Inside Soviet film satire: laughter with a lash 9781139085588, 9780521430166, 9780521021074

Table of contents :
Frontmatter
Foreword: If life itself is a satire . . . (DR. KIRILL RAZLOGOV, page vii)
Acknowledgments (page ix)
Editor's note (page xi)
Introduction: Carnival versus lashing laughter in Soviet cinema (ANDREW HORTON, page 1)
Part One The long view: Soviet satire in context
I Soviet film satire yesterday and today (VALENTIN TOLSTYKH (TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN BY ANDREW ANDREYEV), page 17)
II A Russian Munchausen: Aesopian translation (KEVIN MOSS, page 20)
III "We don't know what to laugh at": Comedy and satire in Soviet cinema (from The Miracle Worker to St. Jorgen's Feast Day) (DENISE J. YOUNGBLOOD, page 36)
IV An ambivalent NEP satire of bourgeois aspirations: The Kiss of Mary Pickford (PETER CHRISTENSEN, page 48)
V Closely watched drains: Notes by a dilettante on the Soviet absurdist film (MICHAEL BRASHINSKY, page 58)
Part Two Middle-distance shots: The individual satire considered
VI A subtextual reading of Kuleshov's satire the Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks (1924) (VLADA PETRIC, page 65)
VII The strange case of the making of Volga, Volga (MAYA TUROVSKAYA (TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN BY ANDREW ANDREYEV), page 75)
VIII Circus of 1936: Ideology and entertainment under the big top (MOIRA RATCHFORD, page 83)
IX Black humor in Soviet cinema (OLGA REIZEN, page 94)
X Laughter beyond the mirror: Humor and satire in the cinema of Andrei Tarkovsky (VIDA T. JOHNSON, page 98)
XI The films of Eldar Shengelaya: From subtle humor to biting satire (JULIE CHRISTENSEN, page 105)
Part Three Close-ups: Glasnost and Soviet satire
XII A forgotten flute and remembered popular tradition (GRETA N. SLOBIN, page 117)
XIII Perestroika of kitsch: Sergei Soloviev's Black Rose, Red Rose (SVETLANA BOYM, page 125)
XIV Carnivals bright, dark, and grotesque in the glasnost satires of Mamin, Mustafayev, and Shakhnazarov (ANDREW HORTON, page 138)
XV Quick takes on Yuri Mamin's Fountain from the perspective of a Romanian (ANDREI CODRESCU, page 149)
XVI "One should begin with zero": A discussion with satiric filmmaker Yuri Mamin (ANDREW HORTON, page 154)
Filmography (page 157)
Contributors (page 165)
Index (page 167)

Citation preview

Inside Soviet Film Satire: Laughter with a Lash is a lively collection of sixteen original essays by Soviet and American scholars and film commentators. It is the first in-depth examination of an important genre within the Soviet film tradition. From its origins, humor and satire have been closely linked in Soviet cinema. Nowhere in this tradition is there the pure comic genre typified in the West in films by Charlie Chaplin or Buster Keaton; by contrast, Soviet comedy can best be described as ‘‘laughter with a lash.” Films made during the early years of the communist regime depicted characters and situations at a moment when the promise of socialism had yet to be realized. By the final years of totalitarian rule, filmmakers had found ways to create satiric films that powerfully indicted communism itself. Offering a general overview of the evolution of Soviet film satire during a seventy-year period, this volume also provides in-depth analyses of such classics as Kuleshov’s The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks; Volga, Volga, a popular musical of the Stalinist period; and the bitter and surrealistic Zero City, The Fountain, and Black Rose, Red Rose of the glasnost period. It also examines the effects of communism’s collapse in 1991 on the tradition of satire and includes an interview with the renowned Soviet filmmaker Yuri Mamin.

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INSIDE SOVIET FILM SATIRE

CAMBRIDGE ™ — STUDIES

IN FILM -

GENERAL EDITORS Henry Breitrose, Stanford University William Rothman, University of Miami ADVISORY BOARD Dudley Andrew, University of Iowa Anthony Smith, Magdalen College, Oxford Colin Young, National Film School

OTHER BOOKS IN THE SERIES Film and Phenomenology, by Allan Casebier Chinese Cinema: Culture and Politics Since 1949, by Paul Clark The Gorgon’s Gaze: German Cinema, Expressionism, and the Image of Horror, by Paul Coates Nonindifferent Nature: Film and the Structure of Things, by Sergei Eisenstein (trans. Herbert Marshall) Constructivism in Film: The Man with the Movie Camera, by Vlada Petric Renoir on Renoir: Interviews, Essays, and Remarks, by Jean Renoir (trans. Carol Volk) The Taste for Beauty, by Eric Rohmer (trans. Carol Volk)

The ‘I’? of the Camera: Essays in Film Criticism, History, and Aesthetics, by William Rothman The British Documentary Film Movement, 1926—1946, by Paul Swann Metaphor and Film, by Trevor Whittock

INSIDE SOVIET FILM SATIRE Laughter with a Lash

Editor

ANDREW HORTON Loyola University, New Orleans

CAMBRIDGE 6) UNIVERSITY PRESS

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo

Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/978052 1430166

© Cambridge University Press 1993

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1993 This digitally printed first paperback version 2005

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Inside Soviet film satire : laughter with a lash / Andrew Horton, editor. (Cambridge studies in film)

p. cm. Papers from the New Orleans Conference on the Spirit of Satire in Soviet Cinema held at Loyola University. Filmography: p. Includes index. ISBN 0-521-43016-X 1. Comedy films — Soviet Union — History and criticism — Congresses. 2. Satire, Soviet — History and criticism — Congresses. 3. Communism and satire — Congresses. I. Horton, Andrew. PN1995.9.C55154 1993

791.43°617 —dc20 92-32195 CIP

ISBN-13 978-0-521-43016-6 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-43016-X hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-02107-4 paperback ISBN-10 0-521-02107-3 paperback

Foreword: If life itself is a satire... page vii

Acknowledgments ix Editor’s note xi

DR. KIRILL RAZLOGOV

Soviet cinema 1

Introduction: Carnival versus lashing laughter in ANDREW HORTON

Part One The long view: Soviet satire in context

I Soviet film satire yesterday and today 17 VALENTIN TOLSTYKH (TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN BY ANDREW ANDREYEV)

II A Russian Munchausen: Aesopian translation 20 KEVIN MOSS

Feast Day) 36

III ‘‘We don’t know what to laugh at’: Comedy and satire in Soviet cinema (from The Miracle Worker to St. Jorgen’s DENISE J. YOUNGBLOOD

IV An ambivalent NEP satire of bourgeois aspirations:

The Kiss of Mary Pickford 48

PETER CHRISTENSEN

Soviet absurdist film 58

V__ Closely watched drains: Notes by a dilettante on the MICHAEL BRASHINSKY

Part Two Middle-distance shots: The individual satire considered VI_ A subtextual reading of Kuleshov’s satire The Extraordinary

Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks (1924) 65 VLADA PETRIC Vv

Contents vi big top 83

VII The strange case of the making of Volga, Volga 75 MAYA TUROVSKAYA (TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN BY ANDREW ANDREYEV)

VIII Circus of 1936: Ideology and entertainment under the MOIRA RATCHFORD

IX Black humor in Soviet cinema 94 OLGA REIZEN

X Laughter beyond the mirror: Humor and satire in the

cinema of Andrei Tarkovsky 98

biting satire 105 VIDA T. JOHNSON

XI _=The films of Eldar Shengelaya: From subtle humor to JULIE CHRISTENSEN

Part Three Close-ups: Glasnost and Soviet satire

XII_ A forgotten flute and remembered popular tradition 117

Red Rose 125 GRETA N. SLOBIN

XIII Perestroika of kitsch: Sergei Soloviev’s Black Rose, SVETLANA BOYM

XIV Carnivals bright, dark, and grotesque in the glasnost

satires of Mamin, Mustafayev, and Shakhnazarov 138 ANDREW HORTON

XV Quick takes on Yuri Mamin’s Fountain from the

perspective of a Romanian 149

ANDREI CODRESCU

filmmaker Yuri Mamin 154

XVI “One should begin with zero”: A discussion with satiric

Filmography 157 Contributors 165

ANDREW HORTON

Index 167

FOREWORD = me tmicmicit

is a Satire... =

It’s quite a thrill to open a book about Soviet film satire when the Soviet Union has disappeared, for satire has now become a fundamental characteristic of everyday life in the ex-USSR. It seems that the satiric verve along with Russia’s cultural tradition is, unlike the Union, still alive. This fact makes the present retrospective even more interesting, in a way like a postmortem. Andrew Horton has succeeded where everybody else failed: In New Orleans (Loyola University), he gathered a group of Russian and American scholars with very different backgrounds, both academic and practical, and made them speak the unspeakable: about satire in a totalitarian state. And each speaker discovered and proved from his or her own perspective not only that satiric films did exist, but that they constituted the most subversive genre in the vast domain reigned over by Socialist Realism. In a way, the posttotalitarian seriousness we have experienced since the beginning of perestroika and glasnost, down to the farcical conclusion with the August Coup (1991), proves to be a backlash from the previous

Aesopian power and satiric perspective cherished by many Russian, Ukrainian, Georgian, and other filmmakers in the former Soviet Union. This book is as much testimony as it is an investigation into the unknown or, better, never-acknowledged territory of Soviet film satire. Not just Yuri Mamin — the only filmmaker present among the scholars — but every ex-Soviet writer relies on his or her own experience in shaping satire. As for the Americans within this collection, they bring an intertextual

perspective in an easy, almost nonacademic style. And one is even tempted to try and satirize the American analysis of Russian feelings (or the ‘‘Slavic soul’’) about film and life as a kind of global satire. ‘Situation

hopeless, but not serious’ would thus also be a way to describe the present realities in the former Soviet Union. Dr. Kirill Razlogov Director Institute for Cultural Research Moscow

Vii

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I wish first of all to thank Beatrice Rehl, my editor at Cambridge University Press, for her unfailing support, helpful critical comments, and, yes, fine sense of humor in seeing this project to fruition. My thanks to all of the others not represented in this collection who made the New Orleans

Conference on the Spirit of Satire in Soviet Cinema possible: to Anna Lawton, who was the coorganizer of the conference; and to Romana Bahry of York University; Daniel Goulding of Oberlin College; Sergei Lavrentiev, a leading Soviet film critic; and Peter Shepotinnik, an editor of the influ-

ential Moscow-based film journal Iskusstvo kino. I also extend a hearty thanks to Loyola University of New Orleans for providing many services and some of the funding for the conference together with the Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities for a minigrant that made it possible to bring Yuri Mamin to New Orleans. All photos appear thanks to Sovexport Film and the Kinocenter of Moscow. Finally, hats off to all filmmakers in all of the republics and provinces that were the Soviet Union who are stil] able to see satire and humor in the darkest moments.

ix

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a =

_ Editor’s note an

am

In transliterating Russian terms and names into English, this volume ad-

heres to the Library of Congress system (with the elimination of the apostrophe-designated soft sign in the text). Exceptions have been made in the case of Russian names that have become widely known under a different system of transliteration. Every attempt has been made to standard-

ize terminology and documentary references in the chapters, but this does not exclude the possibility of exceptional usages in the style of individual authors. There is often considerable variation in the English translation of Russian film titles. We have tried to be consistent even where there are no “standard” English versions of titles.

xi

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INTRODUCTION = Carnival versus lashing laughter in Soviet cinema #

I adhere to the tradition of laughing while the lash swishes. Mine is a laughter of destruction. Sergei Eisenstein Satire is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybody’s face but their own. Jonathan Swift

Headed for the promised sky We never had a good civilization, but we always had a good culture. Viktor Yerofeyev (Shapiro, “‘Ablest Soviets Flee for Better Lives’’)

It’s a dark, snowy, cold Russian night, and a large group of the Moscow homeless have been surrounded by police and soldiers and commanded to leave their shantytown so that an American—Soviet joint venture hotel and condom factory can be built on the spot where the poor have been living. ‘‘This is our land and we are not going to leave it,’ calls out the president, the leader of the homeless who acts like a not-so-distorted copy of Gorbachev and looks remarkably like Albert Einstein. But the official forces will not listen. They move in with tanks and riot troops, crushing

all in their path. The poor gather on an old steam locomotive, which looks a lot like the old ‘“‘revolutionary” trains of seventy years ago, and to

everyone’s surprise, the locomotive starts up and heads on down the track with the military in hot pursuit. Then a miracle happens. As soldiers and tanks fire at the train, the locomotive takes off into the winter sky, headed for ‘‘the promised land”’ followed by a pack of wild homeless dogs howling after it. And though the tanks fire away, the train is heaven bound with the homeless and the president and his ex-wife and friends al} aboard. A Soviet parody of Spielberg’s E.T. or De Sica’s farewell to neorealism,

Miracle in Milan (1951), in which all the homeless of Milan take off through the Italian heavens? Both. And more. 1

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