, a+2b, c x– 12 y, 12 y, z (20) conjugate: b, –2a–b, c – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z alternative: C2221 2a+b, b, c or a+2b, –a, c or a–b, a+b, c

1 1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z+ 4 1 –x+ 21 y, z+ 41 2 y, 1 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z+ 4

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [3] P65 22 a, b, 3c (179)

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

6a

6b

6b

6b 6a; 12c

12c 6b; 12c

12c 3×12c

[3] P61 22 a, b, 3c (178)

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

6a

6b

6b

6b 6a; 12c

12c 6b; 12c

12c 3×12c

2a; 4e

2b; 4e

2d; 4 f

2c; 4 f 6g; 12i

3×4e 6h; 12i

3×4 f 3×12i

2a; p –2 1×4e

2b; p –2 1×4e

2c(d ∗ ); 2d(c∗ ); p×4e p×4 f p –1 p –1 2 ×4 f 2 ×4 f p –1 6g; 2 ×12i 6h; p –2 1×12i p×12i

2b; 2c; 2d

2a; 4 f

6g

6g 3×6h

4e; 2×4 f 6g; 12i

12i 3×12i

2a; 6g

2b; 6h

2d; 6h

2c; 6h 2×6g;12i

4e; 12i 2×6h; 12i

4 f ; 12i 4×12i

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P63 22 a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P63 22 a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [3] P63 22 2a+b, –a+b, c [4] P63 22 2a, 2b, c [p2 ] P63 22 pa, pb, c

1 1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z+ 4 ; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

p = prime = 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; (p –1)×6g; 2b; (p –1)×6h; 2c(d † ); 2d(c† ); 4e; 4f; – – – – (p 1)(p 2) (p 1)(p 2) p2 – 1 p2 – 1 ×12i ×12i (p –1)×6h; (p –1)×6h; 6 6 3 ×12i 3 ×12i (p – 1)(p – 2) (p – 1)(p – 2) × × 6 6 12i 12i p×6g; p(p – 1) 2 ∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

702

p = 4n−1

†

×12i

p×6h; p(p – 1) 2

p = 3n−1

p2 ×12i ×12i

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 183, p. 703.

C6v1

P6mm

No. 183 Axes

1a

2b

Wyckoff positions 3c 6d

[2] P6 (168)

1a

2b

3c

6d

6d

2×6d

[2] P31m (157)

1a

2b

3c

2×3c

6d

2×6d

I

Coordinates

6e

12 f

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P3m1 (156) [3] Cmm2 (35) a, a+2b, c conjugate: b, –2a–b, c conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c alternative: Cmm2 2a+b, b, c or a+2b, –a, c or a–b, a+b, c

1a

1b; 1c

3d

6e

2×3d

2×6e

x– 12 y, 12 y, z – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z

2a

4e

2b; 4c

4d; 8 f

4e; 8 f

3×8 f

1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z 1 –x+ 21 y, z 2 y, 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

2a

4d

2b; 4c

4e; 8f

4d; 8f

3×8 f

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a

2×2b

6c

12d

2×6c

2×12d

1 2) 1 2)

2a

4b

6c

2×6c

12d

2×12d

2a

4b

6c

12d

12d

2×12d

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2×1a

2×2b

2×3c

2×6d

2×6e

2×12 f

±(0, 0, 13 ) +(0, 0, up )

3×1a

3×2b

3×3c

3×6d

3×6e

3×12 f

p×1a

p×2b

p×3c

p×6d

p×6e

p×12 f

1a; 2b

6d

3c; 6e

3×6e

6d; 12 f

3×12 f

1a; 3c

2b; 6e

6d; 6e

2×6d; 12 f

2×6e; 12 f

4×12 f

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P63 mc (186) a, b, 2c [2] P63 cm (185) a, b, 2c

x, y,

[2] P6cc (184)

x, y,

a, b, 2c

1 2 z; 1 2 z;

+(0, 0, +(0, 0,

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P6mm

a, b, 2c

x, y,

1 3 z; 1 p z;

[3] P6mm

a, b, 3c

[p] P6mm

a, b, pc x, y, p = prime; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] P6mm

2a+b, –a+b, c

[4] P6mm

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P6mm

pa, pb, c p = prime > 4; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z+ 3 ; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

1a; p–2 1×6d; 2b; 3c; p–2 1×6d; p×6d; p×6e; p2×12 f – – – – p(p 1) p(p 1) p 1 (p –1)×6e; p 2 1×6e; 2 ×6e; 2 ×12 f 2 ×12 f (p – 1)(p – 5) (p – 1)(p – 2) (p – 1)2 × × ×12 f 12 6 4 12f 12 f

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

703

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 184, p. 704.

P6cc

C6v2

No. 184 Axes

2a

Wyckoff positions 4b 6c

12d

[2] P6 (168)

2×1a

2×2b

2×3c

2×6d

[2] P31c (159)

2a

2×2b

6c

2×6c

I

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P3c1 (158) [3] Ccc2 (37)

a, a+2b, c conjugate: b, –2a–b, c conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c

alternative: Ccc2 2a+b, b, c or a+2b, –a, c or a–b, a+b, c

2a

2b; 2c

6d

2×6d

x– 12 y, 12 y, z – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z

4a

8d

4b; 2×4c

3×8d

1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z 1 –x+ 21 y, z 2 y, 1 1 2 (x–y), 2 (x+y), z

4a

8d

4b; 2×4c

3×8d

3×2a

3×4b

3×6c

3×12d

p×2a

p×4b

p×6c

p×12d

2a; 4b

12d

6c; 12d

3×12d

2a; 6c

4b; 12d

2×12d

4×12d

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[3] P6cc

a, b, 3c

[p] P6cc

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[3] P6cc

2a+b, –a+b, c

[4] P6cc

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P6cc

pa, pb, c p = prime > 4; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

u p)

1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

2 2 2 2a; p 6–1×12d 4b; p 3–1×12d 6c; p 2–1×12d p2×12d

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

704

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 185, p. 705.

C6v3

P 63 c m

No. 185 Axes

2a

Wyckoff positions 4b 6c

12d

[2] P63 (173)

2a

2×2b

6c

2×6c

[2] P3c1 (158)

2a

2b; 2c

6d

2×6d

2×1a

2×2b

2×3c

2×6d

4a

8b

4a; 8b

3×8b

2a; 2×2b

12d

3×6c

3×12d

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

3×4b

3×6c

3×12d

u p)

p×2a

p×4b

p×6c

p×12d

2a; 6c

4b; 12d

2×6c; 12d 4×12d

I

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P31m (157) [3] Cmc21 (36)

2a+b, b, c conjugate: –a+b, –a–b, c conjugate: –a–2b, a, c

1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z 1 –1 2 (–x+y), 2 (x+y), z – 12 y, x– 12 y, z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [3] P63 mc (186) a–b, a+2b, c

1 1 3 (2x–y), 3 (x+y), z; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P63 cm

a, b, 3c

[p] P63 cm

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[4] P63 cm

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P63 cm

pa, pb, c p = prime
= 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

2 2a; (p –1)×6c; 4b; p 3–1×12d p×6c; p2×12d (p – 1)(p – 2) p(p – 1) ×12d 6 2 ×12d

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

705

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 186, p. 706.

P 63 m c

C6v4

No. 186

Axes

2a

Wyckoff positions 2b 6c

12d

[2] P63 (173)

2a

2b

6c

2×6c

[2] P31c (159)

2a

2b

6c

2×6c

2×1a

1b; 1c

2×3d

2×6e

4a

4a

4a; 8b

3×8b

6c

6c; 12d

3×12d

I

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P3m1 (156) [3] Cmc21 (36)

a, a+2b, c conjugate: b, –2a–b, c conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c

x– 12 y, 12 y, z – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [3] P63 cm (185) 2a+b, –a+b, c 13 (x+y), 13 (–x+2y), z; 2a; 4b ±( 31 , 23 , 0) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

3×2a

3×2b

3×6c

3×12d

u p)

p×2a

p×2b

p×6c

p×12d

2a; 6c

2b; 6c

2×6c; 12d 4×12d

[3] P63 mc

a, b, 3c

[p] P63 mc

a, b, pc x, y, +(0, 0, p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[4] P63 mc

2a, 2b, c

[p2 ] P63 mc

pa, pb, c p = prime
= 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

1 p z;

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

P 6¯ m 2

2a; (p –1)×6c; 2b; (p –1)×6c; p×6c; p2×12d (p – 1)(p – 2) (p – 1)(p – 2) p(p – 1) ×12d ×12d 6 6 2 ×12d

No. 187 Axes

CONTINUED (from

Coordinates 1a

Wyckoff positions 1c 1d 2h 2i

1b

¯ [p] P6m2 a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) 1a; p –2 1×2g 1b; p –2 1×2g p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 ¯ [4] P6m2 2a, 2b, c 12 x, 12 y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0); 1a; 3 j 1b; 3k 1 1 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +( 2 , 2 , 0)

1e 3j 6m

1f 3k 6n

next page)

2g 6l 12o

1c; p –2 1×2h 1d; p –2 1×2h 1e; p –2 1×2i 1 f ; p –2 1×2i p×2g p×2h p×2i 3 j; p –2 1×6n 3k; p–2 1×6n 6l; p–2 1×12o 6m; p–2 1×12o p×6n p×12o 1e; 3 j 2i; 6n

1 f ; 3k 2h; 6n

1c; 3 j 2×3 j; 6l 4×6m

1d; 3k 2g; 6n 2×3k; 6m 4×6l 2×6n; 12o 4×12o

¯ [p2 ] P6m2 pa, pb, c 1p x, 1p y, z; +( up , vp , 0) 1a; 1b; 1c(e∗ ); 1d( f ∗ ); 1e(c∗ ); 1 f (d ∗ ); 2g; p = prime
= 3; (p –1)×3 j; (p –1)×3k; (p –1)×3 j; (p –1)×3k; (p –1)×3 j; (p –1)×3k; (p –1)×6n; – –2) (p–1)(p–2) (p–1)(p–2) (p–1)(p–2) – –2) (p–1)(p–2) – –2) u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 (p 1)(p × × × × (p 1)(p × × (p 1)(p × 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6l 6m 6l 6m 6l 6m 12o 2h(i∗ ); 2i(h∗ ); p×3 j; p×3k; p2 ×6l p(p – 1) p(p – 1) (p –1)×6n; (p –1)×6n; 2 ×6l 2 ×6m (p – 1)(p – 2) (p – 1)(p – 2) × × 6 6 12o 12o p2 ×6m ∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

706

p = 3n −1

p×6n; p2 ×12o – p(p 1) 2 ×12o

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 187, pp. 706–707.

D13h

P 6¯ m 2

No. 187 Axes

Coordinates 1a

1b

1c

1d

Wyckoff positions 1e 1f 2g 2h 6l

1a

1b

1c

1d

1e

1f

2g

[2] P3m1 (156)

1a

1a

1b

1b

1c

1c

2×1a 2×1b 2×1c 6e 6e

3d 3d 2×3d 2×6e

[2] P312 (149)

1a

1b

1c

1d

1e

1f

2g

2h 6l

3j 6l

[3] Cm2m a, a+2b, c x– 12 y, 12 y, z (38) conjugate: b, –2a–b, c – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z

2a

2b

2a

2b

2a

2b

4c

4c 4c 3×4d 3×4e

2a; 4d 2b; 4e 4c; 8 f 3×8 f

2a

2b

2c

2d

2e

2f

4g

4h 12l

6j 12l

6k 2×12l

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2b

2a

2d

2c

2f

2e

4g

4h 4i 2×6k 12l

6k 12l

6j 2×12l

1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), z; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 3 (x+y)+ 3 , 3 (–x+2y), z; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 3 (x+y)– 3 , 3 (–x+2y), z; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0)

1a; 2c 1b; 2d 3 f

3g

3f

3g

2e; 4h 6i 6i 3×6 j 3×6k

3 f ; 6 j 3g; 6k 6i; 12l 3×12l

3g

6i

2e; 4h 6i 3×6 j 3×6k

3 f ; 6 j 3g; 6k 6i; 12l 3×12l

1a; 2c 1b; 2d 6i

6i 2e; 4h 3×6 j 3×6k

3 f ; 6 j 3g; 6k 6i; 12l 3×12l

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P6¯ (174)

2i 6m

3j 6n

3k 12o

3j 6l

3k 2×6l

I

=
Amm2 c, a, a+2b or c, b, –2a–b

2h 2i 2×3 j 2×3k

2i 6l

3k 2×6l

z, x– 12 y, 12 y z, – 12 x+y, – 12 x

or c, –a–b, a–b z, 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic ¯ [2] P6c2 a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, 1 ) 2

(188) ¯ [2] P6c2 a, b, 2c (188) ¯ [3] P62m 2a+b, (189) –a+b, c ¯ [3] P62m 2a+b, (189) –a+b, c ¯ [3] P62m 2a+b, (189) –a+b, c

2

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [2] P6m2 a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, 1 ) 2

2

3f

3g

1a; 2c 1b; 2d 3 f

3f

3g

3f

1a; 1b 2g

3g

1c; 1d 2h

1e; 1 f 2i

4i 2×6k

2×2g 2×2h 2×2i 6l; 6m 12o

3 j; 3k 6n 2×6n 2×12o

¯ [2] P6m2

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2g

¯ [3] P6m2

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

1a; 2g 1b; 2g 1c; 2h 1d; 2h 1e; 2i 1 f ; 2i 3×2g 3×2h 3×2i 3 j; 6n 3k; 6n 6l; 12o 6m; 12o 3×6n 3×12o

1a; 1b 2h

Continued on preceding page

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

707

1c; 1d 2i

1e; 1 f 2×2g 2×2h 2×2i 12o 6l; 6m

6n 3 j; 3k 2×6n 2×12o

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 188, p. 708.

P 6¯ c 2 Axes

D23h

No. 188 Coordinates 2a 4g

2b 4h

Wyckoff positions 2c 2d 4i 6j

2g 2×2g

1a; 1b 2×2h

2h 2×2i

1c; 1d 6l

2i 3 j; 3k

1e; 1 f 2×6l

[2] P3c1 (158)

2a 2×2a

2a 2×2b

2b 2×2c

2b 6d

2c 6d

2c 2×6d

[2] P312 (149)

1a; 1b 2×2g

2g 2×2h

1c; 1d 2×2i

2h 3 j; 3k

1e; 1 f 6l

2i 2×6l

4a 8c

4b 8c

4a 8c

4b 4a; 8c

4a 3×4b

4b 3×8c

2a; 4 f 4e; 2×4 f

2b; 2c; 2d 12i

6g 12i

6h 6g; 12i

6g 3×6h

6h 3×12i

6g 12i

6h 12i

6g 4e; 2×4 f

6h 6g; 12i

2a; 4 f 3×6h

2b; 2c; 2d 3×12i

6g 12i

6h 4e; 2×4 f

2a; 4 f 12i

2b; 2c; 2d 6g; 12i

6g 3×6h

6h 3×12i

2a; 4g 3×4g 2a; p –1×4g

2b; 4g 2c; 4h 3×4h 3×4i p –1 2b; 2 ×4g 2c; p –2 1×4h p×4h p×4i

2d; 4h 6 j; 12l 2d; p–2 1×4h 6 j; p–1×12l

2e; 4i 6k; 12l 2e; p –2 1×4i 6k; p–1×12l

2 f ; 4i 3×12l 2 f ; p –1×4i

2

p×12l

2 f ; 6k 2×6 j; 12l

2c; 6 j 4×6k

2d; 6k 4×12l

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P6¯ (174) x, y, z+ 1

2e 6k

2f 12l

I

4

[3] C2cm (40)

2a+b, b, c

conjugate: –a+b, –a–b, c conjugate: –a–2b, a, c =
Ama2 c, –b, 2a+b or c, a+b, –a+b or c, –a, –a–2b alternative: Cc2m a, a+2b, c or b, –2a–b, c or –a–b, a–b, c

1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 (–x–y), z 1 1 – 2 y, x– 2 y, z z, 12 x–y, 12 x z, 12 (x+y), 12 (–x+y) z, –x+ 21 y, – 12 y

x– 12 y, 12 y, z – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 ¯ (2x–y), 1 (x+y), z; [3] P62c a–b, 3

(190) a+2b, c ¯ [3] P62c a–b, (190) a+2b, c ¯ [3] P62c a–b, (190) a+2b, c

3 ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 1 3 (2x–y)+ 3 , 3 (x+y), z; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0) 1 1 1 3 (2x–y)– 3 , 3 (x+y), z; ±( 31 , 23 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [3] P6c2 a,b,3c x, y, 1 z; ±(0, 0, 1 ) 3

¯ [p] P6c2

3

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

¯ [4] P6c2

2a, 2b, c

¯ [p2 ] P6c2

pa, pb, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 1 1 p x, p y, z;

+( up , vp , 0)

p = prime = 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2

p×4g 2a; 6 j 4g; 12l

2b; 6k 2e; 6 j 4i; 12l 4h; 12l p2 – 1 2a; (p –1)×6 j; 2b; 3 ×6k 2c(e∗ ); (p – 1)(p – 2) ×12l (p –1)×6 j; 6 (p – 1)(p – 2) × 6 12l 2 4g; p 3–1×12l 4h(i∗ ); 4i(h∗ ); 2– 2 p 1 ×12l p –1×12l 3

3

∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

708

2

2

2d( f ∗ ); 2e(c∗ ); 2 f (d ∗ ); 2– p 1 p2 – 1 –1)×6 j; 3 ×6k (p 3 ×6k (p – 1)(p – 2) × 6 12l p×6 j p(p – 1) 2

p = 3n−1

p2 ×6k ×12l

p2 ×12l

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 189, p. 709.

D33h

P 6¯ 2 m

No. 189 Axes

Coordinates 1a 3g

1b 4h

Wyckoff positions 2c 2d 6i 6j

1a 3k

1b 2h; 2i

1c; 1e 6l

1d; 1 f 2×3 j

2g 2×3k

3j 2×6l

[2] P31m (157)

1a 3c

1a 2×2b

2b 2×3c

2b 6d

2×1a 6d

3c 2×6d

[2] P321 (150)

1a 3f

1b 2×2d

2d 6g

2d 6g

2c 6g

3e 2×6g

2a 2b; 4e

2b 8f

4d 4c; 8 f

4e 3×4d

4c 3×4e

2a; 4d 3×8 f

2a 6h

2b 2×4 f

4f 12i

2c; 2d 12i

4e 2×6h

6g 2×12i

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 2b 6g

2a 2×4 f

2c; 2d 12i

4f 2×6h

4e 12i

6h 2×12i

1 1 3 (2x–y), 3 (x+y), z; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0)

1a; 1c; 1e 3×3k

1b; 1d; 1 f 12o

6l 3×6n

6m 3×6l

2g; 2h; 2i 3×6m

3×3 j 3×12o

1a; 1b 6i

2e 2×4h

2c; 2d 2×6i

4h 6 j; 6k

2×2e 12l

3 f ; 3g 2×12l

2c; 2d 12l

2×2e 6 j; 6k

6i 2×12l

3×2e 6k; 12l

3 f ; 6i 3×12l 3 f ; p –1×6i

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P6¯ (174)

2e 6k

3f 12l

I

[3] Cm2m (38)

2a+b, b, c

1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z

conjugate: –a+b, –a–b, c 12 (–x+y), 12 (–x–y), z – 12 y, x– 12 y, z conjugate: –a–2b, a, c =
Amm2 c, 2a+b, b z, 12 x, – 12 x+y or c, –a+b, –a–b z, 12 (–x+y), 12 (–x–y) or c, –a– 2b, a z, – 12 y, x– 12 y alternative: C2mm a, a+2b, c or b, –2a–b, c or –a–b, a–b, c

x– 12 y, 12 y, z – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic ¯ [2] P62c a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, 1 ) 2

(190) ¯ [2] P62c a, b, 2c (190) ¯ [3] P6m2 a–b, a+2b, c (187)

2

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [2] P62m a, b, 2c x, y, 1 z; +(0, 0, 1 ) 2

2

¯ [2] P62m

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 ) 2e 3 f ; 3g

1a; 1b 2×4h

4h 2×6i

¯ [3] P62m

a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

¯ [p] P62m

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

1a; 2e 3g; 6i 1a; p –2 1×2e 3g; p –1×6i

1b; 2e 3×4h 1b; p –1×2e

2c; 4h 2d; 4h 3×6i 6 j; 12l p –1 2c; 2 ×4h 2d; p –2 1×4h p×6i 6 j; p –2 1×12l

1a; 3 f 2×3g; 6k

1b; 3g 4h; 12l

¯ [4] P62m ¯ [p2 ] P62m

2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

2

2

p×4h

2c; 6 j 2d; 6k 2×6i; 12l 4×6 j 2 2 1 1 u v –1)×3 f ; 1b; (p –1)×3g; 2c; p 3–1×6 j 2d; p 3–1×6k pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) 1a; (p – –2) (p – 1)(p – 2) p = prime
= 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 ×6 j (p 1)(p ×6k 6 6 p2 – 1 p×3g; 4h; 3 ×12l p×6i; p2 ×6 j p(p – 1) p(p – 1) 2 ×6k 2 ×12l

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

709

p×2e 6k; p –2 1×12l 2e; 6i 4×6k

2

p×12l 2×3 f ; 6 j 4×12l

2e; (p –1)×6i; p×3 f ; – (p – 1)(p – 2) ×12l p(p2 1)×6 j 6 p2 ×6k

p2 ×12l

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 190, p. 710.

P 6¯ 2 c Axes

D43h

No. 190 Coordinates 2a

2b

Wyckoff positions 2c 2d 6g

2g

1a; 1b

1d; 1e

[2] P31c (159)

2a

2a

[2] P321 (150)

1a; 1b 4a

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups [2] P6¯ (174) x, y, z+ 1

4e 6h

4f 12i

1c; 1 f 6l

2×2g 3 j; 3k

2h; 2i 2×6l

2b

2b 6c

2×2a 6c

2×2b 2×6c

2c

2d

2d 3e; 3 f

2×2c 6g

2×2d 2×6g

4b

4b

4b 4a; 8c

8c 3×4b

8c 3×8c

2b; 2d; 2 f

6k

6k 3×6 j

4g; 4h; 4i 3×6k

12l 3×12l

2a; 4e

2b; 4e

2d; 4 f

2c; 4 f 6g; 12i

3×4e 6h; 12i

3×4 f 3×12i

2a; p –2 1×4e

2b; p –2 1×4e 2c(d ∗ ); 2d(c∗ ); p×4e p×4 f p –1 p –1 ×4 f ×4 f 2 2 6g; p –2 1×12i 6h; p –2 1×12i p×12i

2a; 6g

2b; 6h

I

4

[3] C2cm (40)

a, a+2b, c

x– 12 y, 12 y, z

conjugate: b, –2a–b, c conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c

– 12 x+y, – 12 x, z

=
Ama2 c, a+2b, –a or c, –2a–b, –b

z, 12 y, –x+ 21 y z, – 12 x, 12 x–y

or c, a–b, a+b alternative: Cc2m 2a+b, b, c or –a–2b, a, c or –a+b, –a–b, c

– 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z

z, 12 (x–y), 12 (x+y) 1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z – 12 y, x– 12 y, z 1 1 2 (–x+y), 2 (–x–y), z

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic ¯ [3] P6c2 2a+b, –a+b, c 13 (x+y), 13 (–x+2y), z; 2a; 2c; 2e (188) ±( 31 , 23 , 0) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

¯ [3] P62c

a, b, 3c

¯ [p] P62c

a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

¯ [4] P62c

2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

¯ [p2 ] P62c

pa, pb, c

1 1 u v p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0)

p = prime = 3; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2d; 6h

2c; 6h 2×6g; 12i

2 2a; (p –1)×6g; 2b; p 3–1×6h 2c(d † ); 2d(c† ); (p – 1)(p – 2) p2 – 1 p2 – 1 ×12i 6 3 ×6h 3 ×6h

p×6g; p(p – 1) 2 ∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

710

p = 4n−1

4e; 12i 4f ; 12i 4×6h 4×12i 2 2 4e; p 3–1×12i 4 f ; p 3–1× 12i p2 ×6h

×12i †

p = 3n−1

p2 ×12i

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 191, pp. 711–712.

D16h

P 6/m 2/m 2/m Axes

Coordinates 1a 1b 2c

I

P 6/m m m

No. 191

2d

2e

3f

Wyckoff positions 3g 4h 6i 12n

2d

6j 12o

6k 12p

6l 12q

6m 24r

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

¯ [2] P62m (189)

1a 1b 2c

2e

3f

3g

4h

¯ [2] P6m2 (187)

1a 1b 1c; 1e 1d; 1 f 2g

3j

3k

2h; 2i 6n 12o

[2] P6mm (183)

1a 1a 2b

2b

2×1a 3c

3c

2×2b 2×3c 6d 6d 2×6d 2×6e 12 f

6e 12 f

6e 2×12 f

[2] P622 (177)

1a 1b 2c

2d

2e

3f

3g

4h

6i 12n

6j 12n

6k 12n

6l 12n

6m 2×12n

[2] P6/m (175)

1a 1b 2c

2d

2e

3f

3g

4h

6i 12l

6j 12l

6k 6j 6k 2×6 j 2×6k 2×12l

¯ [2] P3m1 (164)

1a 1b 2d

2d

2c

3e

3f

2×2d 6i 12 j

6g 2×6i

6h 12 j

6i 12 j

6i 2×12 j

¯ [2] P31m (162)

1a 1b 2c

2d

2e

3f

3g

4h

6k 12l

6i 12l

6j 2×12l

2a 2d 4i

4j

4k

2b; 4e 2c; 4 f 8n

[3] Cmmm (65)

a, a+2b, c

x– 12 y, 12 y, z

6i 2×6i

2×3 f 2×3g 6 j 6k 12l 2×6 j 2×6k 2×12l 6l 6m 2×6n 2×6l

6k 6k 2×6k 12l

2×3 j 2×3k 2×6m 2×12o

4l; 8m 4g; 8p 4h; 8q 4i; 8p 4 j; 8q 8o; 16r 8n; 16r 3×8p 3×8q 3×16r

conjugate: b, –2a–b, c – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] P63 /mmc (194)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a 2b 4 f

[2] P63 /mmc (194)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2b 2a 2c; 2d 4 f

[2] P63 /mcm (193)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2b 2a 4d

[2] P63 /mcm (193)

a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

[2] P6/mcc (192)

a, b, 2c

[2] P6/mcc (192)

a, b, 2c

2c; 2d 4e

6g

6h

2×4 f 12k 24l

12i 12 j 2×12k 24l

4e

6h

6g

2×4 f 12k 24l

12 j 12i 2×6h 12k 2×12k 2×12 j 24l 2×24l

4c

4e

6f

6g

8h

12k 12k 2×12k 24l

2a 2b 4c

4d

4e

6g

6f

8h

12k 2×6g 12k 12 j 2×12k 24l 2×12 j 24l

12i 2×24l

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

2b 2a 4d

4c

4e

6g

6f

8h

12i 24m

12l 24m

12 j 12l 2×12l 24m

12k 2×24m

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2a 2b 4c

4d

4e

6f

6g

8h

12i 24m

12 j 24m

12l 24m

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

711

12k 2×6h 2×12 j 2×24l

2×6g 12i 12 j 24l 2×12 j 2×24l

12k 12l 2×12l 2×24m

P 6/m m m Axes

No. 191

P 6/m 2/m 2/m

Coordinates 1a

1b 4h

2c 6i 12n

2d 6j 12o

CONTINUED

Wyckoff positions 2e 3f 6k 6l 12p 12q

3g 6m 24r

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [2] P6/mmm a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z; +(0, 0, 12 )

1a; 1b

2e 2×4h

2c; 2d 2×6i 2×12n

4h 6 j; 6k 2×12o

2×2e 12n 12p; 12q

3 f ; 3g 6l; 6m 24r

6i 12o 2×24r

[2] P6/mmm a, b, 2c

x, y, 12 z+ 41 ; +(0, 0, 12 )

2e

1a; 1b 2×4h

4h 2×6i 2×12n

2c; 2d 12n 2×12o

2×2e 6 j; 6k 24r

6i 12o 12p; 12q

3 f ; 3g 6l; 6m 2×24r

[3] P6/mmm a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

1a; 2e

1b; 2e 3×4h

2d; 4h 6 j; 12n 3×12o 2d; p –2 1×4h 6 j; p –1×12n

3×2e 6k; 12n 12p; 24r

2c; 4h 3×6i 3×12n – – p 1 p 1 [p] P6/mmm a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; 1a; 2 ×2e 1b; 2 ×2e 2c; p –2 1×4h +(0, 0, up ) p×4h p×6i p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 p×12n 1 3 (x+y), 1 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 2a, 2b, c 12 x, 12 y, z; +( 21 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

[3] P6/mmm 2a+b, –a+b, c

1a; 2c

1b; 2d 12n

[4] P6/mmm

1a; 3 f

1b; 3g 4h; 12o

6j 6i; 12o 3×12o

3g; 6i 6m; 12o 3×24r 3g; p –2 1×6i 6m; p–1×12o

p×12o

3 f ; 6i 6l; 12o 12q; 24r p×2e 3 f ; p –2 1×6i 6k; p –2 1×12n 6l; p –2 1×12o 12p; p–2 1×24r 12q; p–2 1×24r

6k 3×6l 12n; 24r

2e; 4h 3×6m 3×12p

3 f ; 6l 6 j; 12p 3×12q

3g; 6m 6k; 12q 3×24r

6 j; 6l 2×6l; 12p 4×12q 3 f ; p–2 1×6 j; p –1 ×6l;

6k; 6m 2×6m; 12q 4×24r 3g; p–2 1×6k p –1 ×6m;

p×6l; p(p – 1)

p×6m; p(p – 1)

2

2c; 6l 2d; 6m 2e; 6i 12n; 12o 2×6 j; 12p 2×6k; 12q 2×12n; 24r 2×12o; 24r 4×12p [p2 ] P6/mmm pa, pb, c 1p x, 1p y, z; 1a; p–2 1×6 j; 1b; p–2 1×6k; 2c; 2d; 2e; p–2 1×12n; – – p 1 p 1 +( up , vp , 0) (p –1)×6l; (p –1)×6m; p –2 1×12o; 2 ×6l; 2 ×6m; – –5) – –2) – –2) – –5) (p – 1)(p – 5) p = prime > 4; × (p 1)(p × (p 1)(p × (p 1)(p × (p 1)(p × 12 12 6 6 12 12p 12p 12p 12p 24r u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 4h; 6i; p–2 1×12n; p×6 j; p×6k; p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p –1 (p –1)×12o; 2 ×12o; 2 ×12p 2 ×12q (p – 1)(p – 2) (p – 1)2 × 6 4 ×24r 24r p×12n; p×12o; p2 ×12p p(p – 1) p(p – 1) 2 ×24r 2 ×24r

712

2 (p – 1)2 4 ×12p

2

×12p

p2 ×12q

2

p×24r

2 (p – 1)2 4 ×12q

2

×12q

p2 ×24r

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 192, p. 713.

D26h

P 6/m 2/c 2/c Axes

I

Coordinates

2a

P 6/m c c

No. 192

2b 8h

4c 12i

4d 12 j

Wyckoff positions 4e 12k

6f 12l

6g 24m

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

¯ [2] P62c (190) ¯ [2] P6c2

x, y, z+ 41

2a

2b 2×4 f

4f 12i

2c; 2d 2×6g

4e 12i

6g 2×6h

6h 2×12i

x, y, z+ 41

2a

2b 4h; 4i

2c; 2e 12l

2d; 2 f 12l

4g 2×6 j

6j 2×6k

6k 2×12l

2a

2a 2×4b

4b 2×6c

4b 12d

2×2a 12d

6c 12d

6c 2×12d

1a; 1b

2e 2×4h

2c; 2d 2×6i

4h 6 j; 6k

2×2e 6l; 6m

3 f ; 3g 12n

6i 2×12n

2e

1a; 1b 2×4h

4h 2×6i

2c; 2d 12l

2×2e 12l

6i 6 j; 6k

3 f ; 3g 2×12l

2a

2b 2×4d

4d 12g

4d 2×6 f

4c 12g

6f 12g

6e 2×12g

2a

2b 2×4 f

2c; 2d 12i

4f 12i

4e 2×6h

6h 12i

6g 2×12i

4a

4c 16m

8h 8 j; 2×8k

8l 8g; 16m

8i 8h; 16m

4b; 8k 3×8l

4d; 4e; 4 f 3×16m

(188) [2] P6cc (184) x, y, z+ 41

[2] P622 (177) [2] P6/m (175) ¯ [2] P3c1 (165) ¯ [2] P31c (163) [3] Cccm (66)

a, a+2b, c

x– 12 y, 12 y, z

conjugate: b, –2a–b, c – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P6/mcc a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

2a; 4e

x, y, 1p z; 2a; p –2 1×4e +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1

[p] P6/mcc a, b, pc

[3] P6/mcc 2a+b, –a+b, c [4] P6/mcc 2a, 2b, c +(0,

1 3 (x+y), 1 3 (–x+2y), z; ±( 31 , 23 , 0) 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; 1 +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 1 1 , 2 0); +( 2 , 2 , 0)

2b; 4e 4c; 8h 4d; 8h 3×4e 3×8h 3×12i 12 j; 24m 12k; 24m p –1 p –1 p –1 2b; 2 ×4e 4c; 2 ×8h 4d; 2 ×8h p×4e

6 f ; 12i 6g; 12i 12l; 24m 3×24m p –1 6 f ; 2 ×12i 6g; p –2 1×12i

p×8h

p×12i

12 j; 12k; 12l; p×24m p –1 p –1 p –1 ×24m ×24m ×24m 2 2 2

2a; 4c

2b; 4d 24m

12 j 12i; 24m

12l 3×12k

2a; 6 f

2b; 6g 8h; 24m

4c; 12k 2×24m

4d; 12l 4e; 12i 12 j; 12k 2×12 j; 24m 2×12k; 24m 4×12l

4e; 8h 12 j; 24m

6 f ; 12k 3×12l

6g; 12l 3×24m 2×12l 4×24m

2a; p–2 1×12 j; 2b; 4c; 4d; 4e; 6f; 6g; p –1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p2 – 1 p –1 p2 – 1 –1)×12k; ×12k; ×12l (p ×12l ×24m ×12 j; 2 6 3 6 2 2 ×12l (p – 1)(p – 5) (p – 1)(p – 2) p–1 p = prime > 4; × × 12 6 2 ×12k; 24m 24m (p – 1)2 u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 4 ×24m

[p2 ] P6/mcc pa, pb, c

1 1 p x, p y, z; +( up , vp , 0)

8h; 12i; p×12 j; p×12k; p2 ×12l 2– 2– p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p 1 p 1 3 ×24m 2 ×24m 2 × 2 × 24m 24m

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

713

p2 ×24m

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 193, p. 714.

P 63/m c m Axes

P 63/m 2/c 2/m

No. 193 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4d 12 j

2a 6g

2b 8h

4c 12i

1a; 1b 3 f ; 3g

2e 2×4h

2c; 2d 12l

(188)

2b 6k

2a 4h; 4i

[2] P63 cm (185)

2a 6c

I

D36h

4e 12k

6f 24l

4h 6 j; 6k

2×2e 2×6i

6i 2×12l

2d; 2 f 2×6 j

2c; 2e 2×6k

4g 12l

6j 2×12l

2a 2×4b

4b 12d

4b 12d

2×2a 2×6c

6c 2×12d

2a 6g

2b 2×4 f

4f 2×6h

2c; 2d 12i

4e 12i

6h 2×12i

2a 6h

2b 2×4 f

2c; 2d 12i

4f 2×6h

4e 12i

6g 2×12i

2a 6f

2b 2×4d

4d 12g

4d 12g

4c 12g

6e 2×12g

2e 6k

1a; 1b 2×4h

4h 6i; 6 j

2c; 2d 12l

2×2e 2×6k

3 f ; 3g 2×12l

4c 4c; 8g

4a 16h

8g 8e; 16h

8e 3×8g

8f 8 f ; 16h

4b; 8d 3×16h

2b; 2c; 2d 3×6h

2a; 4 f 24l

12 j 12i; 24l

12i 3×12 j

4e; 2×4 f 3×12k

6g; 12k 3×24l

4c; 8h 12i; 24l 4c; p –1×8h

4d; 8h 12 j; 24l 4d; p –1×8h

3×4e 3×12k

6 f ; 12k 3×24l 6 f ; p –1×12k

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

¯ [2] P62m (189) ¯ [2] P6c2

x, y, z+ 41

x, y, z+ 41

[2] P63 22 (182) [2] P63 /m (176) ¯ [2] P3c1 (165) ¯ [2] P31m (162) [3] Cmcm (63)

2a+b, b, c

1 –1 2 x, 2 x+y, z

conjugate: –a+b, –a–b, c 12 (–x+y), – 12 (x+y), z – 12 y, x– 12 y, z conjugate: –a–2b, a, c II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [3] P63 /mmc a−b, (194) a+2b, c

1 1 3 (2x–y), 3 (x+y), z; 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P63 /mcm a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P63 /mcm a, b, pc

x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up )

p = prime > 2; u = 1, . . . , p −1 [4] P63 /mcm 2a, 2b, c

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0)

1 1 u v [p2 ] P63 /mcm pa, pb, c p x, p y, z; +( p , p , 0) p = prime > 4; u, v = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; 4e 2b; 4e 6g; 12k 3×8h – 2a; p 2 1×4e 2b; p –2 1×4e 6g; p –1×12k p×8h

2

2

p×4e

2

12i; p –2 1×24l 12 j; p –2 1×24l p×12k

2a; 6g 2×6g; 12 j

4d; 12i 4×12 j

2

p×24l

2b; 6 f 4c; 12 j 8h; 24l 2×12i; 24l 2 2a; 2b; p–2 1×12i 4c; p 3–1×12 j (p –1)×6g; p –2 1×12k; – –5) (p – 1)(p – 2) × (p 1)(p × 6 12 12 j 24l

4e; 12k 12i; 12k 2×12k; 24l 4×24l 4d; 4e; 6 f ; p–2 1×12i; (p –1)×12i; (p –1)×12k; p –2 1×12k; – –2) – 2 (p – 1)(p – 2) × (p 1)(p × (p 41) ×24l 6 6 24l 24l

p×6g; p(p – 1)

p2 ×12 j

2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

8h; ×12 j

p2 – 1 3 ×24l

714

p×12i; p(p – 1) 2

×24l

p×12k; p2 ×24l p(p – 1) 2 ×24l

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 194, p. 715.

P 63/m 2/m 2/c

D46h Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 2d 12 j

2a 6g

2b 6h

2c 12i

2a 6g

2b 6h

2c 2×6g

(187)

2g 6n

1a; 1b 3 j; 3k

[2] P63 mc (186)

2a 6c

[2] P63 22 (182) [2] P63 /m (176) ¯ [2] P3m1

I

P 63/m m c

No. 194

4e 12k

4f 24l

2d 2×6h

4e 12i

4f 2×12i

1d; 1e 12o

1c; 1 f 6l; 6m

2×2g 2×6n

2h; 2i 2×12o

2a 6c

2b 12d

2b 12d

2×2a 2×6c

2×2b 2×12d

2a 6g

2b 6h

2c 2×6g

2d 12i

4e 12i

4f 2×12i

2b 6g

2a 6h

2c 12i

2d 2×6h

4e 12i

4f 2×12i

1a; 1b 3e; 3 f

2c 6i

2d 6g; 6h

2d 12 j

2×2c 2×6i

2×2d 2×12 j

2b 6g

2a 6h

2c 12i

2d 12i

4e 12i

4f 2×12i

4a 4b; 8d

4c 4c; 8g

4c 8e; 16h

4c 3×8g

8f 8 f ; 16h

8f 3×16h

2b; 4d 6 f ; 12i

2a; 4c 6g; 12 j

6g 3×12i

6g 3×12 j

4e; 8h 12k; 24l

12k 3×24l

2c; 4 f 12 j; 24l

3×4e 3×12k

3×4 f 3×24l

2d(c∗ ); p–2 1× p×4e 4f 12 j; p –2 1×24l p×12k

p×4 f

2c; 6h 4×12 j

4 f ; 12k 4×24l

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

¯ [2] P62c (190) ¯ [2] P6m2

x, y, z+ 41

(164) ¯ [2] P31c (163) [3] Cmcm (63)

a, a+2b, c

x– 12 y, 12 y, z

conjugate: b, –2a–b, c – 12 x+y, – 12 x, z conjugate: –a–b, a–b, c – 12 (x+y), 12 (x–y), z II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [3] P63 /mcm 2a+b, –a+b, c (193)

1 1 3 (x+y), 3 (–x+2y), 1 2 z; ±( 3 , 3 , 0)

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [3] P63 /mmc a, b, 3c

x, y, 13 z; ±(0, 0, 13 )

[p] P63 /mmc a, b, pc x, y, 1p z; +(0, 0, up ) p = prime > 2;

2a; 4e 2b; 4e 2d; 4 f 6g; 12k 6h; 12k 12i; 24l p –1 p–1 2a; 2 ×4e 2b; 2 ×4e 2c(d ∗ ); p–2 1× 4f 6g; p –2 1×12k 6h; p –2 1×12k 12i; p –2 1×24l

u = 1 . . . p –1 1 1 1 [4] P63 /mmc 2a, 2b, c 2a; 6g 2 x, 2 y, z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +( 21 , 12 , 0) 12i; 12k 1 1 [p2 ] P63 /mmc pa, pb, c 2a; p–2 1×12i; p x, p y, z; p –1 +( up , vp , 0) 2 ×12k; (p – 1)(p – 5) p = prime > 4; × 12 24l u, v = 1, . . . , p −1 6g; p–2 1×12i; p –1 2 ×12k; (p – 1)2 4 ×24l

2b; 6h 2×6h; 12 j

2d; 6h 2×12i; 24l

2b; 2c(d † ); 2d(c† ); 4e; 4f; (p –1)×6h; (p –1)×6h; (p –1)×6h; (p –1)×12k; (p –1)×12k; – –2) – –2) (p –1)(p –2) (p –1)(p –2) (p – 1)(p – 2) × (p 1)(p × (p 1)(p × × × 6 6 6 6 6 12 j 12 j 12 j 24l 24l p×6h; p(p – 1) 2

×12 j

p×12i; p(p – 1) 2

∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

4e; 12k 2×12k; 24l

p×24l

715

p2 ×12 j ×24l

p = 4n −1

†

p = 6n −1

p×12k; p2 ×24l p(p – 1) 2 ×24l

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 195, pp. 716–717.

P23 Axes

I

T1

No. 195 Coordinates 1a

1b

3c

Wyckoff positions 3d 4e 6f 6h 6i

1a

1a

3b

3b

1a; 3b 2×3b

2×3b 2×3b

2×3b 4×3b

3a

3a

9b

9b

3a; 9b 2×9b

2×9b 2×9b

2×9b 4×9b

1a

1h

1e; 1 f ; 1g 1b; 1c; 1d 4u 2i; 2m; 2q 2k; 2n; 2r 2l; 2p; 2t

6g 12 j

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[4] R3 (rhombohedral axes) (146) 1 1 a−b, b−c, 3 (2x–y–z), 3 (x+y–2z), 1 a+b+c 3 (x+y+z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a−b, b+c, 13 (–2x–y+z), 13 (–x+y+2z), 1 –a+b−c 3 (–x+y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b+c, 13 (2x+y+z), 13 (x–y+2z), 1 –a−b−c 3 (x–y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a+b, –b–c, 13 (–2x+y–z), 13 (–x–y–2z), 1 –a−b+c 3 (–x–y+z) (hexagonal axes)

[3] P222 (16)

2 j; 2o; 2s 3×4u

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic +( 21 , 0, 0)

[2] F23 2a, 2b, 2c (196)

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z;

[4] I21 3 2a, 2b, 2c (199)

1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +(0, 0, 2 )

[4] I21 3 2a, 2b, 2c (199) [4] I23 2a, 2b, 2c (197) [4] I23 2a, 2b, 2c (197)

4a; 4b 4c; 4d 24g

24 f

2×16e 48h

2×24 f 2×24g

48h 2×48h

8a

8a

2×12b

2×12b

8a; 24c 2×24c

2×24c 2×24c

4×12b 4×24c

8a

8a

2×12b

2×12b

8a; 24c 4×12b

2×24c 2×24c

2×24c 4×24c

24 f

12d; 12e 8c; 24 f 2×24 f

2a; 6b 8c 8c

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2a; 6b 12d; 12e 24 f

716

8c; 24 f 2×24 f

2×12d; 2×12e 2×24 f 2×24 f 4×24 f 2×24 f 2×24 f 2×12d; 2×12e 4×24 f

No. 195

CONTINUED

Axes

Coordinates 1a

P23

Wyckoff positions 3c 3d 6g 6h

1b

4e 6i

6f 12 j

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [27] P23 3a,3b,3c

[p3 ] P23 pa,pb,pc

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); 1 ±(0, 3 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) 1 1 1 p x, p y, p z; +( up , vp , wp )

p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

1a; 2×4e; 6 f ; 1b; 2×4e; 6i; 3c; 6g; 6h; 3d; 6 f ; 6g; 3×4e; 3×6 f ; 12 j 12 j 6i; 5×12 j 6h; 5×12 j 8×12 j 12×12 j 3×6g; 3×6h; 3×12i; 27×12 j 12×12 j 12×12 j 12×12 j

1a; (p –1)×4e; 1b; (p –1)×4e; 3c; p –2 1×6g; 3d; p –2 1×6 f ; p×4e; p×6 f ; 2– p(p2 – 1) p –1 p –1 p–1 p–1 ×12 j p(p2 1)×12 j 2 ×6 f ; 2 ×6i; 2 ×6h; 2 ×6g; 3 (p – 1)(p – 2)(p+3) (p – 1)(p – 2)(p+3) p–1 p–1 12 12 2 ×6i; 2 ×6h; ×12 j ×12 j (p–1)2 (p+2) (p–1)2 (p+2) × × 4 4 12 j 12 j p×6g; p(p2 – 1) 2

717

×12 j

p×6h; p(p2 – 1) 2

×12 j

p×6i; p(p2 – 1) 2

p3 ×12 j ×12 j

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 196, p. 718.

F 23 Axes

T2

No. 196 Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups 1 1 –x+y+z, [4] R3 2 (b+c), 2 (a+c), 1 (146) 2 (a+b) x–y+z, (rhombo. axes) x+y–z

4a

4b

4c

1a

1a

1a

3a

3a

4a

Wyckoff positions 4d

16e 24g

24 f 48h

1a

1a; 3b 2×3b

2×3b 4×3b

3a

3a

3a; 9b 2×9b

2×9b 4×9b

4b

4c

4d

16k 8h; 8i; 8 j

8e; 8 f ; 8g 3×16k

4a

4a

4a

4a

4a; 12b 2×12b

2×12b 4×12b

4a

4a

4a

4a

4a; 12b 2×12b

2×12b 4×12b

1a; 3c

1b; 3d

4e

4e

4e; 12 j 2×12 j

6 f ; 6g; 6h; 6i 4×12 j

4e

4e

1b; 3d

1a; 3c

4e; 12 j 2×12 j 6 f ; 6g; 6h; 6i 4×12 j

I

1 1 2 (–a+b), 2 (–b+c),

a+b+c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (a+b), 12 (–b−c), –a+b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (–a−b), 12 (b−c), a−b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (a−b), 12 (b+c), –a−b+c (hexagonal axes)

2 3 (–2x+y+z), 2 3 (–x–y+2z), 1 3 (x+y+z) 2 3 (2x+y–z), 2 3 (x–y–2z), 1 3 (–x+y–z) 2 3 (–2x–y–z), 2 3 (–x+y–2z), 1 3 (x–y–z) 2 3 (2x–y+z), 2 3 (x+y+2z), 1 3 (–x–y+z)

[3] F222 (22) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [4] P21 3 (198) 4 conjugate subgroups [4] P21 3 (198) 4 conjugate subgroups

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

[4] P23 (195) 4 conjugate subgroups [4] P23 (195) 4 conjugate subgroups

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [27] F23 3a, 3b, 3c

[p3 ] F23

pa, pb, pc

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) 1 1 1 p x, p y, p z; +( up , vp , wp )

p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

4a; 2×16e; 4b; 2×16e; 4d; 2×16e; 4c; 2×16e; 3×16e; 3×24 f ; 24 f ; 48h 24 f ; 48h 24g; 48h 24g; 48h 8×48h 12×48h 3×24g; 27×48h 12×48h

4a;

4c(d ∗ );

4b;

(p –1)×16e; (p –1)×16e; p –1 p –1 2 ×24 f ; 2 ×24 f ; p3 – 7p+6 p3 – 7p+6 × × 12

48h

12

48h

4d(c∗ );

p×16e; p×24 f ; 2– p(p2 – 1) (p –1)×16e; (p –1)×16e; ×48h p(p2 1)×48h 3 p –1 p –1 2 ×24g; 2 ×24g; p3 – 7p+6 p3 – 7p+6 × × 12 12 48h 48h p×24g; p3 ×48h p(p2 – 1) ×48h 2 ∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

718

p = 4n −1

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 197, p. 719.

T3 Axes I

I 23

No. 197 Coordinates 2a

6b

Wyckoff positions 8c 12d

1a

3b

1a; 3b

–a+b, –b+c, 13 (–2x+y+z), 13 (–x–y+2z), 3a 1 2 2 (a+b+c) 3 (x+y+z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b−c, 13 (2x+y–z), 13 (x–y–2z), 1 2 2 (–a+b−c) 3 (–x+y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a−b, b−c, 13 (–2x–y–z), 13 (–x+y–2z), 1 2 2 (a−b−c) 3 (x–y–z) (hexagonal axes)

9b

2a

1a; 1b

12e

24 f

2×3b

2×3b

4×3b

3a; 9b

2×9b

2×9b

4×9b

2b; 2c; 2d

8k

4e; 4g; 4i 4 f ; 4h; 4 j 3×8k

3c; 3d

2×4e

6 f ; 6i

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[4] R3 (146)

1 2 (–a+b+c), 1 2 (a−b+c), 1 2 (a+b−c)

y+z, x+z, x+y (rhombohedral axes)

1 1 conjugate: a−b, b+c, 3 (2x–y+z), 3 (x+y+2z), 1 2 2 (–a−b+c) 3 (–x–y+z) (hexagonal axes)

[3] I222 (23) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P23 (195)

6g; 6h

2×12 j

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); 1 ±(0, 3 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); 1 ±( 3 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) 1 1 1 u v w pc p x, p y, p z; +( p , p , p )

[27] I23

3a, 3b, 3c

2a; 2×8c;12d; 6b;12d; 2×12e; 3×8c; 3×12d; 3×12e; 27×24 f 24 f 5×24 f 8×24 f 12×24 f 12×24 f

[p3 ] I23

pa, pb,

2a; (p–1)×8c; p–1 ×12d;

p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

2 (p – 1)(p – 2)(p+3) × 12

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

24 f

719

6b; p–2 1×12d; (p–1)×12e; (p – 1)2 (p+2) × 4 24 f

p×8c; p×12d; p×12e; p3 ×24 f 2– 2– p(p2 – 1) × p(p2 1)× p(p2 1)× 3 24 f 24 f 24 f

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 198, p. 720.

P 21 3

T4

No. 198 Axes

Coordinates 4a

I

Wyckoff positions 12b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[4] R3 (146)

(rhombohedral axes) 1 1 3 (2x–y–z), 3 (x+y–2z), 1 3 (x+y+z) 1 1 1 3 (–2x–y+z), 3 (–x+y+2z)– 2 , 1 3 (–x+y–z) 1 1 1 3 (2x+y+z)– 2 , 3 (x–y+2z), 1 3 (x–y–z) 1 1 1 1 3 (–2x+y–z)+ 2 , 3 (–x–y–2z)+ 2 , 1 3 (–x–y+z)

a−b, b−c, a+b+c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a−b, b+c, –a+b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b+c, a−b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a+b, –b−c, –a−b+c (hexagonal axes) [3] P21 21 21 (19)

1a; 3b

4×3b

3a; 9b

4×9b

4a

3×4a

3×4a; 8×12b

27×12b

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [27] P21 3

3a, 3b, 3c ±(0, 13 , ±( 31 , 13 ,

[p3 ] P21 3

pa, pb, pc p = prime > 2;

1 1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); 1 1 1 1 1 ±(0, 0, 3 ); ±( 3 , 0, 3 ); ±( 3 , 3 , 0); 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 ); 3 ±(0, 3 , 3 ); ±( 3 , 0, 3 ); ±( 3 , 3 , 0); 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 ); ±( 3 , 3 , 3 ); ±( 3 , 3 , 3 ); ±( 3 , 3 , 3 )

2– p×4a; p(p3 1)×12b p3 ×12b

+( up , vp , wp ) u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 1 1 1 p x, p y, p z;

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

720

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 199, p. 721.

T5 Axes

Coordinates 8a

I

I 21 3

No. 199 Wyckoff positions 12b

24c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[4] R3 (146)

1 1 2 (–a+b+c), 2 (a−b+c), 1 2 (a+b−c) –a+b, –b+c, 12 (a+b+c)

(hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b−c, 12 (–a+b−c) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a−b, b−c, 12 (a−b−c) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a−b, b+c, 12 (–a−b+c) (hexagonal axes)

y+z, x+z, x+y (rhombohedral axes)

1a; 3b

2×3b

4×3b

1 1 3 (–2x+y+z), 3 (–x–y+2z), 2 3 (x+y+z) 1 1 1 3 (2x+y–z), 3 (x–y–2z)+ 2 , 2 3 (–x+y–z) 1 1 1 3 (–2x–y–z)+ 2 , 3 (–x+y–2z), 2 3 (x–y–z) 1 1 1 1 3 (2x–y+z)– 2 , 3 (x+y+2z)– 2 , 2 3 (–x–y+z)

3a; 9b

2×9b

4×9b

8d

4a; 4b; 4c

3×8d

2×4a

12b

2×12b

3×8a; 8×24c

3×12b; 12×24c

27×24c

[3] I21 21 21 (24) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] P21 3 (198) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [27] I21 3

3a, 3b, 3c

[p3 ] I21 3

pa, pb, pc p = prime > 2;

1 1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 3 , 0); 1 1 1 1 ±(0, 0, 3 ); ±(0, 3 , 3 ); ±( 3 , 0, 13 ); 1 1 ±( 3 , 3 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 )

2– 2– p×8a; p(p3 1)×24c p×12b; p(p2 1)×24c p3 ×24c

+( up , vp , wp ) u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 1 1 1 p x, p y, p z;

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

721

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 200, pp. 722–723.

P m 3¯ Axes

I

P 2/m 3¯

No. 200 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 3d 6e 8i 12 j

1a

1b

3c 6h

1a

1b

3c 6i

3d 2×4e

1a

1b

3e 6f

3a

3b

Th1 6f 12k

6g 24l

6f 12 j

6g 12 j

6h 2×12 j

3d 2c; 6 f

6f 2×6f

6f 2×6 f

6f 4×6 f

9e

9d

18 f

18 f

18 f

18 f

6c; 18 f

2×18f

2×18f

4×18f

1d; 1 f ; 1g 2l; 2p; 2t

1b; 1c; 1e 2i; 2m; 2q 8α 4u; 4w; 4y

2 j; 2o; 2r 2k; 2n; 2s 4v; 4x; 4z 3×8α

24d 48g

24e 2×32f

2×24e 2×48h

48h 96i

48h 2×96i

48g 96i

48h 2×48h

48h 2×96i

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P23 (195) [4] R3¯ (rhombohedral axes) (148) a−b, b−c, a+b+c (hex. axes)

1 3 (2x–y–z), 1 3 (x+y–2z), 1 3 (x+y+z) 1 1 3 (–2x–y+z), 3 (–x+y+2z), 1 3 (–x+y–z)

conjugate: –a−b, b+c, –a+b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b+c, 13 (2x+y+z), 13 (x–y+2z), 1 a–b–c 3 (x–y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a+b, –b−c, 13 (–2x+y–z), 13 (–x–y–2z), 1 –a–b+c 3 (–x–y+z) (hexagonal axes) [3] Pmmm (47)

1a

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 [2] Fm3¯ 2a, 2b, 2c x, 1 y, 1 z; +( 1 , 0, 0) 2

(202) [2] Fm3¯ 2a, 2b, 2c (202) [4] Ia3¯ 2a, 2b, 2c (206) [4] Ia3¯ 2a, 2b, 2c (206) [4] Im3¯ 2a, 2b, 2c (204) [4] Im3¯ 2a, 2b, 2c (204)

2

2

2

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +(0, 0, 2 ) 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +(0, 0, 2 )

1h

4a; 4b 8c 8c

4a; 4b 24e 2×24e

24d 2×32f

8a

8b

24d 48e

24d 48e 16c; 48e 2×48e

2×24d 2×48e

48e 4×48e

8b

8a

24d 48e

24d 48e 16c; 48e 2×48e

48e 2×48e

2×24d 4×48e

2a; 6b 8c

24g 48h

12d; 12e 2×12d; 2×12e 2×24g 16 f ; 48h 4×24g 2×48h

2×24g 4×48h

8c

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

2a; 6b 12d; 12e 24g 48h 2×12d; 2×12e 16 f ; 48h 2×48h

722

2×24g 4×24g

2×24g 4×48h

P 2/m 3¯

CONTINUED

Axes

Coordinates 1a 6g

P m 3¯

No. 200 1b 6h

3c 8i

Wyckoff positions 3d 12 j

6e 12k

6f 24l

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [27] Pm3¯ 3a,3b,3c 1 x, 1 y, 1 z; ±( 1 , 0, 0);

1a; 6e; 8i;12 j 1b; 6h; 8i;12k 3c; 6 f ; 6g; 3d; 6e; 6 f ; 3×6e; 3×6f; 3×12 j; 3 3 3 3 ±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); 6h; 12 j; 6g; 2×12 j; 6×12 j; 3×12k; ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); 2×12k; 24l 12k; 24l 3×24l 3×24l 1 1 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0); ±(0, 3 , 3 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); 3×6g; 3×12 j; 3×6h; 3×8i; 9×12 j; 9×12k; 27×24l ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); 3×12k; 6×12k; 8×24l 9×24l 9×24l ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) 3×24l 3×24l

[p3 ] Pm3¯ pa,pb,pc

1 1 1 p x, p y, p z; +( up , vp , wp )

p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

1a; p –2 1×6e; 1b; p –2 1×6h; 3c; p –2 1×6 f ; 3d; p–2 1×6e; p×6e; p×6f ; – p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p(p –1)×12 j; p(p2 1)×12 j; 2 ×8i; 2 ×8i; 2 ×6g; 2 ×6 f ; – (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 p(p – 1)2 p –1 p –1 ×24l p(p2 1)×12k; 4 ×12 j; 4 ×12k; 2 ×6h; 2 ×6g; 4 2– –3) – 2 – 2 (p2 – 1)(p – 3) p(p – 1)2 × (p 1)(p × (p 41) ×12 j; (p 21) ×12 j; ×24l 24 24 4 24l 24l (p–1)2 (p – 1)2 ×12k; ×12k; 2 4 (p – 1)3 (p – 1)3 ×24l 8 8 ×24l p×6g; p×6h; p×8i; p2 ×12 j p2 ×12k p3 ×24l p(p – 1) p(p2 – 1) p2 (p – 1) p2 (p – 1) –1)×12k; ×24l ×24l ×24l 2 ×12 j; p(p 3 2 2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1)2 ×12k; ×24l 2 4 p(p – 1)2 ×24l 4

723

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 201, p. 724.

P n 3¯ Axes origin 1 I

P 2/n 3¯

No. 201 Coordinates origin 2

Th2

2a

4b

Wyckoff positions 4c 6d

1a; 1b

4e

4e

2c

1a; 3e

6c

2a

8e 12g

12 f 24h

3c; 3d

2×4e 6g; 6h

6 f ; 6i 2×12 j

1b; 3d

6f

2c; 6 f 2×6 f

2×6 f 4×6 f

3a; 9e

3b; 9d

18 f

6c; 18 f 2×18 f

2×18 f 4×18 f

4e( f ∗ )

4 f (e∗ )

2b; 2c; 2d

8m 4g; 4i; 4k 4h; 4 j; 4l 3×8m

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

[2] P23 (195) [4] R3¯

x– 14 , y– 14 , z– 14 (148) (rhombohedral axes)

a−b, b−c, a+b+c (hex. axes) conjugate: –a−b, b+c, –a+b−c (hex. axes) conjugate: a+b, –b+c, a−b−c (hex. axes) conjugate: –a+b, –b−c, –a−b+c (hex. axes)

1 3 (2x–y–z), 1 3 (x+y–2z), 1 1 3 (x+y+z)– 4 1 3 (–2x–y+z), 1 3 (–x+y+2z), 1 1 3 (–x+y–z)– 4 1 3 (2x+y+z), 1 3 (x–y+2z), 1 1 3 (x–y–z)– 4 1 3 (–2x+y–z), 1 3 (–x–y–2z), 1 1 3 (–x–y+z)– 4

1 3 (2x–y–z), 1 3 (x+y–2z), 1 3 (x+y+z) 1 1 3 (–2x–y+z)+ 2 , 1 1 3 (–x+y+2z)+ 2 , 1 3 (–x+y–z) 1 3 (2x+y+z), 1 1 3 (x–y+2z)+ 2 , 1 3 (x–y–z) 1 1 3 (–2x+y–z)+ 2 , 1 3 (–x–y–2z), 1 3 (–x–y+z)

[3] Pnnn (48)

∗

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 [2] Fd 3¯ 2a, 2b, 2c x, 1 y, 1 z; 2

(203) [2] Fd 3¯ 2a, 2b, 2c (203)

2 2 +( 21 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0)

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z; 1 +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 1 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0)

origin 2

8a; 8b

16c; 16d

32e

48 f

2×32e 96g

2×48 f 2×96g

8a; 8b

32e

16c; 16d

48 f

2×32e 96g

2×48 f 2×96g

3×8e;

3×12 f ;

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 1 1 1 1 2a; 2×8e; 4b(c† ); 8e; 4c(b† ); 8e; 6d; 12 f ; [27] Pn3¯ 3a, 3b, 3c 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; 3 x, 3 y, 3 z;
  12 f ; 24h 4×24h 4×24h 2×12g; ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); 5×24h ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); 1 1 1 ±( 3 , 3 , 3 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 [p3 ] Pn3¯ pa, pb, pc 2a; 4b(c‡ ); 4c(b‡ ); 6d; p–2 1×12 f p x, p y, p z; p x, p y, p z; +( up , vp , wp ) +( up , vp , wp ) (p –1)×8e; p–2 1×8e; p–2 1×8e; (p–1)×12g; 2– – 2 p(p2 – 1) p –1 p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 × p(p6 1)× (p 1)4(p+2)× 2 ×12 f ; 6 24h 24h 24h p3 – 7p+6 × 12 24h

8×24h 12×24h 3×12g; 27×24h 12×24h p×8e; 24h

24h

‡

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

724

origin 1 origin 1 and p = 4n−1

24h

p×12g; p3 ×24h

p(p2 – 1) × 2 †

p×12 f ;

2– p(p2 – 1) × p(p2 1)× 3

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 202, p. 725.

F 2/m 3¯

Th3 Axes

F m 3¯

No. 202

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 24d 48g

24e 48h

32 f 96i

24g 2×24g

24 f 48h

2×16e 2×48h

2c

3d; 3e 2×6 f

6f 2×6 f

2c; 6 f 4×6 f

3b

6c

9d; 9e 2×18 f

18 f 2×18 f

6c; 18 f 4×18 f

4a

4b

8f

8c; 8d; 8e 16 j; 16k; 16l

8g; 8h; 8i 32p 16m;16n;16o 3×32i

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [4] Pa3¯ (205)

4a

4b

8c

4 conjugate subgroups –b, a, c [4] Pa3¯

24d 2×24d

24d 2×24d

8c; 24d 4×24d

4a

4b

8c

(205) [4] Pn3¯ (201)

24d 2×24d

24d 2×24d

8c; 24d 4×24d

4b

4c

2a; 6d

12f ; 12g 24h 2×12f ; 2×12g 2×24h

8e; 24h 4×24h

1a; 3c

1b; 3d

8i

12 j; 12k 2×24l

I

4a

4b

8c

4a

4b

4c; 4d

–x+y+z, x–y+z, x+y–z

1a

1b

2 3 (–2x+y+z), 2 3 (–x–y+2z), 1 3 (x+y+z) 2 3 (2x+y–z), 2 3 (x–y–2z), 1 3 (–x+y–z) 2 3 (–2x–y–z), 2 3 (–x+y–2z), 1 3 (x–y–z) 2 3 (2x–y+z), 2 3 (x+y+2z), 1 3 (–x–y+z)

3a

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] F23 (196) [4] R3¯ (148)

1 1 2 (b+c), 2 (a+c), 1 2 (a+b)

(rhomboh. axes) 1 2 (–a+b), 1 2 (–b+c), a+b+c

(hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (a+b), 12 (–b−c), –a+b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (–a−b), 12 (b−c), a−b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (a−b), 12 (b+c), –a−b+c (hexagonal axes) [3] Fmmm (69)

–y, x, z 4 conjugate subgroups

4 conju. subgr. [4] Pm3¯ (200)

origin 1: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 origin 2: x, y, z

4 conjugate subgroups

6e; 6 f ; 6g; 6h 8i; 24l 2×12 j; 2×12k 4×24l

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 1 1 3×24e; 3×32 f ; [27] Fm3¯ 3a, 3b, 3c 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); 4a; 24e; 32 f ; 4b; 24e; 32 f ; 8c; 2×32 f ; 24d; 48g; 1 ±(0, 3 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); 48h 48h 48g; 96i 4×48h; 6×48h; 8×96i 1 1 1 1 ±(0, 3 , 3 ); ±( 3 , 0, 3 ); 4×96i 3×96i ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); 3×48g; 9×48h; 9×96i 27×96i ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); 12×96i ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) p–1 p–1 1 1 1 u v w [p3 ] Fm3¯ pa, pb, pc 24d; p×24e; p×32 f ; p x, p y, p z; +( p , p , p ) 4a; 2 ×24e; 4b; 2 ×24e; 8c; – – p(p2 – 1) p 1 p 1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 p(p –1)×48h; × 2 ×32 f ; 2 ×32 f ; (p–1)×32f ; 2 ×48g; 3 96i (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 p(p – 1)2 p –1 p2 – 1 ×96i 4 ×48h; 4 ×48h; 2 ×48g; 2 ×48h; 4 (p2 – 1)(p – 3) (p2 – 1)(p – 3) (p2 – 1)(p – 1) p3 – 7p+6 × × × × 24

96i

24

96i

12

4

96i

p×48g; p(p2 – 1) 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

725

96i

×96i

p2 ×48h p2 (p – 1) 2

p3 ×96i ×96i

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 203, p. 726.

F d 3¯ Axes

Coordinates origin 2

Th4

8a

8b

Wyckoff positions 16c 16d

32e

48 f 96g

x+ 81 , y+ 81 , z+ 81

4a; 4c

4b; 4d

16e

16e

2×16e

24 f ; 24g 2×48h

–x+y+z– 18 , x–y+z– 18 , x+y–z– 18 (rhombohedral axes)

–x+y+z, x–y+z, x+y–z

2c

2c

1a; 3d

1b; 3e

2c; 6 f

2×6 f 4×6 f

1 2 (–a+b), 1 2 (–b+c),

2 3 (–2x+y+z), 2 3 (–x–y+2z), 1 3 (x+y+z)

6c

6c

3a; 9d

3b; 9e

6c; 18f

2×18 f 4×18 f

8a

8b

16c

16d

32h

16e;16f ;16g 3×32h

8b; 2×32e;

8a; 2×32e;

16c; 32e; 16d; 32e; 3×32e; 3×48 f ; 4×96g 4×96g 8×96g 12×96g

origin 1 I

F 2/d 3¯

No. 203

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] F23 (196) [4] R3¯ (148)

1 2 (b+c), 1 2 (a+c), 1 2 (a+b)

2 3 (–2x+y+z), 2 3 (–x–y+2z), 1 1 3 (x+y+z)– 8

a+b+c (hexagonal axes)

conjugate: 12 (a+b), 23 (2x+y–z), 1 2 2 (–b–c), 3 (x–y–2z), –a+b–c 13 (–x+y–z)– 18 (hexagonal axes)

2 1 3 (2x+y–z)+ 2 , 2 1 3 (x–y–2z)+ 2 , 1 1 3 (–x+y–z)+ 2

conjugate: 12 (–a–b), 23 (–2x–y–z), 1 2 2 (b–c), 3 (–x+y–2z), 1 1 a–b–c 3 (x–y–z)– 8 (hexagonal axes)

2 3 (–2x–y–z), 2 1 3 (–x+y–2z)+ 2 , 1 1 3 (x–y–z)+ 2

2 conjugate: 12 (a–b), 3 (2x–y+z), 1 2 (b+c), 2 3 (x+y+2z), –a–b+c 13 (–x–y+z)– 18 (hexagonal axes)

2 1 3 (2x–y+z)+ 2 , 2 3 (x+y+2z), 1 1 3 (–x–y+z)+ 2

[3] Fddd (70) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 x, 1 y, 1 z; [27] Fd 3¯ 3a, 3b, 3c 1 x– 1 , 1 y– 1 , 3 4 3 1 1 z– 3 4;

4

3

3

3


  ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 )

[p3 ] Fd 3¯ pa, pb, pc

1 1 p x+s, p y+s, 1 u v w p z+s; +( p , p , p )

1 1 1 p x, p y, p z; u v w +( p , p , p )

48 f ; 96g

48 f ; 96g 27×96g

8a(b∗ );

4b(a∗ );

16c; 16d; p×32e; p×48f ; 2– 2– (p –1)×32e; (p –1)×32e; p–2 1×32e; p–2 1×32e; p(p3 1)× p(p2 1)×96g 2– 96g p(p2 – 1) p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1; × p(p6 1)× 2 ×48 f ; 2 ×48 f ; 6 3– 3– 96g 96g p 7p+6 p 7p+6 s = 0 if p = 8n+1; s = − 41 if p = 8n+3; × × 12 12 96g 96g s = 12 if p = 8n−3; s = 14 if p = 8n−1 p3 ×96g ∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

p = 8n±3

726

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 204, p. 727.

I 2/m 3¯

Th5 Axes

Coordinates 2a

6b

8c

2a

6b

8c

1a

3e

–a+b, –b+c, 13 (–2x+y+z), 3a 1 1 2 (a+b+c) (–x–y+2z), (x+y+z) 2 3 3 (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b–c, 13 (2x+y–z), 13 (x–y–2z), 1 2 2 (–a+b−c) 3 (–x+y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a−b, b−c, 13 (–2x–y–z), 13 (–x+y–2z), 1 2 2 (a−b−c) 3 (x–y–z) (hexagonal axes)

I

I m 3¯

No. 204 Wyckoff positions 12d

12e 24g

16 f 48h

12d

12e 24 f

2×8c 2×24 f

1b; 3d

6f

6f 2×6 f

2c; 6 f 4×6 f

9e

3b; 9d

18 f

18 f 2×18 f

6c; 18 f 4×18 f

2a

2b; 2c; 2d

8k

4e; 4g; 4i

4f; 4h; 4 j 8l; 8m; 8n

16o 3×16o

2a

6d

4b; 4c

12 f

12g 24h

2×8e 2×24h

1a; 1b

3c; 3d

8i

6e; 6h

6 f ; 6g 12 j; 12k

2×8i 2×24l

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I23 (197) [4] R3¯ (148)

1 2 (–a+b+c), 1 2 (a−b+c), 1 2 (a+b−c)

y+z, x+z, x+y (rhombohedral axes)

1 1 conjugate: a−b, b+c, 3 (2x–y+z), 3 (x+y+2z), 1 2 2 (–a−b+c) 3 (–x–y+z) (hexagonal axes)

[3] Immm (71) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pn3¯ origin 1: x, y, z (201) [2] Pm3¯

origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

(200) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 x, 1 y, 1 z; ±( 1 , 0, 0); [27] Im3¯ 3a, 3b, 3c 3

3

3

3

±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ) [p3 ] Im3¯

pa, pb, pc

1 1 1 p x, p y, p z; +( up , vp , wp )

p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; 12d; 16 f ; 6b; 12d; 8c; 16 f ; 3×12d; 3×12e; 3×16 f ; 24g 2×12e; 4×48h 6×24g; 6×24g; 3×48h 8×48h 3×24g; 48h 3×48h 9×24g; 9×48h 27×48h

2a; p –1 ×12d;

8c; p×12d; p×12e; p×16f ; 2 p –1 –1)×24g; p(p –1)×24g; p(p3–1)× 2 2 2 ×16 f ; p(p 48h 2– – 2 p(p – 1)2 p –1 (p –1)×12e; p(p6 1)×48h p(p4 1) ×48h ×48h 2 ×16 f ; 4 2 2 (p – 1) 3(p – 1) ×24g; 4 ×24g; 4 2– (p 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)3 × 24 8 ×48h 48h p2 ×24g; p3 ×48h 2 – p (p 1) ×48h 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

6b; p –1 ×12d;

727

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 205, p. 728.

P a 3¯ Axes I

P 21/a 3¯

No. 205 Coordinates

Th6

4a

Wyckoff positions 4b 8c

24d

4a

4a

2×4a

2×12b

1a; 3e

1b; 3d

2c; 6f

4×6f

3a; 9e

3b; 9d

6c; 18 f

4×18 f

4a

4b

8c

3×8c

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P21 3 (198) [4] R3¯ (148) (rhombohedral axes) a–b, b–c, a+b+c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a−b, b+c, –a+b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b+c, a−b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a+b, –b−c, –a−b+c (hexagonal axes)

1 1 3 (2x–y–z), 3 (x+y–2z), 1 3 (x+y+z) 1 1 1 3 (–2x–y+z), 3 (–x+y+2z)– 2 , 1 3 (–x+y–z) 1 1 1 3 (2x+y+z)– 2 , 3 (x–y+2z), 1 3 (x–y–z) 1 1 1 1 3 (–2x+y–z)+ 2 , 3 (–x–y–2z)+ 2 , 1 3 (–x–y+z)

[3] Pbca (61) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 x, 1 y, 1 z; ±( 1 , 0, 0); ±(0, 1 , 0); [27] Pa3¯ 3a, 3b, 3c 3

[p3 ] Pa3¯

3

pa, pb, pc

3 3 3 ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ) 1 1 1 u v w p x, p y, p z; +( p , p , p )

p = prime > 2;

u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

728

4a; 8c; 4×24d 4b; 8c; 4×24d 3×8c; 8×24d 27×24d

4a; p –2 1×8c; 4b; p –2 1×8c; p×8c; p3 ×24d p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) ×24d ×24d ×24d 6 6 3

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 206, p. 729.

I 21/a 3¯

Th7 Axes

I a 3¯

No. 206

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 16c 24d

8a

8b

8a

8a

2×8a

2×12b

2×24c

1a; 3e

1b; 3d

2c; 6 f

2×6 f

4×6 f

3a; 9e

3b; 9d

6c; 18 f

2×18 f

4×18 f

[3] Ibca (73)

8a

8b

16 f

8c; 8d; 8e

3×16 f

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [2] Pa3¯ (205)

4a; 4b

8c

2×8c

24d

2×24d

8c

4a; 4b

2×8c

24d

2×24d

I

48e

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I21 3 (199) [4] R3¯ (148) 12 (–a+b+c), y+z, x+z, x+y 1 (rhombohedral 2 (a−b+c), 1 (a+b−c) axes) 2 –a+b, –b+c, 13 (–2x+y+z), 13 (–x–y+2z), 1 2 2 (a+b+c) 3 (x+y+z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b−c, 13 (2x+y–z), 13 (x–y–2z)+ 21 , 1 2 2 (–a+b−c) 3 (–x+y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a−b, b−c, 13 (–2x–y–z)+ 21 , 13 (–x+y–2z), 1 2 2 (–a−b−c) 3 (x–y–z) (hexagonal axes) 1 1 1 1 conjugate: a–b, b+c, 3 (2x–y+z)– 2 , 3 (x+y+2z)– 2 , 1 2 2 (–a−b+c) 3 (–x–y+z) (hexagonal axes)

[2] Pa3¯ (205) –b, a, c

–y+ 41 , x– 14 , z+ 41

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 x, 1 y, 1 z; ±( 1 , 0, 0); ±(0, 1 , 0); [27] Ia3¯ 3a, 3b, 3c 3

3

3

3

3

±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) [p3 ] Ia3¯

pa, pb, pc

1 1 1 p x, p y, p z;

+( up , vp , wp )

p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

8a; 16c; 8b; 16c; 3×16c; 3×24d; 27×48e 4×48e 4×48e 8×48e 12×48e

8a; p –2 1×16c; 8b; p –2 1×16c; p×16c; p×24d; p3 ×48e 2– 2– 2– 2– p(p 1) ×48e p(p6 1)×48e p(p3 1)×48e p(p2 1)×48e 6

729

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 207, p. 730.

P432

O1

No. 207

Axes

1a

1b 8g

Wyckoff positions 3c 3d 12h 12i

4e 12 j

6f 24k

[2] P23 (195)

1a

1b 2×4e

3c 6g; 6h

3d 12 j

6f 12 j

6i 2×12 j

[4] R32 (rhombohedral axes) (155)

1a

1b 2c; 6 f

3d 2×6 f

3e 2×3d; 6 f

6f 2×3e; 6 f

6f 4×6 f

3b 6c; 18 f

9d 2×18 f

9e 2×9d; 18 f

18 f 2×9e; 18 f

18 f 4×18 f

1a

1d 8p

1c; 2 f 4i; 4n; 4o

1b; 2e 4 j; 8p

2g; 4l 4k; 8p

2h; 4m 3×8p

4a; 4b

8c 2×32 f

24d 96 j

24e 48g; 48h

2×24e 96 j

48i 2×96 j

8c

4a; 4b 2×32 f

24e 96 j

24d 96 j

48i 48g; 48h

2×24e 2×96 j

2a; 6b

8c 16 f ; 48 j

24h 2×48 j

12d; 12e 2×12e; 24g 48 j 2×24h; 48 j 2×24i; 48 j 4×48 j

8c

2a; 6b 16 f ; 48 j

12d; 12e 2×48 j

24h 48 j 2×12e; 24g 2×24i; 48 j 2×24h; 48 j 4×48 j

I

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

1 1 a−b, b−c, 3a 3 (2x–y–z), 3 (x+y–2z), 1 a+b+c (x+y+z) 3 conjugate: –a−b, b+c, 13 (–2x–y+z), 13 (–x+y+2z), 1 –a+b−c 3 (–x+y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b+c, 13 (2x+y+z), 13 (x–y+2z), 1 a−b−c 3 (x–y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a+b, –b−c, 13 (–2x+y–z), 13 (–x–y–2z), 1 –a−b+c 3 (–x–y+z) (hexagonal axes)

(hex. axes)

[3] P422 (89) conjugate: b, c, a conjugate: c, a, b

y, z, x z, x, y

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic [2] F432 2a, 2b, 2c (209) [2] F432 2a, 2b, 2c (209) [4] I432 2a, 2b, 2c (211) [4] I432 2a, 2b, 2c (211)

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z;

+( 21 , 0, 0)

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; 1 1 +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 2 , 0); +(0, 0, 12 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); 1 ±(0, 3 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) 1 1 1 u v w pc p x, p y, p z; +( p , p , p )

[27] P432 3a, 3b, 3c

[p3 ] P432

pa, pb,

p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

1a; 6e; 8g; 1b; 6 f ; 8g; 3c; 6 f ; 12h; 3d; 6e; 12h; 3×6e; 3×6 f ; 12i 12 j 12i; 2×24k 12 j; 2×24k 6×24k 6×24k 3×8g; 3×12h; 3×12i; 3×12 j; 27×24k 8×24k 12×24k 12×24k 12×24k 1a; p–2 1×6e; 1b; p –2 1×6f ; 3c; p –2 1×6f ; 3d; p –2 1×6e; p×6e; p×6 f ; p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×24k × 2 ×8g; 2 ×8g; 2 ×12h; 2 ×12h; 4 4 24k p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×12i; 2 ×12 j; 2 ×12i; 2 ×12 j; p3 – 13p+12 p3 – 13p+12 p3 – 5p+4 p3 – 5p+4 × × × × 24

24

24k

p×8g;

24k

8

p×12h;

24k

8

p×12i;

24k

p×12 j;

2– 2– 2– p(p2 – 1) ×24k p(p2 1)×24k p(p2 1)×24k p(p2 1)×24k 3

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

730

p3 ×24k

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 208, pp. 731–732.

O2 Axes

Coordinates 2a

I

P 42 3 2

No. 208 4b 12h

4c 12i

Wyckoff positions 6d 6e 12 j 12k

6f 12l

8g 24m

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P23 (195)

1a; 1b 4e 6 f ; 6i

4e 2×6g

3c; 3d 2×6h

6g 12 j

6h 12 j

2×4e 2×12 j

[4] R32 x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 (155) (rhombohedral axes)

2c

1b; 3e 2×6 f

1a; 3d 2×6 f

6f 2×6 f

3d; 3e 2×3e; 6 f

3d; 3e 2×3d; 6 f

2c; 6 f 4×6 f

6c

3b; 9e 2×18 f

3a; 9d 2×18 f

18 f 2×18 f

9d; 9e 2×9e; 18 f

9d; 9e 2×9d; 18 f

6c; 18 f 4×18 f

2d

4o 4n 2a; 2b; 2c 2 f ; 4l 4i; 4 j; 4k 4h; 2×4l 4g; 2×4m 4o; 8p

2e; 4m 4n; 8p

8p 3×8p

48g 2×48g

48g 96h

2×32e 2×96h

48g 96h

48g 2×48g

2×32e 2×96h

1 1 a−b, b−c, 3 (2x–y–z), 3 (x+y–2z), 1 1 a+b+c 3 (x+y+z)+ 4 (hexagonal axes) –a−b, conjugate: b+c, 13 (–2x–y+z), 13 (–x+y+2z), 1 1 –a+b−c 3 (–x+y–z)+ 4 (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b+c, 13 (2x+y+z), 13 (x–y+2z), 1 1 a−b−c 3 (x–y–z)+ 4 (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a+b, –b−c, 13 (–2x+y–z), 13 (–x–y–2z), 1 1 –a−b+c 3 (–x–y+z)+ 4 (hexagonal axes)

[3] P42 22 (93)

x+ 21 , y, z

conjugate: b, c, a

y+ 21 , z, x

conjugate: c, a, b

z+ 21 , x, y

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic +( 21 , 0, 0)

[2] F41 32 2a, 2b, 2c (210)

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z;

[2] F41 32 2a, 2b, 2c (210)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0)

8a; 8b 32e 2×48 f

[4] I41 32 2a, 2b, 2c (214)

1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +(0, 0, 2 )

16e

8a; 24h 8b; 24g 2×48i 4×24 f

2×24 f 2×48i

12c; 12d; 24 f 24g; 24h 2×24h; 48i 2×24g; 48i

16e

8b; 24g 8a; 24h 2×48i 2×48i

2×24 f 4×24 f

24g; 24h 2×24g; 48i

[4] I41 32 2a, 2b, 2c (214)

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

8a; 8b 16c; 16d 32e 2×48 f 96h

731

48 f 96h

16c; 16d 48 f 96h 96h

16e; 48i 4×48i

12c; 12d; 24 f 16e; 48i 2×24h; 48i 4×48i

P 42 3 2

No. 208 Axes

CONTINUED

Coordinates 2a

Wyckoff positions 4c 6d 8g 12h 12k 12l

4b 6f 12 j

6e 12i 24m

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [27] P42 32 3a, 3b, 3c

[p3 ] P42 32 pa,pb,pc

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); 1 ±(0, 3 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) 1 1 1 p x, p y, p z; +( up , vp , wp )

p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; 2×8g; 4c; 8g; 2×12l; 4b; 8g; 2×12k; 6d; 12h; 12i; 6e; 12i; 12k; 12h; 24m 3×24m 3×24m 12 j; 5×24m 12l; 5×24m 6 f ; 12 j; 12k; 3×8g; 8×24m 12l; 5×24m

3×12h; 3×12i; 12×24m 12×24m

3×12 j; 12×24m 3×12l; 12×24m 3×12k; 27×24m 12×24m 2a; 4b(c∗ ); p –2 1×8g; 4c(b∗ ); p –2 1×8g; 6d; p –2 1×12h; 6e; p –2 1×12i; p –1 (p –1)×8g; (p –1)×12k(l ∗ ); (p –1)×12l(k∗ ); p –2 1×12i; 2 ×12k; p –1 p3 – 4p+3 p3 – 4p+3 p –1 ×12h; ×24m ×24m p –1×12 j; ×12l; 2 p3 – 7p+6 × 12

6

6

24m

2 (p – 1)2 (p+2) × 4

24m

6 f ; p –2 1×12 j; p –1 2 ×12k; p –1 2 ×12l; (p – 1)2 (p+2) ×24m 4 p×12 j; p(p2 – 1) 2

p(p2 – 1) ×24m 3

24m

p×12h; p×12i; p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) ×24m ×24m 2 2

p×12k(l ∗ ); p×12l(k∗ ); p3 ×24m 2– p(p2 – 1) ×24m ×24m p(p2 1)×24m 2 ∗

732

p×8g;

2 (p – 1)2 (p+2) × 4

p = 4n−1

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 209, p. 733.

O3 Axes

I

F 432

No. 209 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 24d 48h

4a

4b

8c 48g

24e 48i

32 f 96 j

4a

4b

4c; 4d 48h

24g 48h

24 f 2×24g

2×16e 2×48h

–x+y+z, x–y+z, x+y–z

1a

1b

2c 2×3d; 6 f

3d; 3e 2×3e; 6 f

6f 2×6 f

2c; 6 f 4×6 f

2 3 (–2x+y+z), 2 3 (–x–y+2z), 1 3 (x+y+z) 2 3 (2x+y–z), 2 3 (x–y–2z), 1 3 (–x+y–z) 2 3 (–2x–y–z), 2 3 (–x+y–2z), 1 3 (x–y–z) 2 3 (2x–y+z), 2 3 (x+y+2z), 1 3 (–x–y+z)

3a

3b

6c 2×9d; 18 f

9d; 9e 2×9e; 18 f

18 f 2×18 f

6c; 18 f 4×18 f

2a

2b

4d 8h; 16k

4c; 8 j 8i; 16k

4e; 8g 8 f ; 2×8 j

16k 3×16k

4b

4c

2a; 6d 6e; 6 f ; 12h 2×12k; 24m 2×12l; 24m

24m 8g; 24m 2×12h;12i;12 j 4×24m

1a; 3c

1b; 3d

8g 2×12i; 24k

6e; 6 f ; 12h 2×24k

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] F23 (196) [4] R32 (155)

1 1 2 (b+c), 2 (a+c), 1 2 (a+b)

(rhombohedral axes) 1 1 2 (–a+b), 2 (–b+c),

a+b+c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (a+b), 12 (–b−c), –a+b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (–a−b), 12 (b−c), a−b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (a−b), 12 (b+c), –a−b+c (hexagonal axes)

1 1 [3] I422 2 (a−b), 2 (a+b), c x–y, x+y, z (97) conjugate: 12 (b−c), 12 (b+c), a y–z, y+z, x –x+z, x+z, y conjugate: 12 (–a+c), 1 (a+c), b 2

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations [4] P42 32 (208) 4 conjugate subgroups

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

[4] P432 (207) 4 conjugate subgroups

12i; 12 j 2×12 j; 24k

8g; 24k 4×24k

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [27] F432 3a, 3b, 3c

[p3 ] F432 pa, pb, pc p =prime > 2;

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); 1 ±(0, 3 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) 1 1 1 p x, p y, p z; +( up , vp , wp )

u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

4a; 24e; 4b; 24e; 8c; 2×32 f ; 24d; 48g; 48h; 3×24e; 6×96 j 3×32 f ; 32 f ; 48g 32 f ; 48h 48i; 96 j 48i; 5×96 j 8×96 j 3×48g; 3×48h; 3×48i; 27×96 j 12×96 j 12×96 j 12×96 j

4a; 4b; 8c; 24d; p×24e; p×32 f ; 2– p(p2 – 1) p –1 p –1 p –1 –1)×32 f ; ×96 j p(p3 1)× 2 ×24e; 2 ×24e; (p 2 ×48g; 4 96 j p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×32 f ; 2 ×32 f ; 2 ×48i; 2 ×48h; p –1 p –1 p3 – 7p+6 × p –2 1×48i; 2 ×48g; 2 ×48h; 12 3 96 j (p–1)2 (p+2) p3 – 13p+12 × p –13p+12 × × 24 24 4 96 j 96 j 96 j p×48g; p×48h; p×48i; p3 ×48h p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) ×96 j ×96 j ×96 j 2 2 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

733

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 210, p. 734.

F 41 3 2

O4

No. 210

Axes

Coordinates 8a

8b

Wyckoff positions 16c 16d

4a; 4c

4b; 4d

16e

–x+y+z– 18 , x–y+z– 18 , (rhombohedral axes) x+y–z– 18

2c

2c

1 1 2 (–a+b), 2 (–a+c),

6c

32e 48g

48 f 96h

16e

2×16e 48h

24 f ; 24g 2×48h

1a; 3e

1b; 3d

2c; 6 f 3d; 3e; 6 f

2×6 f 4×6 f

6c

3a; 9e

3b; 9d

6c; 18 f 9d; 9e; 18 f

2×18 f 4×18 f

4a

4b

8f

8f

16g 8 f ; 16g

8c; 8d; 8e 3×16g

[4] P41 32 x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 (213) 4 conjugate subgroups

8c

8c

4a; 12d

4b; 12d

8c; 24e 2×24e 2×12d; 24e 4×24e

[4] P43 32 (212) 4 conjugate subgroups

8c

8c

4a; 12d

4b; 12d

8c; 24e 2×24e 2×12d; 24e 4×24e

I

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] F23 (196) [4] R32 (155)

1 1 2 (b+c), 2 (a+c), 1 2 (a+b)

a+b+c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (a+b), 12 (–b−c), –a+b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (–a−b), 12 (b−c), a−b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (a−b), 12 (b+c), –a−b+c (hexagonal axes)

2 3 (–2x+y+z), 2 3 (–x–y+2z), 1 1 3 (x+y+z)– 8 2 3 (2x+y–z), 2 3 (x–y–2z), 1 1 3 (–x+y–z)– 8 2 3 (–2x–y–z), 2 3 (–x+y–2z), 1 1 3 (x–y–z)– 8 2 3 (2x–y+z), 2 3 (x+y+2z), 1 1 3 (–x–y+z)– 8

[3] I41 22 12 (a−b), 12 (a+b), c x–y, x+y, z (98) conjugate: 12 (b−c), 12 (b+c), a y–z, y+z, x conjugate: 12 (–a+c), 12 (a+c), b –x+z, x+z, y II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 –1 1 8a; 2×32e; 8b; 2×32e; 16d; 32e; 16c; 32e; 3×32e; 3×48 f ; [27] F41 32 3b, –3a, 3c 3 y, 3 x, 3 z; 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); 48 f ; 96h 48 f ; 96h 2×48g; 2×48g; 8×96h 12×96h ±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); 3×96h 3×96h ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); 3×48g; 27×96h ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); 12×96h ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) [p3 ] F41 32 pa, pb, pc p = prime = 4n+1 pb, −pa, pc p = prime = 4n−1

1 1 1 p x, p y, p z; +( up , vp , wp ) 1 1 1 p y, − p x, p z; +( up , vp , wp )

8a; (p –1)×32e; p –1 2 ×48 f ; p3 – 7p+6 × 12 96h

16c(d ∗ ); 16d(c∗ ); p×32e; p×48 f ; 2– p(p2 – 1) p –1 p –1 (p –1)×32e; 2 ×32e; ×96h p(p2 1)×96h 2 ×32e; 3 p –1 2 ×48 f ; (p–1)×48g; (p–1)×48g; p3 – 7p+6 p3 – 4p+3 p3 – 4p+3 × × × 12 6 6 96h 96h 96h 8b;

p×48g; p3 ×96h 2– p(p 1) ×96h 2

u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 ∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

734

p = 8n ±3

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 211, p. 735.

O5

I 432

No. 211 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 12d 24h

12e 24i

16 f 48 j

12e 24 f

12d 24 f

2×8c 2×24 f

1b; 3e 2×6 f

2×3e 2×3d; 6 f

6f 2×3e; 6 f

2c; 6 f 4×6 f

9d

3b; 9e 2×18 f

2×9e 2×9d; 18 f

18 f 2×9e; 18 f

6c; 18 f 4×18 f

2a

2b; 4c

8j 8 f; 2×8i

4d; 8i 8g; 16k

4e; 8h 8 j; 16k

16k 3×16k

[2] P42 32 (208)

2a

6d

4b; 4c 12i; 12 j

6e; 6 f 24m

12h 12k; 12l

2×8g 2×24m

[2] P432 (207)

1a; 1b

3c; 3d

8g 2×12h

12h 12i; 12 j

6e; 6 f 24k

2×8g 2×24k

I

2a

6b

8c 24g

2a

6b

8c 2×12e

1a

3d

–a+b, –b+c, 13 (–2x+y+z), 3a 1 1 2 (a+b+c) (–x–y+2z), (x+y+z) 2 3 3 (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b−c, 13 (2x+y–z), 13 (x–y–2z), 1 2 2 (–a+b−c) 3 (–x+y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a−b, b−c, 13 (–2x–y–z), 13 (–x+y–2z), 1 2 2 (a−b−c) 3 (x–y–z) (hexagonal axes) 1 1 conjugate: a−b, b+c, 3 (2x–y+z), 3 (x+y+2z), 1 2 2 (–a−b+c) 3 (–x–y+z) (hexagonal axes)

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I23 (197) [4] R32 (155)

1 2 (–a+b+c), 1 2 (a−b+c), 1 2 (a+b−c)

[3] I422 (97) conjugate: b, c, a conjugate: c, a, b

y+z, x+z, x+y (rhombohedral axes)

y, z, x z, x, y

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [27] I432

[p3 ] I432

3a, 3b, 3c

pa, pb, pc

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); 1 ±(0, 3 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ) 1 1 1 u v w p x, p y, p z; +( p , p , p )

p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

2a; 12e; 6b; 12e; 24g; 8c; 16 f ; 12d; 24g; 3×12e; 3×16 f ; 16 f ; 24h 24h; 2×48 j 2×24i; 2×24i; 6×48 j 8×48 j 3×48 j 5×48 j 3×24g; 3×24h; 3×24i; 27×48 j 12×48 j 12×48 j 12×48 j 2a; 6b; 8c; 12d; p×12e; p×16 f ; p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×12e; ×12e; ×16 f ; ×24g; ×48 j ×48 j 2 2 2 2 4 3 – – p 1 p 1 2 ×16 f ; 2 ×24g; (p–1)×24i; (p–1)×24i; – 2 p –1 p –1 p3 – 4p+3 ×24h; × (p 1)4(p+2)× 2 2 ×24h; 6 48 j 48 j p3 – 13p+12 p3 – 5p+4 × × 24

48 j

8

48 j p×24g; p×24h; p×24i; p3 ×48 j p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) ×48 j ×48 j ×48 j 2 2 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

735

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 212, p. 736.

P 43 3 2 Axes I

O6

No. 212 Coordinates 4a

4b

4a

4a

1a; 3e

Wyckoff positions 8c

12d

24e

2×4a

12b

2×12b

1b; 3d

2c; 6 f

3d; 3e; 6 f

4×6 f

3a; 9e

3b; 9d

6c; 18 f

9d; 9e; 18 f

4×18 f

4a

4a

8b

4a; 8b

3×8b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P21 3 (198) x– 18 , y– 18 , z– 18

[4] R32 (155)

(rhombohedral axes) a−b, b−c, a+b+c (hex. axes) conjugate: –a−b, b+c, –a+b−c (hex. axes) conjugate: a+b, –b+c, a−b−c (hex. axes) conjugate: –a+b, –b−c, –a−b+c (hex. axes) [3] P43 21 2 (96) conjugate: b, c, a conjugate: c, a, b

1 3 (2x–y–z), 1 3 (x+y–2z), 1 1 3 (x+y+z)– 8 1 3 (–2x–y+z), 1 1 3 (–x+y+2z)– 2 , 1 1 3 (–x+y–z)– 8 1 1 3 (2x+y+z)– 2 , 1 3 (x–y+2z), 1 1 3 (x–y–z)– 8 1 1 3 (–2x+y–z)+ 2 , 1 1 3 (–x–y–2z)+ 2 , 1 1 3 (–x–y+z)– 8 x– 14 , y, z+ 81 y– 14 , z, x+ 81 z– 14 , x, y+ 81

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [27] P41 32 (213)

3a, 3b, 3c

[p3 ] P41 32

pa, pb, pc

(213) [p3 ] P43 32

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); 1 ±(0, 3 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ) 1 1 1 u v w p x, p y, p z; +( p , p , p )

p = prime = 4n −1; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

4a; 8c; 2×12d; 4b; 8c; 2×12d; 3×8c; 8×24e 3×12d; 27×24e 3×24e 3×24e 12×24e

4a(b∗ ); p–2 1×8c; 4b(a∗ ); p–2 1×8c; p×8c; p×12d; p3 ×24e p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) (p –1)×12d; (p –1)×12d; ×24e ×24e 3 2 p3 – 4p+3 p3 – 4p+3 ×24e ×24e 6

6

+( up , vp , wp ) 4a(b† ); p–2 1×8c; 4b(a† ); p–2 1×8c; p×8c; p×12d; p3 ×24e p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) p = prime = 4n+1; (p –1)×12d; (p –1)×12d; ×24e ×24e 3 2 p3 – 4p+3 p3 – 4p+3 u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 ×24e ×24e

pa, pb, pc

1 1 1 p x, p y, p z;

6

∗

6



p = 8n −1

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

736

†

p = 8n −3

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 213, p. 737.

O7 Axes I

P 41 3 2

No. 213 Coordinates 4a

4b

4a

4a

1a; 3e

Wyckoff positions 8c

12d

24e

2×4a

12b

2×12b

1b; 3d

2c; 6 f

3d; 3e; 6 f

4×6 f

3a; 9e

3b; 9d

6c; 18 f

9d; 9e; 18 f

4×18 f

4a

4a

8b

4a; 8b

3×8b

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] P21 3 (198) x– 38 , y– 38 , z– 38

[4] R32 (155)

(rhombohedral axes) a−b, b−c, a+b+c (hex. axes) conjugate: –a−b, b+c, –a+b−c (hex. axes) conjugate: a+b, –b+c, a−b−c (hex. axes) conjugate: –a+b, –b−c, –a−b+c (hex. axes) [3] P41 21 2 (92) conjugate: b, c, a conjugate: c, a, b

1 3 (2x–y–z), 1 3 (x+y–2z), 1 3 3 (x+y+z)– 8 1 3 (–2x–y+z), 1 1 3 (–x+y+2z)– 2 , 1 3 3 (–x+y–z)– 8 1 1 3 (2x+y+z)– 2 , 1 3 (x–y+2z), 1 3 3 (x–y–z)– 8 1 1 3 (–2x+y–z)+ 2 , 1 1 3 (–x–y–2z)+ 2 , 1 3 3 (–x–y+z)– 8 x+ 41 , y, z– 18 y+ 41 , z, x– 18 z+ 41 , x, y– 18

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [27] P43 32 (212)

3a, 3b, 3c

[p3 ] P41 32

pa, pb, pc

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); 1 ±(0, 3 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ) 1 1 1 u v w p x, p y, p z; +( p , p , p )

p = prime = 4n+1; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 [p3 ] P43 32 (212)

4a; 8c; 2×12d; 4b; 8c; 2×12d; 3×8c; 8×24e 3×12d; 27×24e 3×24e 3×24e 12×24e

4a(b∗ ); p–2 1×8c; 4b(a∗ ); p–2 1×8c; p×8c; p×12d; p3 ×24e p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) (p –1)×12d; (p –1)×12d; ×24e ×24e 3 2 p3 – 4p+3 p3 – 4p+3 ×24e ×24e 6

6

+( up , vp , wp ) 4a(b† ); p–2 1×8c; 4b(a† ); p–2 1×8c; p×8c; p×12d; p3 ×24e p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) p = prime = 4n −1; (p –1)×12d; (p –1)×12d; ×24e ×24e 3 2 p3 – 4p+3 p3 – 4p+3 u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 ×24e ×24e

pa, pb, pc

1 1 1 p x, p y, p z;

6

∗

6



p = 8n −3

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

737

†

p = 8n −1

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 214, p. 738.

I 41 3 2 Axes

O8

No. 214 Coordinates 8b

12c

8a

8a

12b

1a; 3d

1b; 3e

–a+b, –b+c, 13 (–2x+y+z), 13 (–x–y+2z), 3a; 9d 1 2 1 2 (a+b+c) 3 (x+y+z)– 4 (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b−c, 13 (2x+y–z), 13 (x–y–2z)+ 21 , 1 2 1 2 (–a+b−c) 3 (–x+y–z)– 4 (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a−b, b−c, 13 (–2x–y–z)+ 21 , 13 (–x+y–2z), 1 2 1 2 (a−b−c) 3 (x–y–z)– 4 (hexagonal axes) 1 1 1 1 conjugate: a−b, b+c, 3 (2x–y+z)+ 2 , 3 (x+y+2z)+ 2 , 1 2 1 2 (–a–b+c) 3 (–x–y+z)– 4 (hexagonal axes)

Wyckoff positions 12d 24g

16e 24h

24 f 48i

12b 24c

2×8a 24c

2×12b 2×24c

3d; 3e

3d; 3e 2×3e; 6 f

2c; 6 f 2×3d; 6 f

2×6 f 4×6 f

3b; 9e

9d; 9e

9d; 9e 2×9e; 18 f

6c; 18 f 2×9d; 18 f

2×18 f 4×18 f

8e

8d

4a; 8 f

4b; 8 f 8d; 16g

16g 8e; 16g

8c; 2×8 f 3×16g

[2] P41 32 (213)

8c

4a; 4b

12d

12d 2×12d

2×8c 24e

24e 2×24e

[2] P43 32 (212)

4a; 4b

8c

12d

12d 24e

2×8c 2×12d

24e 2×24e

I

8a Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I21 3 (199) 1 2 (–a+b+c), 1 2 (a–b+c), 1 2 (a+b−c)

[4] R32 (155)

y+z– 14 , x+z– 14 , x+y– 14 (rhombohedral axes)

x, y– 14 , z– 18

[3] I41 22 (98) conjugate: b, c, a conjugate: c, a, b

y, z– 14 , x– 18 z, x– 14 , y– 18

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic [27] I41 32

[p3 ] I41 32

3a, 3b, 3c

pa, pb, pc

1 1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); 1 ±(0, 3 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) 1 1 1 u v w p x, p y, p z; +( p , p , p )

p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

8b; 16e; 8a; 16e; 12c; 24 f ; 12d; 24 f ; 3×16e; 3×24 f ; 2×24g; 2×24h; 24g; 24h; 24g; 24h; 8×48i 12×48i 3×48i 3×48i 5×48i 5×48i 3×24h; 3×24g; 27×48i 12×48i 12×48i 8a(b∗ ); 8b(a∗ ); 12c(d † ); 12d(c† ); p×16e; p×24 f ; 2– – – – p(p2 – 1) p 1 p 1 p 1 p –1 ×48i p(p2 1)×48i 2 ×16e; 2 ×16e; 2 ×24 f ; 2 ×24 f ; 3 (p –1)× (p –1)× p –2 1×24g; p –2 1×24g; 24h(g∗ ); 24g(h∗ ); p –1×24h; p –1×24h; 2 2 3 – 2 – 2 p3 – 4p+3 × p –4p+3× (p 1) (p+2)× (p 1) (p+2)× 6

48i

6

48i

4

48i

4

48i

p×24g(h∗ ); p×24h(g∗ ); p3 ×48i 2– p(p2 – 1) ×48i p(p2 1)×48i 2 ∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

p = 4n−1

738

†

p = 8n −3 or p = 8n −1

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 215, pp. 739–740.

Td1

P 4¯ 3 m

No. 215 Axes

Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 4e 6f

1a

1b

3c

3d

[2] P23 (195)

1a

1b

3c

3d

4e

[4] R3m (rhombohedral axes) (160)

1a

1a

3b

3b

1 1 a−b, b−c, 3a 3 (2x–y–z), 3 (x+y–2z), 1 a+b+c (x+y+z) 3 (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a−b, b+c, 13 (–2x–y+z), 13 (–x+y+2z), 1 –a+b−c 3 (–x+y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b+c, 13 (2x+y+z), 13 (x–y+2z), 1 a−b−c 3 (x–y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a+b, –b−c, 13 (–2x+y–z), 13 (–x–y–2z), 1 –a−b+c 3 (–x–y+z) (hexagonal axes) ¯ [3] P42m 1a (111) conjugate: b, c, a y, z, x conjugate: c, a, b z, x, y

3a

9b

1b

8b

I

6g 12i

12h 24 j

6i 12 j

6g; 6h 2×12 j

1a; 3b 2×3b

2×3b 2×3b; 6c

2×6c 4×6c

9b

3a; 9b 2×9b

2×9b 2×18c 2×9b; 18c 4×18c

1d; 2 f

1c; 2e

4n

2g; 4i

2h; 4 j 4n; 8o

4k; 4l; 4m 3×8o

24c

24d

32e

48 f

48g 96h

96h 2×96h

4a; 4b 4c; 4d 24g

24 f

2×16e 2×24 f

2×24g 2×48h

96i 2×96i

2a; 6b 8c

12d; 12e 8c; 24g 2×12e; 24 f 2×24g 2×48h 2×24g; 48h 4×48h

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 ¯ [2] F 43c 2a, 2b, 2c x, 1 y, 1 z; +( 1 , 0, 0) 2

(219) ¯ [2] F 43m 2a, 2b, 2c (216) ¯ [4] I 43m 2a, 2b, 2c (217) ¯ [4] I 43m 2a, 2b, 2c (217)

2

2

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z;

2

+( 21 , 0, 0)

1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 12 , 0); +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; 1 1 +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 2 , 0); +(0, 0, 12 )

8a

8c

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

24g

2a; 6b 12d; 12e 24g

739

6f

8c; 24g 2×24g

2×12e; 24 f 2×48h 2×24g; 48h 4×48h

P 4¯ 3 m

No. 215 Axes

CONTINUED

Coordinates 1a

Wyckoff positions 3c 3d 6g 12h

1b

4e 12i

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [27] P43m 3a, 3b, 3c 13 x, 13 y, 13 z; ±( 31 , 0, 0); 1a; 2×4e; 6 f ; 1b; 2×4e; 6g; 3c; 6g; 12h; 3d; 6 f ; 12h; 3×4e; ±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); 12i 12i 3×12i; 24 j 3×12i; 24 j 6×12i; 24 j ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); 3×6g; 6×12i; 3×12h; 9×12i; ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); 3×24 j 12×24 j 9×24 j ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) ¯ [p3 ] P43m pa, pb, pc 1p x, 1p y, 1p z; 1a; (p –1)×4e; 1b; (p –1)×4e; 3c; p –2 1×6g; 3d; p –2 1×6 f ; p×4e; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 +( up , vp , wp ) p(p –1)×12i; 2 ×6 f ; 2 ×6g; 2 ×12h; 2 ×12h; (p – 1)(p – 2) (p – 1)(p – 2) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1)(p – 2) p = prime > 2; ×12i; ×12i; × 2 2 2 ×12i; 2 ×12i; 6 2 2 24 j – – – – – – – – – – (p 1)(p 2)(p 3) (p 1)(p 2)(p 3) (p 1)(p 2) (p 1)(p 2) u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 × × 24 24 8 8 ×24 j ×24 j 24 j 24 j

6f 24 j 3×6 f ; 6×12i; 3×24 j 27×24 j

p×6 f ; p(p –1)×12i; p(p – 1)2 ×24 j 4

p×6g; p×12h; p2 ×12i; p3 ×24 j p(p2 – 1) p2 (p – 1) p(p –1)×12i; ×24 j ×24 j 2 2 p(p – 1)2 ×24 j 4

740

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 216, p. 741.

Td2

F 4¯ 3 m

No. 216 Axes

Coordinates 4b

4c

4a

4b

4c

1a

1a

3a

Wyckoff positions 4d 24g

16e 48h

24 f 96i

4d 24g

16e 48h

24 f 2×48h

1a

1a 2×3b

1a; 3b 2×3b; 6c

2×3b 4×6c

3a

3a

3a 2×9b

3a; 9b 2×9b 2×9b; 18c 4×18c

2a

2b

2c

2d 4 f ; 8h

8i 8i; 16 j

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations ¯ [4] P43m

1a; 3c

1b; 3d

4e

(215) ¯ [4] P43m

4e 2×12i

4e; 12i 6f; 6g;12h 2×12i; 24 j 4×24 j

4e

4e

1b; 3d

1a; 3c 6 f ; 6g; 12h

4e; 12i 2×12i 2×12i; 24 j 4×24 j

I

4a Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] F23 (196) [4] R3m (160)

1 1 2 (b+c), 2 (a+c), 1 2 (a+b)

–x+y+z, x–y+z, x+y–z (rhombohedral axes)

1 1 2 2 (–a+b), 2 (–b+c), 3 (–2x+y+z), 2 a+b+c 3 (–x–y+2z), 1 (hexagonal axes) 3 (x+y+z) conjugate: 12 (a+b), 12 (–b−c), 23 (2x+y–z), 2 –a+b−c 3 (x–y–2z), 1 (hexagonal axes) 3 (–x+y–z) 1 1 conjugate: 2 (–a−b), 2 (b−c), 23 (–2x–y–z), 2 a−b−c 3 (–x+y–2z), 1 (hexagonal axes) 3 (x–y–z) 1 1 conjugate: 2 (a−b), 2 (b+c), 23 (2x–y+z), 2 –a−b+c 3 (x+y+2z), 1 (hexagonal axes) 3 (–x–y+z) 1 1 ¯ [3] I 4m2 (a–b), (a+b), c x–y, x+y, z 2 2

(119) conjugate: 12 (b−c), 12 (b+c), a y–z, y+z, x conjugate: 12 (–a+c), 12 (a+c), b –x+z, x+z, y

(215)

4 conjugate subgroups x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 4 conjugate subgroups

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 1 1 ¯ 4d; 2×16e; [27] F 43m 3a, 3b, 3c 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); 4a; 2×16e; 4b; 2×16e; 1 ±(0, 3 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); 24 f ; 48h 24 f ; 48h 24g; 48h ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ) 1 1 1 u v w ¯ [p3 ] F 43m pa, pb, pc 4b; 4c(d ∗ ); p x, p y, p z; +( p , p , p ) 4a; p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 (p –1)×16e; (p –1)×16e; (p –1)×16e; p –1 p –1 p –1 2 ×24 f ; 2 ×24 f ; 2 ×24g; (p – 1)(p – 2) (p – 1)(p – 2) (p – 1)(p – 2) × × × 2 2 2 48h; 48h; 48h; (p – 1)(p – 2)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 2)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 2)(p – 3) 24 24 24 ×96i ×96i ×96i

4e; 8g 3×16 j

4c; 2×16e; 3×16e; 3×24f ; 24g; 48h 6×48h; 96i 6×48h; 3×96i 3×24g; 9×48h; 27×96i 6×48h; 9×96i 3×96i 4d(c∗ ); p×16e; p×24 f ; (p –1)×16e; p(p –1)× p(p –1)× p –1 48h; 48h; 2 ×24g; p(p – 1)(p – 2) p(p – 1)2 (p – 1)(p – 2) × 6 4 × 2 ×96i 96i 48h; (p – 1)(p – 2)(p – 3) 24 ×96i p×24g; p2 ×48h; p3 ×96i p2 (p – 1) p(p–1)×48h; ×96i 2 p(p – 1)2 ×96i 4

∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

741

p = 4n−1

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 217, p. 742.

I 4¯ 3 m Axes

Td3

No. 217 Coordinates 2a

6b

Wyckoff positions 8c 12d

2a

6b

8c

y+z, x+z, x+y (rhombohedral axes)

1a

3b

1 3 (–2x+y+z), 1 3 (–x–y+2z), 2 3 (x+y+z) 1 3 (2x+y–z), 1 3 (x–y–2z), 2 3 (–x+y–z) 1 3 (–2x–y–z), 1 3 (–x+y–2z), 2 3 (x–y–z) 1 3 (2x–y+z), 1 3 (x+y+2z), 2 3 (–x–y+z)

3a

12e 24g

24 f 48h

12e

12d 24 f

2×12e 2×24 f

1a; 3b

6c

2×3b 2×3b; 6c

2×6c 4×6c

9b

3a; 9b

18c

2×9b 2×9b; 18c

2×18c 4×18c

2a

2b; 4c

8i

4d; 8g

4e; 8 f 8i; 16 j

2×8g; 8h 3×16 j

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations ¯ [2] P43n

2a

6b

8e

6c; 6d

(218) ¯ [2] P43m

12 f 24i

12g; 12h 2×24i

1a; 1b

3c; 3d

2×4e

12h

6 f ; 6g 2×12i

2×12h 2×24 j

I

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I23 (197) [4] R3m (160)

1 2 (–a+b+c), 1 2 (a−b+c), 1 2 (a+b−c)

–a+b, –b+c, 1 2 (a+b+c) (hex. axes) conjugate: a+b, –b−c, 1 2 (–a+b−c) (hex. axes) conjugate: –a−b, b−c, 1 2 (a−b−c) (hex. axes) conjugate: a−b, b+c, 1 2 (–a−b+c) (hex. axes) ¯ [3] I 42m (121) conjugate: b, c, a conjugate: c, a, b

y, z, x z, x, y

(215) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 ¯ x, 1 y, 1 z; ±( 1 , 0, 0); [27] I 43m 3a, 3b, 3c 3

3

3

3

±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ) ¯ [p3 ] I 43m

pa, pb, pc

1 1 1 p x, p y, p z;

2a; 2×8c; 12e; 6b; 12e; 24f ; 3×8c; 6×24g; 12d; 24 f ; 3×12e; 6×24g; 3×24 f ; 24g 3×24g; 48h 48h 6×48h 3×48h 12×48h 9×24g; 9×48h 27×48h

+( up , vp , wp ) 2a; (p –1)×8c; p –1 ×12e;

6b; p –1 ×12e;

p×8c;

p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 p(p –1)×24g; 2 p(p – 1)(p – 2) p –1 × 2 2 ×24 f ; 6 48h (p – 1)(p – 2) p(p – 1) ×24g; 2 ×24g; 2 (p – 1)(p – 2)(p – 3) (p2 – 1)(p – 2) × 24 8 ×48h 48h

12d; p×12e; p×24 f ; p(p2– 1) p –1 –1)×24g; × 2 ×24 f ; p(p 2 48h p(p2 – 1) p(p – 1)2 ×48h ×48h 4 4

p2 ×24g; p2 (p – 1) 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

742

p3 ×48h ×48h

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 218, p. 743.

Td4

P 4¯ 3 n

No. 218 Axes

2a

6b

Wyckoff positions 6c 6d 12g

[2] P23 (195)

1a; 1b

3c; 3d

6h

[4] R3c (rhombohedral axes) (161)

2a

6b

I

Coordinates

8e 12h

12 f 24i

6g 2×6h

2×4e 2×6g

6 f ; 6i 2×12 j

6b

6b 2×6b

2a; 6b 2×6b

2×6b 4×6b

18b

18b

18b 2×18b

6a; 18b 2×18b

2×18b 4×18b

2a; 2c; 2d

2e; 4i

2 f ;4 j 2×4i; 4k

8n 2×4 j; 4l

4g; 4h; 4m 3×8n

16c

2×24d

48e

12a;12b; 24d 16c; 48e 2×48e 4×24d

16c

2×24d

12a;12b; 24d 48e 4×24d

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

1 1 a−b, b−c, 6a 3 (2x–y–z), 3 (x+y–2z), 1 a+b+c (x+y+z) 3 (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a−b, b+c, 13 (–2x–y+z), 13 (–x+y+2z), 1 –a+b−c 3 (–x+y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b+c, 13 (2x+y+z), 13 (x–y+2z), 1 a−b−c 3 (x–y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a+b, –b−c, 13 (–2x+y–z), 13 (–x–y–2z), 1 –a−b+c 3 (–x–y+z) (hexagonal axes) ¯ [3] P42c x+ 21 , y, z+ 41 2b (112)

conjugate: b, c, a conjugate: c, a, b

y+ 21 , z, x+ 41 z+ 21 , x, y+ 41

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 ¯ x, 1 y, 1 z; +( 1 , 0, 0); [4] I 43d 2a, 2b, 2c 2

(220) ¯ [4] I 43d 2a, 2b, 2c (220)

2

2

2

+(0, 12 , 0); +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; 1 1 +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 2 , 0); +(0, 0, 12 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 ¯ x, 1 y, 1 z; ±( 1 , 0, 0); [27] P43n 3a, 3b, 3c 3

3

3

3

±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ) ¯ [p3 ] P43n pa, pb, pc

1 1 1 p x, p y, p z;

+( up , vp , wp )

p = prime > 4; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

16c; 48e 2×48e

2×48e 4×48e 2×48e 4×48e

2a; 2×8e; 6b; 12 f ; 12g; 6c; 12g; 6d; 12h; 3×8e; 3×12 f ; 12 f ; 24i 12h; 5×24i 6×24i 6×24i 8×24i 12×24i 3×12g; 3×12h; 27×24i 12×24i 12×24i

6b; p –2 1×12 f ; 6c; 6d; p×8e; p×12 f ; 2– p(p2 – 1) p –1 p –1 p –1 (p –1)×8e; ×24i p(p2 1)×24i 2 ×12g; 2 ×12g; 2 ×12h; 3 2– p(p2 – 1) p –1 p –1 ×24i p(p4 1)×24i 2 ×12 f ; 2 ×12h; 4 – 2 p3 – 7p+6 × (p 1) (p+2)×

2a;

12

24i

4

24i

p×12g; p(p2 – 1) 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

743

p×12h; p3 ×24i p(p2 – 1) ×24i ×24i 2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 219, p. 744.

F 4¯ 3 c Axes

Td5

No. 219 8a

8b

Wyckoff positions 24c 24d 32e 48g

4a; 4b

4c; 4d

24g

24 f

2×16e 2×24g

2×24 f 2×48h

2a

2a

6b

6b

2a; 6b 2×6b

2×6b 4×6b

6a

6a

18b

18b

6a; 18b 2×18b

2×18b 4×18b

4a

4d

4c; 8h

4b; 8e

16i 8g; 2×8h

2×8e; 8 f 3×16i

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations ¯ [4] P43n 4 conjugate

2a; 6b

8e

24i

(218) ¯ [4] P43n

6c; 6d;12 f 8e; 24i 2×24i

8e

2a; 6b

6c; 6d;12 f 24i

I

Coordinates

48 f 96h

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] F23 (196) [4] R3c (161)

1 1 2 (b+c), 2 (a+c), 1 2 (a+b)

–x+y+z, x–y+z, x+y–z

(rhombohedral axes) 1 1 2 2 (–a+b), 2 (–b+c), 3 (–2x+y+z), 2 a+b+c 3 (–x–y+2z), 1 (hexagonal axes) 3 (x+y+z) 1 1 conjugate: 2 (a+b), 2 (–b−c), 23 (2x+y–z), 2 –a+b−c 3 (x–y–2z), 1 (hexagonal axes) 3 (–x+y–z) 1 1 conjugate: 2 (–a−b), 2 (b−c), 23 (–2x–y–z), 2 a−b−c 3 (–x+y–2z), 1 (hexagonal axes) 3 (x–y–z) 1 1 2 conjugate: 2 (a−b), 2 (b+c), 3 (2x–y+z), 2 –a−b+c 3 (x+y+2z), 1 (hexagonal axes) 3 (–x–y+z) 1 1 ¯ [3] I 4c2 2 (a−b), 2 (a+b), c x–y, x+y, z+ 41

(120) conjugate: 12 (b–c), 12 (b+c), a y–z, y+z, x+ 41 conjugate: 12 (–a+c), 12 (a+c), b –x+z, x+z, y+ 41

(218)

subgroups 4 conjugate subgroups

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

2×12f ;12g;12h 4×24i

8e; 24i 2×24i 2×12 f ;12g; 4×24i 12h

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 1 1 ¯ 3×48 f ; [27] F 43c 3a, 3b, 3c 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); 8a; 2×32e; 8b; 2×32e; 24c; 48g; 24d; 48 f ; 3×32e; 1 1 ±(0, 3 , 0); ±(0, 0, 3 ); 48f ; 96h 48g; 96h 6×96h 6×96h 8×96h 12×96h ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); 3×48g; 27×96h ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); 12×96h ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) 1 1 1 u v w ¯ [p3 ] F 43c pa,pb,pc 8b; 24c; 24d; p×32e; p×48 f ; p x, p y, p z; +( p , p , p ) 8a; p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 (p –1)×32e; (p –1)×32e; 2 ×48g; 2 ×48 f ; ×96h ×96h 3 2 p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) p –1 p –1 × × 2 ×48 f ; 2 ×48g; 4 4 96h 96h p3 – 7p+6 p3 – 7p+6 × × 12

96h

12

96h

p×48g; p(p2 – 1) ×96h 2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

744

p3 ×96h

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 220, p. 745.

Td6 Axes I

I 4¯ 3 d

No. 220 Coordinates 12a

12b

12b

12b

6b

Wyckoff positions 16c

24d

48e

2×8a

2×12b

2×24c

6b

2a; 6b

2×6b

4×6b

18b

6a; 18b

2×18b

4×18b

4b; 8d

16e

8c; 2×8d

3×16e

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups

[2] I21 3 (199) [4] R3c (161)

1 2 (–a+b+c), 1 2 (a−b+c), 1 2 (a+b−c)

y+z, x+z, x+y (rhombohedral axes)

–a+b, –b+c, 13 (–2x+y+z), 13 (–x–y+2z), 18b 1 2 (a+b+c) (x+y+z) 2 3 (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b−c, 13 (2x+y–z), 13 (x–y–2z)+ 21 , 1 2 2 (–a+b−c) 3 (–x+y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a−b, b−c, 13 (–2x–y–z)+ 21 , 13 (–x+y–2z), 1 2 2 (a−b−c) 3 (x–y–z) (hexagonal axes) 1 1 1 1 conjugate: a−b, b+c, 3 (2x–y+z)– 2 , 3 (x+y+2z)– 2 , 1 2 2 (–a−b+c) 3 (–x–y+z) (hexagonal axes) ¯ (122) [3] I 42d x, y+ 41 , z– 18 4a; 8d 1 1 conjugate: b, c, a y, z+ 4 , x– 8 conjugate: c, a, b z, x+ 41 , y– 18

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 ¯ x, 1 y, 1 z; ±( 1 , 0, 0); [27] I 43d 3a, 3b, 3c 3

3

3

3

±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) ¯ [p3 ] I 43d

pa, pb, pc

1 1 1 p x, p y, p z;

+( up , vp , wp )

p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

12a; 24d; 6×48e 12b; 24d; 6×48e 3×16c; 8×48e 3×24d; 27×48e 12×48e

12a(b∗ ); 12b(a∗ ); p×16c; p×24d; p3 ×48e p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) p–1 p–1 ×48e ×48e 2 ×24d; 2 ×24d; 3 2 p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) ×48e ×48e 4 4 ∗

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

p = 8n−3 or p = 8n−1

745

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 221, pp. 746–747.

P m 3¯ m Axes

P 4/m 3¯ 2/m

No. 221 Coordinates

Wyckoff positions 3d 6e 24k 24l

6f 24m

8g 48n

6f 24 j

6g 2×12i

2×4e 2×24 j

3d 24k

6e 24k

6f 24k

8g 2×24k

3c 12k

3d 2×12 j

6e 2×12k

6h 24l

8i 2×24l

1b 6 f ; 6h

3e 6g; 6h

3d 2×12i

6h 2×12i

6h 2c; 6h 2×6h; 12i 4×12i

3b 18 f ; 18h

9e 18g; 18h

9d 2×36i

18h 2×36i

18h 6c; 18h 2×18h; 36i 4×36i

1a 1d 4i; 4m; 4n 4 j; 8s

1c; 2e 4k; 8t

1b; 2 f 2g; 4l 8p; 2×8s 8q; 2×8t

2h; 4o 8r; 16u

8r 3×16u

8b 96i

8a 96i

24d 96h

24c 2×96i

48e 192 j

48 f 192 j

64g 2×192 j

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; +( 21 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

8a 96i

8b 96h

24c 96i

24d 192 j

48 f 2×96i

48e 192 j

64g 2×192 j

4a; 4b 96 j

8c 24h; 48i

24d 96k

24e 2×96 j

2×24e 192l

48g 2×96k

2×32 f 2×192l

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; +( 21 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0); 1 +(0, 2 , 0); +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; 1 1 ( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 2 , 0); +(0, 0, 12 )

8c 96 j

4a; 4b 96k

24e 48h; 48i

24d 192l

48g 2×96 j

2×24e 2×96k

2×32f 2×192l

2a; 6b 2×48 j

8c 24h 2×24h; 48 j 48i; 48k

8c 2×48 j

2a; 6b 48i; 48k

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P43m

1a 12h

1b 12i

3c 12 j

1a 12h

1b 12i

3c 12i

3d 24 j

1a 12h

1b 12i

3c 12 j

1a 6 f ; 6g

1b 12 j

1a 12i

O1h

I

(215) [2] P432 (207) [2] Pm3¯ (200) ¯ [4] R3m (rhombohedral axes) (166)

1 1 a−b, b−c, 3a 3 (2x–y–z), 3 (x+y–2z), 1 a+b+c 36i 3 (x+y+z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a−b, b+c, 13 (–2x–y+z), 13 (–x+y+2z), 1 –a+b−c 3 (–x+y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b+c, 13 (2x+y+z), 13 (x–y+2z), 1 a−b−c 3 (x–y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a+b, –b−c, 13 (–2x+y–z), 13 (–x–y–2z), 1 –a−b+c 3 (–x–y+z) (hexagonal axes)

[3] P4/mmm (123) conjugate: b, c, a

y, z, x

conjugate: c, a, b

z, x, y

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 ¯ 2a, 2b, 2c x, 1 y, 1 z; +( 1 , 0, 0) [2] Fm3c 2

(226) ¯ 2a, 2b, 2c [2] Fm3c (226) ¯ 2a, 2b, 2c [2] Fm3m (225) ¯ 2a, 2b, 2c [2] Fm3m (225) ¯ [4] Im3m 2a, 2b, 2c (229) ¯ [4] Im3m 2a, 2b, 2c (229)

2

2

2

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

746

12d; 12e 2×12e; 24g 48k 16 f ; 48k 4×48 j 2×96l 2×48k; 96l 4×96l

12d; 12e 24h 2×24h; 48 j 2×96l

48k 4×48 j

2×12e; 24g 16 f ; 48k 2×48k; 96l 4×96l

P 4/m 3¯ 2/m

CONTINUED

Axes

Coordinates

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ 3a, 3b, 3c 1 x, 1 y, 1 z; [27] Pm3m 3

3

3

±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); 1 1 ±(0, 3 , 3 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 )

P m 3¯ m

No. 221 3c 12h

Wyckoff positions 3d 12i 24l

1a

1b 8g

6e 12 j 24m

6f 24k 48n

1a; 6e; 8g; 12i

1b; 6 f ; 8g; 12 j 3c; 6 f ;12h;12i; 3d; 6e; 12h; 3×6e; 3×24k; 3×6f; 3×24l; 24l; 24m 12 j; 24k; 24m 3×24m 3×24m 3×8g; 6×24m; 3×12h; 3×24k; 3×12i; 3×24k; 3×12 j; 3×24l; 9×24k; 48n 3×24l; 3×48n 3×24m; 3×24m; 9×48n 3×48n 3×48n 9×24l; 9×48n 9×24m; 27×48n 9×48n

1a; p–2 1×6e; 1b; p –2 1×6 f ; 3c; p –2 1×6 f ; 3d; p –2 1×6e; p×6e; p×6 f ; p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 ×8g; ×8g; ×12h; ×12h; ×24k; 2 2 2 2 2 2 ×24l; p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; 2 ×12i; 2 ×12 j; 2 ×12i; 2 ×12 j; 2 ×24m; 2 ×24m; (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)2 p(p – 1)(p – 3) p(p – 1)(p – 3) u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 ×24k; ×24l; ×24k; × × 8 8 8 4 ×24k; 8 8 48n 48n (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)2 (p – 1)(p – 3) ×24m; × ×24l; 4 4 4 ×24l; 8 24m; (p – 1)(p – 3)(p – 5) (p – 1)2 (p – 1)2 × 48 4 ×24m; 4 ×24m; – – – 48n (p 1)(p483)(p 5)× (p – 1)2 (p – 3) (p – 1)2 (p – 3) × × 16 16 48n 48n 48n

¯ pa, pb, pc [p3 ] Pm3m

1 1 1 p x, p y, p z; u v w +( p , p , p )

p×8g; p×12h; p×12i; p×12 j; p2 ×24k; – p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p2 (p – 1) p(p –1)×24m; p(p2 1)×24k; ×48n 2 ×24k; 2 ×24l; 2 p(p – 1)(p – 2) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) × 6 2 ×24l; 2 ×24m; 2 ×24m; 48n p(p – 1)2 p(p – 1)2 p(p – 1)2 ×48n ×48n ×48n 4 4 4 p2 ×24l; p2 (p – 1) 2

747

p2 ×24m; p3 ×48n p2 (p – 1) ×48n ×48n 2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 222, p. 748.

P n 3¯ n

P 4/n 3¯ 2/n

No. 222

Axes origin 1

Coordinates origin 2

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P43n x+ 1 , y+ 1 , z+ 1

2a

6b

Wyckoff positions 8c 12d 24g

2a

6b

8e

1a; 1b

3c; 3d

2a

O2h 12e 24h

16 f 48i

6c; 6d 12g; 12h

12 f 24i

2×8e 2×24i

8g

12h 2×12h

6e; 6 f 12i; 12 j

2×8g 2×24k

6d

4b; 4c

12g 2×12g

12 f 24h

2×8e 2×24h

2a

6e

2b; 6d

12 f 2×12 f

12 f 4c; 12 f 2×6e; 12 f 4×12 f

6a

18e

6b; 18d

36 f 2×36 f

36 f 12c; 36 f 2×18e; 36 f 4×36 f

2a

2b; 4c

8f

4d; 8 j 8g; 2×8 j

4e; 8i 8h; 16k

I

4

4

4

(218) x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

[2] P432 (207) [2] Pn3¯ (201) ¯ [4] R3c

x– 14 , y– 14 , z– 14 (167) ( rhombohedral axes)

a−b, b−c, a+b+c (hex. axes) conjugate: –a−b, b+c, –a+b−c (hex. axes) conjugate: a+b, –b+c, a−b−c (hex. axes) conjugate: –a+b, –b−c, –a−b+c (hex. axes) [3] P4/nnc (126) conjugate: b, c, a conjugate: c, a, b

1 3 (2x–y–z), 1 3 (x+y–2z), 1 1 3 (x+y+z)– 4 1 3 (–2x–y+z), 1 3 (–x+y+2z), 1 1 3 (–x+y–z)– 4 1 3 (2x+y+z), 1 3 (x–y+2z), 1 1 3 (x–y–z)– 4 1 3 (–2x+y–z), 1 3 (–x–y–2z), 1 1 3 (–x–y+z)– 4

y, z, x z, x, y

1 3 (2x–y–z), 1 3 (x+y–2z), 1 3 (x+y+z) 1 1 3 (–2x–y+z)+ 2 , 1 1 3 (–x+y+2z)+ 2 , 1 3 (–x+y–z) 1 3 (2x+y+z), 1 1 3 (x–y+2z)+ 2 , 1 3 (x–y–z) 1 1 3 (–2x+y–z)+ 2 , 1 3 (–x–y–2z), 1 3 (–x–y+z)

16k 3×16k

y, z, x z, x, y

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 1 1 1 1 ¯ 3a, 3b, 3c 2a; 12e; 16 f ; 6b; 12e; 24g; 8c; 16 f ; 12d; 24g; 3×12e; 3×16 f ; [27] Pn3n 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; 3 x, 3 y, 3 z;
  24h 24h; 2×48i 4×48i 6×48i 6×48i 8×48i ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); 3×24g; 3×24h; 27×48i ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); 12×48i 12×48i ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 ¯ pa, pb, pc [p3 ] Pn3n 2a; p–2 1×12e; 6b; p–2 1×12e; 8c; 12d; p×12e; p×16 f ; p x, p y, p z; p x, p y, p z; 2– p(p2 – 1) p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 u v w u v w +( p , p , p ) +( p , p , p ) ×48i p(p3 1)× 2 ×16 f 2 ×24g; 2 ×16 f ; 2 ×24g; 4 2– 48i p(p2 – 1) p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 ×48i p(p4 1)×48i 2 ×24h; 2 ×24h; 6 p3 – 13p+12 p3 – 5p+4 × ×48i 24

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

748

48i

8

p×24g; p×24h; p3 ×48i p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) ×48i ×48i 2 2

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 223, pp. 749–750.

P 42/m 3¯ 2/n

O3h Axes

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P43n

P m 3¯ n

No. 223 Wyckoff positions 6d 8e 16i 24 j

2a

6b

6c 12h

12 f 24k

12g 48l

2a

6b

6d 12g

6c 2×8e

8e 24i

12 f 24i

12h 2×24i

2a

6d

6e 12 j

6f 2×8g

4b; 4c 12k; 12l

12h 24m

12i 2×24m

1a; 1b

3c; 3d

6f 2×6g

6g 2×8i

8i 24l

6e; 6h 2×6 f 12 j; 12k 2×24l

2b

6d

6e 12 f

6e 4c; 12 f

2a; 6e 2×6e; 12 f

12 f 2×12 f

12 f 4×12 f

18d

18e 36 f

18e 12c; 36 f

6a; 18e 36 f 2×18e; 36 f 2×36 f

36 f 4×36 f

2d

2a; 2b; 2c

2 f ; 4l 2e; 4m 4g; 2×4m 16r

8n 8n; 16r

16a

48 f

24c; 24d 96h

48g 32e; 96h

16b; 48g 96h 2×48g; 96h 2×96h

2×48 f 4×96h

16a

48 f

48g 2×48 f

24c; 24d 32e; 96h

16b; 48g 96h 2×48g; 96h 2×96h

96h 4×96h

I

(218) [2] P42 32 (208) [2] Pm3¯ (200) ¯ [4] R3c

(rhombohedral axes)

(167) 1 1 a−b, b−c, 6b 3 (2x–y–z), 3 (x+y–2z), 1 a+b+c (x+y+z) 3 (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a−b, b+c, 13 (–2x–y+z), 13 (–x+y+2z), 1 –a+b−c 3 (–x+y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b+c, 13 (2x+y+z), 13 (x–y+2z), 1 a−b−c 3 (x–y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a+b, –b−c, 13 (–2x+y–z), 13 (–x–y–2z), 1 –a−b+c 3 (–x–y+z) (hexagonal axes)

[3] P42 /mmc (131)

x+ 21 , y, z

conjugate: b, c, a

y+ 21 , z, x

conjugate: c, a, b

z+ 21 , x, y

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 ¯ [4] Ia3d 2a, 2b, 2c x, 1 y, 1 z; +( 1 , 0, 0); 2

(230) ¯ [4] Ia3d 2a, 2b, 2c (230)

2

2

2

+(0, 12 , 0); +(0, 0, 12 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; 1 1 +( 2 , 0, 0); +(0, 2 , 0); +(0, 0, 12 )

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 ¯ 3a, 3b, 3c x, 1 y, 1 z; ±( 1 , 0, 0); [27] Pm3n 3

3

3

3

±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 )

4i; 4 j; 4k 4h; 2×4l 8o; 8p; 8q 3×16r

2a; 12 f ; 6b; 12 f ; 6c; 12g; 6d; 12h; 8e; 16i; 3×12 f ; 3×12g; 16i; 24k 12g; 12h; 24 j; 24 j; 2×24 j; 6×24k; 6×24k; 3×24k; 48l 3×24k; 48l 3×24k; 48l 3×48l 3×48l 3×48l

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

3×12h; 3×16i; 3×24 j; 9×24k; 27×48l 6×24k; 8×48l 12×48l 9×48l 3×48l

749

P m 3¯ n

P 42/m 3¯ 2/n

No. 223 Axes

Coordinates 2a 12g

6b 12h

6c 16i

CONTINUED

Wyckoff positions 6d 24 j

8e 24k

12 f 48l

2a; p –2 1×12 f ; 6b; p –2 1×12 f ; 6c; p –2 1×12g; 6d; p –2 1×12h; 8e; p –2 1×16i; p×12f ; p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 (p –1)×24 j; p(p –1)×24k; 2 ×16i; 2 ×12g; 2 ×24 j; 2 ×24 j; – 2 (p – 1)2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p –1 p3 – 4p+3 p = prime > 2; ×48l p(p 4 1) ×48l 4 ×24k; 2 ×12h; 2 ×24k; 2 ×24k; 6 2 2 2 2 u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 (p –1)(p –3)×48l 3(p –1) ×24k; (p –1)(p –2)×48l (p –1)(p –2)×48l 24 4 8 8 3 (p – 1) 8 ×48l

¯ pa, pb, pc [p3 ] Pm3n

1 1 1 p x, p y, p z; +( up , vp , wp )

p×12g; p×12h; p×16i; p×24 j; p2 ×24k; p3 ×48l 2– 2– 2 – p(p 1) p(p 1) p(p –1)×24k; p(p –1)×24k; ×48l ×48l p (p2 1)×48l 3 2 p(p – 1)2 p(p – 1)2 ×48l ×48l 4 4

P n 3¯ m

P 42/n 3¯ 2/m

No. 224 Axes

Coordinates origin 1 origin 2

2a

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ 3a, 3b, 3c 1 x, 1 y, 1 z 1 x, 1 y, 1 z; 2a; 2×8e; 12g; [27] Pn3m 3 3 3 3 3 3
  24k 1 ±( 3 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); 1 1 2 ±(0, 0, 3 ); ±(0, 3 , 3 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ) ¯ [p3 ] Pn3m pa, pb, pc 1p x, 1p y, 1p z; 1p x, 1p y, 1p z; 2a; (p –1)×8e; p –1 +( up , vp , wp ) +( up , vp , wp ) 2 ×12g; (p – 1)(p – 2) p = prime > 2; ×24k; 2 (p – 1)(p – 2)(p – 3) u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 × 24 48l

CONTINUED (from

next page)

4b 12 f

Wyckoff positions 4c 6d 12g 24h 24 j 24k

8e 24i 48l

4b(c∗ ); 8e;

4c(b∗ ); 8e;

3×8e; 6×24k; 48l

∗

∗

24i( j ); 3×24k 24 j(i ); 3×24k

6d; 12g; 24h; 3×24k; 48l

12 f ; 24h; 24i; 3×12g; 6×24k; 3×24h; 12×48l 3×24i( j∗ );12×48l 24 j; 5×48l 3×48l 3×24 j(i∗ ); 9×24k; 9×48l 27×48l 12×48l 4b(c† ); p–2 1×8e; 4c(b† ); p–2 1×8e; 6d; p–2 1×12g; p×8e; p –1 p –1 p –1 † † ×24i( j ); ×24 j(i ); ×24h; p(p –1)×24k; 2 2 2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1)(p – 2) ×48l 2 ×24k; 2 ×24k; 2 ×24k; 6 2– 2– 2– – – – (p 1)(p 3) (p 1)(p 3) (p 1)(p 2) ×48l ×48l ×48l 12 12 8 12 f ; p–2 1×24h; p×12g; p×24h; p×24i( j† ); 2 p(p – 1) p(p2 – 1) p –1 p(p –1)×24k; ×48l ×48l 2 ×24i; 2 2 p(p – 1)2 p –1 ×24 j; ×48l 2 (p – 1)2 (p+2) ×48l 4

4

p×24 j(i† ); p2 ×24k; p3 ×48l 2– 2 – p(p 1) p (p 1) ×48l ×48l 2 2 ∗ †

origin 1 origin 1 and p = 4n−1

750

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 224, pp. 750–751.

P 42/n 3¯ 2/m

O4h Axes

origin 1

P n 3¯ m

No. 224

Coordinates origin 2

2a 12g

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] P43m x+ 1 , y+ 1 , z+ 1

4b 24h

4c 24i

Wyckoff positions 6d 8e 24 j 24k

12 f 48l

I

4

4

4

(215) x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

[2] P42 32 (208) [2] Pn3¯ (201) ¯ [4] R3m (166)

x– 14 , y– 14 , z– 14 (rhombohedral axes)

a−b, b−c, a+b+c (hex. axes) conjugate: –a−b, b+c, –a+b−c (hex. axes) conjugate: a+b, –b+c, a−b−c (hex. axes) conjugate: –a+b, –b−c, –a−b+c (hex. axes) [3] P42 /nnm (134) conjugate: b, c, a conjugate: c, a, b

1 3 (2x–y–z), 1 3 (x+y–2z), 1 1 3 (x+y+z)– 4 1 3 (–2x–y+z), 1 3 (–x+y+2z), 1 1 3 (–x+y–z)– 4 1 3 (2x+y+z), 1 3 (x–y+2z), 1 1 3 (x–y–z)– 4 1 3 (–2x+y–z), 1 3 (–x–y–2z), 1 1 3 (–x–y+z)– 4

y, z, x z, x, y

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, non-isomorphic 1 ¯ [2] Fd 3c 2a, 2b, 2c x+ 1 , 1 y+ 1 , (228) ¯ [2] Fd 3c (228) ¯ [2] Fd 3m (227) ¯ [2] Fd 3m

2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c 2a, 2b, 2c

(227)

2 4 2 4 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +( 21 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z; 1 +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z; +( 21 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 1 1 2 z+ 4 ; +( 21 , 0, 0)

1 3 (2x–y–z), 1 3 (x+y–2z), 1 3 (x+y+z) 1 1 3 (–2x–y+z)+ 2 , 1 1 3 (–x+y+2z)+ 2 , 1 3 (–x+y–z) 1 3 (2x+y+z), 1 1 3 (x–y+2z)+ 2 , 1 3 (x–y–z) 1 1 3 (–2x+y–z)+ 2 , 1 3 (–x–y–2z), 1 3 (–x–y+z) x, y+ 21 , z

1a; 1b 4e 6 f ; 6g 2×12h

4e 24 j

3c; 3d 24 j

2×4e 2×12i

12h 2×24 j

2a 12h

4b 4c 12i; 12 j 2×12k

6d 2×12l

8g 24m

6e; 6 f 2×24m

2a 12 f

4b 2×12g

6d 24h

8e 24h

12g 2×24h

4c 24h

2c 1a; 3e 2×6h 2×12i

1b; 3d 6h 2c; 6h 6 f ; 6g 2×6 f ; 12i 2×6g; 12i 2×6h; 12i 4×12i

6c 3a; 9e 2×18h 2×36i

3b; 9d 18h 6c; 18h 18 f ; 18g 2×18 f ; 36i 2×18g; 36i 2×18h; 36i 4×36i

2a 4g; 8i

4e 4f 8h; 2×8 j 8l; 16n

2b; 4c 8k; 16n

8m 8m; 16n

4d; 8 j 3×16n

+( 21 , 0, 0)

16a 96 f

32c 192h

32b 192h

48d 2×96g

64e 192h

96g 2×192h

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +( 2 , 0, 0) 1 1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z; +( 2 , 0, 0)

16a 96 f

32b 192h

32c 2×96g

48d 192h

64e 192h

96g 2×192h

8a; 8b 16c; 16d 32e 2×48 f 192i 2×96h

48 f 192i

2×32e 2×96g

96h 2×192i

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x+ 4 , 2 y+ 4 , 2 z+ 4 ; 1 +( 2 , 0, 0)

8a; 8b 32e 2×48 f 192i

48 f 2×96h

2×32e 2×96g

96h 2×192i

y+ 21 , z, x z, x, y+ 21

1 1 1 2 x, 2 y, 2 z;

Continued on preceding page

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

751

16c; 16d 192i

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 225, pp. 752–753.

F m 3¯ m

F 4/m 3¯ 2/m

No. 225

Axes

Coordinates 4a

4b

8c 48h

24d 48i

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ 4a [2] F 43m (216)

4b

4c; 4d 48h

24g 48h

4a

4b

8c 48g

4a

4b

–x+y+z, x–y+z, x+y–z

1a

2 3 (–2x+y+z), 2 3 (–x–y+2z), 1 3 (x+y+z) 2 3 (2x+y–z), 2 3 (x–y–2z), 1 3 (–x+y–z) 2 3 (–2x–y–z), 2 3 (–x+y–2z), 1 3 (x–y–z) 2 3 (2x–y+z), 2 3 (x+y+2z), 1 3 (–x–y+z)

Wyckoff positions 24e 96 j

O5h 32 f 96k

48g 192l

24 f 96i

2×16e 2×48h

2×24g 2×96i

24d 48h

24e 96 j

32 f 96 j

48i 2×96 j

8c 48h

24d 48h

24e 2×48h

32 f 96i

48g 2×96i

1b

2c 6 f ; 6h

3d; 3e 6g; 6h

6h 2×12i

2c; 6h 2×6h; 12i

2×6h 4×12i

3a

3b

6c 18 f ; 18h

9d; 9e 18g; 18h

18h 2×36i

6c; 18h 2×18h 2×18h; 36i 4×36i

[3] I4/mmm 12 (a–b), 12 (a+b), c x–y, x+y, z 2a (139) conjugate: 12 (b–c), 12 (b+c), a y–z, y+z, x conjugate: 12 (–a+c), 12 (a+c), b –x+z, x+z, y

2b

4d 8i; 16m

4c; 8 f 8 j; 16m

4e; 8h 16l; 2×16m

16n 16n; 32o

4c

2a; 6d 24i; 24k

12 f ; 12g 24 j; 24k

24k 2×48l

8e; 24k 2×12g; 24h 2×24k; 48l 4×48l

1b; 3d

8g 12i; 12 j 6e; 6 f ; 12h 8g; 24m 2×24m 2×12i; 24l 2×12 j; 24k 2×24k; 2×24l 2×24m; 48n 4×48n

I

[2] F432 (209) [2] Fm3¯ (202) ¯ [4] R3m (166)

1 1 2 (b+c), 2 (a+c), 1 2 (a+b)

(rhomboh. axes) 1 2 (–a+b), 1 2 (–b+c), a+b+c

(hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (a+b), 12 (–b–c), –a+b–c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (–a–b), 12 (b–c), a–b–c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (a–b), 12 (b+c), –a–b+c (hexagonal axes)

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations ¯ [4] Pn3m origin 1: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 4b (224) origin 2: x, y, z 4 conjugate subgroups ¯ [4] Pm3m 1a; 3c (221)

4 conjugate subgroups

8g; 16k 3×32o

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic ¯ [27] Fm3m 3a, 3b, 3c

1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 )

4a; 24e; 4b; 24e; 8c; 2×32 f ; 24d; 48g; 3×24e; 3×32 f ; 3×48g; 32 f ; 48h 32 f ; 48i 48g; 96k 48h; 48i; 3×96 j; 6×96k; 6×96k; 96 j; 2×96k; 3×96k 192l 3×192l 192l

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

3×48h; 3×48i; 9×96 j; 9×96k; 27×192l 3×96 j; 3×96 j; 9×192l 9×192l 3×96k; 3×96k; 3×192l 3×192l

752

F 4/m 3¯ 2/m

CONTINUED

Axes

¯ pa, pb, pc [p3 ] Fm3m

Coordinates 1 1 1 p x, p y, p z; +( up , vp , wp )

p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

4a 48g

F m 3¯ m

No. 225

4b 48h

8c 48i

Wyckoff positions 24d 96 j

24e 96k

32 f 192l

4a; p –2 1×24e; 4b; p –2 1×24e; 8c; (p –1)×32 f ; 24d; p –2 1×48g; p×24e; p×32 f ; p(p – 1) p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p(p –1)×96k; 2 ×32 f ; 2 ×32 f ; 2 ×48g; 2 ×48h; 2 ×96 j; (p – 1)(p – 2) p(p – 1) p(p – 1)(p – 2) p –1 p –1 p –1 ×96k; ×192l 2 ×48h; 2 ×48i; 2 2 ×48i; 2 ×96k; 6 (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 2)(p – 3) (p – 1)2 p(p – 1)(p – 3) ×96 j; ×96 j; × ×96 j; × 8 8 24 4 8 192l (p –1)2 ×96k; 192l (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 3) ×96k; ×96k; 4 4 2 – – – (p – 1)(p – 3)(p – 5) (p – 1)3 × (p 1)(p483)(p 5)× 48 8 ×192l 192l 192l p×48g; p×48h; p×48i; p2 ×96 j; p2 ×96k; p3 ×192l 2 2 – – – – p(p 1) p(p 1) p (p 1) p(p –1)×96k; ×192l p (p2 1)×192l 2 ×96 j; 2 ×96 j; 2 p(p – 1)2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1) ×192l 4 2 ×96k; 2 ×96k; p(p – 1)2 p(p – 1)2 ×192l ×192l 4 4

CONTINUED (from

Axes

¯ pa, pb, pc [p3 ] Fm3c

F 4/m 3¯ 2/c

next page) Coordinates

8a

1 1 1 p x, p y, p z; +( up , vp , wp )

8a; p –2 1×48 f ; p –1 ×64g;

p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

8b

Wyckoff positions 24d 96h

24c 64g

F m 3¯ c

No. 226 48e 96i

48 f 192 j

8b; p –2 1×48e; 24c; p –2 1×48e; 24d; p –2 1×48 f ; p×48e; p×48 f ; 2– p –1 p –1 p2 – 1 p(p –1)×96i; p(p4 1)×192 j 2 2 ×64g; 2 ×96h; 4 ×96i; – 2 (p – 1)2 p(p – 1) (p – 1)(p2 – 1) p –1 ×192 j p(p4 1) ×192 j 2 ×96h; 4 ×96i; 2 ×96i; 8 2– –3) (p2 –1)(p–2) (p – 1)(p – 3)(p+4) × (p 1)(p × ×192 j 24 24 8 192 j 192 j p×64g; p(p2 – 1) 3

753

×192 j

p×96h; p(p2 – 1) 2

p2 ×96i; p3 ×192 j 2 – ×192 j p (p2 1)×192 j

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 226, pp. 753–754.

F m 3¯ c

F 4/m 3¯ 2/c

No. 226

Axes

Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] F 43c

8a

8b

24c

Wyckoff positions 24d 48e 96h

8b

8a

24d

24c

4a; 4b

8c

24d

8c

4a; 4b

2a

O6h 48 f 96i

64g 192 j

48 f 96h

48g 96h

2×32e 2×96h

24e

48i 48g; 48h

2×24e 96 j

2×32 f 2×96 j

24e

24d

2×24e 96i

48g 2×48h

2×32 f 2×96i

2b

6e

6d

12 f 2×6e; 12 f

12 f 2×12 f

4c; 12 f 4×12 f

6a

6b

18e

18d

36 f 2×6e; 12 f

36 f 2×12f

12c; 36 f 4×12 f

4a

4d

4b; 8h

4c; 8e

8g; 2×8h 16 j; 32m

8 f ; 16i 32m 16k; 2×16l 3×32m

8e

2a; 6b

6c; 6d; 12 f 24k

2a; 6b

8c

24h

I

(219) x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

[2] F432 (209) [2] Fm3¯ (202) ¯ [4] R3c (167)

1 1 2 (b+c), 2 (a+c), 1 2 (a+b)

(rhomboh. axes)

–x+y+z, x–y+z, x+y–z

1 1 2 2 (–a+b), 2 (–b+c), 3 (–2x+y+z), 2 a+b+c 3 (–x–y+2z), 1 (hexagonal axes) 3 (x+y+z) 1 1 conjugate: 2 (a+b), 2 (–b−c), 23 (2x+y–z), 2 –a+b−c 3 (x–y–2z), 1 (hexagonal axes) 3 (–x+y–z) 1 1 conjugate: 2 (–a−b), 2 (b−c), 23 (–2x–y–z), 2 a−b−c 3 (–x+y–2z), 1 (hexagonal axes) 3 (x–y–z) 1 1 conjugate: 2 (a−b), 2 (b+c), 23 (2x–y+z), 2 –a−b+c 3 (x+y+2z), 1 (hexagonal axes) 3 (–x–y+z) 1 1 [3] I4/mcm 2 (a–b), 2 (a+b), c x–y+ 21 , x+y, z

(140) conjugate: 12 (b−c), 12 (b+c), a y–z+ 21 , y+z, x conjugate: 12 (–a+c), 21 (a+c), b –x+z+ 21 , x+z, y II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations ¯ (223) [4] Pm3n 4 conjugate subgroups ¯ (222) [4] Pn3n origin 1: x+ 1 , y+ 1 , z+ 1 4

4 conju. subgr.

4

4

origin 2: x, y, z

2×12f ;12g;12h 48l 2×24 j; 48l 4×24k

12d; 12e 48i 2×24h; 48i

16i; 48l 4×48l

2×12e; 24g 16 f ; 48i 2×48i 4×48i

Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 1 1 1 ¯ 24d; 48 f ; 3×48e; 6×96i; 3×48 f ; 3×64g; [27] Fm3c 3a, 3b, 3c 3 x, 3 y, 3 z; ±( 3 , 0, 0); 8a; 48 f ; 8b; 48e; 24c; 48e; 1 ±(0, 3 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); 64g; 64g; 96h; 3×96i; 2×96i; 3×192 j 6×192 j 8×192 j ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); 96h 96i 192 j 2×192 j 1 1 1 2 ±( 3 , 3 , 0); ±(0, 3 , 3 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); 3×96h; 9×96i; 27×192 j ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ); 12×192 j 9×192 j ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ) Continued on preceding page

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

754

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 227, pp. 755–756.

F 41/d 3¯ 2/m

O7h Axes

origin 1

Coordinates origin 2

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] F 43m

F d 3¯ m

No. 227 8a

8b

Wyckoff positions 16c 16d 32e 96g 96h

x+ 81 , y+ 81 , z+ 81

4a; 4c

4b; 4d

16e

16e 2×48h

2×16e 96i

24 f ; 24g 2×96i

x+ 81 , y+ 81 , z+ 81

8a

8b

16c

16d 96h

32e 2×48g

48 f 2×96h

8a

8b

16c

16d 96g

32e 96g

48 f 2×96g

48 f 192i

I

(216) [2] F41 32 (210) [2] Fd 3¯ (203) ¯ [4] R3m (166)

1 1 2 (b+c), 2 (a+c), 1 2 (a+b)

(rhomboh. axes) 1 1 2 (–a+b), 2 (–b+c),

a+b+c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (a+b), 12 (–b−c), –a+b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (–a−b), 12 (b−c), a−b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (a−b), 12 (b+c), –a−b+c (hexagonal axes) [3] I41 /amd (141)

1 1 2 (a−b), 2 (a+b),

–x+y+z– 18 , x–y+z– 18 , x+y–z– 18

–x+y+z, x–y+z, x+y–z

2c

2c

1a; 3d

1b; 3e 2c; 6h 2×6h; 12i 6 f ; 6g; 12i

2 3 (–2x+y+z), 2 3 (–x–y+2z), 1 1 3 (x+y+z)– 8 2 3 (2x+y–z), 2 3 (x–y–2z), 1 1 3 (–x+y–z)– 8 2 3 (–2x–y–z), 2 3 (–x+y–2z), 1 1 3 (x–y–z)– 8 2 3 (2x–y+z), 2 3 (x+y+2z), 1 1 3 (–x–y+z)– 8

2 3 (–2x+y+z), 2 3 (–x–y+2z), 1 3 (x+y+z) 2 1 3 (2x+y–z)+ 2 , 2 1 3 (x–y–2z)+ 2 , 1 1 3 (–x+y–z)+ 2 2 3 (–2x–y–z), 2 1 3 (–x+y–2z)+ 2 , 1 1 3 (x–y–z)+ 2 2 1 3 (2x–y+z)+ 2 , 2 3 (x+y+2z), 1 1 3 (–x–y+z)+ 2 x–y, x+y+ 21 , z

6c

6c

3a; 9d

3b; 9e 6c; 18h 2×18h 2×18h; 36i 18 f ;18g; 36i 4×36i

4a

4b

8c

8d 16h; 32i

c x–y, x+y, z

conjugate: 12 (b–c), 12 (b+c), a

y–z, y+z, x 1 1 conjugate: 2 (–a+c), 2 (a+c), b –x+z, x+z, y II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 ¯ [27] Fd 3m 3a, 3b, 3c x– 1 , 1 y– 1 , 3 4 3 1 1 3 z– 4

4

2×6h 4×12i

16h 16 f ; 32i

8e; 16g 3×32i

3×32e; 6×96g;

3×48 f ; 6×96g;

y–z, y+z+ 21 , x –x+z, x+z+ 21 , y

1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, 3 z;

8b; 8a; 16c; 32e; 16d; 32e; 2×32e; 2×32e; 3×96g; 3×96g;


  48 f ; 96g 48 f ; 96g ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 )

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

755

96h

96h

192i 3×192i

9×96g; 3×96h; 27×192i 9×192i 12×192i

F d 3¯ m

F 41/d 3¯ 2/m

No. 227

Axes

¯ pa, pb, pc [p3 ] Fd 3m

Coordinates origin 1 origin 2

8a

8b 48 f

1 1 p x+s, p y+s, 1 p z+s; +( up , vp , wp )

8a(b∗ ); (p –1)×32e; p –1 ×48 f ;

8b(a∗ ); (p –1)×32e; p –1 ×48 f ;

1 1 1 p x, p y, p z; u v w +( p , p , p )

s = 0 if p = 8n+1; s = – 14 if p = 8n+3; s=

1 2 1 4

if p = 8n−3;

¯ a, pb, pc [p3 ] Fd 3c

1 1 p x+s, p y+s, 1 p z+s; +( up , vp , wp )

1 1 1 p x, p y, p z; +( up , vp , wp )

s = 0 if p = 4n+1; s = 14 if p = 4n−1 p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

p = 8n±3

F 41/d 3¯ 2/c

No. 228 Coordinates origin 1 origin 2

32e 192i

p×48 f ; p2 ×96g; p×96h; p3 ×192i 2 2 – – p(p –1)×96g; p (p2 1)×192i p(p2 1)×192i p(p – 1)2 ×192i 4 ∗

Axes

Wyckoff positions 16c 16d 96g 96h

16c; 16d; p×32e; p –1 p –1 –1)×96g; ×32e; ×32e; p(p 2 2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1)(p – 2) × 2 2 2 ×96g; 2 ×96g; 6 192i (p – 1)(p – 2) (p – 1)(p – 2) p –1 p –1 ×96g; ×96g; 2 2 2 ×96h; 2 ×96h; (p – 1)(p – 2)(p – 3) (p – 1)(p – 2)(p – 3) (p2 – 1)(p – 3) (p2 – 1)(p – 3) × × × × 24 24 12 12 192i 192i 192i 192i

s = if p = 8n−1 p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

F d 3¯ c

CONTINUED

16a

32b

CONTINUED (from

Wyckoff positions 32c 48d 96 f 96g

next page)

64e 192h

16a; (p –1)×64e; 32b; p –2 1×64e; 32c; p –2 1×64e; 48d; p –2 1×96 f ; p×64e; 2– 2– 2– p –1 (p –1)×96g; p(p6 1)×192h p(p4 1)×192h p(p3 1)×192h 2 ×96 f ; 3 (p – 1)(p – 2)(p+3) × p –4p+3 ×192h 12 6 192h p×96 f ; p×96g; p3 ×192h p(p2 – 1) p(p2 – 1) ×192h ×192h 2 2

756

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 228, pp. 756–757.

F 41/d 3¯ 2/c

O8h Axes

origin 1

Coordinates origin 2

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] F 43c

F d 3¯ c

No. 228 16a

32b

Wyckoff positions 32c 48d 64e 96g

x+ 81 , y+ 81 , z+ 81

8a; 8b

32e

32e

x– 18 , y– 18 , z– 18

8a; 8b

16c; 16d 32e

8a; 8b

96 f 192h

I

24c; 24d 2×32e 96h

48 f ; 48g 2×96h

48 f

2×32e 2×48g

2×48 f 2×96h

32e

16c; 16d 48 f

2×32e 96g

2×48 f 2×96g

4c

2a; 6e

2b; 6d

12 f

4c; 12 f 2×12 f 2×6e; 12 f 4×12 f

12c

6a; 18e

6b; 18d

36 f

12c; 36 f

(219) [2] F41 32 (210) [2] Fd 3¯ (203) ¯ [4] R3c (167)

x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41 1 1 2 (b+c), 2 (a+c), 1 2 (a+b)

–x+y+z+ 81 , x–y+z+ 81 ,

(rhombohedr. axes) x+y–z+ 81 1 1 2 2 (–a+b), 2 (–b+c), 3 (–2x+y+z), a+b+c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (a+b), 12 (–b−c), –a+b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (–a−b), 12 (b−c), a−b−c (hexagonal axes) conjugate: 12 (a−b), 12 (b+c), –a−b+c (hexagonal axes) [3] I41 /acd 12 (a−b), 12 (a+b), c (142)

2 3 (–x–y+2z), 1 1 3 (x+y+z)+ 8 2 3 (2x+y–z), 2 3 (x–y–2z), 1 1 3 (–x+y–z)+ 8 2 3 (–2x–y–z), 2 3 (–x+y–2z), 1 1 3 (x–y–z)+ 8 2 3 (2x–y+z), 2 3 (x+y+2z), 1 1 3 (–x–y+z)+ 8 x–y, x+y, z+ 41

–x+y+z, x–y+z, x+y–z 2 3 (–2x+y+z), 2 3 (–x–y+2z), 1 3 (x+y+z) 2 1 3 (2x+y–z)+ 2 , 2 1 3 (x–y–2z)+ 2 , 1 1 3 (–x+y–z)+ 2 2 3 (–2x–y–z), 2 1 3 (–x+y–2z)+ 2 , 1 1 3 (x–y–z)+ 2 2 1 3 (2x–y+z)+ 2 , 2 3 (x+y+2z), 1 1 3 (–x–y+z)+ 2

x–y, x+y, z

2×36 f

2×18e; 36 f 4×36 f

8b

16e

16c

8a; 16 f

32g 16e; 32g

16d; 2×16 f 3×32g

conjugate: 12 (b−c), 12 (b+c), a

y–z, y+z, x+ 41 y–z, y+z, x conjugate: 12 (–a+c), 12 (a+c), b –x+z, x+z, y+ 41 –x+z, x+z, y II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 ¯ x+ 1 , 1 y+ 1 , [27] Fd 3c 3a, 3b, 3c 3 4 3 1 1 3 z+ 4 ;

Continued on preceding page

4

1 1 1 3 x, 3 y, 3 z;

16a; 32b; 64e; 32c; 64e; 48d; 96 f ; 3×64e; 3×96 f ; 2×64e; 2×96g; 4×192h 6×192h 8×192h 12×192h


  96 f ; 192h 3×192h ±( 31 , 0, 0); ±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 )

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

757

3×96g; 27×192h 12×192h

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 229, pp. 758–759.

I m 3¯ m

I 4/m 3¯ 2/m

No. 229

Axes

Coordinates

O9h

2a

6b

8c 24h

Wyckoff positions 12d 12e 48i 48 j

16 f 48k

24g 96l

2a

6b

8c 24g

12d 48h

12e 48h

2×8c 2×24g

24 f 2×48h

2a

6b

8c 24h

12d 2×24i

12e 48 j

16 f 48 j

24g 2×48 j

2a

6b

8c 24g

12e 48h

12d 2×24g

16 f 48h

2×12e 2×48h

1a

3e

1b; 3d 6 f ; 6h

6g 2×6g; 12i

6h 2×12i

2c; 6h 12i 2×6h; 12i 4×12i

–a+b, –b+c, 13 (–2x+y+z), 13 (–x–y+2z), 3a 1 2 2 (a+b+c) 3 (x+y+z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: a+b, –b−c, 13 (2x+y–z), 13 (x–y–2z), 1 2 2 (–a+b−c) 3 (–x+y–z) (hexagonal axes) conjugate: –a−b, b−c, 13 (–2x–y–z), 13 (–x+y–2z), 1 2 2 (a−b−c) 3 (x–y–z) (hexagonal axes)

9e

3b; 9d 18g 18 f ; 18h 2×18g; 36i

18h 2×36i

6c; 18h 36i 2×18h; 36i 4×36i

2a

2b; 4c

8f 4d; 8 j 8h; 16n 16k; 32o

4e; 8i 16m 16l; 2×16n 16m; 32o

8g; 2×8 j 3×32o

2a

6d

4b; 4c 24k

12 f 24i; 24 j

12g 48l

2×8e 2×24k

24h 2×48l

2a

6b

8e 24k

6c; 6d 2×24 j

12 f 2×24k

16i 48l

12g; 12h 2×48l

2a

6b

8c 24h

12d 48i

12e 48i

16 f 48i

24g 2×48i

1a; 1b

3c; 3d

8g 12h 12i; 12 j 48n

6e; 6 f 24k; 24l

2×8g 2×24m

2×12h 2×48n

I

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] I 43m (217)

[2] I432 (211) [2] Im3¯ (204) ¯ [4] R3m (166)

1 2 (–a+b+c), 1 2 (a−b+c), 1 2 (a+b−c)

y+z, x+z, x+y (rhombohedral axes)

1 1 conjugate: a−b, b+c, 3 (2x–y+z), 3 (x+y+2z), 1 2 2 (–a−b+c) 3 (–x–y+z) (hexagonal axes)

[3] I4/mmm (139) conjugate: b, c, a conjugate: c, a, b

y, z, x z, x, y

II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Loss of centring translations ¯ [2] Pn3m origin 1: x, y, z (224) ¯ [2] Pm3n (223) ¯ [2] Pn3n (222) ¯ [2] Pm3m

origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

origin 1: x, y, z origin 2: x+ 41 , y+ 41 , z+ 41

(221) Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 ¯ x, 1 y, 1 z; ±( 1 , 0, 0); [27] Im3m 3a, 3b, 3c 3

3

3

3

±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 )

2a; 12e; 6b; 12e; 8c; 16 f ; 12d; 24g; 48i 3×12e; 3×16 f ; 3×24g; 16 f ; 24h 24g; 24h; 48i; 3×48 j; 96l 3×48 j; 6×48k; 96l 6×48 j; 48 j; 48k 3×48k 3×48k 3×96l

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

3×24h; 3×48i; 9×48 j; 9×48k; 27×96l 3×48 j; 12×96l 9×96l 9×96l 3×48k; 3×96l

758

I 4/m 3¯ 2/m

CONTINUED

Axes

¯ pa, pb, pc [p3 ] Im3m

Coordinates 2a 24g 1 1 1 p x, p y, p z; +( up , vp , wp )

p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1

I m 3¯ m

No. 229

6b 24h

8c 48i

Wyckoff positions 12d 48 j

12e 48k

16 f 96l

2a; p –2 1×12e; 6b; p –2 1×12e; 8c; p –2 1×16 f ; 12d; p –2 1×24g; p×12e; p×16 f ; p(p – 1) p –1 p –1 p –1 p –1 p(p –1)×48k; 2 ×16 f ; 2 ×24g; 2 ×48i; 2 ×48i; 2 ×48 j; p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p(p – 1)(p – 2) p –1 p –1 ×96l 2 ×24h; 2 ×24h; 2 ×48k; 2 ×48 j; 2 ×48k; 6 (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)(3p – 5) (p2 – 1)(p – 3) (p2 – 1)(p – 2) p(p – 1)(p – 3) ×48 j; ×48 j; ×96l ×96l ×96l 8 8 12 8 8 (p – 1)(p – 3) (p – 1)2 ×48k; ×48k; 4 4 (p – 1)(p – 3)(p – 5) (p – 1)2 (p – 3) × ×96l 48 16 96l p×24g; p×24h; p×48i; p2 ×48 j; p2 ×48k; p3 ×96l 2 2 2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1) p (p – 1) p (p – 1) p(p –1)×48 j; ×96l ×96l ×96l 2 ×48 j; 2 2 2 2 p(p – 1) p(p – 1) ×96l 4 2 ×48k; p(p – 1)2 ×96l 4

759

International Tables for Crystallography (2011). Vol. A1, Wyckoff relations for space group 230, p. 760.

I a 3¯ d Axes

I 41/a 3¯ 2/d

No. 230 Coordinates

Maximal translationengleiche subgroups ¯ [2] I 43d

16a

16b

24c

16c

16c

24d

16e

8a; 8b

8a; 8b

Wyckoff positions 24d

O10h 32e 48g

48 f 96h

12a; 12b

2×16c 48e

2×24d 2×48e

12c; 12d

24 f

2×16e 24g; 24h

2×24 f 2×48i

16c

24d

24d

2×16c 48e

2×24d 2×48e

2b; 6d

2a; 6e

2×6e

12 f

4c; 12 f 2×6e; 12 f

2×12 f 4×12 f

6b; 18d

6a; 18e

2×18e

36 f

12c; 36 f 2×36 f 2×18e; 36 f 4×36 f

16c

16 f

8b; 16e

8a; 16e

32g 16 f ; 32g

I

(220) [2] I41 32 (214) [2] Ia3¯ (206) ¯ [4] R3c (167)

1 2 (–a+b+c), 1 2 (a−b+c), 1 2 (a+b−c)

y+z, x+z, x+y (rhombohedral axes)

1 3 (–2x+y+z), 1 3 (–x–y+2z), 2 3 (x+y+z) 1 3 (2x+y–z), 1 1 3 (x–y–2z)+ 2 , 2 3 (–x+y–z) 1 1 3 (–2x–y–z)+ 2 , 1 3 (–x+y–2z), 2 3 (x–y–z) 1 1 conjugate: a−b, b+c, 3 (2x–y+z)– 2 , 1 1 1 2 (–a−b+c) 3 (x+y+2z)– 2 , 2 (hex. axes) 3 (–x–y+z) [3] I41 /acd origin 1: x, y– 14 , z+ 81

–a+b, –b+c, 1 2 (a+b+c) (hex. axes) conjugate: a+b, –b−c, 1 2 (–a+b−c) (hex. axes) conjugate: –a−b, b−c, 1 2 (a−b−c) (hex. axes)

(142) origin 2: x, y, z conjugate: b, c, a y, z, x (origin 2) conjugate: c, a, b z, x, y (origin 2) II Maximal klassengleiche subgroups Enlarged unit cell, isomorphic 1 ¯ [27] Ia3d 3a, 3b, 3c x, 1 y, 1 z; ±( 1 , 0, 0); 3

3

3

3

±(0, 13 , 0); ±(0, 0, 13 ); ±(0, 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 0, 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 0); ±(0, 13 , 23 ); ±( 31 , 0, 23 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 0); ±( 31 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 32 , 13 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 23 , 13 ); ±( 31 , 13 , 23 ) ¯ [p3 ] Ia3d

16d; 2×16e 3×32g

16a; 32e; 16b; 32e; 24c; 48 f ; 24d; 48 f ; 3×32e; 3×48 f ; 4×96h 2×48g; 2×48g; 6×96h 8×96h 12×96h 3×96h 5×96h 3×48g; 27×96h 12×96h

+( up , vp , wp ) 16a; 16b; 24c; p –2 1×48 f ; 24d; p×32e; p×48 f ; 2– p(p2 – 1) p –1 p –1 p –1 p = prime > 2; u, v, w = 1, . . . , p −1 (p –1)×48g; ×96h p(p2 1)×96h 2 ×32e; 2 ×32e; 2 ×48 f ; 3 2– – 2 p(p2 – 1) ×96h (p –1)×48g; (p 1)4(p+2)×96h p(p4 1)×96h 6 p3 – 4p+3 ×96h

pa,pb,pc

1 1 1 p x, p y, p z;

6

Copyright © 2011 International Union of Crystallography

760

p×48g; p3 ×96h 2– p(p 1) ×96h 2

Appendix. Differences in the presentation of Parts 2 and 3 By Ulrich Mu¨ller and Hans Wondratschek

A1. Comparison of the approaches to subgroups in Parts 2 and 3 The tables in Parts 2 and 3 of this volume deal with two different aspects of the reduction of crystal symmetry. In Part 2, the loss of symmetry is described for the subgroup H of G by listing the general position of H, i.e. a set of representatives of those symmetry operations (group elements) which are retained in H. If there is not enough space to include the full general position, at least a set of generators of H is listed. Thus, the subject of Part 2 is symmetry. In Part 3, the splitting of the point orbits (Wyckoff positions) of the space group G when the symmetry of G is reduced to that of H is described. For each Wyckoff position of G the corresponding Wyckoff positions of H are listed. Thus, in Part 3 the implications of symmetry changes for crystal structures are described. In both Parts 2 and 3, the data are listed in a way that makes the tables as convenient to use as possible. As the subjects of Parts 2 and 3 are different, the presentation of the data in the two parts differs. In addition, the data in Part 2 are such that they can be used more-or-less independently from Volume A of International Tables for Crystallography (2005) (abbreviated as IT A). This independence is not possible for the data in Part 3. In order to facilitate the combined use of the data in the two parts, the differences in the presentation of these data are summarized in this Appendix.

b or unique axis c), then this setting is kept. Otherwise, a nonconventional setting is transformed to unique axis b. However, in Part 3 the treatment is more explicit and adapted to the practice of crystal-structure description: in some cases several possible choices of axes transformations are listed for the same monoclinic subgroup. It is hoped that one of them corresponds to the cell with the commonly preferred metric values. The different possibilities are indicated by the words ‘or’ or ‘alternative’, e.g. for the monoclinic subgroup P1121 =m, No. 11, of Cmcm, No. 63, cf. also Section 3.1.6. (ii) The treatment of two origin choices is the same with one exception: if only H is listed with two origins in IT A, then in Part 2 only the data for origin choice 2 are provided, while in Part 3 the data for both origin choices are listed. (iii) The treatment of rhombohedral subgroups H is broadly similar. The subgroup is referred to hexagonal axes with two exceptions: (a) in Part 2 the setting of the subgroup H is rhombohedral if the setting of G is rhombohedral (this does not apply to Part 3); (b) in Part 3, for the rhombohedral subgroups of cubic space groups both settings are given, whereas in Part 2 only the hexagonal-axes setting is referred to.

A2. Multiple descriptions of the space groups G and H

A3. The transformation matrix and the origin shift

In IT A, some space groups are described up to six times:

When starting from a space group G and proceeding to one of its subgroups H < G, the symmetry operations and the point coordinates are primarily referred to the coordinate system of G. This coordinate system consists of a coordinate basis of three linearly independent basis vectors and an origin. In general, the conventional coordinate system of H will not be identical to that of G but the transition from the coordinate system of G to that of H may involve a change of the basis and an origin shift. This transition or coordinate transformation is not uniquely determined but may be chosen within certain limits. The optimal choice will be the coordinate transformation that is the most convenient and easy for the user to work with. For the following, it is assumed that the original crystal structure and its space group G and symmetry operations are referred to a conventional coordinate system, because the data in the tables of this volume and in IT A are listed under this condition. Otherwise, a coordinate transformation to a conventional coordinate system has to precede the use of most of the data. The coordinate transformation itself is described by the matrix P of the coefficients of the basis vectors of the new basis referred to the old basis and by a column p which consists of the coordinates of the new origin referred to the old coordinate system, cf. Section 2.1.3 or, more explicitly, IT A, Part 5. The matrix P is presented in Parts 2 and 3 by listing the new basis vectors as linear combinations of the old ones, e.g. ða0 ¼Þ a  b; ðb0 ¼Þ a þ b; ðc0 ¼Þ c. The column p is presented in Part 2 by listing the coefficients of the shift vector, e.g. 0, 1/2, 1/4. For Part 3, the representatives of the Wyckoff positions are taken as

(i) all monoclinic space groups are referred to unique axis b and unique axis c; for most of them a further partition is made into cell choice 1, cell choice 2 and cell choice 3; (ii) twenty-four orthorhombic, tetragonal and cubic space groups are referred to origin choice 1 and origin choice 2; (iii) seven space groups with rhombohedral lattice are referred to hexagonal axes and rhombohedral axes. Multiple descriptions of the space group G are treated differently in Parts 2 and 3 of this volume: (i) In Part 2, the data for each monoclinic space group G are listed for unique axis b and unique axis c on separate pages, but both for cell choice 1 only. In Part 3, the description is more explicit: for each setting unique axis b or unique axis c with different cell choices in IT A, the subgroups are listed for cell choice 1, cell choice 2 and cell choice 3. (ii) In Part 2, the data for origin choice 1 and origin choice 2 are listed on separate pages. In Part 3, the data for both origin choices are combined on the same page. (iii) In Part 2, descriptions in both hexagonal axes and rhombohedral axes are given; in Part 3 only a description in hexagonal axes is presented. Multiple descriptions of the subgroup H are also sometimes treated differently in the two parts: (i) The treatment of monoclinic subgroups is broadly the same: if the subgroup is given in a conventional setting (unique axis

761

APPENDIX. DIFFERENCES IN THE PRESENTATION OF PARTS 2 AND 3 triplets of point coordinates. The transformation behaviour of coordinates is different from that of the symmetry operations, viz x0 ¼ P 1 ðx  pÞ, where x and x0 are the coordinate columns of the points of the crystal structure in the old and in the new coordinate systems. The criteria for selecting the coordinate transformations are different in Parts 2 and 3. In Part 2, emphasis is placed on homogeneity by using similar transformation matrices in similar situations. In Part 3, the preferred transformation is that which avoids an origin shift, i.e. for which the resulting shift vector is the o vector.

A4. Nonconventional settings If the setting of a subgroup is nonconventional, in Part 2, as in IT A, a nonconventional Hermann–Mauguin symbol is listed referred to the basis of G, followed by the space-group number and the conventional symbol in parentheses. In Part 3, nonconventional settings are given only by Hermann–Mauguin symbols that correspond to the conventions of the crystal system followed on the next line by ¼ b and the symbol of the conventional setting. Examples

Example In the relation

Space group P222, No. 16 Space group I41 22, No. 98

I41 =amd ð141Þ ! Fddd ð70Þ

Subgroup entry in Part 2 in Part 3 A222 ð21; C222Þ A222 ð21Þ ¼ b C222 I21 12 ð22; F222Þ F222 ð22Þ

In Part 3, unlike Part 2, no use is made of centred triclinic cells, F- and R-centred monoclinic cells, C- and F-centred tetragonal cells and H-centred hexagonal cells.

the axes must be transformed, either by a  b; a þ b; c or by a þ b; a þ b; c. If origin choice 1 is selected for both space groups, then the first of these transformations requires an origin shift of 0; 12 ; 14 (referred to the coordinate system of I41 =amd). The first transformation is used in Part 2 because in all such relations the new basis of H is rotated against the old basis of G by a clockwise rotation of 45 and the necessary origin shift is then accepted. No origin shift is needed for the second transformation and, therefore, it has been used in Part 3; this can be seen in the transformation of the coordinates:

A5. The sequence of the subgroups The sequence of the subgroups follows the same principles in both parts. The translationengleiche subgroups are listed first, the klassengleiche subgroups follow. The subgroups are distributed into blocks; within the same block the index generally determines the sequence (lower index precedes higher index). For the same index, the space-group number determines the sequence (higher space-group number precedes lower space-group number). A difference in the sequence is caused by two special rules that apply to Part 3:

ðx0 ¼Þ 12ðx þ yÞ; ðy0 ¼Þ 12ðx þ yÞ; ðz0 ¼Þ z: Another difference between Parts 2 and 3 concerns the origin shifts chosen and their presentation. The common point of view is to make the origin shift positive unless special conditions lead to a preference for negative coefficients. However, the shift vector s of Part 3 is calculated by s ¼ P 1 p from the shift vector p of Part 2, so the two vectors usually have opposite directions. Therefore, very often a positive shift vector in Part 2 corresponds to a negative shift vector in Part 3 and vice versa. This is not obvious at first glance, because in Part 2 the vector p is listed, whereas in Part 3 the shift vector is given as part of the coordinate transformations.

(i) The sequence of the translationengleiche subgroups of cubic space groups does not follow the index value, but is in the order cubic, rhombohedral, tetragonal, orthorhombic. (ii) The last translationengleiche subgroup of a tetragonal space group is always the one with the diagonally oriented cell, irrespective of its space-group number. The sequence of the listings of the klassengleiche subgroups differs more often, because the partition of the subgroups into blocks in Part 2 is different from and finer than that in Part 3. The blocks in Part 2 are determined by the relation of the lattice of H to that of G, i.e. by the different kinds of cell enlargement, and the index and space-group numbers are decisive for the sequence within these (small) blocks only. The isomorphic subgroups are placed differently in Parts 2 and 3. Those with index values of 2, 3 and 4 are listed in Part 2 together with the other klassengleiche subgroups; they may also be contained in the infinite series of isomorphic subgroups that follow. In Part 3, all isomorphic subgroups are listed in a separate block.

Example Consider Pccn, No. 56, as a subgroup of Cccm, No. 66, in the block ‘Loss of centring translations’. The origin shift 14 ; 14 ; 0 of Part 2 has the opposite direction to that of Part 3, where it is indicated as part of the transformation ‘x þ 14 ; y þ 14 ; zðþ0Þ’. The components 14 ; 14 ; 0 of this transformation correspond to a vector p ¼ ð 14 ;  14 ; 0Þ, which is the opposite of the vector p of Part 2. Since the Wyckoff letters of the positions in IT A may depend not only on the chosen basis but also on the chosen origin, a difference in the origin shift may induce a difference in the relations between the Wyckoff positions.

A6. Conjugate subgroups Conjugate subgroups are listed in Part 3 only in the case of orientational conjugation, cf. Section 3.1.5.2. They are marked by the word ‘conjugate’. In Part 2, all conjugate subgroups of index 3 and 4 are listed individually and are joined by a left brace. In the series of maximal isomorphic subgroups, the conjugacy relations are given by statements.

Example Consider P42 =m, No. 84, as a translationengleiche subgroup of P42 =mnm, No. 136. The coordinate transformation x þ 12 ; y; z of Part 3 results in the relations 2a ! 2d and 2b ! 2c of the Wyckoff positions. The origin shift 0, 1/2, 0 of Part 2 (which corresponds to a coordinate transformation x;  12 þ y; z) results in the relations 2a ! 2c and 2b ! 2d.

References International Tables for Crystallography (2005). Vol. A, Space-Group Symmetry, edited by Th. Hahn, 5th ed. Heidelberg: Springer.

762

Subject index Abelian group, 11, 30 elementary, 35 Abstract group, 11 Action, faithful, 30 Action of a group on a set, 30 Additional centring translations, 73, 85 Affine group, 19, 28–29 Affine mapping, 7, 8, 29 Affine normalizers, 19, 40, 41, 88 on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server, 57 Affine space, 27, 28 Affine space-group type, 15–16 Alternating group, 33 Aluminium boride (AlB2), 47 Angle of rotation, 7 Antiphase boundary, 22 Antiphase domains, 22, 54 Applications of group–subgroup graphs, 93–96 Applications of group–subgroup relations, 4, 44 Aristotype, 41, 44 Associative law, 11, 29 Atomic coordinates, 46 equivalent sets of, 46 Augmented matrix, 9, 52, 78 Automorphism, 32 Automorphism group, 28 Axis of a rotation, 7 Axis of a rotoinversion, 8 Axis of a screw rotation, 8 Barium titanate (BaTiO3), phase transition, 22, 42 Ba¨rnighausen trees, 44–52 applications, 44 scheme for setting up, 45 Basic structure, 41, 44 Basis, 8, 27, 28 conventional, 8, 14 crystallographic, 8 lattice, 8 primitive, 8, 14 reduced, 8, 471 Basis change (transformation), 10, 45, 52–53, 77–79, 82, 467, 468 Basis of a vector space, 27 Basis vectors, 8, 9, 14, 45 interchange of, 469 Bilbao Crystallographic Server, 57 Brass (-CuZn), 22, 41 Bravais flock, 15 Bravais lattice, 17 Bravais system, 17 Bravais type, 17 Buridan’s ass, 44 Calcium indide (CaIn2), 47 CARAT (computer package), 27 Cayley table, 11 Cell transformations, 10, 45, 52–53, 77–79, 82, 467–469 CELLSUB (computer program), 62–63 CELLSUPER (computer program), 66 Centralizer, 31 Centre of a rotoinversion, 8 Centre of inversion, 8 Centre of symmetry, 8 Centred lattice, 14 Centring translations additional, 73, 85 loss of, 73, 79, 466 Chains of subgroups, 46, 58–59

Change of basis, 10, 45, 52–53, 77–79, 82, 467, 468 Characteristic subgroup, 32 Chiral (enantiomorphic) space groups, 46 Chiral structures, 46 Choice of basis, 14 Choice of origin, 14, 73, 74, 83–84, 468 Closure, 11 Coefficients of a vector, 8, 10, 27 Column part, 9, 53 Common subgroup, 50, 54 determination by computer, 63 Common supergroup, 49, 87 determination by computer, 66 COMMONSUBS (computer program), 63 COMMONSUPER (computer program), 66 Commutative group, 11 Complement, 35 Complete graph of group–subgroup relations, 58, 60, 91, 94–95 Composition, law of, 10, 11, 29 Composition series, 15 Computer programs for crystallographic calculations, 57–58 Congruence, 35 trivial, 35 Conjugacy class, 13, 25 determination by computer, 61 Conjugate elements, 13 Conjugate subgroups, 13, 14, 73, 76, 79, 82, 470– 471, 762 Conjugation action, 31 Continuum description of domain structures, 20 Contracted graph of group–subgroup relations, 58–60, 91, 94–95 Conventional basis, 8, 14 Conventional coordinate system, 14 Coordinate sets, equivalent, 46 Coordinate system, 8 conventional, 14 transformation (change) of, 10, 45, 52–53, 77– 78, 467, 468, 469 Coordinates, 8 transformation (change) of, 10, 45, 52–53, 77– 78, 469, 761–762 Core of a subgroup, 31 Coset decomposition, 12 by computer, 62 Coset length, 12 Coset representatives, 12, 72 COSETS (computer program), 62 Cosets, left and right, 12, 30 Cryst (computer package), 25 Crystal, 7 macroscopic, 7 real, 7 Crystal class, 17 geometric, 15 holohedral, 17 of point groups, 17 of space groups, 17 Crystal family, 15, 18 Crystal growth, 54 Crystal pattern, 7, 21 Crystal space, 27 Crystal structures, 33 prediction of, 5, 51 relating by group–subgroup relations, 5, 44–52 Crystal system, 15, 17 Crystallographic basis, 8

763

Crystallographic computer programs and databases, 57 Crystallographic point group, 16, 17 Crystallographic point orbit, 41 Crystallographic Server, Bilbao, 57 Crystallographic space-group type, 16 Crystallographic symmetry operation, 7, 10 Cyclic group, 11, 30 Databases, Bilbao Crystallographic Server, 57 Daughter phase, 20 Deckoperation, 7 Decomposition of a group into cosets, 12 by computer, 62 Decreased unit cell, 73, 86 Derivative structure, 41, 44 Derived series, 36 Derived subgroup, 36 Detwinning, 21 Differences in presentation of the data, 45, 761 Dimension of a vector space, 28 Direct product of two groups, 33 Direct space, 27 Directional state of domain states, 21 Disorder–order phase transitions, 22, 41 Distance, 29 Distorted phase, 20 Domain boundary, 20 Domain region, 20 Domain state, 21 directional state, 21 symmetry state, 21 Domain structure, 5, 20–21, 54 continuum description, 20 microscopic description, 20 translational, 22, 54 Domain wall, 20 Domains, 20, 44, 54 antiphase, 22, 54 ferroelastic, 20 ferroelectric, 22 oriented, 21, 54 twin, 5, 20, 54 Elementary Abelian group, 35 Enantiomorphic space-group types, 16, 19 Enantiomorphic space groups, 16, 19, 46 Enlarged unit cell, 47, 62, 73, 80–82, 466, 470 Epimorphism, 12 Equivalent coordinate sets, 46 Equivalent nonconjugate subgroups, 48 Euclidean group, 19, 29 Euclidean metric, 29 Euclidean normalizers, 19, 20, 41 on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server, 57 determination of equivalent coordinate sets with, 46 specialized, 20 typical, 20 Euclidean point space, 29 Euclidean vector space, 28 Extraordinary orbit, 95 Factor group, 13, 31 Faithful action, 30 Faithful G-set, 30 Family of (crystal) structures, 44, 51 of pyrite, 47 of the ReO3 type, 51–52 Ferroelastic domains, 20

SUBJECT INDEX Ferroelastic phase transitions, 20 BaTiO3, 22 Gd2(MoO4)3, 22 Ferroelectric domains, 22 Ferroelectric phase transitions BaTiO3, 22, 42 Gd2(MoO4)3, 22 NaNO2, 42 Ferroic phase transitions, 54 Field, 31 First-order phase transitions, 54, 64 Fixed point, 7 G-sets, 30 faithful, 30 isomorphic, 32 primitive, 35 transitive, 30 Gadolinium molybdate (Gd2(MoO4)3), 22 Galois, theorem of, 36 GAP (computer algebra program), 25 General position, 72 splitting of, 67 General subgroup, 19 General supergroup, 84 Generators, 11, 14–15, 30, 72, 82 on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server, 57 Geometric crystal class, 15 Geometric mapping, 7 Glide plane, 8 Glide reflection, 8 Glide vector, 8 Graphs of group–subgroup relations, 90–96 applications, 93–96 complete, 58, 60, 91, 94 contracted, 58–60, 91, 94 for isomorphic subgroups, 48–49 for klassengleiche subgroups, 47–48, 92–93, 454–463 for plane groups, 93 production by computer, 58–59 for translationengleiche subgroups, 46–47, 91–92, 434–452 relating crystal structures by, 44–52 Group elements, 11 conjugate, 13 Group generators, 11 Group isomorphism, 11 Group postulates (axioms), 11, 29 Group table, 11 Group–subgroup relations between space groups, 18–19, 44 applications, 4, 44 chains of, 46, 58, 93 graphs, see graphs of group–subgroup relations pitfalls, 55 retrieval on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server, 58 Groups, 10–11, 29 Abelian, 11, 30 abstract, 11 affine, 19, 28–29 alternating, 33 automorphism, 28 commutative, 11 cyclic, 11, 30 Euclidean, 19, 29 factor, 13, 31 homomorphic, 12 infinite, 11 isomorphic, 11, 32 linear, 28 order of, 11, 30, 37 orthogonal, 19, 28

Groups plane, 14 site-symmetry, 16, 30 soluble, 36 maximal subgroups of, 36 space, 14–17, 33, 37 symmetric, 33 symmetry, 11 translation, 8, 14, 19 Handedness, 7, 8, 16 Headline, 72, 466 HERMANN (computer program), 61 Hermann, theorem of, 3, 23, 34, 39, 84 Hermann–Mauguin (HM) symbols, 72 Hermann’s group, 21, 61, 94–95 determination by computer, 61 Hettotype, 41, 44 Hexagonal axes, 73, 75, 83 Hexagonal closest packing of spheres, 50–51 Hexagonal crystal family, 18 Holohedral crystal class, 17 Holohedry, 17 Homeotypic structures, 46 Homomorphic groups, 12 Homomorphic image (mapping), 12, 13 Homomorphism, 12, 13, 32 kernel of, 13, 32 Identity mapping (operation), 7, 11, 29 Image, homomorphic, 12, 13 Image point, 7 Index, point-group part, 21 Index, lattice part, 21 Index of a subgroup, 12, 18, 23, 30, 36, 37, 38– 39, 45, 48, 58, 62, 66, 82, 92, 466, 467 restrictions for, 23, 93, 467 Index of a supergroup, 84, 87 Infinite group, 11 Interchange of basis vectors, 469 Interchange of Wyckoff labels, 41, 468, 471–472 Interface between phases, 54 Intermediate subgroups, 46, 58 International symbols, 72 Invariant subgroup, 13 Inverse operation (element), 8, 11, 29 Inversion, 8, 14 centre of, 8 Iron fluoride (FeF3), 50–51 Isometry, 7, 9, 29 Isomorphic G-sets, 32 Isomorphic groups, 11, 32 Isomorphic space groups, 38 Isomorphic subgroups, 4, 19, 23, 24, 45, 48, 82– 84, 92, 466, 470 retrieval on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server, 58 series of, 73, 79, 82–84, 466, 468 Isomorphic supergroups, 84, 87 Isomorphism, 11, 32 multiple, 12 Isomorphism class, 11 Isomorphism theorems, 32 Isomorphism type, 11 Isosymbolic subgroups, 4 Isotypic structures, 46 Kernel of the action, 30–31 of a homomorphism, 13, 32 Klassengleiche (k-) subgroups, 3, 18, 23, 34, 45, 47–48, 54, 79–82, 466–467 computation of, 25 graphs for, 47–48, 92–93, 454–463

764

Klassengleiche (k-) supergroups, 39, 84, 85, 86 Konfigurationslage, 41 Lagrange, theorem of, 12, 31 Landau theory, 4 Lattice, 33 Bravais, 17 centred, 14 primitive, 14 Lattice basis, 8 Lattice parameters, 9 Lattice system, 15, 17 Lattice type, 17 Lattice vector, 8, 14 Law, associative, 11, 29 Law of composition, 10, 11, 29 Law of rational indices, 2 Law of symmetry, 2 Lead titanate zirconate (PbZr1xTixO3), 64 Left coset, 12, 30 Length of a conjugacy class, 13 Length of a coset, 12 Linear group, 28 Linear mapping, 28 Linear part, 9, 16, 29 Loss of centring translations, 73, 79, 466 Macroscopic crystal, 7 Mapping affine, 7, 8, 29 description of, 8 geometric, 7 homomorphic, 12, 13 identity, 7, 29 linear, 28 orthogonal, 10 reversible, 7 Matrix augmented, 9, 52, 78 metric, 9 transformation, 10, 52–53, 59, 77–78, 469 Matrix–column pair, 9, 52, 77 Matrix part, 9 of inversion and of translation, 14 Maximal subgroups, 12, 18, 23, 34, 35, 45–48, 466 computation of, 25 retrieval on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server, 58 of soluble groups, 36 trees of, 44–52 Maximal-subgroup rule, 4 MAXSUB (computer program), 58 Metric matrix, 9 Microscopic description of domain structures, 20 Minimal supergroups, 12, 39, 84–90 determination by computer, 64 MINSUB (computer program), 64 Mirror plane, 8 Monoclinic axis, 73 Monoclinic space groups, symbols of, 73 Monoclinic subgroups, settings of, 74, 466, 471 Morphotropic transition, 64 Motion (rigid motion), 7 Multiple isomorphism, 12 Multiplication table of a group, 11 Multiplicity, 41, 42 N-fold rotation, 7 N-fold rotoinversion, 8 Neutral element, 11 Nickel arsenide sulfide (NiAsS), 47 Non-chiral (non-enantiomorphic) space groups, 46

SUBJECT INDEX Nonconjugate equivalent subgroups, 48 Nonconventional settings, 45, 468, 469–470, 762 Non-ferroelastic phase transitions, 20 Non-ferroic phase transitions, 54 Non-isomorphic subgroups, 19, 23 Normal subgroups, 13, 31 Normalizers, 13–14, 19, 31 affine, 19, 40, 41, 88 derivation of supergroups with, 88 on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server, 57 Euclidean, 19–20, 41 determination of equivalent coordinate sets with, 46 specialized, 20 typical Euclidean, 20 Nucleation, 54 Null vector, 27 Number of possible structure types, calculation of, 51 Occupation of voids, 50–51 Orbit, 30, 41 extraordinary, 95 relations in a group–subgroup pair, 42, 66 splitting of, 42, 468 Order of a group, 11, 30, 37 Order of a group element, 11 Order (sequence) of listed subgroups, 73, 80, 466, 762 Order–disorder phase transitions, 22, 41 Order parameter, 4 Orientation of domains, 21, 54 Orientational conjugation, 471 Orientational (directional) state of domain states, 21 Origin, 8 Origin choice, 14, 73, 74, 83–84, 468 Origin shift, 10, 45, 47, 48, 49, 52–53, 77, 82, 468–469, 762 Orthogonal group, 19, 28 Orthogonal mapping, 10 Overlooked symmetry, 5 Palladium sulfide (PdS2), 46 Paraelectric crystals, 42 Parent clamping approximation (PCA), 20, 47 Parent phase, 20, 44 Periodicity, 7 Perovskite, phase transitions, 22, 96 Phase boundary, 54 Phase problem, solution of, 5, 44 Phase transitions, 4, 54 AuCu3, 22 BaTiO3, 22, 42 CuZn (-brass), 22, 41 ferroelastic, 20, 22 ferroelectric, 22, 42 ferroic and non-ferroic, 54 first-order, mechanism of, 54, 64 Gd2(MoO4)3, 22 NaNO2, 42 non-ferroelastic, 20 order–disorder, 22, 41 reconstructive, 54 second-order, 4, 41, 54 silicon, 49–50 Pitfalls in setting up Ba¨rnighausen trees, 55 Plane group, 14 Plane-group types, 16, 73 Platinum germanium selenide (PtGeSe), 47 Point, fixed, 7 Point configuration, 41 Point-group type, 17

Point groups, 16 crystallographic, 16, 17 lattice, 17 Point space, 27, 28 Euclidean, 29 Points, symmetry-equivalent, 72 Position general, 72 Wyckoff, 41, 468 Potassium carbonate (K2CO3), 49 Potassium trifluoridocuprate (KCuF3), 95 Prediction of crystal structures, 5, 51 Primitive basis, 8 Primitive G-set, 35 Primitive lattice, 14 Product of group elements, 11, 29 Product of sets of group elements, 13 Proper subgroups, 12 Prototypic phase, 20, 44 Pseudosymmetry, 5, 44 Punktlage, 41 Pyrite (FeS2), 46 Rational indices, law of, 2 Real crystal, 7 Reconstructive phase transitions, 54 Reduced basis, 8, 471 Reflection, 8 Reflection conditions on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server, 57 Reflection plane, 8 Region of a domain, 20 Representatives of a coset, 12, 72 Restrictions for indices, 23, 93, 467 Reversible mapping, 7 Rhenium trioxide (ReO3), 50–51 Rhombohedral axes, 73, 75, 83 Rhombohedral space groups, 75 Right coset, 12, 30 Rigid motion, 7 Rotation, 7 N-fold, 7 Rotation angle, 7 Rotation axis, 7 Rotoinversion, 8 centre of, 8 N-fold, 8 Rotoinversion axis, 8 Rutile, 48 Scheme for presenting group–subgroup relations, 45 Schoenflies symbols, 72 Screw axis, 8 Screw rotation, 7 Screw vector, 8 Second-order phase transitions, 4, 41, 54 Seitz symbol, 9, 52 Senseless relations, 54 Sequence of listed subgroups, 73, 80, 466, 762 SERIES (computer program), 58 Series of isomorphic subgroups, 73, 79, 82–84, 466, 468 Set of generators, 11 Settings of monoclinic subgroups, 74, 466, 471 Settings of rhombohedral subgroups, 75 Settings of space groups, nonconventional, 469–470 Silicon, phase transitions, 49–50 Single-domain structure, 21 Site symmetry, reduction of, 42, 47 Site-symmetry group, 16, 30 Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), 49 Sodium nitrite (NaNO2), phase transition, 42

765

Soluble group, 36 Space, affine, 27, 28 Space-group number, 72 Space-group types, 15, 16, 48, 73 affine, 15–16 crystallographic, 16 enantiomorphic, 16, 19, 46 symmorphic, 16 Space groups, 14–17, 33, 37 on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server, 57 chiral, 46 classification of, 15 enantiomorphic, 16, 19, 46 isomorphic, 38 n-dimensional, 14 non-chiral (non-enantiomorphic), 46 rhombohedral, 75 settings, 46 subgroups of, 18–19, 23, 34 symmorphic, 16, 35 wrong assignment, 5 Specialized Euclidean normalizer, 20 Splitting of Wyckoff positions, 42, 47, 66–67, 468 determination by computer, 66–68 Spontaneous strain components, 20 Stabilizer, 30, 33 Strontium titanate (SrTiO3), 95–96 Structural principle, 51 Structures, family of, 44, 51 Subgroup graphs, 44–52, 90–96, 434–463 SUBGROUPGRAPH (computer program), 58–59 Subgroups, 12, 23, 29 chains of, 46, 58–59 characteristic, 32 common, 50, 54 conjugate, 13, 14, 73, 76, 79, 82, 470–471, 762 core of, 31 derived, 36 equivalent nonconjugate, 48 general, 19 index of, 12, 18, 23, 30, 36, 37, 38–39, 45, 48, 58, 62, 66, 82, 92, 466, 467 intermediate, 46, 58 invariant, 13 isomorphic, 4, 19, 23, 24, 45, 48, 82–84, 92, 466, 470 series of, 73, 79, 82–84, 466, 468 isosymbolic, 4 klassengleiche, 3, 18, 23, 34, 45, 47–48, 54, 79–82, 466–467 graphs for, 47–48, 92–93, 454–463 maximal, 12, 18, 23, 34, 35, 45–48, 466 computation of, 25 monoclinic, 74 nonconjugate equivalent, 48 non-isomorphic, 19, 23 normal, 13, 31 proper, 12 retrieval on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server, 58 sequence of listing, 73, 80, 466, 762 setting of, 74 of space groups, 18–19, 23, 34 translation, 14, 29, 33 translationengleiche, 3, 18, 23, 24, 34, 45, 46–47, 54, 76–79, 466 graphs for, 46–47, 91–92, 434–452 trivial, 13, 29 with a given multiple of the cell, computer determination of, 62 zellengleiche, 3, 18 Substitution derivatives, 44, 46

SUBJECT INDEX Supergroups, 12, 39, 64, 84 common, 49, 87 derivation of, 86–90 determination by computer, 64–65 general, 84 index of, 84, 87 isomorphic, 84, 87 klassengleiche, 39, 84, 85, 86 minimal, 12, 39, 84–90 translationengleiche, 39, 84, 85, 87–90 SUPERGROUPS (computer program), 64 Superstructure, 48 Sylow, theorems of, 31–32 Sylow p-subgroup, 32 Symbols Hermann–Mauguin (HM), 72 international, 72 monoclinic space groups, 73 Schoenflies, 72 Seitz, 9, 52 Wyckoff, 41 Symmetric group, 10, 33 Symmetry centre of, 8 law of, 2 overlooked, 5 Symmetry element, 11 Symmetry-equivalent points, 72 Symmetry group, 11 Symmetry operation, 7, 11 crystallographic, 7, 10 inverse, 8, 11, 29 Symmetry principle, 44 Symmetry reduction, 42, 44 Symmetry relations between crystal structures, 44–52 Symmetry state of domain states, 21

Symmorphic space groups, 16, 35 Symmorphic space-group types, 16 Theorems Galois’ theorem, 36 Hermann’s theorem, 3, 23, 34, 39, 84 isomorphism theorems, 32 Lagrange’s theorem, 12, 31 Sylow’s theorems, 31–32 Time-dependent phenomena, 54 Topotactic reactions, 5, 44, 54 Transformation matrix, 10, 52–53, 59, 77–78, 469 Transformation of bases and coordinates, 10, 45, 52–53, 77–79, 82, 467, 468, 469, 761–762 Transformation twin, 20 Transitive G-set, 30 Translation, 7, 14, 29 Translation group, 8, 14, 19 Translation part, 9 Translation subgroup, 14, 29, 33 Translation twins, 22 Translation vector, 7, 8, 14 Translation-vector space, 29 Translational conjugation, 470 Translational domain structure, 22, 54 Translationengleiche (t-) subgroups, 3, 18, 23, 24, 34, 45, 46–47, 54, 76–79, 466 computation of, 25 graphs for, 46–47, 91–92, 434–452 Translationengleiche (t-) supergroups, 39, 84, 85, 87–90 Trees of group–subgroup relations, 44–52 Trirutile, 48 Trivial subgroup, 13, 29

766

Tungsten trioxide (WO3), polymorphic forms, 51 Twin domains, 5, 20, 54 Twinning, twins, 5, 20 Typical Euclidean normalizer, 20 Underlying vector space, 28 Unit cell decreased, 73, 86 enlarged, 47, 62, 73, 80–82, 466, 470 Unit element, 11, 29 Vector, 10, 27 basis, 8, 9, 14, 45 lattice, 8, 14 null, 27 screw, 8 translation, 7, 8, 14 Vector coefficients, 8, 10, 27 Vector lattice, 8, 14 Vector space, 27 Euclidean, 28 underlying, 28 Voids, occupation of, 50–51 Wyckoff letter, 41 Wyckoff positions, 41, 468 on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server, 57 interchange of, 41, 468, 471–472 relations in group–subgroup relations, 42, 468 splitting of, 42, 47, 66–67, 468 determination by computer, 66–68 Wyckoff set, 41 WYCKSPLIT (computer program), 67 Zellengleiche subgroups, 3, 18 Zirconium beryllium silicide (ZrBeSi), 47