Intermediate Ilokano: An Integrated Language and Culture Reading Text 9780824841256

Table of contents :
Contents
Index to Grammar Notes
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Introduction
LESSON 1 PAMPAMBAR
LESSON 2 NI JUAN PILIO
LESSON 3 TI NASUBEG KEN MAAG APIEK
LESSON 4 TI KASADUTAN NGA UBING
LESSON 5 AGTATAKAW WENNO GINGGINED
LESSON 6 DIREKSION NGA AWAN DIREKSIONNA
LESSON 7 TI SEKRETO NIl MANONG SIMO
LESSON 8 IPABPABALAYMO
LESSON 9 TAWAR A TAWAR
LESSON 10 NATAMAY
LESSON 11 BIAG IDIAY AWAY
LESSON 12 TI BIAG TI IMIGRANTE
GLOSSARY

Citation preview

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University of Hawaii Press Honolulu

© 2004 University of Hawai'i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 06 05 04

6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Espiritu, Precy, 1937— Intermediate Ilokano : an integrated language and culture reading text / Precy Espiritu. p. cm. Iloko and English. ISBN 0-8248-2645-0 (pbk.) 1. Iloko language—Textbooks for foreign speakers—English. I. Title. PL5752.E87 2004 499'.21—dc22 2004041237

Camera-ready copy for this book was prepared by the author. University of Hawai'i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources Printed by Versa Press, Inc.

Contents Index to Grammar Notes Foreword Acknowledgements Introduction

ix xiii xv xvii

LESSON 1 - Pampambar Reading Story Vocabulary Study Questions for Discussion Grammar Notes Writing Practice Fluency Practice Cultural Activities Culture Notes

1 2 4 6 6 15 15 16 21

LESSON 2 - Ni Juan Pilio Reading Story Vocabulary Study Questions for Discussion Grammar Notes Writing Practice Fluency Practice Cultural Activities Culture Notes

23 24 27 33 33 36 37 38 43

LESSON 3 - Ti Nasubeg ken Maag a Piek Reading Story Vocabulary Study Questions for Discussion Grammar Notes Writing Practice Fluency Practice

45 47 50 54 55 69 70

o

Cultural Activities Culture Notes

71 76

LESSON 4 - Ti Kasadutan nga Ubing Reading Story Vocabulary Study Questions for Discussion Grammar Notes Writing Practice Fluency Practice Cultural Activities Culture Notes

77 79 84 85 86 97 97 98 104

LESSON 5 - Agtatakaw Wenno Ginggined Reading Story Vocabulary Study Questions For Discussion Grammar Notes Writing Practice Fluency Practice Cultural Activities Culture Notes

105 107 111 113 113 126 126 127 133

LESSON 6 - Direksion nga Awan Direksionna Reading Story Vocabulary Study Questions for Discussion Grammar Notes Writing Practice Fluency Practice Cultural Activities Culture Notes

o

135 137 141 145 145 154 156 156 162

LESSON 7 - Ti Sekreto ni Manong Simo Reading Story Vocabulary Study Questions for Discussion Grammar Notes Writing Practice Fluency Practice Cultural Activities Culture Notes LESSON 8 -

163 164 170 172 172 176 177 180 186

Ipabpabalaymo

Reading Story Vocabulary Study Questions for Discussion Grammar Notes Writing Practice Fluency Practice Cultural Activities Culture Notes

187 190 198 203 204 212 213 213 220

LESSON 9 - Tawar a Tawar Reading Story Vocabulary Study Questions for Discussion Grammar Notes Writing Practice Fluency Practice Cultural Activities Culture Notes

221 223 229 235 236 242 243 245 253

LESSON 10 - Natamay Reading Story Vocabulary Study Questions for Discussion Grammar Notes Writing Practice Fluency Practice Cultural Activities Culture Notes LESSON 11 - Biag Idiay Away Reading Story Vocabulary Study Questions for Discussion Grammar Notes Writing Practice Fluency Practice Cultural Activities Culture Notes LESSON 12 - Ti Biag Ti Imigrante Reading Story Vocabulary Study Questions for Discussion Grammar Notes Writing Practice Fluency Practice Cultural Activities Culture Notes Culture Study GLOSSARY

Index to Grammar Notes LESSON 1 Concurrent-Action Structure: Verb-Linker-Verb Pseudo-Verb: ayat Perfective Tense Actor-Focus: naka-, nakapagObject-Focus: na-, nai-, na—an

6 8 12

LESSON 2 Object-Focus Verbs: -en, -an, i-

33

LESSON 3 Combination Pronouns Abilitative Verbs Actor-Focus: maka-, makapag-, makaiObject-Focus: ma-, mai-,ma—an Participative Verbs: maki-, paki—an, ka-

55 62

68

LESSON 4 Stative Forms: naka-, siCW Emotional State Facial Expressions Physical Position Condition Wearing an Article of Clothing or Accessory Object Being Used Basic Adjectives Colors Root Words na- Prefixed Adjectives ma- Prefixed Adjectives

86

91

nakaCVC Adj ectives maCVC Adjectives Spanish Loans LESSON 5 Recent-Action Verbs: kaCWC, kaiCWC Sentence Modifiers kano gayam ngamin -sa ngata kadi manen met laeng and latta pay -n/-en/-on man ketdi ala and alia koma ngarud -to/ -nto

113 116

LESSON 6 Directional Affix: paAdjectival Affix: agat-, agaC Adjectival Affix: sinanAccidental Verbs Actor-Focus: naka-, nakaiAccidental Verbs Object-Focus: na-, nai-, na—an Accidental-Positional Affix: napa-

O

145 148 149 149 15 0 154

LESSON 7 Pretend Verb: agtnCV Plurals Noun Adjective Affixless Adjective Mz-affixed Adjective Verb People Terms AgV+Vowel-initial Verb Vowel-initial Adjective

172 173

LESSON 8 Instrumental-Focus Verbs: pag-, pangAdverbial Affix: apagBenefactive-Focus Verb: i—an Locative-Focus Circumfix: pag—an, pang—an Causative-Object/Patient-Focus Verbs: pag—en, pa—en, ipa-

204 204 205 206 209

LESSON 9 Numeral Distributive Adjective: sagCV Reflex Action Verb: napaEmotional State: maka-, makaCWC Recurrent Verb: agkara-

236 23 7 240 241

LESSON 10 Causative Affix: paActor-Focus-Causative Verbs: agpa-, mangpaReflexive-Causative Verb: agpaObject-Focus-Causative Verb: ipaObject-Focus-Causative Verb: ipaiObject-Focus-Causative Verb: pa—an Locative-Focus-Causative Verbs: pagpa—an, pangpa—an

267 268 270 271 272 273 21A

Time/Manner-Focus-Causative Verbs: panagpa-, panangpaBenefactive-Focus-Causative Verb: ipa—an Abilitative-Causative Verbs: makapa-, makapagpaRequest-Causative Verb: makipa-

276 277 277 278

LESSON 11 Reciprocal Verbs: -inn-, agPropensity for, Habit, Tendency: manag-, manangmannaki, managpa-, managCinnNumber of times: mamin- (past: namin-)

305 306 309

LESSON 12 Nominalizing Affixes : ka-, kinaComparative Markers: kas ka- and agkaRole Affix :/?araAreal Noun: ka—an Adjectival Verbs: na-, nai-, na—an Possessor Prefix: akin-/akinkua

337 341 343 346 346 348

Foreword Word Becoming World: the Grammar of Ilokano Dreams i. Holding all other things equal, words are all we are—and have. The world, as it comes to us and as we receive it, is word—yes, word that creates and destroys what is, word that shapes and misshapes our thoughts, word that forms and deforms our way of seeing. In a manner of speaking, word becomes world—and it always does. The relation, thus, between word and world is one ofboth being and becoming. But both being and becoming, intertwined as they are, are eternal, perennial, continuing, unending, unfolding. This is the sense in which Intermediate Ilokano, Professor Precy Espiritu's gift to the Ilokano, could be put in context. For in this book, she makes permanent the word of the Ilokano—his language, the very language through which he comes to know of himself, of his roots, of his being. She also puts into play that world inhabited by him, the very world where he takes spiritual residence, the world of his people in and outside the Ilocos of the past and the present. It is the same world where dreams and desires—his and his people's—collapse with the future so that in this collapsing, dream and desire become word and world at the same time. In this age of estrangement and exile, of diaspora and rootlessness, of collective amnesia and the glossolalia of chaos and crisis, the word comes to us as a balm, soothes us, and brings us to a healing, a certain wholeness, we who are residents of the linguistic world. This then makes us recollect ourselves and regather our thoughts. We are reminded that we can come home, withfinality,indeed, to language—to a language which is us, to a language which is all we have. And for the Ilokano, this language is the one in which the soul and the spirit and the mind reside. ii. The Ilokano, his literature and history tell us, has always been a party to the national and now global diaspora. He has long been an exile in and outside his country, in and outside his language, in and outside his culture. This condition that has afflicted him has become almost a social malady. We see him, the Ilokano without a home, the Ilokano that is always in search of home. We see him in the most likely places; we see him in the most unlikely places. We see

him roaming around in all comers ofthe globe, his roaming around sometimes aimless, sometimes senseless. He is omnipresent, this Ilokano émigré, a traveler seeking emplacement, a visitor seeking an appointment with time, that time of the heart and mind that takes root in stories, in language, in culture—in short, in that abode of the soul, in that indwelling ofthe spirit. He is in all places and in all times, this pursuer of lands and loves and lives. Because this has become his lot for so long, this Ilokano émigré: To keep on looking for a place in the sun he can call his own, a residence he can come home to, a place of rest and calm for his bones and body and his souls, too—for souls according to the folk stories he has declaimed in his heart and committed to memory—for souls on the look out for what is real beyond that which has been constructed and invented for him by the lords of his social life, many of these lords lying to him through his dream of the good life. His dream takes on the form of the marvelous sometimes. He calls it lung-aw, yes, the dream named after his god of the time before time, the god of appeasement, satiation, progress, development, contentment. Otherwise, he calls it kinabaknang, the fabled riches he can never have in the homeland, the wealth that will always elude him, running away from him for as long as the big man of his land, the naturay, the agtuturay—will remain looking only after his own interest, his own welfare.

iii

For we sort out the world and life and experience and community according to the taxonomic promises and possibilities of this language which is ours, true, but which we share with those who have the pathos to commune with us, the passion to see us as a people through the lens of our words, our logos, ourpagsasao. For indeed, as in other communities, imagined or real, the world that we know is only made possible by word, by our words, by the language which mediates all of our understanding, by the logic of sounds and syntax that we have appropriated for ourselves, the sounds and syntax becoming ours, becoming us, oneing with us. Word becoming world—this is the situs of Professor Precy Espiritu's Intermediate Ilokano. Through this and because of this book, the first of its kind that does not—and rightly so—exoticize the language of the Ilokanos, the grammar of our Ilokano dreams will finally take shape and form, meaning and substance, content and truth. Aurelio S. Agcaoili, Ph.D. University ofthe Philippines

Acknowledgements My special thanks to the following colleagues, friends, and students for their contributions to this book: Dr. Resty Cena, a linguistics scholar, for the basic format of the book; Estelita Cena for providing me with reading resources to use in my research and sharing some of her childhood experiences that inspired some of the stories; Dr. Josie Clausen, Assistant Professor of Ilokano, for her suggestions on the stories and serving as resource on the nuances of some Ilokano words; Dr. Belinda Aquino, Center for Philippine Studies Director, a native Ilokano speaker, for engaging me in discussions on relevant aspects of Philippine culture and sharing her ideas that have been incorporated in the culture notes; Dr. Rama Sharma for his encouragement and useful comments; Ilokano Lecturer Julius Soria for helping proofread the manuscript at the initial stage, sharing his native speaker insights on some of the Ilokano examples, and supervising the work of Albert Bolosan and Patrick Galamay on the first version of the glossary; Maricon Hilario, for completing the glossary and assisting with other aspects of production; Hazell Tabangcura, for the computer work, assisted by Jinky Agtarap, and Cherry Torres; Lyma Balualua for inputting corrections and proofreading the Ilokano stories and glossary; my dear friend, Alenka Rozman, a linguist, for asking insightful questions on the grammar, and diligently proofreading the entire manuscript for the prepublication version; Dr. Emily Hawkins, for her interminable patience with my constant inquiry into the accuracy and naturalness of some of the English translations; Ilokano Lecturer Clemen Montero, who came to my rescue with her expertise in Pagemaker; Paul G Fox, for his unrelenting dedication to the project, working on different stages of the layout and graphics; and to my Ilokano students who provided useful feedback, which enabled me to continue to fine-tune the lessons. My deep appreciation also goes to Dr. Carl Rubino and Dr. Aurelio Agcaoili for evaluating the manuscript and providing useful comments and recommendations which guided the final revision. Sincere thanks are also due the following persons in the Philippines for their work on the book: Junix Jimenez for the exquisite and culturally accurate illustrations; Junsky Saralde for the painstaking work on the initial Pagemaker layout, Abraham Espiritu for technical support, and his family for their hospitality; and last but not least, my ading, Dalisay Bayani, for her efficiency and tenacity in supervising the work in the Philippines after I had returned to Hawai'i, and to her family, Jaime, Kim, and Patrick, who endured her long absence from home in the process. A special thanks to Jaime and Patrick who did further corrections on the illustrations.

Finally, my appreciation to the University of Hawai'i Humanities Endowment Fund through the University Research Council for funding this proj ect, to the National Security Council for the initial funding of the very first draft of the book, and to the Department of Hawaiian and IndoPacific Languages and Literatures and its office staff for supporting me in this endeavor.

Introduction This book, Intermediate Ilokano: An Integrated Language and Culture Reading Text, consists of twelve lessons. Each lesson has nine major components: Reading, Story, Vocabulary Study, Questions for Discussion, Grammar Notes, Writing Practice, Fluency Practice, Cultural Activities, and Culture Notes. It utilizes integrated eclectic and proactive approaches to language teaching and learning, where students actively participate in the process. The lessons include a variety of activities that challenge students to delve deeper into the story for a better understanding of what they are reading and studying. An extensive amount of exercises in each lesson provides teachers with multiple options that accommodate their teaching styles. Most of the exercises promote collaborative and cooperative interaction between and among students. The theatre approach to learning which is widely used in the lessons, easily lends itself to group work, where each participant has an obligation to contribute. Drama also provides an effective and exciting communicative venue for oral and written activities which allow a change from the usual language exercises. Vocabulary, grammatical, communicative, and cultural exercises are interwoven to allow crosspollination of the different linguistic and cultural skills. This book is written for adult learners who have completed one year of Ilokano at the college level. It is also intended as a rich resource for teachers who are in constant search for dynamic activities in the classroom. The extensive grammar notes and linguistic data available in the book are useful to scholars involved in the study of the Ilokano language. The purpose of this text is not to teach students how to read, since we can assume that at this level, they already have advanced reading competencies. The main thrust of this book is to increase reading comprehension and develop the different linguistic skills in Ilokano, which will ultimately lead to communicative proficiency. The stories and their corollary activities are created specifically for that purpose. The repetition of vocabulary and the practice of structures in as many natural contexts and combinations as possible are deliberately infused in the lessons, so that the building of sight vocabulary and structures can take place. Teachers and students may find the extensiveness of the material overwhelming. However, the teacher need not cover all of the exercises in each section. S/he, as well as the students, can choose and decide which ones are relevant and useful for the language needs of each of the members of the class. They

are there also for students who, on their own, want to engage in a more intensive study of the language. Reading The Pre-Reading section discusses traditional and modern cultural practices and values, and tackles issues affecting the lives of Filipinos in the Philippines and abroad. Students are presented with questions that make it possible for them to bring in some background knowledge and experiences in preparation for the reading selections. Discussions may be done in English, but students should be encouraged to use the target language in order to provide them with the opportunity for more listening and speaking practice. Code switching in Ilokano and English may be allowed in order to foster a dynamic exchange on the topics. To create student interest in this section, the teacher may introduce the lesson by showing some pictures, charts, or articles that are relevant to the story. Students may also be assigned to find such materials to present in class, individually or in groups. The Reading Tasks section directly relates to the story. A variety of reading strategies are employed to enable students to get into the details of the story for mastery of content and development of their conversation and storytelling skills in Ilokano. The purpose of this section is to guide students to the story, hence, it is important that they study this section very well, and do the tasks indicated before class. Once the tasks are accomplished, comprehension of the material will come more easily, because students will have read the story in detail more than once. Some of the lessons have detailed questions about the story. Students should study these questions beforehand to give them an idea of what the story is about. It is one way of being introduced to the story. Story At the center of each lesson is a story. The book consists of twelve original short stories ranging from two to five pages at graduated levels of difficulty. The stories mirror dayto-day life in the Philippines. Detailed illustrations depicting scenes in the readings accompany the selections to give the students a general idea about what to expect in them.

The first four selections are folktale types which provide simple, repetitive language that is characteristic of this genre, and which is suitable for language learning. It incorporates language that students can easily remember and use in their conversations. One significant element in this type of reading is the convenient inclusion of cultural values and social oriented issues that students can address based on their personal experiences, perceptions, and attitudes. The following eight stories deal with topics depicting cultural conflicts, catastrophic events, and immigration. To make the readings interesting, deliberate effort is made to lace them with subtle humor. The stories are filled with numbered illustrations, that are aligned with the corresponding texts. These pictures are intended to guide the students in their reading, as well as create interest in the story. They can also be used in a variety of exercises. An interpretative reading of the story to the students can be an exciting and entertaining listening and comprehension activity. Apart from hearing the pronunciation of words and rhythm of the language, students are engaged in the unfolding of the story. The teacher can create excitement by stopping at certain points and asking students to predict what happens next. This way, natural and meaningful communicative interaction takes place. Students can also take notes while the reading is going on, listening for answers to questions that are previously assigned, or those that are presented in the Reading Task section. Unison reading with the teacher could also be a way for students to hear the correct pronunciation of the words and the melody of the language. This technique brings together the listening and reading events. At the same time, the students can be ready at any time to answer the teacher's or other students' random questions. Of course, by this time, students should already be familiar with the story, since they have listened to a taped reading of it at the language laboratory, and have performed the exercises in the Reading Tasks section. At the language laboratory, learning can be effectively reinforced by the simultaneous reading of the text and listening to the recording of the story. Vocabulary Study The vocabulary exercises are organized around the story. They focus on frequentlyused words, phrases, everyday expressions, and idioms. Students must look for contextual clues to gain a general understanding of their meaning. For practice, many exercises require the use of the vocabulary in appropriate contexts. Students should be advised at

the initial reading to ignore unfamiliar words. It is not important to focus on individual words at this point. What is important in the beginning is to just get the gist of the story, and identify the main ideas. Through subsequent readings, students may begin extracting essential details for comprehension, vocabulary study, and other exercises. To maximize the learning of vocabulary and the story, several strategies may be employed. For example, students may first identify sight words, cognates, borrowed words, and those that students recognize by association, context, or from experience, as well as those that they have encountered in previous lessons. The teacher can ask students to find words that look similar to their own language and guess their meaning. For unfamiliar words, they can try to figure out what they mean from their use in the story. Contextual information and the linguistic environment should provide a clue. The ability to extract the root word and identify affixes may also help in the discovery process. If in spite of all these strategies the student still finds problems, then s/he can consult the Glossary at the end of the book, but only as a last resort. After completing the above exercises, it would help to have the students read the story again or listen to the recording of it at the language laboratory. By this time, the story should be fully understood and the students are ready for class discussion in Ilokano. Questions for Discussion Questions in this section are based on the story. The purpose of these questions is not simply for learners to increase their speaking proficiency, but also to test and improve their comprehension and analytical skills. A few of the questions may be a repetition from the Reading Tasks, but as we know, repetition is an effective tool in learning a language, and it is useful to have students repeat answers they may have given previously. In fact, because students may not structure their answers in the same way the second time around, they will have an opportunity to show creativity in their responses. Every effort should be made to conduct the discussions in Ilokano. Grammar Notes The grammar points are culled from the story. The grammatical explanations are extensive and incisive to help the learners understand the intricacies of important aspects of Ilokano grammar. Much of the analysis aims to anticipate questions that students frequently have when studying the language. Fine distinctions andnuancesbetweensimilargrammaticaland semantic functions are clarified with detailed analyses and contextualized examples. Grammatical exercises

immediately follow the descriptions for each grammar point to make it convenient for students to refer back to the grammatical explanations. An asterisk (*) signals ungrammaticality. Learning styles differ from student to student. Some may learn a language better without any explanation of the grammar, while others have a needto analyze and understand the grammatical structures to facilitate their learning. In general, compared to children, adult learners are more inclined to want to understand and analyze the grammar of a language throughout the learning process. This is why extensive grammatical explanations are provided in the book. These descriptions explain grammar points that students maybe curious about, and want to study further for their own use. The teacher, however, may not be compelled to teach all of them. S/ he can select and prioritize them according to what s/he perceives the students need to learn first. It is vital that students be thoroughly familiar with the affixes of Ilokano words, as they provide additional semantic dimensions to the root word. Once mastery of the affixes is gained, it becomes considerably easier to identify the meanings of the derived words. Nominative and genitive pronouns in Ilokano are normally affixed to the preceding word, and it can be confusing sometimes when they look like markers or part of the stem. For this reason, these affixes are italicized in this book, to make it easier for students to identify them. Writing Practice The writing exercises complement the other sections in the book, and are written and organized to reinforce the study of vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure. Some activities are also designed to relate to the theme of the story and to the outside world. This section precedes Fluency Practice, because writing forces the mind to select appropriate vocabulary and construct sentences in familiar contexts that can help prepare for the speaking event. All prior preparations lead to the convergence of skills that help students avoid grappling with what to say and how to say it in the target language. Fluency Practice Activities to increase speaking proficiency in this section are designed to maximize student interaction and communication. An eclectic array of games and other communicative activities depicting daily situations brings into the classroom contemporary life's events and experiences that students can easily relate to and portray in their role-plays.

Cultural Activities This section is a good literary venue for studying Filipino values and culture. Traditional sayings, riddles, and songs, pepper the lessons in order to provide the students and the teacher with a wide variety of practice in speaking, writing, translation, and cultural analysis. Repetitive instructions are aimed to enable students to master the structures that they can apply to other contextual situations. Illustrations accompany the riddles to give the student an authentic image of the object being described. The illustrations accompanying the songs relate to the themes of the songs. Culture Notes The culture notes explain concepts that have to do with Filipino values and cultural practices. Certain aspects of the culture presented in the stories are elaborated in this section to give the student a better understanding of the Filipino thought processes and way of life. This section can be followed up with simulated cultural situations or case studies that students can use for debate, role-play, or cultural discussion. Glossary The Glossary at the end of the text contains all the basic Ilokano words, expressions, and some affixes that are used throughout the lessons, including those that are in the exercises. Root words comprise the main entries, followed by different derivations of the root. Root words that cannot be used in meaningful sentences are not translated. Those that are translated usually function as nouns. Highlighted letters indicate placement of stress. Songs The book has an accompanying recording of the songs, some of which are from the Ilocos Region. There are also Tagalog folk melodies with Ilokano lyrics. This section also includes original songs composed by the author specifically for teaching certain grammatical points.

LESSON

I

P A M P A M B A R READING Pre-Reading Discussion A. Why is it important to serve our community? In what ways can we serve it? What kinds of projects or causes do you volunteer for? In what ways does volunteering help you personally? In your future career? B. What is your neighborhood like? What is an ideal neighbor? Why is it important to have a good relationship with your neighbors? What do you do or not do to maintain harmony with your neighbors?

Reading Tasks A. Before you start reading the story, study the illustrations in it. See if you can construct the story through the pictures. B. Read the story without paying attention to words you do not know. When you have finished reading, summarize it in two or three sentences. C. Look for the part of the story where the old woman resented cleaning. Tell the class what happened. D. The story in this lesson is written like a puzzle. Solve the puzzle by constructing the table following the instructions below. Construct a five-column table before answering the questions below. In each column, write the ordinal numbers in chronological order, then match them up with the characters that correspond to them. Under their names, write all the excuses each character gave to the old woman. The information requires sorting out, so make sure the correct responses are matched with the right person.

O

Now, using the table you have constructed, answer these questions. 1. Ania ti nagnagan dagiti kaarruba ti baket? Tay umuna, maikadua, maikatlo, maikapat, maikalima? 2. Ania dagiti impampambarJa? Tay umuna, kdpy.

STORY Pampambar fliVysa nga aldaw, inayaban ti maysa a baket dagiti lima a kaarrubarca, ket sinaludsod«a, "Sinno ti mayat nga agdalus iti lugartayo?" "Ay, dispensare/«, Ina. Saan a siak, J ta adu ti trabahoA:," kinuna ti umuna a ^Lvj^^/ simmungbat. "Saan a siak, ta nabannoga&," kinuna met ti maikadua. "Diak kayat, ta adda ar-arami de/c," impambar met ti maikatlo. "Ay, Apo, dispensare^, Ina Baket, ta mandiaA! DiaA kayat ti agtrabaho," insaruno met ti maikapat. "Dakayo laengen, a, Kakabsat.* Isuda laengen, Ina, tanasakitti bukotfo," impambarmet ti maikalima, adagusanagkubbo, sa na mappot ti bukoü/a. Nagbanaganwa, nagdalus ti baket a maymaysa/ja. Dinalusarwa amin a sakop ti aglawlawr/a. Agdaydayamudom a nagdalus. "Adda kadi mayat a tumulong nga agmula iti masmasetas tapno pumintas ti aglawlawtayo?" nagsaludsod manen ti baket a kasla agpakpakaasi.

O

Lesson 1 - Pampambar

"Ay, siak ket, awan ti tiempo/:, Ina; sa kas kinunaA itay, nasakit daytoy bukotAo," kinuna tay naudi a nagsarita itay, a Dianong ti naganna. "Dispensaren, Ina, ta diak ammo ti agmula," kinuna ni Pedring, daytay maysa itay nga adu kano ti trabaho«a. "Dakayo laengen ta dia£ kayat ti agiggem iti narugit. Maarieka/:," kinuna met tay balasang. "Dakayo laengen ta alerdyika/c iti muía," impambar met ni Inting, tay sadut. "Ay, awan pigsa£, ta makaturturoga/:," inkalintegan met tay baro, a kasla kankanayon a nabannog. Awan un-uni a nagmula ti baket iti masetas iti aglawlawífo. Maymaysa^a a nagmula. Agdaydayamudom a nagmula Idi nalpasen a nagmula, nagsaludsod manen ti baket: "Sinno met ti mayat a tumulong nga agluto iti makan nga intayo pagsasanguan?" "'Mo/:pay,Ina. Dispensaren tadiaAammoti agluto," impambar tay nasakit kano ti bukotna itay. "Aysus, ammo&kadi ti agluto, Ina? Sauraypayno ammo/:, diak kayat dayta a trabaho. Narigat dayta a trabaho," insungbat met tay nasadut nga agtrabaho. "Ay,siak ket, di a£ kayat ti mangan ta saana/r a mabisin," kinuna tay maikatlo a madi nga agdalus itay. "Awan ganaste a mangan, ta masakita/:," kinuna met tay lalaki nga itay ket nabannog kano. "Uray siak met, saanaA: met a mabisin, isu nga dakayo laengen ti agluto," impambar met tay maysa.

Lesson 1 - Pampambar

Ket linuto ngarud ti baket a maymaysa«a amin a makan a pagsasanguanda kano. Idi nakaluton, sinango«« dagiti kaarruba/ja, sana kinuna: "Naimbag man ta awan ti mayat a mangan, ta ne, nakalutoafon." "Sin'ti nagkuna a diaA kayat ti mangan, Ina? Saana/camabisin itay,ngem itaypay la daydiay. Ita ket, mabisinaton," kinuna tay maysa. "Diyo pay met sinaludsod no simio ti mayat a mangan, Ina, sayo ket ibaga itan nga awan ti mayat a mangan. Kayat^o a, ti mangan. Sinno met, aya, ti madi a mangan?" kinuna tay maikadua. "Ket sika, imbagaw a diwo kayat ti mangan, ta awan ti ganasmo," impalagip ti baket. "Uray siak met, kayatAo met ti mangan," kinuna tay maariek iti rugit. "Kayatko met ti mangan. Nagimas ti angotna dayta linutom, Ina Baket," insaruno met tay lakay a naikkat a daras ti panaginkukubboiM. "Adu ti linutom, Ina Baket?" sinaludsod tay sadut a napardas nga immasideg iti baket. "Dakayo ket, ta la mangmangan ti ammoyo," makaluksaw nga insungbat ti baket. "No awan ti anus, awan ti lamot," imparaipuswa. "Po unay metten, Ina Baket! Nagimotfc/ metten," inyebkas ni Tata Dianong. * *Kabsat

' s i b l i n g ' is c o m m o n l y used b y Ilokanos as a g e n e r i c term o f a d d r e s s f o r f r i e n d s a n d even s t r a n g e r s .

VOCABULARY STUDY A. Go through the story again and list all the words that you don't know. Try to figure out their meaning from the context of the sentences in which they are used. Write a definition for each word as best you can. Don't worry about being wrong. B. List the different ways of saying "said." C. The list below consists of phrases and some common expressions that are frequently used by native Ilokano speakers. Often, set expressions like these do not translate very well into English. Study their use in the story carefully. Make sure you understand their meaning fully, so you know when and how to use them in conversation.

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Now, practice using them in sentences of your own in the following exercise, then arrange your sentences in a coherent and meaningful dialog. Items in italics can be substituted with words in the same category. The first one is done for you. 1. saan a siak

Saan a sika ti ay-ayabaA. 'You are not the one I am calling.'

2. mandiaA 3. ammoA:kadi 4. dakayo laengen 5. adda kadi met 6. kas kinuna/c 7. dispensarem 8. aysus 9. 'mo&pay 10. uraypayno 11. ay, siak ket 12. urays/a/c met 13. sin'ti nagkuna 14. itay pay la 15. samo ket 16. met, aya 17. ta la 18. 'pounaymetten 19. naimbagmanta

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QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION A. Ania ti kayatmo/dimo kayat kadagiti kaarrubam? B. No sika tay baket, ania koma ti inaramidmo tapno maallukoywo dagiti kaarrubam a tumulongkenka? C. Ania ti nasursurom iti daytoy nga istoria?

GRAMMAR NOTES A. Concurrent-Action Structure: Verb-Linker-Verb The compound predicate, agkankanta nga aglutluto 'singing while cooking' indicates two actions occurring at the same time. The actor generally appears after the first verb.

For example: AgsalsalaaA a mangmangan.

' I ' m d a n c i n g while e a t i n g . '

A g s a r s a r i t a ni J u a n

' J u a n is t a l k i n g while s l e e p i n g . '

a matmaturog.

Likewise, with the use of a linker, an Adjective or Stative Verb is joined to the second verb, furnishing a description of the subject while the action is going on.

For example: nakakidem a magmagna sikikidem a magmagna n a k a i s e m a kumitkita siiisem a k u m i t k i t a

' w a l k i n g with e y e s c l o s e d '

' l o o k i n g with a s m i l e '

Recall that the linker a (preceding consonant-initial words) is a variant form of nga (preceding vowel-initial words).

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Lesson 1 - Pampambar

Exercises 1. Give situations where two actions can be done simultaneously. Translate your sentences into English. The first sentence is done for illustration. Ilokano Sentence: English Translation: a.

Agwatwatwata/c nga agimemmemoria iti leksionAo. 'I'm exercising while memorizing my lesson.'

Ilokano Sentence: English Translation:

b. Ilokano Sentence: English Translation: 2. Give situations where two actions cannot be done simultaneously. For example: Ilokano Sentence:

Saan a mabalin ti aglangoy a matmaturog, malaksid no

English Translation:

agtagtagainepfoi 'It is not possible to swim while sleeping, unless you're dreaming.'

a.

Ilokano Sentence: English Translation:

b. Ilokano Sentence: English Translation: 3. Translate these sentences into Ilokano. a.

My niece always reads while eating. Kanayon nga agbasbasa a mangmangan ti kaanakaA.

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b. My housemate always sings while bathing.

c.

I watch television while studying, that's why I don't understand what I'm studying.

d. The man is sleeping with his glasses on.

B. Pseudo-Verb: ayat The noun, ayat, means 'love,' as in the song Ti ayat ti maysa nga ubing, nasamsam-it ngem hasmin. 'The love of a young person is sweeter than the jasmine flower.' It also means 'to love,' 'to like,' 'to want,' 'to desire.' Its Actor-Focus form is mayat and its Object-Focus form is kayat. Mandiak or mandiak kayat are variations of saanko a kayat 'I don't like/ want,' but the former imply strong expressions of dislike. For example: M a y a t a m a n g a n d a y t a ubing.

' T h a t child w a n t s to e a t . '

K a y a t ti u b i n g ti m a n g a n .

' T h e child w a n t s to e a t . '

S a a n A o a kayat/DiaA: k a y a t / M a n d i a ^ k a y a t ti mangan.

'I d o n ' t w a n t to e a t . '

Among Ilokano learners, the confusion arising from the use of the particle preceding the main verb is very common in such sentence types: 1. Kayatko ti mangan 'I want to eat,' and 2. Kayatko a kanen ti adobo. 'I want to eat the adobo.' In sentence 1, the nominalized verb, mangan, is the Subject of the sentence, hence, the nominal marker ti is placed before the verb. Likewise, in sentence 2, the Object, adobo, is the Subject of the sentence, hence a marker is placed before it. In this sentence, the so-called Pseudo-Verb kayat functions like an Adverb modifying kanen, thus the linker a/nga is required to connect them. Similarly, in Mayatak a mangan 'I want to eat,' a/nga is required to link the modifying pseudo-verb mayat to the main verb mangan. The Compound Predicate is mayat a mangan, and the Subject is -ak.

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Observe the Predicate and Subject of each of these sentences and examine the appropriate use of the linker in contrast to the marker. K a y a t k o ti a g d i g o s .

'I w a n t to t a k e a b a t h . '

K a y a t A o a d i g u s e n ti a s o k .

'I w a n t to b a t h e my d o g . '

M a y a t a A nga a g d i g o s .

'I w a n t to t a k e a b a t h . '

* MayataA: a digusen ti asoA.

Other derivatives of this verb are kaykayat 'to prefer,' the Adjective mayat 'nice' (opposite: madi), and its comparative form maymayat 'better' (opposite: madmadi 'worse'). K a y k a y a t ^ o ti a g b a s a n g e m ti a g b u y a ti tibi.

'I p r e f e r r e a d i n g to w a t c h i n g t e l e v i s i o n . '

M a y a t ti a g p a s i a r no m a y a t ti t i e m p o .

'It is nice to go out w h e n the w e a t h e r is n i c e . '

M a d i ti m a n g a n ti a d u unay.

' I t ' s n o t g o o d to eat t o o m u c h . '

M a y m a y a t ti a g p a s i a r no k a l g a w .

' I t ' s nicer to go out during the s u m m e r . '

M a d m a d i d a y t o y naalaA: a t r a b a h o n g e m d a y t a naalaw.

'This j o b that I ' v e got is w o r s e than w h a t you've got.'

In the question, Sinno ti mayat a manganl 'Who wants to eat?' sinno would logically take mayat, since mayat is in Actor-Focus mode, and what is being sought is the actor. In Ania ti kayatmo a kanen? 'What do you want to eat?' ania would logically take kayat, since kayat is in Object-Focus mode, and what is being sought is the object. However, when the object is a person, as shown in the last two sentences in the table, the question word to use is sinno. For example: Sinno ti m a y a t a m a n g a n ? N e g a t i v e : Sinno ti m a d i a m a n g a n ?

' W h o w a n t s to e a t ? ' ' W h o d o e s n o t w a n t to e a t ? '

Ania ti k a y a t mo a k a n e n ? N e g a t i v e : Ania ti s a a n - / d i w o k a y a t a k a n e n ?

' W h a t d o y o u w a n t to e a t ? ' ' W h a t d o n ' t y o u like to e a t ? '

Sinno ti k a y a t mo a k u y u g e n ? Sinno ti k a y a t m o nga a y a b a n ?

' W h o d o y o u w a n t to a c c o m p a n y ? ' ' W h o d o y o u w a n t to c a l l ? '

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Kayat and mayat can be inflected for tense, by inserting the Object-Focus past tense marker, -in- before the first vowel in kayat, and changing m- to n- in mayat. For example: KinayatMa met laeng ti n a p a n .

' S / H e w a n t e d to go, a n y w a y . '

N a y a t met laeng a n a p a n .

' S / H e w a n t e d to go, a n y w a y . '

Exercises 1. Complete these sentences by inserting the linker a/nga or marker ti where appropriate. a. KayatA» b. Kayatm/ c.

Sinno ti mayat

d. Mayatkami e. Ania ti kayatyo f

No kayatmo

g. Mano ti kayatmo h. Apay kayatmo i.

Mayat kayo kadi

j.

Mano ti mayat

gumatang iti tiket ti konsierto. dagasen ti gayyem/m idiaybalayda. agbakasion intuno Paskua? mangan iti bindonggo idiayrestauran ti Ilokano. basaen? iyawid dayta, alaeraon. bayadan? pumanawen? kumuyog kadakami? agubra ita?

2. Translate these sentences into Ilokano. a. I want to buy some food at the Chinese restaurant.

b. I want to do what you are doing, too.

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c.

Who wants to go strolling?

d. Where do you want to go, Paris or Rome?

e.

I want to read my lesson because I have an exam tomorrow,

f

What do you want to do?

g. I don't want to go gallivanting because I don't want to waste my time.

3. Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the missing phrases. Use the English translation to guide you in your answer. a.

Kayat^o

idiay baybay ta napudot ditoy.

'I want to go to the beach because it is hot here.' b. Kayatfo?

daytoybagasen, tapno makapangantayon.

'I want to cook this rice now, so we can eat now.' c.

Sinno

ngaagbuyaiti sineitattan? 'Who wants

to see a movie now?' d. Sinno

a Presidente idi ti Estados

Unidos, ni Apo Presidente Clinton wenno ni Apo Presidente Kennedy? 'Which U.S. president do you like better, President Clinton or President Kennedy?'

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no napudot ti tiempo, ta diak kayat ti

e. Diak kayat

agling-et. 'I don't want to exercise when the weather is hot, because I don't want to perspire.' f

dayta nabangles a sida ta diak kayat ti

Dia/c kayat

agsakit. 'I don't want to eat that spoiled dish, because I don't want to get sick.' ! Marieka&! 'I don't like that! It makes me feel

gicky.' h.

Ania

aprutas, ti ubas wenno ti mansanas? 'Which

fruit is better, grapes or apples?

C. Perfective Tense:

naka-, nakapagnil-, nai-, na—an The Actor-Focus affixes naka-, nakapag- and their Object-Focus counterparts na-, nai-, and na—an express completed action. The adverbial particles -en, -n, or -on, which mean 'already' in positive sentences, and 'anymore' in negative sentences are usually attached to these verbs. Without these adverbial particles, they could be interpreted as Abilitative or Accidental Verbs. In an exchange, the negative response uses pay 'still,' 'yet.' The Simple Perfect tense, Nagdigoskanl 'Did you take a bath already?' indicates expectation that the actor will complete the act; whereas the Perfective, Nakadigoskanl 'Have you taken a bath?' presupposes expectation that the act will be performed after other activities have been completed. Nakapag- functions in the same way as naka-, except that it is usually attached to verbs that take ag-.

Lesson 1 - Pampambar

For example: Nakadigos^an?

Negative

Response:

S a a n pay.

Positive

Response:

Wen, n a k a d i g o s a ^ o n .

' H a v e you t a k e n a bath ( a l r e a d y / y e t ) ? ' 'Not yet.'

'Yes, I have t a k e n a b a t h . '

N a l u t o kadi ti ikanen?

'Is the fish c o o k e d (already/yet)'

N a i p a k n i y o kadi dagiti lupoten?

' H a v e you put a w a y the clothes ( a l r e a d y / y e t ) ? '

S a a n p a y a nalabaan dagita mureng.

' T h o s e dirty clothes have not been laundered yet.'

NakadaitaA: iti badoA.

'I w a s able to s e w myself a d r e s s . '

Ay, d i s p e n s a r e / n ; naikka& ti asin ti k a p e m .

' O h , sorry; I accidentally put salt in your coffee.'

Exercises 1. Complete the sentences to form the responses to the questions. Be sure to use the Perfective forms in your responses. a. Nakasukatfe//?, BalasangAo? Wen, Nana, nakasukato/ron.

.

b. Nalabaaw dagiti unipormemon? Saan

.

c. Naibelleng/wo ti basuran, Ading? Wen,Manang,

.

d. Saansa pay a nadalusan daytoy datar, a, Nakkong? Samman, Inang,

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.

©

e. Nabuyam kadi tay baro a sinen? Saan, f

Nakagatangfca kadi iti pangaldawwon? Wen,

g.

.

.

Saanka kadi pay a nakapagmatrikula? Samman,

.

h. NakaluganAa iti eroplanon? Saan,

.

2. Choose five activities that have been completed by you, and five by someone else, and write them in complete sentences. Do not forget to attach the adverbial particles, -n, -en, and -on.

a.

nakaluto

b.

nakapangan

c.

nakadalus

d.

nakalpas

e.

naisagana

f

naibelleng

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g.

nadalusan

h.

nasagadan

i.

nakan

j.

nabasa

k.

naikkat

WRITING PRACTICE Write a letter of apology addressing any ofthe following situations. Give an elaborate explanation of your excuses. A. B. C. D. E. F.

You are late for class. You did not pay your debt on time. You missed a meeting. Your paper is late. You did not show up for your surprise birthday party. You did not do your assignment for the day.

FLUENCY PRACTICE A. Choose a conversation partner and verbally express the apologies that you wrote in the Writing Practice above. Explain to the other party your reasons for not fulfilling your commitment, or why you failed to show up for the event. B. Tell the story Pampambar rap style. "Produce" it with your group.

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C U LTU RAL ACTIVITI ES Pagsasao Translate the sayings, then connect the words and phrases to explain them. Each cluster makes up a sentence, and each saying may have one or more explanations. Awan ti adayo no gusto; awan ti narigat no kayat. •

Itarusmo iti Inggles:

Pagsisilpuem dagiti balikas a nailista, tapno mabukelmo ti kaipapanan ti pagsasao. Isuratmo ti binukelwo a sarita iti linia iti baba: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. •

no kayatmo tiagtrabaho ti narigat awan atrabaho

Isuratmo ti binukelmo a palawag ti pagsasao ditoy:

Ti hardin a napnot' ruot, hardin ti tao a nasadut. •

Itarus/Mo iti Inggles:

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•

Pagsisilpuem dagiti balikas a nailista, tapno mabukelmo ti kaipapanan ti pagsasao. Isuratmo ti binukelmo a sarita iti linia iti baba: 1. 2. 3. 4.

•

awan urnos ti tao ti biagtta anasadut

Isuratmo ti binukelmo a palawag ti pagsasao ditoy:

Ti nakersang a dakulap, isu ti dalan ti pirak. •

Itarusmo iti Inggles:

•

Itarusmo dagiti dagiti balikas a nailista, samo pagsisilpuen ida, tapno mabukelmo ti kaipapanan ti pagsasao. Isuratmo ti binukelmo a sarita iti linia iti baba: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

•

Lesson

a nagaget mabalin/w ti tao ti biagwa amapaimbag

Isuratmo ti binukelmo a palawag ti pagsasao ditoy:

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Ti adda inmula/ta, addanto met apiten/ia. •

Itarusmo iti Inggles:

•

Itaruswo dagiti balikas a nailista, samo pag^isilpuen ida, tapno mabukclmo ti kaipapanan ti pagsasao. Isuratw/o ti binukelwzo a sarita iti linia iti baba: 1. 2. 3. 4.

•

Isuratwo ti binukelwo a palawag ti pagsasao ditoy:

1. 2. 3. 4. •

no adda no agurnongAa addamagastom masapulwo

iti naimbag no agaramidAa itikinaimbag masubalintanAa met

Isuratwo ti binukelmo a palawag ti pagsasao ditoy:

Burburtia A. Translate these riddles in order to understand them. Memorize them so you can use them for fun in your social conversations. B. Insert the missing letters to form the answers to the riddles. C. Bring other Ilokano riddles to enjoy in class.

Kitaen-na£a. see/look at-s/he-you (sg.)

'S/He will see/look at you.'

Kitaen-ffi/'-^a. > Kitaen-ifafca. see/look at-we(excl.)-you (sg.)

'We (excl.) will see look at you.'

Kitaen-da-ka. > YLitaen-daka. see/look at-they-you (sg.)

'We (excl.) will see /look at you.'

The pronoun combinations -na- + -ak and -da + -ak become -nak and -dak, respectively. For example: Kitaen-wa-aft. > see/look at-s/he-me

Kitaen-naL

'S/He will see/look at me.'

Kitaen-wio-a&. > Kitaen -nak. see/look at-you (sg.)-me

'You will see/look at me.'

Kitaen-da-ak. > see/look at-they-me

'They will see/look at me.'

Kitaen -dak.

Kitaen-yo-ak. > Kitaen-rfa£. see/look at-you (pl.)-me

'You will see/look at me.'

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

Rule 4.

If the subject is third person, either singular or plural, no special combination forms occur, except that the usual Subject Pronoun which means 'they' -da, becomes a separate pronoun word: ida. In this instance, -ko does not drop. For example: Kitaen-ko-da. > see/look at-I-them

Kitaefc ida.

'I will see/look at them.'

Kitaen-mo-rfa. > Kitaem ida. see/look at-you (sg.)-they

'You see/look at them.'

Kitaen-yo-rfa. > Kitaenyo ida. see/look at-you (pl.)-them

'You see them.'

Kitaen-na-da. > Kitaenna ida. see/look at-s/he-them

'S/He sees/looks at them.'

No Combination Pronouns occur which could be interpreted as Reflexive Pronouns. The following, therefore, are ungrammatical. For example: *Kitaen-£ o-ak. > see/look at-I-me

*Kita ek-ak.

'I will see/look at myself.'

*Kitaem-ka * Kitaen-mo-£a. > see/look at-you (sg.)-you (sg.)

'You will see/look at yourself.'

*Kitaen-mi-kami. see/look at-we(excl.)-us(excl.)

'We will see/look at us.'

Reflexives are expressed not by Combination Pronouns but by the use of bagi 'body,' with the appropriate Possessive Pronoun.

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

For example: Kitae£ ti bagiA.

'I look at myself.'

Kitaem ti bagi/n.

'You look at yourself.'

Kitaenna ti bagina.

' S / H e will look at herself/himself.'

KitaeiWa ti bag\da.

'They look at themselves.'

Kitaenyo ti bagiyo.

'You (all) look at yourselves.'

Kitaen/a ti bagifa.

'The two of us look at ourselves.'

Kitaenmi ti bagiwn.

'We (excl.) look at ourselves.'

Kitaen/ayo ti bagitayo.

' W e (incl.) look at ourselves.'

Exercises 1. Examine the example below, then separate the Genitive and Nominative Pronouns within the combination. a. kitaen/îa&

-mo/-na

-ak

b. tuladenwa& c. dungdunguenAa d. indayunenAa e. tultuludenAa f.

di nakayo

fi-

kinusilapawza&a/m

ll. mailasincfa& i.

dispensarenna^

i-

umaynak

k. kanayonJaA:

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

2. Underline the Combination Pronouns, translate the sentences, and indicate which rule applies to them. a. TulungannaA: man, Apo. English: Rule: b. Sinapul&o ida idiay, ngem diak nakita ida. English: Rule: c. Dinak man iduron-duron. English: Rule: d. AwaganrfaA: ti Pedro Dalayap. English: Rule: e.

Tkkanka

ti sangadoliar, no mapugtuaw daytoy a burburtia.

English: Rule: f. InikkaA (isuna) iti adu a kuarta. English: Rule: g. Dagasenda kano ida idiay pagtrabtrabahuanda. English: Rule:

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

h. Didak man sutsutilen. English: Rule: i.

Agtalaw&a dita, ta amangan no kugtarannaka ti kabalio. English: Rule:

j.

PabuludanAa ti kuarta, no bayadam met laeng intuno bigat. English: Rule:

3. Translate into Ilokano. a. I will help you. b. I will pick you up. c. I will teach you. d. I will get you in. e. Look at me. f. Imitate me. g. Follow me. h. Please take me along. i.

Give me some money, please.

j.

You (pi.) listen to us.

k. You (pi.) get us out of here. 1. You (sg.) pick us up.

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg

Ken Maag a Piek

m. Don't you (pi.) forget us. n. He yelled at them. o. We saw them yesterday. p. They called them up. q. You (pi.) pick them up. r.

You (pi.) look for us there.

s. She answered them. t.

I will smile at him.

u. We looked at her. 4. Insert the Combination Pronouns in the sentence. Make adjustments on the verbal affix as necessary. Unless indicated, the second person pronoun is singular. a. Di

baybay-an a matinnag. 'Don't let me fall.'

b. Saan

a madagas intuno rabii. 'I can't pick you up tonight.'

c. Kuyugen d. Iballasiw

idiay ili. 'We will accompany you (pi.) to town.' idiay bangir. 'I will take you across.'

e. Inikkan

ti kanen. 'I gave them some food.'

f

iti napudot a danom. ' They bathed me with hot water.'

Dinigos

g- No taliawen h. No awagan L Dispensaren j-

Kanayon

k. Umay

, agpayapay&a. 'If they turn to look at you, wave.' , kasaritaw. 'If he calls you, talk to him.' . 'Pardonme.' a sursuratan. 'He always writes to her.' man dagasen. 'Please (you, pi.) pick us up.

B. Abilitative Verbs Verbs denoting ability to perform an action are prefixed with maka-, makapag-, and makai- in the Actor-Focus mode, and ma-, mai-, and ma—an in the Object-Focus mode. For example: Actor-Focus: makamakapan

'can go'

makaturpos

'can graduate'

makapagna

'can walk'

makalpas

'can finish'

makangngeg

'can hear'

Actor-Focus: makapagmakapagbiahe

'can travel'

makapaglakwatsa

'can gallivant'

makapagwatwat

'can exercise'

makapagballog

'can gallivant'

makapagtaraken

'can care for'

makapagennat-ennat

'can relax, stretch'

mak ap agay- ayam

'can play'

makapagbakasion

'can take a vacation'

makapagmula

'can plant'

makapagtrabaho

'can work'

Makapag- is generally applied to ag-verbs, and maka- to the rest of the Actor-Focus Verbs, including some ag-verbs. The difference between makapag- and maka- when used with the ag- verbs may be explained this way. Makapag- denotes reason as a condition for the ability to perform an action. For example, in Makapagadalak, ta adda trabahokon

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

'I can go to school because I have a job now,' the job is the reason behind the ability to go to school. In Makaadalak iti matematiks 'I can learn/study math,' the innate or acquired ability enables the actor to do the task. Makapag- is also used in the context of other activities that have to be accomplished before performing the task. Saanak a makapagluto 'I can't cook,' implies other activities or tasks that are preventing the actor from doing the cooking. In Saanak a makaluto ta nasakit ti bagbagik 'I can't cook because I feel sick,' factors such as illness, lack of knowledge or skill or lack of equipment, among other things, could be reasons for the inability to perform the task. Makapag- is generally used with animate entities, particularly humans, or animals that sometimes perform human tasks. Maka- is used much less frequently with verbs that are naturally ag-verbs. When maka- is used in a context where makapag- is more appropriate, it could mean that careless or casual native speaker speech is in play, or the proximity in meaning has allowed native speakers to use both interchangeably. Actor-Focus: makaimakaisubli

'can return'

makaipan

'can take to'

makaidulin

'can put away'

makaibelleng

'can throw out'

makaipuruak

'can toss out'

Exercises 1. The words below are Abilitative Verbs maka-, makapag-, and makai-. See if any of the words can be substituted for the underlined verbs in the sentence. a. Saan a makapan ti ubing idiay bangir. b. Saan a makaitudo ti ramayko ta nasakit. c. Saan a makastrek ti tao, no nakarikep ti ridaw. d. Saan a makauni ti ubing.

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

e. MakaitugotoA: iti kanen, no adda tiempoA:. f.

Makapagdalusafc no pumanawAa dita.

makarikna 'can feel'

makatrabaho 'can w o r k '

makainom 'can drink'

makapagsigarilio 'can smoke'

makatayab 'can fly'

makalangoy 'can swim'

makasao 'can speak'

makagunay 'can move'

makataray 'can run'

makakuti 'can move'

makaruar 'can go/get out'

makaibelleng 'can throw out'

makaidulin 'can put away'

makaisurat 'can write'

makaawid 'can go home'

makaadal 'can study'

makadanon 'can reach (a place)'

makaasideg 'can come/go near'

makasubli 'can return'

makapaglako 'can sell'

makaluto 'can c o o k '

makaisagana 'can p r e p a r e '

makaturog 'can sleep'

makaanges 'can breathe'

makapapugot 'can make skin d a r k '

makalayus 'can flood'

makasinit 'can singe'

makangngeg 'can hear'

2. Complete each sentence with the logical Abilitative Verb. The first one is done for you. a. Ti pilay, saan a

makataray iti napardas

.

b. Ti tuleng, saan a

.

c. Ti tuppol, saan a

.

d. Ti singkol, saan a

.

e. Ti bulsek, saan a

.

f.

.

Ti natay, saan a

g. Ti ikan, saan a

.

h. Ti tagibi, saan a

.

i.

Ti kayo, saan a

.

j.

Ti umel, saan a

.

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

3. Supply the logical Abilitative Verb to complete the sentence. The first one is done for illustration. a. Ti tudo,

makabasa

ken

makalayus.

b. Ti apoy, c. Ti paltog, d. Ti kutsilio, e. Ti kotse, f.

Ti kabalio,

g. Ti lames, h. Ti tukak, i.

Ti billit,

j.

Ti init,

k. Ti danom, 1. Ti angin, m. Ti musika, n. Ti agas, o. Ti kanen, p. Ti sabidong, Object-Focus: ma-, mai-, and ma—an Recall that ma-, mai-, and ma—an verbs are the Object-Focus counterparts of maka-, makapag-, and makai-. Ma- is derived from the -en verb, mai- is derived from the i- verb, and ma—an is from the -an verb.

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

Study these examples: Object-Focus: makitaen

>

makita

'to see'

>

'can see'

bilangen

>

mabilang

'to count'

>

'can count'

riknaen

>

marikna

'to feel'

>

'can feel'

denggen

>

mangngeg

'to hear'

>

'can hear'

alawen

>

maalaw

'to rescue'

>

'can rescue'

Object-Focus: maiibaga

>

maibaga

'to tell'

>

'can tell'

ibelleng

>

maibelleng

'to throw out'

>

'can throw out'

ilukat

>

mailukat

'to open'

>

'can open'

iserrek

>

maiserrek

'to bring in'

>

'can bring in'

itudo

>

maitudo

'to point to'

>

'can point to'

Object-Focus: ma- •an ramanan

>

maramanan

'to taste'

>

'can taste'

iggaman

>

maiggaman

'to hold'

>

'can hold'

tulungan

>

matulungan

'to help'

>

'can help'

pugtuan

>

mapugtuan

'to guess'

>

'can guess'

dalusan

>

madalusan

'to clean'

>

'can clean'

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

Exercise 1. Write your own sentences containing the Object-Focus Abilitative Verbs. Abilitative Verb: maExample: Maalak ti pasport&o itan no agbayackzA: iti ad-adu. 'I will be able to get my passport if I pay more.' a. b. Abilitative Verb: maiExample: MaipanAo dagitoy idiay, no tulungannaA:. 'I will be able to take these there, if you help me.' a. b. Abilitative Verb: ma—an Example: Madalusanna ti sapatoswa no kayatna. ' S/He can clean her/his shoes if s/he wants to.' a. b. Remember that -n is deleted when the suffixes -an and -en are followed by the pronouns -ko and -mo, which are reduced to -k and -m. Hence, -enko becomes -ek and -anko becomes -ak. For example: Maala/n dayta no p a d a s e m nga alaen.

'You can get that if y o u try to get it.

Ala alae/non.

Go ahead and get it n o w . '

Maisuratmo dayta no padasem nga isurat. Ala isuratmon.

'You can write that if y o u try to write it. Go ahead and write it n o w . '

Masungbatam dayta no padasem a sungbatan. Ala sungbatamon.

'You can answer that if y o u try to answer. Go ahead and answer it n o w . '

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

m

C. Participative Verbs: maki-, paki—an, kaThe Participative or Associative Verb has different affixations depending on its focus. The Actor-Focus form is maki- and the Patient-Focus forms arepaki—an, and ka-. Maki- is used when referring to the primary actor, the initiator of the action, and ka- places in focus the secondary actor, the one the action is performed with. Paki—an, also functions as secondary actor, but it differs from ka- in the following ways. Paki-an can only occur in equational sentences. In a topicalized sentence, the sentence following the topicalizer is always equational. Ka-, on the other hand, can occur in various sentence structures, and establishes an equal relationship between the co-actors. Paki—an, performs another function, the location of the participative action. This is whypaki-an cannot occur at the beginning of the sentence, unless it is a question. The past forms of maki-, paki-an, and ka- are naki, naki—an, and kina-, respectively. Study the examples.

Equational

Sentence:

Sinno ti p a k i d a y a a n / a y o ? Idiay balay da Fe ti pakidayaan/ayo. Sinno ti kasalanto ni Edna?

Topicalized

Sentence:

Ni Juan ket, isu ti pakisalaanna. Daydiay balay da Fe ket, isu ti pakituruganiayo. Ni Edna ket, isunto ti kasalak iti ' p r o m . '

Descriptive

' W h o m will we party with?' 'At F e ' s house is where we will party.' ' W h o m will Edna d a n c e with?'

' A s for Juan, he is the one she will dance with.' 'At F e ' s house is where we will sleep.' ' A s for Edna, she will be the one I'll dance with at the p r o m . '

Sentence:

Makipangan/ayo kada Bongbong. M a k i s a l a i a kenni Edna. Kasala ni Edwin ni Edna.

' L e t ' s eat at B o n g b o n g ' s . ' 'You dance with Edna.' 'Edna is Edwin's dancing partner.'

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

Exercise Create your own mini-dialogs using Participative Verbs in similar situations as below and role-play them.

A is urging B to dance with someone. A: Tnka makisala kenkuana. 'Go dance with him.' B: Sinno ti pakisalaaA? 'Whom will I dance with?' A: Ni Cesar. 'Cesar.'

Toy is dancing with Aileen. A: Sinno ti kasalsala ni Toy? 'Whom is Toy dancing with?' B: Ni Aileen. 'Aileen.'

A is informing B that they will be joining a party the following week. A: Makidayaiayonto intuno lawas. 'Let's go to/join a party next week.' B: Sadinno ti pakidayaantaryo? 'Where will we join up for a party?' A: Ditoy kaarrubawi/. 'Here at our neighbor's.'

WRITING PRACTICE A.

In groups of three, create an animal story and give it to another group. The group will correct the grammar, edit it, and return it to you for revision. Submit it to your instructor for further correction when revision is completed.

B.

Pretend your are the puddle. Write an observation or a complaint from your point of view. Read it in class.

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

FLUENCY PRACTICE A. Tell your animal stories in class. B. Interactive Exercise: Take a partner and create your own exchanges that are similar to the exchanges below. Be sure to use Combination Pronouns. Jojo: Bong: Abe: Agnes: C. D. E. F. G.

No ikkannak ni Tatang ti kuarta,... saanAa nga utangan. 'If father gives me money, I will not borrow from you.' No ikkmdakami ti kanen... pagyamananJa&a/agyamankami kenka. 'If you give us food, we will thank you.'

Dramatize the story in this Lesson. Extend it by adding more animals that attempted to help the chick. Include some dialog that reflects greater frustration on the part of the animals that are helping. In the process, augment the dialog by ad-libbing. What could you do if you won ten million dollars? Tell your group in Ilokano, using Abilitative Verbs. What could you accomplish if your shadow could do things for you separately from your body? Tell the class in Ilokano, using Abilitative Verbs. What could you do if you were invisible and had wings? Tell the class in Ilokano, using Abilitative Verbs. Using Participative Verbs, tell the different ways you can ask people, if you could ..., using the request expression di la mabalin.. .'would you mind...' or man 'please.' Notice that there are two ways of expressing it. The first one is done for illustration. 1. ... play with them

Di la mabalin ti makiay-ayam

kadakayo?

Makiay-ayamak man kadakayo. 2. ... join them for a picnic

3. ... go marketing with them

4. ... go to a party with them

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

H.

What are the different ways you can invite a close friend to..., and how does s/he refuse the invitation politely? Write the invitation on the first line and the refusal on the second line, and then practice reading them aloud with a partner. Use the maki- prefix. 1. ... eat at someone's house? Inta makipangan kada Manang Josie. Dispensarew ta saan a mabalin. Adu pay ti aramideA:. 2. ... go to a wedding

(boda)

party?

3. ... go to swim at someone's swimming pool?

4. ... sit with someone?

C U LTU RAL ACTIVITIES Pagsasao A.

How do the sayings apply to your life or the life of someone you know? Supply a short anecdote to enhance your answers.

Ti aglisi iti ammo/ifl a dalan, nalabit a mayaw-awan.

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

o

Itarus/no iti Inggles:

Itarus/no nga umuna dagiti balikas samo pagsisilpuen ida, tapno mabukelmo ti kaipapanan ti pagsasao. Isuratmo ti binukelmo a sarita iti baba. 1. 2. 3. 4.

ti pagbanagaw iti dakes no agaramidÀa dakes met

Isuratffîo ti palawag ti pagsasao iti rabaw ti linia:

Ti bilbilin wenno patigmaan, isudat' pagsarmingan. Itaruswo iti Inggles:

Itarusmo nga umuna dagiti balikas samo pagsisilpuen ida, tapno mabukel/wo ti kaipapanan ti pagsasao. Isuratwo ti binukelmo a santa iti baba. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

a balakad ti naimbag iti nalinteg iturongnaka abiag

Isurat/Mo ti binukelmo a pagsasao ditoy:

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

B. Complete each of the sentences to make a proverb.

1. Ti saan a mangikaskaso iti naimbag a balakad,

2. Ti saan a makakita iti adda iti sanguananwa,

3. Ti nalaka iti maysa a tao, mabalin a

4. Lumaklaka ti narigat a trabaho no

5. Rumigrigat ti nalaka a trabaho no

Burburtia A.

Examine what the riddles are saying so that you can do the tasks indicated in this section. Nasken a rebbaeA ti balay&o, tapno agbiagaA a nakaay-ayo. •

Itarusmo iti Inggles:

Daytoy ti sungbatoa:

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg

Ken Maag a Piek

i

t

1

0

g

G>

•

Isuratwo dagiti tulong iti panangsungbat a nangiturong iti sungbat nga "itlog." 1. 2.

3. 4. 5.

Taray a taray sa maitugtog; no maburak, kasla puraw a buok. •

Itarusmo iti Inggles: Tulong iti panangsungbat: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

•

Nalamiis ken nabasa. No maminsan, nainayad; no maminsan, napardas. No maminsan, dakkel; no maminsan, bassit. Maiggamaw, ngem saanwo a mabagkat. Agsasarunongaumay. M a b a l i n a luganan no agserpingfoz.

Ania ti sungbatoa?

d

1

1

y

n

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

Kansion Memorize the song, and create dance steps that match its lyrics and rhythm.

Sitsiritsit Melody: "Sitsiritsit" llokano Lyrics: Precy Espiritu

Sitsiritsit, kulibangbang Kulalanti, ararawan Ti balasang iti dalan No agikkis, kasla musang. Santo Ninio idiay Vigan Nagmilagro 'diay tiendaan. N o dika agpautang

Kugtaranrca&di ti nuang. Babbaro, babbalasang Bari-bari, ket annadan. Inayadew ta pagammuan Makadanon 'diay simbaan. (Ulitem ti umuna a berso.) * • Ipalawagmo iti llokano no... 1. 2. 3. 4.

... ania ti irepresentar dagiti ayup iti daytoy a kansion. ... ania dagiti kababalin ti Pilipino a madlawmo iti kansion. ... ania ti iladladawan ti maikatlo a berso. ... ania ti koneksion ti umuna a berso iti maikatlo a berso.

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

CULTURE NOTES Philippine society is hierarchical in nature. The elders represent higher authority that the young people are expected to obey, because it is the tradition. The elders are supposed to possess wisdom and knowledge that young people should be learning from. There is no basis for democratic participation because higher authority always prevails. Clearly, society imposes certain restrictions on the young. For example, it is considered bad manners for them to interrupt an adult conversation. Generally they are not allowed to think for themselves, especially at a young age. Respect for elders is expected, and strict obedience is demanded. In the story, thepiek did not know how to cross the puddle so she could be on her way. She panicked. Perhaps it was because she was not taught to think for herself. Her mother was always the authority to be followed, and so she never developed the ability to make logical decisions and make good judgments when crisis arose. The general notions of egalitarianism are not entrenched in the Philippine value system. However, modern Philippine society, influenced by Western social and psychological studies, is becoming more receptive to change. It has learned that it is possible to allow children to be resourceful and assertive while not losing the traditional values, and that it helps children's growth and development to give them the opportunity to express themselves. On the other hand, it is evident that permissiveness dilutes stability ofbehavior. Therefore our society must have a balance between excessive freedom andrigidityof traditions.

Lesson 3 - Ti Nasubeg Ken Maag a Piek

LESSON

4

Tl KASADUTAN NGA UBING READING Pre-Reading Discussion A. What are considered choice occupations or professions in the United States? In the Philippines? What determines these choices? In the United States, what ethnic groups are prevalent in which fields of employment? Why might that be? B. Is there a difference in the attitude toward work among people? Toward learning and education? Is attitude a factor in the choice of work or in the pursuit of education, or are there other factors that are more prominently in play? C. Research some statistics from the Department of Labor showing the distribution of employment of your state's population. Is there a correlation between ethnicity and field of employment? Explain your point of view. D. Research some statistics on student enrollment at your University in the last two years. What percentage is Filipino? What fields of study are they pursuing? Is there an increase or decline in enrollment? What might be the reason for either phenomenon?

Reading Tasks A. Read the story in three to five minutes, then summarize it in three sentences. B. Read the story again in four minutes and find the answers to these questions: 1. Ania ti ar-aramiden ti lakay idi nakitawa dagiti ubbing a lallaki? 2. Sinno ti nangabak iti pisos? 3. Aniaadireksiontitiirturungentilakay?

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 2 8. 29. 30. 31.

©

Aniati ar-aramidendagitiubbingalallakiiti sirokti kayo? Aniati posision¿¿2 idiay? Ania ti napasamak iti lakay idi asitgama koma dagiti ubbing? Ania ti inaramid ti lakay kalpasan a tinulungan dagiti ubbing? Ania ti inaramid ti umunangaubingtapno ipakita/ia ngaisuti kasadutan? Ania ti itsura wenno langa ti lakay a magmagna? Ania kano latta ti kayat nga aramiden ti umuna nga ubing? Ania ti kanayon nga ar-aramiden ti lakay tunggal supiaten/ja ti ibaga dagiti ubbing? Ania ti inaramid ti maikadua nga ubing tapno makumbinsirna ti lakay nga isuna ti kasadutan? Ania ti kayat ti maikadua nga ubing nga aramiden ti lakay iti pisos nga iggem/za? Ania kano laeng ti kayat nga aramiden ti maikadua nga ubing? Apay? Ania ti impalawag ti umuna nga ubing tapno makumbinsinza ti lakay nga isuna ti kasadutan? Apay kano a magusgustuan ti umuna nga ubing ti agdigos? Ania ti posision ti maikatlo nga ubing idi nagsao? Ania ti imbaga/ia? Ania dagiti imbaga ti maikatlo nga ubing tapno makumbinsirwa ti lakay nga isuna ti kasadutan? Apay kano a kayat ti maikatlo nga ubing ti agdengngeg iti musika? Ania ti panagrikna ti maikatlo nga ubing maipapan iti panagtrabaho? Kasano nga impakita ti maikapat nga ubing iti posision ken panagsarita«a nga isuna ti kasadutan? Ania manen ti inaramid ti lakay idi imbagana iti maikadua nga ubing nga saan nga isu ti kasadutan? Ania ti imbaga ti maikapat nga ubing tapno makumbinsirna ti lakay nga isuna ti kasadutan? Kasano a tinulungan dagiti ubbing ti lakay? Ania kano ti saan pulos a kayat ti maikapat nga ubing nga aramiden? Kasano kano a nakapan ti maikapat nga ubing idiay sirok ti kayo a pagin-inanaaní/a? Apay a kayat unay ti maikapat nga ubing nga isuna ti makaala iti pisos? Ania ti aramidenna iti pisos? Apay kano nga awan a pulos ti kayat ti maikapat nga ubing nga aramiden? Ania ti inaramid ti maikapat ubing tapno maipisok ti kuarta iti bolsada? Ania kano laeng ti kayat nga aramiden ti maikatlo nga ubing, uray no agpatpatnag ken agmalmalem? Apay a nagriri ti maikapat nga ubing idi inikkan ti lakay iti sagsasangapulo a pisos dagiti sabali nga ubbing? Apay nga inikkan ti lakay ti sagsasangapulo a pisos dagiti tallo a naabak?

Lesson 4 - Ti Kasadutan nga Ubing

C. Of the first three boys, who is the laziest? The most creative? The most academic? The most musical? D. Are the stereotypes discussed above reflected in the story? Read those sections in the stoiy aloud where you have found them, and allow your group to judge whether or not you are reading the correct section. E. Read the story one more time. List all of the location and position words. Under each word, tell what's happening. F. Read the story again. Select and list some prominent action words. Looking only at your list, use them to tell parts of the story. G List important nouns that move the story along. Use them to tell parts of the story. H. List all of the adjectives in the story. What or who are they describing? I. Tell the reason why, in your opinion, the old man's actions are fair, and one reason why they are not.

STORY Ti Kasadutan nga Ubing ^ a y s a nga aldaw, magmagna ti maysa a lakay a nakasarrukod iti dalan nga agpalaud. Nakakita iti uppat nga ubbing a lallaki nga agin-inana iti sirok tikayo. Nakatugaw'o, aya?" J | | Ja sinaludsodAo.

"Addatalo iti laud, Manong," insungbat ti maysa. "Kasta, aya?" insungbat&o met. "Surutem daytoy a dalan, ingganat' madano wno ti dakkel a simbaan iti maikatlo a kanto. Daydiayakalye iti kanto ket Artemio Ricarte ti nagan«a. Agpakannawanfaa idiay. Iti sanguanan ti simbaan iti ballasiw daydiay a kalye, makitaw ti maysa a balay anapintaan iti asul, nga adda ruangarma a landok, a napintaan iti puraw. Iti likudan daydiay a balay, adda maysa a kalapaw, a nalawlawan iti gumamela ken bangbangsit.

Lesson

6 - Direksìon Nga Awan

Direksionna

Sangsanguen daytoy a balay ti Kalye Artemio Ricarte." "Isu daydiay ti balayda?" sinaludsodA». "Saan. Saan a daydiay," naggigiddanJc/ a simmungbat. "AgpaabagatanAa jr 4 ,r>riVv paybassit, ingganat' makitam ti maysa ngaatiddoga pasdeknga addatianggeken panadería iti babana. Sangsanguen daytoy ti Artemio Ricarte. Iti ballasiw, adda maysa a balay a nakurtinaan iti ginansilio nga amarilio ken bende ti koloraa. Iti sanguanan daytoy a balay, addabalasitang nga aglaklako iti miki. No sangsanguem ti balay, makitam ti bantay iti laud," impalawag tay maysa "Isu daydiay ti balayad?" sinaludsodA'o manen. "Saan, saan pay a daydiay,ngem asideg idiayen," agkumkumpas a simmungbat ti dua. "Magnala pay, ingganat' makitaw ti kalye nga Antonio Luna. Adda estasion ti pulis iti maysa a kanto. AgpakannigidAa idiay. Malabsa/w ti estasion ti pulis iti kannawaiwjo. Iti kannigidwo adda madanonmo a balay ti Kastila. Iti sanguanan daydiay a balay, adda maysa a balay a bassit a naatepan ti panaw." "Ngem saan a daydiay ti balayda, ania?" inunaaAon, rigati namnamae^a daydiayen ti balayda. "Ne, apaynga ammoffl? r ^ Nakapanda kadi idiayen?" sinaludsod ti maysa a kasla natikaw.

Lesson 6 - Direksion Nga Awan Direksionna

Nagpaggaak dagiti dua nga ubbing a kaduana. "NagrigatAa a makaawaten, Pare," kasla agang-angaw a kinuna dagiti dua iti gayyemda. Idi kuan, sinango babassit B a b a s s i t dagiti b a l b a l a y ditoy. JVa-Pre f i x e d : pintas > napipintas Pinilirfa d a g i t i n a p i p i n t a s a t a g i b i p ara iti k o n t e s d agiti u b b i n g .

collapsed.'

' T h e h o u s e s here are small.' ' T h e y c h o s e the b e a u t i f u l b a b i e s for the children's contest.'

Verb: lumba > aglulumba N adalapus(/fl& dagiti a glulumba nga ubbing.

' T h e r a c i n g k i d s b u m p e d into m e . '

People Terms: balasang > babbalasang N a e m m a d a g i t i b a b b a l a s a n g idiay l u g a r y o .

' T h e y o u n g / s i n g l e w o m e n at y o u r p l a c e are d e m u r e . '

«jV+Vowel-initial Verb: ayam > agaayam A g a a y a m dagiti u b b i n g iti k a l s a d a .

' T h e c h i l d r e n a r e p l a y i n g in t h e s t r e e t . '

istoria > agiistoria Agiistoria dagiti b a b b a r o agiinom ti a r a k .

l i q u o r , a r e telling s t o r i e s . '

nga

a^V+Vowel-initial Adjective: adayo > agaadayo A g a a d a y o dagiti b albalay.

' T h e y o u n g m e n , w h o a re d r i n k i n g

' T h e h o u s e s a r e far a p a r t . '

Exercise Write a sentence exemplifying each of the plural types as illustrated in the table above. Examples are provided for illustration. Noun: Ipanmo dagita tugtugaw dita ruar.

Lesson 7 - Ti Sekreto ni Manong

Simo

Adjective: Affixless Adjective: NagkampaniaJa kadagiti dadakkel a siudad, ta adu ti botantes idiay.

Na-Affixed

Adjective:

Naggiankami kadagiti napipintas a balbalay.

Verb: Nagtataray dagiti ipes idi pinasuyutant/a iti "Raid."

People Terms: Tinapatan dagiti babbaro dagiti babbalasang.

AgV+Vowel-initial Verb: Agiinom dagiti lallaki iti sanguanan ti tiangge ni NanaTrining.

AgV+Vowel-initial Adjective: Agaasideg dagiti balbalay idiay lugar mi.

Lesson

7 - Ti Sekreto

ni Manong

Simo

WRITING PRACTICE A. Construct a dialogue between Manong Simo and Manang Lupe as indicated in the following situations: 1. Sinaludsod ni Manong Simo ti naggapuan daydiay surat a derosas. Simo: Lupe: 2. Isutsutil ni Manang Lupe daydiay L.T. a nagsurat kenni Manong Simo. Lupe: Simo: 3. Bisnis kano laeng daydiay, ken awan kano ti pakadanaganwa, ta nalpas daydiayen, ngem saan a mamati ni Manang Lupe. Simo: Lupe: 4. Impakaammo ni Manang Lupe a natakuatanwan ti sekreto ti asawawa. Lupe: Simo: 5. Sinaludsod ni Manong Simo kenkuana no apay a binasana ti surat, ket saanna met a kukua. Simo: Lupe: 6. Siluluksaw nga inyawat ni Manang Lupe kenni Manong Simo ti surat. Lupe: Simo:

Lesson 7 - Ti Sekreto ni Manong Simo

B. If you were Leticia Torres, the young lady suspected of sending the pink letter, what would you have said in the letter? Write the letter. C. Pretend you are Manong Simo or Manang Lupe. Compose a six-line song or poem for or about your wife or husband. Choose a classmate and sing your song, or recite your poem, to him/her in class. Have fun with it.

FLUENCY PRACTICE A. Below is a dialog between Manang Lupe and Manong Simo. Supply the word or phrase that completes the sentences in the blank space. 1. Lupe: Adda

, Simo!

2. Simo: Mudtoy

ta kitae&.

3. Lupe:

idiay Vigan.

4. Simo:

ngatan, ania, ta inikkatmon iti sobre/7a?

5. Lupe:

iti sobrewa, ngem diak binasa.

6. Simo: Saan£a man nga 7. Lupe: Adda

gayyemwo a sarsarungkara/w idiay!

8. Simo: Kitae/w man,

gayamen.

B. Answer A for Agpayso if the statement is true and SA for Saan nga Agpayso, if the statement is false. If it is false, give the correct answer. 1.

Nagapa da Manong Simo ken Manang Lupe gapu iti panagbarbartek ni Manong Simo.

2.

Ammo ni Manang Lupe a saan a ni Leticia ti naggapuan ti surat ngem naginkukuna latta a nagimon.

3.

Lesson

Napugtuan ni Manong Simo no sinno ti naggapuan ti derosas a surat.

7 - Ti Sekreto

ni Manong

Simo

4.

Nagsurat ni Loreto Tomas iti maestro«« tapno agpatulong nga agbirok iti pagtrabahuanrca.

5.

Sigud/Dati nga estudiante ni Manong Simo ni Leticia Torres.

6.

Mapmapan ni Manong Simo idiay Vigan idi, gapu iti bisnis/ta.

7.

Awan a pulos ti relasion da Leticia Torres ken Manong Simo itan.

8.

Adda pay la relasion da Leticia Torres ken Manong Simo.

C. Give a statement or question that precedes each of the following sentences. 1. Lupe: 2. Simo: Naggapuan««? 3. Lupe: 4. Simo: Ni Leticia Torres ngata. 5. Lupe: 6. Simo: Saan^o a nobia dayta. 7. Lupe: 8. Simo: Nabayag daydiayen. D. The quoted statements are taken directly from the story. Answer the questions within the brackets. 1. "Nabayag daydiayen." [Ania ti nabayagen?] 2. "Salsaludsudew pay laeng ket ammorn la ngaruden." [Ania kano ti ammo ni Manang Lupen?]

Lesson 7 - Ti Sekreto ni Manong

Simo

3. "Isu met la a kanayonAa idiay Vigan!" [Ania ti impagarup ni Manang Lupe?] 4. "Sapay koma (maestro) ta maawatanyo daytoy a kasasaad^o." [Ania ti kasasaad ni Loreto Tomas?] 5. "Naimbag koma pay no diak inang-angaw." [Ania ti inyangaw ni Manang Lupe?] 6. "Saanmo a pakadanagan daydiayen ta nalpasen." [Ania ti nalpasen?] 7. "Bisnis kano ket babai met gayam." [Bisnis kano ti ania?] 8. "Ala man laengen. IbagaA man laengen." [Ania ti ilimlimedfla?] 9. "Binasam gayamen." [Ania ti impagarup ni Manong Simo?] 10. "Mwdtoy man ta kitae/c." [Ania ti dawdawatenwa?] E. Conversation Starters. Give a convincing alibi to your girlfriend/boyfriend denying the evidence of a possible affair in the following situations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Lesson

Apay adda mantsa ti lipistik iti kuelio ti polom? Apay adda numero ti telepono ken inisial iti pitakam? Apay adda posporo ti hotel iti bagmo/bolsam? Akinkua kadaytoy panyo a nabordaan iti B.M.? Apay naladawA:«? Nabayagak nga agur-urayen.

1 - Ti Sekreto ni Manong

Simo

F. Improvise the following scene: Kasta unay ti pauyo ni Manang Lupe. Kasta unay ti sakit ti nakemwa. Managpauyo pay met a namimpinsan. Kasta unay met ti pa nangay-ayo ni Manong Simo kenkuana. Saanna a tinantanan ingganat' di nagsardeng a nagsangit.

CULTURAL ACTIVITIES Pagsasao What is the first saying referring to? What lesson can be learned from the second saying? How so? Bay-am ti agipato, no napudot pay ti ulo. •

Itarusmo iti Inggles:

•

Pagsisilpuem dagiti balikas, tapno mabukelmo ti kaipapanan ti pagsasao. Isuratmo ti binukel/wo a sarita iti linia iti baba. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

•

sakbay nga tapno saan agdesision&a nga agriro wenno manghusgaAa urayem ti ulom a lumamiis ti desision/wo

Palawag ti pagsasao:

Lesson

7 - Ti Sekreto

ni Manong

Simo

•

Sungbata/M dagitoy a saludsod: 1. 2. 3.

Ania dagiti nasayaat nga aramidewz no "napudot ti ulom"l Ania dagiti mabalin a m a p a s a m a k no napudot ti ulom, ket saanmo a maigawid ti bagira? Ania koma ti nasayaat nga aramidem no napudot ti ulo ti kasarsaritawz? Ti nalamuyot a sao, lunagennat' natangken a puso.

•

Itarusmo iti Inggles:

•

Pagsisilpuem dagiti balikas, tapno mabukelmo ti kaipapanan ti pagsasao. Isuratwo ti binukel/wo a sarita iti linia iti baba. 1. 2. 3. 4.

•

ti riribok no al-aluadaw maliklika/w ti panagsasaom

Isuratmo ti pinagsisilpow a balikas ditoy linia:

Burburtia A. Fill in the squares with the missing letters to arrive at the answers to the riddles. B. Memorize the riddles verbatim, so you can include them in your social conversations. Nagluto ni ama; nakusel, nabasa; Rinnan//« pati banga. •

Itarusrao iti Inggles:

Lesson 1 - Ti Sekreto ni Manong Simo

Tulong iti panangsungbat: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Nagbukel. Adu ti bukel/ra. No maminsan, nasam-it. No maminsan, naalsem. Maaramidngainumen. Maaramid a sinam-it.

Aniati sungbatna?

b

b

y

s

Surot a surot ni Juan, uray sadinnot' papana///. Itaruswo iti Inggles:

Tulong iti panangsungbat: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Nangisit. Naingpis. Makita/w, ngem saanmo a maiggaman. No maminsan, adda iti sikiga/n; no maminsan, adda iti likudam. 5. No maminsan, adda iti sanguanam 6. No maminsan, akaba; no maminsan, akikid. Aniati sungbataa?

n

n

n

n

Lesson

7 - Ti Sekreto

ni Manong

Simo

Rumuarrfa iti rabii; no aglawagen, in da agkubli. Itarusmo iti Inggles:

Tulong iti panangsungbat: 1.

No maminsan, agtinnag.

2.

Agsilap-silap.

3.

Pangibagaaw kadagiti kalikagummo.

4.

Mapukaw no agtudo.

5.

Sinurot kano dagiti pastores idi naiyanak ni Jesus

Ania ti sungbat/ia?

b

t

No tiritireAr ta imam, agarubusen ti luam. Itaruswo iti Inggles:

Tulong iti panangsungbat: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Naaramid iti landok. No lukatam; agtedted ti danom. Adda napintas; adda naalas. Adda agiati; adda saan. Adda dakkel; adda bassit. Lukatam no agdigos^a. Usare/?; no agugasfcx

Ania ti sungbatwa?

Lesson

7 - Ti Sekreto

ni Manong

Simo

u

n

•

Sungbataw dagitoy a saludsod. 1.

Ania ti ibagbaga«« nga "ima"?

2.

Ania ti ibagbaga«« a "lua"? Naglemmeng ti kunana, ngem r u m r u m u a r met ti iilo/za.

•

Itarusmo iti Inggles:

Tulong iti panangsungbat: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Usarem no agaramid&a iti balay. Natirad. Natangken. Adda nakuttong; adda nalukmeg. Adda ababa; adda atiddog. Makatudok. Usaren ti karpintero. Naaramid iti landok. Adda bassit; adda dakkel. Mabalin a makadunor wenno makatudok

Ania ti sungbatMtf?

1

n

a

Kansion A. Listen to the melody o f the song, then write down the visual images it conjures up. B. Tell the story behind the song. •

Sungbataw dagitoy a saludsod: 1.

Ania ti pakaammuan nga agar-arem pay laeng ti baro iti balasang?

2.

Ania dagiti inkarkari ti baro iti balasang?

Lesson

7 - Ti Sekreto

ni Manong

Simo

Ilokana A Nasudi Ilokana a napnuan sudi Sapatam ay, nakapapati Toy pusoA:, innak kenka inkari Sika, sika, awan sabali Ti innak ay-ayaten Ken pagserbian tungpal tanem. Ay, wen. Ilokana a naemma Dia/cto agayaten No dmak aklunen Ilokana a naregta DiaAto agbiagen No di nak ay-ayuen. Ay, wen. *

Lesson

7 - Ti Sekreto ni Manong

Simo

CULTURE NOTES As explained in the story, traditional Filipinos consider their children to be the wealth and backbone of the family. This is especially true of people who are poor or those who farm the land. The children can help take care of the business and tend the farm. The older children try to find work to help their younger siblings get an education. For these reasons, Filipinos are not averse to having many children. Perhaps this is one reason family planning has seen little success in the Philippines, apart from the fact that the Catholic religion has consistently been in the way of its implementation. At an early age, children are taught family responsibilities, whether it is a business, taking care of family members, or maintaining a home. It is not unusual to see a nine-yearold doing the laundry or helping prepare meals. Children do chores as their share of family responsibility. For survival, they pull together as a unit.

LESSON

IPABPABALAYMO READING Pre-Reading Discussion A. How do you feel about having house guests? Would you limit the number of days that they can stay with you? Would you limit the number of people? Would you limit the number of times within a period that they could come to visit? How do you feel about guests or close friends staying for long periods? How would you treat them? Would you provide them with food and other basic needs? Would you treat them as family? Would you charge them? Would you make them buy their own food? Would you expect them to share the housework? B. How about you as a guest? How should you be? What are your responsibilities to your hosts? Would you offer to share the expenses? Would you offer to pay rent? Would you offer to help with the household chores? What if your host does not accept those offers? How can you reciprocate the hospitality of your hosts without offending them?

Reading Tasks A. Read the story and discuss fully the following questions. •

Ania ti makunam kadagitoy a tattao? 1. Sinno ni Ricky Monreal? a. Taga-ano isuna? b. Mano ngata ti tawenrca?

c. d. e. f. g. h. i.

Taga-ano dagiti dadakkelna? Pagbasbasaanwa? Ania ti kurso nga al-alaenna? Apay nga adda idiay Vigan? Ania ti panggep«a idiay? Apay nga idiay Vigan ti napananna? Kaano ti isasangpetna idiay Vigan? Kasano nga naam-ammona da Nana Sabel? Ania dagiti insursuro dagiti Pilipino a gagayyem ni Ricky maipanggep iti kultura dagiti Pilipino? Husto kadi amin dagiti imbagada? j. Ania ti nagbalin a problema/ia idiay balay da Nana Sabel idi kasangsangpetna? k. Apay a saan a napan a dagus idi inayaban ni Nana Sabel a mangan? 1. Ania dagiti naobserbaranna a kultura dagiti Pilipino idiay Vigan? 2. Sinno ni Noel? a. Ania ti relasionna kenni Ricky? b. Kasanoi/a nga nagam-ammo kenni Ricky? c. Kapin-anona ni Nana Sabel? d. Kapin-anona dagiti annak ni Nana Sabel? e. Ania ti inaramid«a a pabor kenni Ricky? 3. Sinno ni Nana Sabel? a. Mano ti annak ni Nana Sabel? Mano ti lallaki ken mano ti babbai? b. Sinno ti asawa ni Nana Sabel? c. Ania ti inaramid ni Nana Sabel idi kasangsangpet ni Ricky? d. Apay nga katkatawaan dagiti annak«« ni Nana Sabel? e. Ania dagiti impakanda kenni Ricky? f. Ania ti ar-aramiden ni Nana Sabel idi mangmangan ni Ricky? 4. Sinno ni Tata Minting? a. Ayan ni Tata Minting? 5. Sinno ni Rex? a. Ania ti trabaho ni Rex? b. Maikamano ni Rex kadagiti agkakabsat? c. Mano ngata ti tawen ni Rex? d. Kapin-ano ni Rex ni Noel? Da Joel ken Abe? e. Ania ti inaramid ni Rex tapno saan a mabain a mangan ni Ricky?

Lesson 8 - Ipabpabalaymo

6. Sinno ni Cristina? a. Sinno ti kataeb ni Cristina? b. Sinno ti in-inauna, ni Cristina wenno ni Rex? c. Mano ngata ti tawen ni Cristina? d. Kasano nga impakita ni Cristina kenni Ricky ti nasayaat a panangsangaili iti sangsangailien? 7. Sinno ni Libay? a. Maikamano ni Libay kadagiti agkakabsat? b. Ania ti pudno a naganna? Apay a Libay ti awagifa kenkuana? c. Ania ti inaramidna para kenni Ricky? 8. Sinno da Joel ken Abe? a. Sinno ti in-inauna, ni Joel wenno ni Abe? b. Kasanoi/a a tinulungan ni Ricky idi simmangpet? •

Ipalawagwo dagitoy a banbanag a nasao iti istoria. Ania ti pakausarancfo? 1. maleta

2. komedor 3. eroplano 4. arnibal 5. bugguong 6. dudol 7. nakarti-kartib a plastik 8. kape 9. bagas 10. ules B. Read the story again, then write a work outline with your group that will help you present the story. C. List twenty adjectives from the story and use each one to tell parts of the story.

Lesson 8 - Ipabpabalaymo

D. Give the information Ricky would tell his family in the United States about his hosts. E. Write what the family would tell their neighbors about Ricky. (Variation: List what Cristina would tell her girlfriends about Ricky.) F. List three analysis questions you can ask for class discussion. Write the answer to each question for your reference, so that you can correct the answer when it is wrong, or ask follow-up questions when the answer is incomplete.

STORY Ipabpabalaymo Latta Alas dos iti malem. Mierkoles. Dose ti Disiembre. Kasangsangpet ni Ricky Monreal idiay balay da ikit&o a Sabel, idiay Vigan. Itada pay laeng a nagkikita, ta nagsinsinnuratifa laeng idi. Inyam-ammo£ ni Ricky kadakuada babaen met laeng iti surat. Balo ni Nana Sabel. Kaasini Apo Dios, dadakkelen dagiti annakwa idi natay ni Tata Minting nga asawawa. Lima ti annaki/a. Amerikano ni Ricky, a naiyanak idiay New York, ngem taga-Meksiko ti puonna. Duapulo ket uppat ti tawen na. Soldado ni Tatangna. NaamammoA: isuna idi agbasbasaAamz pay laeng iti sekundaria ditoy Honolulu. Antropolohia ti kurso nga al-alaenna itatta iti Unibersidad ti Haway. Idiay

Lesson 8 - Ipabpabalaymo

Vigan ti napilina a lugar a pagsukisukan iti ug-ugali ken pampammati dagiti Pilipino. "Nakasaysayaat ti pinangsarabo kaniak dagiti kakabagia/n, Noel, ngem saanruzAton a mailasin intuno makiXmak, ta kankanayon ti padaya ditoy," kinuna kano ni Ricky, nga agkatkatawa, idi nagteleponoa& kadakuada idiay Vigan iti naminsan a rabii. Daytoy ti istoriana. Apagsangpetifa kano idiay balaycfa a naggapu idiay estasion ti Times Transit, inyuli kano dagiti kakasinsin^o a singin, da Joel ken Abe, dagiti nadadagsen a maletana. DagusJa kano nga inyuneg iti kuartona. Nagtarus kano met ni ikit£o idiay komedor, ta inasikasowa kano ti naidasaren a kanenna iti lamisaan. Katugtugawna kano pay laeng ket nangngeg«a kano ni Nana Säbel a mangaw-awis a manganen. "Ala, N a n a , m a n g a n k a y ' lattan, ta saanak pay a

mabisin," inyulbod kano ni Ricky. Ngem itay pay la nga agsarsaraaw ti buksitna, ta idiay pay la eroplano ti naudi a pannanganna, ket agarup sangapulo ket lima nga oras daydiayen. "Ay, saanka n g a

agbabain ditoy, Barok. Ipabpabalaymo latta ditoy. Pil in da pamili wey," kinuna kano ni Nana Säbel. "Umay/ca ketdi manganen, Baro/:," impapilitwa kano. Nagkakatawa kano dagiti kasinsinAo. NairuamJan a makangkangngeg iti naidumduma nga Inggles ni Inangda. "Yu ar layk anader," kunana kano pay no maminsan, a ti kayatna a sawen ket "KaslaAa la sabsabali." Nakikatawa kano met

Lesson 8 - Ipabpabalaymo

latta ni Ricky, ngem di na naawatan ti kayat a sawen ni Nana Sabel. Idi impalawagí/a kano kenkuana, kasta unay ti paggaakna. "Umay&a manganen," inulit kano ni Nana Sabel a makikatkatawa met. "ManganAay' latta, Nana. Dios ti agngina. Sibubussoga& p a y laeng. Pinakandakami

ngamin idiay eroplano," insungbatna kano. "Umayfom, ta lumamiis daytoy kanen. UmayAan ket ngilawen daytoy kanen," inyawis kano manen ti baket, bayat iti panangbugaw Cristina iti ngilaw. Ti kadawyan a pagbugbugawc/a iti ngilaw idiay ket nakarti-kartib a supot nga plastik, a naigalut iti atiddog a bislak. "Maikatlo daydiayen. Mapana&on," nakuna kano ni Ricky iti nakem«a. Insuro ngamin dagiti gagayyemna a Pilipino idiay Amerika a masapul nga urayen«a ti maikatlo nga awis, no adda mangawis kenkuana a mangan. Ngem mainsulto kano met dagiti mangsangsangaili, no saan a mangan ti sangsangailien. Isu nga, uray no d\mo kano kayat ti mangan, manganka latta. Ken uray no dimo kayat ti kanen, kan em latta. Simmango ni Ricky iti lamisaan. "Ket dakayo ngay? Apay maymaysa ti pinggan, ket nagadu ti sida?" sinaludsodwa kano.

Lesson 8 - Ipabpabalaymo

"NanganAa«zm. Itattay pay laeng. NanganAam/ itattay, sakbay a sinabatdaka idiay estasion," insungbat kano ni Cristina, a nakatakder iti abay ti lamisaan. Nakatakder kano met idiay ni Nana Sabel, ta kayatwa a masigurado a mangan ni Ricky. Ninayunan«« ti innapoy ken sidsida iti pinggan ni Ricky, idi nakita/za a sangkabassit laeng ti ikabkabil«a iti pinggan««. "Dika agbabain ditoy, Nakkong," kinuna ni Nana Sabel. "Huston, Nana, nagadun. Diakto maibus, ket kailala," kinuna kano ni Ricky. Nagadu kano ti linuto ni Nana Sabel a kanen: delata a karne norte a nalaukan iti repolio, naprito a bangus, ken sawsawan«« a binugguungan a kamatis ken lasuna, relieno a tarong, pinindang a karne ti baka, lauya a manok a nalaukan iti bulong ti marunggay, ken nasarangsang a lumpia. Nagapoy met iti nakabangbanglo a nalabbaga a bagas a kaan-ani. Nangaramid pay iti espesial a mainum a sago a pinasam-it ti arnibal. Adda pay la idiay erport ni Ricky ket, naidasaren nga agur-uray kenkuana dagiti nakaluban a kanen iti lamisaan. Nalamiis nga agpayson. "Nalamiisen, ne. Agurayfoa ta ipapudotfo," inyuprisir kano ni Nana Sabel. "Saanen, Nana, saanen," insungbat kano ni Ricky, bayat iti pinangigawidwa iti malukong iti ima ni Nana Sabel. "Naim-imas no napudot," insungbat kano met ni Nana Sabel, sa napan idiay kusina. "MangmanganAa iti bugguong, Ricky?" sinaludsod kano ni Abe. "DiaA pay nakaraman," insungbat«« kano. Nadlaw«« kano a nakatakder^« amin nga agbuybuya kenkuana. "Maysansa a wagas ti panangsangaili daytoy," nakuna«« kano iti nakem«a. "Umaykay' mangan ta saan a sisiak la ti mangmangan," inyawis«« kano kadakuada.

Lesson 8 - Ipabpabalaymo

"Iyalaaiwz&man ti pinggan, Libay, ta kaduae& man a mangan ni Ricky, tapno saan a mabain," imbaon kano ni kasinsinAo a Rex iti buridekc/a. Ni Rex ti inauna kadakuada amin nga agkakabsat. Kartero idiay ilimi. "Libay" ti awagda kenni Marina, ta tur-og. "Ammom, Ricky, nakaramanAa iti bugguungen, ngem dimo la ammo," kinuna kano ni Rex, a nakaisem, idi makitawa a nangisubo ni Ricky iti lauya a manok. "Apay, adda bugguong ditoy?" sinaludsodna kano a sapsapulenwa ti bugguong iti lamisaan. "Addayta, ne," kinuna kano ni Rex nga itudtudona ti lauya a manok "Ay wen, naimas, ngem awan met ti ramarne a bugguong," insungbat/M kano. "Talaga nga saanmo amaramanan ti bugguong no nailauken," impalawagna. Pinilit kano ni Ricky nga inwalin iti panunotoa ti bugguong nga inkarwa a saanna pulos a kanen, ta inistoriac/a kenkuana idi no kasano ti pannakaaramid/?a. Ibadde-baddekJa kano tapno nalaka a maigamer ti asin. Siguro ang-angawJa laeng ta agkakatawada met no is-istoriaerkia, ngem uray no kasta, di na latta mairusok a kanen, ta kasla makitkitawa dagiti narugit a saksakada a mangpayat-payat kadagiti babassit nga ikan. "Kayatmo a ramanan ti kinirog a dudon ken abal-abal? Naimas. Nasarangsang," kinuna ni Rex. "Ania, Manong? Dudon? Abalabal?" sinaludsod ni Ricky. "Libay, mangiyegfoa man ti dudon ken abal-abal, ta iparamantay kenni Ricky," imbaon«a kenni adingna. DagusanapanniLibayitikusina. Idi

Lesson 8 - Ipabpabalaymo

agsubli, indisso«>o, Apong Berta," inkablaaw ni Pilang. "Kasta met, balasang/co," insungbat ti baket a madama nga agur-urnos iti lakowa iti bassit a tianggerca. "Daytoy ni Edwin a kaanakaA. Naggapu idiay Amerika. Kasangsangpetwa idi kalman," impadamag ni Pilang. "Kasta, aya? Isu kadi ni Edwin a barito pay laeng idi napan idiay Amerika?" sinaludsod ni Apong Berta. "Ket apay a pimmugot/ca met idiayen?" imparaipuswa. Immisem laeng ni Edwin. Inyawatrca kenni ikitna a Pilang dagiti botelia ti serbesa. Imparabaw ni Pilang iti estante a sarming. "Ikkandak man ti salapi a suka, pisos a manteka, ken treinta a tawyo, Apong," kinuna/M iti baket. Kinargaan ni Apong Berta dagiti botelia iti suka, manteka ken tawyo. "Ayna,Apo! Limlima a tedted met laeng dayta. Nayunanyo met bassit, a, Apong," inkiddaw ni Pilang. "Adulangarud daytoyen. Nayunam ti bayadwa ta nayunaA ti ikabilko," naalumamay a kinuna ti baket. "Dies pesos ti pinanggatangAo iti maysa a botelia. Saan met a mabalin nga awan ti ganansiaA, uray no sangkabassit laeng," nakaisem nga impalawag^za. "Di pay umanay a pangtemplaA dayta iti maysa a sida, Apong," inreklamowa manen. "Ay, Apo, malugia& no kasta, Kabsat. Dakkel ti puunamw/ kadagitoy, ta nagngina ti magatgatang itan. Nangina pay ti píete," naalumamay nga impalawag ti baket. Ninayunan/M met laeng, ngem bassit laeng ti innayunwa.

Lesson

9 - Tawar A Tawar

"Ania metten! Awan pay ti sangkatedted dayta innayunyo," nakaisem a nagreklamo manen ni Pilang. "Aysus, inka latta idiay sabalin, 'la. Inka ditabangir, ta kitaew, nanginnginapaynga amang dita ayan da Baket Busiang,"kinunatibaket. Idi kuan, kinuna/M, "IsubliA:ngarud daytoyen no dimo kayat." "Ne, apay, A p o n g ? " sinalu dsodwa. "Ana, kayatwo met laeng, Nakkong?" sinaludsod ti baket. "Wen, Apong, alae& daytan," insungbat ni Pilang, sana ginaw-at met laeng dagiti botelia/w. Itay pay la a makakatkatawa ni Edwin nga agbuybuya iti panagtintinnawar da Apong Berta ken ni ikitna, ngem tepteppelerwa latta ti katawa/za. "Ikkanc/aA: man pay ti sangabukel a bawang, ken sangareppet a lasuna, Apong," kinuna ni Pilang. "Ne, pisos ti bawang, uno singkuenta ti lasuna," kinuna ti baket, sana impisok iti uneg ti supot a papel ti bawang ken lasuna. "Apo, nagngina metten!" nagreklamo manen ni Pilang. "Idiay tiendaan ket awan pay ti pisosrca dayta lasuna. Sagsasalapi laeng ti bawang idiay." "Inka ngarud laengen idiay tiendaan, Nakkong, no nalaklaka idiay," nakaalalumamay nga insungbat ti baket. "Pisos laengen daytoy lasuna, sa binting daytoy bawang, Apong, a?" sibabain nga intawar ni Pilang. "Ay, saan, Kabsat, ta nangato ti presio ti bawang ken lasuna ita. Diak ammo man ketdi. Patinayon a ngumatngato amin a magatgatang," insungbat ti baket. Idi kuan,

Lesson

9 - TawarA Tawar

nagkedked met laeng. "Ala, ikkatanto ti piseta daytoy bawang, ken binting daytoy lasuna. Dos smgkoí/a a dua," kinunana. "Di pay la dos, tapno awan ti sursurokwan? Apay nga adda pay la lima a s e n t i m o s ? 'Po unay metten!" intawar nga inreklamo manen ni Pilang. "Ala man laengen. Ala, alaemon, Nakkong," kinuna ni Apong Berta, sana inyawat ti bawang ken lasuna kenni Pilang. Innala ni Pilang dagiti ginatangwa a bawang ken lasuna, sana impisok iti bay-on«a. "Sagmamano dagitoy kamatis, Apong?" sinaludsod ni Pilang. "Saglilima a pisos, Nakkong," insungbat ti baket. "Ania, Apong? Lima a pisos ti maysa?" napamulagat ni Pilang. "Lima a pisos ti sangaatado," insungbat ti baket. "Nagngina metten, Apong! Nagbabassit, sa dudduddua pay. Awan tawarnan?" sinaludsod ni Pilang. "Ay, awanen, BalasangA». Ultimonan. Nangina ti kamatis ita, ta naperdi amin a mulmula iti bagio. Agkarabagio ngamin," impalawagwa. "Awan nayorwan, Apong? Alan, a, nayunanyon," inkiddaw ni Pilang. Sinamsam-itanwa ti panagsasao«a. "Ala wen la," insungbat ti baket, sa nangala iti bassit a naluom a kamatis. "Ne," kinunana, sana inyawat kenni Pilang. Minirmira ni Pilang ti kamatis. Mabain koma nga agreklamon,

Lesson 9 - TawarA Tawar

ngem di na met la nateppelan ti nagsao. "Nakabasbassit met daytoy innayonyo, Apong. Sa nalungsotsa pay," kinunana, sa nainayad a gimmawat iti maysa a dakkel iti sabali nga atado. "Ay, saan a mabalin, Nakkong," kinuna ti baket, sana inggawidtiimani Pilang. "Agpapadati timbangwa dagita," naalumamay nga imbaga ti baket. "Saan a nalungsot dayta. Naimas nga ipakbet dayta kasta a naluom," kinuna/ia, sana inkabil ti bassit a kamatis iti bay-on. Inibbatan ni Pilang ti dakkel a kamatis. Insubli ti baket iti atado a naggapuanrca. "Ala, tres pisos ngaruden, Apong," intawar ni Pilang. "Ay, saan, Nakkong, ta saan pay a naipuunan," insungbat ti baket, a pimmigsa ti timekrca. "Nakanginngina ti kamatis ita, Nakkong. Pasaray awan pay maalaw." "Alangaruden, tainna&on. Ilistayo man pay, Apong. Apong, agananus&ay' la kadakamin, a? Ammoyo metten tirigatmi," impakpakaasi ni Pilang. "Atiddog daytoy listaanyo ditoyen. Nasurok a sangaribo ti utangyon," impalagip ni Apong Berta. "Ay, Apo, malugi ti piman a baket," insampitaw ti babai iti abay ni Pilang. Naklaat ni Pilang. Saan na a nadlaw ti iseserrek ti biangot a babai. IL 1 "Apay, sinno ti paspasagida/n, biangot a babai?" insalangad ni Pilang. Kinusilapan/w ti babai.

Lesson 9- TawarA Tawar

"Adda kadi dakes nga imbagaA? Awan ti agsida ti sili a saan a magasangan gayam," impasagid manen ti entremetida a babai. "Isu«an, Bining, ta saan a dumakkel ti riri," inyanawa ni A p o n g Berta. Saan a simmungbat ni Pilangen. " N e , Pilang, iyawidmo dagitoyen," kinuna ti baket, sana inlista met laeng dagiti ginatang ni Pilang. "Bay-an^o ta bayadaAto ti kagudua ti utangmí intuno agsueldo ni lakay," inkari ni Pilang. "Saanmo a l i w l i w a y a n ti agbayad kada agtapos ti lawas, N a k k o n g , uray no sangkabassit laeng, tapno saan unay a dumakkel ti utangyo. A m m o m , ket, awan met unay ti puunaA: kadagitoy," impalawag ti baket. "Bay-anyo, Apong, ta ikarkarigataA nga in-inuten a bayadan," kinuna ni Pilang a nagyaman, sa nagpakada. "Nagkirmet ket daydiay a babain!" kinuna tay babai kenni A p o n g Berta, idi nakapanawen ni Pilang. " A d u ngamin ti annakflú!, sa bassit ti sueldo ni lakayna. Kaasií/a met, piman," insungbat ni A p o n g Berta iti tsismosa a babai, a saanen anaguni. Kasla napabainan iti kinabiangotrca. Idi agawidí/an, kinuna ni Edwin, "Nagkirmetfoz a talaga, Anti. Tawar£a a tawar. Naimbag la ta naanus daydiay baket. Saan Ja kadi malugi, no kasdiay nga agkaratawar dagiti gumatang?" sinaludsod ni Edwin. N a b a y a g a saan a nakauni ni Pilang. Napamulagat iti kinaprangka ni Edwin. Idi kuan, simmungbat, "Saanda a malugi, ta dagita babassit a tiangge, nangina ti panagprespresioífa. Bassit laeng ngamin ti lakoda, isu nga bassit met ti ganansiada. Sa awan unay ti puunanJa. Sa no madadael ti lakoda,

lugidan,"

impalawag ni Pilang. " N o nangina ti \akona, apay nga dita pay la ti paggatangam ngarud, Anti? A p a y di ka mapan idiay tiendaan?" sinaludsod ni Edwin.

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"Agan-anusa/: a gumatgatang dita, uray no nanginngina bassit, ta idiay tiendaan, saanka a makautang, ket dita makautangfta. No bayada/: amin a gatangeft, saan a makaanay ti sueldo ni angkelwo iti makabulan a gastosm/," impalawag ni Pilang iti kaanakan^a. "Nakasingsingpet daydiay a baket," kinuna ni Edwin. "Pudno dayta kunam. Isu nga, amin a tao ditoy ket, dita ti papanant/a a pakitiendaan," inyanamong ni Pilang. "Managtulong pay kadagiti tattao ditoy. Nalaka nga utangan no adda emerdiensim. Kitaew, uray no diak nakabayad idi bulan, pinautangannaA: met laeng," impalawag ni Pilang. "Ngem no siak, diak la ketdi maitured ti agtawar. Mabaina/c," kinuna ni Edwin. "Apay, nalipata/won ti kulturatayo, Edwin? Amerikano&a ngaminen. Awan, aya, ti agtawtawar idiay Amerika?" sinaludsod ni Pilang. "Awan. Saankami nga agtawtawar idiay, malaksid no gumatang/:a idiay 'flea market,' wenno no gumatangAa ti balay wenno kotse," insungbat ni Edwin. "No agtawarAa idiay, kitaendaka a kasla naggapuka iti sabali a pianeta. SaanJa ngamin a ruam ti agtawtawar," insungbat««. "Masapul nga tumawarfoa ditoy, Edwin," impalawag ni Pilang. "IngatoJa ti presiona, ta ammoda a tumawar&anto met laeng. No saanAa a tumawar, malugi&a. Nangnangruna pay a, no ammoda nga istetsaydfoz, inginnginaifa pay nga amang ti presioda." "AmmoA:, ngem diak a ruam ti agtawtawar," insungbat ni Edwin. "Isu pay a mamenosmo no agtawarka," impalawag ni Pilang. "Kuyugen«a&to man ngarud intuno mapanak agsiaping iti ipasarabo/c idiay Haway, ta sikanto ti paratawar," inkiddaw ni Edwin. "Ta no siak, sigurado a malugiaft," kinunawa. "Ay, nalaingak nga agtawar," impangas ni Pilang. "Dakkel ti mamenosmo, no ni Kirmet ti kadua/n," impannakkelwa. "Isu ngarud. Intanto agsiaping diay 'Shoe Mart' ti ipasarabo£," kinuna ni Edwin. "Ay, pakpakawan! No agtawarka idiay SM, kunadanto a naggapu&a iti sabali a pianeta. No kayatmo ti agtawar, inka idiay Dibisoria," insungbat ni Pilang. "Kasta, aya?" insungbat ni Edwin. Nagkinnitada, sada nagkatkatawa. +

Lesson

9 - TawarA Tawar

VOCABULARY STUDY A. Answer the following questions without referring back to the story. You may check your answers with the story only after completing the exercises.

1. Ania ti ur-urnusen ni Apong Berta iti tianggewa?

2. Kasano ti kabayag ni Edwin idiay Pilipinasen?

3. Ania dagiti gatgatangen ni Pilang a maikabil iti botelia?

4. Mano a tedted ti inkabil ni Apong Berta kadagiti botelia?

5. Mano ti puunan ti maysa a botelia a suka, manteka, wenno tawyo?

6. Ania ti aramiden ni Pilang iti suka ken tawyo? 7. No nayunan ni Apong Berta ti adu dagiti gatgatangen ni Pilang, ania ti mabalin a mapasamak iti negosiowa?

8. Ania ti mapasamak iti negosio dagiti aglaklako no maperdi ti lakoda?

9. No ikompararao ti presio ti lako ni Apong Berta iti lako ni Baket Busiang, ania ti nanginngina?

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10. Ania ti marikrikna ni Edwin idi buybuyaerwa ti panagtintinnawar da Pilang ken Apong Berta?

11. Mano ti surok ti dos pesos a gatad ti gatgatangen ni Pilang?

12. Ania ti nangikabilan ni Pilang kadagiti ginatangna?

13. Ania ti awag dagiti Pilipino kadagiti taga-Amerika?

14. Mano ti sangabukel a bawang?

15. Apay a naperdi dagiti mulmula idiay ayandal

16. Ania ti awagmo iti tao nga sumagsagpaw iti saritaan ti sabali?

17. Apay nga idiay tiangge ni Apong Berta ti paggatgatangan ni Pilang, a saan nga idiay dakkel a tiendaan ti ili?

18. Kaano a baybayadan ni Pilang ti utangda kenni Apong Berta?

19. Apay a pinasagidan ti babai ni Pilang?

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9 - Tawar A Tawar

20. Sinnotipinasagidantibabaiagumatgatang?

21. No ammo dagiti aglaklako idiay Pilipinas nga istetsayd&a, ania ti aramident/a?

22. Mano amin ti namenos ni Pilang kadagiti ginatangna?

23. Kasano ti kadakkel ti ganansia dagiti babassit a tiangge?

24. Ania ti awag dagiti Ilokano iti tao a tawar a tawar?

25. Ania ti narikna ti biangot a babai idi impalawag ni Apong Berta no apay a kaasianna ni Pilang?

26. Ania ti kayat ni Pilang nga aramiden ni Apong Berta kadagiti ginatangwa?

B. The story has many more ways of saying "said." Listthem in the left column and give their added meaning in English in the right column. For review, do not skip the old ones. 1. 2.

3. 4. 5.

Lesson

9 - Tawar A Tawar

6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11.

12.

13. 14. 15. C. Divide into small groups. When your teacher calls out a word from the list, write the meaning in English beside the word. The group with the most correct answers wins. 1. botelia

11. agtawar

2. estante

12. nagkirmet

3. singkuenta

13. ultimo«an

4. nayunam

14. imparabaw

5. gatangen

15. kamatis

6. nangina

16. manteka

7. malugia&

17. lasuna

8. ilistaw

18. sangareppet

9. atiddog

19. sagsasalapi

10. Insik

20. kababain

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Tawar

D. Match the words in Column I with those in Column II that are related or have the same meaning.

I

II

gimmaw-at

1. nangala

bawang

2. awan ti maganansia

ninayunan

3. sangareppet

balangeg

4. kapital

utang

5. kuarta nga inggatang

hinting

6. sangatali

tienda

7. bayad iti lugan

nakirmet

8. sangabukel

manteka

9. presio ti ginatang

gatad

10. inikkanpay

plete

11. lako

sangareppet

12. tawaratawar

malugi

13. ibukbok iti botelia

puunan

14. saan pay a nabayadan/bayadanto

E. Give a brief definition or explanation of the following words and expressions in Ilokano. 1. ultimowan 2. ilista 3. pasarabo 4. ikarkarigatan 5. saan pay a naipuunan

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9 - TawarA Tawar

6. surok 7. agkarabagio 8. minirmira F. Write a simple dialogue using the words below in any form that is contextually appropriate and grammatically accurate. 1. Luz: Tawyo. 2. Tan: Mano? 3. Luz: Kuarenta. 4. Tan: Ania pay? 5. Luz: Nayunam. 6. Tan: Lugi. 7. Luz: Tawar? 8. Tan: Ultimo. 9. Luz: Bay-a/won 10. Tan: Kirmet! G Circle the best interpretation of the utterances inside the quotation. The underlined words can serve as your cue. 1. "Ania gay ti gatangem?" sinaludsod ti Apong Berta. a. Awan pay ti nagatang ni Pilang. b. Nakagatangen ni Pilang. c. Mapan ni Pilang iti sabali a tiendaan. 2. "Nagngina metten," kinuna ni Pilang. a. Nangato unay ti presiowa. b. Nagadu metten ti inkabil^o a kamatis. c. Nababbaba idi ti presiona.

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9 - TawarA Tawar

3. "Ultimowan," kinuna ni Apong Berta. a. SaanAo nga ibaba ti presio&on. b. Maudi a kamatis daytan. c. D ars em ta agrikepafon. 4. "Ilistayo man pay dagitoy, Apong," imbaga ni Pilang. a. Isurat ni Apong Berta a nagbayaden ni Pilang. b. Ibaga ni Apong Berta no mano ti utang ni Pilang. c. Ilista ni Apong Berta ti baro nga utang ni Pilang. 5. "Amerikano&a gayamen," kinuna ni Pilang a siiisem. a. Agtawtawar ni Edwin idiay Pilipinas idi. b. Saan nga agtawtawar ni Edwin idiay Pilipinas idi. c. Mabain ni Edwin nga agtawar idiay Pilipinasen. H. Take notes on an impromptu conversation between two members of your group, and then take a partner and tell each other what those two talked about. Use the "said" words you listed above in your conversation.

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION A. Ania ngata dagiti kultura ti Pilipino a naipalagip kenni Edwin idi nagbisita idiay Pilipinas? B. Ania ti katatao ni Apong Berta? ni Pilang? ni Edwin? Tay babai a gumatgatang? C. Ania kano ti gapurca nga immannugot met laeng ti aglaklako nga ilista«« ti baro nga utang ni Pilang? D. Kasano nga ammow no nangina unay ti presio ti gatgatangem? Kasano nga ammo/« no mano ti it aw armo? Kasano nga ammo ti aglaklako no mano ti presio nga ikabilwa iti lakona? Mano nga porsiento ti kalalaingan«« nga itawar? E. Ania a paglakuan ti mabalin a pagtawaran? Kaspagarigan, idiay tiendaan ti ili, idiay tiangge, wenno idiay moderno a tiendaan ("department store"). Ania dagiti saan a mabalin a pagtawaran? F. Ania dagiti naipakita nga ug-ugali dagiti tattao iti daytoy nga istoria? G. Kayat/wo kadi daytoy a kadawyan a panagtawar? Apay (saan)? Napadasam kadin ti nagtawtawar? Saritaem ti padasmo. H. Ipalawagmo ti kaipapanan ti imbaga ti biangot a babai: "Awan ti agsida iti sili a saan a magasangan gayam."

Lesson

9 - TawarA Tawar

GRAMMAR NOTES A. Numeral Distributive Adjective: sagCV The sagCV numeral adjective indicates equal distribution of object. It is normally used in pricing and equal apportioning of items. Its best English equivalent is 'each.' For example: S a g b i b i n t i n g ti s a b a .

' T h e b a n a n a s are t w e n t y five c e n t a v o s e a c h . '

M a n g a l a k a y o iti s a g d u d u a .

' Y o u (all) t a k e t w o e a c h . '

Wk&nkayo

'I will give y o u three c a n d i e s e a c h . '

ti s a g g a t l o a d u l s e .

Exercises 1. Study the list of distributive numbers to prepare for the following exercises. saggaysa

sagsasangapulo

sagdudua

sagduduapulo

saggatlo/sagtatallo

sagtatallupulo

saggapat/sag-uuppat

sag-uuppat a pulo

saglilima

saglilimapulo

sag-iinnem/sagnenem

sag-iinnem a pulo

sagpipito

sagpipitupulo

sagwawalo

sagwawalupulo

sagsisiam

sagsisiam a pulo

sagsasangapulo

sagsasangagasut

sagsasangapulo ket maysa

sagsasangaribo

sagduduapulo ket siam

sagmimilion, sagsasangariwriw

sagtatallupulo ket innem

sagbibilion

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9 - TawarA

Tawar

2. Draw pictures to show the distribution of the items as stated in the sentences and work with your partner to describe what you drew. a. b. c. d. e.

Saglilimada iti bola. 'They have five balls each.' Sag-iinnemtfo iti lapis. 'They have six pencils each.' Sagsasangapulo ket waloda iti lolipap. 'They have eighteen lollipops each.' Sagduduapuloi/a iti lansa. 'They have twenty nails each.' Saggapat dagiti aso iti tulang. 'The dogs have four bones each.'

3. Use pictures or actual materials (e.g., candies) to create communication activities using the distributive numbers listed above. Note:

M a n y elementary school math b o o k s have visual materials that can be used in c o m m u n i c a t i o n activities using distributive n u m b e r s .

B. Reflex Action Verb: napaA sudden reaction or reflex action would be described in Ilokano with a napa- prefix. For example: Napamulagat ni Juan iti nangngegrca.

'Juan's eyes popped from what he heard.'

NapangangaaA: iti imbagana.

'My mouth dropped open from what s/he said.'

Napakatawa ni Lita iti nakitawa.

'Lita suddenly laughed from what she saw.'

Napakidem ti ubing iti kigtotoa.

"The child blinked when startled.'

Napataliaw idi nangngegna ti naganna.

'She suddenly looked back when she heard her name.'

Napatangad idi nagdisso ti bukel it/' ulona.

'He looked up quickly when a seed landed on his head.'

Napariyaw ti balasang idi naitublak.

'The girl let out a scream when she fell down.'

Napalagto ni Julian idi kinilikili ni Joe.

'Julian flinched/jumped when Joe tickled h i m '

Lesson

9 - TawarA Tawar

Exercises 1. List the possible reactions of the people in these pictures, using the napa-ve rbs on the next page. There are more possible answers than there are pictures. Cross out the ones that don't apply.

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Tawar

L9-9

L9-14

L9-10

L9-15

L9-11

L9-16

L9-12

L9-17

L9-13

L9-18

napatakder

napakidem

napaidda

napatangad

napanganga

napamulagat

napalagto

napatugaw

napariyaw

napataliaw

napamisuot

napakleb

2. Using Hopa-verbs, give the reactions of the referents in the questions following the situations below. a. Idi timmaliaw ti babai, nakitawa ti agtatakaw nga agkalkalay-at iti tawa. 'When the woman looked back, she saw the burglar climbing up the window. ' Ania ti reaksion ti babai?

b. Naigalis ti lalaki idi napayatan«

agpakuttong

pumudaw >

'to make oneself stiff 'to become slender' 'to make oneself slender' 'to become light-skinned'

agpapudaw

'to make oneself fair-skinned'

Exercise Add your own sentences and translations to the model sentences. 1. Agpasikkil ti babai a naluganan. 'The possessed woman is making her body stiff.' 2. Apay a kayatna ti agpapudaw, ket napintas met ti kayumanggi? ' Why does s/he want to have fair skin, when brown is also beautiful?' 3. Agpakuttonga&, tapno umanay dagiti bado nga intedmo. 'I will make myself slender, so I can fit the clothes that you gave me.' 4. Ilokano: English: 5. Ilokano: English:

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6. Dokano: English:

D. Object-Focus-Causative Verb: ipaWhen the affix pa- is atttached to -en and some -an verbs, they form the Object-FocusCausative Verb ipa-. Its past form is impa-. For example:

aramiden >

'to make/do' ipaaramid

lutuen

'to have (it) made/done' 'to cook (it)'

>

ipaluto

alaen

'to have (it) cooked' 'to get (it)'

>

ipaala

ikkaten >

'to have (it) gotten/taken' 'to remove (it)'

ipaikkat

labaan

'to have (it) removed' 'to launder (it)'

>

ipalaba

'to have (it) laundered'

Exercises 1. Add your own sentences and translations to the model sentences. a. Masapul nga espesialista ti mata ti ipaayabmo a doktor. 'The doctor you have someone call must be an eye specialist.' b. Ipaaramidrao dagiti parolen. 'Have the Christmas lanterns done now.' c. Saanyo kadi pay nga ipaluto dagiti sida? 'Aren't you going to have the dishes cooked yet?' d. Ipaalayo kadakuada dagiti sabsabongen. 'Have them get the flowers now.' e. Ilokano: English:

Lesson 10- Natamay

t

Dokano: English:

g. Ilokano: English: 2. Complete the exchange with a response to the request. The first one is done for illustration. a. Manang Bella: Lucia, ipadaitmo man kenni Ramon daytoy napigis a kurtina. Lucia: Ramon, daitem kano daytoy napigis a kurtina, kuna ni Manang Bella. b. Manang Bella: Lucia, ipalutowi man kenni Maris daytoy ikan. Lucia: c. Manang Bella: Lucia, inka man ipalaba kenni Myma daytoy ules. Lucia:

E. Object-Focus-Causative Verb: ipaiThe combination affix ipa- is attached to the Object-Focus i- verb to form the ObjectFocus-Causative ipai- verb. Its past form is impai-. For example:

idulin

'to put (it) away' >

ipaidulin

ibelleng >

'to have someone put (it) away' 'to throw (it) away'

ipaibelleng

iserrek

'to have someone throw (it) out' 'to bring in (it)'

>

ipaiserrek

'to have someone bring (it) inside'

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Exercise Add your own sentences and translations following the model sentences. 1. Ipaidulinwo dagita kanenen, tapno saan a mabangles. 'Have someone put away the food now, so it does not spoil.' 2. Ipaibellengwo dayta basura kenni Juling. 'Have Juling throw away the garbage.' 3. Ipaiserrekmo kadakuada dagiti lupot, ta agtudtudon. 'Have them bring in the clothes, because it is already raining.' 4. Ilokano: English: 5. Ilokano: English: 6. Ilokano: English:

F. Object-Focus-Causative Verb: pa—an Here, the affix pa- is prefixed to the Object-Focus -an verb to form the Object-FocusCausative pa—an verb. Its past form ispina—an, as inpinaayaban 'had someone called.' For example:

ayaban >

'to call (it)' paayaban

bayadan >

'to pay (it)' pabayadan

labaan palabaan

dalusan >

10- Natamay

'to have (it) paid' 'to launder (it)'

>

Lesson

'to have (it) called'

'to have (it) laundered' 'to clean (it)'

padalusan

'to have (it) cleaned'

Exercise Add your own sentences and translations to the examples. 1. Paayabanyo ti mangngagas, ta nangato ti gurigorna. 'Have someone call the doctor, because s/he has high fever.' 2. Pabayadaw? ti utangwan, ta nangabak iti supistek. 'Have her pay her debt now, since s/he has won the sweepstakes.' 3. Palabaan/m dagiti ules, ta narugitanda. 'We will have the blankets laundered, because they got soiled.' 4. Ilokano: English: 5. Ilokano: English: 6. Ilokano: English:

G Locative-Focus-Causative Verbs: pagpa--an, pangpa—an Here, the Causative affix pa- is inserted in the Locative-Focus circumfix pag--an and pang—an to form the Locative-Focus-Causative pagpa—an and pangpa—an verbs. The location could be a place or a person. Their past forms are pinagpa—an and pinangpa-an, respectively.

Lesson

10- Natamay

For example: pagbuludan >

'place/person to borrow from' pagpabuludan

pagdaitan >

'place to sew' pagpadaitan

pagtakderan >

'place/person to have someone borrow from' 'place/person to have someone sew' 'place to stand'

pagpatakderan

'place to have someone stand or erect something'

pagpidutan >

'place to pick up from' pagpapidutan

pangaramidan >

'place for doing/making' pangpaaramidan

pangalaan >

'place to have someone pick up' 'place to have someone do/make' 'place to get'

pangpaalaan

'place to have someone get'

Exercise Add your own sentences and translations to the model sentences. 1. Idiay Pilipinas ti pagpadaitanw/ ti badomi, ta nalaklaka ti dait idiay. 'In the Philippines is where we have our clothes sewn, because it is cheaper there.' 2. Ditoy ti pagpatakderantayo ti balaytayo.' Here is where we will have our house built.' 3. Ni Belen ti pagpabuludawi ti kuarta, ta nabaknang. 'Have someone borrow money from Belen, because she is rich.' 4. Hokano: English: 5. Ilokano: English: 6. Ilokano: English:

Lesson

10 - Natamay

H. Time/Manner-Focus-Causative Verbs: panagpa-,

panangpa-

As illustrated in the sentences below, the Causative affix pa- is attached to the Timeand Manner-Focus verbs, panag- and panang- to form panagpa- and panangpa-. Their past forms are pinagpa-, and pinangpa-, respectively. For example: panagtrabaho >

'time/manner of working' panagpatrabaho

panaggatang >

'time/manner of buying' panagpagatang

panangaramid >

'time/manner of having someone buy' 'time/manner of making/doing'

panangpaaramid

mangdigos >

'time to or manner of having someone work'

'time/manner of having someone make/do' 'to bathe someone'

panangpadigos

'time/manner of having someone take a bath'

Exercise Add your own sentences and translations to the example sentences. 1. Inoras ti panagpatrabahorfa. 'They make them work by the hour.' 2. Istrikto ti panagpatrabahoc/a. 'They are strict in the way they make them work.' 3. Itay ti pinangpagatangwa iti tinapay. 'A while ago was the time she had someone buy some bread.' 4. Kastoy ti panangpaluom&o Iti prutas. 'This is how I have fruits ripen.' 5. Ilokano: English: 6. Ilokano: English: 7. Ilokano: English:

Lesson

10 - Natamay

I. Benefactive-Focus-Causative Verb: ipa—an As illustrated in the sentences below, the Causative affix pa- is attached to the BenefactiveFocus i—an verb to form the Benefactive-Causative ipa-an. Its past tense form is impa-an.

igatangan >

'to buy for' ipagatangan

ilabaan >

'to launder for' ipalabaan

iyaramidan >

'to have someone buy for' 'to have someone launder for' 'to make/do for'

ipaaramidan

'to have someone make/do for'

Exercise Add your own sentences and translations following the model sentences. 1. Ipagatangan^o ida iti sagut. 'Have someone buy them a gift.' 2. Ipalabaanyo ida ta masakitda. 'Have someone launder for them because they are sick.' 3. Ipaaramidanyo ti lamisaan dagita kakaskasar. 'Have a table made for the newlyweds.' 4. Ilokano: English: 5. Ilokano: English:

J. Abilitative-Causative Verbs: makapa-, makapagpaThe Actor-Focus-Abilitative verbs maka- and makapag- can be combined with the Causative affix pa-, to form the Abilitative-Causative Verbs makapa- and makapagpa-. These affixes can be attached to nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Their past forms are nakapa- and nakapagparespectively, and their Object-Focus form is mapa- (past form: napa-).

Lesson

10 - Natamay

For example: 'healthy'

nasalun-at >

makapasalun-at

'can cause/bring good health'

mapasalun-at

'can make (it) healthy' "light-skinned'

napudaw >

makapapudaw

'can lighten complexion'

mapapudaw

'can lighten complexion' 'to cook'

agluto >

makapaluto/

'can have someone cook'

makapagpaluto agkanser'to have cancer' makapakanser

'can cause cancer'

Exercise Add your own sentences and translations following the model sentences. 1. Makapasalun-at ti turog. 'Sleep can cause/bring good health.' 2. Adu ti makmakan a makapakanser. 'There are many foods that can cause cancer.' 3. Makapagpaluto«/: koma no adda rekado. 'I could have someone cook, if there were ingredients.' 4. Ilokano: English: 5. Ilokano: English: 6. Ilokano: English:

K. Request-Causative Verb: makipaThis affix combination of maki- and pa- form the Request-Causative makipa- verb. Its past form is nakipa-.

Lesson 10 - Natamay

For example: makipaala

'to request someone to get'

makipaluto

'to request someone

makipadait

'to request someone to sew'

to c o o k '

Exercise Add your own sentences and translations to the example sentences. 1. MakipaalaAa iti kawayan idiay kabakiran. 'Ask someone to get bamboo from the forest.' 2. Nakipaluto kaniak iti sopas ti masakit a gayyemAo. 'My sick friend asked me to cook some soup.' 3. Makipadaitfcanto kenkuana iti unipormem intuno masangowa. 'Ask her to sew your uniform when she can attend to it.' 4. Ilokano: English: 5. Ilokano: English:

Lesson 10- Natamay

WRITING PRACTICE A. Assume the role of the girl's mother in the story andfillout the form for the hospital/police report. Ospital ti Hi / Pulisia ti Hi 1.

Naganwo:

1.

2.

Tawenwio:

2.

3.

Petsa:

3.

4.

Aldaw:

4.

5.

Oras:

5.

6.

Paggigianan:

6.

7.

Trabaho:

7.

8.

Pagub-ubraan/Pagtrabahuan:

8.

9.

Ayan ti babai idi naluganan:

9.

10.

N o ania ti ar-aramiden ti babai idiay

10.

ayanna\ 11.

Ti ibagbaga ti babai:

11.

12.

Ti rikriknaen ti babai:

12.

13.

Ti nakita ti babai:

13.

14.

Ti itsura ti nakita ti babai:

14.

15.

Ti lawlaw ti ayan ti babai:

15.

16.

Ti naayaban a tumulong:

16.

17.

Ti inaramid ti nangagas:

17.

18.

Ti natakuatan ken ebidensia:

18.

19.

Ti kondision ti babai ita:

19.

20.

Ti nangranggas iti babai:

20.

B. You are a tabloid journalist. Write an article about the story for a local tabloid newspaper, using the information gathered from the form. Feel free to embellish the story to make it interesting. C. Get into groups of three and find the words in the chart that correspond with the numbers, then connect the words to form your horoscope. Afterwards, replace the words for each number to make an updated horoscope for each member of the group.

Lesson 10 - Natamay

G A S A T K E N TAGTAGAINEP Tapno maammuanyo ti gasatyo, basaenyo dagiti balikas a nanumeruan iti babaen ti nagbaetan ti dua a petsa a makasakop iti aldaw a nakayanakanyo.

Marso 2 1 Abril 2 0 2-17-33-4457-68-79

T

Abril 21Mayo 2 0 8-21-28-

41-52-73

Mayo 21Hunio 21 7-18-35-4661-72-80

Hunio 23-

n CAMCIR

Hulio 23 3-19-26-43-3755-66-77

Hulio 23A g o s t o 23 11-22-37 53-64-75

Agosto 24-

L€0

SI

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

masikuratifca adda lipatem awatem ipaaymo nalaka

26. 27.

ti unay a panawenmo

28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

sumken adda agsubad iti katimbeng ti pagbutngam ti agayatffl nga manen ti koma ti banag ti pitik ket karit

tao ikkatem ti kabarbaro ti lagip ti panangisagut iti adda a

41. p a m u a y e m 42. ti 43. guram 44. a 45. maysa 46. ti 47. iyar-arasaas 48. met 49. pinautangam 50. baro 51. nasken 52. a 53. dayta 54. a 55. gapu 56. ti 57. gayyem 58. iti 59. kinapudot 60. nga 61. i m m u n a 62. iti 63. agayat 64. a 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.

pusom iti kasalip a kenka ti ayat nga pakaidayawam ayat kinaalibtakmo biag sapasap ulom masaraka m ayat

VIRGO

51-62-76

Source: Text: Bannawag, August 25, 1969

Lesson

10- Natamay

TO

Okt. 2 2 4-12-25-34 45-54-67

m SAGITTARIUS

Okt. 23Nob. 2 2 13-27-3647-56-65

Nob. 23Dis. 21 9-20-30-4049-58-71

>o apaggiananyo. Apay ngamin gumanatfez a gumatang? Nakaad-adayo idiay. Apay, marigatanÄa kadi ditoy?" kinuna ni Ikit Biring a kasla agpunpunto. "Saan met," impalawag ni Tatang, "madanaganaÄ: laeng, ta amangan no nanginanto unayen no aguraya/rto pay, ket saan/ranto mabaelanen ti gumatang." Ngem iti kamaudianan/za, di mi met la nagatang daydiay a balay, ta idi inlako ti kaarrubawzz' diay balayda, isun ti ginatangmi. Nalugifozmz idiay maysan, ta dida met kayat nga isublin tay inyuna ni Tatang a dua a ribo a doliar. Idi kuan, binaybay-an/za lattan, tapno awan ti adu a riri. Naulimek a tao ni Tatang; saan a masasao. Saan a nairuam a makisinsinnupiat. Awan anusrca iti adu a sao-sao. "Naimbag man ta asideg met la ditoy dayta nagatangyo. Maymayat met la no agaasidegtayo nga agkakabagian," kinuna ni Anti kenni Tatang. "Nasaysayaat no ditoy met la ti ayanco, ta addanto mangkita kadagiti annabwo no kaspagarigan mapanto agtrabaho ni baketmo," impalawagna. "Isu ngarud," inyanamong ni Tatang. Ti Baro a Balay/«/ Iti saan a mabayag, immakarkami idiay baro a balaymz. Makabulanwz pay laeng idiay idi simmangpet ni Nanang. Nabati pay laeng dagiti dua pay a kakabsatmz idiay Pilipinas, ta sobra kanon ti tawenda, isu nga

mabaybayagda kano pay bassit a makaumay. Beinte tres ti tawen ni Manangko a

Lesson 12-Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

Naty, ken beinte singko ni Manong Anong. Masapul nga agurayda pay iti sumagmamano a tawen, ingganat' ikeddeng dagiti agturay iti imigrasion a makaumayJan. Kalpasanti makalawas, tinulungan ni ikitAo ni Nanang a makastrek iti trabaho idiaykapiniaan. Agburburas iti pinia ti ubrana. Nakasapulpay iti trabahona aparalako itimaysaatiangge. Isuti partaym«a kada Sabado kenDominggo. Ti Isusubli ni Tatang Idiay Bacarra

Idi kasangsangpet ni Tatang ditoy Haway, idiay kano plantasion ti unas ti immuna a nagubraanna. Sangapulo ket siam a tawen ti naipaayrca a serbisio kadaydiay a kompania. Kalpasan ti sangapulo ket siam a tawen a panagtrabahona idiay kaunasan, nagawid kano ni Tatang idiay Pilipinas. Milnubisientos kuarenta y siete kano ti tawen idi. NagkasarJa kenni Nanang » l l ^ M i i ^ t ^ W

iti daydiay met la a tawen.

Nagnaedi/a kano idiay met laeng ili mi J 1 "~ a Bacarra, idiay llocos Norte. Inggatangna kano ti bassit a naumongna iti maysa a bassit a talon a minulaancfa iti pagay ken mais. Kalpasan kano ti sangapulo ket uppat a tawen a panaggian/ia idiay Pilipinas, nagsubli kano ditoy Amerika. Kayatwakomapayti agsubli nga agubra idiay kaunasan, ngem di da kano met inawaten, ta lakay kano met unayen. Pirme a napaay ni Tatang. Napan idiay ili, ket nakasapul iti trabahowa a kas dianitor wenno paradalus iti maysa nga ospitai. Idiay ti nagubraanna ingganat' nagretiro.

Lesson

12-Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

Ti Biag mi I tan Itan, nabayag a retirado ni Tatang&on. Pitupulo ti tawen/zan. Nabayagen nga agaw-awat iti p e n s i o n s . Ni NanangA» met, agub-ubra pay laeng, ngem idiay laengentianggea pagparpartaymanwa ti pagububraanna. Nagikkaten idiay kapiniaan. Nagasawamettendagiti dua a kakabsatAo nga in-inauna ngem siak, tallo a tawen kalpasan ti isasangpetifa ditoyHaway. SaggaysaJa itan iti anak. Dagiti daddumamet, agbasbasada pay laeng. Siak met, nakaturposakon iti unibersidad/m ditoy siudad. "Business" wenno komersio ti naturpos&o. Ita, agbasbasaaA: pay laeng. Abogasia ti al-alaek itan. Sabalimet ti awagi/a kaniak ditoyen: Manny. SaanenaManing. Idiay dormitorio ti unibersidad ti paggigianaft ta adayo unay ti balaymi, ngem agawawidaA: kada Sabado, ta mailiwaA: kada Nanang ken kadagiti kakabsat ken kakasinsinAo. ItultulodnaA: ni Tatang kada Lunes, no agsubliaA: idiay unibersidad, smakXo met la alaen no Biernes. NakasapsapaAam i nga agrubrubuat ta nakaad-adu ti trapik ken nasapa a mangrugi ti klasek. Nakagatangfca w i metten iti bukbukodwz a kotse. MagusgustuaAti agaw-awid idiay balaymi ta kanayon nga ilutlutuamiaA ni Nanang kadagiti paboritoA: a sidsida. Uray no adu ti nadumaduma a makmakan idiay kapeteria ti unibersidad, im-imase/rmet laeng ti sida ti Ilokano a pinakbet ken dinengdeng a marunggay a nalaukan ti rabong, aramang,kenbugguong. *

Lesson

12-TI

Biag Ti Imigrante

VOCABULARY STUDY A. Write the meaning of the words, then selectfive3-word clusters and use them to construct five meaningful sentences. Refer to the Glossary for words that you don't know. (You may work with a partner, if you wish.)

¡migrante

kagapgapu

mailiw

agtitinnulong

kinakuyog

agkakatunusan

makisinsinnupiat

b inga y

inorderan

agsisinnakit

agrubrubuat

bagas

iruruar

pagbibingayan

ilutlutuan

nasapulan

kadawyan

anawaen

kinakuyog

nakabirok

nagsasaruno

bukbukod

nakaumay

binaybay-an

agtapos

makiar- argumento

bangir

immanamong

nakunafc iti nakem^o

nabati

likudan

nakastrek

nagretiro

agturay

makaraman

talunen

agtalia-taliaw

makastrek

nakikabbalay

inawaten

agpunpunto

kaunasan

nagtutulungan

itultulod

nangikapet

nagnaed

kaas-asawa

im- imasen

maikawa

talon

agaapa

aramang

marunggay

napaay

in-inaunaan

indeposito

B. Group the words that share a common root. Identify the common root. 1. sumrek

8. kaunasan

15. tumawag

2. maturog

9. naimas

16. ilutlutuan

3. bay-am

10. paggianan

17. sarsarunuen

4. makaraman

11. aggian

18. tumaliaw

5. kapiniaan

12. nagintuturog

19. makaala

6. nakasapul

13. masapulan

20. binaybay-an

7. kalpasan

14. im-imasen

21. kagapgapu

Lesson 12 - 77 Biag Ti Imigrante

22. 23. 24. 25.

sumaruno nakaim-imas pangtawag agluto

26. 27. 28. 29.

agtalia-taliaw ramanan naggapuan kabalbalayan

30. 31. 32. 33.

apagserrek nalpasen sumapul nagsasaruno

C. Describe in Ilokano what is happening, or what the set up is in each of the situations. 1. agkakabanga 2. agkakatunusan 3. agsasaruno 4. inorderan 5. makidagus 6. maikawa 7. nangikapet 8. pagbibingayan 9. agpunpunto 10. agrubrubuat D. Vocabulary Game: Ilokano Jeopardy. This vocabulary exercise is to be played like the television game show, "Jeopardy." Rules of the game: 1. The class will be divided into groups of two or three. Each group will assign contestant representatives for each round. 2. A contestant will pick a category, and choose one of the numbers with points ranging from 50 to 500. Each box will have a corresponding question,which, if answered correctly, earns the contestant the points represented by the number in the box. 3. The group with the most points wins the game.

Lesson

12 -Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

Categories: Root Word

Part of Speech

Definition in Ilokano

Derivation

Synonym

Antonym

50

50

50

50

50

50

100

100

100

100

100

100

150

150

150

150

150

150

200

200

200

200

200

200

250

250

250

250

250

250

300

300

300

300

300

300

350

350

350

350

350

350

400

400

400

400

400

400

450

450

450

450

450

450

500

500

500

500

500

500

Adapted by Julius Soria

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION A. Ania ti magustuam nga estilo ti panaglalangen ken panagkakaduada amin idiay balay ti ikit ni Maning? Ania ti saanmo a magustuan? B. Kasla nasingpet ken nanakem dagiti tattao nga aggigian idiay balay ti ikit ni Maning, ngem gapu iti kaaduífa idiay, ania ngata ti mabalin a saanda a panagkikinnaawatan no maminsan. Ania dagiti mabalin a parparikutcfa iti daydiay a balay? C. Ania ti pagsayaatan ti pannakikabbalay ti pamilia ni Maning iti pamilia ni ikitoa? Kayatwo kadi daytoy a kasasaad? Apay (saan)? D. Mano amin ti kakabsat ni Maning a babbai? a lallaki? Ania dagiti tawtawencfo? Pagsasarunuew ida maiyannugot iti tawencfa. Iladawam ti pamilia ni Maning. Saritaem met no apay a saanda a naggigiddan amin nga immay ditoy Amerika? E. Isalaysaywo ti nagbalin a biag da Maning ditoy Haway? Iyarigmo iti biag ti pamiliayo. Kasanoftayo a nakaumay ditoy? Ania dagiti padpadasyo ditoy Amerika? F. Ania dagiti kultura ti Pilipino a nailanad iti daytoy nga istoria? Ipalawagmo a nalaing.

Lesson

12-Ti

Biag Ti Imigrante

G Makita/w kadi ti kina-Pilipino dagiti tattao a nailanad iti daytoy nga istoria? Ipalawagmo no ania ti makitawj a kina-Pilipinoda. H. Ket sika, ania ti mariknam a kina-Pilipinom? Ania ti nagbalbaliwawon? Napigsa kadi pay laeng ti kina-Pilipino dagiti nagannak kenka? Ipalawagwo no ania ti madlawwo iti ugali ken wagas ti panagbiagda a mangipakita iti kina-Pilipinoda. Ipalawagwo no ania ti makitaw a nagbalbaliwani/an.

GRAMMAR NOTES Nominalizing Affixes: ka-,kinaBasically, most adjectives are nouns in their root form. Examples are pintas 'beauty,' pudot 'heat,' and unget 'anger.' They become adjectives when adjectival affixes na-, ma-, and nakaCVC are attached to them. However, adjectives belonging to the a-initial category, such as atiddog 'long,' adayo 'far,' asideg 'near,' and ababaw 'shallow,' as well as the unaffixed category, daan 'old,' dakkel 'big,' bassit 'small,' and baro 'new' function strictly as adjectives and become nominals by placing a noun marker (ti, tay, diay, etc.) before them. Another way of nominalizing an adjective is by attaching kina- and ka- to the root word, giving the meaning that is equivalent to the English "-ness," as in kinasingpet 'kindness,' kinaluko 'naughtiness,' kinabastos 'rudeness,' kalaka 'inexpensiveness,' and kangina ' e x p e n s i v e n e s s . ' Although these two prefixes are sometimes used interchangeably, ka- is used more frequently with the a-initial and unaffixed categories, as in kaadayo 'far distance,' kaatiddog ' length,'kabaro 'newness,' and kadakkel 'largeness.' Notice that the sentence with an asterisk below is ungrammatical. For example:

Kinuddot ni Nanangwa gapu iti kinalukowa.

'His mother pinched him b e c a u s e o f his naughtiness.'

Naklaat ti ubing iti k a d a k k e l ti uleg.

'The child w a s startled b y the largeness o f the snake.'

*Huston dayta kinadakkelwa.

'That size (bigness) is sufficient.'

Lesson 12-Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

Depending on the word that is used, volume, size, intensity, and existence or nonexistence can be expressed by adding ka- or kina- to an adjectival root. It is generally the equivalent of the English nominalizer "-ness." In some cases, these two affixes are used interchangeably, but kina- is more frequently applied to adjectives that have to do with personality and character traits. It denotes type and quality of the subject. Perhaps this is the reason only kina- can be used to combine with manag-Zmanang-, mannaki-, and mannaka- to form kinamanag-/ kinamanang-, kinamannaki-, and kinamannaka- nominalizing affixes, all of which can only apply to personality or character traits. On the other hand, ka- seems to be used mainly with words that have to do with description of measurement. The sentence: Kasano ti kapudawna 'How fair is s/he?' asks for degree of lightness of the skin, while Kasano ti kinapudawna 'What type of light skin does s/he have?' implies quality or condition ofthe fair skin. Is it sallow? Is it pink? Is it "peaches and cream?"

Kayat^o ti kapintas ti artista.

'I like the actress's (degree of) beauty.'

Kayat^o ti kinapintas ti artista.

'I like the actress's (type of) beauty.'

Ti kapintas ti artista ket bagay iti akem«a a kas maysa nga anghel.

'The actress's (degree of) beauty fits her role as an angel.'

Ti kinapintas ti artista ket bagay iti akertvza a kas maysa nga anghel.

'The actress's (type of) beauty fits her role as an angel.'

Notice that in the sentences below, only the ka- form can be used correctly to describe the strength or intensity of the typhoon.

Ti kapigsa ti bagio ket 'Signal # 2 . '

'The intensity o f the typhoon is "Signal

#2."'

*Ti kinapigsa ti bagio ket 'Signal # 2 . '

Below is a list of words that take kina- and ka-, respectively. Study their meaning to enable you to use the words correctly. In comparing the use of kina- and ka- in the two listings, see if a contrast in meaning emerges as described above. You can find these words in the Glossary.

Kina- Affix

kinaulbod

kinadakts (ti puso)

kinatangsit

kinapintas

kinakabaw

kinakiko

kinapudaw

kirabastos

kinataraki

kinasadut

kinalastog

kinaguapo

kinapugot

kinasirib

kinaaixis

kinag^get

kinakuttorg

kinaerrrra

kinadugyut

kinalukrreg

kinasukir

kinapakurrbaba

kinadayaw

kinasingpet

kinalaing

kinabengbeng

kinabimgps

kinapflosopo

kinapangas

kinakusin

kinarawet

kinag^get

kinanerbios

kinasubeg

kinasadut

kinatur-og

kiriabengpgpg

kinasubt

kinatangken (ti ub)

kinatarabitab

kinalanggong

kinasulpeng

Lesson 12 - Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

Ka- Affix kaadu

kaadalem

katayag

kaababaw

kaadayo

kalukneng

kaakikid

kapait

kaababa

kauneg

kaakaba

kabassit

kaatiddog

karabaw

kababa

kadalus

katangken

kailet

kalawa

kapintas

kalawa

kadakkel

kangato

kaasideg

kasipnget

kaakaba

kalag- an

kadagsen

The following are sample sentences, using Una- and ka- affixes. Makagayuma ti kinapmtasna.

'Her/His (type of) beauty is enchanting.'

Kasano ti k a d a k k e l ti bulan?

' H o w big is the m o o n ? '

Kasano ti k a a d u ti tattao idiay iliyol

' H o w large is the population of your t o w n ? '

Madlaw ti k a a w a n ti tao.

'The absence of p e o p l e is noticeable.'

Ti k a a d d a ti k a y k a y o ti nangteppel iti nakaamamak a layus.

'The existence of trees averted the terrible flood.'

Agdindinamag ti kinapakumbabarca.

'S/he is known for her/his humility.'

Nalawag ti kinamanangngaasi ni Apo Dios.

' G o d ' s mercifulness is a p p a r e n t . '

Apresiarek ti kinamanangngaawat dagiti gagayyemko.

'I appreciate my friends' understanding nature.'

Ti kinamannakikaarruba«a ti nakairamananwa iti gulo.

'Her/His habit of visiting the neighbors got her/him involved in trouble.'

Awan kano ti makasupiat iti kinamannakabalin ni Apo Dios.

' N o b o d y can dispute the omnipotence of G o d , they say.'

Lesson 12-Ti

Biag Ti Imigrante

Exercise Translate the phrases below the table into Ilokano, and use them in sentences. Examples are given for illustration. k a d a k k e l ti balay K a s a n o ti k a d a k k e l ti b a l a y d a l

'bigness o f h o u s e ' ' H o w big is their h o u s e ? '

kapait ti paria Kayat&o ti kapait ti paria.

'bitterness o f bittermelon' 'I like the bitterness o f bittermelon.'

k a a d a y o ti Pilipinas Ammo/: ti k a a d a y o ti Pilipinas.

'the (far) distance to the Philippines' 'I k n o w h o w far the Philippines is.'

kinagaget ti ubing D i n a y a w n a ti kinagaget ti ubing.

'industriousness o f the child' ' S / H e praised the industriousness o f the child.'

1. smallness of the chair 2. intensity of his back pain 3. tallness of the woman 4. humbleness of the officer 5. friendliness of the people

B. Comparative Markers: kas ka-, and agkaWhen an entity is compared with another, the marker kas ka- is used. When talking about reciprocal and equal features, the prefix is agka-. Both are attached to the root word of an adjective. Sometimes, a CVC reduplication occurs, as in agkadakdakkel 'same largeness.' Here are examples of the two forms: Kas kabanglo ti sabong ti bangbanglo 'The perfume is as fragrant as a flower,' and Agkataeb dagiti nagannakkaniak 'My parents are of the same age.' The word agpada 'same' is used interchangeably with agka-, as exemplified in Agpada ti kaasideg ti balayyo ken ti balaymi idiay tiendaan 'Your house and our house are the same distance (nearness) from the market,' or with words in which agka- is not allowed; for example, Agpadada a Filipino 'They are both Filipinos.' *Agkapilipinoda\s ungrammatical

Lesson

12-Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

Here are other examples.

Kas kapintas dagiti bituen ti pintasna.

'Her beauty is as o f the stars.'

Kas kalawag ti aldaw ti Las Vegas no rabii.

'Las Vegas is as bright as day at night.'

Agpadada a natayag. Agpadarfa nga abogado. *Agkaabogadoi/a.

'They are both tall.' 'They are both lawyers.'

Exercises 1. Translate the phrases into Ilokano, and use them in sentences. An example is provided to guide you in constructing your sentences. a. house as big as a palace Ilokano: Kas kadakkel ti palasio ti balayda. English: 'Their house is as big as a palace.' b.

a ball as light as an egg Ilokano Sentence: English Translation:

c.

a shoe as big as a boat Ilokano: English:

d. a car as small as a bicycle Ilokano: English:

Lesson 12-Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

e. a face as white as paper Ilokano: English: 2. Combine the two sentences into one, using the agka-adjectival prefix. An example is given for illustration. Compound Sentence: Agka- Sentence:

Sangapulo a kuarto ti balayda ken sangapulo a kuarto met ti balayyo. Agkadakkel ti balayyo. or Agpada ti kadakkel ti balayyo.

a. 5'2-ak; 5'2 met ni adingfo?.

b. 150 metro kudrado ti kuarto/:; kasta met ti kuartowa.

c. Nasirib ni Bill; nasirib met ni Al.

d. Nalukmeg&a; nalukmeg met isuna.

e. Pilipino kayo; Pilipino&am/ met.

C. Role Affix: paraPara- 'for,' a preposition in Ilokano, is usually followed by an Oblique Marker or Oblique Pronoun, as in the phrases para iti mannurat 'for the writer,'para kenka 'for you.' When attached to a verbal root, however, para- indicates role assignment.

Lesson 12-Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

For example:

Ni Elvira ti paraluto.

'Elvira is the (assigned) c o o k . '

Dakayonto ti parasungbat.

'You (all) will be the (assigned) responders.'

Exercises 1. List the names of the people mentioned in the story and next to each name, write three pieces of information regarding their: 1 ) background, 2) personality, and 3) chores they regularly do at home for the family. If no information is given, supply your own as you imagine it. Nagan ti nagakem: Maning a. Naiyanak idiay Pilipinas. b. Nasingpet ken nagaget. c. Isu ti para-innaw idiay balayé. Nagan ti nagakem: a. b. c. Nagan ti nagakem: a. b. c.

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12 - Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

Nagan ti nagakem: a. b. c. Nagan ti nagakem: a. b. c. Nagan ti nagakem: a. b. c. 2. What are the roles of these people in society? Example: gobernador: para-imaton iti probinsia (idiay Pilipinas) wenno estado (ditoy Amerika) a. maestro/a b. doktor c. karpintero d. agtagibalay e. dianitor f. kaminero g. tsuper h. kusinero i.

sekretaria

Lesson 12-Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

D. Areal Noun:

ka—an A massive area of something is expressed with the ka—an circumfix. In some instances, the noun is reduplicated, as in kabalbalayan 'area ofhouses,' and kakaykayuan 'woods.' For example:

NakakitaaÄ ti adu a trabahador idiay kapiniaan.

'I saw many workers in the pineapple field.'

Napunno ti uleg ti kabakiran.

'The forest is filled with snakes.'

Nagtaray ti agtatakaw iti kabalbalayan.

'The burglar ran in the area o f h o u s e s . '

Naglemmeng ti bao idiay kakaykayuan.

'The rat hid in the w o o d s . '

Exercise Tell in Ilokano what you would find in these areas. 1. kapiniaan

Adu ti mulmulajza a pinia.

2. kakaykayuan

Napunno ti kaykayo. or Adu ti kaykayowa.

3. kabalbalayan 4. kabakiran 5. kaunasan 6. karuutan

E. Adjectival Verbs:

na-, nai-, na—an The prefixes na-, nai-, and na—an are always attached to Transitive Verbs, and usually produce a Passive Sentence.

Lesson

12 -Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

For example: Naubon dagiti sabsabong.

'The flowers are strung together.'

Narumek daytoy balut.

'This balut is crushed.'

Exercises Study the sentences and write the correct ««-Adjectival Verb in the blank space. Find the cue in the second sentence. The first one is done. 1. Naubon dagiti sabsabong nga inted ni Tatangna. Inubon dagiti ubbing. 2.

dagitoy a prutas. Linuto ti init.

3.

dagiti balbalay. Pinerdi ti bagio.

4.

ti karton. Dinadael ti bao.

5.

ti pasdek. Rinebba ti ginggined.

6.

ti badok. Binasa dagiti agaayam nga ubbing.

The affixes nai- and na—an usually produce a different structure from the na- affixed verb, forming a relative clause construction. In the former, the Adjectival Verb must be in Subject position, as in ti naibelleng a danom 'the water that was thrown out' and dagiti nalabaan a lupot 'the clothes that are laundered'; otherwise, it could be interpreted as accidental. This Adjectival Verb can occur in either Predicate or Subject position. For example:

Pinidotrca ti naibelleng a bagas.

'S/He picked up the spilled rice/rice that was spilled.'

Kinupin&o dagiti nalabaan a bado.

'I folded the laundered clothes/clothes that were laundered.'

Lesson 12-Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

Exercise Study the sentences to determine the root word that you need to form the Adjectival Verbs, and based on the descriptions above, fill in the blanks with nai- and na—an verbs. 1. Inruarwa ti naideposito a kuartana, nga indepositowa idi kalman. 2. Inruarwa dagiti

a badbadona, nga indulin/za iti sangapulo a

tawen. 3. Pinidotna dagiti 4. Pinunasanifo ti

a mani. a gatas, nga impakbo ti ubing.

5. Kinnanna amin dagiti nalukatan a tirem, a linukatan ti asawa«a. 6. Binugguanwa a dagus ti

a sakawa, ta maariek iti

pitak. 7. Imparabawcfa dagiti kanen iti

a lamisaan.

InabbunganJa iti napintas a mantel.

F. Possessor Prefix: akitt-Zakinkua To express possession of an object, akin- is attached to the noun, as in Sinno ti akinrelo kadaytoyl or simply, Akinrelo kadaytoyl 'Whose watch is this?' As previously shown, when asking about the possessor of the object, the question word sinno and the noun marker ti are optional. Notice that in the following example, it is sufficient to say Akinkua/ Akinkukua kadaytoy? 'Whose is this?' However, in the response, the predicate and the marker are obligatory as exemplified in the sentence Siak ti akink.ua/akinkukua kadayta a relo. 'I am the owner of that watch.' Akin or akinkua is always followed by an oblique demonstrative (kadaytoy/kadayta/kadaydiay) or oblique noun phrase (iti daytoy/iti dayta/ iti daydiay).

Lesson

12 -Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

Exercise Give your instructor one or two objects to put inside a bag. S/He will pull out each object and ask the class whom the object belongs to. For example: Saludsod:

Akinkua kadaydiay? 'Whose is that (far)?'

Sungbat:

KukuaA: daydiay. 'That is mine.'

Saludsod:

Akinrelo kadaytoy? 'Whose watch is this?'

Sungbat:

ReloA: dayta. 'That (near) is my watch.'

Saludsod:

Akinlibro kadayta? 'Whose book is that?'

Sungbat:

Kukua ni Elmer dayta. 'That's Elmer's.' Libro ni Elmer dayta. 'That is Elmer's book.

WRITING PRACTICE A. You are an immigration officer scheduled to interview an entering Filipino immigrant at the airport. Write twenty questions for the interview. B. Write your own life story as an immigrant.

FLUENCY PRACTICE A. Play the role of a new immigrant entering the United States. Your partner will play the role of a suspicious customs officer. B. Using the questions you wrote for the writing practice, conduct the interview. The customs officer is sternly questioning you about things you brought with you. Reason with him or her in a diplomatic but firm manner. Appropriate follow-up questions must be asked to create a more interesting and natural exchange. C. With your partner, recreate the scene where Tata Pulon, the father, is trying to collect the $2000 deposit from the seller of the first house he attempted to buy. This time, create a feisty and argumentative Tata Pulon.

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12 - Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

D. Recreate the scene where Tata Pulon was courting Nana Duting, up to the time she accepted Tata Pulon's proposal to marry him. Make it realistic and humorous. E. Recreate the scene where Tata Pulon was attempting to return to his plantation job, but was not accepted back. F. Recreate the chaos in the house when everyone living there was inside the house on a weekend at 6:00 P.M. What is everybody doing? What conversations can be heard in this household at this time?

CULTURAL ACTIVITIES Pagsasao Create a short skit working around these sayings, and use them verbatim in proper places. No kayatmo ti bumaknang, salimetmetam ti masapula/». •

Itarusmo iti Inggles:

•

Ania dagiti masapul nga aramidem tapno rumang-ay ti biagmo? 1. 2.

3. •

Kasano&a nga agsalimetmet? 1. 2.

•

Ania ti pagimbagan ti panagsalimetmet? 1. 2.

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12 - Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

•

No kayatwo ti bumaknang, ania dagiti mabalin wenno masapul nga aramide/n? 1. 2.

•

Ipalawag/no ti pagsasao ditoy:

Apuyem ti adda a bagas; iyan-anay, á\ka dumawat. •

Itaruswo iti Inggles:

•

Ania ti aramidem no awan ti kuartawi nga igatangwo iti badow? 1. 2.

•

No kayatwo ti mangan ti naimas a sida ngem awan ti igatangwo, ania ti aramidem? 1. 2.

•

No kayatmo ti gumatang ti bukodmo a balay ngem saan nga umanay ti kuartaw, ania ti aramidem? 1.

2. •

Ipalawag/no ti pagsasao ditoy:

Lesson 12 - Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

No ni gasat ti umadani, uray liktadam, umuli.

•

Itarusmo iti Inggles:

•

Pagsisilpuem dagitoy a balikas tapno mabukelwo ti kayat a sawen ti pagsasao. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

ti ar-aramidem ti gasat a para kenka no talaga uray no ania umay latta nga umay

•

Isuratwio ti pinagsisilpom a balikas ditoy linia:

•

Mamatifez kadi iti ibagbaga ti pagsasao? Ipalawagmo a nalaing ti sungbatoio. 1. 2.

3.

Burburtia A. Riddles are meant to be memorized and told verbatim. Memorize the riddles below and try them on your Ilokano friends. B. Study the clues to the riddle, and when you have the answer, write the missing letters in the box. Nakatakder nga agur-uray iti kakadua«a a mangan.

Lesson

12-Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

•

Itarusmo iti Inggles:

Tulong iti Panangsungbat: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Tumayab. Narugit. Nangisit. Bassit. Agdisso iti kanem.

Ania ti sungbatna?

1

g

w

Napardas a tumayab ngem awan met ti pakpaksia.

•

Itarusmo iti Inggles:

Tulong iti Panangsungbat: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Saanrao a makita, ngem mariknawz. No maminsan napigsa; no maminsan, nainayad. No napigsa unay, makaperdi; no nainayad, makabang-ar. Nalamiis.

Ania ti sungbatna?

Lesson 12 - Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

n

n

Aggayyemrfa a dua; kanayonrfa nga aglumlumba. Itaruswo iti Inggles:

Tulong iti Panangsungbat: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

No maminsan, napardas; no maminsan, nabuntog. Bagkatenwa ti tao. Adda napintas; adda naalas. Adda dakkel; adda bassit. Adda nalukmeg; adda nakuttong.

Ania ti sungbatwa?

Kaiyanak man wenno baket, kudil/zat' nakuretret. Itarusmo iti Inggles:

Tulong iti panangsungbat: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Berde. Makan. Napait. Nasarangsang no kappuros. Adda bassit; adda dakkel. Adda atiddog; adda ababa. Adu ti bukelwa.

Ania ti sungbatoa?

Lesson

12-Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

Kansion A. This song is aimed mainly at teaching different ways of carrying things. Get a group together and sing the song, acting out the words.

Panagubra Melody: "Planting Rice" Lyrics: Precy Espiritu

Agal-al-al, aglingling-et Nasakit daytoy siket Narigat ti agubra Maktangan dagiti saka. Suunem man ta labba Ta sungrod, baklayenta Ta bay-on, bitbitenta Nalpasen ti ubra ita. Koro: agawid Agsida ti pinakbet. Tagapulot ti sinam-it Santo agpalpa ti buksit. * \ntayon,

Lesson

12 - Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

B. Relate the history of the sakadas (Hawai'i plantation workers) as presented in the song in Ilokano.

Sakada:

Ramut-Pilipino

UkradeA: ti pakasaritaan Dagiti Pilipino iti Haway, Tapno maammuaniay' ti gapuanan Dagiti ammafay' a namuangayan.

Maysa laeng a doliar ti horna Agmalmalem a tuok iti kaunasan Ngem dagiti amma a nanakman Pamiliada dida la binaybay-an.

Manipud iti puerto ti Kailukuan Naglayagifa iti nalawa a taaw. Simmangladi/a 'ti kunada a paraiso. Naipant/a 'ti paggianancto a kampo.

Nagbaliw ti linteg ti Amerika Naorderan ti pamilia ni Sakada. Isu nga addalay' met iti Haway ita, Nalalangto a pasto a kunada.

Naliday ti biagda a sakada. Kas man dida mailiwliwag ti iliwda Iti daga nga in da pinanawan Ken napateg a pirgis ti biagcfa.

Agmataka, pada a Pilipino Mabigbigwo kad' laeng ti ramutmo. No narangrang-ayen ti biag mo itan, Bigbigew utangmo kenni Sakada. (3x) *

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12-Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

CULTURE NOTES A Brief History of Filipino Immigration to the United States There have been three distinct "waves" or streams of migration from the Philippines to the United States. Each wave brought Filipinos of differing socio-economic backgrounds. The first wave occurred between 1906 and 1935, immediately after the Philippine-American War, and lasted until the passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1934, when the Philippines was granted commonwealth status with the promise of eventual full independence. The first wave was predominantly composed of single, young Filipino men from humble backgrounds. They were recruited as the last major Asian group brought to the U.S. to meet the labor needs of the rapidly growing agribusiness industries on the U.S. West Coast and Hawai'i. About 120,000 were recruited by Hawai'i sugar and pineapple growers. Another 50,000 were brought to work in the agricultural fields of California, Oregon, and Washington, and in the fish canneries in Alaska. The first wave came largely from two regions of the Philippines: the rural countrysides of the Ilocos and the Visayas. They were called sakadas or farm workers. They had very limited education; many could neither read nor write in their native languages or in English. The malefemale ratio was very unbalanced, sometimes 100 to 1 in some Filipino communities on the U.S. mainland. The first wave of Filipino migration came to an end with the passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which placed an immigration quota of 50 persons a year for the Philippines. It also prohibited Filipinos in Hawai'i from migrating to the U.S. mainland, a provision inserted at the request of the powerful Hawaii Sugar Planters Association (HSPA). The second wave occurred following World War II and lasted until the early 1960s. Filipino immigration to the U.S. once again was allowed, although on a much smaller scale than during the first wave. This batch was composed of three distinct groups. One group was made up of those who entered the U. S. through the U. S. Navy and other branches of the U. S. military. A provision in the 1947 U. S. -Philippine Military Bases Agreement allowed the U. S. Navy, and later the U.S. Coast Guard, to recruit Filipino nationals to serve, for the most part as "stewards." In all, more than 12,000 Filipinos enlisted into the U.S. Navy between 1947 and 1963, with many bringing their spouses and dependents with them to the U.S. Another component of the second wave consisted of Filipina "war brides," who married Americans serving in the U.S. military stationed in the Philippines after World War II. Filipino Americans who served in the all-Filipino 1 and 2 Infantry Regiments brought back wives when they returned from the Philippines after the war.

Lesson 12-Ti

Biag 77 Imigrante

The third group that made up the second wave were Filipinos recruited by the Hawaii Sugar Planters Association (HSPA) to try to break the 1946 sugar strike. This was to be the last recruitment of laborers from the Philippines to Hawai'i. A total of7,000 workers and about 1,000 women and children were brought to Hawai'i in 1946. In total, the second wave numbered between 30,000 to 40,000. The third wave was the largest stream of migration from the Philippines. It began in 1965 and continues today. The U.S. Congress liberalized immigration laws in 1965 and abolished the discriminatory and restrictive 1924 National Origins Act on Immigration, which prohibited the immigration of non-Europeans to the U.S. in large numbers. Between 1965 and today, a period of four decades (which makes this wave longer than the first), more than 1.5 million Filipinos have immigrated to the U.S. Since the mid-1970s, the number of Filipinos arriving in this country averaged more than 50,000 per year, making Filipinos the second largest group of immigrants after Mexicans. The socio-economic and linguistic backgrounds of immigrants from the Philippines today is also much more diverse. The 1965 Act allowed highly skilled immigrants to enter the U. S., such as doctors, nurses, engineers, and other professionals, who brought a much higher level of education. It also included more women and children due to the family-reunification provision of the 1965 Immigration Act. The continuing influx of immigration from the Philippines, combined with those who came during the first and second waves, means that the Filipino community in the United States is overwhelmingly immigrant in character. Almost two-thirds of the community was born outside of the U.S., and their native tongue is not English. The 50,000 new immigrants entering the U.S. every year continue to transmit Filipino culture and language, giving the U.S. Filipino community its vibrance and dynamism. DeanAlegado Chair, Department of Ethnic Studies University of Hawai'i at Manoa

Lesson 12 - Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

CULTURE STUDY Many Filipinos are not aware that holding a "green card" does not guarantee residency in the United States, nor do they know that U.S. citizenship obtained through fraudulent means can be revoked. Many have had their permanent resident status taken away for violating U.S. laws, especially as stricter policies are being instituted to control immigration into the country. The destruction of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, also brought forth legislation and policies that are aimed to protect the U.S. against further attacks. These laws and policies have expedited immigration cases that have been held up in court for years. The consolidation of twenty-two agencies into the Department of Homeland Security, which includes the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service, has enabled the sharing of information on people who have broken U.S. laws. Consequently, many illegal aliens and permanent residents with adverse records have been tracked down and a large number has been deported from the United States. The exercise below is an example of such cases. The case: Possession of an unlicensed gun, drug trafficking, and burglary A "green card" holder in the U.S. has just received a deportation judgment from an immigration judge. He has the right to file an appeal to the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), with a 50-50 chance of winning. If he chooses to appeal his case, he is required to post a $5,000 bond within the next hour. If he fails to do so, he will be put on the first available flight to the Philippines. Ifhe is able to post bond, he maybe incarcerated in a U.S. mainland jail for a year or more, while the appeal is in process. The dilemma that the family faces is whether to borrow more money for his bond, knowing that they may not even have a chance of winning the appeal because of the seriousness of the offense. Such cases almost never receive a waiver, but the family is holding out for the best. They have spent almost $30,000 on this case, and an appeal would incur additional legal costs. That it is his first offense, and that his immediate family (he has a wife and three small children, bom in Hawai'i) would suffer severe hardship ifhe is sent back to the Philippines were favorable arguments previously presented in immigration court. In addition, he has strong family ties in the United States; his U.S. citizen parents and three married siblings with children are long-time residents of Hawai'i. One of the siblings is in the U.S. military. Winning in the appellate court may hinge only on new believable information that the Board ofAppeals would accept.

Lesson 12-Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

Activities: 1. Break into groups of three and take a position on whether to post bond given the above dilemma. 2. Discuss how the family will cope with this crisis. 3. What would your family do if they were in the same circumstances? 4. What do you think the judgment will be on this case? Support your answer.

Lesson

12-Ti Biag Ti Imigrante

GLOSSARY Letters in boldface indicate stress. Aa aba ababa ababaw kaababaw abagatan agpaabagatan abak abaken abak pay inabak maabak mangabak naabak nangabak pangabakan abal-abal abang abangan agabang abay nagabay abbong iyabbong abel abel-Iluko ablat ablatan inablatan abogasia abrasa inabrasa abraso inabraso abrut maabrut

to go toward the south

mangpapaadal pinagadal adalem adayo

adda addansa

to defeat to be better than (idiom) defeated; winnings to lose; to be defeated to win lost won games to win from beetle rent to rent to rent next to; beside; maid of honor were side by side; served as maid of honor cover to cover with woven cloth Iluko weave to whack; to whip whipped; lashed law profession handshake to shake hands hug (n) to hug can be regained; can be recovered

abug abugen abus man pay ta adal makaadal

adayuan immadayo inyadayo nakaad-adayo nakaadayo umad-adayo umadayo

taro short; low shallow shallowness south

to drive away especially since (expression) education; manners to be able to study or have an education the one sending someone to school supported someone's schooling deep (water) far

maaddaan adi/ading addi

adigi adu ad-adu kaadu kaaduan nagadu nakaad-adu agarup agas maagasan mangagas mangngagas agatagat-baybay agat-ikan agat-ling-et agawa agawaan inagawaan agdan aginggana agkaraagkaratawar agpayso/agpaypay so akaba kaakaba akar immakar iyakar kaak-akar makaakar

panagiyakar umakar

to distance from went far; moved away moved it away very far has gone far going farther away to go far there is (existential word) there might be (-sa denotes speculation) to have younger sibling term for addressing a group younger than oneself; siblings post many; much; plenty more volume; quantity majority; most many; much many; intensified approximately medicine to/can be cured to cure healer smells like (prefix) sea smell fishy smell smells of sweat to hurry hurried stairs until; up to prefix indicating frequency to keep haggling true wide width moved; transferred to transfer just moved can move; can transfer; can contaminate; contagious (disease) time or manner of transferring to move; to transfer

akikid kaakikid aklon aklunen ala agala agpaala alaen al-alaen innala ipapaala iyalaan kaal-ala maala makipaala mangala naalaan nakaala nangala nangalaan pagal-alaan pangalaan alad naaladan al-al agal-al-al al-alia alan alan,a al aw alawen maalaw aldaw aldaw-en inaldaw kaaldawan nangaldaw pangaldaw alibtak agalibtak kinaalibtak naalibtak alino maalino alisto alistuan inalistuan

narrow narrowness to accept to gather to have someone get to take getting; taking took having someone get to get for just got can be taken/gotten to request someone to get to get was taken from was able to get got; took place where it was gotten place for getting place for getting fence with fence panting ghost come on go ahead already (expression) come on (expression) to rescue;to save can be rescued; can be saved day; midday late already (said of morning time) daily the day of; birthday ate lunch lunch to be alert alertness alert; attentive; quick to feel a sensation in the teeth quick; fast; swift to do quickly hurried up

alsem naalsem aluad agaluad al-aluadan Dios ti aluadna alumamay kinaalumamay naalumamay nakaal-alumamay alusiis alusiisen amak nakaam-amak am-ammo am-ammuen inyam-ammo maam-ammo naam-ammo amang am-amang pay amang (nga) amangan no amarilio amianan agpaamianan amiris amirisen naamiris ammo

sourness sour to be cautious; to be on guard being cautious of God bless his/her soul mildness; gentleness mild; gentle (variation of naalumamay) very gentle restless intense fear shocking; scary; horrible; horrifying; dreadful to know (person) to get to know (person) introduced to will get to know (person) got to know (person) long time ago (expression) much more may; might yellow north to go north

to ponder; to analyze realized knowledge; to know to know each other (more agaammo than two) to get to know maammuan the one who knows makaammo makaammoAa dita it's up to you (idiom) all of a sudden pagammuan adopted child ampon adopted inampon offspring anak offspring; children annak niece or nephew kaanakan was born naiyanak anamong inyanamong said in agreement anattayen what was that now? (expression) anawa anawaen to stop a fight or argument

Glossary

înyanawa nanganawa anay anay makaanay umanay angaw agang-angaw agiinnangaw ang-angaw inang-angaw inyangaw naangaw angay maangay angdod umangdod anges agang-anges makaanges umanges angin angot angseg ani kaan-ani anibersario ani a man ania metten, aya annad agannad naannad annay anniniwan annugot immannugot anteohos nakaanteohos anting-anting anud maiyanud anug-og agan-anug-og anus agan-anus

Glossary

said for purpose of stopping a fight or argument person who stopped a fight or argument termite

aganus naanus panaganus

to be patient patient patience (gerund)

inaon

pulled out quarrel quarreling quarrelsome quarreled just right; at the same time as soon as

aon apa

sufficient; enough sufficient; adequate; enough joke joking joking with each other (more than two) jokes teased teased with likes to tease occasion to be held bad odor to become smelly; to have a bad odor breath breathing can breathe to breathe wind; air smell; odor urine smell harvest (n); crop just harvested anniversary whatever what in the world ?(expression) caution to be careful careful ouch shadow agreed eyeglasses wearing eyeglasses amulet; charm to be swept away by water sobbing (n) sobbing patience being patient

agaapa mannakiapa nagapa apagisu apaman nga apay immapay umapay apgad naapgad apit apiten aplag iyaplag naiyaplag Apo Apong apoy agapoy innapoy nagapoy appot ap-apputen inappot apros ap-aprusan inaprusan apura agap-apura arab pagaraban arak agaarak arak arakup immarakup inarakup naginnarakup nangarakup

overcame (by emotion) to be overcome (by emotion) saltiness salty t aste harvest to harvest; to reap to spread out spread out (past) term of respect for superior or old person term used to address an old person or old grandparent fire to cook rice cooked rice made rice clasping clasped caress; rub; stroke caressing; rubbing; stroking caressed; rubbed; stroked hurrying place for grazing attracting each other (more than two) liquor embrace embraced embraced embraced each other embraced

aramang aramat aramaten aramid ar-aramiden agaramid aramiden inaramid ipaaramid iyaramidan maar-aramid makaaramid nangaramid pannakaaramid arapaap inar-arapaap ararawan arasaas ar-arasaas inyarasaas arayat inarayat arbulario/albulario/ erbulario ari ariek maariek arig iyarig pagarigan arimpadek arkitekto arnibal aroskaldo arpaw iyarpaw arubayan arubos agar-arubos arudok agar-arudok asawa agassawa kaas-asawa makapag-asawa mangasawa nagasawa nakiasawa

small shrimps

asi agpakpakaasi

to use deed things being done to do; to make to do; to make made; did to have someone do/make to make for being done able to do or make did; made how or when it is made dream; fantasy kept dreaming about cricket whisper whispers whispered help; assistance helped; assisted village healer king to feel squeamish; tickled just like to compare or to contrast example (always precedec kas) footsteps architect syrup chicken rice soup cover to cover with yard flow flowing down profusely moving slowly spouse husband and wife newlywed can marry to many (referring to men or got married got married (referring to women only)

impakpakaasi kaasian kaasi/kakaasi maasi manangngaasi nagpakaasi/ nagpakpakaasi pakaasi pangngaasi + (m or -yo) asideg agaasideg as-asideg asitgan inasitgan makaasideg umas-asideg asignatura/asaymen asikaso as-asikasuen inasikaso asin aso asping kaas-asping assibay inassibay assiw

asuk asukar asul ata naata atado i y atado sangaatado atang agatang

nagpaatang panagatang

mercy; pity; compassion pleading; begging for mercy/ pity pleaded for to p ity pitiful to have compassion or mercy merciful; compassionate pleaded for mercy pleading please (expression) near; close by near each other (more than two) closer, nearer to go near; to approach went near; approached can go/come near coming closer assignment to tend tending to attended to salt dog resembling placed arm around body to assist a bar holding two containers on each end, carried on shoulders smoke sugar blue unripe; uncooked small pile to put in a pile one pile food offering to spirits to offer food to spirits (usually including tobacco and liquor) had someone offer food to spirits offering of food to spirits

Glossary

atap at-atapen atep atepan naatepan atiddog atian maatianan paatianan atiw atiwen makaatiw naatiw awag agiinnawag aw-awagan maawagan awan agawan maiyaw-awan nagawan naiyaw-awan awan a pulos awan duadua awan ti aniamanna awat agaw-awat awaten inawat inyawat iyawat iyawatan iyaw-awat kaaw-awat maawatan maaw-awatan makaawat mangiyawat naawatan nagkinnaawatan nangawat panangiyawat pannakaawat away awid agaw-awid agawid

Glossary

iyawid makaawid mangiyawid nagawid panagawid

suspicion; wild animal suspecting roof to put roof on with roof (past) long awis

agawis inyawis iyawis mangawis mangaw-awis

will be dried out to have it dried out to defeat can defeat defeated call; phone call; a name one is called calling each other (more than two) calling; phoning named as; is called none; nothing to disappear to be lost; to go astray disappeared lost or gone astray none whatsoever (expression) without doubt (expression) you're welcome; nothing to it receiving to receive; to accept received handed over to hand over to hand over to handing over just received can be understood being understood can receive; can understand to hand over understood; comprehended understood each other one who received time and manner of giving/ handing over understanding (n) countryside; rural area going home to go home

awit awiten nakaawit aya ayab ayaban inayaban mangayab paayaban pinaayaban ayan ayat agayat ayan-ayat ay-ayaten kayat kaykayat managayat mayat maymayat naayat panagayat ay-ay ay-ay p ay

ay-ayen ay-ayam agay-ayam agay-ay-ayam ay-ayamen makiay-ayam nagay-ayam nakiay-ayam pagay-ayaman

to take home can go home to take home went home time or manner of going home invitation to invite said to invite to invite with to invite inviting load; something carried by hand to carry by hand someone carrying something by hand is that so? (expression) to call called the one w h o calls to have someone call had someone call location love; desire to love love (reciprocal) object of affection; loving like; want prefers loving; affectionate person who likes/wants; good better loving; affectionate; likes a lot manner of loving what a pity; an expression of compassion or sympathy (idiom) to jilt game; toy to play playing to play (with object) to play (with others/another) played played (with others/another) place where playing

ay-ayo ay-ayuen inyay-ayo makaay-ayo naay-ayo panangay-ayo ayna Apo aysus ayug ay-ayug ayup ayus pagayusen aywan agay-aywan aywanan

baet to cheer up; to comfort; to cajole said/done to comfort interesting; pleasing; entertaining; enjoyable was comforted; was cheered up comforting manner good God (expression) "My Goodness!" tune; melody; song; accent tunes; melodies; songs; accerts animal flow to let flow ward; thing or person being taken care of taking care of to take care of; to babysit

Bb baba babaen imbaba nababa ikalumbaba

babaen babai babbai babawi agbabawi ibabawi maibabawi baddek baddekan ibadde-baddek ibaddek nakabaddek bado nagbado bael kabaelan mabaelan

down; below down; below put down (past) low to open window with a stick (metaphor); to rest chin on palm of hand by means of; through female females regret; repentance to repent; to regret to take back can be taken back; can be retrieved step; footstep to step on to keep stepping on to step on accidentally stepped on clothing dressed with; got dressed capability; strength; power to be able

nagbaetan

between in between

bagai bagbaga bagbagaan ibaga imbaga maibaga mangibaga bagas bagi bagi agkakabagian bagbagi

kakabagian bagi

agkarabagio bagis bagbagis kabagis bagkat bagbagkaten bagkaten binagkat mabagkat mangbagkat bagnet bain agbabain kababain mabain nabainan napabainan pinabainan sibabain baka baka bakasion agbakasion baket bumaket bakia

advice to advise to tell; to say saying told; said can be told; can say/tell to say; to tell rice; pulp (as in fruit) owned by body relatives of each other bodies; also used to referto one's body when not feeling well relatives euphemistic way of referring to human genitals typhoon frequent storms intestine intestines sibling lifting; carrying to carry lifted; carried can be lifted; can be carried to lift/carry pork rind shame to be shy embarrassing; shameful ashamed; shy embarrassed shamed shamed; put to shame (past) ashamedly may; might (Tagalog borrowing) cow vacation to go on vacation old woman; term of address for female spouse will get old (female) wooden clogs

Glossary

baklay agbakbaklay baklayen nakabaklay baknang ibakbaknang kinabaknang nabaknang bakrang balakad imbalakad balangeg balasang babbalasang balasitang balay agkakabbalay agtagibalay agtagtagibalay balbalay ipabpabalay pagkakabbalayan bales agbinnales balikas balin agbalin kababalin mabalin pannakabalin balitok baliw nagbaliw balkot balkuten ballaag binallaagan imballaag ballasiw ballasiwen bumallasiw makaballasiw ballasiw-taaw balligi/ballaigi agbal I igi/agbal 1 aigi ballog makiballog

Glossary

carrying on shoulder to carry on shoulder carrying something on shoulder rich; wealthy that which makes one rich wealth rich; wealthy rib side of body advice; counsel advised; counseled swamp cabbage (ongchoyj single woman young women young girl (adolescent) house housemates of each other housewife; to tend the home tending the home houses to feel at home house shared by all to retaliate (reciprocally) word; utterance will become characteristic; character; attitude possible power; authority gold; gold color changed; reformed bundle to bundle warning warned warned other side; across to go across to cross; to go across can go across across the ocean; overseas success; achievement; victory to succeed; to win; to triumph loafer to join in loafing or idleness

balnaw balnawan mabalnawan nabalnawan balo balon balunen balor agbalor bampira banag nagbanagan pagbanagan banda bandana nakabandana banga agkakabanga bang-ar makabang-ar nabang-aran bangibang kabangibang bangir bangkag bangketa bangking agbangking bangko bangkrap mabangkrap nabangkrap bangles mabangles nabangles banglo bangbanglo nabangbangluan nakabangbanglo bangon bimmangon bangsit bangbangsit bangus baniaga nagbaniaga baniera bannog bambannog

to rinse to be rinsed; can be rinsed has been rinsed widow provision to bring food along value; worth valued at vampire thing result or outcome result; consequence side (direction) scarf wearing a scarf clay pot sharing from the same pot relief can cause relief relieved adjacent other side vegetable farm sidewalk crooked; lopsided to be lopsided/crooked wooden bench; bank bankrupt to be bankrupt became bankrupt will spoil (food) spoiled (food) sweet smell; fragrance perfume perfumed very fragrant rose from a recumbent position bad smell/odor type of smelly flower milk fish foreigner traveled to a foreign counti a wide laundering basin tiredness tiresome

nabannog bantay agpabantay bantayan baon baon a baon binaon imbaon mabaon barbakua bari-bari baringkuas bimmaringkuas bario barbario barko baro babbaro barito baro bartek bartikero mammartek panagbarbartek barukong basa agbasa agbasbasa basaen basa nga basa binasa mangbasa nagbasa basa mabasa nabasa nabasan nakabasbasa basi basol bassit babassit bassi-bassit kabassitan nagbabassit nakabasbassit sangkabassit basta

tired mountain; guard to go towards the mountain to guard/protect a command keep ordering around told to do a task told to do a task can be told to do a task salted fish kind of chant to drive away bad spirits abrupt turn abruptly turned village villages ship unmarried man; new young men young man (adolescent) new drunkard drunkard drinking (n) chest to read reading to read always reading read (past) to read read (past) will get wet got wet; is wet wet already very wet Ilokano wine made from sugarcanejuice fault; sin; wrongdoing small; little small (pi) little by little smallest all very small very small a little bit; small amounts as long as (expression)

bastos batang bati ibati mangibati nabati bato baut bauten bawang bay-a bay-an/baybay-an

binaybay-an bayad agbinnayad bayadan nakabayad pabayadan bayag mabayag mabayag (iti di) mabaybayag nabayag bayat/kabayatan iti baybay agpabaybay bay-on belleng ibelleng maibelleng makaibelleng naibellengan naibellengen ipaibelleng bengngeg kinabengngeg bennat bennaten bentana berde berso bettak bumtak biag agbiag mabiag biangot

rude; crude; disrespectful turn (n) to leave behind to leave behind left behind; left over rock; stone whipping (n) to whip garlic to ignore; to disregard; to abandon; to neglect; to leave alone ignored; disregarded; neglected; abandoned payment to pay each other back to p a y has paid; was able to pay to have it paid long time before long long time long time while; during sea; ocean to go toward the ocean tall flat basket to throw out can be thrown away able to throw away accidentally spilled on has been thrown away to have someone throw out hardheaded, hard of hearing stubbornness to stretch window green verse explosion; crack will explode; will erupt life to be alive; to live to make lively; to give life meddler

Glossary

bibig bigat kabigatanna nammigat pammigat bigbig bigbigen mabigbig bigla bilang imbilang mabilang bilin bilinen bilbilin bilinen imbilin billit bingay pagbibingayan binting bimgas nabirngas birok agbirok birok a birok mabirukan nakabirok bisikleta bisin agpabpabisin mabisin panagbisin bislak bisti bitbit bitbiten bitin agkulkulambitin/ agkulkulimbitin/ agkalkalumbitin ibitin naibitin bitla agbitla

Glossary

lip morning morning ate breakfast breakfast to acknowledge; to recognize can be acknowledge sudden (borrowed from Tagalog) number; count (n) counted; consider to/can be counted order; instruction; command; advice to command; to advise advice (pi); commands; instructions to give advice ; to give instructions advised; ordered bird share; portion to share; to apportion; to divide among twenty-five centavos nickname impolite to look for to keep looking for can find/locate; will be found was able to find; found bicycle hunger; famine to allow oneself to starve hungry hunger; famine wooden stick decoration something carried by hand to carry by hand swinging

to hang hung speech; discourse to discourse; to give a speech

boksing boksingero bolsa bomba borda nabordaan botantes botelia buangay mangbuangay namuangayan bubon agbubon bugaw bugaw agbugaw ibugbugaw pagbugbugaw bugguong binugguungan managbugguong bugkaw binugkawan bugkawan imbugkaw naibugkaw bugtak bugtakan imbugtak Bukanegan bukel mabukel mangbukel sangabukel bukod bukbukod bukot bulan makabulan bulang makibulang pagbulangan bulig bulilit bulintik bullalayaw

boxing boxer pocket bomb; artesian well embroidery with embroidery; embroidered voters bottle to create; to found origin of deep well to make a deep well pimp to drive away (as in flies) driving away with (an instrument) what is used to drive away insects fish paste with bugguong likes to eat bugguong yelled at to yell at yelled it out; shouted it out yelled it out to speak sharply or harshly to; to shout rudely at said sharply verbal joust in Ilokano seed; piece can be formed; can be created to form or create one piece; one whole one's own one's own back of body month; moon one month cockfight to participate in cockfighting cockfight ring banana cluster small mudfish marble rainbow

bullalayaw bullo nablo bulod pabuludan bulong nagbulong bulsek buksit bunga bungon bungunen buntiek buok buong buong ti ulo buungen mabuong nabuong burais naiburais burak maburak buras agburburas burias buridek busor kabusor bussog nabsug sibubussog buteng kabuteng mabuteng managbuteng nagbuteng nakabutbuteng buya agbuya agbuybuya binuybuya buyaen pabpabuya pabuya

rainbow bone fracture; joint dislocation fractured bone; dislocated joint borrowed thing to lend leaf grew leaves blind stomach fruit to wrap mudfish hair problem person (expression) to break; to crack will be broken broken; cracked scattered to/can be broken up or disintegrated harvesting piglet youngest sibling; youngest offspring antagonism enemy; foe full (stomach) with full (stomach) fear; fright; terror afraid of afraid tendency to be scared became afraid scary show; performance; scenery to watch watching things watched to watch shows a show; a performance

Dd daan dadael dinadael madadael dadduma daga dagas dagasen dimmagas dumagas dagdag

old destruction; damage; ruin destroyed; damaged; ruined will be destroyed/ ruined/ damaged others dirt; soil; ground to fetch something or someone along the way stopped by to drop by

dagdagen dagdagdagen dinagdag indagdag mangdagdagdag dagsen dumagsen nadadagsen nadagsen dagullit

to hurry someone urging someone on urged; insisted; nagged what was said to urge/ insist/ nag nagging; urging; weight; heaviness will become heavy heavy (pi) heavy

dinagullit indagullit dagum dagup

repeated said repeatedly needle sum; total

kadagupan dagus

the whole thing; out of all immediately; instantly; at once; right away

dagus makidagus daing dait makipadait panagpadait dakayo dakes pagdaksan dakkel dadakkel dumakkel impannakkel kadakkel

to reside temporarily with dried fish to request someone to sew time/manner of having someone sew you (pi) bad; evil; wicked bad about large; big big (pi) will become big talked proudly about; boasted about largeness; size

Glossary

nagdakkel nakadakdakkel dakulap dalan daldalan dalapus nadalapus dalupisak agdalupisak nadalupisak

very big very big palm (hand) road; pathway roads accidentally bumped into to sit on the floor or ground fell on one's buttocks on the floor or ground

dalus agdalus dalusan dinalusan madalusan makapagdalus nadaldalus nakadalus paradalus damag agpadamag damagen damdamag dinamag impadamag danag madanagan pakadanagan

danger dangran madangran danggay danggayan danog danugen danom danon danunen madanon makadanon nadanon nadanunan nakadanon daramudom naidaramudom daras

Glossary

to clean to clean cleaned can be cleaned to be able to clean cleaner was able to clean in charge of cleaning report; news to report; to relay news to ask/to inquire news; reports inquired; queried shared information; reported worry; anxiety; fear worried to worry about/for; to feel anxious or worried about/for to injure will be injured, hurt to accompany punch to punch water to meet to reach can reach (destination) reached destination came upon reached (destination); arrived at fell on one's face number of times (as in mono

nga daras 'how many times') daras agdardaras dardarasen darsen dinardaras dasar agidasar idasar indas aran naidasar dasay maidasay data agdadata datar dateng dimteng dumteng nakagteng dati dawat dimmawat dinawat daya agpadaya daya agdadaya agpadaya padaya dayamudom agdayamudom agdaydayamudom indayamudom dayaw dayawen madaydayaw nadayaw panagdayaw sidadayaw daydiay met la dengdeng dinengdeng makapagdengdeng madengdeng dengdeng dumengdeng

rushing to do hurriedly to hurry rushed, hurriedly, quickly to serve to serve served was served will die recumbent floor arrived to arrive; will arrive was able to arrive former(borrowedfromTagalog) asked for asked for it east to go east feast; party; festival celebrating a feast or a party to have a party party to mumble; to mutter mumbling; muttering mumbled it respect; honor to respect; to honor respected; honorable (term of address) respectful honoring (n); worshipping (n) with respect that same thing simple vegetable soup seasoned with fish paste can cook dinengdeng can be made into dinengdeng to move over

dengngeg agdengdengngeg dinengngeg denggen dumngeg makangkangngeg makangngeg mangngeg mangmangngeg nangngeg pagdengdenggan derosas desision agdesision diak ammo man ketdi dianitor diaske diding nadidingan digos agdigos pagdigdigos di lamabalin dilis dillaw agdillaw nadlaw Dios ti agbati Dios ti kumuyog direksion diretso agdiretso disgrasia madisgrasia diskurso dispensar dispensaren disso idisso indisso madissuan disturbo nadistorbar diwakal napadiwakal

listening listened to to hear; to listen to; to heed to listen; to heed hearing repeatedly can hear can be heard hearing heard place for listening pink decision to decide who knows (expression) janitor rascal wall walled to take a bath for bathing may I (lit.: wouldn't it be possible [idiom]) anchovy to criticize noticed God stay with you; goodbye God be with you; goodbye direction straight to go forward accident to/will be in an accident speech apology to excuse; to forgive; expression of apology place; location; area to put down placed to be hit nuisance; disturbance was disturbed bulky

drowing agdrowing naidrowing dua dudduddua maikadua mamindua duadua dubla nadubla dudol dudon dugmam maidugmam naidugmam dugsol dugsulen dugyot dulin agidulin idulin ipaidulin makaidulin duma nadumaduma naidumduma dungngo dungdunguen nadungngo sidudungngo dungpar nakadungpar nadungpar dungrit kadungrit nadungrit duron iduron iduron-duron induron-duron dusag-dusag dutdot agkadutdutan

drawing to draw what was drawn two only two second twice doubt rolled tobacco corn flour cake locust to hit face against something accidentally hit face against something to stab filthy; slob to save; to put away to put away to have someone put away able to put away/save various; different unique love; affection loving affectionate affectionately; lovingly to accidentally hit was hit filthy dirtiness filthy; d i r t y to push to keep pushing pushed around boxing strand of hair compatible with each other

Ee ebaporada ebkas inyebkas naiyebkas

evaporated expressed; uttered was expressed; was uttered Glossary

ellek el-ellek emerdiensi emma kinaemma naemma enggrande ennat nagennat ensalada entremetida eskuela kaeskuelaan espesial están gko estante estasion estero estilo estudiante

chuckle giggles; chuckles emergency demureness demure; graceful; modest grand party stretched salad meddler school schoolmate special cigar showcase station sewer style; manner student

Gg gagangay galba galis nagalis naigalis nakagalgalis

customary; usual tin sheet

galut

rope; string; tie to tie up tied up tied up asset; treasure

igalut inggalut naigalut gameng gamer maigamer gammat gammatan ginammatan gamud nanggamud

ganansia pagganansiaan ganas ganasen

Glossary

slippery; s l i m y slipped very slippery; very slimy

to be soaked in; to be immersed in to grab grabbed witchcraft person who possesses someone; placed someone under the spell of witchcraft profit to profit from to enjoy

maganasan naganas ganat gumanat maganatan sigaganat gandat ganggannaet ganos naganos gansilio ginansilio gantil gapu aggapu kagapgapu magapuanan naggapuan naggapu gapu ta garakgak gas gasang magasangan nagasang gasat daksanggasat nagasat gasto aggasgasto aggasto panaggasto gatad gatang gatangen ginatang gumatgatang igatang inggatang ipagatangan magatgatang nagatang nakagatang paggatangan pagpagatangan pinanggatang

to feel satisfied; to feel pleasure; to enjoy pleasurable eagerness eager eager; anxious anxiously; eagerly intention; purpose; aim foreigner; stranger tender; young (as in fruit or vegetable) crochet instrument crocheted person w h o horses around because; cause; origin; to come from to come from just came from will be accomplished place came from came from because chuckle gas spiciness; pungency to taste spiciness spicy fortune; luck unfortunate; without luck; unlucky fortunate; lucky expense spending to spend manner/time of spending price to buy bought buying to buy with bought with to have someone buy for commodities; merchandise was bought was able to buy place for buying place to have someone buy time for buying (past)

gatas gatel nagatel gaw-at gaw-a-gaw-aten gaw-aten gimmaw-at ginaw-at magaw-at gawgaw gawid inggawid pinangigawid gayadan gayam

gayyem gagayyem makigayyem mannakigayyem nagayyem panaggagayyem gibus naggibus giddan aggigiddan inggiddan kagiddan naggigiddan naigiddan gin-awa nagin-awa ginggined agginggined iray nagiray gitara/gitarra aggitara graduar naigraduar gripo groseri paggroseriaan gubat

milk itch itchy keeps reaching out for to reach for reached for; grabbed reached for can be reached starch pulled back manner or time of holding back hemline expression used for sudden discovery or recall friend friends to make friends with friendly friendly friendships ending (n) ended at the same time said/did at the same time same time with all at the same time (past) happened at the same time comfort comfortable earthquake earthquake occurring leaned over (said of tall objects) guitar to play guitar graduated with (a degree) faucet grocery grocery war

gudua apaggudua guduaen kagudua gulay gulayen gulo nagulo gumamela gunay aggunay aggunggunay makagunay naggunay gunggon ginunggon nagunggon panaggunggon pannakagunggon gungguna ginunggunaan magunggunaan gun-od magun-od nagun-od nakagun-od gura kagurgura makagura nakagura gurong gusto gustuen magusgustuan guyod guyuden

half as soon as it's half to cut in half one-half vegetable (Tagalog) to make a vegetable dish trouble; mess messy; rowdy hibiscus movement to move moving can move moved shook was shaken shaking (n) manner/time of shaking prize; reward rewarded rewarded to be attained/to be achieved/ to be obtained attained/achieved/obtained was able to obtain resentment to feel resentment toward to feel resentful was resentful calf (of leg) to like to enjoy; to be fond of; to like; to want to pull

Hh haan hardin horna hustisia husto huston

variant of saan flower garden pay justice correct enough already

Glossary

nagikkat naikkat

Ii ibbat inibbatan

let go from hand (past)

naibbatan

accidentally let go

ibbatan inibbatan

to let go from grasp released; let go (past)

maibturan

able to endure

ibusen inibus maibus naibus

to consume consumed to be consumed consumed; used up

ibus

idam ipaidam napaidam paidam

to refuse; to withhold selfish selfish

nagidda nakaidda napaidda

laid down recumbent accidentally fell on his/her back recumbent before (remote past time marker) over there (far) to go over there (far) yesterday and then

idda

siiidda idi idiay agpakasdiay idi kalman idi kuan iggam agiggem iggaman/igganan maiggaman/ maiggaman makaiggem igid igup igupen maigup sangaigup ikan ikit ikkan inikkan ikkat ikkatan inikkat Glossary

to hold or grasp to hold can be held can hold edge sip to sip can be sipped one sip fish aunt to give to gave to to lessen; to diminish; to remove from removed

kailala kailalaan

it will be a waste to feel it is wasted

kailet nailet

tightness tight town towns nostalgia to feel nostalgic about homesick; nostalgic

ikkis

ibbet:t

ibturr

agikkis inyikkis nagikkis

resigned; removed oneself was detached; was removed; was laid off (from work) scream to scream screamed it out screamed

ilala

ilet

ili il-ili iliw kailiw mailiw ilut il-iluten mangngilut

agkakaimas im-imasen kaimasan maimas nagimas naimas naim-imas imbag pagimbagan imigrante imigrasion imon nagin-iimon panagimon imot nagimot naimot imperdible impluensia imtuod/intuod

massaging masseur/masseuse hand good taste; pleasure; delight all very delicious enjoying the taste of most delicious will be enjoyed very delicious delicious; tasty more delicious goodness advantage; what is good about immigrant immigration jealousy pretended to be jealous jealousy

very selfish; very stingy stingy; selfish safety pin influence question inimtuod/inintuod inquired intuuden to inquire about it

inana agin-inana nakainanan inayad

resting has rested slowness; quiet movement

nagin-inayad nainayad indayon agin-indayon indayunen indeng indengan inggana ingpis naingpis init aginit innaw aginnaw inom ininom inumen mainom makainom umin-inom uminom inspektor insulto ininsulto mainsulto inut inin-inut nagin-inut

moved slowly slow; slowly hammock; swing swinging in a hammock or swing to swing to hear (poetic) until; up to thinness thin sun to have sunshine

nagiray

bent; leaned sideways

imparaipus iparaipus

iray irut nairut isbu naisbuan isem immisem isman naginnisem nakaisem siiisem

istoria inistoria isu met la a/nga isu maipag-isu ita itan itay itattay

drank a drink; to drink drink thirsty; can drink drinking to drink inspector insult insulted to be insulted

paraipus

inipit ipus

nakaistambay istetsayd

to wash the dishes

did little by little did little by little device for gripping or clasping clamped; gripped tail added to add at the end of (messages, speeches, explanations, etc.) trainbearer

ipit

istambay

tightness tight urine accidentally urinated on smile smiled to smile at smiled at each other with a smile with a smile

ited ikkan inikkan inted itden mangited naikkan pagikkan pangtedan itsa/tsa itsura iwa immiwa iwaen sangaiwa

a person w h o idles (from "standby") idling imported (adj); someone/ something from the U. (from "stateside") story told the story no wonder (idiom) s/he; that; it specific now; today right now recent past; earlier; a while ago a w h i l e ago to give to give to gave to gave to give to give was given container place or people given something to tea appearance slice sliced a piece to slice one slice

Kk kaan ipakan ipangan kaan a kaan kanen kankanen kapangpangan kinnan makmakan mangmangan mangpakan mapakan nakanen nakapangan

to feed to eat with (something) always eating to eat; food sweet rice cakes; eating just finished eating ate things to eat eating one who feeds can be fed has been eaten has eaten; was able to eat

Glossary

pakanen

to feed feeding time/manner of eating

makalkalap mangngalap kalapaw

eating (n) fed when neighbor neighbors of each other

kalawikiw agkalkalawikiw nagkalawikiw kalding kalgaw

hut wriggling (n) wriggling wriggled goat dry season; summer

mannakikaarruba Kabaruan

neighborhood neighborly a village in IlocosSur

kalikagum ikalikagum kalmado

wish; request to wish; to request calm

kabesa agikabkabesa

memorizing

kalsada kalub

road; street cover

all hitting each other

nakaluban kalumbaba

covered with

agkikinnabil agkabil ikabil ikabkabil inkabil

to hit to put; to place putting; placing placed

to rest chin on palm of hand chin resting on palm of hand

kumabil mai kabil makabil

to hit can be placed

ikalumbaba nakakalumbaba kalye kamakam impakamakam

pakpakanen pannangan pannanganan pinakan kaano kaarruba agkakaarruba kaarrubaan

kabil

mangikabil nangi kabil kablaaw

can be hit to put; to place placed greeting

being fished fisherman

street chased after someone to say or give something

ipakamakam

to chase after someone to say or give something

kamakamen

to chase

kamatis kamiseta

tomato knitted shirt

inkablaaw

greeted with

kablaawan

to greet

kumablaaw

to greet sibling

kammet

siblings of each other

kanalbuong

booming sound

kakabsat kadawyan kadakuada

siblings custom; habit; manners to/from/with

kanayon kankanayon kaniada

always always to/from/with (variation of

kadaytay kadi

of the (recent past) question marker

kaniak

to/from/with me

kadua agkadkadua

companion; partner being together

kanito kannawan

moment right to turn right turn it to the right

kabsat agkakabsat

kaduaen

to accompany

kakadua panagkakadua

companions companionship (pi)

kagat

nakakamiseta agkammet

to bite

kimmagat

bit

kumagat

to bite; bites

kagay pagkagay kaipapanan kalap agkalkalap

Glossary

shawl

agpakannawan ipakannawan kannigid

left

agpakannigid

to turn left

ipakannigid

turn it to the left

kano

reported speech marker;

kanser

quotative marker cancer

to wear as a shawl

agkanser

meaning; definition

makapakanser kanta

fishing

to eat with fingers

kadakuada)

bite

kagaten

wearing a knitted shirt

agkakanta inkankanta

to have cancer can cause cancer song singing (pi) was singing it

bir^A

kanto kapet inkapet kap(e)ten kinapet nangikapet kapital kappi kappia kappo kapsut agkakapsut nakapsut kapuyo nagkapuyo karabasa karadkad nakaradkad kararag agkararag agkarkararag kararua karasakas karayam nagkarayam karayan karaykay agkaraykay karenken kaiga kinargaan kari inkari karison karitela/kalesa karne karne norte karos agkarkaros karusen kartero kartib nakarti-kartib kasano kasar agkasar kakaskasar nagkasar

corner attached; annexed to hold on to held on to attached; annexed capital investment small crab peace; harmony small clam weakness feeling weak or exhausted weak blister blistered pumpkin health; good health in good health prayer to pray praying soul; spirit rustling sound crawling insects crawled river rake action of a chicken scratching the ground ruffles (of clothes, curtains, etc.) load;cargo loaded it with promise promised animal-drawn cart horse-drawn vehicle meat corned beef scraping to scrape mailman scissors all cut up (with scissors) how wedding to be wed just married got married

kasdiay agpakasdiay nagkaskasdiay kasilia kasinsin agkakasinsin kakasinsin kaskas kaskasero kasla kaslaia la sabsabali kaso inkaso/ inkaskaso kasta agpakasta kasta unay Kastila kastoy katawa agkatawa katawa a katawa katkatawa makakatawa makikatkatawa nagkakatawa nagkatkatawa nakakatawa nakakatkatawa nakikatawa katedral katuday kaut kinaut kawa maikawa kawayan kayat a sawen kayo kakaykayuan kaykayo kayumanggi kdpy

like that (far) to go that way (far) became like that (remote past) toilet cousin cousins of each other cousins fast driver (of vehicle) just like or similar to you act as though you don't belong (expression) legal case attended to; minded like that (near) to go that way (near) very; extremely (expression) Spanish like this laughter to laugh to keep laughing laughs to feel like laughing; can laugh laughing with all laughed (past) was laughing a lot suddenly laughed funny laughed with cathedral tree with large white edible flowers to reach in reached in; dug out of small container not used to bamboo meaning tree area with trees and bushes trees brown; dark complexion etc. (contraction of ken daddumapay 'and others')

Glossary

kebba agkebba-kebba keddeng ikeddeng naikeddeng kedked nagkedked kellaat naklaat pannakakellaat kersang kinakersang nakersang kesset kesseten nakset ket dakayo ngay ketdi

kettang maktangan naktangan ket wen a kibin kibinen kiddaw agkiddaw inkiddaw nagkiddaw kidday nagkidday kiddil kiniddil kidem agkidem nagkidem nakakidem kigtot kigtuten kinigtot nakigtot kinni nagkinni-kinni kirmet kinakirmet nagkirmet kirog kinirog

Glossary

pounding (as in chest) decision; sentence to decide has/have been decided refused; hesitated sudden startled state of shock or surprise roughness rough to burn; to scorch burnt; scorched and how about you (expression) sentence modifier expressing frustration, annoyance, or negative reaction to be tired (in a certain position) became tired (in a certain position) of course (idiom) to lead with the hand request to request said requesting requested wink winked pinch pinched to close eyes closed eyes with eyes closed to startle startled someone was startled swaying of hips swayed the hips stingy stinginess; selfishness very stingy fried; roasted

kissiw nagkissiw kita agkita kinita kitaen kumita mangkita makita makitkita nagkinnita nagkita nagkikita naipakita nakakita nakita nakitkita pakakitaan klema/klima kol-ap agkol-ap kol-apan kolor koma komedor komiks kontes agkonkontes koriente korona nagkorona kostumbre kotse nakakotse kua kukuaen kua akinkua/akinkukua kuadrado/kudrado kuarta kuarto kubbo makubkubbo nagkubbo panaginkukubbo kubli agkubli kudkod kudkuden kudkudkuden

epilepsy had a seizure appearance to see each other looked at to see; to look at to look at; to look for to look for can be seen being seen looked at each other saw each other all saw each other was shown saw; was able to see saw had been seen (pi) place to see; evidence climate (from "call up") to phone to phone someone color hopefully; should; would dining room comics participating in a contest electricity crown with a crown custom car driving or riding a car doing; making belonging to belonging to; whose (question) square money room hunchback being hunched hunched one's back way of pretending to hunch (borrowed from Tagalog) to hide; will hide to scratch scratching

kuelio kugganggi kugtar kugtaran kumugtar kukot nakakukot kula ikulada pagkuladaan kulalanti kulibangbang kulung-kulong kulot nagpakulot

collar ugly (slang) kick to kick to kick; will kick in fetal position to bleach in the sun (said of laundry) place for bleaching clothes in the sun firefly butterfly a gambling game commonly done during fiestas curly had a perm

kulpi makulpi-kulpi kumbinsir kumbinsiren makumbinsir kumot nakumutan kumpas agkumkumpas

kuna aginkukuna agkuna kinuna naginkukuna nagkuna nakuna kunam pay kupin ikupin

kupinen nakupin-kupin kurang nakurang kuretret nagkuretret nakakuretret

kur-it ikur-it kur-itan kurtina nakurtinaan kusel nakusel kinakusel kusilap agkusilap kinusilapan kusi-kusilapan kusim nakusim kusina kusinero kuso nakusu-kuso

to be folded (like a fan) kuti to convince can be convinced blanket (borrowed from Tagalog) covered with a blanket beat (as in music) gesticulating; making movements to follow musical rhythm or beat said pretending to say said pretended said was said if you say so fold to fold (clothes, paper, etc.); to close (book, paper, etc.) to fold (clothes) folded several times shortage; lack of short; lacking wrinkle wrinkled with wrinkled forehead

agkutkuti kutkuti makakuti nagkuti kutimermer agkutkutimermer kutsara sangakutsara kutsilio kuyog agkukuyog kinakuyog kumuykuyog kumuyog kuyog a kuyog kuyugen

check mark; scratch to strike (e.g., match) to mark; to etch on curtain adorned with curtain taste of half-cooked rice; gritty grittiness dirty look; a sharp sideglance to give a dirty look gave a dirty look giving dirty looks small eater kitchen chef; cook disarranged; dishevelled; crumpled movement; motion moving; in motion movements can move moved shivering spoon one spoonful kitchen knife all go together took along going/coming along to go/come along keeps tagging along to accompany

LI only; just; warning expressic (contraction of laeng,

la

aid) laad kinalaad nalaad laba aglaba agpalaba

ugliness ugly laundering (n) to launder to have someone launder

Glossary

ilabaan ipalabaan paglabaan paglablabaan

to launder for to have someone launder for place for laundering place for laundering

aglabas-labas labas-labasan labasan/labsan lablabasan limmabas malabsan napalabas napalpalabas

to keep passing by to keep passing by to pass by passing by passed b y will pass by past past (pi) deep basket

labas

labba labbaga nalabbaga

lumakay lumakayen lako aglaklako inlako makapaglako paglakuan paralako laksid ilaksid

to disown (a person); to shut out; to set aside

laksiden

to disown (a person); to shut out; to set aside; to eliminate

malaksid red

lalaki

labit

iladawan

possibly; perhaps; likely to delay tardiness tardy; late picture

agíalo lallalo lumaio

napalalo lam-ek

malagip nalagip

feeling sluggish or dull light weight; lightness made lighter will be light light (opposite of heavy) memory reminded; made someone remember can remember remembered

lumamiis nalamiis lamisaan lammin malammin lamok lamuken lamot

kalaingan nalaing

best well; good; sharp

lad ut aglaladut lag-an inlaglag-an lumag-an nalag-an lagip impalagip

laing

laka nalaka nalaklaka lakasa lakay lallakay

Glossary

easy; inexpensive easier; cheaper chest; trunk (furniture) old man old men

males leather

lalat lalo

to provide an overall picture; to illustrate; to describe sorrow; grief to be saddened about feeling sorrowful

ladingit ladingiten silaladingit

besides; except male

lallaki

nalabit ladaw iladladaw kinaladaw naladaw ladawan

will get old (male) becoming an old man already merchandise selling sold can sell selling place in charge of selling

nakalamlam-ek nalam-ek lames lamiis

agsilsilamot lampara lampaso lampasuen lamuyot kinalamuyot lumamuyot nalamuyot landok

especially; particularly all the more to become more; to intensify; to increase; to become worse extreme; excessive; too much coldness very cold cold seafood (general term) coolness will become cold cold; cool table to feel cold mosquito to be bitten by mosquitoes food (derogatory) licking food off the finger oil lamp mop; coconut husk used for scrubbing to mop; to scrub smoothness smoothness will become smooth smooth iron (metal); steel

langa langen kalangen-langen/ kalanglangen makilangen langgong langoy aglangoy makalangoy langsi nalangsi langto nalalangto lansa lansones

lantip aglantip laok ilaok inlaok naglaok nailaok nalaukan paglalauken laon linaon malaon lasat lasaten linasat makalasat malasat lasbang nalasbang palasbangen lasin ilasin mailasin lastog linnastugan nalastog lasuna lata delata nailata laud

appearance

agpalaud lauya

people one socializes with lawa to associate/socialize with stupid to swim can swim fishy smell or taste fresh (pi) nail fruit similar in texture to lychee (grown in Laguna) to join; to come together mixture; ingredient to add or mix with mixed into mixed together mixed in/with mixed with to mix together content can contain; can hold to cross crossed; traversed can cross; can traverse can cross over to the other side; can survive a crisis

nalawa lawag aglawag ilawlawag impalawag ipalawag nalawag la was makalawas 1 awl aw aglawlaw lawlawen linawlaw nalawlawan lay a layag naglayag laylay malaylay nanglaylay layus makalayus nalayus lemmeng ilemmeng naglemmeng lengnga lennek ilelennek lumnek

beautiful to make beautiful to separate can recognize; to be recognized braggart one-upsmanship boastful spring onion can canned goods canned west

leppas kalpasan lineppas makalpas malpas nakalpas nalpas

to go west soup with chunks of meat and vegetables spaciousness spacious light to become bright to clarify explained to explain; to define bright week one week surrounding area surrounding area; environment to go around went around surrounded by ginger sail journeyed will wilt wilted flood can cause flooding flooded; washed away to hide hid sesame setting (of sun, stars, moon) will set (sun, stars, moon); to become deep-set (as in eyes when sick or lacking in sleep); to subside (as in ...intuno lumnekti bainko "when my embarrassment subsides) afterward completed; finished can complete; can finish will be completed; will be finished was able to complete completed; finished; done

Glossary

lisi

libas naglibas nakalibas

escaped was able to escape

mailibay

will fall asleep

aglisi nalisian

to dodge avoided

sililislis

sleeves or pants rolled up list; record to list; to record on paper list listed

lislis

libay

lista

libeg nalibeg liday malidliday naliday paglidlidayan likaw likawen palikaw-likaw liklik liklikan liniklikan naliklikan likod likudan nagtinnallikod timmallikod lila lima limlima saglilima limed ilimlimed palimed ling-et agat-ling-et agkalkaling-etan agling-et aglingling-et managling-et linong aglinong nakalinong linteg aglinteg (ti init) ikalintegan inkalintegan nalinteg paglintegan lipat lipatan/li paten mananglilipat nalipatan lino

murky loneliness feeling lonely lonely; sad being sad about to go around going around and around to avoid avoided was able to avoid back; in the back; behind behind went in back-to-back position turned one's back lilac (color) five just five five each keeping it a secret secret sweat; perspiration to smell like sweat drenched with perspiration to perspire; will perspire perspiring to perspire a lot shade to stay in the shade under the shade law high noon to justify one's point or position justified one's point or position righteous; straight law; rule; regulation

ilista listaan nailista litnaw nalitnaw nalitlitnaw liwag mailiwliwag liway liwliwayan naliway naliwayan liwliwa pagliwliwa pagliwliwaan panangliwliwa lua aglua nakalua lualo aglualo agpalualo

skipping negligent; careless; inattentive missed; skipped; neglected entertainment for entertainment places of entertainment comforting (n); entertaining (n) tear to shed a tear suddenly teared up prayer to pray to hold a prayer for the dead or the sick to participate in a prayer prays o ften held prayer ritual prayer ritual

linubian

mashed cassava with butter and condensed milk world car; vehicle; ride to ride in; to be possessed by spirit riding in was possessed by spirit vehicle place; area; location from the same place places; areas; locations townmate loss (investment) to lose (investment)

lubi

lubong lugan luganan nakalugan naluganan pagluganan agkakalugaran luglugar kalugaran lugi malugi

Glossary

can ward off; can set aside

makilualo managlualo nagpalualo palualo

lugar to forget forgetful forgot lily or iris

clear (water) clearer (water)

lugit nakalugit luglog naluglog lukat ilukat ipalukat linuktan lukatan mai lukat malukatan nakalukat panaglukat silulukat lukba

feces (usually of chicken, bird, lizard) soiled pants

luom

wrinkled; mussed

luplupot lusdoy aglusdoy

to open to have someone open opened to open can be opened can be opened is open time or manner of opening is open

nalukba lukmeg agpalukmeg makapalukmeg lukneng kinalukneng nalukneng luko agluko-luko linuluko lukuen/luklukuen mangluku-luko naluko lukot

dowdy stoutness to make oneself stout can cause stoutness softness softness soft; tender

lukuten nalukot luksaw

to roll up was rolled up disappointed; upset angry; irritated

makaluksaw/ maluksaw siluluksaw lulukisen lumba

fooling around silly to fool; to dupe; to trick to j o k e around; to tease troublesome

with disappointment tangerine

aglumlumba linnumbaan lumpia lunag lunagen nalunag lungog

racing competition Filipino egg roll

nalungugan lungsot

possessed by spirit

nalungsot

to melt melted

rotten

maluom naluom lupot

ripeness will become ripe ripe cloth; clothing clothes to weaken; to slump down from fatigue

lusit nalusit lussayat nalussayat lussok lussu-lussok luto aglutluto agluto agpaluto ilutlutuan linuto lutlutuen makapaluto makiluto nakaluton pagluto panagluto

crushed; smashed; pressed red hole full of holes cooking (n) cooking to cook to have someone cook cooking for cooked cooking can have someone cook to ask someone to allow to cook at their house has finished cooking used for cooking time/manner of cooking

Mm maag maawanan-puot madama madamdama madi agmadi maestra mamaestra maestro maga namagaan panangpamaga mais malem agmalmalem maleta malukong maminsan

fool (n) to lose consciousness currently later on not good; not like; not want to refuse female teacher female teachers male teacher dried up time or manner of drying corn afternoon all day long luggage bowl once

Glossary

mandar mandaran minandaran nagmandar mandiak mangan mangmangan panganan pannangan pannanganan mangga mani mano maikamano man mano sagmamano sumagmamano manok manteka mantsa namantsaan marba marka nagmarka marunggay masansan masetas masmasetas maskara agmaskara nakamaskara matón matón imatunan immatunan matrikula mayengmeng namayengmeng maysa maymaysa saggaysa sinaggaysa menos mámenos mensahe merienda agmerienda met

Glossary

command; order to command commanded; ordered commanded; ordered I don't like/want to eat eating eating place time/manner of eating eating (n) mango peanut how much; how many what number in the sequence (question) rarely how much each few chicken cooking oil stain was stained; was tarnished will collapse mark; sign with a mark; with a sign horseradish tree often ornamental plant ornamental plants mask to wear a mask wearing a mask bully to manage managed tuition fee robust; full (plant) one just one one by one did one by one to be able to save message snack to have a snack also (shift marker)

meykap miki milagro nagmilagro mingming mingmingmingan

miningmingan

makeup fresh noodle; Ilokano noodle dish miracle miracle happened examining closely; looking at, examining, staring at, inspecting with critical attention stared at

mira minirmira misugsog nakamisugsog misuot nagmisuot nakamisuot simimisuot 'mok pay moskitero 'mudtoy muging mukat mula maimula minulaan mulmula nagmula mulagat imulagat minulagatan mulagatan nagmulagat napamulagat munisipio muno kinamuno namuno musang mustasa

examined; scrutinized pout; frown pouting; frowning frown; pout frowned with a frown with a frown; frowning how should I know mosquito net give it to me (from "itedmo ditoy") forehead mote (in the eye) plant can be planted planted on plants planted open eyes to open eyes glared at to look wide-eyed at opened eyes suddenly opened eyes municipal hall dumb stupidity dumb wild cat mustard cabbage

Nn naed nagnaed naimbag la ta naimbag man ta

lived in; resided good thing (expression) it's good that...

nakem nanakman Nakkong nama namnamaen naminsan Nana nanam nananam Nanang nangruna nangnangruna nasken natay natayen natda nateng natnateng nayon innayon nayunan ninayunan ne negosio nengneng kanengnengan ngalngal makangalngal ngalngalen ngarrrin nganga nakanganga napanganga nganngani ngata

ngato ingato inngato nangatngato nangato ngimmato ngumatngato ngilangil nagngilangil

inner being; will; discretion; conscience sensible; mature my child hoping; expecting once auntie; term of address for an older woman savory; t asty term of address for mother especially; particularly especially necessary; must died is dead remainder; leftover vegetable vegetables addition added to add to added to here it is; a signal to alert someone (expression) business dumb; stupid dumbest can chew to chew that's why (reason sentence modifier) mouth wide open mouth wide open with surprise almost; nearly maybe, possibly; sentence modifier denoting speculation top; above to raise raised higher high went up going up shook head in disappointment

ngilaw ngilawen ngina inginngina ipangina nagngina nakanginngina nangina nanginngina ngumina ngiwat no apay ngamin nobia no dadduma no di ket no kua no maminsan no man pay no pay kasta nuang numero nanumeruan numo mainumo nanumo numona ta nuynoy napanuynuyan panuynuyan

housefly to be infested with houseflies expensiveness to make more expensive to make expensive very expensive very expensive expensive more expensive will become expensive mouth why in the world? (expression) sweetheart; fiancee sometimes instead; to the contrary sometime (expression) sometimes even though nevertheless water buffalo number numbered to be suitable humble; lowly especially since was spoiled to spoil (person)

Oo obligado obserbar obserbaran okasion okra okupado oliba opender maopender naopender opera kaop-opera operasion orador orden order inorderan

obligated; forced to observe occasion okra occupied olive will be offended offended surgery just underwent surgery operation; surgery orator religious order order ordered; petitioned in Glossary

ordinario orkidia ospitai

ordinary orchid hospital

PP paay naipaay

nagpakada pakawan agpakawan pakawanen pakpakawan pakbet

given to

paay napaay pablaak pabo pabor paburan pinaburan pada agpapada kapada padas kapadasan mapadas napadasan padasen paddak nakapaddak padigo agpipinnadigo pagammuan pagarup impagarup palda pagay paggaak nagpaggaak pagpaggaak pagna kapapagna magmagna magna makapagna nagna nagnaan pannagna panpannagna paidam ipaidam kinapaidam pakada agpakada impakada

Glossary

disappointed announcement; notice turkey favor to favor favored same all the same same as experience experiences can be experienced experienced to t r y footstep stepped o n food shared with neighbor neighbors sharing food suddenly assumption assumed skirt husked rice cackle; loud laugh laughed loudly loud laughters walk continuous walking (n) walking to walk can walk walked area where one walked time/manner of walking way of walking to deny; to reject; to refuse stinginess; selfishness farewell to say goodbye what was said to say goodbye

agpakbet ipakbet mapakbet pakbeten pakbo naipakbo pakleb nakapakleb napakleb pakni agipakni napakni palad paladpad palanggana/planggana palangguad napalangguad palawag impalawag paliiw palpaliiwen pinaliiw palladaw impalladaw ipalladaw pallang palpa agpalpa palsiit paltog palubos palubusan pambar impambar pampambar pan/papan agipapan impan ipaipan ipapan

said goodbye; bid farewell forgiveness to ask for forgiveness to forgive my goodness (expression) mixture of vegetables seasoned with fish paste (a variation of the word pinakbet) to make pinakbet to put in pinakbet dish to be made into pinakbet to make into pinakbet spilled over lying on one's stomach fell on one's stomach to put away things orderly; tidy palm of hand sill basin ostentatious; showy; boastful explanation explained observation observing observed threw over to throw over winged bean to rest the stomach slingshot gun permission to allow excuse gave as an excuse excuses to make a wrong assumption took to to have someone take something to time/manner of going

kaipapanan kappapan kapkapan/ kaap-apan/ kapappapan maipapan (iti) makapan makaipan mapan mapmapan nakapan papanan panadería panait panaw nakapanaw panawan pimmanaw pinanawan pumanaw pan-aw pandek paneknek mangpaneknek paneknekan panes agpanes nakapanes pangag impangag ipangag pangas impangas panggep maipanggep pangkis agpangki-pangkis agpangkis panglaw napanglaw pang-ur pang-uren panio panunot

interpretation; meaning; significance just went (var.) just went (var.) just went (var.) just went about can go can take to to go; will go going was able to go place to go bakery thread departure has left to leave; to abandon left left behind; abandoned to depart type of grass used for thatched roofing very short person proof will prove to prove to wear black when in mourning dressed in black (in mourning) heeded to heed braggart; arrogant; boastful showed off; bragged about purpose about; with regard to cross-eyed to keep crossing eyes to be cross-eyed poor object used to pound or strike to strike with a large, long object handkerchief thought; mind

agpanpanunot agpanunot kapanunutan napanunot panpanunuten paraangan parbangon pumarbangon parbeng agparbeng parda pardas kinapardas napardas paria pari ir napariir parikut parit imparit iparit parol parti agparti maparparti partien pinarti parut paruten pasagad pasagid impasagid paspasagid paspasagidan pasahero pasamak mapasamak napasamak pasaray pasdek naipasdek pasiar agpaspasiar impasiar pasig pasken agpasken

thinking to think; to ponder thought; opinion; idea thought about thinking about yard dawn; daybreak the coming of dawn to have control flat bean pod with ridges speed fastness; swiftness speedy; quick; prompt; fast bittermelon breeze breezy difficulty forbade; prohibited to prohibit; not to allow Christmas lantern to butcher being butchered to butcher butchered to uproot; to extract (tooth) sled snide remark; innuendo said as a snide remark snide remarks making snide remarks to passenger happening; occurrence; incident will happen happened occasionally; from time to time building was built strolling took along for a stroll all event; party to hold an event; to have a party

Glossary

pasto patang pinnatangan patani patay impatay matay nakatayan pannakatay patayen pinatay pateg kapatgan/ kapapatgan napateg napatpateg pati pati marnati mapati nakapapati pammati pampammati patien patpatien patigmaan patinayon patnag agpatpatnag pato pato agipato patron patta-patta patta-pattaen paut kapaut napaut pauyo agpapauyo managpauyo paw-it nakaipaw-it payak payat mangpayat-payat

Glossary

grazing field conversation lima bean death cause of death to die; will die place of death time/manner of death to kill killed worth; value most valuable valuable more important; more valuable including belief to believe can be believed believable faith; belief beliefs to believe believing advice; counsel always (variation of kanayoti) all night long duck to j u d g e rashly; to suspect; to assume patron guess to guess length of time long time sulking prone to sulking something sent for someone accidentally sent; was able to send wing to step on stomping on

nakapayat payatan pay laeng peggad agpeggad napeggad pekkel pekpekkelen pennek mapnek napnek penneken perdi makaperdi naperdi perreng pinerreng petrolio petsa pia napia pidot makapidot napidot pinidot piek pigket napigket pigsa nakapigpigsa napigpigsa napigsa pimmigsa piknik agpipiknik pilaw pilay agpilay-pilay makapilay napilayan pili napili pilien pilpilien pinili pilio pilit impapilit inkapilitan

accidentally stepped on to step on still; yet danger to be in danger dangerous wringing dry; squeezing dry to be satisfied satisfied to satisfy destruction; damage can cause destruction broken; damaged; destroyed stared at petroleum date well-being fine; in good condition; well can pick up; happens to pick up picked up (unexpected) picked up chick paste; glue sticky strength very strong stronger strong became strong picnic to have a picnic (pi) puddle bone fracture limping can cause limping or fracture had a fracture choosy to choose choosing chose naughty insisted forced (with no choice)

ipapilit ipilit piliten pinilit pilosopo piluka piman pindang pinindang pinget kinapinget napinget pinggan pinggol nakapinggol pinia kapiniaan pinsan ipinpinsan maminsan naminpinsan naminsan pinsanen sagpaminsan pinta napintaan pintas nakapinpintas napipintas pumintas pirak pirgis pirma pangpirma pinirmaan pirme/permi pisara/pisarra pisel pinisel piseta pisok impisok ipisok nangipisok pisos/piso pisti pitak pitaka

to insist to insist to force forced smart mouth; facetious wig poor thing (expression) dried fish or meat made into jerky tenacity; persistence tenacious; persistent plate hair in a bun wearing hair in a bun pineapple pineapple field to do it once once just once one time before (usually preceded by idi) to do all at once once in a w h i l e paint painted with beauty very beautiful beautiful (pi) to become beautiful money; silver piece signature instrument for signing signed extremely; truly blackboard pressed twenty centavos put inside to put in put in (past) one peso pest mud wallet

piatito sangaplatito piato plete polo posision posporo poste potahe 'po unayen prangka kinaprangka presio panagprespresio prito naprito probinsia prusision maiprusision prutas pudaw agpapudaw pudno nagpudno napudno pudot ipapudot kapudutan mangpapudot nakapudpudot napudot puerto pugot makapapugot pimmugot pugsat napugsat pugso naipugso pugto impugto mapugtuan napugtuan pukaw mapukaw napukaw pukkaw a pukkaw

saucer one saucerful plate fare polo shirt position matches post; pole main dish; recipe my goodness (expression) frank frankness price pricing (n) fried fried province procession to be in a procession fruit fairness of skin to make oneself light-skinned true told the truth truthful heat; warmth to heat up hottest to have someone heat up very hot hot gateway very dark skin; black person can darken skin became darkskinned snapped; broke apart like a rope or twine spat out unintentionally guess guessed can guess correctly guessed correctly will be lost lost keeps yelling

Glossary

pukis agpapukis

puuran

haircut to have someone cut one's

puot

to burn consciousness; perception; awareness

hair; to have a haircut pukisan pukkaw impukkaw

to cut the hair

makapurar

yell shouted

pulagid naipulagid

purar

smeared

can scorch (eye)

puraw

white; white person

puro

island; pure

puros

pulburon

powdered-milk candy

purusen

to pick

puli

race; ethnicity

pimmuros

picked

puruak

puligos agpulpuligos pulis

makaipuruak

turning; rotating; revolving police

puso

ipulong

never; none whatsoever

pul-oy

soft breeze

pulpog

to burn; to roast whole (a goat)

punas

heartfelt; sincere

naimpusuan

to report; to tell on

pulos (saan/awan a)

nagpulpog

heart naimpapusuan/

pulong

can throw over

pustura

posture; dressed up; smartly dressed

nakapustura puted

dressed up cut

roasted (a goat)

sangaputed

one cut piece

rag

sangkaputed

one-cut piece only

puunan

capital investment

agpunas

to wipe

impunas

wiped with

makapagpunas

can wipe

mapunas

to be wiped away

agpuypuyat

staying up late

napunas

wiped away

mapuyatan

to lack sleep

punasan

to wipe

napuyatan

did not have enough sleep

punasen

to wipe o f f

pagpuypuyatan

staying up late for

pinuyat

kept up all night

naipuunan puyat

pungot pinungot

pulled hair in anger

pinungot-pungot

kept pulling hair

pungtot

capital invested not enough sleep

anger; hatred

Rr

angry

rabak

nagpungtot

became angry

rabanos

radish

sipupungtot

angrily

rabaw

top

makapungtot/ makapungpungtot

rinabak

punno

derided; to mock; to ridicule

imparabaw

placed on top

iparabaw

to place on top

narabaw

shallow

napnot'

full o f (contraction o f

napnuan

filled with

napunno

full

mangrabii

to have dinner

punuen

to fill up

pangrabii

dinner

napunno iti)

punta pinuntaan

rabii

night

rabong hit on target

punto

bamboo shoot

raem pagraeman

respected/admired (person)

sulking

panagraem

respect; admiration

puon

ancestor; trunk o f tree

raemen

to respect; to admire

puor

fire

agpunpunto

pinuuran

Glossary

burned

ragpat naragpat

attained; achieved

ragsak agraragsak managragragsak maragsakan naragsak naragsakan siraragsak raman ¡paraman maramanan nakaraman naramanan raman an raman agraman iraman makaraman ramay rambak narambak ramrambak ramen ramut rang-ay narang-ay narangrang-ay ranget sarangten sumaranget raniag mangparaniag naraniag ranitrit nagranitrit rasa rasa narasa rason inrason rawet kinarawet narawet rayray narayray rebba marba narba rebbaen

joy; happiness having fun (pi) likes to have fun delighted happy delighted happily taste to have it tasted can be tasted has tasted tasted to taste including to include to be able to taste finger festive festivities ingredient root prosperity; p rogress prosperous more prosperous to struggle against; to fight it to forge forward in a struggle or battle brilliance; radiance that which brightens brilliant; radiant; bright squeaking sound made a squeaking sound large crab gritty texture gritty reason said reasoning out gluttony greedy, glutton

regalo regaluan regla regreg maregreg regta kinaregta naregta reklamo agreklamo inreklamo relieno a tarong repolio reppet sangareppet reppuog marpuog retiro nagretiro panagretiro retirado retrato reyna reyno ribal karibal ribo sangaribo ridaw ridep rumidep rigat ikarkarigatan karigat marigatan

nagrigat narigat pagrigatan rigrigat rigis riing

fervent will collapse collapsed to demolish or tear apart

agriing makariing nakariing rikep irikep siririkep

gift; present to give a gift to menstruation will fall energy; alertness alertness energetic; alert complaint to complain complained eggplant omelette cabbage one small bundle will collapse retired retirement a retired person picture queen kingdom rival; competitor thousand one thousand door to take a nap difficulty; hardship to do one's best hard; difficult can/will suffer hardship; experiencing difficulty or hardship very difficult hard; difficult something to be done with utmost effort hardships rag to wake up able to wake up; will wake i woke up door to close; to shut is closed

Glossary

rikna marikna makarikna narikna panagrikna

feeling; emotion; sensation; sense can feel; can sense; can be felt able to feel; able to sense felt feeling

rindir frazzled noise rowdy; n oisy complaint; argument to complain; to make noise; to argue nagriri complained; argued riri a riri keeps complaining/arguing riribok turmoil; unrest; confusion riro mistake agriro to make a mistake riyaw scream shouted it inriyaw shouted nagriyaw napariyaw accidentally screamed riyaw a riyaw screaming and screaming romantiko romantic nakaromromantiko very romantic ruam habit nairuam got used to ruangan gate ruar outside iruar to take outside iruruar time/manner of exiting mairuar to be brought out makaruar can come/go out nairuar brought out nangiruar brought outside rimmuar came out; went out rubuat narindir ringgor naringgor riri agriri

agrubrubuat rugi inrugi mangrugi rinugian rugit nakarugrugit narugit narugitan rungiit naparungiit ruot

Glossary

getting ready (to leave) beginning; start started to start started dirt very d irty dirty soiled; dirtied naughty smile naughtily smiled grass

rupa iparupa rupan-rupa ruprupa ru rumen mangirurumen rusok mairusok

face to confront face to face face-to-face faces to deride; to belittle pit of stomach to be able to stomach

Ss sa -sa/-nsa -sa/-nsa ketdin saad kasasaad saan agsaan saan a katata-uan saan a pulos saba sabali saba-sabali sabsabali sabangan sabat nasabat sinabat

sequence marker expression denoting speculation might have already position situation; condition no to refuse supernatural never; not at all banana different; other; another different ones; various other ones harbor; port met along the way met

sabet agsasabet sabidong nasabidungan sabidungan sab-it isab-it nai sab-it nakaisab-itan sadinno sadiwa

all meeting each other poison poisoned to poison

nasadiwa sadut kasadutan kinasadut masadut nakasadsadut nasadut

fresh lazy laziest laziness feeling lazy very lazy lazy intense pain intensely painful broom to sweep

nasaem sagad agsagad

to hang hung place where hung where

nasagadanen sagadan sagana isagana nai sagana naisaganan makai sagana sagawisiw agsagsagawisiw sagawisiwan sago sagpaw sumagsagpaw saibbek/saiddek agsasaibbek/ agsasaiddek sairo saka saksaka sakada

has been swept to sweep preparation to prepare was prepared has been prepared can prepare whistle whistling to whistle at tapioca pearls ingredient butting in sob sobbing

sakbay masakbayan sakdo agsakdo pagsakduan sakduen sakit agsakit agsisinnakit masakit masaktan nakasaksakit nasakit sakup salad agisalsalad salakan isalakan mangisalakan salangad insalangad sinalangad salapay naisalapay salapi sagsasalapi salas salbar masalbar

before; beforehand future

demon; devil foot feet Filipino plantation worker in Hawai'i

to fetch water place where fetching water to fetch water pain; illness; sickness to be ill looking after each other sick; ill to be hurt; can get hurt very painful painful boundary; covered area salad making salad to save person who will save said in confrontation confronted clothes hung on clothesline hung on clothesline fifty centavos fifty centavos each living room able to save

salip kasalip sal-it sallay agsallay salog sumalog saludsod agsaludsod insaludsod nagsaludsod pagsaludsudan saludsuden sinaludsod salukag nasalukag salumina naisalsalumina salun-at kinasalun-at nasalun-at saluyot samman samay kinasamay nasamsamay sam-it nakasamsam-it nasam-it pinasam-it sinam-it sinamsam-itan sampitaw insampitaw sanaang sanay agsanay nasanay pagsanayan panagsanay sanga nagsangaan sangaili mangsangsangaili panangsangaili sangsangailien

contest; competition opponent darn it (expression) to droop; drooping to descend; to come down; to slope downward question; query to ask said asking queried; inquired inquire from to ask about; to inquire asked about alert different; unusual health state of health healthy green leafy vegetable that is slimy when cooked (from saan man) on the contrary effectiveness more effective sweetness very sweet sweet sweetened dessert made sweeter meddler said butting in acute pain; ache to practice; to train trained; expert; specialist training ground; training material time/manner of training branch intersection guest person entertaining a guest time/manner of entertaining guest being entertained

Glossary

sangapulo sagsasangapulo sang-at sumang-at sangat sangaten sangit agsangit agsangsangit insangit nagsangit sanglad simmanglad sango agpasango agsasango kasangsango pagsasanguan sanguanan sangsanguen simmango sinango sangpet apagsangpet isasangpet kasangsangpet simmangpet suman gpet sanikua sansan kasansan masansan santo santo

santol sao agsao insao kasasao kinasao makasao masasao (saan a) nasao panagsasao sao a sao sao-sao

Glossary

ten ten each to ascend; to go up a hill to accuse; to charge; to reproach cry to cry crying said crying cried anchored in front; at the front to come up front all facing each other face to face with food shared in a group in front of facing faced up front faced arrival as soon as arrived arrival just arrived arrived to arrive possession frequency frequently; often saint then (sa- is a sequence marker and -to/-nto is a future tense marker) sour fruit with large seeds speech; language to talk; to speak said person speaking with spoke with can speak does not talk a lot talkative; prone to gossip manner of speaking always talking gossip

sapa agsapa nakasapsapa nasapa sapata agsapsapata sapay koma saplid agsaplid saplidan sapliden sapul agsapul kasapulan masapsapul panagsapul sapsapulen saraaw agsarsaraaw sarabo ipasarabo pasarabo pinangsarabo sarak panagsarak saranay agsisinnaranay mangsaranay pannaranay sarangsang kinasarangsang nasarangsang sardeng agsardeng isardeng nagsardeng sarimadeng nagsarimadeng saririt kinasaririt nasaririt sarita agsarita agsarsarita kasarsarita makasarita nakisarsarita pagsaritaan

morning very early early vow; oath vowing; taking an oath hopefully (expression) duster; broom to dust; to sweep to dust; to sweep to remove dust; to sweep away earnings; income to look for necessity; necessary needs; necessities time/manner of searching looking for; searching for growling of stomach growling (stomach) coming home gift to bring as gift coming home gift way of welcoming (past) time/manner of meeting help; comfort; support all comforting/helping each other to help; to comfort; to support caring (n) crunchiness crunchiness crunchy to s top to stop; to halt stopped to walk slower than one's normal pace intelligence intelligence intelligent story; sentence; word to sp eak speaking person speaking with can talk; can speak conversed with topic of conversation

sarming pagsarmingan sarrukod nakasarrukod sarungkar agsisinnarungkar isasarungkar sarungkaran simmarungkar sumarungkar saruno insaruno nagsasaruno simmaruno sinaruno sumaruno sarwa nakasarwa sawang insawang sawsaw isawsaw sawsawan sayaat nakasaysayaat nasaysayaat sayang masayang sayangen seddaaw masdaaw nakakaskasdaaw nasdaaw sekken sumken sekreto sellag (ti bulan) naslag sentimiento sentimo serbesa serbi pagserbian seriosa/o naginseseriosa/o serrek inserrek ipaiserrek

mirror; eyeglasses serving as a mirror walking cane with a walking cane

iseserrek kaserserrek mai serrek makastrek siak

all visiting each other time/manner of visiting to visit visited to visit followed with one after another (past) followed followed to follow; next vomit accidentally vomited uttered to dip (sauce) dipping sauce very good better what a pity (expression) to be wasted to w aste surprise; astonishment to be surprised; to be astonished surprising; incredible surprised; astonished to occur secret full moon bright grief one cent beer purpose; service someone/something served serious (female/male) pretended to be serious (female/male) brought in to have someone bring inside

sisiak siak ket siasinno sibay sibro maisibsibro sibulias sida makasidsida sidaen sidsida siddo masdo masmasdo si erto masi erto sigarilio makapagsigarilio sigking agsigking siglat nasiglat sigud sigurado masigurado siguro siim sisiimen siket sikig nagsikig nakasikig sikigan sikkil agpaspasikkil sikog masikog silap agsilap-silap sumilap-silap si law pagsilsilaw

time/manner of entering just entered can be brought inside can enter me; I just me as for me who (variant form of sinno) side worn for the first time onion dish eaten with rice to feel like eating a dish to eat dishes eaten with rice to be weak feeling weak sure; certain to be certain; can ascertain cigarette can smoke to limp; to hobble alertness alert; quick-witted; smart previous; former sure; certain to be certain perhaps; maybe sensing; watching; secretly observing; spying upon waist turned on side of body in a sideward position side of body; side (of a mountain, etc.) making one's body stiff pregnancy to be pregnant glitter; spark; sparkle glittering; sparkling; sparking glittering light; lighting object used for lighting Glossary

sili silpo

pepper

insilpo nasilpo-silpo simberguensa simro (manen)

connected interconnected impudent ( from Spanish) reoccurred in a certain manner who (contraction of sinno)

sin' sina agsina isina s(in)agpaminsan Sinait sinamay sinan-balay sinan-bituen sinan-buok singgit nakasingsinggit singin singkamas singkol

to be separated from each other to separate once in a w h i l e town in Ilocos Sur fine muslin cloth house-shaped star-shaped hair-like shrillness high-pitched sound; shrill twins jicama (a type of turnip) paralyzed in one or both arms

sinit makasinit

can singe; can burn

sintir nasintir sipnget nasipnget nakasipsipnget sumipngeten sippit sinippit sippiten siput agsipsiput sing sirig-sirigen sirip masirip sirkulo sirok sirpat sumirpat pagsirpatan sitsaron sitsiritsit sitsit sinitsitan

Glossary

sensitive; easily offended darkness dark very dark is becoming dark beak; bill pecked at to peck at looking; watching; observing keeps scrutinizing can be peeked through circle underneath to check around place for looking around pork rind a made-up word for calling called with a hissing sound

siudad sobra sobre soldado sorpresa ¡sorpresa subalit subalitan subeg kinasubeg nasubeg subli agsubli insubli isubli isusubli makaisubli makasubli nagsubli sublian subo nangisubo sangasubo sudi nasudi sueldo agsueldo sugal agsugal agsugsugal sugpet nasugpet su-i agsu-i suka sukag mangsukag sukdal agsukdal sukdalen sukimat agsukimat sukir kinasukir sukisok agsukisok pagsukisukan

city; urban extra; excess; too much; remainder; leftover envelope soldier surprise to have as a surprise reply to reply; to repay; to reciprocate hard-headedness hard-headed to return returned back to return it time/manner of returning can return it can return; can go back returned to return to put in mouth one mouthful pure wage to get paid gambling to gamble gambling sticky taste sulking vinegar to leaf through; to dig through pick to pick fruit using a pole to pick to research;to search disobedience; stubbornness to research place for research

suko simmuko sumuko sukot nagsusukot sulit kinasulit nasulit sulong sulungen sulpeng kinasulpeng sumang-at-sumalog sungad nasungadan sungbat insungbat simmungbat sinungbatan sumungbat sungba-sungbatan sungbatan sungrod pagsungsungrod suon suunen nakasuon supadi agsupadi kasupadi pagsupadian supiat sumupiat supiaten suplada/o nakasupsuplada/o supot surat agsurat isurat makaisurat makisinsinnurat nagsinnurat nagsurat nakapagsurat nakasurat

nasuratan

surrender surrendered to surrender

suratan overlapping (past) impatience difficult punch to box; to punch stubborn, obstinate stubbornness up and down came upon response; answer; reply answered; responded answered; responded answered to answer to keep answering back to answer firewood used for firewood object carried on the head to carry on the head to have something carried on the head to be opposites; to be different from each other opposite o f difference between/among to oppose; to contradict; to go against to oppose; to contradict snobbish (female/male) very snobbish (female/male) bag letter to write to write can write writing to each other wrote each other wrote was able to write was able to write

accidentally wrote on; was able to write to to write to

suro agsursuro insuro mangi sursuro sursuro suruan surok nasurok sursurok suron makasuron surot sumurot surot a surot suruten sursor agsursursor mangisursor

susop susupen suspetsa agsuspetsa naginsususpetsa sustansia nasustansia sutil isutsutil mangsutsutil sutsutilen

to learn taught teacher; teaching education; manners to teach excess; extra in excess of; more than remainder annoyed; irritated to follow; to obey to keep following to follow; to obey person who goes from one place to another; someone who takes another to places (usually said of bad influence) to suck suspicion to su spect pretended to be suspicious nutrition nutritious tease teasing with teasing

Tt

teasing (someone)

taaw tabbaaw agtabbaaw intabbaaw nagtabbaaw tabbaaw a tabbaaw tabungaw tabuno timmabuno tumabuno

to curse; to swear said swearing cursed; swore cursing and cursing white squash; gourd

ocean

attended will attend

Glossary

taeb agkataeb kataeb taeng nataengan tagainep agtagtagainep tagapulot tagari agtagtagari natagari tagtagari tagibi takaw agtakaw agtatakaw takder agtakder mangipatpatakder nagtakder nakatakder nangipatakder pagpatakderan pagtaktakderan panagpatakder

patakder pinatakder sitatakder timmakder takiag takki nakatakki tako takkuen takong takop takupan takup-takop taktak nataktak taktaken takuat natakuatan talaw agtalaw talawan

Glossary

of same age same age as

taldiap nataldiapan talek

adult dream dreaming molasses noise making noises noisy noises infant; newborn baby to steal thief poise; stance; posture to stand up building a structure stood u p in standing position erected (a structure) place to have something built or someone stand place where one is standing time/manner of building or making someone stand up building (n) had someone stand up in standing position stood u p arm bowel; feces accidentally defecated scoop to sc oop heel (of shoe) patch to patch up series of patched holes delayed to delay discovered wild (chicken) to run away; to flee to abandon

intaltalek mapagtalkan nagtalek panagtalek tali naitali sangatali talia-taliawen timmaliaw tinaliaw talimudaw natalimudaw tallo maikatlo talmeg intalmeg taina natalna talon agtaltalon kataltalunan mannalon panagtalon taltalon taltalunen

unintentionally threw glance at trust trusted trustworthy; can be trusted trusted trust rope; string; tie tied on one bundle to keep looking back looked back looked back at fainted three third pressed down peace; calm peaceful; calm farm farming fields farmer farming farms farming; land being farmed

taltal pagtaltal/ pangtaltal tamay mannamay natamay tambak tamdag agtamtamdag tammudo tanabutob agtantanabutob intanabutob tandaan matandaanan tandaanan

instrument for pounding witchcraft witch under the spell of witchcraft dike looking down from a high place thumb mumbling; muttering said mumbling can remember to remember ¿El

tanem tangad tangaden tangken nakatangtangken natangken tumangken tantan tinantanan tao katatao katata-uan (saan a) kinatao tattao tapa tinapa tapat agtapat tapatan tapaya agtaptapaya nakatapaya tapno tapok natapok tapos agtapos tapuak timmapuak tapuar tumpuar timpuar tarabay mangtarabay tarabitab taraken tinaraken taraki kinataraki nakatartaraki nataraki taraok agtartaraok taraon taray agtartaray nagtaray taray a taray tinaray

grave (burial) to look up to/at hardness very hard hard to be hard let up (past) person; human character; personality supernatural character people dried meat smoked fish or meat to serenade to serenade holding up face on palm of hand hand supporting chin so that; in order to dust dusty

tarimaan agtarimaan tarong tarus agtarus itarus kaitarusan nagtarus

taul agtaul tawar agtawtawar agkaratawar agtawar intawar panagtintinnawar paratawar tawar a tawar tumawar tawen agtawen (iti) tawid matawid

end of j u m p e d down to appear; to emerge appeared; emerged guide to guide; one who guides a gossip; tattler; talkative pet; in someone's care took care of handsomeness very good-looking handsome crow; crowing (n) crowing food running ran running and running ran a distance

tawiden tawyo/soyu taya agtaya intaya itaya tayaan tayab makatayab tumayab tayag kinatayag natayag tedda matda natda tedted sangkatedted templa pangtempla templaen tengnga

to fix; to repair eggplant to go directly to; to go through to translate; to take directly to; to interpret translation; interpretation proceeded to; went directly to; went straight through bark (of a dog) to bark bargaining price haggling; bargaining keeps haggling to haggle; to bargain amount or thing haggled with reciprocal haggling (n) in charge of haggling to keep haggling to haggle age; year having the age of inheritance to be inherited; can be inherited to inherit soy sauce bet to bet bet placed to place a bet to bet to fly able to fly will fly height tallness tall; high left over to have a remainder remainder; leftover a drop (of liquid) one drop taste after seasoning for seasoning to season for taste middle

Glossary

tengnged tienda makitienda pakitiendaan tiendaan tig-ab nagtig-ab tigerger agtigtigerger tikaw natikaw pannakatikaw tiliw tiliwen tiniliw tilmon tilmunen tinilmon timbang timbangen pangtimbang timek timid tinnag agtinnag matinnag natinnag tinta tipon agtitipon nagtipon tirad kinatirad matiradan natirad tiritir tiritiren tokar agpatokar panagtokar tonto trabaho agtrabaho makatrabaho pagtrabahuan panagpatrabaho trabahador

Glossary

neck market; to market to go marketing place to market market a burp burped

treinta tsismosa/o tubbog natubbog tublak naitublak

thirty gossip (female/male) juice; sap juicy to fall forward while walking accidentally fell forward while walking

tubo trembling; shaking; quivering; shivering c o n f u s e d ; lost; unable to comprehend confusion to catch; to capture; to arrest to catch; to capture; to arrest caught; captured; arrested to swallow swallowed weight to weigh scale voice chin things falling to fall fell ink coming together; gathering joined; mixed pointedness; pointed end the way it's pointed to/can b e made pointed pointed to twist to play music playing stupid work; j o b ; task to work can work workplace time/manner of having someone work worker

agtubo agtutubo timmubo tubo tubong tudo intudo itudtudo maitudo makaitudo tudo agtudtudo matutudo/ natutudo tugaw agtugaw agtugtugaw katugtugaw nagtugaw napatugaw nakatugaw/ situtugaw pinagtugaw tugot tugot intugot makaitugot tugtog maitugtog tukak tukkol matukkol natukkol tukod matukod tu lad tinulad tuladen tuleng

to grow youth grew water p ipe tube to p o i n t pointed at/to pointing at/to can be pointed at/to can point rain raining rainy chair to sit sitting has just sat sat down fell on o n e ' s buttocks in sitting position had someone sit footprint brought to be able to bring to be dashed against frog to be broken into linear pieces accidentally broke into linear pieces can touch the bottom imitated to imitate deaf

tulid natulid tulnod impatulnod tulod tultuluden tulod itulod itultulod mangitultulod tulong agpatulong agtitinnulong itultulong katulungan managtulong mannakitulong matulungan nagtutulungan pagtitinnulungan timmulong tinulungan tulungan tumulong tumultulong tuloy intuloy/ intultuloy tumba natumba tumeng agparintumeng nagparintumeng nakaparintumeng sipaparintumeng tunggal tumunggal tungpa panangtungpa tinungpa tinungpa-tungpa tungpaen tungtong

fell over

tunos agkakatunusan

allowed swinging to accompany to a destination accompanying to a destination accompanying someone to a destination help; aid; assistance to seek help all helping each other thing used to help helper helpful helpful can be helped; can help helped each other do a task all help each other d o a task helped helped to help to help helping continuation continued

fell over knee to kneel knelt in kneeling position in kneeling position every; each one each one slap time/manner of slapping slapped slapped over and over to si ap

agtutungtong nakitungtong pinagtutungtong pinagtutungtungan

conversing (more than two) conversed with conversations ( p a s t ) topic of conversation (past)

agtuno

to broil; to barbecue

tuno

tuok tupak natupakan tinupakan tupig

tupra natupraan tupuar timpuar turay agturay tured kinatured maitured natured turod naturod turog makaturog makaturturog maturog matmaturog nagintuturog situturog tur-og turong agturong turpos makaturpos nakaturpos naturpos panagturpos

compatibility; harmony getting along; being compatible; having a harmonious relationship (more than two people) intense hardship accidentally fell on dropped on roasted sweet rice cake wrapped in banana leaves sputum unintentionally spat on appeared; surfaced power; a u t h o r i t y person of authority; to have authority over courage; bravery; daring courage; bravery; daring can bear; can endure brave; courageous; daring hill hilly sleep able to sleep to feel sleepy to sleep sleeping pretending to be sleeping asleep sleepyhead direction headed toward to head toward able to graduate has graduated degree completed finishing of one's schooling

Uu agub-ubra agubra nagubraan pagub-ubraan

work; task working to work place worked workplace last

inaudi/inaudian

youngest child/sibling

ubra

udi

Glossary

kamaudianarwa maudi/maud-udi udong agudong ugali ug-ugali

lastly; finally last

umbi

to go to the town market habit; custom; ways; manners; habits; customs; ways; manners

umel una

kinaumbi naumbi

inaunaan inunaan inyuna pakauna umuna

ukag maukag-ukag ukis aguk-ukis inukisan ukisan ukrad ukraden in ukrad maukra-ukrad nagukrad ulaw maul aw ulbod agulbod inyulbod uleg ules uli immuli inyuli iyuli umuli ulimek agulimek nakaul-ulimek naulimek ulit inulit inulit-ulit uliten ulo ulog immulog papaulugen umulog ultimo ultimonan

Glossary

being rummaged through peeling peeling; paring peeled to peel; to pare

unas kaunasan unay inyunay-unay uneg

to open; to unfold opened; unfolded can be unfolded repeatedly; can be leafed through opened; blossomed; unfolded dizziness dizzy a lie; a liar to tell a lie said lying snake blanket; bedsheet climbed up brought up to bring up to go up; to climb up to be quiet very quiet quiet; silent repeated repeated several times to repeat head came/went down having someone go/come down to come down; to descend last price last price (already)

inyuneg ipauneg nauneg unget inungtan inyunget makaunget naungtan pinagungtan ungtan ung-ungtan uni makauni nakauni naguni un-uni unnat iyunnat unnaten unnoy un-unnoy upa upa uppat maikapat mamimpat uprisir iyuprisir inyuprisir uram

sweetness; tenderness sweet; loving; passionate mute first eldest overtook; went ahead of advanced (money) introduction first; to be first sugarcane sugarcane field very emphasized inside brought inside to put inside; to internalize; to imbibe deep anger scolded said angrily angry was scolded scolded to scold scolding sound can make a sound; can speak was able to speak; was able to make a sound spoke; made a sound noises; sounds to st retch to stretch out to stretch out; to flatten pleading pleadings mother hen rent (borrowed from Tagalog) four fourth four times to offer offerred to burn; a fire

nauram nauramen

was burned burned already

uray aguray agur-uray inuray nagur-uray pagurayan uray kaano man uray la urayen uray no/ uray pay no ur-urayen umong agurnong makaumong nagurnong naurnong urnungen urnos agur-urnos urok agur-urok usar agus-usar inusar usok inyusok utang agpautang makautang pinautangan utong uttot immuttot nakauttot ut-ut naut-ut uwaw mauwaw uyaw mauyaw nauyaw uyawen uyong mauyong nauyong

to wait waiting waited was waiting place for waiting no matter when almost; just about (idiom) to wait for even if; even though waiting for savings to save can save saved was saved to save arranging snore snoring using used put on (past) debt to lend money can owe; can borrow (usually money) someone loaned to long bean flatulence farted; passed gas accidentally farted throbbing pain acutely painful thirst thirsty

Wvv wagas walin inwalin wara nawara wasiwas iwaswasiwas watwat agwatwat watwaten wenno wingiwing agwingwingiwing

way of doing; method; manner; style to push aside; to push away pushed aside; pushed away mess untidy; messy waving it to exercise to exercise or shaking one's head to negate

Yy yaman agyaman nagyaman yaman pay yan ayan naggian naggianan panaggian paggianan paggi gianan

to thank thanked thank goodness place; residence place lived; stayed; resided place where resided time for staying residence residence

yeg mangiyeg yugyog yinugyug yugyugen yugyugyugen

to bring in shook to shake (a tree, a pole, a person) shaking something

to/can be criticized/derided/ ridiculed critical to ridicule crazy mean

Glossary

Production Notes for Espiritu / Intermediate

Ilokano

Cover designed by Santos Barbasa, Jr. Text camera-ready copy was prepared by the author Printing and binding by Versa Press, Inc. Printed on 60# Accent Opaque, 435 ppi.