Instructional units in hand woodworking

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INSTRUCTIONAL UNITS IN HAND WOODWORKING

A Project Presented to the Faculty of the School of Education The University of Southern California

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Education

by Isaac Funk August

1950

UMI Number: EP46318

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.

Dissertation Publishing

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T h is project report, w ritten under the direction of the candidate’s adviser and ap p ro ved by h im , has been presented to and accepted by the F a c u lty of the School of Ed u catio n in p a r t ia l fu lfillm e n t of the requirements f o r the degree

of M a s t e r of

Science in Education.

D a te

.........

A d v is e r

Dean

TABLE OP CONTENTS

ii PAGE

INTRODUCTION .......................................

v

PREFACE TO THE

S T U D E N T .............................

xi

PREFACE TO THE

T E A C H E R .............................

xii

PART I. PROJECTS HOW TO BUILD PRACTICAL PIECES OF FURNITURE CHAPTER A.

PROJECTS FOR BEGINNERS

1.

LIGHTS ON:

How to build a l a m p ..........

2.

FISHING:

3.

SHINE, MR.?:

4.

HELLO!: How to build a telephone s h e l f ..

5.

A STITCH IN TIME: How to build,a sewing kit

2

How to build a tackle or tool box . . .

9

How to build a shoe shine box . . .

16

22 . .

28

B. PROJECTS FOR THOSE SHOWING MORE APTITUDE IN WOODWORKING 6.

LET'S READ I: -How to build an adjustable shelf b o o k c a s e .................................

7.

COFFEE TIME:

How to build a round coffee table

35 .

42

8 . KNICKNACKS:

How to build an end t a b l e ........

48

9. LIGHTS OUT:

How to build a night s t a n d ........

55

10.

FOR THE BOOKS: How to build a modern bookcase

11.

DEMI TASSE:

12.

TIME FOR STUDY:

.

How to build a modern coffee table . How to build a d e s k ..........

6l 68 74

iii CHAPTER

PAGE PART II. OPERATIONS HOW TO WORK WITH WOOD

13.

COST:

How to make a bill of material..........

82

14.

SQUARING:

How to square a b o a r d ..............

87

15.

END PLANING:

16.

HOLDING:

17.

SMOOTHING:

18.

SHARPENING:

19.

JOINING:

20.

DURABILITY:

21.

CHECKING:

22.

TURNING:

How to use the l a t h e ................

121

23.

CUTTING:

How to use the jig s a w ..............

126

24.

BORING:

How to use the drill p r e s s ............

130

25.

BEAUTY:

How to f i n i s h ........................

134

26.

GRINDING:

27.

SAFETY:

How to plane end g r a i n ..........

92

How to fasten stock with screws . . . .

96

How to use the hand p l a n e .......... How to sharpen a plane iron

....

How to make an edge to edge dowel joint How to make a dado and rabbet joint

How to dry clamp .

................

How to use the g r i n de r .........

How to prevent accidents

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... . ...

..........

................. '..... .

100 104 109 113 117

139 143 149

LIST OF PLANS PLAN

iv PAGE

1. L a m p ..........................................

3

2. Tackle or Tool B o x ............................

10

3. Shoe Shine B o x ................................

17

4. Telephone S h e l f ................................

23

5. Sewing K i t ....................................

29

6. Adjustable Shelf Bookcase ......................

36

7. Coffee T a b l e ..................................

43

8. End T a b l e ......................................

49

9. Night S t a n d ....................................

56

10. Modern Bookcase................................

62

11. Modern Coffee T a b l e ..........

69

12.

Modern Styled D e s k ............................

75

13.

Bill of M a t e r i a l ..............................

83

V

INTRODUCTION From time immemorial there have always been industrial arts of some kind somewhere, whether in the home, shop, farm, or monastery.

As civilization progressed, certain member of

the community developed skills in carpentry, cobbling, weaving, metal arts, and similar crafts.

Sons would follow their

fathers and develop high skills in their trades.

Boys would

pledge themselves to certain people for a definite period to learn a trade.

This system known as apprenticeship played an

important part in the middle ages and was prominent until the advent of factories.

Industrial education has been with us

whenever there has been work to do or problems to solve.

It

has played an important part to this day and will continue to do so as long as man has work to do. As industrial arts have played an important part in our civilization, so has woodworking held a similar place in the field of industrial arts.

The value of wood was realized

in our earliest schools, and we had the training of boys in sloyd, or manual training along with the old basic subjects. Wood has played a dominant part in man’s life since early civilization.

It has held a prominent position in the

industrial world and its uses are multitudinous, from the chair in which you may be sitting to the paper you are read­ ing.

Wood likewise holds an important part in our schools

today.

It is a material that can he made into the finest

piece of furniture with correct direction from the instructor and skill and care on the part of the youth. Philosophy of industrial arts. Industrial arts is concerned with more than the mere mechanical use of ones hands.

Bonsar and Mossman define industrial arts as, "A

study of the changes made by man in the forms of materials to increase their values, and of the problems of life related to these changes."1 Johnson and Penn state: The philosophy of Industrial and Vocational Educations is concerned with the whole life training of every boy and girl as he or she grows into manhood and womanhood. This philosophy is predicated upon the principle that all members of a democratic society are entitled not only to the right of life and liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, but to a substantial training in acquiring a means to enjoy and to maintain such rights. Aj-

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A. PROCEDURE IN BRIEF: Steps for building a sewing kit. it'-or details see following pages) ‘ 1. Make bill of materials. 2. Make a working drawing. 3. Select and square stock for sides and ends. 4. Lay out joints. Check. 5. Cut joints. 6. Smooth. 7. Dry clamp. Glue sides and ends. 8. Select and square ply­ wood top arid bottom.

9. Fasten on top and bottom. 10. Lay out lid. Cut. 11. Locate and fasten on hinges. 12. Make handles, spool rack, and feet. 13. Smooth. 14. Finish.

Be sure in dry clamping that sides and ends are square, Sharp tools mean good work. .1 || II^ ^ H >

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30 A.

PROCEDURE IN DETAIL:

Steps to follow in building a

sewing kit. 1.

STARTING:

How to begin your project.

a.

Make abill of material.

b.

Make aworking drawing.

c.

Select 1/2 inch stock for

d.

Get 1/4 Inch plywood for top

and bottom.

e.

Use plywood that will finish

similar to sides

sides and ends.

and ends. f. 2.

Select wood for handles and spool rack.

FORMING:

How to lay out, cut, and prepare parts for

assembly. a.

Square sides and ends to dimensions given in working drawing.

b.

Lay out dado joint in ends.

c.

Lay out rabbet joint in sides.

Check Chapter 21,

OPERATIONS, on How to Make a. Rabbet and Dado Joint. d.

Cut rabbet and dado joints.

e.

Square wood for top 1/8 inch over dimension.

f.

Square wood for bottom 1/8 inch over dimensions.

g.

Square to dimension stock for handles and spool rack.

h.

Use 3/4 inch dowel for handle or turn out handle on lathe.

i.

Locate and tore 1/4 inch holes in handle and side arras. Follow drawing for detail.

J.

Cut 1/4 inch dado in spool rack.

k.

Make feet for kit.

Check with instructor on

various methods of making feet. 1.

Make handles for lids.

SMOOTHING:

How to prepare parts for finishing.

a.

Use finely adjusted plane to remove mill marks.

b.

Remove any imperfections or plane marks left on board with hand scraper.

c.

Dents on surface of wood may be raised by applying a pad soaked with hot water.

d.

Sand all flat surfaces with the grain.

Use a

sanding block. e.

Sand with 2/0 and 4/0 sand paper.

If it is

necessary to use a coarser paper first, use 1/2. ASSEMBLING: a.

How to put parts together.

Dry clamp.

If you have any doubt on how to dry

clamp, check Chapter 21, OPERATIONS, How to Dry Clamp. b.

Glue sides and ends. that touch.

Apply glue to all surfaces

c.

Wipe off excessive glue with a damp cloth.

d.

Fasten top on by cutting heads off one inch, No. 18, brads.

Drive brads into sides and ends

leaving 3/16 of an inch protruding to act as dowels for plywood top. e.

Apply glue.

Fasten bottom on using above method.

Clamp. You now

have a solid box. f.

Measure down one inch.

Have instructor cut box

lid on circular saw.

g.

Find center of lid.

Saw with mitre saw.

h.

Fasten hinges on.

Use ornamental hinges.

i.

Dry clamp handle.

Be sure 3/8 inch dowel is

placed in handle as drawing shows.

j . Glue handle. Use brads as in step ,Tdn to fasten uprights to sides of box. k.

Locate and place 1/4 inch slide in lid.

Fit

spool rack so it slides easily. 1.

Fasten feet by use of brads and glue.

m.

Use No. 5 j 3/4 inch screws, to fasten small handles to lids.

The handles may be taken off

while finishing. FINISHING: a.

How to finish sewing kit.

Be sure your sewing kit has been smoothed properly before you apply any finishing material.

33 b.

Apply stain of desired color.

c.

If oil stain is used, wipe off excess stain with cloth.

Use linseed oil on end grain to prevent

end grain from becoming too dark. d.

If porous grained woods are used, apply a filler. W.ipe off across grain.

e.

Apply shellac sealer.

Mix shellac with

approximately 50% alcohol. f . Rub sealer down with steel wool or 320 wet dry paper. g.

Apply first coat of varnish.

Let dry.

Rub down

with 320 wet dry paper. h.

Apply second coat varnish.

i.

Apply third coat of varnish.

Dry. Dry.

Rub down. Rub down with

pumice and rotten stone. j . Study Chapter 20, OPERATIONS, How to Finish, for more details. B.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Suggested activities to perform

with this unit. 1. Design and build a sewing kit. 2. Help one of your friends to build a similar kit. 3. Make a unitility chest by omitting spool rack and handle.

34 C. EVALUATION:

Some sample ways

in which checkups may be

applied to your project. 1‘ . TRUE - FALSE:

Place, an x

in the correct space for

true or false. a.

T F ( )( )It is not necessary to dry clamp before gluing.

b.

( )(

)A satisfactory type of joint for small boxes or chests is a dado rabbet.

c.

( )(

)You should smooth the inside of the kit before assembly.

2.

COMPLETION:

Place the correct word in the blank

space.

3.

a.

The most suitable tool to cut a rabbet joint is

b.

The proper solvent for shellac is______________

RATING SCALE:

Place an x In each space in which you

qualify in building your sewing kit. a.

( )You made a bill of material.

b.

( )You made a working drawing.

c.

( )You spent time and care in trying to produce a good job.

d.

( ) You had instructor check lay outs before cutting.

e.

( )You did not waste any stock.

35

CHAPTER 6. LET'S READ HOW TO BUILD AN ADJUSTABLE SHELF BOOKCASE You have heard your family say, "Oh, if only we had a lovely bookcase I", or "Where can we put these books?".

Here

is a distinctive, modern bookcase that will answer these questions.

If built of mahogany or a similar hard wood, it

can be finished in any of the popular hues of today. Finished a beautiful driftwood, or harvest color it will harmonize with most of your light, modern furniture. Does it sound interesting? chapter and build.

Study the following

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ijL. PROCEDURE IN BRIEF: Step3 for building a bookcase* {For details see following pages’) bill of material. 9 Make 2. Make working drawing* 0 Select, wood for sides, top and bottom 4 o Squsre sides, top and bottom. 5. Locate joints in sides, and in top. 6 « Gut joints in top and sideso 7. Lay out and bore holes for shelves. O

8* Smooth. 9. Assemble. check. 10. Make legs. bookcase. 11. Square and 12 0 Give final finish. 15. Check with finishing.

Be sure and use good vrood for this

Dry clamp, and Fasten legs to fit shelf© sanding before ins true tor err

jo b .

A harvest color in mahogany blends well with light furnjfcure ^ ^ iue finish i_s absolutely necessary for th is bookcase i

Take time, follow Instructions. 5

37 A.

PROCEDURE IN DETAIL:

Steps you will follow in building

a bookcase. 1..

STARTING:

How to begin your project.

a.

Make abill of material.

b.

Make aworking drawing.

c.

If mahogany is available

itwould

be anexcellent

wood for this job.

2.

d.

Select 3/4 inch wood for sides.

e.

Select 3/4 inch wood for top and shelves.

f.

Get 1/4 inch plywood for back.

g.

Get 2 inch stock for feet.

FORMING:

How to lay out, cut, and prepare parts for

assembly. a.

Square sides.

Check Chapter 15,OPERATIONS,

How

to Square a Board. b.

Square top and shelves.

Use a smoothingplane.

c.

Lay out 3/8 inch blind mortise in top. Be

sure

and have instructor check all lay outs before cutting. d.

Lay out 3/8 inch tenon in sides.

e . Cut mortise in top. A half inch must be left on each side.

In cutting mortise use bit, chisel,

and router plane.

38 f.

Cut tenon in sides.

Use back saw.

If in doubt

on how to cut mortise and tenon joint study Chapter 20, in OPERATIONS. g.

Lay out and bore 1/4 inch holes for adjustable shelf.

h.

Cut 1/4 inch rabbet in sides and top for back to fit .

i.

Bore pilot and anchor holes to fit bottom to sides.

Use No. 9 screw.

OPERATIONS, How to Fasten

Check Chapter 17* Stock with Screws.

j . Square and shape feet. 3-

SMOOTHING: a.

How to prepare parts for finishing.

Use finely adjusted plane to remove mill marks.

b . If plane marks or other imperfections are left on board after planing use hand scraper. c.

Dents on surface of wood may be raised byapplying a pad soaked with hot water.

d.

All flat surfaces must be sanded with the grain. Use a sanding block.

e.

To do a good job use successive

grades of sand

paper, 1/2, 2/0, 4/0. 4.

ASSEMBLING: a.

How to put parts together.

Dry clamp. Be sure you have soft wood blocks for clamps.

b.

Check dry clamping carefully for squaring.

c.

Use No. 9* 1 3/^ screws, for fastening bottom to sides.

d.

Glue top and bottom.

Be sure glue is applied to

all surfaces that touch. e.

Wipe off excess glue with a damp cloth.

f . Carefully check to see that bookcase is square before leaving glue to dry. g.

Use No. 18, one inch brads, to fasten back.

h.

Fasten legs on with No. 9, 1 1/2 inch screws.

FINISHING: a>

How to finish bookcase.

S®. sure your project has been smoothed properly before any finish materials are applied.

b.

Apply stain of desired shade.

c. If oil stain is used wipe off excess stain with cloth.

Use linseed oil on end grain to prevent

darkness of end grain. d.

If water stain is to.be applied allow to dry six hours before sanding lightly.

e. Apply filler if you are woods.

using porous grained

Wipe off across grain.

f.

Apply shellac sealer.

g.

Apply first coat of varnish. wet dry paper.

Let dry six hours. Rub down with 320

40 h.

Apply second coat of varnish.

Rub down with 320

wet dry paper. i.

Apply third coat of varnish.

Rub down with pumice

and rotten stone. j.

Study Chapter 25, OPERATIONS, How to Finish Wood, for more details.

B. ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Suggested activities to perform in

helping you master this unit. 1.

Design and build a bookcase without an adjustable shelf.

2.

Help somebody build a bookcase similar to yours.

3.

Refinish an old bookcase.

C. EVALUATION:

Sample of ways in which checkups may be

applied to your project. 1.

TRUE - FALSE:

Place an x in the correct space for

true or false . a.

T F ( ) ( ) You should have all layouts checked by the instructor.

b.

( ) ( ) Glue should be applied to all surfaces that touch.

c.

( ) ( ) For final sanding 1/0 sandpaper should be used.

BEST ANSWER:

Place the number of the best answer in

the parentheses. a.

( ) All flat surfaces to be sanded should be: (l) sanded against the grain, (2) in a circular motion, (3) with the grain,

COMPLETION:

Place the correct word in the blank

space. a . The most suitable sealer to use when using varnish is ______________ b.

The best kind of saw to use in cutting a tenon is

RATING SCALE:

Place an x In each space in which you

qualify in building your bookcase. a.

( ) You made a bill of material.

b.

( ) You made a working drawing.

c.

( ) You had instructor check dry clamping before gluing.

d. (

( ) You did not waste any stock. ) Total.

42

CHAPTER 7. COFFEE TIME HOW TO BUILD A ROUND COFFEE TABLE

Surprise I Everybody enjoys a surprise, but nobody enjoys it as much as the person who does the surprising. Nothing would thrill the family more than for you to bring home a coffee table designed in the popular round style.

A

table that is sturdy, attractive, and when finished in one of our newer shades would blend in with your other light furniture.

Dad would really enjoy his cup of coffee, and

that brief relaxation he can have on the divan, because of this new addition.

43

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