Information Resources in Toxicology: Volume 1: Background, Resources, and Tools 5th Edition [5 ed.] 0128216115, 9780128216118

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Information Resources in Toxicology: Volume 1: Background, Resources, and Tools 5th Edition [5 ed.]
 0128216115, 9780128216118

Table of contents :
Cover
Information Resources in Toxicology
Copyright
DEDICATIONS, WITH LOVE
Contents
List of Contributors
Foreword to Fourth (previous) Edition
Foreword to Fifth Edition
Preface
1 Overview of international activities
Introduction
International activities
Protocols and conventions
The Montreal Protocol
The Stockholm Convention (POPs)
The Rotterdam Convention (PIC)
The Basel Convention
The Aarhus Convention
The Minamata Convention on Mercury
Intergovernmental forums and activities
The Stockholm Conference
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
The World Summit on Sustainable Development
The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management
The classification and labelling of chemicals (Globally Harmonized System)
The Intergovernmental Forum for Chemical Safety
The International Programme on Chemical Safety
The Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Program
Sustainable chemistry
International Sustainable Chemistry Collaborative Centre
Intergovernmental organizations
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
Other intergovernmental organizations, agencies, and associations
Main features of European Community chemicals legislation
Overview European Community chemicals policy
The Biocidal Product Regulation
The classification and labeling of chemicals in the EU
REACH-CLP-Biocide helpdesk
The plant protection products regulation
References
List of important abbreviations
List of important URLs
2 European Union
Introduction
Registration
Data requirements and test methods
Animal testing
Consortia for registration by different manufacturers or importers
European Chemicals Agency and Member States, substances of high concern
Authorization
Decision-making
Scientific committees
Compliance, enforcement, and inspection
Related EU bodies and initiatives
Access to information on chemicals
International collaboration
Current discussions
Other groups of chemicals
Conclusion
Websites
3 Argentina
Introduction
Resources
Books of historical significance
Books
General interest books on toxicology
Guides and manuals
Journals and bulletins
Poison control center
Toxinology centers
Antidote repositories
Clinical toxicological analysis laboratories
Toxicology units of universities and toxicological research center
Forensic and Police toxicology laboratories
Other reference laboratories on legal toxicology
Postgraduate courses—specialization and masters
Medical residencies in toxicology
Legislation and government agencies
Agrochemicals laws
Chemical weapons laws
Drug laws
Environmental laws
Foods and commodities laws
Labor laws
Laws about toys
Laws on drugs of abuse
Laws on hazardous materials transport
Laws on human health
Laws on personal hygiene products, cosmetics and perfumes and household products, oral hygiene products for dental use
Scientific societies
Digital Repository
References
Other sources of information consulted (Spanish only)
4 Australia
Introduction
Medicinal toxicity
Occupational toxicity
Environmental toxicity
Toxicology research
Toxicology-related societies
References
Resources
Books
Journals
Technical reports and other documents
Databases
Organizations—government
State and territory governments
Government research organizations
Organizations—nongovernment
Universities
Professional societies
Poison control centres
Federal government legislation (state government legislation not shown)
Miscellaneous resources
5 Brazil
Introduction
Resources
Books
Journals
Databases
Government agencies
Nongovernment organizations
Laboratories and consulting services
Universities
Professional societies
Poison information/control centers
Legislation
International MEDLARS Center
6 Canada
Introduction
Resources
Original research articles in toxicology
Journals
Governmental publications
Newsletters and magazines
Computerized information resources
Web-based tools
Legislation and regulation of chemicals in Canada
Federal government departments
Environment and Climate Change Canada
Canadian Health Portfolio
Federal government sites/portals
Provincial agencies
Toxicology education in Canada: schools and programs
NGOs and associations
Poison control centers
7 Chile
Introduction
Resources
Books
Technical report and other documents
Software
Journals (general scientific journals)
Organizations
Poison control centers
Legislation and Regulations
Education/schools
8 China
Background narrative
Core documents
Books
Journal titles
Organizations—government
Organizations—nongovernment
Universities
Professional societies
Poison control centers
Legislation
Miscellaneous resources
9 The Czech Republic
Introduction
History of toxicology in the Czech Republic
Public health
Pharmaceutical toxicology
Military toxicology
Chemical toxicology
References
Books
Reports, bulletins
Journals
Databases
Organizations—government
Organizations nongovernment
Universities
Professional societies
Poison control center
Legislation
10 Denmark
Introduction
Pharmacology and forensic medicine
From hygiene to environmental health
The working environment
Poison treatment
Veterinary toxicology
Food toxicology and the National Food Institute
Ecotoxicology
Endocrine disruption
Regulatory toxicology
Regulation and legislation of chemicals today
Legislation
Resources
Books
Journals
Databases
Organizations (government)
Organizations (nongovernment)
Universities
Professional societies
Poison control centers
Legislation
11 Ecuador*
Introduction
Resources
Books
Journals
Technical reports and other documents
Databases
Organizations (government)
Organizations (nongovernment)
Universities
Professional societies
Poison control centers
Legislation
12 Finland
Introduction
Resources
Books
Journals
Databases
Organizations (government)
Organizations (nongovernment)
Universities
Professional societies
Legislation
13 France
Introduction
Resources
Books
Journals
Technical reports and other documents
Databases
Organizations (government)
Organizations (nongovernment)
Legislation
Professional societies
Poison Control Centers and Toxicovigilance Centers
14 Germany
Introduction
Resources
Books
General monographs
Textbooks on toxicology
Most important textbooks on pharmacology and toxicology
Further important textbooks on pharmacology and toxicology
Most important textbooks on medical and analytical toxicology
Further important textbooks on medical and analytical toxicology
Biotoxins and environmental toxicology
Occupational toxicology—monographs on workplace concentration values
Continuously updated loose-leaf collections, partially linked to related databases
Journals
Databases (free access)
Databases (at least partially with restricted access)
Organizations (government)
Organizations (Nongovernment)
Universities with institutes of toxicology
Forensic toxicology departments
Postgraduate professional education
Scientific societies
Poisons centers
Legislation with relevance for toxicological topics
15 Greece
Introduction
Books
Journals
Databases
Organizations
Ministries
Nongovernmental organizations
Universities
Professional societies
Hellenic companies
Approved detoxification agencies
Detoxification centers
Laboratories
Legislation
Citizen’s guide
Museum
Recently published papers
16 India
Introduction
Resources
Books
Journals
Organizations—government
Organizations—nongovernment
Universities
Professional societies
Poison information/control centers
Legislation
Miscellaneous resources
Disclaimer
17 Iran
History of Modern Toxicology in Iran
Poisoning in Iran
Teaching of toxicology
Drug and poison information services
Poison treatment centers in Iran
Toxicology laboratories
National committee on chemical safety
The Iranian Society of Toxicology http://www.irantox.net/
Government agencies
Nongovernment organizations
Universities with toxicology program of study (in alphabetic order)
Professional societies and institutes with toxicology-related activities
Drug and poison information centers
Books in toxicology and related subjects written or edited by Iranian scientists
Book chapters
Core References
18 Israel*
Background narrative
Books
Journal titles
Databases
Organizations—government
Nongovernment organizations
Universities
Professional societies
National poison information center
Miscellaneous resources
About Israel
19 Italy
Introduction
Resources
Websites
Books
Journals
Technical reports and other documents
Databases
Organizations—government
Poison control centers
Other national institutions
Organizations—nongovernment
Education
Courses pertaining to toxicology held at universities
Research doctorate (PhD) in toxicology
Specialization schools
Vocational masters
Scientific societies
Miscellaneous resources
20 Japan
Introduction
Resources
Books
Journals
Technical reports and other documents
Database
Organizations (government)
Organizations (government institutes)
Organizations (nongovernment)
Universities
Professional societies and their official journals
Poison control centers
Japan Poison Information Center
Legislation
Agricultural Chemicals Regulation Law
Air Pollution Control Act
Basic Environment Act
Food Safety Basic Act
Food Sanitation Act
Industrial Safety and Health Act
Water Pollution Prevention Act
Water Supply Act
Miscellaneous resources
International MEDLARS Center
21 Kenya
Introduction
History of toxicology
Education
Development partners
Resources
Toxicology and analytical laboratory testing
Data capture and reporting
Toxicology research areas
References
Further reading
22 Malaysia
Introduction
Malaysian Society of Toxicology
Resources
Journals
Asia-Pacific Journal of Molecular Medicine
ASM Science Journal
Bioremediation Science and Technology Research
Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology
International Journal of Public Health Research
International Medical Journal Malaysia
Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology
Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences
Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences
Journal of Health and Translational Medicine
Journal of Occupational Safety and Health
Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia (Malaysian Journal of Health Sciences)
Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia
Life sciences, medicine, and biomedicine
Malaysian Applied Biology
Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences
Malaysian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Malaysian Journal of Emergency Medicine
Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences
Malaysian Journal of Pathology
Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science
Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine
Malaysian Journal of Science
Medical Journal of Malaysia
Medicine and Health
Sains Malaysiana
Science Letters
Tropical Life Sciences Research
Technical reports and other documents
Health impact assessment
Water quality report
Drinking Water Quality Surveillance Program
Air quality report
Hazardous chemical management at workplace
Chemical information management system
Industry Code of Practice on Chemicals Classification and Hazard Communication 2014
Malaysian standards
Governmental organizations
Government Link Companies
Nongovernmental organizations
Professional bodies
Poison control center
Legislation
Miscellaneous resources
Classification Tool for Chemical Mixture
Regulatory toxicity testing services
23 Mexico
Introduction
Books
Journals
Toxicology and environmental pollution
Specialty journals-health and medical sciences
Biological and chemical sciences
General
Organizations
Nongovernmental organizations
Poison control centers
Scientific societies
Toxicology laboratories
Legislation and regulations
Education/schools
Acknowledgements
Further reading
24 The Netherlands
Short history of toxicology in the Netherlands
The first developments (1800–1950)
Post 1950
1979: Establishment of the foundation of the Netherlands society of toxicology, training and accreditation
2018: Current situation of toxicology in the Netherlands
Resources
Books
Journals and magazines
Technical reports and other documents
Databases
Organizations—government
Organizations—nongovernment
Universities and hospitals
Enterprise/industry
Professional societies
Poison control centers
Legislation
Miscellaneous resources
Certifying and advisory boards
25 New Zealand
References
Books
Journals
Databases
Interactive Clinical Pharmacology
Toxinz
Government Agencies
AgResearch
Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ERS)
Landcare Research
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)
Plant and Food Research
Scion
Non-Government Organizations
Cawthron Institute
Environment Institute of Australia and New Zealand (EIANZ)
Greenpeace New Zealand
Medical Council of New Zealand
New Zealand Medical Association
Universities
The University of Auckland
The University of Otago
Victoria University of Wellington
Professional Societies
Poison Control Centers
National Poison Centre
26 Norway
Background narrative
Core documents
Books and technical reports
Journals and newsletters
Reviews and other key papers
Organizations—government
Organizations—nongovernment
Universities
Professional societies
Poison control centers
Legislation
Online databases and tools
Miscellaneous resources
27 Peru
Introduction
Resources
Books and specialized scientific journals
Technical reports
Electronic resources
Government organizations and public agencies
Nongovernment organizations
Public and not-for-profit testing laboratories
Universities offering toxicology-related programs
Legislation
Agrochemicals
Consumer products, raw materials, and drugs
Environment
Labor
28 Poland
Introduction
Resources
Books written by Polish authors
Journals
Organizations (government)
Organizations (nongovernment)
Universities
Professional societies
Poison control centers
Legislation
Miscellaneous resources
Online databases
Science founding agencies
29 Portugal
Overview
Organizations (Government)
Professional and Scientific Societies
Miscellaneous Resources
Books
Databases
Journals
Toxicology Risk Communication Monographs
Massive Open Online Course – MOOC platform on Toxicology (under the project Learning Toxicology through Open Educational Re...
30 Russia*
History and current state of toxicology in Russia
State Registration of chemical and biological substances in the Russian Federation
Resources
Books
Journals
Regulatory documents
Methodological documents
Databases
Industrial wastes
Government agencies
Organizations (Nongovernmental)
Universities
Professional societies
Key research centers
Hygiene and epidemiological centers having toxicological divisions in their structure
Legislation concerning chemical safety
IFCS Russian focal point
31 Saudi Arabia
Introduction
Resources
Societies
Saudi Society for Environmental Sciences
Saudi Society of Marine Sciences
The National Drug and Poison Information Center
Hospitals’ Drug and Poisons Information Centers
Poison Control Centers
Poison control committees
The General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection
Toxicology education of Saudi Arabia
Scientific journals
Books
References
Samples of toxicological publications related to Saudi Arabia
Pictures
Acknowledgment
32 Serbia, Republic of
The history of toxicology in Serbia
Toxicological education in Serbia
Modern toxicology education
Universities and faculties teaching toxicology in Serbia
University of Belgrade
University of Defence in Belgrade
University of Novi Sad
University of Niš
University of Kragujevac
University Business Academy in Novi Sad (private)
Resources
Books
Journals
Medical data
Relevant national legislation
Laws
Rulebooks
Ministries
Governmental agencies
Nongovernmental organizations and professional societies
Databases
Open Data Portal (Serbian)
Serbian Healthcare Fund—Obligatory Healthcare Insurance
Centers
National Poison Control Center
Toxicological Risk Assessment Center in Serbia
Institutes
Institute of Public Health of Serbia
Acute poisonings
33 Singapore
Introduction
Poisonings in Singapore
References
Resources
Books
Journals
Government and nongovernmental agencies
Professional societies
Universities
Legislation and regulations related to medicines and poisons in Singapore
34 South Africa
Introduction
References
Resources
Books
Journals
Technical reports and other documents
Technical reports
Water Research Commission
Governmental strategies, guidelines, action plans, and reports
Databases
Organizations—government
Organizations—nongovernment
Science councils
Universities
Professional societies
Poison control centers
Legislation
35 Korea, Republic of
Introduction
Toxicology in Korea
History of the Korean Society of Toxicology and Korean Environmental Mutagen Society
Origin
Mission
Publications (journal)
International activities
Resources
Government organizations (ministries)
Government organizations (agencies and research institutes)
Databases
Technical reports
Reviews
Journal articles
Nongovernment organizations
Universities
Professional societies and their official journals
36 Spain
Introduction
Further reading
Resources
Books
Journals
Technical reports and other documents
Databases
Organizations (government)
Organizations (nongovernment)
Other organizations
Universities
Professional societies
Poison control and information centers
Legislation
Miscellaneous resources
Acknowledgements
37 Sweden*
Introduction
Historical notes in Swedish toxicology1
Toxicology becomes organized
Journals
Databases
Organizations (government)
Ministries
Governmental agencies
Organizations (nongovernment)
Universities
Professional societies
Poison control centers
Miscellaneous resources
Hospitals
38 Switzerland
Introduction
Societies
Toxicological registries
Toxicological information sources
39 Taiwan
Introduction
Resources
Books
Journals
Reports
Organizations (government)
Organizations (nongovernment)
Universities
Professional societies
Poison information centers
40 Turkey
History of toxicology in Turkey
References
Resources
Books in Turkish
International publications by Turkish editors
Translation books
Journals
Organizations
Universities
Professional societies
Poison control centers
Legislation and regulation
Acknowledgement
41 United Kingdom
Introduction
Resources
Books
Book series (2005–2019/2020)
Journals
Organizations—government
Government departments
Government agencies and services
Government advisory committees
Organizations—nongovernment
Nongovernment organizations/trade associations
Universities
Professional societies
Chemical hazards
Additional resources
42 Uruguay
Introduction
Toxicology at the Health Sector
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Toxicology (DTOX)
Toxicology at the Chemistry Faculty
Bibliographic resources
Books
Chapter titles
Journal articles
Acute poisoning
Psychoactive drugs
Environmental and occupational toxicology
Natural toxins
Toxicology related regulations
43 Venezuela*
Introduction
Teaching at the graduate level
Teaching at the postgraduate level
Centers, services and toxicological units
Resources
Journals
Examples of Government Agencies
Examples of Nongovernment Organizations
Universities (Universidades)
Postgraduate Studies (Postgrados)
Professional Societies (Sociedades Profesionales)
Poison Information/Control Centers (Centros de Toxicologia)
Legislation (Legislacion)
Periodicals (Revistas)
Examples of Books
Statistics in Venezuela
Government institutions related to Toxicology
Other Organizations
Other services
Examples of nongovernmental organizations
Professional societies
Toxicology centers
Legislation
Universities (Universidades)
Postgraduate studies (postgrados)
Legal links
Appendix 1 Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology, 2nd Edition (IUPAC Recommendations 2007)*
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Alphabetical entries
Annex 1: Abbreviations and acronyms used in toxicology literature
Annex 2: Abbreviations and acronyms of names of international bodies and legislation
Annex 3: Classification of carcinogenicity
Classification according to IARC [16]
Classification according to the USEPA [17,18]
Classification according to the European Union [19]
Classification according to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. (ACGIH) [5]
References
Appendix II Toxicology Quotes
Index
Back Cover

Citation preview

INFORMATION RESOURCES IN TOXICOLOGY FIFTH EDITION

INFORMATION RESOURCES IN TOXICOLOGY

Volume 2: The Global Arena FIFTH EDITION

Editor-in-Chief

PHILIP WEXLER Associate Editors STEVEN G. GILBERT ASISH MOHAPATRA SOL BOBST ANTOINETTE HAYES SARA T. HUMES

Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Exception to the above (Chapters 11, 30, and 37): Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Note about the National Library of Medicine’s (NLM) Toxicology Information Resources For decades, the U.S. National Library of Medicine has played a prominent role in offering free publicly available information resources in toxicology. These have been built variously by NLM and other organizations and made accessible via its Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP), a unit within the Division of Specialized Information Services (SIS). In June of 2019, SIS was merged into the Division of Library Operations (LO) and the Office of Computer & Communications Systems (OCCS). NLM has reviewed and evaluated services and offerings formerly offered by SIS, including TEHIP, identifying which products support the NLM Strategic Plan and represent unique offerings from NLM. NLM has been intent on integrating SIS offerings into more current and standard technology and migrated TOXNET information, a large part of which has been retained, to PubChem, PubMed, and Bookshelf, in late 2019 and early 2020. The authors and editors have tried to assure that individual chapter information related to NLM resources, as well as those originating elsewhere, is current as we were going to press. Inevitably there is a gap in time between seeing proofs and actual hard copy monograph publication. In short, this note is intended as a caveat for readers to dig further if, for example, a particular resource seems to be no longer available or a URL may not work. For more information on NLM resources - [email protected] or 1-888-346-3656; also consider consulting https://support. nlm.nih.gov and https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-821611-8 For Information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: Andre Gerhard Wolff Acquisitions Editor: Kattie Washington Editorial Project Manager: Megan Ashdown Production Project Manager: Punithavathy Govindaradjane Cover Designer: Christian Bilbow Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India

DEDICATIONS, WITH LOVE

Philip Wexler To my wife, Nancy; mom, Yetty; dad, Will (in memory of); son, Jake; and spaniel mix, Gigi

Steven G. Gilbert To knowledge, may it lead to truth.

Asish Mohapatra To my wife Sarah, daughter Maya, my Mom (Kanak), and Dad (Mahendra)

Sol Bobst I dedicate this edition to Jessica Culley, for her love and support of my projects and business, and for being gracious with me and my idiosyncrasies.

Antoinette Hayes To my husband and fellow scientist Martin, my son Tauer, and my daughter Gigi

Sara T. Humes To my husband Richard and my parents Ed and Maria

As Well As

To the many casualties of the 2020 global COVID-19 pandemic and the brave, caring, and generous people helping us get through it and return to normalcy. and With appreciation to the scientists and other good people working to reverse the ravages of pollution and global climate change and take us to a habitable, clean, healthy, and sustainable environment.

Contents

List of Contributors Foreword to Fourth (previous) Edition Foreword to Fifth Edition Preface

References Other sources of information consulted (Spanish only)

xv xix xxi xxiii

33 33

4. Australia PAUL F.A. WRIGHT

Introduction References Resources

1. Overview of international activities ¨ LLMER AND ULRICH SCHLOTTMANN JENS KU

Introduction International activities Intergovernmental organizations Main features of European Community chemicals legislation References List of important abbreviations List of important URLs

1 1 8 8 9 10 10

5. Brazil CRISTIANA L. CORREA, GIULIANA F.R. SELMI AND FLAVIO A.D. ZAMBRONE

Introduction Resources

2. European Union

6. Canada

JAN VAN DER KOLK

KANNAN KRISHNAN, PAMELA PRUD’HOMME AND JOSEPH ZAYED

Introduction Registration Data requirements and test methods Animal testing Consortia for registration by different manufacturers or importers European Chemicals Agency and Member States, substances of high concern Authorization Decision-making Scientific committees Compliance, enforcement, and inspection Related EU bodies and initiatives Access to information on chemicals International collaboration Current discussions Other groups of chemicals Conclusion Websites

Introduction Resources Legislation and regulation of chemicals in Canada Federal government departments Provincial agencies Toxicology education in Canada: schools and programs

11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14

57 58

71 71 78 81 84 86

7. Chile JUAN CARLOS RIOS, LORENA SILVA AND SANDRA SOLARI

Introduction Resources

93 93

8. China XINSHENG GU

Background narrative Core documents Organizations—government Organizations—nongovernment Universities Professional societies Poison control centers Legislation Miscellaneous resources

3. Argentina SUSANA I. GARCI´A, EDDA C. VILLAAMIL LEPORI AND ADRIANA I. HAAS

Introduction Resources

35 37 38

15 17

vii

99 100 113 118 120 123 124 125 126

viii

Contents

9. The Czech Republic

15. Greece

´ , J. VESELA ´ AND M. VYSLOUˇzILOVA ´ M. HORNYCHOVA

P. APALAKI, E. VAKONAKI AND A.M. TSATSAKIS

Introduction References Books Reports, bulletins Journals Databases Organizations—government Organizations nongovernment Universities Professional societies Poison control center Legislation

127 129 129 132 132 133 133 138 138 141 141 142

LISBETH E. KNUDSEN

143 148

11. Ecuador HOMERO C. HARARI, RAUL E. HARARI AND RAMIRO I. LOPEZ

Introduction Resources Technical reports and other documents Databases Organizations (government) Organizations (nongovernment) Universities Professional societies Poison control centers Legislation

155 156 157 158 158 159 160 160 160 161

12. Finland ¨ AND MATTI VILUKSELA JAANA RYSA

Introduction Resources

163 164

211 211 246

17. Iran MOHAMMAD ABDOLLAHI, SHEKOUFEH NIKFAR, YASNA BEHMANESH AND SHABNAM KHARABAF

History of Modern Toxicology in Iran Poisoning in Iran Teaching of toxicology Drug and poison information services Poison treatment centers in Iran Toxicology laboratories National committee on chemical safety The Iranian Society of Toxicology Government agencies Nongovernment organizations Universities with toxicology program of study (in alphabetic order) Professional societies and institutes with toxicology-related activities Drug and poison information centers Books in toxicology and related subjects written or edited by Iranian scientists Core References

247 247 248 248 248 248 248 249 249 250 250 251 251 252 256

YEDIDIA BENTUR

MAGALI OLIVA-LABADIE, JEAN-CHRISTOPHE GALLART, EMMANUEL PUSKARCZYK AND VINCENT DANEL

177 178

14. Germany HERBERT DESEL AND NINA GLASER

Introduction Resources

SURESH K. NAGUMALLI

18. Israel

13. France

Introduction Resources

205 205 206 206 206 206 207 208

16. India Introduction Resources Disclaimer

10. Denmark Introduction Resources

Introduction Books Journals Databases Organizations Nongovernmental organizations Universities Professional societies

187 188

Background narrative Books Journal titles Databases Organizations—government Nongovernment organizations Universities Professional societies National poison information center Miscellaneous resources About Israel

257 257 257 258 258 262 262 263 264 264 264

Contents

19. Italy

24. The Netherlands

MARINA MARINOVICH, MAURELLA DELLA SETA, CARLO ALESSANDRO LOCATELLI, LEONELLO ATTIAS, MARISTELLA RUBBIANI AND IDA MARCELLO

YURI BRUINEN DE BRUIN AND MARYAM ZARE JEDDI

Introduction Resources Databases Organizations—government Poison control centers Other national institutions Organizations—nongovernment Education

265 265 269 271 275 276 278 279

20. Japan TAKESHI MORITA, YOSHIYUKI SHIGETA AND TOSHIME IGARASHI

Introduction Resources

289 289

357 358

25. New Zealand DIANA MONTENEGRO

References Journals Databases Government Agencies Non-Government Organizations Universities Victoria University of Wellington Professional Societies Poison Control Centers

370 371 371 371 372 372 373 373 373

26. Norway

21. Kenya

BIRGITTE LINDEMAN

HARRIET KAMENDI

Introduction History of toxicology Education Development partners Resources Data capture and reporting Toxicology research areas References Further reading

Short history of toxicology in the Netherlands Resources

ix

315 315 315 316 316 316 316 317 317

Background narrative Core documents Reviews and other key papers Organizations—government Organizations—nongovernment Universities Professional societies Poison control centers Legislation Online databases and tools Miscellaneous resources

375 376 376 376 380 380 381 381 381 382 382

22. Malaysia KOK MENG CHAN, CHOO TA GOH, JAHANGIR KAMALDIN, MAZRURA SAHANI, NOOR AMALINA RAMLE, ASNIDA ARIFIN AND SALMAAN HUSSAIN INAYAT-HUSSAIN

27. Peru

Introduction Malaysian Society of Toxicology Resources

Introduction Resources

319 320 321

385 385

28. Poland

23. Mexico

MAREK BANASIK, TODD STEDEFORD AND MAREK MURIAS

MARIA E. GONSEBATT AND LUZ MARI´A DEL RAZO

Introduction Books Journals Organizations Poison control centers Legislation and regulations Education/schools Acknowledgements Further reading

MONICA G. ARANA-PUSE AND FANNY L. CASADO

341 342 350 353 354 355 356 356 356

Introduction Resources

393 394

29. Portugal ˜ O, JORGE SOARES AND FE´LIX CARVALHO FERNANDO REMIA

Overview Organizations (Government) Miscellaneous Resources

413 413 417

x

Contents

30. Russia B.A. KURLYANDSKIY, KH. KH. KHAMIDULINA AND K.K. SIDOROV

History and current state of toxicology in Russia State Registration of chemical and biological substances in the Russian Federation Resources

419 420 420

31. Saudi Arabia 435 436 436 436 437 438 438 438 439 439 440 440 443

´ DANIJELA UKIC´ COSI ´ ´ ALEKSANDRA BUHA OREVIC ´ VESNA MATOVIC, C, ´ ˇ ´ AND STEFAN MANDIC-RAJ CEVI C

447 447 448 449 450 451 452 452 452 453 453 453

JONGWOON KIM, HYUN KIL SHIN, JANG-SIK CHOI, SEOKJOO YOON AND TAE HYUN YOON

Introduction Toxicology in Korea Resources

36. Spain GUILLERMO REPETTO, ANA DEL PESO, RAQUEL ROJAS, SARA MAISANABA AND MANUEL REPETTO

Introduction Further reading Resources Acknowledgements

505 506 506 523

LARS WIKLUND

Introduction Historical notes in Swedish toxicology Toxicology becomes organized

525 525 526

38. Switzerland IRENE M. BASKERVILLE-ABRAHAM, TODD STEDEFORD AND CAROLE HIRN

Introduction Societies Toxicological registries Toxicological information sources

543 543 544 544

JUNG-DER WANG, TSUN-JEN CHENG AND CHEN-CHANG YANG

R. PONAMPALAM

455 456 456

Introduction Resources

ERDEM COSKUN AND EREN OZCAGLI

MARY GULUMIAN, TARRYN LEE BOTHA AND VICTOR WEPENER

History of toxicology in Turkey References Resources Organizations

461 462

545 545

40. Turkey

34. South Africa Introduction References

487 488 489

39. Taiwan

33. Singapore Introduction References Resources

468 468 469 470

37. Sweden

32. Serbia, Republic of

The history of toxicology in Serbia Toxicological education in Serbia Modern toxicology education Universities and faculties teaching toxicology in Serbia Resources Relevant national legislation Governmental agencies Nongovernmental organizations and professional societies Databases Centers Institutes Acute poisonings

462 467 467

35. Korea, Republic of

K.M. ALHARTHY, H.N. ALTHURWI AND F.F. ALBAQAMI

Introduction Resources The National Drug and Poison Information Center Hospitals’ Drug and Poisons Information Centers Poison Control Centers Poison control committees The General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection Toxicology education of Saudi Arabia Scientific journals Books References Samples of toxicological publications related to Saudi Arabia Acknowledgment

Resources Technical reports and other documents Technical reports Governmental strategies, guidelines, action plans, and reports Databases Organizations—government Organizations—nongovernment

557 558 559 561

Contents

Universities Professional societies Poison control centers Legislation and regulation Acknowledgement

562 563 564 564 565

41. United Kingdom LISA HOFFMAN AND ASISH MOHAPATRA

Introduction Resources

567 568

42. Uruguay CAROLINA JUANENA, ALBA NEGRIN AND AMALIA LABORDE

Introduction Toxicology at the Health Sector Journal articles

595 595 598

xi

43. Venezuela ´ SQUEZ, ARISLEIDA J. RODRI´GUEZ, MAYLIN E. VELA AND MARITZA ROJAS

Introduction Resources Government institutions related to Toxicology Other Organizations Other services Examples of nongovernmental organizations Postgraduate studies (postgrados)

601 604 607 608 608 609 612

Appendix 1: Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology, 2nd Edition: (IUPAC Recommendations 2007)

613

Appendix II: Toxicology Quotes

697

Index

703

xii

Contents

Volume I Contents

15. Pediatric environmental health: exposures and interactions

Part I Introduction

IRIS AN AND RUTH A. ETZEL

1. Toxicology: a primer

16. Climate change toxicology resources ASISH MOHAPATRA

A. WALLACE HAYES

2. History of toxicology

17. Drugs WILLIAM IRWIN

KENNETH R. STILL, KATHERINE D. WATSON AND PHILIP WEXLER

3. Development of toxicoinformatics DEVIN HUNT, MEGAN BRANSON, ELIZABETH PUTNAM AND MARK PERSHOUSE

18. Chemicals: dusts and fibers JOSEPH A. CICHOCKI AND GREGORY J. SMITH

19. Metal toxicology

4. Toxicoinformatics today

STEVEN G. GILBERT

DEVIN HUNT, MEGAN BRANSON, ELIZABETH PUTNAM AND MARK PERSHOUSE

20. Chemicals: pesticides

5. Starting points for finding toxicology resources STEPHANIE HOLMGREN, STACEY MANTOOTH AND ELEANOR WESTON

ALLAN S. FELSOT

21. Chemicals: solvents MARIE BOURGEOIS, KEVIN GUTH AND RAYMOND D. HARBISON

Part II Subject categorization: books and more 6. General texts STACEY HERRIAGE AND CAREY POPE

7. Analytical toxicology SHAYNE GAD

8. Animals in research SHAYNE GAD

9. Biomarkers KENNETH J. OLIVIER, JR., CECILE M. KREJSA AND JEREMY A. FREEMAN

10. Biotechnology GRACE A. CHAPPELL

11. Biotoxins KENNETH R. STILL AND ASISH MOHAPATRA

12. Cancer KAREN TILMANT AND JAMES E. KLAUNIG

13. Chemical compendia ANTOINETTE HAYES

14. Chemicals: cosmetics and other consumer products ESTHER M. HAUGABROOKS

22. Chemicals: selected chemicals ANTOINETTE HAYES

23. Clinical toxicology and clinical analytical toxicology DEXTER W. SULLIVAN, JR. AND SHAYNE GAD

24. Developmental and reproductive toxicology REBEKAH PETROFF

25. Disaster preparedness and management CHARLES C. BARTON, EDWARD P. LOCKE AND ASISH MOHAPATRA

26. Environmental toxicology: aquatic SAMANTHA J. JONES AND MEREDITH G. LASSITER

27. Environmental toxicology: air DIETRICH (DIETER) SCHWELA

28. Environmental toxicology: hazardous waste CHARLES C. BARTON AND MARTINS O. AINERUA

29. Environmental toxicology: terrestrial ALICIA A. TAYLOR AND CHARLES C. BARTON

30. Environmental toxicology: wildlife CHARLES C. BARTON AND MARTINS O. AINERUA

31. Epidemiology AMANDA S. PERSAD AND AISHA S. DICKERSON

Contents

32. Ethical considerations

47. Regulatory toxicology

STEVEN G. GILBERT

AMANDA S. PERSAD

33. Exposure science

48. Risk assessment

M. ELIZABETH MARDER

AMANDA S. PERSAD AND SOL BOBST

34. Food and nutrient toxicology CLARK CARRINGTON

35. Forensic toxicology SOL BOBST

36. Genetic toxicology ROBERT R. YOUNG

37. Chemical mixtures: toxicologic interactions and risk assessment JOHANNA E. SCHAAPER, RICHARD C. HERTZBERG, JANE ELLEN SIMMONS, M. MOIZ MUMTAZ AND GLENN E. RICE

38. Molecular, cellular, and biochemical toxicology DEVIN HUNT, MEGAN BRANSON, ELIZABETH PUTNAM AND MARK PERSHOUSE

39. Nanotechnology

49. Substances of abuse GREET B.A. TEUNS

50. Target sites: general WILLIAM IRWIN

51. Target sites: cardiovascular LOUIS ANTHONY COX JR.

52. Endocrine toxicology KAREN CHOU

53. Gastrointestinal tract SOL BOBST

54. Target sites: hematopoietic LOUIS ANTHONY COX JR.

SARA T. HUMES AND TARA SABO-ATTWOOD

55. Target sites: immune

40. Noise and Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL)

MEGAN BRANSON, DEVIN HUNT, ELIZABETH PUTNAM AND MARK PERSHOUSE

GUANG-DI CHEN

56. Target sites: kidney

41. Occupational health

GARY O. RANKIN AND MONICA A. VALENTOVIC

ANDREW MAIER, DEBRA CHERRY AND ELIZABETH FRIEDMAN

57. Target sites: liver

42. Omics resources

JOSEPH A. CICHOCKI

DEVIN HUNT, MEGAN BRANSON, VICTORIA GIFFORD, ELIZABETH PUTNAM AND MARK PERSHOUSE

58. Target sites: nervous system VIRGINIA MOSER AND ABBY A. LI

43. Pathology BRENDA CARITO

59. Target sites: respiratory GREGORY J. SMITH AND JOSEPH A. CICHOCKI

44. Toxicokinetics, pharmacokinetics, and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion ANSHUL GUPTA

45. Precautionary principle STEVEN G. GILBERT

60. Target sites: sensory CYNTHIA SANTOS AND LEWIS S. NELSON

61. Target sites: skin HEATHER N. LYNCH AND JULIE E. GOODMAN

46. Radiation information and resources online

62. Terrorism and warfare (chemical, biological, and radioactive and nuclear)

BRUCE BUSBY

BARBARA B. SAUNDERS-PRICE

xiii

xiv

Contents

63. Testing methods and toxicity assessment (including alternatives) MARYAM ZARE JEDDI, YURI BRUINEN DE BRUIN AND SANDER VAN DER LINDEN

64. Veterinary toxicology DAVID C. DORMAN

Part III Other resources 65. Organizations

71. Web-based databases NINA CHING Y. WANG

72. Software tools for toxicology and risk assessment ASISH MOHAPATRA

Part V Special topics 73. Laws and regulations ESTHER M. HAUGABROOKS AND TAMARA HOUSE-KNIGHT

JOHN P. WISE JR., JAMES T.F. WISE, CATHERINE F. WISE, JAMIE L. YOUNG AND JOHN PIERCE WISE SR.

74. Resources for chemical hazard communication compliance

66. Journals and blogs

MICHELE R. SULLIVAN

FREDERICK W. STOSS

75. Careers and professional education in toxicology

67. General interest, popular, and trade works: informing the citizenry

STEVEN G. GILBERT AND KATIE FREVERT

FREDERICK W. STOSS

76. K-12 and public education STEVEN G. GILBERT AND KATIE FREVERT

68. Government information and documents and technical reports FREDERICK W. STOSS

69. Audio visual, nonprint, graphic, and other visualized resources FREDERICK W. STOSS

Part IV The online environment and data science 70. The internet: recent trends ASISH MOHAPATRA

77. Grants, scholarships, and funding FREDERICK W. STOSS

78. Poison control centers AXEL HAHN

79. Patents WILLIAM IRWIN

List of Contributors

Fanny L. Casado Department of Engineering and Institute of Omics and Applied Biotechnology (ICOBA), Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, San Miguel, Peru

Mohammad Abdollahi Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran

Kok Meng Chan Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

F.F. Albaqami Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia

Tsun-Jen Cheng Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

K.M. Alharthy Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia

Jang-Sik Choi Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

H.N. Althurwi Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia

Cristiana L. Correa Paulo, Brazil

Planitox, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil; IBTox, Sa˜o

Erdem Coskun Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, United States

P. Apalaki Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Monica G. Arana-Puse Institute of Omics and Applied Biotechnology (ICOBA), Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, San Miguel, Peru

Vincent Danel Universite´ Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France Yuri Bruinen de Bruin European Commission Joint Research Centre, Knowledge for Security & Migration, Ispra, Italy

Asnida Arifin Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Maurella Della Seta Istituto Superiore di Sanita`, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy

Leonello Attias Centro Nazionale Sostanze Chimiche, Prodotti Cosmetici e Protezione del Consumatore, Istituto Superiore di Sanita`, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy

Ana del Peso National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Sevilla, Spain Luz Marı´a Del Razo Department of Toxicology, Cente for Research and Advanced Studies from the National Polytecnic Institute (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico

Marek Banasik Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (IPHEP), Warsaw, Poland Irene M. Baskerville-Abraham JT International SA, Geneva, Switzerland

Herbert Desel German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße, Berlin, Germany

Yasna Behmanesh Drug and Poison Information Center, Iranian Food and Drug Administration, Tehran, Iran

John H. Duffus The Edinburgh Centre for Toxicology, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom ´ Danijela Ðuki´c-Cosi´ c Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatovi´c,” Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

Yedidia Bentur Israel Poison Information Center, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; The Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel; TechnionIsrael Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

Jean-Christophe Gallart Toulouse, France

Tarryn Lee Botha Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa

Centre antipoison de Toulouse,

Susana I. Garcı´a Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires city, Argentina

Aleksandra Buha Ðorðevi´c Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatovi´c,” Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

Nina Glaser German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße, Berlin, Germany

Fe´lix Carvalho UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

Choo Ta Goh Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

xv

xvi

List of Contributors

Maria E. Gonsebatt Department of Medical Genomics and Environmental Toxicology, Biomedical Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico

Kannan Krishnan Robert Sauve´ Occupational Health and Safety Research Institute (IRSST), Montreal, QC, Canada

Xinsheng Gu Department of Pharmacology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, P.R. China; Department of Preventive Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, P.R. China

B.A. Kurlyandskiy Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances, Moscow, Russia

Mary Gulumian National Institute for Occupational Health and Haematology and Molecular Medicine Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Adriana I. Haas National Poison Center, National Hospital “Posadas”, Buenos Aires city, Argentina; Ministry of Health of the Nation, Buenos Aires, Argentina Homero C. Harari Institute for Development of Production and Work Environment, Quito, Ecuador Raul E. Harari Institute for Development of Production and Work Environment, Quito, Ecuador Carole Hirn

JT International SA, Geneva, Switzerland

Lisa Hoffman Manager of Toxicology, Global Product Safety and Regulatory Operations, Avon Products Inc. Suffern, NY, United States M. Hornychova´ Czechia

National Institute of Public Health, Prague,

Toshime Igarashi Division of Cellular & Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan Salmaan Hussain Inayat-Hussain Group Health, Safety, Security and Environment, Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS), Persiaran KLCC, Kuala Lumpur City Center (KLCC), Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia Maryam Zare Jeddi Wageningen University and Research, Division of Toxicology, Wageningen, The Netherlands Carolina Juanena Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay Jahangir Kamaldin Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Harriet Kamendi United States

Kandih Group, LLC, Silver Spring, MD,

Kh. Kh. Khamidulina Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances, Moscow, Russia Shabnam Kharabaf Library and Public Affairs, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran Jongwoon Kim Chemical Safety Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea Lisbeth E. Knudsen Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark and on behalf of Danish Society of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Aarhus, Denmark

Jens Ku¨llmer Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Bonn, Germany

Amalia Laborde Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay Birgitte Lindeman Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway Carlo Alessandro Locatelli Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB IRCCS Pavia, Via Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia, Italy Ramiro I. Lopez Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador and Biomedicine Center, Central University, Quito, Ecuador Sara Maisanaba Area of Toxicology, University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain Stefan Mandi´c-Rajˇcevi´c School of Public Health and Health Management, Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Ida Marcello Centro Nazionale Sostanze Chimiche, Prodotti Cosmetici e Protezione del Consumatore, Istituto Superiore di Sanita`, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy Marina Marinovich Universita` degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, Milan, Italy Vesna Matovi´c Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatovi´c,” Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Asish Mohapatra Contaminated Sites, Environmental Health Program, Health Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada Diana Montenegro The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Takeshi Morita Chemical Management Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Tokyo, Japan Marek Murias Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland Suresh K. Nagumalli Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States Alba Negrin Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay Shekoufeh Nikfar Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran Monica Nordberg Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Magali Oliva-Labadie Bordeaux, France

Centre antipoison de Bordeaux,

Eren Ozcagli Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

xvii

List of Contributors

R. Ponampalam Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore Pamela Prud’homme Robert Sauve´ Occupational Health and Safety Research Institute (IRSST), Montreal, QC, Canada Emmanuel Puskarczyk Nancy, France

Centre antipoison de Nancy,

Noor Amalina Ramle Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia Fernando Remia˜o UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Guillermo Repetto Area of Toxicology, University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain Manuel Repetto Colegio Oficial de Quı´micos, Sevilla, Spain Juan Carlos Rios Centro Informacio´n Toxicolo´gica, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cato´lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Laboratorios Clı´nicos, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cato´lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Farmacologı´a y Toxicologı´a, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cato´lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Arisleida J. Rodrı´guez Center for Toxicological Investigations of the University of Carabobo (CITUC), Valencia, Estado Carabobo, Venezuela Maritza Rojas Center for Toxicological Investigations of the University of Carabobo (CITUC), Valencia, Estado Carabobo, Venezuela Raquel Rojas Area of Toxicology, University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain Maristella Rubbiani Istituto Superiore di Sanita`, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy Jaana Rysa¨ School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Mazrura Sahani Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia Ulrich Schlottmann Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Bonn, Germany Giuliana F.R. Selmi Paulo, Brazil

Planitox, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil; IBTox, Sa˜o

Yoshiyuki Shigeta Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan Hyun Kil Shin Toxicoinformatics Group, Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea K.K. Sidorov Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances, Moscow, Russia Lorena Silva Centro Informacio´n Toxicolo´gica, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cato´lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Jorge Soares UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Sandra Solari Centro Informacio´n Toxicolo´gica, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cato´lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Laboratorios Clı´nicos, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cato´lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Farmacologı´a y Toxicologı´a, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cato´lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Todd Stedeford Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., United States Douglas M. Templeton Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada A.M. Tsatsakis Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Crete, Greece E. Vakonaki Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Crete, Greece Jan van der Kolk

Ecoconseil, Voorburg, The Netherlands

Maylin E. Vela´squez Center for Toxicological Investigations of the University of Carabobo (CITUC), Valencia, Estado Carabobo, Venezuela J. Vesela´ National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechia Edda C. Villaamil Lepori Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires city, Argentina Matti Viluksela School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland M. Vyslouˇzilova´ National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechia Jung-Der Wang National Cheng-Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan Victor Wepener Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa Philip Wexler National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States (Retired) Lars Wiklund RegSafe-Regulatory Safety Sciences, Stocksund, Sweden Paul F.A. Wright School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT-University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australasian College of Toxicology and Risk Assessment (ACTRA), Fitzroy, VIC, Australia Chen-Chang Yang Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Seokjoo Yoon Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

xviii

List of Contributors

Tae Hyun Yoon Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Flavio A.D. Zambrone Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil

Planitox, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil; IBTox,

Joseph Zayed Robert Sauve´ Occupational Health and Safety Research Institute (IRSST), Montreal, QC, Canada

Foreword to Fourth (previous) Edition

Toxicology, like other sciences, has developed in phases. Toxicologists, however, claim that the initial phase of our discipline preceded that of most other biological sciences since it involved recognition by primitive man of the safe and dangerous agents in his environment. The next phase (antiquity and the Middle Ages) was characterized by the use of this information for good (therapeutics) and evil (poisoning). It was during the Renaissance that Paracelsus recognized the importance of the dose response paradigm, and this marked the beginning of modern toxicology. Today toxicology is focused on molecular mechanisms, and using the Internet to store and exchange this and other information is becoming a key part in the evolution of toxicology. A major problem with using the Internet in toxicology is that the amount of information is overwhelming and that it varies greatly in quality. Information Resources in Toxicology addresses this problem by providing a roadmap for today’s online enthusiast, and an annotated bibliography for other information sources in toxicology. This book is a gold mine for those of us who make lists of our favorite toxicology and regulatory websites, and will be invaluable to everyone who wants to know where to find general and specific information in all

areas of toxicology and risk assessment in the United States and around the world. The fourth edition of Information Resources in Toxicology reflects the exponential growth of our discipline. Despite the book’s increased size, it is easier to navigate because its many chapters have been logically clustered into relatively few sections. Each chapter in the global arena and subject categorization sections has been written by a well-recognized expert to insure that it is both authoritative and current. Similarly, the chapters on the Internet and Digital Tools and Special Topics (legal, education, funding, etc.) provide a pragmatic hands-on approach that will be of immense value to scientific researchers not well versed in such ancillary concerns. The section on Other Resources offers chapters on print media (journals, newsletters, bibliographies and similar collections, agency and organization documents and reports, etc.), as well as a delightful chapter on General Interest and Popular Works which nicely supplements the chapters on Scientific Principles and History in the introductory section.

xix

John Doull University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States

Foreword to Fifth Edition

Toxicology is a paradoxical science; it has been used to kill and to cure. Like a living system, toxicology has a dynamic that reflects the almost daily changes in our understanding of biology and the interests, capabilities, and needs of toxicologists, regulators, and the public. Toxicologists must be involved in the decisionmaking processes, recognizing the need for scientific understanding, including translation of scientific findings into understandable terms that are suitable for decision-making and ensuring consistent prediction of hazards and risks before the actual exposure has occurred and to permit benefit risk assessments of the consequences for such exposure. Remember the scares about artificial sweeteners, pesticide residues in foods, genetically modified organisms, fluoride in toothpaste and drinking water, plasticizers, and flame-retardant chemicals? The problem generally comes from a narrow focus on an effect in isolation without giving equal weight to the biology of the system or species and the exposure. There often has been a lack of caution in extrapolating toxicity to other species and circumstances. How often do we have to relearn Paracelsus’ fundamental concept about the primacy of the dose? The 5th edition of Information Resources in Toxicology helps with many of these misconceptions by guiding the toxicologist, the regulator, and the public health

official to the numerous resources on the internet as well as providing a bibliography for an array of other information resources. This guidance directs the reader to both general and specific information in toxicology and risk assessment in the broadest global sense. This new 5th edition somehow manages to contain the explosive growth of toxicology and risk assessment and the ever-increasing big data explosion in a mere two volumes. They are organized in a logical manner with chapters clustered appropriately, making for an easy read and for readily finding information, especially in exploring online sources. Part III (Other Resources) is unique, and may be the most useful, section of Volume I. Arranged by various resource formats, it complements the other specialized topical chapters. Volume II (The Global Arena) highlights resources available across the globe. The book is well indexed for quick and easy referencing. Chapter authors represent an array of experts, well recognized in the areas for which they have been asked to write. This is a tome that should be on your bookshelf.

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A. Wallace Hayes University of South Florida, College of Public Health, Tampa, FL, United States; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States

Preface

The 1st edition of this work, Information Resources in Toxicology (IRT), was published in 1982, almost ancient times by scientific reckoning. Toxicology, back then, although not quite a fledgling science, had yet to achieve maturity. The evolution of its experimental and theoretical underpinnings was gradual and continues to be refined, although its standing as a peer of other scientific disciplines has for some time now been assured. The societal impact of toxicology lends it a layer of practical relevance that not every science can claim. Given that we cannot avoid interacting with xenobiotics on a daily basis, toxicology is, in a sense, integral to our lives. News reports of toxicological incidents continue to fascinate and alarm. The media regularly reminds us of old and ongoing, or new and emerging, concerns to broad segments of the population, be it the exposure of inner-city residents, particularly children, to lead exposure, the scourge of tobacco and smoking (and now new potential dangers of vaping), human and animal food poisoning, the health effects of pesticides on homeowners, applicators, and their families, or the bourgeoning opioid crisis. Individual incidents whether high profile cases cloaked in intrigue such as the nerve agent poisonings of four people in Britain, victims of a suspected Russian assassination attempt, or the average (perhaps not quite average) Virginia man who pleaded guilty to attempting to kill his 95-year-old mother-in-law by spiking her coffee with methamphetamine, easily grab world and local headlines. On the scale of the wider environment, chemicals are ubiquitous and adamant in their refusal to respect geographic boundaries. Developing countries with bourgeoning economies are fueling much of this pollution, compromising the health of their citizens and people at a distance. And yet asking the developing world to eschew rapid economic progress in favor of a paced and sustainable approach for the benefit of the Earth and future generations, requires discussion, diplomacy, compromise, and patience. While piecemeal efforts are being made around the globe to limit greenhouse gas emissions and otherwise rein in chemical releases, there is no international coordinated approach available, although the United Nations’ Paris Agreement, ratified by 185 Parties as of April, 2019 is a

start. Much work remains to be done. Those who ignore the reality of global climate change do so at the peril of the Earth and civilization. The current 5th edition’s (IRT-5) overall structure and goals adhere closely to those established in the previous four editions. The intent remains to provide an extensive annotated bibliography and sourcebook to information in toxicology, a compilation of references to key documents, organizations, and other resources. The extent to which digital versions of these resources, either complementing or replacing traditional paper formats, has expanded, is considerable. It becomes an ever greater challenge to encompass the diversity and multiple nodes of toxicology within a single publication such as this one. However, the editors felt that despite the pervasiveness of information on the Internet, its search capabilities, and free availability, there were still significant advantages to a structured compendium, avoiding much of the extraneous information widely scattered on the Web, and focusing on the relevant, regardless of format. For some, hard copy books, remain the reference tool of choice, even today. But IRT-5’s availability on Elsevier’s Science Direct gives readers more comfortable with the digital environment, the option of also navigating and searching the book’s content in an online environment. IRT-5 also benefits from being a highly curated work. The resources have been selected by six editors and well over 100 authors, prominent leaders in toxicology with expertise in the various topical and geographical areas represented in the chapters. Readers can feel confident that the resources here have not been indiscriminately thrown together but selected for quality and organized to facilitate efficient retrieval. The dual stream of advances in the science of toxicology itself and in the information technology to assist in its research and deliver its results has resulted in an array of new tools for generating, capturing, organizing, and disseminating data. These Web tools and resources have been extensively covered in this new edition. Toxicology’s forward scientific advance has resulted in the blossoming of a host of new areas ripe for

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further investigation. Emerging subjects, such as “-omics” (including transcriptomics), nanotechnology, high-throughput screening, predictive modeling, alternative test systems, utilizing new biochemical reactivity assays, humans on a chip, etc., are joined with new perspectives on issues rooted in the past (e.g., chemical and biological warfare, animal welfare, effects of mixtures, risk assessment, ethical concerns). The Tox21 initiative (Toxicology in the 21st Century), for example, is a US federal research collaboration aimed at developing methods to rapidly and efficiently evaluate the safety of commercial chemicals, pesticides, food additives and contaminants, and medical products. The US Environmental Protection Agency, the National Toxicology Program, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, and the Food and Drug Administration constitute the consortium which formed Tox 21. And who can tell what the implications will be of other cutting edge and still to come technologies such as robotics. To what extent, for example, will drones help us monitor and perhaps neutralize carbon emissions and other sources of pollution. Or, for that matter, the recent creation of the world’s first 3D printed heart using human tissue may offer a new approach to noninvasively testing toxic agents on human organs. Although the focus of toxicology has always been on chemicals, the scope of each edition of IRT, including this one, has included biological and physical agents, particularly radiation, since their potentially hazardous effects are widespread and part and parcel of the science. The online Web environment is now an inevitable part of the professional and personal lives of most of us in the developed world, and remote and economically deprived regions are catching up

quickly. Google, Wikipedia, blogs, online social networking, virtual environments, and 5G networks, have entered our daily vocabulary and lives, and offer ever more novel approaches to make sense of raw, sprawling information, offering ways to make it find just what we are looking for whenever, wherever. Toxicology has benefited from these technologies. IRT-5 also continues the tradition of being as globally encompassing as practicable. We have included virtually all the countries from the 4th edition plus added over a dozen more, highlighting their most significant toxicological information resources. A separate chapter looks at multilateral activities, including international conventions and initiatives relevant to the science. Thanks are due, foremost, to my five Associate Editors, Sol Bobst, Steve Gilbert, Toni Hayes, Sara Humes, and Asish Mohapatra. Their unparalleled knowledge of the science and significance of toxicology and its information infrastructure proved invaluable. Our overlapping networks of well-informed colleagues from whose ranks we drew chapter contributors, and our ability to work well together, made the creation of this book a smooth and enjoyable process. And, of course, our many contributors, among whom the above editors are also included, form both the backbone of the book and the cement which holds it together. Additional acknowledgment and praise is due to Kattie Washington, Megan Ashdown, and Punithavathy Govindaradjane, our Acquisitions, Developmental, and Production Editors respectively, and other staff on down the Elsevier line, for recognizing the value of a 5th edition, nudging it through its amorphous beginning and helping it solidify into a well-designed whole. Editor-in-Chief Philip Wexler

C H A P T E R

1 Overview of international activities Jens Ku¨llmer and Ulrich Schlottmann Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Bonn, Germany

empty phrase. But it should not be necessary for risks arising from chemicals to assume international dimensions before action is taken. That is why national or European regulations provide an appropriate framework for a large number of chemicals. Moreover, national laws and European Community (EC) legislation are enforceable law. Compliance with this law is monitored, while noncompliance is prosecuted and punished.

The risks connected with chemical substances have been assessed in a number of conventions that have aimed to apply restrictions on the use of dangerous chemicals, and control of their worldwide trade. The developments in chemicals policy at the European and world level are discussed, with an insight into the interlaced structure of international cooperation that exists at both the political and the technical level.

Introduction International activities

The industrialization that the world has achieved in the past 200 years is inextricably connected with the production and use of chemicals. According to OECD estimates, sales are twice as high as in the telecommunications sector. Chemical products have undoubtedly contributed to a substantial improvement in the quality of life. Plastics, surfactants, and a large number of basic chemicals are improving the medical and hygienic situation worldwide. However, numerous toxic substances present risks and hazards that occur during the entire life cycle of a substance: during production, during transport and trade, and during storage, use, and disposal. Awareness of environmental and health risks has grown over the last 20 years. Today this is making itself felt in an increasingly complex set of international regulations on chemical safety. The focus is increasingly shifting toward the developing countries and their populations, as people there are less aware of the risks and hazards than those in the industrialized countries. Today the worldwide spread of persistent, bioaccumulating, and toxic chemicals by air or water, their occurrence in places where they are not used, and the destruction of the ozone layer are making it clear to everyone that chemical safety is an international challenge and not just an

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00001-2

Protocols and conventions The Montreal Protocol The gaps in the ozone layer over the polar region present a threat to humans, animals, and plants, because of the increase in UV-B radiation reaching the surface of the earth. This natural protective shield has been damaged by the worldwide use of ozone-depleting substances (ODS), such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons, which are used for fire protection materials. The Montreal Protocol (MP) is the international contractual basis for the United Nations worldwide program for discontinuing the use of ODS. The year 2017 marks an important milestone for the MP: it is the 30th anniversary of the treaty’s signature. It is thus an opportune time to reflect on why the MP is well on its way to achieving its goals. Thirty years ago, 46 countries undertook to stop producing and using substances that were damaging to the ozone layer. In the meantime 191 countries have signed this protocol. The signatory states are responsible for a total of over 90% of the consumption of these substances. The original target (from 1987) of halving

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1. Overview of international activities

the consumption of CFCs by the year 2000 has since been raised considerably on a number of occasions in light of the alarming reports on the status of the ozone layer. For example, the production of CFCs in the industrialized countries was discontinued at the beginning of 1996. The amendment to the MP that was passed in Peking in 1999 states that from 2002 onward the production and use of the substance bromochloromethane, which can be used as a solvent and fire extinguisher, is to be totally banned in the signatory states. This amendment and the treaty modifications adopted at the same meeting were transposed into European law by decree of the EC Council. It follows from the reasons given for this decision that additional steps must be taken to monitor trade in ODS, especially partially halogenated CFCs and new substances. Methyl bromide remained unnoticed by the public for a very long time; this is despite the fact that one atom of bromine destroys 80 times more ozone than a chlorine atom (Zellner, 2001). Thus the bromine content of a compound such as methyl bromide is more reactive and has a greater impact on stratospheric ozone than the chlorine content of CFCs. This pesticide has nevertheless been in use for decades as a preferred means of treating arable land. In Germany its use in the agricultural sector was banned in 1982 owing to its harmful effects on the groundwater. Since then most of the industrialized countries have banned the use of methyl bromide. Under the MP, the United States agreed a ban on methyl bromide in 2005 and the developing countries by 2015. The MP is closely linked to the Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto Protocol, into force since February 2005). The climate protection already achieved by the MP is far larger than the reduction target of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (Velders et al., 2007). Additional climate benefits that are significant compared with the Kyoto Protocol reduction target could be achieved by actions under the MP, by managing the emissions of substitute fluorocarbon gases and/or implementing alternative gases with lower global warming potentials (http:// www.uneptie.org/ozonaction). The Stockholm Convention (POPs) The POPs Convention implements international prohibition and restriction measures with regard to certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The core of the Convention is that 12 particularly dangerous POPs for the environment are to be prohibited or reduced until they are totally eliminated. The dynamic design of the rules of the Convention allows the original POPs substances to be joined by further substances that meet the four criteria of persistency,

bioaccumulation, long-range transport potential, and harmful properties. The POPs Convention prohibits the following chemicals: aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, mirex, toxaphene, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, di(para-chlorophenyl), trichloroethane (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzodioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. With the exception of DDT, which may still be produced and used on a country-specific basis for combating malaria, and of unwanted by-products, all other substances are listed in the Appendix (Appendix A) to the Convention, which regulates the phasing out of the production and use of these substances. The production and use of DDT for vector control will remain necessary until inexpensive alternatives become available. The relevant countries must inform the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) on Chemicals and the World Health Organization (WHO) about the use of DDT. The Secretariat, in cooperation with WHO, holds reviews periodically to gather information about the amounts of DDT used by Parties, the conditions of such use and its relevance to that Party disease management strategy. The use of DDT as a pesticide in the agricultural sector is however prohibited. In May 2001 the signatory conference for the POPs Convention took place in Stockholm. The Convention entered into force once it had been ratified by 50 countries. This was the case on May 17, 2004. Up to November 2018 there had been 182 ratifications. April 2004 saw the introduction of Regulation (EC) No. 850/ 2004 of the European Parliament and the Council on POPs (http://www.pops.int). The Rotterdam Convention (PIC) According to estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO), about one million accidents each year are caused worldwide through poisoning from pesticides. The worldwide trade in dangerous chemicals is merely the beginning of the life cycle of a chemical; it is followed by storage, use, and the disposal of residual stocks. That is why steps should be taken as early as the trade stage to ensure that dangerous chemicals do not adversely affect man and the environment. This applies particularly to developing countries, most of which are today suffering from the effects of incorrect usage. For this reason, a meeting of the International Community of States in Rotterdam in 1998 decided to adopt a convention defining binding rules for the trade in dangerous chemicals (PIC Convention). In accordance with the precautionary principle, this convention allows states to impose a ban on imports before a chemical is imported. This does not prohibit trade in chemicals, but makes

International activities

it subject to very stringent rules, namely the “PIC procedure,” where PIC stands for “prior informed consent.” In the context of imports, this means that the potential importing country must be informed about the chemical and take a decision before the chemical is actually imported. The Convention covers pesticides and industrial chemicals that have been banned or severely restricted for health or environmental reasons by Parties and which have been notified by Parties for inclusion in the PIC procedure. One notification from each of two specified regions triggers consideration of addition of a chemical to Annex III of the Convention. Severely hazardous pesticide formulations that present a hazard under conditions of use in developing countries or countries with economies in transition may also be nominated for inclusion in Annex III. There are 39 chemicals listed in Annex III of the Convention and subject to the PIC procedure, including 24 pesticides, four severely hazardous pesticide formulations, and 11 industrial chemicals. Many more chemicals are expected to be added in the future. The Conference of the Parties decides on the inclusion of new chemicals. Once a chemical is included in Annex III, a “decision guidance document” containing information concerning the chemical and the regulatory decisions to ban or severely restrict the chemical for health or environmental reasons is circulated to all Parties. Parties have 9 months to prepare a response concerning the future import of the chemical. The response can consist of either a final decision (to allow import of the chemical, not to allow import, or to allow import subject to specified conditions) or an interim response. Decisions by an importing country must be trade neutral (i.e., apply equally to domestic production for domestic use as well as to imports from any source). The import decisions are circulated and exporting country Parties are obligated under the Convention to take appropriate measure to ensure that exporters within its jurisdiction comply with the decisions. The Convention promotes the exchange of information on a very broad range of chemicals, through: • requirement for a Party to inform other Parties of each national ban or severe restriction of a chemical; • possibility for Party which is a developing country or a country in transition to inform other Parties that it is experiencing problems caused by a severely hazardous pesticide formulation under conditions of use in its territory; • requirement for a Party that plans to export a chemical that is banned or severely restricted for use within its territory to inform the importing

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Party that such export will take place, before the first shipment and annually thereafter; • requirement for an exporting Party, when exporting chemicals that are to be used for occupational purposes, to ensure that an up-to-date safety data sheet is sent to the importer; and • labeling requirements for exports of chemicals included in the PIC procedure, as well as for other chemicals that are banned or severely restricted in the exporting country. The text of the Convention was adopted on September 10, 1998, by a Conference of Plenipotentiaries in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The Convention entered into force on February 24, 2004, once it had been ratified by 50 countries. Up to date (November 2018) there are 160 ratifications. Spring 2003 saw the introduction of Regulation (EC) No. 304/2003 of the European Parliament and the Council on the Export and Import of Dangerous Chemicals. This superseded the existing Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2455/92 (July 1992) concerning the Export and Import of Certain Dangerous Chemicals. No reductions were to be made in the level of environmental and health protection in the importing countries. In order to achieve this goal, some of the provisions go beyond those of the PIC Convention. This conforms with Article 15, Paragraph 4 of the PIC Convention, which states that the contracting parties may take measures that provide more stringent protection for human health and the environment than laid down in the Convention, provided these measures are compatible with the Convention and with international law. The EC also considered it advantageous in terms of practicability that there should be a single agency responsible for contact between the EC, the PIC Secretariat, other contracting parties, and other countries. The Commission has assumed the function of the point of contact for this purpose. Exports of dangerous chemicals that are prohibited in the Community or subject to strict restrictions continue to be subject to a joint export notification procedure. In the case of imports, the EC must take decisions before the importation of chemicals that are subject to the international PIC procedure is allowed. The fact that exporters and importers are obliged to furnish information on the quantities of chemicals in international trade that are covered by this Regulation makes for better monitoring and assessment of the impacts and effectiveness of this Regulation (http://www.pic.int). The Basel Convention The cross-border transport of hazardous wastes seized the public’s attention in the 1980s after

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misadventures of “toxic ships” sailing from port to port trying to offload the poisonous cargoes. The Basel Convention regulates the transboundary movements of hazardous and other wastes, applying the “Prior Informed Consent” procedure. Shipments to and from non-Parties are illegal unless there is a special agreement. Each Party is required to introduce appropriate national or domestic legislation to prevent and punish illegal traffic in hazardous and other wastes. The Convention obliges its Parties to ensure that hazardous and other wastes are managed and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner. Therefore Parties are expected to minimize the quantities that are moved across borders, to treat and dispose of wastes as close as possible to their place of generation, and to prevent or minimize the generation of wastes at source. Strong controls have to be applied from the movement of generation of hazardous waste to its storage, transport, treatment, reuse, recycling, recovery, and final disposal. Recently the Basel Conventions handled issues like electronic and electrical wastes (e-waste), mercury and asbestos wastes, and illegal dumping of hazardous wastes. The Convention entered into force May 5, 1992. Up to November 2018 there had been 186 ratifications. For more information: https://www.basel.int.

The Aarhus Convention The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters was adopted on June 25, 1998, in the Danish city of Aarhus at the Fourth Ministerial Conference as part of the “Environment for Europe” process. It entered into force on October 30, 2001. The Convention establishes a number of rights of the public (individuals and their associations) with regard to the environment. It provides for the right of everyone to receive environmental information that is held by public authorities, to participate in environmental decision-making, and the right to review procedures to challenge public decisions that have been made. Autumn 2006 saw the introduction of Regulation (EC) No. 1367/2006 of the European Parliament and the Council on the application of the provisions of the Aarhus Convention in Environmental Matters to Community institutions and bodies. Bodies, offices or agencies established by, or on the basis of the EC Treaty, had to adapt their internal procedures and practices to the provisions of the Regulation until June 28, 2007. For more information: https://www.unece. org/env/pp/introduction.html.

The Minamata Convention on Mercury The Minamata Convention provides that it shall enter into force on the 90th day after the date of deposit of the 50th instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession. That milestone was reached on May 18, 2017, allowing the Convention to enter into force on August 16, 2017, once it had been ratified by 50 countries. Up to November 2018 there had been 101 ratifications. For more information: http://www.mercuryconvention.org.

Intergovernmental forums and activities The Stockholm Conference The Stockholm Conference, held June 5 16, 1972, in Stockholm, was an environmental watershed (Engfeldt, 2002). The Conference adopted recommendations for action at the international level. As a result of the Conference, environment ministries and agencies were established in more than 100 countries, a key requirement for carrying forth the results of the Conference. It also marked the beginning of the explosive increase in nongovernmental and intergovernmental organizations dedicated to environmental preservation. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) was established. The Declaration and the Action Plan of Stockholm have been particularly instrumental in the rapid development of international environmental law. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development The first Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, in which the positive experiences of the MP were maintained. Numerous heads of state and heads of government approved Chapter 19 of Agenda 21, which sets out details of the principles for internationally effective chemical safety. This chapter contains objectives for environmentally sound handling and use of chemicals, including measures to prevent illegal international trade in toxic and dangerous products. An important point is the intensification of international cooperation and the coordination of ongoing international and regional activities (www.un.org/geninfo/ bp/enviro.html). The World Summit on Sustainable Development Ten years after the conference in Rio de Janeiro (UNCED), the World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg ended with the approval of the declaration tabled by South

International activities

Africa of the action plan that had been negotiated over a period of several months (“Johannesburg Plan of Implementation”). In the period leading up to the conference, the EU had urged that decisions be passed in Johannesburg on concrete targets, timetables, and implementation programs for chemical safety. Item 23 of the plan of implementation contains a renewal of the commitments in Agenda 21. Throughout their entire life cycle, chemicals are to be properly handled in the interests of sustainable development and the protection of human health and the environment, with the aim of ensuring by the year 2020 that chemicals are used and produced in such a way that significant negative impacts on human health and the environment are minimized. Transparent procedures for risk assessment and risk management that are based on scientific findings are to be used, and the precautionary principle in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration for Environment and Development is to be taken into account. Developing countries are to be given technical and financial assistance with building up their capacities for the proper handling of chemicals and hazardous wastes. For more information: https:// earthsummit2002.org/Es2002.pdf. The Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management The decision to develop a Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) is based on the resolutions passed by the UNEP Global Ministerial Environment Forum (GMEF) in Cartagena in February 2002 and by the WSSD. Adopted by the International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM) on February 6, 2006, in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) is from now on the policy framework for international action on chemical hazards. The main goal of this Strategic Approach is thus to implement the sustainable use of chemicals as speedily and efficiently as possible. SAICM allows for a clear and meaningful statement of priorities that groups a number of different activities and brings together the existing chemicals management organizations. Therefore SAICM aims to encourage governments and other stakeholders from sectors such as agriculture, environment, health, industry, and labor to collaborate more effectively on minimizing potential risks. The Strategic Approach supports the achievement of the goal agreed at the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development of ensuring that, by the year 2020, chemicals are produced and used in ways that minimize significant adverse impacts on the environment and human health. To this end, SAICM promotes

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capacity building for developing countries and countries with economies in transition and better coordination of international efforts to improve chemicals management. Another reason to believe that SAICM will have a substantial regulatory role is that many proponents see it as the perfect vehicle for the European Union to globalize its REACH Regulation (Logomasini, 2006). In order to put the strategic approach into practice, a chemicals secretariat has been established at UNEP Chemicals in Geneva. UN follow-up conferences will be held to guide and monitor the SAICM process. These International Conferences on Chemicals Management (ICCM 2-5) have been 2009, 2012, and 2015, the fourth is scheduled for 2020. The decisions adopted in Dubai by more than 140 States will hopefully allow the ambitious minimization goal of the 2002 Johannesburg Summit to be translated into practical actions by the year 2020. For more information: http://www.saicm.org. The classification and labelling of chemicals (Globally Harmonized System) The GHS is the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. The international mandate that provided the impetus for this work was adopted in the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), as reflected in Agenda 21. In its Plan of Implementation (para. 22 (c)) adopted in Johannesburg on September 4, 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) encouraged countries to implement the new GHS as soon as possible with a view to having the system fully operational by 2008. Being developed at UN level, the GHS provides a harmonized basis for globally uniform environmental, health, and safety information on hazardous chemical substances and mixtures. The Globally Harmonized System for the Labelling and Classification of Chemicals was adopted late 2002 by the UN Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (CETDG/GHS), an Economic and Social Council subsidiary body serviced by the UNECE secretariat, in Geneva after a decade of efforts and cooperation amongst a broad number of countries and organizations, notably the Committee, ILO, and OECD under the umbrella of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Management of Chemicals (IOMC). In July 2003 this draft was approved and published as a United Nations recommendation. At its session December 2006, the Committee of Experts adopted a set of amendments to the first edition of the GHS, which will

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be included in a revised edition of the GHS to be published in 2007. Implementation has started with pilot countries introducing the system into their national practices in different regions of the world. The European Union has negotiated a proposal for a Regulation which would introduce the GHS criteria into Community law (see number 4.4). The GHS is to address the fields of transport, workplace, consumers, and environment. The harmonization approach encompasses the classification criteria and labeling provisions on physicochemical, healthendangering, and environmentally harmful properties. On the one hand the new system is to be based on successful existing precursor models. At the same time, however, it is to introduce standardized safety data sheets worldwide and easily understood hazard symbols which make clear the risks to humans and the environment that arise when using chemicals. The labeling and information sheets would be used for the carriage of dangerous goods and the use of chemicals in industry and agriculture. This will unify the existing classification and labeling systems and supersede the separate systems for dangerous goods and hazardous substances. For more information read: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev04/English/ST-SG-AC10-30Rev4e.pdf. The Intergovernmental Forum for Chemical Safety As part of the implementation of UNCED 1992, the International Conference on Chemical Safety was held in Stockholm in April 1994, organized by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the International Labor Organization (ILO), and the World Health Organization (WHO). The conference established the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS), the central task of which is to promote, monitor, and harmonize the implementation of Chapter 19. The Forum is to draw up recommendations for governments and for international and intergovernmental organizations. Moreover, Forum I in 1994 laid down a concrete plan of action on the six key areas of Chapter 19 with a timescale extending until 2000. In 1995, to coordinate the work of the international organizations, the Inter-Organization Program for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was set up, comprising UNEP, WHO, ILO, FAO, UNIDO, UNITAR, and OECD. In 2000 the participants in the IFCS Forum III approved the Bahia Declaration and a concrete plan of action. This declaration makes recommendations on measures in the field of chemical safety after the year 2000. Forum IV 2003 in Bangkok was held under the motto “Chemical Safety in a Vulnerable

World” (Gaertner et al., 2003). Djerassi (2004) argues that the “absence of adequate knowledge in many lessdeveloped countries of the extent and nature of their exposure to dangerous chemicals is their greatest vulnerability.” In order to overcome this deleterious situation, he calls for the formation of a steering committee to encourage and facilitate North/South interaction on new approaches to chemical safety. Forum V was held in September 2006 in Budapest, Hungary. Eighty-one governments participated in the meeting, together with representatives from 12 intergovernmental organizations and 64 nongovernmental organizations. At Forum V the IFCS took stock of the progress achieved on the commitments and recommendations made at previous sessions and charted the course for work in a number of new areas. In light of the adoption of the SAICM by the ICCM in February 2006, Forum V the future role of IFCS as a contribution to the implementation of SAICM was considered. FORUM VI, the Sixth Session of the IFCS, was held in September 2008 hosted by the Government of Senegal in Dakar. For more information: http://www.who.int/ifcs/en/. It was the last one so far. The International Programme on Chemical Safety The IPCS was founded in 1980 as a joint venture by the UNEP, WHO, and ILO. The aim of the IPCS is to produce a fundamental scientific base for reducing the risks to human health and the environment that are caused by chemicals. It seeks to strengthen national and international efforts in the field of chemical safety. This benefits not only the participating states, but also, in particular, those states where the structures for chemical safety and the knowledge needed for building up such structures are not yet very well developed. One key area of the work of the IPCS is to compile and disseminate findings regarding risks to man and the environment arising from chemicals which may be of both industrial and natural origin. To this end numerous monographs on substances and assessment methods have been produced. An invaluable tool for those concerned with chemical safety and the sound management of chemicals is IPCS INCHEM. Produced through cooperation between the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) and the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, INCHEM directly responds to one of the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) priority actions to consolidate current, internationally peer-reviewed chemical safetyrelated publications and database records from international bodies, for public access. INCHEM offers

International activities

quick and easy electronic access to thousands of searchable full-text documents on chemical risks and the sound management of chemicals. For more information: http://www.inchem.org/. The following items have been published: • Substance reports (Environmental Health Criteria, EHC) These reports prepared for scientific experts contain up-to-date information on health hazards and risks for a specific substance or group of substances. Recent EHCs also contain information on environmental impacts. There are currently 243 EHC reports, with more than 1000 CAS entries (http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html). • Safety data sheets (International Chemical Safety Cards, ICSC) These summarize the principal data on a product and information on health protection and safe handling tailored to the use of the product; for example, in factories or the agricultural sector. There are currently 1705 ICSCs at the UN level (http://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html). • Poisons Information Monographs (PIMs) These contain a brief description of the main chemical, physical, and toxicological properties of individual substances and provide information on diagnosis and the treatment of poisoning. PIMs are intended for poison emergency centers and other advisory units. There are currently 288 PIMs (http://www.inchem.org/pages/pims. html). • New substance reports (Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents, CICAD) These contain information of the hazard potential of a substance, dose response relationships and, on the basis of sample exposure data, risk characterizations. As a rule, CICADs are based on existing substance reports. The intention is that national substance reports prepared in accordance with the CICAD procedure should be capable of easy transformation into internationally usable and recognized substance reports with a minimum of financial input. There are 78 CICADs, covering more than 200 chemicals (http://www.inchem.org/ pages/cicads.html). The Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Program The United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) was founded as a UN institution in Stockholm in 1972 to address global problems of environment policy that can only be dealt with meaningfully by adopting a multilateral approach. The Governing Council of UNEP (GC UNEP) meets every 2 years to

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decide the UNEP work program, in line with the political objectives. Sustainable chemistry The term “sustainable chemistry” describes a fundamental strategy that aims not only to reduce the environmental impact of chemicals, but also to minimize all burdens on the environment and to conserve resources; it includes legal regulations (Eissen et al., 2002). Its broadly based objective is a networked and closely coordinated design of chemical and product policy, environmental and health policy which takes account of social, economic, and ecological aspects (Tundo and Anastas, 2000). A sustainable chemicals policy can only be implemented jointly with industry and should not restrict its competitiveness (Lankey and Anastas, 2002). In the long term ecological benefits go hand-in-hand with economic benefits. The chemical industry has been demonstrating this for years in cases where process innovations that make ecological sense have been systematically implemented, thus giving rise to profitable energy-saving effects. A global sustainability policy in the chemicals sector lends special significance to the responsibility of industry and the industrialized countries for the developing countries. For this reason the systematic implementation of modern knowledge management (e.g., through a GHS) and an approach based on substance flows should be an essential component of the future sustainability strategy in chemicals policy, since more transparency leads to greater safety. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has initiated work to identify effective techniques and approaches in the field of sustainable chemistry and to identify activities in further development and use of sustainable chemistry programs. This includes such things as recognizing and rewarding sustainable chemistry accomplishments; disseminating technical information; promoting the incorporation of sustainable chemistry principles into various levels of chemical education; and promoting the research, discovery, and development of innovative sustainable chemistry technologies. International Sustainable Chemistry Collaborative Centre The International Sustainable Chemistry Collaborative Centre (SC3) is an initiative of the German Ministry of Environment and the German Federal Environment Agency. As a starting point the Ministry and the Agency established a preparatory project and an Advisory Council in 2015. The official Launch of ISC3 took place in the frame of a high-level international Conference on the May 17, 2015,

8

1. Overview of international activities

in Berlin. The ISC3 is presently hosted by GIZ the German Development cooperation in Bonn. The establishment of ISC3 is the German contribution to the international processes on the sound management of chemicals and waste and in particular to the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management SAICM. With the establishment of the center Germany wants to contribute to an international breakthrough of sustainable chemistry. For more information: https://www.isc3.org/en/home.html.

Intergovernmental organizations The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) must continue to be regarded as a very important body for the development of international chemical safety; some 85% of worldwide production of chemicals takes place in the member countries of the OECD. The growing number of members (currently 30) combined with the shrinking budget has given rise to a substantive debate about the original work of the OECD. In the Environment Health and Safety Program, which has been in existence since 1971, the OECD has maintained its proven long-term key activities. Notable examples include good laboratory practice (GLP) in the testing of chemicals (Schlottmann and Kayser, 1997), the chemical test methods—physically, toxicologically, and ecotoxicologically—(Schlottmann, 2002), the harmonization of classification and labeling (GHS), and risk assessment. The OECD can be expected to emerge strengthened from then initiated reform process if it plays an active part in shaping this process itself. The OECD Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) system is a multilateral agreement that data generated in the testing of chemicals in accordance with the OECD Test Guidelines and OECD GLP Principles shall be accepted by other Member countries for the purposes of assessment and other uses relating to the protection of man and the environment. Test facilities which want to submit safety studies to regulatory authorities have to comply with the GLP principles. Member countries shall adopt the measures necessary for verification of compliance of test facilities located in their territory. These measures shall include GLP inspections and study audits in accordance with the recommendations of the OECD. The OECD GLP regulations are laid down in the OECD Series on GLP, which contains at present 15 documents such as the GLP Principles, Guidance for GLP monitoring procedures, and specific interpretations of the GLP Principles. The

OECD MAD system is open to adherence by nonmember countries that express their willingness and demonstrate their ability to participate therein. Prerequisite for fully adhering MAD Decision is a full implementation of OECD GLP regulations and a successful on-site evaluation, so called “Mutual Joint Visits”. The GLP monitoring programs of the MAD Member countries give regulatory authorities confidence in the quality and integrity of submitted safety studies and enable the MAD. The OECD MAD system saves governments and chemical producers over h60 million every year by allowing the results of a variety of safety tests done on chemicals and chemical products such as industrial chemicals and pesticides to be shared across OECD. For more information: www.oecd.org/ehs/.

Other intergovernmental organizations, agencies, and associations There are many additional multilateral organizations, agencies, and associations whose mission, in whole or in part, relates to various aspects of potentially hazardous chemicals. Some of these operate under forms of legal frameworks. While it is beyond the scope of this chapter to discuss them in depth, or even itemize them all, a small sampling would include: World Health Organization (WHO), International Labor Organization (ILO), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), United Nations Institute for Training and Development (UNITAR), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), International Agency of Research on Cancer, International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX), and International Council of Chemical Associations.

Main features of European Community chemicals legislation Overview European Community chemicals policy REACH stands for the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization of Chemicals. This EU Regulation centralizes and simplifies chemicals legislation throughout Europe and entered into force on June 1, 2007. The declared objective is to improve the level of knowledge about dangers and risks that chemicals may pose. Companies are expected to assume even more responsibility for the safe use of their products. The Federal Authorities offer a wide range of information on REACH, particularly so that small and medium-sized companies can also quickly become familiar with the new provisions. For more

References

information: https://www.reach-clp-biozid-helpdesk. de/en/REACH-en/REACH-en.html; https://www. reach-info.de/links.htm.

The Biocidal Product Regulation The Biocidal Product Regulation (BPR, Regulation (EU) 528/2012) concerns the making available on the market of biocidal products, which are used to protect humans, animals, materials, or articles against harmful organisms, like pests or bacteria, by the action of the active substances contained in the biocidal product. It regulates their use and authorization. It is applied since September 1, 2013, and repeals the Biocidal Products Directive 98/8/EC. For more information: https://www.reach-clp-biozidhelpdesk.de/en/Biocide-en/Biocide.html

The classification and labeling of chemicals in the EU The Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and the Council of December 16, 2008, on the classification and packaging of substances and mixtures entered into force on January 20, 2009. This Regulation is amending and repealing Directives 67/ 548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1709/2006. The purpose of the Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, an implementation of the Globally Harmonized System of the United Nations into the EU, or so called CLP-Regulation on classification, labeling, and packaging of substances and mixtures, is to ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment as well as the free movement of chemical substances, mixtures, and certain specific articles within the European Union. The REACH-Regulation is complemented by the CLP-Regulation. Relevant provisions of REACH focusing on classification and labeling will be adjusted. For more information: https://www.reach-clp-biozid-helpdesk.de/en/CLP-en/CLP-en.html.

REACH-CLP-Biocide helpdesk The REACH-CLP-Biocide helpdesk is the national information center for producers, importers, and users of chemical substances. It provides information and guidance in connection with the implementation of REACH and CLP (GHS) and support with the registration, evaluation, and authorization as well as the classification and labeling of chemicals. The helpdesk is a network of experts from the German

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Federal Authorities who are ready to provide specific information and expertise: • Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) • Federal Environmental Agency • Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) • Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) • Division 5 Federal Office for Chemicals/ Authorization of Biocides • Division 4 Hazardous Substances and Biological Agents The Internet pages of the national helpdesk relating to the REACH-CLP- and Biocides-Regulations are only available in German: https://www.reach-clp-biozidhelpdesk.de/en/Homepage.html.

The plant protection products regulation Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 on placing plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC forms the basis for Community legislation. It replaced Directive 91/414/EEC on 14 June 2011. For more information: https://www.bvl.bund.de/EN/ 04_PlantProtectionProducts/03_Applicants/ 13_LegalRegulations/02_RegulationsEU/ ppp_LegalFramework_EU_node.html.

References Djerassi, C., 2004. Chemical safety in a vulnerable world: a manifesto. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43, 2330 2332. reprinted in Chemistry International 2004, 26 (5): 12 14. Eissen, M., Metzger, J.O., Schmidt, E., Schneidewind, U., 2002. 10 Jahre nach “Rio”- Konzepte zum Beitrag der Chemie zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung. Angew. Chem. 114, 402 425. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41: 414 436. Engfeldt, L.-G. 2002. Chronicle essay: the road from Stockholm to Johannesburg. United Nations Chronicle online edition. ,http:// www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2002/issue3/0302p14_essay.html.. Gaertner, S., Kuellmer, J., Schlottmann, U., 2003. Chemicals safety in a vulnerable world. Ang. Chem. Int. Ed. 42, 4456 4469. Lankey, R.L., Anastas, P.T. (Eds.), 2002. Advancing Sustainability Through Green Chemistry and Engineering. American Chemical Society Publication, 280 pp. Logomasini, A. 2006. The U.N.’s Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management Program. ,http://www.cei.org/gencon/004,05233.cfm.. Schlottmann, U. 2002. Pruefmethoden fuer Chemikalien. Hirzel, Stuttgart, loose-leaf. Schlottmann, U., Kayser, D. 1997. Gute Laborpraxis, third ed. Behr’s, Hamburg, loose-leaf; http://www.wissenschaftliche-verlagsgesellschaft.de Tundo, P., Anastas, P. (Eds.), 2000. Green Chemistry: Challenging Perspectives. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, 290 pp.

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1. Overview of international activities

Velders, G.J.M., Anderson, S.O., Daniel, J.S., Fahey, D.W., McFarland, M., 2007. The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate. PNAS 104 (12), 4814 4819. Zellner, R. (Ed.), 2001. Global aspects of atmospheric chemistry. J. Atmos. Chem. 38 (1), 111 114.

List of important abbreviations BMU CAS CFC CICAD CLP EC ECHA EHC EU FAO GC GLP GMEF IFCS ILO IPCS IUTOX MAD MP OECD ODS PCB PIC PIM POPs REACH SAICM SIEFs UN UNCED UNEP UNIDO UNITAR WHO WSSD

Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Bundesministerium fu¨r Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit) Chemical Abstracts Service Chlorofluorocarbons Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents (WHO) classification, labeling, and packaging European Community European Chemicals Agency, Helsinki Environmental Health Criteria Documents (WHO) European Union Food and Agriculture Organization (of the United Nations, Rome) Governing Council good laboratory practice Global Ministerial Environment Forum Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety International Labor Organization (Geneva) International Program on Chemical Safety International Union of Toxicology Mutual Acceptance of Data Montreal Protocol Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (Paris) Ozone-depleting substances Polychlorinated biphenyls Prior Informed Consent (Procedure) Poisons Information Monographs (of the WHO) Persistent Organic Pollutants Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals Strategic Approach on International Chemicals Management Substance Information Exchange Forums (SIEFs) United Nations United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio 1992) United Nations Environment Program (Nairobi) United Nations Industrial Development Organization United Nations Institute for Training and Development World Health Organization World Summit for Sustainable Development (Johannesburg 2002)

List of important URLs Agencies/forums/programs: The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)

http://ec.europa.eu/echa/

US Environmental Protection Agency

www.epa.gov/

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

www.unep.org/

Intergovernmental Forum on Chemicals Safety (IFCS)

www.who.int/ifcs

Intergovernmental Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)

www.who.int/ipcs/en

International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX)

www.iutox.org/

International Agency for Research on Cancer

www.iarc.fr

Conventions/protocols: Montreal

www.uneptie.org/ ozonaction

Stockholm

www.pops.int

Rotterdam

www.pic.int

Basel

www.basel.int

Aarhus

www.unece.org/env/pp/

Minamata

www.mercuryconvention. org

Intergovernmental organizations: OECD

www.oecd.org

WHO

www.who.int

ILO

www.ilo.org

FAO

www.fao.org

UNIDO

www.unido.org

UNITAR

www.unitar.org

National Library of Medicine

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/ toxnet/index.html

Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM)

www.saicm.org

C H A P T E R

2 European Union Jan van der Kolk Ecoconseil, Voorburg, The Netherlands

Introduction

into force, substances have entered into the system in two different ways:

The European Union (EU) includes 28 Member States. The EU countries are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The EU is a unique intergovernmental organization in that its member countries have delegated some of their sovereignty by adopting common rules in many areas, in which decisions are made by Member States and the Parliament of the Union. Those areas include the management of industrial and household chemicals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. Common rules apply throughout the whole Union. In the area of chemicals, REACH is the common regulation that has entered into force in 2007. REACH is the acronym for Registration and Authorisation of Chemicals. Basically, the regulation requires that chemicals are being registered prior to being marketed, after submission of relevant data. A selected number of chemicals are subject to authorization or to different degrees of restrictions for marketing. The requirements also depend on the tonnages marketed within the European Union.

1. New substances, that have not been placed on the market prior to June 1, 2007, the date of entry into force of the REACH regulation. These substances, if marketed above 1 ton per year, have to be registered prior to their marketing. 2. Existing substances, called “phase in” substances, had to be registered before specific dates depending on their volume place on the EU market. The last category of phase in registration was June 1, 2018, for substances marketed in the Union in amounts between 1 and 100 tons per year. The registration has to be submitted to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), based in Helsinki, at least 45 days before the intended date of first marketing. ECHA manages the system of registration on behalf of all Member States.

Data requirements and test methods The data required for the registration of a substance are specified in the annexes of the regulation. They include hazard data, toxicology and ecotoxicology, metabolism, a proposed classification and labeling based on the Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labeling, a safety data sheet, proposed uses, and a hazard and a risk assessment. The requirements depend mainly on the volume of use and the kind of proposed use. Depending on the outcome of the tests, additional data may be required. Registrants must use existing information and nontest methods to meet their information requirements.

Registration Under REACH, registration is required for each substance that is placed on the market in the Union in quantities above 1 ton per year. Since REACH entered 

An update of P.J. Hakkinen, European Union. Information Resources in Toxicology, 4th edition. P. Wexler (Ed.) (2009). pp. 739 741.

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2. European Union

Testing on vertebrate animals should only be used as a last resort. Studies for information requirements on ecotoxicity, toxicity, and physicochemical properties should be generated using test guidelines approved by the OECD and EU.

Animal testing Chemical safety assessment has traditionally been based on animal testing but the EU has been promoting for many years the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal testing. Further it is also considered that traditional risk assessment approaches are insufficient to adequately predict the potential risk associated with any given substance, especially when considering normal life low-dose exposure. Therefore new prediction models are needed in a new intelligent and more efficient safety assessment, based on in vitro testing in combination with computational modeling. The EU Joint Research Centre, JRC, is host to the EU’s principal organization for the scientific validation of alternative methods to animal testing—EURL ECVAM, the European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing, formally established in 2011.

Consortia for registration by different manufacturers or importers Registrants of the same substance have to share information which is required for the registration. To avoid unnecessary animal testing and duplication of tests, study results from tests involving vertebrate animals must be shared between registrants.

European Chemicals Agency and Member States, substances of high concern The focus of the ECHA and Member States is on substances for which concerns have not yet been clarified. Currently, new data is being generated or assessed on 750 substances. Substances are increasingly addressed in groups based on structural similarity. A second focus is that of substances of high concern because of their hazard and the risks their use may present. Among the criteria are carcinogenicity, persistence, bioaccumulation, and hormonal effects. The lists of such substances are published on the ECHA website. These substances may be submitted for authorization for limited uses with restrictions or have a total prohibition within the Union.

Authorization Substances with the following hazard properties may be identified as SVHCs (substances of very high concern), at the initiative of either the ECHA or a Member State: • Substances meeting the criteria for classification as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic for reproduction (CMR) category 1A or 1B in accordance with the classification, packaging, and labeling Regulation. • Substances which are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) or very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) according to REACH criteria. • Substances, on a case-by-case basis, that cause an equivalent level of concern as CMR or PBT/vPvB substances. Based on the criteria a substance can be identified as being a SVHC. Such a substance can only be marketed for specific uses if an authorization has been granted. Such an authorization will include compulsory measures to mitigate the risks.

Decision-making Member States through the Council of Ministers and the EU Parliament commonly decide on the regulations. The decision-making on individual substances or on technical matters to adapt technical annexes or guidelines is entrusted to a technical committee of Member States in codecision with the European Commission. Only in cases of major importance are decisions sometimes taken on a political level. In 2018 this has been the case for the pesticides glyphosate and certain neonics (neonicotinoids). Member States may take provisional temporary measures in case of a severe health risk, pending a common EU decision. An example is the decision of France to ban Bisphenol-A.

Scientific committees For REACH, the main scientific body at the EU level is the Scientific REACH Committee. Other relevant committees include: • Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety • EFSA Scientific Committee, the committee of the European Food Safety Authority • Pharmaceutical Committee • Veterinary Pharmaceutical Committee • Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks • Scientific Committee on Emerging and newly identified Health Risks (SCENIHR)

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Other groups of chemicals

All committees are independent and serve in an advisory role to policy making and decisions regarding the implementation of the respective regulations.

Compliance, enforcement, and inspection At the level of the EU, member states are responsible for the enforcement of the EU regulations within their territory. There is until now no EU-wide mechanism of enforcement other than the regulation itself and all documents provided to assist companies and others to see to the proper implementation they have to comply with. Enforcement also is a national task for each of the Member States. EU-wide mechanisms do exist however for urgent situations in which an alert or a quick warning for the other States is indicated. RAPEX is the EU-wide Rapid Alert System to quickly exchange suspected or known safety issues about nonfood consumer products.

Related EU bodies and initiatives Under the European Environment Agency (EEA) functions a system of reporting, The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR), with a regulation for Member States to report on a selected number of topics following the 2003 Kiev Protocol. The register gives access to information on the annual emissions of thousands of industrial facilities in the Member States. The data can be consulted on the website of E-PRTR.

Access to information on chemicals The EU Joint Research Centre provides a portal, JRC’s ChemAgora. The web portal provides search capabilities to retrieve chemical data from a plethora of online resources, enabling users to access both regulatory information on chemicals and public databases on chemical properties. ChemAgora is intended to support chemical risk assessment activities by assisting stakeholders to gain a quick overview of globally available data about chemicals they are interested in. This speeds up the process of data discovery and saves valuable resources.

International collaboration The EU in its regulations and decision-making is cooperating with international bodies, such as the OECD for test guidelines, test methods, and test strategies and for new developments such as nanomaterials safety assessment.

The work of WHO/IPCS and WHO/IARC is very important as a reference and source of key information. The EU has adopted the Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labeling and incorporated it into the REACH regulation. The EU is a member of international conventions, such as the Stockholm and Rotterdam Conventions, regarding the export of hazardous chemicals. It is working together with many others in the framework of SAICM, the UN Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management.

Current discussions A discussion that comes up frequently is that of combined exposure to mixtures of chemicals, which occurs in real-life situations. Most systems that assess exposure have in common that they assess hazard and risk for individual substances. Attempts have been made to assess combined exposure, but no agreed methodology is available for this. However, several European initiatives and research projects have been undertaken recently that address the situation. The most common approach is to combine exposure to chemicals with a similar toxicological profile or mechanism and to apply a calculation based on additive effects. So far, no rules apply. EFSA, The European Food Safety Agency, is expected to propose an approach for combined exposure to pesticides and foodstuffs. The EU Joint Research Centre, JRC, also runs a research program to assess the combined exposure of different chemicals.

Other groups of chemicals Focus in this chapter has been on general chemicals, either for industrial, professional, or consumer use. The EU has similar elaborate approaches for food additives, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, veterinary pharmaceuticals, and consumer products. They have their respective regulatory bodies, agencies (such as the European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam), and scientific advisory groups. Another group for which discussions continue is that of hormone disruptors. An expert group of ECHA, the implementing agency for REACH, continues to study test methodology and conclusions that can be drawn based on available research. This is in the absence of fully agreed principles on how to address this group of substances.

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2. European Union

Conclusion

European Environment Agency (EEA) ,https://www.eea.europa. eu..

Overall, the EU can be considered to be at the forefront of regulation of the different types of chemicals with a high degree of protection for its citizens. The EU regulation has fully entered into force for all chemicals, irrespective of their volume of production, as of June 1, 2018. REACH has found wide acceptance also beyond the EU. The real discussions nowadays are of policy and politics: do politicians follow the logic of the system that they have agreed to in 2007 and agree to take measures to reduce or eliminate exposure and apply restrictions when necessary or, beyond restrictions, prohibit chemicals of which safe use cannot be ensured at all?

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) ,https://www.efsa.europa. eu/..

Websites European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) ,https://echa.europa.eu/.. European Commission (EC) ,https://ec.europa.eu/commission/ index_en.. European Commission, Research and Innovation ,https://ec. europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation_en..

European Medicines Agency (EMA) ,http://www.ema.europa.eu/ ema/.. European Parliament (EP) ,http://www.europarl.europa.eu/portal/en.. European Pollutant Release and Transfer ,http://prtr.ec.europa.eu/#/home..

Register

(E-PRTR)

EU Rapid Alert System for dangerous nonfood products ,https:// ec.europa.eu/info/departments/justice-and-consumers_en.. EU Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) ,https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/emerging_en.. ,https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/science-update/chemagora-portalaccess-chemical-data.. ,https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/research-topic/alternatives-animaltesting-and-safety-assessment-chemicals.. Strategic Approach to International (SAICM) www.saicm.org.

Chemicals

Management

C H A P T E R

3 Argentina Susana I. Garcı´a1, Edda C. Villaamil Lepori2 and Adriana I. Haas3,4 1

Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires city, Argentina 2Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires city, Argentina 3National Poison Center, National Hospital “Posadas”, Buenos Aires city, Argentina 4Ministry of Health of the Nation, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Introduction

concern. The continuous appearance in the home of potentially poisonous common-use products, is a permanent and dynamic danger that is not sufficiently valued”(Astolfi et al., 1963). The doctor Estela R. Gime´nez formed the first Steering Committee of the Center, and directed it for more than 25 years. She also served as full professor of the Chair of Toxicology of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Buenos Aires (1987 97), intervening then in the creation of the National Administration of Medicines, Foods and Medical Technology (ANMAT) in 1992, after a mass poisoning with propolis adulterated with glycols left 25 victims dead (Pearson and Do Carmo, 2017). At the same time, the Chemist Jose´ Alberto Castro created the Laboratory of Biotoxicological Chemistry in 1961, in the Institute of Scientific and Technical Investigations of the Armed Forces, which in November 1980 was established in the Center for Toxicological Research (CEITOX) through an agreement with the National Council of Science and Technology (CONICET). Later it became one of the laboratories of the Strategic Research and Development Unit for Defense, through an agreement between the Ministry of Defense and CONICET. In 1987 CEITOX organized the First International Congress of Toxicology in Developing Countries, which took place in November in Buenos Aires. At this meeting, more than 300 people from 29 countries analyzed the problems that link toxicology with underdevelopment (Castro, 2015). Another milestone to highlight is the first studies of persistent organic compounds residues in Argentinean human populations made in the 1970s (Garcı´a Ferna´ndez, 1974). The authors reported concentrations of DDT and HCH in human fat and in breast milk of

The first milestones of Argentine toxicology date from the late 19th century, one of the most memorable being the creation of the Chair of Experimental Toxicology at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Buenos Aires, on April 23, 1892. This was probably the first Chair of Toxicology in a School of Medicine in the world. Dr. Juan Bautista Sen˜orans was its first professor, former founder of the school of experimental physiology in Argentina, where Dr. Bernardo A. Houssay, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1947 (Houssay, 1921; Pe´rgola, 2011a), studied. Doctoral theses of the late 19th century were written on topics such as the toxicology of arsenic (Esquivel, 1894) and the first thesis on alcohol and tobacco (Panigazzi and Capece, 1905) appeared in the early 20th century. The first publications on arsenic endemic intoxication in Argentina, the Regional Chronic Endemic Hydroarsenicism, date back to 1917 (Goyenechea, 1917; Ayerza 1917) and in 1918 the first bill to invest public funds into the study of water and sanitation to prevent this disease was passed (Pe´rgola, 2011b). The first Center for Information and Toxicological Advice (CIAT) in Latin America was founded in the Children’s Hospital (today “Ricardo Gutie´rrez”) of the City of Buenos Aires, on September 25, 1962, by resolution N 1535/62, of the Minister of Social Welfare and Public Health, who authorized the installation of a Report Office of the Child Poison Center for toxicological advice 24 hours a day (Garcı´a, 2016). The first report, published in 1963, begins by saying: “Poisonings are currently an important cause for

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the general inhabitants. At the same time, the first results of findings in papua penguins of the Argentine Antarctic were also published (Donnewald et al., 1976). From 1969 onwards, but more intensely between 1973 and 1976, Dr. Castro and Dr. Gime´nez toured the Argentine provinces promoting the training of doctors, biochemists, chemists, and pharmacists in clinical and laboratory diagnosis, and in the treatment of intoxications, as well as in the creation of Toxicological Assistance Centers and toxicological clinical analysis laboratories in different regions of the country. Since then, different centers of information, advice, and toxicological assistance (CIAATs) have been created: veterinary toxicology information centers, chemical emergency advisory centers, genetic toxicology centers, toxicological clinical analysis laboratories (LACTs), and toxicology research institutes. Similarly, undergraduate and postgraduate training programs have been established. In December 1979 the Argentine Society of Toxicology was founded, today the Asociacio´n Toxicolo´gica Argentina (ATA) is a nonprofit civil association and multidisciplinary entity, operating throughout the Argentine Republic, which brings together professionals directly or indirectly linked to the study, research, application, and diffusion of toxicology acquisition, use, and progress, and seeks to improve the teaching of toxicology, promote the training of professionals, and enhance physical and technical resources. The ATA maintains links with associations, public/private organizations, and other entities within the country whilst abroad it is a member of IUTOX (International Union of Toxicology), ALATOX (Latin American Association of Toxicology), and SIBSA (Ibero-American Society of Environmental Health), and has signed agreements currently in force with Public Organizations of Argentina and with other Scientific Associations for cooperation in specialty subjects. From 1981 to date, ATA has organized 35 Interdisciplinary Toxicology Conferences; 20 Argentine Congresses of Toxicology; several Latin American and Ibero-American Congresses on Child and Juvenile Toxicology, Environmental Toxicology, Occupational Toxicology, Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Environmental Teratogenesis; international workshops on toxicology and risk assessment; and meetings regarding the problematic consumption of substances. The official publication of the ATA is the journal ActaToxicolo´gica Argentina (ISSN: 0327-9286, currently in electronic format and freely available on the Internet). Volume 14 includes a supplement in which the World Health Organization published the articles corresponding to papers presented at the International Conference on Environmental Health for Children held in Buenos Aires in November 2005.

Another great advance fortoxicology in Argentina was the creation in 1997 of the Advisory Commission of the Toxicological area in the scope of the National Quality Assurance Program of Medical Care of the Ministry of Health of the Nation (Resol. Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n No 791/97), and in 1999 of the National Program on % Prevention and Control of Poisoning (PRECOTOX), as well as the formation of the Argentine Network of Toxicology (REDARTOX) together with the Toxicology Network of Latin America and the Caribbean (RETOXLAC) promoted by the Regional Office of Toxicology of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO). With the support of the INTOX Project IPCS (International Chemical Safety Program OMS/ILO/UNEP), UNITAR (United Nations Institute for Vocational Training and Research), the PAHO/WHO Country Office, and the German Technical Cooperation Agency (GTZ) the country improved the operation of its Clinical Toxicology care units, which included at that time 18 poison control centers (in Argentina named “Information, Advice and Toxicological Assistance Centers—CIAATs”), distributed in eight of the 24 provinces of the country, and 26 Laboratories of Clinical Toxicological Analysis (LACTs) in nine provinces, facilitating the exchange of information, the surveillance of intoxication, access to specific medication, and the response to chemical accidents. Likewise, training in Clinical Toxicology and Applied Epidemiology was promoted, among which it is worth mentioning the “Clinical Toxicology Distance Course” developed in 1997 by the National University of Mar del Plata and the PRECOTOX of the Ministry of Health of the Nation. These involved the participation of students from all over the country and Latin America, highlighting especially professionals who later formed the National Toxicology Center in Asuncio´n, Paraguay, and others like the RETOMEX (Mexican Toxicology Network). In the framework of the PRECOTOX, an infrastructure survey of the CIATs, the LACTs, and the care establishments that operate as Antiponzon˜osos Centers throughout the country was conducted. This gave rise to specific publications. As a result, the Norm of Organization and Functioning of the Toxicology Area of Health Care Facilities (Resolution No. 222/99 of the Former Ministry of Health and Social Action of the Nation); the Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Epidemiological Surveillance of Intoxications; the Sample, Conservation, and Transportation Guidelines for Toxicological Analysis were drafted; and the records of toxicological consultations were harmonized and computerized. Currently, the CIATSs are 35 Medical Toxicology Assistance Units distributed in 15 of the 24 jurisdictions

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in the country and 63 LACTs. The development of LACTs was fostered by the regulation of the biological monitoring of the population of workers exposed to chemical substances that took place in 1996, with the definition of the list of occupational diseases derived from exposure to toxic substances and the selected biomarkers for toxicovigilance. REDARTOX links CIAATs, LACTs, to other specialized information centers such as veterinary toxicology, toxicobotany, toxicological genetics, occupational toxicology, drugs, fetal health, animal poisons, pesticides, hazardous materials and chemical emergency control, food, as well as chairs or teaching units training in toxicology of the Argentine Republic, Research Institutes, Laboratories of Experimental Toxicology, and Antipoisons Production Institutes. REDARTOX maintains a relationship with other institutions linked to the rational management of risks related to toxic substances such as government services that regulate the use of chemical products, manufacturers of potentially toxic substances, workers’ organizations that use substances that can be toxic, consumer organizations, and other nongovernmental organizations interested in the problems of toxics. At present many professionals specialize in toxicology through postgraduate university careers, residencies, fellowships or other clinical training programs, master’s degrees, and doctorates. They work in universities, research institutes, and public and private organizations.

Resources Books of historical significance Anonymous (1927) Toxicologı´a (Toxicology) Buenos Aires: Librerı´a cientı´fica Perhaps the first monograph on toxicology published by an Argentine publishing house. Throughout its almost 200 pages it traces the history of toxicology and summarizes the main knowledge available at the time. Arata P.N. (1902) Los edulcorantes artificiales: desde el punto de vista higie´nico (Artificial sweeteners: from the hygienic point of view) Buenos Aires: Taller Tipogra´fico de la Penitenciarı´a Nacional Astolfi E. (1965) Guia pra´ctica para urgencias toxicolo´gicas (Practical guide for toxicological emergencies) Buenos Aires: La Prensa Me´dica Argentina

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Astolfi E. et al. (1979, 1981) Toxicomanı´as. Aspectos toxicolo´gicos, psicolo´gicos, sociolo´gicos, jurı´dicos, me´dico-legales, criminalı´sticos, criminolo´gicos (Drug addiction. Toxicological, psychological, sociological, legal, medical-legal, criminological, and criminological aspects) Buenos Aires: Editorial Universidad Astolfi E. et al. (1982) Hidro Arsenicismo Cro´nico Regional Ende´mico (Chronic Regional Endemic HydroArsenicism) Buenos Aires: TalleresGra´ficosCooperativa GeneralBelgrano Astolfi E.A. et al. (1st ed. 1982, 1984; 2nd ed. 1985) Toxicologı´a de Pregrado (Undergraduate toxicology) Buenos Aires: Lo´pez Libreros Text written by Professor Emilio Astolfi and other professors of the Chair of Toxicology of the Faculty of Medicine of the UBA to provide medical students of the time with knowledge about toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, diagnosis and treatment of intoxications, organized by chapters that account for large groups of toxic substances (hydrocarbons, metals, pesticides, etc.) Astolfi E.A.N. (1966) Formas actuales de intoxicacio´n (Current forms of poisoning) Buenos Aires: Eudeba Buzzo A (1st ed. 1932; 2nd ed. 1938; 3rd ed. 1945; 4th ed. 1952; 5th ed. 1960) Toxicologı´a (Toxicology) Buenos Aires: Lo´pez Libreros Emphasizes the importance of toxicology in medical studies. Brief considerations on the evolution of toxicology. From the toxicological medical-legal expertise. Medicolegal phase. Toxicological phase. Chemical toxicological examination (Poisons, volatile bodies, organic matter, alkaloids). Clinical therapeutic compendium of various acute intoxications. Scientific and legal definition of poison. Mechanism and action of poisons. Mechanisms of toxicity. Antagonism and antidotism. Classification of poisons. Etiology of poisonings. Professional poisoning. Gas poisons. Poisons Minerals. Alkaloids. Glucosides. Poisons that are extracted by solvents. Food poisoning. Ophidians. Arachnids. Toads. Toxoalbumins. Toxovegetables. Castor. Abrin. Catedra de Toxicologı´a. Facultad de Medicina (1973) Toxicomanı´as (Drug Addiction) Buenos Aires: Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de las Toxicomanı´as

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Direccio´n de Promocio´n y Proteccio´n de la Salud. Ministerio de Salud y Accio´n Social de la Nacio´n (1997) Perfil Nacional de Gestio´n de Sustancias Quı´micas (National Profile of Chemical Substances Management) Buenos Aires: Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana/ Instituto de las Naciones Unidas para la Capacitacio´n Profesional y la Investigacio´n/ Ministerio de Salud y Accio´n Social de la Nacio´n The National Profile of Chemicals Management follows the format of the Document-Guide of the United Nations, with the adjustments that were considered necessary so that, while still constituting a comparatively apt model with those of other countries, it responded to local modalities and possibilities. The document tries to propose a diagnosis of current problems on which it is intended to analyze topics and priorities that determine immediate courses of action and solution strategies. The document contains: National Information Framework, production, import, export, and use of chemical substances, priority concerns related to these items, legal instruments and nonregulatory mechanisms for the management of chemical substances, ministries, secretariats, undersecretaries, directions, institutions, national organizations with competence in the management of chemical substances, laboratory infrastructure and human resource training. International links, awareness/understanding of workers and the public, relevant entities of the industry, public interest groups, and the research and development sector. Use and access to information. Gavarotto M.C. et al. (1988) Evaluacio´n epidemiolo´gica de riesgos causados por agentes quı´micos ambientales (Epidemiological evaluation of risks caused by environmental chemical agents) Buenos Aires: Direccio´n Nacional de Calidad Ambiental, Ministerio de Salud y Accio´n Social Gime´nez E. (1970) Manual de Toxicologı´a Infantil (Infant Toxicology Manual) Buenos Aires: Ediciones Macchi Guatelli M.A. (1958) Manual pra´ctico de quı´mica toxicolo´gica (Practical manual of toxicological chemistry) Buenos Aires: Eudeba Guatelli M.A. (1971) Intoxicacio´n oxicarbonada: estudio bioquı´mico y metodologı´a analı´tica (Oxycarbonate poisoning: biochemical study and analytical methodology) Buenos Aires: Eudeba

Martino O. et al. (1979) Emponzon˜amiento humano provocado por venenos de origen animal. Estudio epidemiolo´gico, clı´nico y experimental (Human poisoning provoked by toxins of animal origin. Epidemiological, clinical and experimental study) Buenos Aires: Secretarı´a de Estado de Salud Pu´blica. Ministerio de Bienestar Social de la Nacio´n Morera V. (1939) Bioquı´mica del humo de tabaco (Tobacco smoke biochemistry) Buenos Aires: TalleresGra´ficos de la Editorial Radio Rivadavia Moretton J.A. (1996) Contaminacio´n del aire en la Argentina (Air pollution in Argentina) Buenos Aires: Editorial Universo SA Characteristics and Effects of the Main Urban Air Pollutants Perusia O.R. and Rodriguez A.R. (1992) Plantas To´xicas y Micotoxinas (Toxic plants and mycotoxins) Santa Fe: Cı´rculo deMed. Veterinarios Departamento Las Colonias Romero L. (1896) Alcoholismo: polineuritis alcoho´lica (Alcoholism: alcoholic polyneuritis) Buenos Aires: Facultad de Ciencias Me´dicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires Silvestre A.A. (1995 and 1996) Toxicologı´a de los alimentos (Food Toxicology) Buenos Aires: Hemisferio Sur

Books Aiassa D. et al. (2012) Plaguicidas a la carta (Pesticides on demand) ´ ngel Tre´spidi Ediciones Rı´o Cuarto: Miguel A The book is the product of the members of the GeMA research group (Genetics and Environmental Mutagenesis) of the National University of Rı´o Cuarto, which began in 2006. It deals with the effects of pesticides on human and environmental health from a multidisciplinary look that includes biological and social sciences. They studied the genetic damage in animals and experimental plants, in human cells and populations exposed to pesticides, the legislation on pesticides, and the implications that the problem of pesticides has on education.

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Aiassa D., Bosch B. (2015) Toxicologı´a gene´tica y salud ambiental (Genetic toxicology and environmental health) Co´rdoba: CEPYD It develops the interrelation between exposure to xenobiotics and genetic toxicology. Consider how different agents from air pollution, soil, water, lifestyle habits, or different work activities alter human health, disrupting the transmission of genetic information in the somatic cells of an organism or from parents to children when the gametes are formed, and thus causing the most diverse health problems. Albiano N. (1st ed. 2000; 2nd ed. 2003; 3rd ed. 2011); Albiano N., Villaamil E.C. (4th ed. 2015) Toxicologı´a Laboral. Criterios para el monitoreo de la salud de los trabajadores expuestos a sustancias quı´micas peligrosas (Occupational Toxicology. Criteria for monitoring the health of workers exposed to hazardous chemicals) Buenos Aires. Superintendencia de Riesgos para el trabajo. Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social The book offers updated information on substantive aspects of the interaction between the worker and the toxic. It is a practical book that directs its efforts to become an irreplaceable tool for work doctors. Anguiano O.L. et al. (1st ed. 2005; 2nd ed. 2015) Conociendo los efectos adversos de los plaguicidas podremos cuidar nuestra salud y el ambiente. (Knowing the adverse effects of pesticides we can take care of our health and the environment) Neuque´n: UN del Comahue, INTA Alto Valle Anguiano O.L. and Montagna C.M. (2012) Clasificacio´n y Toxicologı´a de los Plaguicidas (Classification and Toxicology of Pesticides) Neuque´n: EDUCO Universidad Nacional del Comahue The text describes basic concepts and definitions of toxicology, classifies pesticides into insecticides, acaricides, herbicides, and fungicides, and includes extensive information on structures and toxicity data and on the mechanisms of action of pesticides. Finally, the dynamics of pesticides in the environment and the adverse effects on “target organisms” and the development of resistance to insecticides are exposed. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/ Olga_Anguiano2/publication/281939006_ Conociendo_los_efectos_adversos_de_los_ plaguicidas_podremos_cuidar_nuestra_ salud_y_el_ambiente/links/562827ef08ae04c2aead84b6/Conociendo-los-efectos-adversos-de-los-

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plaguicidas-podremos-cuidar-nuestra-salud-y-elambiente.pdf Aparicio V.C., Costa J.L. (2017) Plaguicidas en el ambiente (Pesticides in the environment) Buenos Aires: Ediciones INTA (Instituto Nacional de Tecnologı´a Agropecuaria) This publication gathers the keynote addresses and the main reflections of the discussion tables of the workshop “Pesticides in the Environment,” held in November 2016 at the EEA INTA Balcarce. The contributions deal with the topics of environmental management, ecotoxicology, bioremediation, environmental laws, health and regulations on the use of pesticides. Bercovich P., Paileleo H. (2010) Contaminacio´n de aguas superficiales en la Ciudad de Neuque´n (Surface water pollution in the City of Neuque´n) Neuque´n: Fundacio´n Nehuen Bonzini de O’Reilly S. (2000) Los Quitapenas: clı´nica de las toxicomanı´as, un abordaje institucional (Los Quitapenas: drug addiction clinic, an institutional approach) Buenos Aires: Eudeba Cavallo A.R. (2006) Plaguicidas (Pesticides) Co´rdoba: SimaEditora Good practices in the application of pesticides in the province of Co´rdoba, a contribution for professionals, applicators, and agricultural producers, with the aim of managing pests safely. Colangelo C.H. (2005) Contaminacio´n ambiental (Environmental pollution) Moro´n: Ediciones Praia Croce P.A. et al. (2006) Toxicologı´a me´dica (Medical toxicology) Buenos Aires: La Librerı´a de la Ciencia SRL The authors, members of the Information Centers, Counseling and Toxicological Assistance of Hospitals Elizaldeand Clinics, and teachers of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, UBA, placed in this book their experience of years of specialty care and teaching. They analyze causes and consequences of the presence of dangerous chemical substances in the human environment. They describe the health alterations that they provoke, the complementary studies that show the damage, the adequate therapeutic and preventive strategies to recover and protect the integrity of the exposed population.

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Garcı´a S. et al. (2018) Protocolo para la evaluacio´n de riesgos a la salud humana asociado a los PCBs: sitios sensibles y-o potencialmente contaminados (Protocol for the evaluation of risks to human health associated with PCBs: sensitive and/or potentially contaminated sites) Buenos Aires: Programa Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) Herkovits J. et al. (2003) Toxicologı´a y quı´mica ambiental. Contribuciones para un desarrollo sustentable (Toxicology and environmental chemistry. Contributions for sustainable development) Buenos Aires. Sociedad de Toxicologı´a y Quı´mica Ambiental en Ame´rica Latina. Higa J. et al. (2001) Toxicologı´a: to´xico e intoxicaciones (Toxicology: toxic and poisoning) Buenos Aires: La librerı´a de la ciencia Lazcano R. et al. (2003) Toxicologı´a Clı´nica (Clinical Toxicology) Buenos Aires: Librerı´a Akadia Editorial Lerda D. (2006) Toxicologı´a alimentaria (Food toxicology) Co´rdoba: EDUCC Editorial de la Universidad Cato´lica de Co´rdoba Locani O. et al. (2009) Toxicologı´a Forense (Forensic Toxicology) Buenos Aires: DosyUnaEdicionesArgentinas It is a book about analytical study of toxicology, through the investigation of “Volatile, Metallic and Organic Fixed Poisons,” with reliable and applicable techniques in a moderately equipped laboratory. It includes the topics of drugs of abuse, environmental contamination, importance of taking samples, and the chain of custody; and emphasizes the investigation of the most important toxins, their effects, form of diagnosis, and treatment in the forensic field. Lorenzatti E.A. et al. (2017) Contaminacio´n ambiental por plaguicidas (Environmental contamination by pesticides) Santa Fe: Ediciones Universidad Nacional del Litoral This book was conceived as an integrating text that brings together a wide and important quantity and variety of information obtained in laboratories for the analysis of pesticide residues. It is aimed at the university community, state and private organizations, government decision-makers, the judicial field, nongovernmental organizations and anyone interested in the subject. Shows results of research conducted in Santa Fe (Argentina). This book seeks to provide information for

those seeking specific cases, findings, values, local and regional data on contamination with pesticides. Mazzarella D. (2016) Residuos de Productos Fitosanitarios. Criterios Regulatorios Locales e Internacionales (Residues of Phytosanitary Products. Regulatory Criteria Local and International) Buenos Aires: ILSI Argentina http://www.ilsi.org.ar/index.php?com 5 biblioteca&id 5 313&tipo 5 1 It deals with an update on the Maximum Residual Limits of Phytosanitary Products taking into account aspects such as toxicity of the phytosanitary products, risk analysis, degradation, the lack of time, as well as the excesses in the maximum limits of residues in the interdisciplinary fields of Agriculture, Toxicology, Chemistry, Biology, and Public Health. Moretton J.A. (2005) Toxicologı´a de los residuos en la elaboracio´n de celulosa (Toxicology of waste in cellulose processing) Buenos Aires: Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Buenos Aires Mudry M., Carballo M.A. (2006) Gene´tica toxicolo´gica (Toxicological genetics) Buenos Aires: Editorial de los Cuatro Vientos Pina J. (2013) Clasificacio´n Toxicolo´gica y Etiquetado de Productos Fitosanitarios. Criterios Regulatorios locales e internacionales (Toxicological Classification and Labeling of Phytosanitary Products. Regulatory criteria local and international) Buenos Aires: ILSI Argentina http://www.ilsi.org.ar/index.php?com 5 biblioteca&id 5 168&tipo 5 1 It is a compilation of the criteria of national and international regulations on the Toxicological Classification and Labeling of Phytosanitary Products in order to have updated information in the interdisciplinary fields of Agriculture, Toxicology, Chemistry, Biology, and Public Health. Pin˜ero J.H. (2007) Plaguicidas dome´sticos: Uso y manejo. (Domestic pesticides: Use and handling) Buenos Aires: Salud Investiga. Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n This is the report of a study on the identification and analysis of the problems of the different sectors involved in the handling, commercialization of pesticides for domestic use; classification of products and practices most commonly installed in homes and public institutions.

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Describes the results of a multicenter epidemiological collaborative study on Chronic Regional Endemic Hydroarsenicism (HACRE) in order to know the influence of risk factors for the development of HACRE, identify risk areas, and develop alternative methods of arsenic abatement through small-scale prototypes of water treatment plants. Spanish only: http://www.msal.gov.ar/images/ stories/ministerio/intoxicaciones/hacre/libro-hidroarsenicismo.pdf Tolcachier A. (2001) Temas de Medicina Ambiental (Subjects of Environmental Medicine) Buenos Aires: Sociedad Argentina de Medicina Ambiental A.C. Torres A.M., Camargo F.J. (2017) Toxicologı´a del alcohol etı´lico (Toxicology of ethyl alcohol) Corrientes: Elemento Book of consultation and study for students of forensic medicine, laboratory and legal experts. It is a manual to treat and manipulate blood alcohol samples of both living and dead people.

General interest books on toxicology Alzogaray R.A. (2007) El elixir de la muerte (The elixir of death) Buenos Aires: SigloVeintiunoEditores The history of poisons is as old as humanity, although its manipulation with less natural ends is something quite new. Many of the most interesting stories of their uses are recounted in these pages and are also analyzed with the knowledge of toxicology. From the official hemlock of the ancient Greeks to the poisoning of a Russian spy with radioactive polonium, poisoned arrows or the “suicide” of followers of the

Scientific dissemination for children. The book answers simple questions such as: Do you know what are poisons? Do you know how man began to use them? And what is the name of the science that studies them? Do you know what intoxication is and what different types are there?. Cabrerizo S. (2014) Quere´s saber cua´les son los animales venenosos? (Do you want to know which are the poisonous animals?) Buenos Aires: Eudeba Scientific dissemination for children. The book answers simple questions such as: Did you know that there are animals that, when feeling threatened or to hunt other animals, besides biting and stinging, inoculate poison? The best known are vipers, spiders, and scorpions. Cabrerizo S. (2014) Quere´s saber cua´les son los animales venenosos? (Do you want to know which are the poisonous animals?) Buenos Aires: Eudeba ?

Swiecky C. et al. (2006) Epidemiologı´a del hidroarsenicismo cro´nico regional ende´mico en la Repu´blica Argentina (Epidemiology of chronic endemic regional hydroarsenicism in Argentine) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n

Cabrerizo S. (2014) Quere´s saber que´ es la toxicologı´a? (Do you want to know what toxicology is?) Buenos Aires: Eudeba

?

Soraci A., Tapia M.O. (2000) Intoxicaciones en carnı´vorosdome´sticos. (Poisonings in domestic carnivores.) La Plata: Fondo Editor Dr. Edgardo Allignani

sect of Jim Jones with tranquilizers and cyanide, all these stories also open doors for health and knowledge ?

Ryczel M. et al. (2017) Toxicologı´a (Toxicology) Buenos Aires: ISALUD

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Scientific dissemination for children. The book answers simple questions such as: How are air, water, and land polluted? What substances can intoxicate us and what harm can they do to us? How can we protect the planet, and ourselves, from these pollutants? Pe´rez De Nucci A.M. (2015) Magia y chamanismo en la medicina popular del noroeste argentino (Magic and shamanism in folk medicine of northwestern Argentina) Buenos Aires: Editorial Dunken The original indigenous medicine, later called traditional or popular medicine in the Northwest of Argentina, is older than 18,000 years. The author analyzes the work of the old curators and their persistence up to the present, reproducing testimonies that explain the validity of this different way of healing. The author also refers to poisons and antidotes, and explains the most common terms that can be collected in interviews. Scarlato E.A., Werner A.F. (2014) Venenos en el arte. Luces, sombras y matices de la toxicologı´a (Poisons in art. Lights, shadows and nuances of toxicology) Buenos Aires: OlmoEdiciones

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In this work, the authors try to approach and amalgamate three disciplines: toxicology, art, and health of workers. The common thread is the study of dangerous chemical substances and the antidotes that humanity has used and suffered in different times and places. Topics, such as the use of poisons in mythology, alchemy, witchcraft, war, suicide, crime, or justice, as well as their role in the diseases of great artists, are treated in a scientifically rigorous but entertaining way.

Guides and manuals Alperin S.E. et al. (2015) Manual de fundamentos teo´rico pra´ctico sobre ofidios y ofidismo en Co´rdoba para la ensen˜anzasecundaria (Manual of theoretical practical foundations on ophidians and ophidians in Cordoba for secondary education) Co´rdoba: Encuentro Grupo Editor Brunstein L., Digo´n A. (2014) Transporte y almacenamiento de plaguicidas (Transport and storage of pesticides) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only:http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/bes/graficos/0000001025cnt-18transporte_y_almacenamiento.pdf Ca´mara de Sanidad Agropecuaria y Fertilizantes de la Repu´blica Argentina—CASAFE (2015) Guı´a de productos fitosanitarios para la Repu´blica Argentina (Phytosanitary product guide for the Argentine Republic) Buenos Aires: Ca´mara de Sanidad Agropecuaria y Fertilizantes. Crapanzano G.A. et al. (2006 and 2012) Guı´a de diagno´stico y tratamiento en toxicologı´a (Guide to diagnosis and treatment in toxicology) Buenos Aires: Eudeba Guide for the recognition and care of the intoxicated patient. It is a contribution to help solve the most frequent toxicological pathologies in our environment. It addresses the most frequent topics in toxicological consultation and their resolution in a clear and concrete way. Of note are the chapters referring to plants, insects, snakes, spiders, and scorpions of the main species found in Argentina. Digo´n A. et al. (2015) Compra, registro y distribucio´n de plaguicidas (Purchase, registration and distribution of pesticides) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n

Spanish only:http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/bes/graficos/0000001021cnt-24compra_registro_y_distribucion_plaguicidas.pdf ´ rea de Vigilancia— Direccio´n de Epidemiologı´a—A SNVS C2 y SIVILA (2014) Tutorial de Notificacio´n de Intoxicaciones al SNVS (SIVILA C2) (Poisoning Notification Tutorial to SNVS (SIVILA—C2)) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only:http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/epidemiologia/vigilancia/sivila/tutoriales/ intoxicaciones-tutorial-consensuado-2014.pdf Direccio´n Nacional de Trauma, Emergencia y Desastres (2001) Boletı´n Especial de Emergencias Quı´micas—parte 1y parte 2 (Special Bulletin on Chemical Emergencies part 1 and part 2) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only:http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/ministerio/intoxicaciones/emergenciasquimicas/boletin-especial-emergencias-quimicasparte-1.pdf; Spanish only: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/ministerio/intoxicaciones/emergenciasquimicas/boletin-especial-emergencias-quimicasparte-2.pdf Fiorenza Biancucci G. et al. (2007) Manual de procedimientos analı´ticos toxicolo´gicos para laboratorios de baja complejidad (Manual of toxicological analytical procedures for laboratories of low complexity) Buenos Aires: OPS/OMS, Asociacio´n Toxicolo´gica Argentina (ATA), Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Argentina Spanish only: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/ministerio/intoxicaciones/laboratorios/ manual-procedimientos-analiticos.pdf Translation and adaptation of the book “Basic Analytical Toxicology” by Flanagan R.J. et al. United Nations Environment Program International Labor Organization World Health Organization International Program On Chemical Safety. Ed: World Health Organization Geneva, 1995 Garcı´a S.I. (1st ed. 1999; 2nd ed. 2011) Guı´a de Centros Antiponzon˜osos de la Repu´blica Argentina (Guide of Antiponzon˜osos Centers of the Argentine Republic) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n In this guide the reader will find the concepts, history, and evolution of antivenoms, lists and characteristics of antivenoms available in Argentina, adverse reactions,

Resources

sensitivity tests and application of antivenoms, protocols for the notification of poisonings by poisonous animals, maps with the geographical distribution of the main species of ophidians, spiders, and poisonous scorpions of Argentina and the Directory of Establishments that operate as Antiponzon˜osos Centers in the Argentine Republic. Name of the establishment, address, and telephone, ordered by province, department, and locality, as well as the jurisdictional references for the distribution of antivenoms. Spanish only: https://www.toxicologia.org.ar/wpcontent/uploads/2016/03/guia_centros_antiponzonosos_16_02_2011.pdf Garcı´a S.I. (2011) Hidroarsenicismo Cro´nico Regional Ende´mico (HACRE). Mo´dulo de Capacitacio´n para la Atencio´n Primaria (Regional Chronic Endemic Hydroarsenicism (HACRE). Training Module for Primary Care) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n— PRECOTOX Spanish only: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/ministerio/intoxicaciones/hacre/manualaps-hacre-2011.pdf Garcı´a S.I. (2011, 2016) Guı´a de prevencio´n, diagno´stico, tratamiento y vigilancia epidemiolo´gica de las intoxicaciones por mono´xido de carbono (Guide for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological surveillance of carbon monoxide poisoning). Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: https://www.toxicologia.org.ar/wpcontent/uploads/2016/07/2016-06-29-Gu%C3% ADa-Mon%C3%B3xido-PRECOTOX.pdf Garcı´a S.I. (2013) Guı´a de Prevencio´n, Diagno´stico, Tratamiento y Vigilancia Epidemiolo´gica de las Intoxicaciones Ambientales Infantiles con plomo. (Guide for the Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Epidemiological Surveillance of Child Environmental Poisonings with lead) Buenos Aires: PRECOTOX-Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/bes/graficos/0000000293cntguia_intoxicaciones_con_plomo_2013.pdf Garcı´a S.I. et al. (2005) Guı´as para la planificacio´n y ejecucio´n de medidas del sector salud para la prevencio´n, preparativos y respuesta a incidentes con agentes quı´micos de uso industrial, be´lico o terrorista (Guidelines for the planning and execution of measures of the health sector for the prevention, preparation and response

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to incidents with chemical agents of industrial, war or terrorist use) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: https://www.toxicologia.org.ar/wpcontent/uploads/2016/05/Gu%C3%ADasEmergencias-Qu%C3%ADmicas.pdf Giannuzzi L., Ferrari L. (2012) Manual de Te´cnicas de Laboratorio en Toxicologı´a y Quı´mica Forense (Manual of Laboratory Techniques in Toxicology and Forensic Chemistry) Moro´n: EdicionesPraia The publication proposes scientific and modern criteria that serve as a basis for the performance of examinations based on more sensitive and specific parameters for each risk agent, in order to determine small alterations that allow early diagnosis and the behaviors to follow according to the results. Giannuzzi L., Petcheneshsky T. (2017) Cianobacterias como determinantes ambientales de la salud (Cyanobacteria as environmental determinants of health) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/bes/graficos/0000000334cnt-Ciano_2017.pdf Haas A.I. et al. (2011) Guı´a de prevencio´n, diagno´stico, tratamiento y vigilancia epidemiolo´gica del envenenamiento por escorpiones (Guide for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological surveillance of scorpion poisoning) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/ministerio/intoxicaciones/animales/guiaescorpiones-2011.pdf Haas A.I. et al. (2012) Guı´a de Prevencio´n, Diagno´stico, Tratamiento y Vigilancia Epidemiolo´gica del Botulismo del Lactante (Guide for the Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Epidemiological Surveillance of Infant Botulism) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/ministerio/intoxicaciones/botulismolactante/guia-prevencion-diagnostico-botulismolactante.pdf Haas A.I. et al. (2012) Guı´a de prevencio´n, diagno´stico, tratamiento y vigilancia epidemiolo´gica de los envenenamientos por aran˜as. (Guide for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological surveillance of poisonings by spiders).

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3. Argentina

Buenos Aires: PRECOTOX-Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/ministerio/intoxicaciones/animales/guiaarana-2012.pdf Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n (1996) Guide for the selection of medicines for an Emergency Toxicological First Aid Kit. Approved by Resolution No 99/96 of the Secretariat of Health Resources% and Programs. Published in the Official Gazette No 28.344 1st. Section of February 29, 1996. %Published in the “Guide of Information Centers, Advice and Toxicological Assistance and of Laboratories of Clinical Toxicological Analysis of the Argentine Republic.” Ministerio de Salud y Accio´n Social de la Nacio´n, Buenos Aires, 1999 Spanish only: www.msal.gov.ar/pngcam/ resoluciones/msres126_1998.pdf Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n (1999) Standard of Organization and Functioning of the Toxicological Area, of the National Quality Assurance Program of Medical Attention. Approved by Ministerial Resolution No. 222/99. Published in the “Guide of Information Centers, Advice and Toxicological Assistance and of Laboratories of Clinical Toxicological Analysis of the Argentine Republic” Ministerio de Salud y Accio´n Social de la Nacio´n, Buenos Aires, 1999 Spanish only: http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/ infolegInternet/anexos/75000-79999/77107/norma. htm Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n (2002) Guı´a de toma de muestra, conservacio´n y transporte para ana´lisis toxicolo´gicos (Guide for sampling, conservation and transport for toxicological analysis) Spanish only: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/ministerio/intoxicaciones/laboratorios/ guia_resolucion_650_recoleccion_y_transporte.pdf This Guide was incorporated into the National Quality Assurance Program for Medical Care by Resolution No 650/2002 of the Ministry of Health % Ministerio de Seguridad. Presidencia de la Nacio´n (2017) Manual de riesgos en el transporte de mercancı´as y residuos peligrosos (Manual of risks in the transport of goods and hazardous waste) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Seguridad Spanish only: http://www.minseg.gob.ar/sites/ default/files/Publicaciones/catamp-10072017.pdf

Concepts for the classification and identification of toxic materials for transport and emergency response. Neira J. et al. (2005) Sindrome de lesio´n por inhalacio´n de humo (SLIH). Grupo de Consenso Cientı´fico Intersocietario para el asesoramiento, la evaluacio´n y la respuesta me´dica en situaciones de vı´ctimas en masa. (Smoke inhalation injury syndrome (SLIH). Inter-scientific Scientific Consensus Group for advice, evaluation and medical response in situations of mass victims) Spanish only: Available Part I in: https://www.sati. org.ar/files/trauma/LESION-INHALACION-DEHUMO-Consenso-Cientifico-Intersocietariovictimas-en-masa.pdf; Part II: https://www.sati.org. ar/files/trauma/2007-06-02-Documento-Final-2aParte-SLIH.pdf Orduna T. et al. (2007) Guı´a de Prevencio´n, Diagno´stico, Tratamiento y Vigilancia Epidemiolo´gica de los Envenenamientos Ofı´dicos (Guide for the Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Epidemiological Surveillance of Ophid Poisoning) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Pacheco R.M., Barbona E.I. (2017) Guı´a de uso responsable de agroquı´micos (Manual of safe and responsible use of agrochemicals in fruit and vegetable crops) Buenos Aires: INTA Ediciones Spanish only: https://inta.gob.ar/sites/default/files/ inta-manual-uso-agroquimicos-frutihorticola.pdf Piazza A. et al. (2010, 2012) Guı´a de uso responsable de agroquı´micos (Guide for the responsible use of agrochemicals) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: https://www.toxicologia.org.ar/ bibliotecavirtual/documentos_utilies/ guia_de_uso_de_agroquimicos.pdf Piola J.C. et al. (2003) Guı´a pra´ctica para el monitoreo de fa´rmacos y drogas de abuso (Practical guide for the monitoring of drugs and drugs of abuse) Santa Fe: Ediciones UNL (Universidad Nacional del Litoral) Po´rfido O.D. (2014) Los Plaguicidas en la Repu´blica Argentina (Pesticides in the Argentine Republic) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/bes/graficos/0000000341cnt-14Plaguicidas_Argentina.pdf

Resources

PRECOTOX (1st ed. 1999; 5th ed. 2015) Guı´a de Centros de Informacio´n, Asesoramiento y Asistencia Toxicolo´gica y de Laboratorios de Ana´lisis Clı´nicos Toxicolo´gicos de la Repu´blica Argentina. (Guide of Information Centers, Advice and Toxicological Assistance and of Laboratories of Clinical Toxicological Analysis of the Argentine Republic) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud y Accio´n Social de la Nacio´n Spanish only: https://www.toxicologia.org.ar/wpcontent/uploads/2016/05/directorio-redartox-2015.pdf PRECOTOX (2015) Campan˜a Internacional de Sensibilizacio´n para la Prevencio´n 2015 (Week of lead 2015. International Campaign of Awareness for Prevention) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: http://www.msal.gob.ar/ determinantes/images/stories/descargas/recursos/ semana_del_plomo_2015.pdf PRECOTOX Informacio´n General sobre sustancias to´xicas e intoxicaciones (General information about toxic substances and poisonings) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/ministerio/intoxicaciones/emergenciasquimicas/generalidades-sobre-toxicosintoxicaciones.pdf Saracco A.S., Garcı´a S.I. (2004) Guı´a sobre las Competencias del Personal de Sistemas de Emergencias Me´dicas que Responde a Incidentes con Materiales Peligrosos (Guide on Competencies of Medical Emergency System Personnel Responding to Incidents with Hazardous Materials) Buenos Aires: GTZ Spanish only: https://www.toxicologia.org.ar/wpcontent/uploads/2016/05/Norma-SEM-IMAP.pdf This guide is a translated and adapted version of the NFPA 473 “Standard for Competencies for EMS Personnel Responding to Hazardous Materials/ Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents” Saracco A.S. et al. (2016) Guı´a de prevencio´n, diagno´stico, tratamiento y vigilancia epidemiolo´gica del botulismo alimentario (Guide for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological surveillance of food botulism) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/bes/graficos/0000000783cnt20160225_Guia_Botulismo_Alimentario_2016.pdf

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Smulevici I., Garcı´a S.I. (2002) Manual of primary attention of Intoxications. Volume I (General Part) Approved by Ministerial Resolution No. 754/01. Volume II (Special Part) Approved by Ministerial Resolution No. 652/02 Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/ministerio/intoxicaciones/manual_toxi.pdf Adaptation of the English version to Spanish of: “Treatment of intoxications: Manual for primary care agents” by Henry J.A. and Wiseman H.M., Toxicology Unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital Trust, London, England. Published by the World Health Organization, whose Publications Office has given due authorization. Talamoni M. et al. (1st ed. 2004; 2nd ed. 2012; 3rd ed. 2014) Guı´a de Diagno´stico y Tratamiento en Toxicologı´a (Diagnostic Guide and Treatment in Toxicology) Buenos Aires: Eudeba The aim of the book is to guide the professional to make a proper diagnosis and timely and adequate treatment of intoxicated patients. It will be possible to access generalities, physiopathology, sources, uses, diagnosis, and treatment of the different toxins, as well as to relate the signs and symptoms found in the intoxicated patient. This guide gathers the important experience acquired by the team of professionals of the National Poison Center of the National Hospital. Villaamil Lepori E. et al. (2016) Guı´a para la obtencio´n, conservacio´n y transporte de muestras para ana´lisis toxicolo´gicos (Guide for the obtaining, conservation and transport of samples for toxicological analysis) Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/ stories/bes/graficos/0000000776cnt20160120_Guia_Toma_de_Muestras.pdf

Journals and bulletins Acta Bioquı´mica Clı´nica Latinoamericana Journal of the Federacio´n Bioquı´mica de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Print version ISSN 0325-2957 Online ISSN 1851-6114 This journal periodically publishes Argentine articles and reviews on poisonings. http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid 5 03252957&script 5 sci_serial ActaToxicolo´gica Argentina (ActaToxicol. Argent.) (1993 ) Print version ISSN 0327-9286 Online ISSN 1851-3743

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3. Argentina

It is the official organ of scientific diffusion of the Association Toxicolo´gica Argentina. Integra, since 2007, the Basic Nucleus of Argentine Scientific Journals and you can access its articles in full text through SciELO Argentina and appears indexed in the Chemical Abstract. Its objective is the publication of works related to the different areas of toxicology, in the form of original articles, case reports, brief communications, updates or reviews, dissemination articles, technical notes, thesis summaries, letters to the editor, and news Spanish Only: https://www.toxicologia.org.ar/actatoxicologica-argentina/ http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php? script 5 sci_serial&pid 5 1851-3743 Archivos Argentinos de Pediatrı´a (1930 ) Print version ISSN 0325-0075 Online ISSN 1668-3501 Argentine Archives of Pediatrics is the official organ of scientific diffusion of the Argentine Society of Pediatrics. This journal periodically publishes Argentine articles and reviews on poisonings in children, mothers, and adolescents Spanish only: http://www.sap.org.ar/publicaciones/ archivos.html Boletı´n de Farmacoterape´utica y Toxicologı´a (1994 2002) (Bulletin of pharmacotherapeutics and toxicology (1994 2002)) Buenos Aires: Unidad de Toxicologı´a. Hospital de Nin˜os “Dr. Ricardo Gutie´rrez” Boletines epidemiolo´gicos o boletines integrados de vigilancia (Epidemiological bulletins or integrated surveillance bulletins) Online ISSN 2422-698X Weekly bulletin of the Ministry of Health of the Nation that publishes the statistics of intoxications of obligatory notification by province (carbon monoxide, pesticides, food poisoning, by poisonous animals, etc.) https://www.argentina.gob.ar/salud/epidemiologia/ boletinesepidemiologicos Fundacio´n Revista Medicina Print version ISSN 0025-7680 Online ISSN 1669-9106 This journal periodically publishes Argentine articles and reviews on poisonings http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php? script 5 sci_serial&pid 5 0025-7680 Informe estadı´stico de consultas registradas por los CIAATs (Centros de Informacio´n, Asesoramiento y Asistencia Toxicolo´gica) de la Republica Argentina 2000 2001 and 2002

Buenos Aires: PRECOTOX-Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: https://www.toxicologia.org.ar/wpcontent/uploads/2016/03/I_informe_estadistico_ 2000.pdf https://www.toxicologia.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/ 2016/03/II_informe_estadistico_2001.pdf RETEL (revista de toxicologı´a en lı´nea) (2003 ) (RETEL (online toxicology journal)) Spanish only: www.sertox.com.ar/retel Sociedad Iberoamericana de Informacio´n Cientı´fica (SIICsalud-Toxicologı´a) ISSN siicsalud: 1667-9008 https://googleweblight.com/i?u 5 https://www. siicsalud.com/&hl 5 es-419

Poison control center In Argentina there are 35 poison control centers. Only those that have greater complexity, that are centers of reference, and have specialized human resources training are mentioned below. The complete list, with postal addresses and telephone numbers, can be found at: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/stories/bes/graficos/ 0000001060cnt-directorio_redartox_2015.pdf Buenos Aires Provincial Pediatric Toxicology Service (24 hours) Address: Servicio de Toxicologı´a Pedia´trico Hospital Interzonal de Agudos “Sor Marı´a Ludovica” Email: [email protected] Buenos Aires Provincial Toxicology Reference Center (24 hours) Address: Centro Provincial de Referencia en Toxicologı´a (CEPROTOX)—Hospital Interzonal Especializado en Toxicologı´a y Salud Mental Email: [email protected] Co´rdoba Provincial Reference Center of Toxicology (24 hours) Address: Centro Referencial Provincial de Toxicologı´a—Hospital de Nin˜os de la Santı´sima Trinidad de Co´rdoba Email: [email protected] National Poison Center (24 hours) Address: Centro Nacional de Intoxicaciones—Hospital Nacional “Prof. Alejandro Posadas” Email: [email protected] Spanish only: http://www.hospitalposadas.gov.ar/ asistencial/toxicologia/toxicologia.php

Resources

Toxicology Division (24 hours) Address: Divisio´n de Toxicologı´a—Hospital General de Agudos “J. A. Ferna´ndez” Email: [email protected] Toxicology Unit (24 hours) Address: Unidad de Toxicologı´a—Hospital de Nin˜os “Dr. Ricardo Gutie´rrez”—GCBA Email: [email protected] Information centers on specific poisoning risks Center for Toxicological Genetics Research Address: Citogene´tica (Cigetox)—Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquı´mica—Universidad de Buenos Aires Email: [email protected]/ [email protected] Center of Information and Advice in Labor Toxicology— Institute of Strategic Studies and Statistics Address: Preventox Laboral—Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo Email: [email protected] Emergencies Response Center with Hazardous Materials (24 hours) Address: Centro de Respuesta a Emergencias con Materiales Peligrosos—Superintendencia Federal de Bomberos Email: [email protected] Environmental Health Unit (Specialized in Toxicology) Address: Unidad de Salud Ambiental—Municipalidad de Lomas de Zamora Email: [email protected] Food Poisoning Address: Departamento de Vigilancia de Alimentos— Instituto Nacional de Alimentos (INAL/ANMAT) Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Email: [email protected] / vigi.alimentaria@anmat. gov.ar Spanish only: http://www.anmat.gov.ar/farmaco/ vigilancia_alimentaria.asp Information on Toxicological Risk of Household Products Address: Direccio´n de Vigilancia de Productos Sanitarios—Departamento de Registro de Productos Dome´sticos (INAL/ANMAT)—Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Email: [email protected] Spanish only: http://www.anmat.gov.ar/ Domisanitarios/Domisanitarios.asp National Veterinary Toxicological Information Service Address: Servicio Nacional de Informacio´n Toxicolo´gica Veterinaria (SNITV)—Facultad de

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Veterinaria. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Email: [email protected] Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies (24 hours) Address: Centro de Control de Emergencias de la Autoridad Reguladora Nuclear Email: [email protected]/[email protected] Spanish only: www.arn.gob.ar Teratogenic Agents Information Service Address: Linea Salud Fetal—National Center of Medical Genetics—Ministry of Health of the Nation Email: [email protected]/pablobarbero63@hotmail. com Spanish only: www.anlis.gov.ar

Toxinology centers Antivenom Production Center Address: Centro de produccio´n Antiveneno—Instituto biolo´gico “Dr. Tomas Peron” Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Email: [email protected] Spanish only: http://www.ms.gba.gov.ar/sitios/ laboratorio/ Center for Applied Zoology Address: Centro de Zoologı´a Aplicada—Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fı´sicas y Naturales—Universidad Nacional de Co´rdoba Spanish only: www.efn.uncor.edu/zoologia/www. serpentariocordoba.com.ar Laboratory for Diagnosis of Botulism Address: Laboratorio de Diagno´stico de Botulismo— ´ rea de Microbiologı´a—Facultad de Ciencias A Me´dicas—Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Email: [email protected] / rafael. [email protected] / [email protected] Municipal Center of Regional Pathologies and Tropical Medicine Address: Centro Municipal de Patologı´as Regionales y ´ rea de Medicina Tropical (CEMPRA-MT)—A Zoopatologı´a Me´dica—Hospital de Infecciosas Francisco J. Mun˜iz Email: [email protected] / torduna@intramed. net National Reference Laboratory for Diagnosis of Botulism (24 hours) Address: Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia para el Diagno´stico de Botulismo—Servicio de Bacteriologı´a Sanitaria—Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades

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Infecciosas ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbra´n”— Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Poisonous Fungal Identification Service Address: Servicio de Identificacio´n Fu´ngica Venenosa—Laboratorio de Micologı´a, Fitopatologı´a y Lichenologı´a—Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologı´a Experimental—Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales—Universidad de Buenos Aires Email: [email protected] Research and Development Area/Serpentarium—National Institute of Production of Biologicals ´ rea de Investigacio´n y Desarrollo/ Address: A Serpentario—Instituto Nacional de Produccio´n de Productos Biolo´gicos (INPB)—ANLIS “Dr. Carlos Malbra´n”—Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Email: [email protected] Toxinopathology Laboratory—Center for Experimental and Applied Pathology Address: Laboratorio de Toxinopatologı´a—Centro de Patologı´a Experimental y Aplicada—Facultad de Medicina—Universidad de Buenos Aires Email: [email protected]

Antidote repositories Animal Antivenoms Bank—Botulinum Antitoxin Address: Banco de Antivenenos animales—Antitoxina Botulı´nica—Programa Nacional de Control de Enfermedades Zoono´ticas—PRONCEZ—Direccio´n de Epidemiologı´a—Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: http://www.msal.gov.ar/zoonosis/ National Health Emergency Directorate (24 hours) Address: Direccio´n Nacional de Emergencia Sanitaria (DINESA)—Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Spanish only: http://www.msal.gov.ar/dinesa/

Clinical toxicological analysis laboratories In Argentina there are 63 Clinical Toxicological Analysis Laboratories. Only those that have greater complexity, that are laboratories of reference, and have specialized human resources training are mentioned below. The complete list, with postal addresses and telephone numbers, can be found at: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/stories/bes/graficos/0000001060cnt-directorio_redartox_2015.pdf Analytical Toxicology Advisory Laboratory Address: Laboratorio de Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico Analı´tico CENATOXA—Ca´tedra de Toxicologı´a y Quı´mica Legal—Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquı´mica—Universidad de Buenos Aires

Email: [email protected] / [email protected]. ar Co´rdoba Excellence Center in Products and Processes Address: Centro de Excelencia en Procesos y Productos de Co´rdoba (CEPROCOR)—Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologı´a-Gobierno de la Provincia de Co´rdoba Spanish only: www.ceprocor.cba.gov.ar Emails: [email protected] (metals); anairene. [email protected] (pesticides) Toxicology Area—Central Laboratory ´ rea de Toxicologı´a—Laboratorio Central— Address: A Hospital Interzonal de Agudos Especializado en Pediatrı´a “Sor Maria Ludovica” Email: [email protected] Toxicology Area—Central Laboratory—Pediatric Hospital “Juan P. Garrahan” ´ rea de Toxicologı´a—Laboratorio Central— Address: A Hospital de Pediatrı´a “Juan P. Garrahan” Email: [email protected]

Toxicology units of universities and toxicological research center In Argentina there are 55 national universities, distributed throughout the country. There are several units of toxicology education for careers in medicine, pharmacy, chemistry, biochemistry, veterinary, and agronomy. Below are some of those that also have a background in research and postgraduate training. The complete list, with postal addresses and telephone numbers, can be found at: http://www.msal.gob.ar/images/stories/bes/graficos/0000001060cnt-directorio_redartox_2015.pdf 1 Cathedra of Toxicology—Faculty of Medicine— University of Buenos Aires Address: 1a Ca´tedra de Toxicologı´a—Facultad de Medicina—Universidad de Buenos Aires Email: [email protected] Spanish only: www.fmed.uba.ar/depto/toxico1/ Applied Ecophysiology Program—Department of Basic Sciences—National University of Lujan Address: Programa de Ecofisiologı´a Aplicada— ProdEA—Departamento de Ciencias Basicas— Universidad Nacional de Luja´n Ruta 5 y 7—Luja´n—Buenos Aires—Argentina Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Spanish only: www.inedes.unlu.edu.ar / www.unlu. edu.ar Area of Physiological, Biomedical and Toxicology Chemistry—Department of Biological Chemistry—

Resources

Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences—University of Buenos Aires ´ rea de Quı´mica Fisiolo´gica, Biome´dica y Address: A Toxicologı´a—Departamento de Quı´mica Biolo´gica— Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales— Universidad de Buenos Aires Cathedra of Pharmacobotany—Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry—University of Buenos Aires Address: Ca´tedra de Farmacobota´nica—Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquı´mica Universidad de Buenos Aires Cathedra of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry—University of Buenos Aires Address: Ca´tedra de Toxicologı´a y Quı´mica Legal— Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquı´mica Universidad de Buenos Aires Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Cathedra of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry—Faculty of Exact Sciences—National University of La Plata Address: Ca´tedra de Toxicologı´a y Quı´mica Legal— Facultad de Ciencias Exactas—Universidad Nacional de La Plata Email: [email protected] / [email protected]. edu.ar Cathedra of Toxicology, Pharmacology and Legal Chemistry—Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences—National University of Litoral Address: Ca´tedra de Toxicologı´a, Farmacologı´a y Quı´mica Legal—Facultad de Bioquı´mica y Ciencias Biolo´gicas—Universidad Nacional del Litoral Email: [email protected] Center for Environmental Research—Department of Chemistry—Faculty of Exact Sciences—National University of La Plata Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente— CIMA Departamento de Quı´mica-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas—Universidad Nacional de La Plata Email: [email protected] Center for Pest and Insecticide Research Address: Centro de Investigacio´n de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN-CITEDEF-CONICET) Spanish only: www.citedef.gob.ar Center for Research in Environmental Toxicology and Agrobiotechnology of Comahue—National University of Comahue Address: Centro de Investigacio´n en Toxicologı´a Ambiental y Agrobiotecnologı´a del Comahue— LIBIQUIMA-CITAAC—CONICET—Universidad Nacional del Comahue Email: [email protected] / natanien@gmail. com

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Clinical Toxicology Area—Department of Pharmacology— Faculty of Chemical Sciences—National University of Co´rdoba ´ rea Toxicologı´a Clı´nica—Departamento de Address: A Farmacologı´a—Facultad de Ciencias Quı´micas— Universidad Nacional de Co´rdoba Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Environmental Research and Services Laboratory Mendoza—Regional Center for Scientific and Technological Research Address: Laboratorio de Investigacio´n y Servicios Ambientales Mendoza—LISAMEN—Centro Cientı´fico Tecnolo´gico, CONICET Mendoza Email: [email protected] Program of Research and Analysis of Chemical Residues and Contaminants—National University of Litoral Address: Programa de Investigacio´n y Ana´lisis de Residuos Quı´micos y Contaminantes—PRINARC Universidad Nacional del Litoral Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Research Program in Ecotoxicology—Department of Basic Sciences —National University of Lujan Address: Programa de Investigacio´n en Ecotoxicologı´a—PRIET—Departamento de Ciencias Basicas—Universidad Nacional de Luja´n Email: [email protected]@fibertel.com.ar Spanish only: www.unlu.edu.ar Superior Institute of Environmental Studies—Secretariat of Science and Technology—National University of Co´rdoba Address: Instituto Superior de Estudios Ambientales— ISEA—Secretarı´a de Ciencia y Tecnologı´a— Universidad Nacional de Co´rdoba Spanish only: www.secyt.unc.edu.ar/isea Toxicology Area—Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences— National University of La Pampa ´ rea Toxicologı´a—Facultad de Ciencias Address: A Exactas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de La Pampa Email: [email protected] Toxicology Research Center Address: Centro de Investigaciones Toxicolo´gicas (CEITOX-CITEDEF-CONICET) Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Spanish only: www.citedef.gob.ar

Forensic and Police toxicology laboratories Argentina has a network of forensic toxicology laboratories, formed in 2010. The main reference laboratories are listed below.

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The complete list, with postal addresses and telephone numbers, can be found at: http://www.saij.gob.ar/docs-f/ediciones/libros/ Laboratorios_Regionales_de_Invest._Forense.pdf Forensic Toxicology Laboratory—Scientific Technical Department of the Fiscal Investigation Unit—Public Prosecutor’s Office of the Province of Salta Address: Laboratorio de Toxicologı´a Forense— Departamento Te´cnico Cientı´fico de la Unidad de Investigacio´n Fiscal—Ministerio Pu´blico de la Provincia de Salta Email: [email protected] Spanish only: http://www.mpfsalta.gov.ar/CIF/ Organigrama Laboratory of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry—General Directorate of Expert Advice—Supreme Court of Justice of the Province of Buenos Aires Address: Laboratorio de Toxicologı´a y Quı´mica Legal—Direccio´n General del Consejo de Expertos—Supremo Tribunal de Justicia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Email: [email protected] Other reference laboratories on legal toxicology Laboratory of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry—Chemical Department—National Gendarmerie Argentina Address: Laboratorio de Toxicologı´a y Quı´mica Legal—Departamento de Quı´mica—Gendarmerı´a Nacional Argentina Email: [email protected] Toxicology Section—Chemical Laboratory Division— Argentine Federal Police Address: Seccio´n de Toxicologı´a—Divisio´n de Laboratorio Quı´mico—Policı´a Federal Argentina Email: [email protected]

Postgraduate courses—specialization and masters Biochemical Residency in Toxicology and Legal Chemistry Graduate training for the recent graduate who aims to complete his training in toxicology by exercising it in a responsible and effective professional performance of the discipline. Receive instruction in conducting research on toxic substances or biomarkers in different matrices and in the interpretation of the results. Address: Residencia bioquı´mica en toxicologı´a y quı´mica legal—Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry—University of Buenos Aires Email: [email protected] Spanish only: http://www.ffyb.uba.ar/residencias/ residencias?es

Medical Specialists in Toxicology Trains the medical professional in modern clinical toxicology and the related sciences in order to allow them to solve problems of diverse complexity in the exercise of the specialty. Address: Carrera de Me´dicos Especialistas en Toxicologı´a—Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Email: [email protected] Spanish only: http://www.fmed.uba.ar/depto/ toxico1/posgrado.htm Medical residencies in toxicology Postgraduate training for doctors in toxicology units where they receive training in diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and epidemiological surveillance of poisonings, with practical exercises in the responsible and effective professional performance of the discipline. • Government Hospitals of the city of Buenos Aires Spanish only: http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/ sites/gcaba/files/toxico_0.pdf • Hospital de Nin˜os “Dr. Ricardo Gutierrez” Email: [email protected] Only Spanish: http://guti.gob.ar/serviciosmedicos.html • Hospital General de Agudos “Dr. Juan A. Ferna´ndez” Email: [email protected] Only Spanish: www.hospitalfernandez.org.ar/ a_toxicologia.asp • Hospital Interzonal de Agudos “Sor Marı´a Ludovica” Email: [email protected] • Hospital Nacional “Dr. Alejandro Posadas” Email: [email protected] Spanish only: http://www.hospitalposadas.gov. ar/formacion/residencia/recursos/programas/ Programa%20de%20Residencia%20de% 20Toxicologia%202018.pdf • Hospital de Nin˜os de la Santı´sima Trinidad de Co´rdoba Email: [email protected] Medical Career Specialist in Toxicology—Faculty of Medicine—University of Buenos Aires Address: 1a Ca´tedra de Toxicologı´a—Facultad de Medicina—Universidad de Buenos Aires Email: [email protected] Spanish only: www.fmed.uba.ar/depto/toxico1/ Post-basic Residence in Addictions Residencia Post-ba´sica en Adicciones—Hospital Interzonal Especializado en Toxicologı´a y Salud Mental Email: [email protected] English only: https://www.facebook.com/ residenciapostbasicaadicciones/

Resources

Specialization in Evaluation of Pollution and Toxicological Risk Training of professionals in risk assessment involving dangerous chemical substances. It reinforces the basic formation of the knowledge of the degree, contributing knowledge of the toxicological discipline, oriented specifically to the evaluation of risk Address: Carrera de especializacio´n en evaluacio´n de la contaminacio´n y su riesgo toxicolo´gico— Universidad Nacional de San Martı´n (UNSAM) Email: [email protected] Spanish only: http://www.unsam.edu.ar/institutos/ 3ia/139/3ia/contaminacion-ambiental

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National Service for Agri-Food Health and Quality (SENASA)—Directorate of Agrochemical and Biological Address: Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA)—Direccio´n de Agroquı´micos y Biolo´gicos Email: [email protected] Spanish only: http://www.senasa.gob.ar/ The database on Registered Agrochemical Products is available at: Spanish only: http://www.senasa.gob.ar/informacion/ productos-veterinarios-fitosanitarios-y-fertilizantes/productos-fitosanitarios-y

Chemical weapons laws Legislation and government agencies Legislation regulates the risks of toxic substances incorporates recommendations and guidelines of International Treaties and Agreements (Stockholm, Rotterdam, Montreal, IFCS, ILO, PAHO / WHO, FAO, UNEP) as well as Technical Directives and Regulations of the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR). MERCOSUR is a process of regional integration instituted initially by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, which in the later stages Venezuela and Bolivia have joined, the latter is in the process of accession. On the other hand, it should be noted that because it is the Argentine Republic of a federal country, federal, provincial, and municipal regulations apply in each locality of the country. The main norms in force at the federal level are listed below on toxic substances that govern product approval, classification, labeling, domestic use, agricultural use, work environment, transportation, final disposa, l and monitoring of the health of the general population and the worker in particular, as well as the government agencies that act as enforcement authorities. InfoLeg—Legislative and documentary information—Ministry of Justice and Human Rights Spanish only: http://www.infoleg.gob.ar/

Agrochemicals laws Agrochemicals. Pesticides, fertilizers, agricultural use and garden. Veterinary products permitted, prohibited, and restricted substances. Maximum pesticide residue limits. Periods of lack. Enabling establishments, developers and formulators. Registry. Authorizations. Labeled. Controls toxic surveillance of products.

The Argentine National Authority for the Chemical Weapons Convention (ANCAQ) is the body responsible for the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention in the territory of the Argentine Republic. The ANCAQ was established in 1997 as an interministry commission, comprising a Board composed of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Production, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship, and an Executive Secretariat, which has its headquarters in the latter Ministry. Address: Autoridad Nacional Argentina para la Convencio´n de Armas Quı´micas—Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto de la Repu´blica Argentina Email: [email protected] Spanish only: http://cancilleria.gov.ar/ancaq

Drug laws Drugs. Permitted, prohibited, and restricted substances. Maximum permitted limits of chemical substances. Containers. Enabling establishments. Good manufacturing practices. Registry. Authorizations. Labeled. Controls. Pharmaco surveillance. National Institute of Drugs (INAME)—National Administration of Drugs, Food and Medical Technology (ANMAT)—Ministry of Health of the Nation Address: Instituto Nacional de Medicamentos (INAME). Administracio´n Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnologı´a Me´dica (ANMAT). Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Email: [email protected] Spanish only: http://www.anmat.gov.ar

Environmental laws The final disposal of toxic waste is regulated by Law 24,051 and its Regulatory Decree 831/93 and the

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complementary regulatory framework of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development and other jurisdictions. Directorate of Hazardous Waste Address: Direccio´n de Residuos Peligrosos. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nacio´n Email: [email protected] Spanish only: https://www.argentina.gob.ar/ambiente

Foods and commodities laws Law No 18284 dictates the Argentine Food Code % and the complementary regulations: water, food, substances allowed, prohibited, and restricted. Maximum permitted limits of additives and contaminants. Containers. Enabling establishments. Good manufacturing practices. Registry. Authorizations. Labeled. Controls food surveillance. National Food Institute (INAL)—National Administration of Medicines, Food and Medical Technology (ANMAT)—Ministry of Health of the Nation Address: Instituto Nacional de Alimentos (INAL). Administracio´n Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnologı´a Me´dica (ANMAT). Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Email: [email protected] Spanish only: http://www.anmat.gov.ar

Labor laws Toxic substances in the workplace are regulated by Law No 19,587 on Hygiene and Safety at Work and its % Regulatory Decree No 351/79, as well as Law No % Hazards and its Regulatory% 24,557 on Occupational Decrees No. 658/96, which establishes the List of Occupational Diseases, and No. 659/96 with the Labor Incapacities Assessment Table, its modifications, and complementary regulatory framework of the Ministry of Labor and the Superintendent of Occupational Risks and other jurisdictions. Address: Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo (SRT) Email: [email protected] Spanish only: https://www.srt.gob.ar/index.php/toxicologia-laboral/

Laws about toys The Essential Toys Safety Requirements of the GMC Resolution No 23/04 “MERCOSUR Technical Regulation on %Toy Safety” contemplates restrictions and maximum limits of the migration of toxic chemical elements. Spanish only: http://www.loa.org.ar/legNormaDetalle. aspx?id 5 5053

Laws on drugs of abuse Secretariat of Programming for the Prevention of Drug Addiction and the Fight Against Drug Traffick (SEDRONAR) Address: Secretarı´a de Programacio´n para la Prevencio´n de la Drogadiccio´n y la Lucha contra el Narcotra´fico—SEDRONAR Spanish only: https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sedronar

Laws on hazardous materials transport It is the enforcement authority of Resolution 195/ 97 of the former Secretariat of Public Works and Transport that incorporates technical standards to the General Regulations for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road, approved by Decree N o % 779/95.

Laws on human health The Federal Atlas of Health Legislation of the Argentine Republic contains the complete texts of the sanitary regulations in force and their systematization, the regulations of regional and international scope issued by MERCOSUR, UNASUR, PARLATINO; International treaties and documents on bioethics. Spanish only: http://www.legisalud.gov.ar/atlas/ index.html

Laws on personal hygiene products, cosmetics and perfumes and household products, oral hygiene products for dental use Household Products: substances or preparations intended for cleaning, washing, odorization, deodorization, sanitation, disinfection or disinfestations, for use in the home, and/or public and/or private collective environments. Permitted, prohibited and restricted substances. Enabling establishments. Good manufacturing practices. Registry. Authorizations. Labeled. Controls cosmetovigilance. Toxic surveillance of products. National Administration of Medicines, Food and Medical Technology (ANMAT). Ministry of Health of the Nation Address: Administracio´n Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnologı´a Me´dica (ANMAT). Ministerio de Salud de la Nacio´n Email: [email protected] Spanish only: http://www.anmat.gov.ar Scientific societies Argentina Toxicological Association (ATA) Address: Asociacio´n Toxicolo´gica Argentina—ATA

Other sources of information consulted (Spanish only)

Email: [email protected] Spanish only: https://www.toxicologia.org.ar/actatoxicologica-argentina/ SETAC Argentina—Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry—Latin America Regional Chapter Email: [email protected] Spanish only: https://setacargentina.setac.org/ SIBSA Argentina—Ibero-American Society of Environmental Health Address: Sociedad Iberoamericana de Salud Ambiental Email: [email protected] Spanish only: https://www.sibsa.org/ Digital Repository While there is no centralized computer database of toxicology literature in Argentina, toxicology would be included in the scope of publications emanating from a repository of the University of Buenos Aires (UBA) at http://repositoriouba.sisbi.uba.ar/gsdl/cgi-bin/ library.cgi.

References Astolfi, E., Banzas, T., Gime´nez, E., 1963. Labor del Centro de Informaciones Toxicolo´gicas del Hospital de Nin˜os de Buenos Aires en sus primeros seis meses de actividad. Rev. Asoc. Med. Arg. 77 (11), 569 573. Ayerza, A., 1917. Arsenicismo regional ende´mico (keratodermia y melanodermia combinadas). Bol. Acad. Med. 2 (3), 11 24. 41-55. Castro, G.D., 2015. El Centro de Investigaciones Toxicolo´gicas. Acta bioquı´m clı´n latinoam 49 (1), 7 16. Available from: http://www. scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script 5 sci_arttext&pid 5 S032529572015000100004&lng 5 es&nrm 5 iso (accessed 06.09.18.). Donnewald, H., Astolfi, E., Beliera, J.C., Garcı´a Fernandez, J.C., Fontana, I.R., 1976. Plaguicidas organoclorados en grasa de pingu¨inos papua. Biol. Plag. 15, 15 17. Esquivel, J.A. 1894. El arse´nico y su toxicologı´a: Tesis inaugural para optar al grado de doctor en medicina. Available from: ,http:// www.bibliomedicinadigital.fmed.uba.ar/medicina/TESISH/ Tesis_00909_Arsenico_su_toxicologia_Esquivel_Juan_A_1894. pdf. (accessed 03.04.18.). Garcı´a, S.I., 2016. La vigilancia de las intoxicaciones en Argentina y en Ame´rica Latina. Notificacio´n, ana´lisis y gestio´n de eventos. Acta Toxicol. Argent. 24 (2), 134 160. Available from: http:// www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script 5 sci_arttext&pid 5 S185137432016000200006&lng 5 es&nrm 5 iso (accessed 06.09.18.). Garcı´a Ferna´ndez, J.C., 1974. Estudios y comentarios sobre impregnacio´n humana por plaguicidas organoclorados en la Repu´blica Argentina. Medicina. 34, 393 410. Goyenechea, M., 1917. Sobre la nueva enfermedad descubierta en Bell-Ville. Rev Med de Rosario 7, 485 489. Houssay, B.A., 1921. Discurso en la demostracio´n ofrecida en el Laboratorio de Toxicologı´a de la Facultad de Ciencias Me´dicas el 17 de noviembre de 1921. Semana Me´dica 20 (46), 689 690. Panigazzi, A., Capece, N.C., 1905. El tabaco y sus efectos; trabajos efectuados en el laboratorio de toxicologı´a experimental de la

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Facultad de ciencias me´dicas de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, La semana me´dica 12. Pearson E.M., Do Carmo M.L. 2017. Administracio´n Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnologı´a Me´dica (ANMAT). Available from: ,http://www.salud.gob.ar/dels/printpdf/134. (accessed 03.04.18.). Pe´rgola, F., 2011a. Pioneros en la investigacio´n me´dica Argentina: Sen˜orans y Pin˜ero. Rev. Argent Salud Pu´blica 2 (9), 48 49. Pe´rgola, F., 2011b. Historia de las Endemias en la Argentina. Revisio´n en el Bicentenario de la Revolucio´n de Mayo. Ed. Salud Investiga. Buenos Aires.

Other sources of information consulted (Spanish only) Chemical Weapons Laws: http://cancilleria.gov.ar/ ancaq Collective catalog of the University of Buenos Aires http://catalogosuba.sisbi.uba.ar/vufind/ The collective catalog gathers the information of the central libraries of the faculties, libraries of the schools, CBC, hospitals, and institutes of the UBA, so as to make possible, from the same platform and in a centralized way, the search and the location of the documents that the university owns and makes available to users. Database of Registered Agrochemicals: http://www.senasa.gob.ar/informacion/ productos-veterinarios-fitosanitarios-y-fertilizantes/ productos-fitosanitarios-y Drug Laws: http://www.anmat.gov.ar Environmental Laws: https://www.argentina.gob. ar/ambiente Foods and Commodities Laws: http://www.anmat. gov.ar InfoLeg—Legislative and documentary information— Ministry of Justice and Human Rights http://www.infoleg.gob.ar/ Information on Forensic and Police Toxicology Laboratories http://www.consejompra.org/laboratorios/ index Labor Laws: https://www.srt.gob.ar/index.php/ toxicologia-laboral/ Laws about toys: http://www.loa.org.ar/ legNormaDetalle.aspx?id 5 5053 Laws on Drugs of Abuse: https://www.argentina. gob.ar/sedronar Laws on Human Health: http://www.legisalud.gov. ar/atlas/index.html Laws on Personal Hygiene Products, Cosmetics and Perfumes and Household Products: http://www. anmat.gov.ar

C H A P T E R

4 Australia Paul F.A. Wright1,2 1

School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT-University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia 2Australasian College of Toxicology and Risk Assessment (ACTRA), Fitzroy, VIC, Australia

Introduction

The rapid increase in public use and access to complementary medicines, resulting in both adverse reactions and interactions with pharmaceuticals, has raised concerns throughout Australia about the appropriate regulation of these therapies. This led to the establishment of a specific evaluation committee within the TGA in 1997, and additional government reforms and regulations followed. During 2003, in what may be the world’s largest medicines recall, the TGA withdrew over 1300 complementary medicine products marketed by Pan Pharmaceuticals, Australia’s largest contract manufacturer of complementary medicines at that time. The recall was the result of initial reports of serious adverse events associated with Pan’s travel sickness tablets, which led to an extensive TGA audit of Pan that found widespread serious deficiencies in the company’s manufacturing and quality control procedures, including substitution of ingredients, manipulation of test results, and substandard manufacturing processes (Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), 2003). Australia was also the first country to use the wellestablished toxicity profile caused by cigarette smoking to successfully implement tobacco plain packaging in 2012. This legislative action has resulted in the first global documentation of a national decline in smoking uptake by children and juveniles, enabling other countries to move toward adopting this important public health measure.

Australia is a continent of great biodiversity and natural resources, with environmental conditions ranging from arid, through temperate to tropical climates. Its limited freshwater resources in a predominantly dry climate, coupled with severe multiyear drought cycles, make environmental sustainability a constant issue. Its population of nearly 25 million is mainly concentrated in coastal urban and industrial centers. Mining, agricultural, and livestock industries are major export contributors and important chemical users.

Medicinal toxicity There is a long history over several millennia of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander custodians passing on information about their traditional medicine pharmacopoeias, which has seen a resurgence in the use of both indigenous plants and bush foods. During the early part of the 20th century there was a general acceptance in Australia that therapeutic compounds provided great benefits and their potential risks were not emphasized. Nonetheless, there were some notable local episodes of medicinal toxicities, including the chronic overuse between the 1950s and 1970s of very popular analgesic “APC” powders (a mixture of aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine) that produced gastric ulcers and an epidemic of chronic renal failure (“analgesic nephropathy”) in Australia (Michielsen, 2007). However, it was the thalidomide disaster in Australia (marketed between 1957 and 1961), which led to the establishment in 1963 of the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) as an independent committee to advise on drug safety. The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA, the Australian equivalent to the FDA) and ADEC have since played a pivotal role in the genesis of Australia’s drug regulatory system. Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00004-8

Occupational toxicity Australia has always relied heavily on the mining industry for export income, including specific industries with recognized potential health problems through occupational exposure. Important examples

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Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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4. Australia

include lead mining and smelting, and uranium mining with its associated processing and usage, that is, the Anglo-Australian atomic test sites in 1953, near Woomera in South Australia. Of particular note are the extensive ongoing health issues surrounding asbestos mining, processing/manufacture, usage, and waste removal. Poor workplace conditions at the major asbestos mine that operated between 1938 and 1966 in Wittenoom, Western Australia, led to the diagnosis of Australia’s first mesothelioma case in 1962. Following the diagnosis of numerous cases in subsequent years, the Australian Mesothelioma Surveillance Program (later the Australian Mesothelioma Register) was established in 1980, currently supported by the Australian Government agency Safe Work Australia.

Environmental toxicity Intensive agricultural practices during the 230 years of European settlement have seen the extensive use of pesticides and herbicides to control insect pests and introduced noxious weeds. Important examples include the ongoing legacy of contaminated sites from arsenic trioxide cattle dip baths used between 1895 and 1950 to control cattle tick infestations originating from Java; and more recently, the excessive use of organochlorine insecticides to control the Heliothis moth, a devastating and increasingly resistant cotton pest. There are ongoing concerns about the impact of human activities on the health of the world’s largest reef system, the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Queensland. Bleaching events and coral die-off due to agricultural runoff, oil spills, and industrial and tourism activities are exacerbated by invasive species, and rising temperatures and acidity from climate change events. Very recent issues concern environmental contamination caused by coal seam gas extraction activities (“fracking”) and the consequences of long-term use of fire-fighting foams that contained per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in regular training procedures by the military, commercial airports, fire brigades, and heavy industry. Australia’s unique flora and fauna provide an astounding range of natural toxins. Toxic Australian fauna include 17 of the world’s 20 most venomous snakes, as well as venomous spiders and marine animals, such as the blue-ringed octopus and various species of fish, jellyfish, and cone snails. Of the thousand species of plants in Australia that are toxic to livestock and humans, around 60% are native plants and these commonly result in poisoning of the livestock grazing on native pastures. Algae toxins are also found in freshwater and marine environments, with

contaminated drinking water being the most common problem presented by cyanotoxins. Consequently, aspects of clinical toxicology and toxinology have been of particular interest in Australia, including antivenom development and the treatment of acute poisonings. This evidence-based research directly led to the worldwide improvement of first aid practices for bites from snakes, some spiders (e.g., Sydney funnel-web), and certain other land and marine creatures, in which arterial tourniquets have now been replaced by the pressure-immobilization procedure (Sutherland, 1998).

Toxicology research Australian toxicologists are making significant contributions from academia, government, and the commercial sector toward assessing the level of risk associated with chemicals and protecting the community from environmental hazards. Most Australian academic and research toxicologists were initially based in small groups within university departments of pharmacology. The growing importance of toxicology in Australia was recognized by the establishment in the mid-1980s of the Key Centre for Applied and Nutritional Toxicology at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Funded by the Australian Research Council’s (ARC) Key Centre for Teaching and Research program, it delivered the first general toxicology master degree program in Australasia, in addition to extensive research activities into detoxication biochemistry, biochemical mechanisms of toxicity, immunotoxicology, toxicokinetics, ecotoxicology, food toxicology, and nanotoxicology. Then located within the RMIT School of Medical Sciences, the toxicology faculty delivered the world’s first and only fully online toxicology postgraduate degrees (i.e., Graduate Diploma in Toxicology and Master of Toxicology) from 2001 to 2010. Part of this courseware has been repurposed and is now delivered in specialist undergraduate courses using blended-learning modalities. A second national toxicology research center was established in 1991 at Queensland University, in partnership with Queensland Health, by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). This National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (now known as EnTox) was specifically established to conduct extensive research activities into human environmental toxicology. Subsequently, the Australian Centre for Human Health Risk Assessment (ACHHRA) was established at Monash University in 2001, by a consortium of four universities with federal health department support. This center has expertise in epidemiology, toxicology, and environmental

References

sciences and is concerned with risk assessment of human exposure to hazardous chemicals and microorganisms (Priestly et al., 2007). More recently, NanoSafe Australia was established in 2006 as a nationwide nanosafety/nanotoxicology research network. It was coordinated from RMIT and provided occupational and environmental health and safety information, research, and services to the ARC Nanotechnology Network (ARCNN, now the Australian Nanotechnology Network, ANN) and the NHMRC Advisory Committee on Health and Nanotechnology, as well as government (Australian Office of Nanotechnology and Safe Work Australia), industry, and nongovernment organizations (including Standards Australia and Cancer Council Australia). Members of Nanosafe Australia also participated in an important international nanotoxicology research activity highlighted in the Australian Academy of Science Report on the national nanotechnology decadal research plan 2012, that is, the OECD Working Party on Engineered Nanomaterials “Sponsorship Programme for the Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials.” Major research contributors for this Australian Consortium were the Nanosafety Theme of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), the Nanometrology Section of the National Measurement Institute, and the Nanosafety Research Group of RMIT University. These activities led to the establishment of the Asia Nano Safe research network in 2013, under the auspices of the Asia Nano Forum (ANF), and coordinated from RMIT (by Wright PFA). This nanotoxicology research also confirmed the safety of nanosunscreens—a major public health issue due to Australia having the highest incidence of UV-induced skin cancer—that occurred through multidisciplinary collaborations between RMIT and Monash universities and the Australian Synchrotron.

Toxicology-related societies Toxicology is, by its nature, a multidisciplinary science and Australian toxicologists come from many scientific fields. Many academic and research toxicologists received a pharmacology or biomedicalrelated education, but the majority of the .1000 persons actively engaged in toxicology-related employment in Australia are employed in government regulatory areas. Consequently, there are several cognate professional societies of which Australian toxicologists are active members, including pharmacology, pharmaceutical, pathology, chemistry, environmental, regulatory, and forensic societies.

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Of particular note is the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists, which established the Toxicology Section as its first subgroup in 1982, then became an Australasian affiliate of the International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX) in May 1988, and finally changed its name to include Toxicologists in 1991. Since then, ASCEPT established a lecturer-exchange program with the British Toxicology Society in 1996, and also formed a Clinical Toxicology Section in 2001. These sections continue as Special Interest Groups within ASCEPT. In the ecotoxicology arena, the Australasian Society for Ecotoxicology (ASE) was established in 1994 and simultaneously launched its main publication the Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology. In 2011 ASE members voted to merge their society with the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), and it is now the Regional Chapter of SETAC Australasia (SETAC-AU). Amongst the most recent significant events in Australian toxicology was the establishment of the Australasian College of Toxicology and Risk Assessment (ACTRA) in July 2006. It provides a program of continuing education and established a registration scheme for practitioners in toxicology and health risk assessment in Australia and New Zealand. In 2011 ACTRA also became an Australasian affiliate of IUTOX. Australian toxicologists have had significant international toxicology society involvement, through their service as elected directors on the executive committee of IUTOX for 12 continuous years (Priestly B.G., Di Marco P., Wright P.F.A., from 1992 to 2004), in which they provided several initiatives, including (Wright) designing IUTOX’s first logo, codesigning and moderating its new website, initiating online postgraduate toxicology education to developing countries, and coauthoring the “ToxLearn” online toxicology tutorials. Also the first International Congress of Toxicology (ICT) held in the southern hemisphere was hosted in Australia by ASCEPT (ICT-IX, Brisbane July, 2001). Of great significance is that for the first time an Australian toxicologist (Di Marco P., President of ACTRA 2012 19, and President-elect of IUTOX 2016 19) is the next President of IUTOX, from July 2019.

References Michielsen, P., 2007. In memoriam ‘analgesic nephropathy’ (circa 1972 2006). Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 22, 999 1001. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfl797. Priestly, B.G., Di Marco, P., Sim, M., Moore, M.R., Langley, A., 2007. Toxicology in Australia: a key component of environmental health. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 70 (19), 1578 1583.

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Sutherland, S., 1998. A venomous life. Hyland House Publishing Pty Ltd., Melbourne, ISBN 1-86447-026-7. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Medicine recalls, 2003. Pan Pharmaceuticals Limited—regulatory action and product recall information. https://www.tga.gov.au/product-recall/pan-pharmaceuticals-limited-regulatory-action-product-recall-information.

Williamson J.A., Fenner P.J., Burnett J.W., Rifkin J.F. (eds.) (1996) Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals Sydney, Australia: University of NSW Press.

Journals Resources Books Australian Medicines Handbook 2019 Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd; Adelaide, Australia. ISBN: 978-0-9943262-9-4. Also eAMH editions (for laptops, tablets, smartphones). (https://amhonline. amh.net.au/) Covacevich J., Davie P., Pearn J. (eds.) (1987) Toxic Plants and Animals: A Guide for Australia Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Museum 504 pp. ISBN: 0724223819. Dalefield R. (2017) Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0-12-420227-6. McKenzie R. (2012) Australia’s Poisonous Plants, Fungi and Cyanobacteria CSIRO Publishing. ISBN: 9780643092679. Meier J., White J. (eds.) (1995) Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons New York, USA: CRC Press. ISBN: 9780849344893. Mirtschin P., Rasmussen A.R., Weinstein S. (2017) Australia’s Dangerous Snakes: Identification, Biology and Envenoming CSIRO Publishing. ISBN: 9780643106734. Murray L., Little M., Pascu O., Hoggett K.A. (2015) Toxicology Handbook, 2nd Edition Sydney, Australia: Churchill Livingstone Australia. ISBN-13: 978-0729542241.

The following Australian and Australasian journals address toxicology-related aspects: Australasian Bulletin of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Chemistry (ABEEC) Sydney, Australia: SETAC-AU (from 2011 and the merger of ASE with SETAC). Web: https://australasia.setac.org/index.php/ publications/abeec/ Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health Journal of the Public Health Association of Australia: Wiley-Blackwell. ISSN: 1326-0200; Online ISSN:1753-6405. Web: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/ 17536405a Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology Sydney, Australia: Australasian Society for Ecotoxicology (from 1995 to 2010; Archive issues available online). ISSN: 1323-3475. Web: https://australasia.setac.org/index.php/ publications/aje/ Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences Journal of the Australian Academy of Forensic Sciences: Taylor and Francis. ISSN: 0045-0618. Web: https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tajf20/ current Australian Veterinary Journal Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd. ISSN: 0005-0423. Web: https://www.ava.com.au/avj

Pearn J., Covacevich J. (1988) Venoms and Victims Brisbane, Australia: Queensland Museum and Amphion Press.

Journal of Health, Safety and Environment Sydney, Australia: CCH Australia Limited. ISSN: 1837-9362. (Continues on from The Journal of Occupational Health and Safety—Australia and New Zealand, ISSN: 0815-6409) Web: http://www.wolterskluwer.cch.com.au/ employment-whs/journalhse

Seawright A.A. (1989) Chemical and Plant Poisons, 2nd Edition, Volume 2, Animal Health in Australia Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Marine and Freshwater Research Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. ISSN: 1323-1650. Web: http://www.publish.csiro.au/mf

Sutherland S.K., Tibballs J. (2001) Australian Animal Toxins: The Creatures, Their Toxins and Care of the Poisoned Patient, 2nd Edition Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.

Online Journal of Veterinary Research Brisbane, Australia: Online Journal of Veterinary Research. ISSN: 1328-925X. Web: http://onljvetres.com/

Resources

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Technical reports and other documents

Australian OHS Sites

Australian Mesothelioma Register

This website is provided by the National Research Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Regulation, and lists important Australian OHS weblinks, including OHS legislation (by jurisdiction), authorities, centers, institutes, and general OHS sites.

Reports provided by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) website, funded by Safe Work Australia. Web: https://www.mesothelioma-australia.com/ Australian Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Statistics Statistical reports provided by Safe Work Australia of work-related injuries and fatalities. Web: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/ statistics-and-research/statistics/statistics Health based risk assessment of contaminated land involving carcinogens Published as: Wright, P.F.A. (ed.) (1996). Health based risk assessment of contaminated land: Focus on carcinogens: proceedings of an ASCEPT toxicology workshop (Chief editor, Wright, PFA) Australasian Society of Clinical & Experimental Pharmacologists & Toxicologists (ASCEPT), Sydney, ISBN 0-646-30641-7. 124 pages. NanoSafe Australia’s position paper on OHS best practices for the Australian nanotechnology industry Published as: Harford A., Edwards J., Priestly B., Wright P. (2007) Current OHS best practices for the Australian Nanotechnology industry. Journal of Occupational Health and Safety—Australia and New Zealand, 23(4):315 331. ISSN 0815-6409. Safe Work Australia chemical and nanotechnology safety documents This website includes work health and safety documents on chemical safety, and monographs and publications produced by its internationally regarded Nanotechnology Work Health and Safety program (2006 2014; headed by Morris H.). Web: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/ statistics-and-research/research-and-studies/ nanotechnology

Databases Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS) Maintained by NICNAS, this chemical inventory currently lists .40,000 chemical entities available for use in Australia. Chemicals listed in AICS can be imported or manufactured in Australia without having to notify NICNAS as a new chemical, unless exempt or the intended use is different to the listed conditions of use. Web: https://www.nicnas.gov.au/chemical-inventory

Web: http://regnet.anu.edu.au/research/centres/ national-research-centre-ohs-regulation-nrcohsr Clinical Toxinology Resources This website is provided by the Toxinology Department, Women’s & Children’s Hospital, Adelaide, and the Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide. It provides a range of toxinology references and first aid information with specific sections for snakes, spiders, and marine life. Web: http://www.toxinology.com/ Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN) This unit of the federal Department of Environment and Energy, develops and manages a comprehensive, accurate, and accessible information base for environmental decisions. Information services provided or hosted by ERIN include Chemical Monitoring Database, Agricultural Chemical Usage Database, and the National Pollutant Inventory (see separate listing below). Web: http://www.environment.gov.au/about-us/ environmental-information-data/erin Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS) The HCIS is a web resource providing information on chemicals that have been classified in accordance with GHS and/or have workplace exposure standards. Web: http://hcis.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/ Hazardous Substances This website contains information on the Australian National Standards and Codes of Practice, along with guidance material for hazardous substances. Other information is provided on the Exposure Standards, Regulatory Framework for Hazardous Substances, the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of classification and labeling of chemicals (which became mandatory in most Australian states in 2017), and information for specific hazardous chemicals. Web: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/ chemicals National Coroners Information System (NCIS) This is a national database of Australian coronial cases, including information about every death reported to an Australian coroner since July 2000. The

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4. Australia

NCIS is a valuable hazard identification and death prevention tool for coroners and research agencies and was based at the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM) from 2004 to 2012, and it is now part of the Victorian Department of Justice and Regulation. Web: http://www.ncis.org.au/ National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) This program is run by the federal Department of the Environment and Energy, in cooperation with state/territory government departments. The National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) provides free access to information on emission estimates for toxic substances, and the source and location of these emissions in Australia. Web: http://www.npi.gov.au/ Safe Work Australia Resources The government website of Safe Work Australia (formerly Worksafe Australia - National Occupational Health and Safety Commission, NOHSC, and then the Australian Safety and Compensation Council, ASCC) includes health and safety topics, as well as much of the information that was available via the Australian OHS Index and OHS Research Database of the former NOHSC websites.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) Australia’s national agency for health and welfare statistics and information. Web: http://www.aihw.gov.au/ Postal address: AIHW, GPO Box 570, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Phone: 161-2-6244 1000 Fax: 161-2-6244 1299 Email: [email protected] Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) Australian government regulatory authority of AgVet chemicals (formerly the National Registration Authority, NRA) that is responsible for the evaluation and registration of all agricultural and veterinary chemical products into the Australian marketplace. It also administers the National Registration Scheme for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals in partnership with the States and Territories. The APVMA also runs training programs for regulatory scientists.

Web: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/ resources-publications

Web: http://www.apvma.gov.au/ Postal address: APVMA, PO Box 6182, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia Phone: 161-2-6210 4701 Email: [email protected]

Virtual Anaesthesia Textbook: Poisonings, Bites and Envenomations

Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA)

An online database with useful Australian links for toxicology and toxinology, provided by Chris Thompson at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.

Federal Government agency with the responsibility for protecting the health and safety of people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation. It includes the Radiation Health Committee, Nuclear Safety Committee, and Radiation Health & Safety Advisory Council.

Web: http://www.virtual-anaesthesia-textbook.com/ vat/poisoning_bites.html WikiTox WikiTox is an open access curriculum project to improve the treatment of people who are poisoned, which stemmed from “HyperTox”—a poison information program written by Australian clinical toxicologists originally based in Newcastle University, NSW.

Web: http://www.arpansa.gov.au/index.htm Postal address: ARPANSA, 619 Lower Plenty Road, Yallambie, VIC 3085, Australia Phone: 161-3-9433 2211 Fax: 161-3-9432 1835 Email: [email protected]

Web: http://www.wikitox.org/

Department of Agriculture and Water Resources

Organizations—government National Government (Federal Commonwealth Agencies) Author’s note: All Australian government websites listed in this chapter are current for November 2018, however website URLs may subsequently change due to the renaming and reorganization of various departments.

This federal government department includes the APVMA, Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, and Biosecurity Australia. Web: http://www.agriculture.gov.au/ Postal address: Australia Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, GPO Box 858, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Phone: 161-2-6272 3933

Resources

Department of the Environment and Energy This federal government department contains the Australian Antarctic Division, Climate Change Authority and the Supervising Scientist Branch, ERIN and NPI information services and databases (see above). Web: http://www.environment.gov.au/ Postal address: Department of the Environment and Energy, GPO Box 787, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Phone: 161-2-6274 1111 Department of Health This federal government department contains several regulatory authorities, including those related to therapeutics (TGA), industrial chemicals (NICNAS), food standards (FSANZ), radiation safety (ARPANSA), and health statistics (AIHW)—these authorities are also listed separately. Web: http://www.health.gov.au/ Postal address: Department of Health, GPO Box 9848, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Phone: 161-2-6289 1555 Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) This statutory agency sets food standards governing the use of food additives, and maximum contamination limits in food, for Australia and New Zealand. Web: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/ Postal address: FSANZ, PO Box 5423, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia Phone: 161-2-6271 2222 Fax: 161-2-6271 2278 Email: [email protected] National Environmental Standing Committee (enHealth) Located within the Office of Health Protection, under the auspices of Australian Health Protection Principal Committee, enHealth is specifically concerned with the environmental health aspects of public health. Web: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/ publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-environ-enhealthcommittee.htm National Environment Protection Council (NEPC) The NEPC is constituted by the federal and state departments of the environment and environmental protection agencies, and has two primary functions: to make National Environment Protection Measures (NEPMs), and to assess and report on the implementation and effectiveness of NEPMs in participating jurisdictions. Its website also contains the archive of the Environment Protection and Heritage Council of Australia and New Zealand, which included NEPC during the period of 2001 11.

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Web: http://www.nepc.gov.au/ Postal address: National Environment Protection Council, GPO Box 787, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Phone: 161-2-6274 1111 Email: [email protected] National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) This agency aids in the protection of the Australian people and the environment by assessing the risks of industrial chemicals. NICNAS assesses applications to introduce new chemical entities into Australia, and selectively reviews existing priority industrial chemicals listed on the AICS database (see above). Note: The Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS) will replace NICNAS on 1 July 2020. Web: http://www.nicnas.gov.au/ AICS link Web: https://www.nicnas.gov.au/chemicalinventory Office of Chemical Safety (OCS) The OCS administers NICNAS and also provides human health risk assessment services on chemicals to other Commonwealth agencies. Web: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/ publishing.nsf/content/ohp-ocs.htm Safe Work Australia (SWA) Commonwealth government authority for matters relating to occupational health and safety (OHS), also termed work health and safety (WHS). SWA was formerly the Australian Safety and Compensation Council (ASCC), and previously Worksafe Australia—National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC). Its website has direct links to the state WHS authorities that enforce and regulate WHS laws within Australia. Web: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/ Postal address: Safe Work Australia, GPO Box 641, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] Supervising Scientist Branch Located within the Department of the Environment and Energy, it conducts environmental research and monitoring, environmental supervision, audit and inspection of uranium mining in the Alligator Rivers Region and wetlands. Web: http://www.environment.gov.au/science/ supervising-scientist/ Postal address: Supervising Scientist, GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia Phone: 161-8-8920 1100 Email: [email protected]

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4. Australia

Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) Located in the Department of Health, the TGA is responsible for regulating therapeutic goods including prescription medicines, vaccines, sunscreens, vitamins and minerals, medical devices, blood and blood products. It administers the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods. Certain committees and sections are listed below with special relevance to toxicology, chemical risk assessment and public and environmental health. Web: http://www.tga.gov.au/ Postal address: TGA, PO Box 100, Woden, ACT 2606, Australia Phone: 161-2-6232 8444 Fax: 161-2-6203 1605 Email: [email protected] TGA Committees Advisory Committee on Chemicals Scheduling (ACCS) The ACCS (formerly the National Drugs and Poisons Schedule Committee) and the Advisory Committee on Medicines Scheduling set the Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons to promoting uniform scheduling of substances, and uniform labeling and packaging requirements, throughout Australia.

State and territory governments Australian Capital Territory, ACT

South Australia, SA

Queensland, QLD

Tasmania, TAS

New South Wales, NSW

Victoria, VIC

Northern Territory, NT

Western Australia, WA

The following are lists of links to the government departments in the various states and territories that are relevant to toxicology, chemical risk assessment, and public and environmental health. An example of one corresponding state government department is shown in each case. Due to the separation of powers between the federal commonwealth and the states/territories, roles are divided, with the assessment, evaluation, and registration of chemicals occurring federally (by the four main regulatory agencies of the TGA, NICNAS, FSANZ, and APVMA), and the legislation administered by the states. These federal regulatory agencies are summarized on the NICNAS webpage: https://www.nicnas.gov.au/about-us/what-we-do Australian Environment Protection Authorities

Web: https://www.tga.gov.au/committee/advisorycommittee-chemicals-scheduling-accs

A regional listing to the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) in each Australian state, provided by the NEPC.

Advisory Committee on Complementary Medicines (ACCM)

Web: http://www.nepc.gov.au/about-us/ jurisdictional-agencies

An expert committee providing scientific and policy advice relating to controls on the supply and use of complementary medicines.

Environment Protection Authority (EPA) Victoria

Web: https://www.tga.gov.au/committee/ advisory-committee-complementary-medicinesaccm Advisory Committee on Medicines (ACM) An expert committee established in 2017 to consolidate the previous functions of other related committees, it provides independent, scientific advice on the safety, quality, and efficacy of medicines supplied in Australia. It covers the previous work of the Advisory Committee on the Safety of Medicines, which itself superseded the Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee. Web: https://www.tga.gov.au/committee/advisorycommittee-medicines-acm

EPA Victoria (EPA) is an independent statutory authority for the prevention and control of air, land, and water pollution, industrial noise, and waste. Web: https://www.epa.vic.gov.au/ Postal address: EPA Victoria, GPO Box 4395, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia Email: [email protected] Australian Health Departments A regional listing of the state health departments from the federal Department of Health, which also includes links to all agencies within the health portfolio. Each health department has units for Public/ Population Health and Environmental Health, with Toxicology and Epidemiology sections. Web: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/ publishing.nsf/Content/health-related.htm

Resources

SA Health This state health department includes the South Australian Public Health Council, and its website provides information and services on environmental health, drugs, and poisons. Web: https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au Postal address: SA Health, PO Box 287, Rundle Mall, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia Phone: 161-8-8226 6000 Australian WHS Departments A regional listing of the state WHS-related departments in Australia from SWA, which also includes links to the state agencies. Web: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/ Workplace Health and Safety Queensland (WHSQ) The WHSQ is part of the Queensland Office of Industrial Relations and the website is in partnership with WorkCover Queensland. The nanotechnology section of this website has an assessment tool and nanomaterial control banding tool worksheet to aid risk management for Australian organizations handling engineered nanomaterials. Web: https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/ Postal address: Workplace Health and Safety Queensland, GPO Box 69, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia Phone: 161-7-3006 6714

Government research organizations Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) Conducts research into marine environments and their resources, including bioproducts and sustainable management. Web: https://www.aims.gov.au/ Postal address: AIMS, 1526 Cape Cleveland Road, Cape Cleveland, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia Phone: 161-7-4753 4444 Fax: 161-7-4772 5852 Email: [email protected] Australian Research Council (ARC) As an agency within the federal Department of Education and Training portfolio, ARC advises on research matters, and administers the National Competitive Grants Program and the Excellence in Research for Australia framework. Web: https://www.arc.gov.au

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Postal address: ARC, GPO Box 2702, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Phone: 161-2-6287 6600 Fax: 161-2-6287 6601 Email: [email protected] Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) This is Australia’s national science agency and includes centers concerned with health (CSIRO Health and Biosecurity) and environmental sustainability and contamination (CSIRO Land and Water). CSIRO has produced several high impact inventions, including WiFi, plastic banknotes, Aerogard insect repellent, and RAFT polymerization. Web: https://www.csiro.au/ Postal address: CSIRO Enquiries, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia Phone: 161-3-9545 2176 Email: [email protected] Cooperative Research Centres (CRC) The CRC Program, now in the federal Department of Business, supports industry-led collaborations between industry, researchers, and the community. Currently there are 30 collaborative research centers, including some concerned with environmental sustainability and chemical contamination. Some relevant past CRCs have continued as new entities, for example, Water Research Australia (Water RA), which was formed from the Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment. Links to current CRCs are shown in the weblink. Web: https://www.business.gov.au/assistance/ cooperative-research-centres-programme/ cooperative-research-centres-crcs-grants/currentcrcs Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems (ACE) CRC This research partnership is Australia’s longest continually-funded CRC and focuses on the sustainable management of Antarctic marine ecosystem resources and the study of atmospheric and oceanic processes of the Southern Ocean. Web: http://acecrc.org.au/ Postal address: ACE CRC, Private Bag 80, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia Phone: 161-3-6226 7888 Fax: 161-3-6226 2440 Email: [email protected]

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4. Australia

Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC-CARE) This research partnership develops advanced new technologies for dealing with land, groundwater and air contamination. Established in University of South Australia in 2005 and relocated to Newcastle University in 2015 in collaboration with Global Centre for Environmental Remediation. Web: http://www.crccare.com Postal address: CRC CARE, C/- Newcastle University LPO, PO Box 18, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia Phone: 161-8-8302 5041 Email: [email protected] National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) The NHMRC is the main government granting body for medical research and is also responsible for providing practical guidelines and advice concerning human and animal research ethics. Web: https://nhmrc.gov.au/ Postal address: NHMRC, GPO Box 1421, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Phone: 161-2-62179000 Email: [email protected] Human Research Ethics Committees (HREC) & Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC) These NHMRC committees are concerned with human research ethics and have provided guidelines for these activities in the “National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007).” Web: https://nhmrc.gov.au/research-policy/ethics/ human-research-ethics-committees Animal Ethics Committees (AEC) & Animal Welfare Committee (AWC) These NHMRC committees are concerned with animal research ethics and have defined the appropriate ethical procedures for animal experimentation in Australia in the “Australian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes (8th ed. 2013)”. Web: https://nhmrc.gov.au/research-policy/ethics/ animal-ethics National Institute of Forensic Science (NIFS) NIFS is a Directorate within the Australia New Zealand Policing Advisory Agency (ANZPAA) and is hosted by Victoria Police. This institute supports research in forensic science (including forensic toxicology), and conducts training programs for registering practitioners and also quality assurance programs.

Web: http://www.anzpaa.org.au/forensic-science/ nifs-home Postal address: ANZPAA, Level 6, Tower 3, World Trade Centre, 637 Flinders Street, Docklands, VIC 3008, Australia Phone: 161-3-9628 7211 Email: [email protected] Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) The RIRDC (also known as “AgriFutures Australia”) manages and funds priority research, including the sustainable use of the environment, and translates the results into practical outcomes for industry development. Web: https://www.agrifutures.com.au/ Postal address: AgriFutures Australia, Building 007, Tooma Way, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia Phone: 161-2-6923 6900 Email: [email protected] Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth) VicHealth has an in-house toxicology section and is the world’s first health promotion foundation; it was established by the Victorian Parliament as part of the Tobacco Act of 1987. Web: https://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/about/contact-us Phone: 1 61-3-9667 1333 Fax: 1 61-3-9667 1375 Postal address: VicHealth, PO Box 154, Carlton South, VIC 3053, Australia Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM) The VIFM provides forensic toxicology, pathology, and related services, training, and research in Victoria. It has academic status as the Monash University Department of Forensic Medicine and administers the National Coroners Information System (NCIS) database (see above). Web: http://www.vifm.org/ Postal address: VIFM, 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank, VIC 3006, Australia Phone: 161-3-9684 4444 Fax: 161-3-9682 7353 Email: [email protected]

Organizations—nongovernment Alcohol and other Drugs Council of Australia (ADCA) NGO working to reduce the harm caused by alcohol and other drugs. The website provides a list of the 24hour alcohol and drug helplines around Australia. Web: http://www.adca.org.au

Resources

Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF) A charity that funds cancer research, including epidemiology. Web: http://www.acrf.com.au Postal address: ACRF, Suite 2, Level 3, 77 King Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia Phone: 161-2-9223 7833 Fax: 161-2-9223 1800 Email: [email protected] Australian Drug Foundation A foundation working to prevent and reduce alcohol and other drug-related problems. Web: http://www.adf.org.au Postal address: Australian Drug Foundation, PO Box 818, North Melbourne, VIC 3051, Australia Phone: 161-3-9611 6100 Fax: 161-3-8672 5983 Email: [email protected] Australian Medical Council Independent national standards body for medical education and training. Web: http://www.amc.org.au Postal address: Australian Medical Council, PO Box 4810, Kingston, ACT 2604, Australia Phone: 161-2-62709777 Fax: 161-2-62709799 Australian Patient Safety Foundation (APSF) Nonprofit independent organization for the advancement of patient safety; has developed classification systems and database software for coding and reporting of incidents and adverse events (i.e., the Advanced Incident Management System, AIMSTM software).

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The WEHI Divisions of “Cell Signalling and Cell Death” and “Molecular Genetics of Cancer” continue to conduct internationally significant research into apoptosis. Web: http://www.wehi.edu.au Postal address: WEHI, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia Phone: 161-3-9345 2555 Fax: 161-3-9347 0852 Email: [email protected] Commercial Organizations with Toxicology and Regulatory Activities: Association of Therapeutic Goods Consultants Professional association of technical consultants to the therapeutic goods industry. Web: http://www.atgc.com.au Postal address: ATGC, PO Box 288, Milsons Point, NSW 1565, Australia Austox Programs AUSTOX Toxicology Proficiency Testing Programs are administered by a reference facility for drug screening— Forensic & Analytical Science Service (FASS, at the Macquarie Hospital Campus, North Ryde, Sydney). Web: http://www.austox.com Postal address: Forensic & Analytical Science Service, Quality Management Unit, PO Box 162, Lidcombe, NSW 1825, Australia Phone: 161-2-9646 0222 Email: [email protected] Australian Water Association (AWA) Australia’s largest water industry association that promotes the sustainable management of water, including public health issues.

Web: http://www.apsf.net.au Postal address: APSF, PO Box 2471, IPC CWE-53, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia Phone: 161-8-8302 2447 Email: [email protected]

Web: http://www.awa.asn.au Postal address: AWA, PO Box 222, St Leonards, NSW 1590, Australia Phone: 161-2-9436 0055 Email: [email protected]

Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA Australia)

Cancer Council Australia

Australian branch of society for the prevention of cruelty to animals, including in animal experimentation. Web: http://www.rspca.org.au Postal address: RSPCA Australia Inc., PO Box 265, Deakin West, ACT 2600, Australia Phone: 161-2-6282 8300 Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI) of Medical Research

Along with local state Cancer Councils, it is the only Australian charity to work across every area of every cancer, from research to prevention and support, and is an important provider of sunscreens and advice on sunscreen use. Web: https://www.cancer.org.au Postal address: CCA, GPO Box 4708, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia Email: [email protected]

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4. Australia

Chemistry Australia

The information on these websites should be compared with websites and refereed sources of the relevant government authorities and scientific literature.

This is the main national body (formerly known as the Plastics and Chemicals Industries Association) representing Australia’s 2nd largest manufacturing sector.

Asbestos Diseases Society of Australia (ADSA)

Web: https://chemistryaustralia.org.au Postal address: Chemistry Australia, PO Box 422, Flinders Lane, VIC 8009, Australia Phone: 161-3-9611 5400 Fax: 161-3-9611 5499 Email: [email protected]

A charitable organization that provides the Asbestos Diseases Advisory Services, and counseling/support services to those who develop asbestos-related diseases and their families. It also provides information on asbestos toxicity and conducts fundraising for medical research.

National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia (NATA)

Web: https://www.asbestosdiseases.org.au/ Postal address: ADSA, PO Box 1394, Osborne Park, WA 6916, Australia Phone: 161-8-9344 4077 Fax: 161-8-9345 0422

Government-endorsed provider of accreditation for laboratories and testing facilities. NATA is Australia’s Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) compliance monitoring authority for the OECD Principles of GLP and Australia’s representative on the OECD GLP Working Group. Web: https://www.nata.com.au Postal address: NATA, PO Box 7507, Silverwater, NSW 2128, Australia Phone: 161-2-9736 8222 Fax: 161-2-9743 5311 National Safety Council of Australia (NSCA) Provides commercial WHS training, as part of Fire and Safety Australia Pty Ltd. Web: http://www.nsca.org.au Risk Management Institution of Australasia Limited (RMIA) The RMIA is the professional institution and industry association for Risk Managers in the Asia Pacific region. Web: http://www.rmia.org.au/ Postal address: RMIA, Suite 602A, 97 Pacific Highway, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia Phone: 161-2-9095 2500 Waste Management Association of Australia (WMAA) Peak national body for the Australian waste and resource recovery industry. Web: https://www.wmaa.asn.au/ Postal address: WMAA, Suite 4.08, 10 Century Cct, Baulkham Hills, NSW 2153, Australia Phone: 161-2-8746 5000 Email: [email protected] Interest Groups with a Toxicology, Environmental and Occupational Safety and Health Focus:

Australasian Society of Oral Medicine And Toxicology (ASOMAT) Association of dentists and doctors to promote concepts of biocompatible dentistry (as opposed to mercury amalgam). Web: https://www.asomat.com/ Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand (CASANZ) Organization for people interested in environmental science and management with particular reference to air quality, climate change, and related issues. Web: https://www.casanz.org.au/ Postal address: CASANZ, PO Box 274, Olinda, VIC 3788, Australia Phone/Fax: 161-3-9723 6588 Email: [email protected] Friends of the Earth Australia A federation of independent local groups working for an environmentally sustainable future. Web: https://www.foe.org.au/ Postal address: Friends of the Earth, PO Box 222, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Phone: 161-3-9419 8700 Greenpeace Australia Pacific Independent campaigning organization concerned with global environmental problems. Web: https://www.greenpeace.org.au/ Postal address: Greenpeace Australia Pacific, GPO Box 2622, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia Phone: 161-2-9281 6100 Fax: 161-2-9280 0380 Email: [email protected]

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Resources

Lead Education and Abatement Design (LEAD) Group This is a community organization providing information on lead poisoning and contamination prevention and management. Web: http://www.lead.org.au/ Postal address: LEAD Group, PO Box 161, Summer Hill, NSW 2130, Australia Phone: 161-2-9716 0014 National Toxics Network (NTN) A community-based network concerned with pollution reduction and protection of environmental health. Web: https://ntn.org.au/ Postal address: National Toxics Network Inc., PO Box 173, Bangalow, NSW 2479, Australia Email: [email protected] Total Environment Centre (TEC) Australian environmental movement concerned with the public health effects of toxic chemicals. Web: http://www.tec.org.au/ Postal address: TEC, PO Box K61, Haymarket, NSW 1240, Australia Phone: 161-2-9211 5022 Fax: 161-2-9211 5033 Email address: [email protected] World Wildlife Fund Australia (WWF-Australia) Environmental conservation group concerned with industrial effects on the environment and biodiversity.

• Australian Technology Network (ATN): originally technical institutions, these have strengths in the practical application of research. • Innovative Research Universities (IRU) Australia: founded in 1960s 1970s and containing areas of specialization. • Regional Universities Network (RUN): founded in 2011 and containing universities with headquarters in regional Australia. • The previously-named New Generation Universities grouping of institutions receiving university accreditation since 1970, was disbanded in 2007. • Web list of universities and links: https://www. universitiesaustralia.edu.au/australias-universities/ university-profiles Australian National University (ANU) A Go8 research-intensive university established in the nation’s capital in 1946. Web: http://www.anu.edu.au/ Postal address: The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Phone: 161-2-6125 5111 ANU College of Health and Medicine Research activities include clinical toxicology. Web: https://science.anu.edu.au/ National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (NCEPH) Includes environmental health and epidemiology research groups.

Web: https://www.wwf.org.au Postal address: WWF-Australia, PO Box 528, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia Phone: 161-2-8228 6800

Web: http://rsph.anu.edu.au/research/centresdepartments/national-centre-epidemiologypopulation-health

Universities

National Research Centre for OHS Regulation (NRCOHSR)

Universities Researching and Teaching Toxicology and OHS/WHS List of Australian Universities The Universities Australia website (https://www. universitiesaustralia.edu.au/) provides direct links to the 39 Australian universities. Globally, Australian universities are highly ranked (20% are in the top 100, and 70 80% are in the top 500 universities worldwide), with international education being Australia’s largest service export. There are four main groupings of Australian universities, which help them to promote mutual objectives, that is: • Group of Eight (Go8): oldest “sandstone” universities and/or strong overall research capability.

Research center that conducted extensive research into OHS regulation, listed as completed (in August 2017) its website has several working papers and publications hosted by the ANU School of Regulation and Global Governance. Web: http://regnet.anu.edu.au/research/centres/ national-research-centre-ohs-regulation-nrcohsr Curtin University (Curtin) Western Australian technical university and ATN member. Web: https://www.curtin.edu.au Postal address: Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia Phone: 161-8-9266 9266 Fax: 161-8-9266 3131

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4. Australia

Curtin School of Public Health Conducts research and teaching in risk assessment and management, toxicology, environmental health, epidemiology, and OHS. Web: https://healthsciences.curtin.edu.au/schools/ public-health/ Curtin School of Molecular and Life Sciences Research and teaching areas include ecotoxicology.

Web: https://www.griffith.edu.au/griffith-health/ school-pharmacy-pharmacology Australian Rivers Institute Conducts ecotoxicology research in freshwater and coastal aquatic ecosystems. Web: https://www.griffith.edu.au/australian-riversinstitute James Cook University (JCU)

Web: https://scieng.curtin.edu.au/schools/school-ofmolecular-and-life-sciences/

This IRU member is the leading tropical research university in north Queensland.

Flinders University (Flinders)

Web: https://www.jcu.edu.au Postal address: James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia Phone: 161-7-4781 4111

Second university established in South Australia in 1966 and IRU member. Web: https://www.flinders.edu.au Postal address: Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia Phone: 161-8-8201 3911

Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine

Flinders College of Medicine and Public Health

Web: https://www.aithm.jcu.edu.au

Research and teaching areas include drug and xenobiotic metabolism, human and molecular toxicology, reproductive toxicology, and genotoxicity.

La Trobe University (La Trobe)

Web: https://www.flinders.edu.au/college-medicinepublic-health Flinders School of the Environment Research, undergraduate and postgraduate teaching areas include environmental health, toxicology, risk assessment, bioremediation, and epidemiology. Previously ran the National Short Course in Environmental Health (in conjunction with Adelaide University). Web: http://www.flinders.edu.au/ science_engineering/environment/ Griffith University (Griffith) Queensland university and IRU member, with research and courses in public health and environmental studies. Web: https://www.griffith.edu.au Postal address: Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia Phone: 161-7-3735 7111 Griffith School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Research and teaching areas include pharmacology and toxicology.

Conducts medical and biological research on cubozoans (e.g., box jellyfish venom).

An IRU member with a Department of Pharmacy and Applied Science within the school of Molecular Sciences, which also included the research laboratory of David Vaux, a world leader in apoptosis research. Web: https://www.latrobe.edu.au Postal address: La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia Phone: 161-3-9479 1111 Macquarie University This university has a Freshwater Ecology and Ecotoxicology Lab and an Energy and Environmental Contaminants Research Centre (EECRC). Web: https://www.mq.edu.au/ Postal address: Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia Phone: 161-2-9850 7111 Monash University (Monash) Second university established in Victoria in 1958 and Go8 member. Its Department of Forensic Medicine (DFM) works in close partnership with the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM, see above). Web: https://www.monash.edu/ Postal address: Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia Phone: 161-3-9902 6000 Fax: 161-3-9905 4007

Resources

MU Accident Research Centre (MUARC)

Phone: 161-7 3138 2000

MUARC is one of the world’s most comprehensive injury prevention research institutions conducting research into the causes and prevention of road, workplace and home/community accidents.

International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH)

Web: https://www.monash.edu/muarc Australian Centre for Human Health Risk Assessment (ACHHRA) A multiinstitutional and disciplinary center located in the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, is concerned with risk assessment of human exposure to hazardous chemicals and microorganisms. It specializes in developing risk-based approaches to monitor and control environmental and workplace threats in Australasia. Web: https://www.monash.edu/medicine/sphpm/ achhra Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (MonCOEH) MonCOEH has worked towards delivering improved health and safety outcomes across Australian workplaces since 2008, bridging the gap between research, policy, and practice. Offers a range of undergraduate and postgraduate units in environmental and occupational medicine/health, and epidemiology. Web: https://www.monash.edu/medicine/sphpm/ coeh Monash Venoms and Toxins Group Located in the Department of Pharmacology, it conducts research into snake, spider and jellyfish venoms. Web: http://www.med.monash.edu.au/ pharmacology/research/venoms-toxins.html Monash Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Includes the Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences conducting preclinical development and evaluation. Web: https://www.monash.edu/pharm Queensland University of Technology (QUT) This ATN member was formerly the Queensland Institute of Technology that became a university in 1989. It has pharmacy, environmental health, and forensic science programs. Web: https://www.qut.edu.au Postal address: QUT, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia

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Conducts interdisciplinary research into air quality and its impact on human health, with a specific focus on fine and ultrafine particles. Web: https://research.qut.edu.au/ilaqh/ RMIT University (RMIT) Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology— University is an ATN member, and is one of Australia’s oldest technical institutions that became a university in 1992. It has a long-standing strength in toxicology expertise and education, from the establishment of the Australian Research Council funded Key Centre for Applied and Nutritional Toxicology in the mid-1980s, along with the first general toxicology degree program in Australasia. This Toxicology Key Centre conducted research into detoxication biochemistry, biochemical mechanisms of toxicity, immunotoxicology, toxicokinetics, ecotoxicology, and food toxicology. Web: https://www.rmit.edu.au Postal address: RMIT University, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia Phone: 161-3-9925 2000 RMIT School of Health and Biomedical Sciences Location of RMIT’s toxicology expertise, which delivered the world’s first and only fully online toxicology postgraduate degrees (Graduate Diploma in Toxicology and Masters of Toxicology) from 2001 to 2010. Currently delivers undergraduate toxicology courses. Ongoing research strengths in human in vitro toxicity test systems, immunotoxicology, nanotoxicology, and nanosafety led to the establishment of the NanoSafe Australia (2006) and Asia Nano Safe (2013) research networks, coordinated from RMIT—providing occupational and environmental health and safety services to the Australian Nanotechnology Network (ANN), as well as government, industry, and NGOs. Web: https://www.rmit.edu.au/about/oureducation/academic-schools/health-andbiomedical-sciences RMIT School of Property, Construction and Project Management Includes the occupational health and safety group and programs. Web: https://www.rmit.edu.au/about/oureducation/academic-schools/property-constructionand-project-management

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4. Australia

RMIT School of Science Includes ecotoxicology research within the RMIT Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe). Web: https://www.rmit.edu.au/about/oureducation/academic-schools/science vivoPharm RMIT Drug Discovery Technologies (RDDT) was a GLP accredited contract research organization providing preclinical drug development services that spun out from the RMIT School of Medical Sciences in 2003. RDDT merged with vivoPharm in 2012, which was acquired by Cancer Genetics Inc. in 2017 and relocated from RMIT Bundoora campus to laboratories at CSIRO Clayton. Web: http://vivopharm.com.au/contact-us/ University of Adelaide (Adelaide) Oldest university in South Australia and Go8 member. Web: https://www.adelaide.edu.au Postal address: The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia Phone: 161-8-8313 4455 UoA School of Public Health Conducts research into occupational and environmental health and safety, and previously ran the National Short Course in Environmental Health (in conjunction with Flinders University). Web: https://health.adelaide.edu.au/public-health/ UoA—Molecular Toxicology A research area within the Discipline of Pharmacology, including drug metabolism leading to toxicity. Web: https://health.adelaide.edu.au/medicine/ disciplines/pharmacology University of Queensland (UQ) Oldest university in Queensland and Go8 member. Web: http://www.uq.edu.au/ Postal address: The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia Phone: 161-7-3365 1111 Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS) Incorporating the National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), originally a NHMRC funded center, it conducts research into human

environmental toxicology, risk assessment, epidemiology, risk communication, and infectious diseases. Web: https://qaehs.centre.uq.edu.au/ Postal address: QAEHS, Level 4, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia Phone: 161-7-3443 2443 Email: [email protected] TetraQ Contract research organization that spun out from UQ providing preclinical drug development services. Web: http://www.tetraq.com.au/ University of Melbourne (UniMelb) Oldest university in Victoria and Go8 member. Until 2010 the former Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences previously offered a Graduate Diploma in Drug Evaluation and Pharmaceutical Sciences, coordinated by Austin Health. Web: https://www.unimelb.edu.au/ Postal address: The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia Phone: 161-3-9035 5511 Australian Venom Research Unit Toxinology expertise located in the Melbourne University pharmacology department. Web: https://biomedicalsciences.unimelb.edu.au/ departments/pharmacology/engage/avru Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research (CESAR) Originally a joint Australian Research Council special research center between Melbourne, La Trobe, and Monash universities, this company researches environmental biomonitoring and chemical stress for the agriculture sector, wildlife ecology, and genetics areas. Web: http://cesaraustralia.com/ University of New South Wales (UNSW) Second university established in NSW and Go8 member, which runs postgraduate programs in Environmental Management. UNSW Medicine includes clinical toxicology in the clinical schools of its associated hospitals. Web: https://www.unsw.edu.au Postal address: UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia Phone: 161-2-9385 1000 University of Newcastle (Newcastle) This university is located in Newcastle, NSW.

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Resources

Web: https://www.newcastle.edu.au Postal address: University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia Phone: 161-2-4921 5000

Aims to address research gaps in key human toxicology issues; coordinating center for Translational Australian Clinical Toxicology, which involves the Australian Snakebite Project (ASP) and Australian Toxicology Monitoring (ATOM) Study.

Newcastle School of Medicine and Public Health

Web: http://sydney.edu.au/medicine/pharmacology/ research/clinical-pharmacology-and-toxicology/

Contains the Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology located in Calvary Mater Hospital, which includes the Clinical Toxicology Research Group—involved in WikiTox, Australian Snakebite Project ASP, and the Centre of Research Excellence in Translational Venom and Antivenom Research. Web: https://www.newcastle.edu.au/about-uon/ governance-and-leadership/faculties-and-schools/ faculty-of-health-and-medicine/school-of-medicineand-public-health University of South Australia (UniSA) An ATN member founded in 1991 through the amalgamation of South Australian Institute of Technology and South Australian College of Advanced Education. Web: http://www.unisa.edu.au/ Postal address: University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia Phone: 161-8-8302 6611 UniSA Future Industries Institute (FII) The FII was established in 2015, incorporating the Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR)—a multidisciplinary research center focusing specifically on both environmental risk assessment and remediation. Web: http://fii.unisa.edu.au/ UniSA School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Research activities in the UniSA Cancer Research Institute includes the Centres for Drug Discovery and Development and Pharmaceutical Innovation and Development

University of Tasmania (UTAS) The main university in Tasmania. Web: http://www.utas.edu.au/ Postal address: University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia Phone: 161-3-6226 2999 Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS) Research activities include aquatic toxicology. Web: http://www.imas.utas.edu.au/ Postal address: IMAS, Taroona Laboratories, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia Phone: 161-3-6226 8277 Email: [email protected] University of Technology Sydney (UTS) An ATN university forensic science degrees. It previously had the Centre for Ecotoxicology based in Gore Hill in partnership with the State Pollution Control Commission. The faculty of Science currently has an Ecosystem Security Research Team, including research into toxic cyanobacteria and plant ecotoxicology. Web: https://www.uts.edu.au/ Postal address: University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia Phone: 161-2-9514 2000 UTS Centre for Forensic Science This research center conducts research into forensic and clinical toxicology.

Web: http://www.unisa.edu.au/Health-Sciences/ Schools/Pharmacy-and-Medical-Sciences/

Web: https://www.uts.edu.au/research-and-teaching/ our-research/centre-forensic-science

University of Sydney (USyd)

UTS Climate Change Cluster

Oldest university in Australia and Go8 member. Web: https://www.usyd.edu.au Postal address: The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Phone: 161-2-9351 2222 USyd—Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Group

The C3 research institute includes research activities in seafood safety (i.e., marine algal biotoxins). Web: https://www.uts.edu.au/research-and-teaching/ our-research/climate-change-cluster University of Western Australia (UWA)

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4. Australia

Oldest university in Western Australia and Go8 member.

monitoring and management, including aquatic ecology and ecotoxicology in Rockhampton.

Web: https://www.uwa.edu.au/ Postal address: The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia Phone: 161-8-6488 6000 Fax: 161-8-6488 1380 Email: [email protected]

Web: https://www.cqu.edu.au/ Postal address: CQU- Rockhampton North, 554-700 Yaamba Road, Norman Gardens, QLD 4701, Australia Phone: 161-7-4930 9000

UWA School of Biomedical Sciences

Charles Darwin University (CDU) This IRU member has courses in environmental science.

Laboratories include molecular toxicology and oxidative stress, and clinical toxicology (in association with PathWest pathology services).

Web: http://www.cdu.edu.au/ Postal address: Charles Darwin University, PO Box 40146, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia Phone: 161-8-8946 6666

Web: https://www.uwa.edu.au/health/Schools/ School-of-Biomedical-Sciences/Pharmacology

Charles Sturt University (CSU)

UWA School of Human Sciences Includes postgraduate research and coursework programs in forensic science. Web: https://www.uwa.edu.au/science/schools/ school-of-human-sciences UWA School of Population and Global Health Research programs in Global and Environmental Health include the Asbestos Review Program (ARP) and WHS research. Web: https://www.uwa.edu.au/health/schools/ school-of-population-and-global-health Victoria University (VU) This vocationally-orientated institution was formerly the Victoria University of Technology. Web: https://www.vu.edu.au/ Postal address: Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia Phone: 161-3-9919 4000 Centre for Environmental Safety and Risk Engineering (CESARE) Located within the VU Institute for Sustainable & Liveable Cities, CESARE conducts research primarily in the area of fire safety and risk engineering. Web: https://www.vu.edu.au/centre-forenvironmental-safety-and-risk-engineering-cesare Other Universities also Teaching Toxicology, and Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Central Queensland University (CQU) This RUN member has teaching in OHS and public health, and research in the area of environmental

The School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences has a Plant and Animal Toxicology Group based at the Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation in Wagga Wagga. Web: http://www.csu.edu.au/ Postal address: Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia Phone: 161-2-6051 9000 Deakin University (Deakin) The School of Life and Environmental Science includes ecotoxicology research and offers courses in environmental health and a bachelor degree in forensic science. Web: http://www.deakin.edu.au/ Postal address: Deakin University, Locked Bag 20001, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia Phone: 161-3-5227 2333 Edith Cowan University (ECU) This university offers courses in occupational hygiene and toxicology, and OHS. Web: http://www.ecu.edu.au/ Postal address: Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia Phone: 161-8-6304 0000 Email: [email protected] Murdoch University (Murdoch) This IRU member has a School of Veterinary and Life Sciences offering courses in forensic biology and toxicology. Web: https://www.murdoch.edu.au/ Postal address: Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia Phone: 161-8-9360 6000

Resources

Southern Cross University (SCU)

Professional societies

This RUN member has a School of Environment, Science and Engineering and a Marine Ecology Research Centre.

Association of Regulatory and Clinical Scientists (ARCS Australia)

Web: https://www.scu.edu.au/ Postal address: Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia Phone: 161-2-6620 3000 Fax: 161-2-6620 3700 Swinburne University of Technology (Swinburne) This university offers courses in Public and Environmental Health. Web: https://www.swinburne.edu.au/ Postal address: Swinburne University, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia Phone: 161-3-9214 8000 University of Canberra (UC) This university has a National Centre for Forensic Studies in its Faculty of Science and Technology, offering degrees in forensic science. Web: https://www.canberra.edu.au/ Postal address: University of Canberra, 11 Kirinari St, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia Phone: 161-2-6201 5111 University of New England (UNE) This RUN member offers courses in regulatory science. Web: https://www.une.edu.au/ Postal address: University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia Phone: 161-2-6773 3333 University of Wollongong (UOW) The School of Health and Society offers courses in epidemiology and toxicology for OHS practitioners, and the School of Chemistry includes ecotoxicology research. Web: https://www.uow.edu.au Postal address: University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia Phone: 161-2-4221 3555 Western Sydney University (WSU) This IRU member offers courses in environmental management and forensic sciences. Web: https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/ Postal address: Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia Phone: 161-2-9852 5588

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Professional association that supports scientists involved in the development of therapeutic products, including regulatory affairs. Web: https://www.arcs.com.au/ Postal address: ARCS Australia Limited, Suite 1803, Level 18, 99 Mount Street, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia Phone: 161-2-8905 0829 Email: [email protected] Australasian College of Toxicology and Risk Assessment (ACTRA) Established in July 2006 to provide a registry, continuing education and accreditation for toxicologists and health risk assessment professionals. It is an IUTOX affiliate for Australasia and the current ACTRA president (Di Marco P.) became the first Australian toxicologist to be President of IUTOX (in July 2019). Web: https://actra.org.au/ Postal address: ACTRA Secretariat, Suite 1, 1 Smith Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Phone: 161-3-9416 3833 Email: [email protected] Australasian Faculty of Occupational & Environmental Medicine (AFOEM) This Faculty of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) undertakes the professional training of occupational physicians and other roles of the former Australian College of Occupational Medicine. Web: https://www.racp.edu.au/about/collegestructure/australasian-faculty-of-occupational-andenvironmental-medicine Postal address: AFOEM at RACP, 145 Macquarie St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia Phone: 161-2-9256 5444 (RACP) Email: [email protected] Australasian Faculty of Public Health Medicine (AFPHM) This Faculty of RACP undertakes the professional training of doctors in public health and community medicine in Australia and New Zealand. Web: https://www.racp.edu.au/about/college-structure/ australasian-faculty-of-public-health-medicine Postal address: AFPHM at RACP, 145 Macquarie St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia Phone: 161-2-9256 5444 (RACP)

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4. Australia

Australasian Pharmaceutical Science Association (APSA)

Australian Marine Sciences Association (AMSA)

Professional society that represents all branches of the pharmaceutical sciences, including regulatory areas.

Professional association for marine scientists from all related disciplines, including ecotoxicology and aquatic toxicology.

Web: http://apsa-online.org/ Contacts: http://apsa-online.org/contact.html

Web: https://www.amsa.asn.au/ Postal address: AMSA, PO Box 220, Campbelltown, SA 5074, Australia Contact: https://www.amsa.asn.au/contact-us

Australasian Radiation Protection Society Inc. (ARPS) Professional society of members engaged in one or more aspects of radiation protection. Web: https://arps.org.au Postal address: ARPS, PO Box 7108, Upper Fern Tree Gulley, VIC 3156, Australia Phone: 161-3-9756 0128 Email: [email protected] Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists (ASCEPT) This society has special interest groups, including one in toxicology. It is an IUTOX affiliate for Australasia and hosted the 9th International Congress of Toxicology (“ICT-IX,” Brisbane, 2001). Web: https://ascept.org/ Email: [email protected] Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society (ANZFSS) Professional society representing all branches of forensic science, including forensic toxicology. Web: http://anzfss.org/ Postal address: ANZFSS, PO Box 221, Welland, SA 5007, Australia Email: [email protected] Australian and New Zealand Society of Occupational Medicine (ANZSOM) Professional organization for registered medical practitioners involved or interested in occupational medicine. Web: https://www.anzsom.org.au/ Postal address: ANZSOM Federal Secretariat, PO Box 7032, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia Email: [email protected] Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists (AIOH) Professional organization providing certification for occupational hygienists. Web: https://www.aioh.org.au/ Postal address: AIOH, PO Box 1205, Tullamarine, VIC 3043, Australia Phone: 161-3-9338 1635 Email: [email protected]

Australian Nanotechnology Network (ANN) The ANN (formerly the Australian Research Council Nanotechnology Network, ARCNN) is a research network association of the various groups within Australia working in the field of nanotechnology and related areas (including nanosafety and nanotoxicology). The ANN is the Australian member of the Asia Nano Forum (ANF) and hosts the biennial International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, which includes a nanosafety theme. Web: http://www.ausnano.net/ Postal address: ANN Convenor, Prof. Chennupati Jagadish, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia Phone: 161-2-6125 0363 Fax: 161-2-6125 3915 Email: [email protected] Australian Society for Medical Research (ASMR) Peak professional society representing Australian health and medical researchers, including 70 affiliated professional societies and medical colleges (e.g., ASCEPT). Web: https://asmr.org.au/ Postal address: Senior Executive Officer, ASMR, Level 7, Suite 702, 37 Bligh Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia Phone: 161-2-9230 0333 Email: [email protected] Australian Society for Veterinary Pathology (ASVP) Professional body to promote the practice of veterinary pathology in improving animal and human health. Web: https://www.asvp.asn.au Postal address: ASVP, PO Box 408, South Melbourne, VIC 3205, Australia Email: [email protected] Federation of Australian Scientific and Technological Societies (FASTS) FASTS (trading as Science & Technology Australia) is a federation .60 professional organizations, representing the interests of .70,000 Australian scientists and technologists and promoting their views on a

Resources

wide range of policy issues to government, industry, and the community. Web: https://scienceandtechnologyaustralia.org.au/ Postal address: Science & Technology Australia, PO Box 259, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Fax: 161-2-6257 2891 Email: [email protected] Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Association (FACTA)

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Postal address: RCPA, Durham Hall, 207 Albion Street, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia Phone: 161-2-8356 5858 Fax: 161-2-8356 5828 Safety Institute of Australia (SIA) A professional body of safety and health practitioners that also provides peer review/accreditation, and also a member of International Network of Safety & Health Practitioner Organizations.

FACTA Inc. was established in July 2010, based at VIFM Victoria, Australia, and represents the professional interests of practitioners engaged in the conduct of forensic and clinical toxicology in Australia and its regional neighbors.

Web: https://www.sia.org.au Postal address: SIA, PO Box 2078, Gladstone Park, VIC 3043, Australia Phone: 161-3-8336 1995

Web: https://www.facta.org.au/ Email: [email protected]

Society for Free Radical Research (Australasia) (SFRR Australasia)

Molecular and Experimental Pathology Society of Australasia (MEPSA)

This professional society was formed in 1988 and includes scientists investigating free radical-mediated disease, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.

The Mutagenesis and Experimental Pathology Society of Australasia (MEPSA) was formed in 1999 from the amalgamation of the Australia and New Zealand Environmental Mutagen Society and the Australasian Society for Experimental Pathology. In 2009 it altered its name from “Mutagenesis” to “Molecular,” and it includes toxicologists as members. Web: http://www.mepsa.org/ Email: [email protected] Pharmaceutical Society of Australia (PSA) Professional organization for pharmacists in Australia. Web: https://www.psa.org.au/ Postal address: PSA, PO Box 42, Deakin West, ACT 2600, Australia Contacts: https://www.psa.org.au/about/contact-us/ Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) The qualifying body for professional chemists and society promoting the science and practice of chemistry in Australia. It is the IUPAC affiliate for Australia, with toxicology and OHS-related activities in the Health, Safety & Environment Division. Web: https://www.raci.org.au/ Postal address: RACI, 1/21 Vale Street, North Melbourne, VIC 3051, Australia Phone: 161-3-9328 2033 Fax: 161-3-9328 2670 Email: [email protected]

Web: http://www.sfrr-australasia.org/ Email: [email protected] Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Asia/Pacific The local unit undertaking SETAC’s activities, which involve multidisciplinary approaches to examine the impacts of chemicals and technology on the environment. This chapter was formed in 2011, when members of the Australasian Society for Ecotoxicology (ASE) voted to merge their society with Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), to become a Regional Chapter of SETAC. Web: https://australasia.setac.org/ Email: [email protected] Toxicology And Poisons Network Australasia Inc. (TAPNA) TAPNA is a collaboration of health care professionals working within the fields of poisons information and clinical toxicology. TAPNA was set up in 2013 and became an incorporated association in 2016 to promote quality care, education, and science in poison centers and clinical toxicology.

Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA)

Web: https://willorganise.eventsair.com/ QuickEventWebsitePortal/tapna-membership/home Postal address: TAPNA Secretariat, PO Box 180, Morisset, NSW 2264, Australia Phone: 161-2-4973 6573 Email: [email protected]

This medical diagnostic organization promotes the science and practice of pathology.

Poison control centres

Web: https://www.rcpa.edu.au/

Poison Information Centres in Australia

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4. Australia

There are four main poisons information centers in Australia (listed on the TAPNA website). The Australia wide contact number for the poison center is 13 11 26.

All TGA-related legislation setting out the requirements for inclusion of therapeutic goods in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods.

NSW Poisons Information Centre Postal address: NSW Poisons Information Centre, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia Web: https://www.poisonsinfo.nsw.gov.au/

Web: https://www.tga.gov.au/legislation-legislativeinstruments

Queensland Poisons Information Centre Web: https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/chq/ our-services/queensland-poisons-information-centre/ Victorian Poisons Information Centre (VPIC) The Centre commenced operation in 1962 and was located at the Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, from 1976 to 2008, before being relocated to the Austin Hospital and integrated with the Austin Hospital Clinical Toxicology Service. Its role is to provide the Victorian public with a timely, safe information service in poisonings and suspected poisonings. Web: http://www.austin.org.au/poisons WA Poisons Information Centre (WAPIC) Web: http://www.scgh.health.wa.gov.au/ OurServices/WAPIC/

Federal government legislation (state government legislation not shown) Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals & Medicines Relevant legislation for AgVet chemicals governing the APVMA (NRA). Web: https://apvma.gov.au/node/4131 Australian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes

Environment-related Legislation Information and links to the legislation administered by the Australian Government Environment and Energy Portfolio. Web: http://www.environment.gov.au/about-us/ legislation Food Safety Standards The Food Standards Code for Australia. Web: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/ Health Legislation A listing of Legislation administered by the Minister for Health. Web: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/ publishing.nsf/Content/health-eta2.htm National statement on ethical conduct in human research These guidelines are provided by the NHMRC and defines the appropriate ethical procedures for research in humans in Australia (March 2007 edition, updated 2018). Web: https://nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/ national-statement-ethical-conduct-human-research2007-updated-2018 WHS Act, Regulations and Codes of Practice This main webpage with links to the model WHS laws developed by Safe Work Australia in 2011, to be implemented across Australia. For these to become legally binding, the Commonwealth, states and territories must separately implement them as their own law.

This code is provided by the NHMRC and defines the appropriate ethical procedures for animal experimentation in Australia (currently in 8th ed. 2013).

Web: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/lawand-regulation/model-whs-laws

Web: https://nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/ australian-code-care-and-use-animals-scientific-purposes

Miscellaneous resources

Australian Federal Register of Legislation The Attorney General’s Federal Register of Legislation (the Legislation Register) is the authorized whole-of-government website for Commonwealth legislation and related documents. Web: https://www.legislation.gov.au/ Australian Therapeutic Goods Legislation

Australian safety data sheet format This SWA website listing the information required for Australian safety data sheets (SDS). Web: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sds MSDS Australia Australian online SDS database (by subscription). Web: https://www.msds.com.au

C H A P T E R

5 Brazil Cristiana L. Correa1,2, Giuliana F.R. Selmi1,2 and Flavio A.D. Zambrone1,2 1

Planitox, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil 2IBTox, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil

Introduction

dedicated to toxicology and toxicological analysis was established in a Master’s degree program at the University of Sa˜o Paulo. A PhD doctoral program was established at the same institution in 1978. One of the important milestones of toxicology in Brazil was the foundation of the Sociedade Brasileira de Toxicologia (Brazilian Society of Toxicology) in 1972. It was established as a scientific society with the intention of bringing together teachers, professionals, companies, and organizations interested in the development of toxicology in Brazil. Today the society is instrumental in the profession’s integration, creating a channel for discussion and setting forth topics related to this science, be it by organizing meetings, workshops, and congresses or by publishing and issuing magazines and newsletters dedicated to toxicology. An example of the activities of the society is the Congresso Brasileiro de Toxicologia (Brazilian Congress of Toxicology) that is held every 2 years and aims to promote research in general toxicology and its subdisciplines, emphasizing scientific knowledge and technological progress within an ethical framework. Professional toxicologists are able to pursue specialization through a number of graduate courses (specialized certificate, master’s, and doctoral degree courses) offered at universities throughout the country. Interdisciplinary programs with representation from areas related to healthcare are becoming increasingly common. Despite the lack of estimates in the number of professionals who work with toxicology in Brazil, it is known that they perform functions in research institutes, forensic medical institutes, public and private institutes, governmental agencies, universities, companies rendering consulting services, laboratories, and others.

In Brazil concerns over poisoning date back to the end of the 19th century, when, between 1880 and 1903, a number of doctoral theses were written on occupational lead intoxication. In the late 1950s and early 1960s the first papers in clinical toxicology appeared in the Brazilian literature. Two outstanding centers were established in the city of Sa˜o Paulo, one at the Instituto Biolo´gico (Biological Institute), represented by Dr. Waldemar Ferreira de Almeida, and another in the Hospital das Clı´nicas (Clinical Hospital) of the University of Sa˜o Paulo, headed by Dr. Samuel Schvartsman; the former dedicated to pesticide intoxication and the latter to toxicological emergencies. Poison Control Centers were introduced into Brazil by Samuel Schvartsman and Eduardo Marcondes in 1963. About 1980 the Health Ministry established the Sistema Nacional de Informac¸o˜es Fa´rmacoToxicolo´gicas (National Pharmaco-Toxicological Information System) coordinated and administered by Fundac¸a˜o Oswaldo Cruz (Oswaldo Cruz Foundation), with the objective of developing new regional poison control centers and supporting the existing ones by collecting and disseminating toxicological information. One of the most important roots of toxicology in Brazil, mainly due to its analytical toxicology approach, was planted in the Faculdade de Cieˆncias Farmaceˆuticas (FCF) (College of Pharmaceutical Sciences) at University of Sa˜o Paulo by the renowned Professor Ester Camargo Fonseca Moraes, among others. In 1966 the effective establishment of a toxicology curriculum within a course of pharmaceutical sciences proved to be of paramount importance for the development of toxicology in Brazil. Toxicology consolidated its position when in 1973 the first postgraduate course in the country

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00005-X

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Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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5. Brazil

Resources Books Andrade Filho A., Campolina D., Dias M.B. (2013) Toxicologia na Pra´tica Clı´nica (Clinical Toxicology) S.I.: Folium This is a reference work in Clinical Toxicology for students and health professionals, as well as offering to the assistant physician, at the bedside, an objective and practical text that will help him make fast decisions in the management of patients suspected of acute intoxication or victims of accidents with venomous animals. The participation of different experts with diverse and complementary training and experiences enriched the content and allowed a broad view of the theme. Azevedo F.A. (2003) Toxicologia do Mercu´rio (Mercury Toxicology) S.I.: Rima Editora This publication approaches several aspects of mercury toxicology and its biogeochemical cycle. The author presents the subject skillfully and purposefully, which makes this a reference work for the discussion of queries regarding environment management. Besides these attributes, the historical approach concerning mercury is particularly enlightening. Azevedo F.A., Chasin A.A.M. (2003) Metais: Gerenciamento da Toxicidade (Metals: Toxicity Management) S.I.: Editora Atheneu Includes chapters on the main metals: (1) Aluminum, (2) Chrome, (3) Manganese, (4) Iron, (5) Nickel, (6) Copper, (7) Zinc, (8) Arsenic, (9) Selenium, (10) Cadmium, (11) Mercury, (12) Lead, (13) Metal Immunotoxicology, (14) Diagnosis and Treatment of Intoxications, (15) Risks to the Environment and Reported Accidents, (16) Management of Residues, (17) Analytical Aspects. Azevedo F.A., Chasin A.A.M. (2004) As Bases Toxicolo´gicas da Ecotoxicologia (Toxicological Basis of Ecotoxicology) S.I.: Rima Editora By discussing the basis of toxicology that sustains ecotoxicology, the topics presented in this work reflect, didactically and objectively, the support of toxicological knowledge, not only for the specific field of ecotoxicology, but also for environmental toxicology. The text focuses on the relationship between ecology and toxicology. In order to do so, a classical focus, attained through the presentation of fundamental topics of toxicology, enables the establishment of standard terminology and

concepts in toxicology, and at the same time covers the rationale for its inclusion in ecological sciences. In this way, it encompasses the scope of ecotoxicology, the knowledge of which has become indispensable for the good practice of environment management. Carlini E.A., Mansur J. (2004) Drogas e Subsı´dios para uma Discussa˜o (Drugs and Data for Discussion) Sa˜o Paulo: Brasiliense This work opens a discussion on the issue of drugs of abuse, covering areas such as legalization, decriminalization, and consumption prohibition. Initially a series of arguments are listed with the current pros and cons on liberation, but without discussing the merit of each statement. Having presented such arguments, the authors go on to discuss the possible effect of the main illicit drugs (cocaine, hemp, heroin, etc.) and compare them to the licit ones (alcohol, tobacco, etc.), suggesting the relative nature of legalization and prohibition in terms of the “noxiousness” of the substances. Damasceno D.C., Kempinas W.G. (2008) Anomalias Congeˆnitas: Estudos Experimentais (Congenital anomalies: experimental studies) Belo Horizonte: Coopmed Editora Me´dica In Brazil and in other countries, few groups of researchers work with Experimental Teratology. Although many are interested in specializing in this area there is no material on the techniques employed. This is due to the fact that the supply of training, courses, literature, etc. in this area is very scarce. Faced with this difficulty, three Brazilian laboratories came together to exchange experiences and discuss existing techniques on teratogenic studies. Then the techniques were standardized and this book was written. The research of these laboratories was based on standard techniques in laboratories in Italy, Germany, and the United States. In this work, basic techniques used to study abnormal development are presented, and some of the various developmental alterations are also illustrated. The book was designed to be used in the daily routine of a laboratory where teratology techniques will be employed, so it contains many illustrations and the text was written in detail, describing the techniques step by step. Graff S., Lopes A.C. (2006) Fundamentos de Toxicologia Clı´nica (Principles of Clinical Toxicology) Sa˜o Paulo: Editora Atheneu Principles of Clinical Toxicology, within the scope of the series “Clı´nica Me´dica Cieˆncia e Arte” (Internal Medicine Science and Art), presents the basic

Resources

principles of toxicology, in a clear and simple form, focusing on important concepts whose knowledge will allow the treatment of a patient who is accidentally or otherwise poisoned. Guimaraes M.A., Mazaro R. (col.) (2004) Princı´pios e´ticos e pra´ticos do uso de animais de experimentac¸a˜o (Ethical and practical principles for the use of experimentation animals) Sa˜o Paulo: UNIFESP—Universidade Federal de Sa˜o Paulo This work presents information, in a summarized and objective form, regarding the appropriate use of experimental animals in research. The principles discussed in this book provide those working with laboratory animals knowledge of the techniques used in their management by considering the well-being of the animals and the ethics involved in their care. The work also aims to strengthen the consciousness of the importance of the animal as a study subject, as well as offering guidance and assistance in the conduct of research, teaching, or laboratory assays. Larini L. (1993) Toxicologia, 2nd ed. (Toxicology) Sa˜o Paulo: Manole The work offers an introduction to toxicology that allows the student or the professional to comprehend basic aspects of this science and, at the same time, presents guidance for solving problems that might appear during the activities involving human intoxications. Larini L. (1999) Toxicologia dos Praguicidas (Toxicology of Pesticides) Sa˜o Paulo: Manole Ltda. The work covers toxicological aspects involving the use of pesticides. It was written for students of pharmacy and biochemistry, medicine, veterinary medicine, and other related professionals. Matos C.E. (2013) Toxicologia in silico: fundamentos e aplicac¸o˜es (In Silico Toxicology: Fundamentals and Applications) Sa˜o Paulo: Intertox It is the first book in Portuguese on the subject. Toxicology In Silico represents an advance on Predictive Toxicology and consists of the application of computational technologies to identify the potential of toxicity, from the physicochemical and structural characteristics of the chemical substances, aiming at the rationalization of animal experimentation, costeffectiveness in screening, improved understanding of toxic mechanisms of action, and the construction of evidence of toxicity with traditional and alternative biological models. Several in silico models are useful for evaluating new molecules, active principles,

59

environmental contaminants, biotransformation products, degradation products, and impurities in various contexts. Mendes R. (Org.) (2003) Patologia do Trabalho (Occupational Pathology) Atualizada e Ampliada. Sa˜o Paulo: Editora Atheneu In its 2nd updated and extended edition, the treatise on occupational pathology consolidates its position achieved in the last decade as the most complete encyclopedia on occupational health produced in Brazil. The virtue and strength of this work lie in the consolidation of the thought and expertise of the most prominent Brazilian academic leaders in occupational health, along with the experience acquired by the professional work of occupational physicians, general physicians, epidemiologists, engineers, toxicologists, hygienists, ergonomists, and many others, who are renowned and respected throughout Brazil and abroad. Mezadri T.J., Tomaz V.A., Amaral V.L.L. (2004) Animais de Laborato´rio: Cuidados na iniciac¸a˜o experimental (Laboratory Animals: Concerns in Experimental Initiation) Floriano´polis: Editora UFSC This manual was written for professors, researchers, students, and laboratory technicians who work in the Biological and Health Sciences area regarding the basis of fundamental procedures in the management, biosafety, clarification of legal rules, and ethical guidance, aiming at the well-being of animals and the protection of laboratory personnel. Michel O.D. (2000) Toxicologia Ocupacional (Occupational Toxicology) Rio de Janeiro: Revinter Concerns to avoid the development of diseases due to exposure of individuals to chemical agents in the workplace lead to the undertaking of preventive measures. The latter are the basis of biological monitoring which consists of determining if the concentration of these agents or their metabolites in workers is within levels established by governmental agencies or the scientific community. Midio A.F. (1992) Glossa´rio de Toxicologia: com versa˜o em Ingleˆs e Espanhol (Glossary of Toxicology) Sa˜o Paulo: Roca Aiming at facilitating dynamic, more comprehensible, homogeneous, and credible communication, terms and concepts that are used in toxicology were compiled and adapted from dozens of foreign publications to compose this Glossary. Nevertheless, this should be considered a core rather than a comprehensive compilation of terms in toxicology.

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Midio A.F., Silva E.S. (1995) Inseticidas Acaricidas: Organofosforados e Carbamatos (Insecticides Acaricides: Organophophate and Carbamate) Sa˜o Paulo: Roca This publication aims at presenting in a comprehensible manner options of analytical methodology that are applicable to the control of occupational exposure to insecticides acaricides of the organophosphate and carbamate groups. Midio F.A., Martins D.I. (2000) Toxicologia de Alimentos (Food Toxicology) Sa˜o Paulo: Livraria Varela This book has the objective of introducing basic concepts associated with food toxicology and safety conditions for food ingestion, expecting that other sources of information will extend knowledge in this area. Moreau R.L.M., Siqueira M.E.P.B. (2016) Toxicologia Analı´tica (Analytical Toxicology) Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan (2nd ed.). The field of analytical toxicology allows obtaining of information in a reliable way, giving conditions of intervention both in the reversal and in the prevention of toxicological conditions. The authors, Professors Regina Lucia de Moraes Moreau and Maria Elisa Pereira Bastos de Siqueira, took up the challenge of organizing the book “Analytical Toxicology,” because their experience, accumulated in years of activity in the field of toxicology, allowed them to reach the objective of selecting and also bringing together experts of great competence in the area to carry out the edition of this book. The four units of the book: Fundamentals of Toxicological Analysis; Main purposes of toxicological analysis; Sample preparation; and Methods of analysis, give the necessary guidance and consider the basic principles of toxicological analysis. Moreira A.H.P., Caldas L.Q.A. (2001) Intoxicac¸o˜es Agudas: Bases do Diagno´stico Clı´nicoLaboratorial de Urgeˆncia (Acute Intoxication) Rio de Janeiro: Editora Revinter Ltda. This work presents the most important aspects of diagnosis and the main steps of toxicological therapy. Moreover, there is an extensive description of toxicological analysis methods, many of which can be considered classical. The methods are rapid and simple. Most of them can be carried out in the emergency room without the need of expensive equipment or extensive academic knowledge.

Oga S. (2014) Fundamentos de Toxicologia, 4th ed. (Principles of Toxicology) Sa˜o Paulo: Atheneu The book was realized by a group of professors of the FCF (College of Pharmaceutical Sciences) of the University of Sa˜o Paulo and has as its basic objective to contribute to the teaching of toxicology. Thus pertinent and state-of-the-art themes are approached in a succinct fashion, and presented in the same sequence as is taught in most of the pharmacy colleges in Brazil. The book is undoubtedly an excellent source of information not only for students, due to its didactic nature, but also for researchers and professionals, as it brings the experience of several specialists in the different areas of toxicology. Passagli M.F. (2018) Toxicologia Forense—Teoria e Pra´tica (5th ed.) Sa˜o Paulo: Millennium Editora With an objective and clear style, in chapters organized in an intelligent and didactic way, Professor Marcos Passagli and his collaborators offer their readers this singular, lucid, comprehensive, and meticulous work. In a work of wide research, they bring to light the careful selection of technical forensic foundations of Forensic Toxicology, gathered from extensive literature, previously sparse and many still unpublished in the country. And they are not limited to addressing only the technical analytical issues of scientific and legal interests in the various areas covered in the book. In this, the discussions of the actions of the substances in the human body are broadened, making political, ethical, and social commentaries on the controversial issue of the use of psychoactive substances—drugs—licit and/ or illicit in Brazilian society. May this work meet, more and more, not only the expectations of professionals working in the related areas, but also the training and updating of those who have high interest or intend to work in the field of forensic toxicology. Pires R.C. (2005) Toxicologia Veterina´ria: Guia Pra´tico para Clı´nico de pequenos animais (Veterinary Toxicology: Practical Guide for Small Animal Veterinarians) S.I.: Editora Paide´ia This work is a practical guide for veterinarians specializing in small animals. It presents general treatment for intoxications, toxic plants, poisonous animals, pesticides, metals, food, and drugs. It further discusses mechanisms of action, signs, diagnosis, and treatment with dose prescriptions.

Resources

Ribeiro L.R., Salvadori D.M.F., Marques E.K. (2003) Mutageˆnese Ambiental (Environmental Mutagenesis) Canoas: ULBRA This book focuses on the importance of mutagenesis in the carcinogenesis process. The criteria used to select the tests described in the book were mutagenicity tests that can be used as indicators of potential carcinogenicity to mammals; assays that are part of the minimum required battery of tests suggested for the registration of chemical products; and, finally, some tests, that in spite of not fulfilling the aforementioned criteria, can be easily performed in Brazilian laboratories. Schvartsman S. (1991) Intoxicac¸o˜es agudas, 4th ed. (Acute Poisonings) Sa˜o Paulo: Sarvie Despite the title, this book also presents several aspects concerning chronic exposure, due to the frequency and importance of this type of exposure. For the same reason, although the book focuses basically on childhood intoxication, there are also some commentaries about adult problems. There are references to some medications and processes that are rarely available in our area. Considering that this is not a pharmacology or clinical therapy publication, discussions about side effects are avoided. Schvartsman S., Almeida W.F. (1989) Tratamento das Intoxicac¸o˜es Agudas, 4th ed. (Treatment of Acute Poisonings) Sa˜o Paulo: Associac¸a˜o Nacional de Defensivos Agrı´colas This book aims at attaining the objective of giving simple and quick information on the handling of toxic accidents. The potentially toxic agents are listed in alphabetical order to facilitate navigation through the text. It often refers the reader to another intoxication type for which the treatment is similar, but not necessarily identical. The objective is to stabilize the patient while detailed information is sought elsewhere.

61

This book focuses on the importance of toxicology applied to veterinary medicine, since it offers essential information about relevant toxic agents that can affect animals in general. It was made for students and professionals of the veterinary area, helping them to be updated and well prepared for their daily work.

Journals Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science English: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script 5 sci_ serial&pid 5 1516-9332&lng 5 en&nrm 5 iso Portuguese: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script 5 sci_serial&pid 5 1516-9332&lng 5 pt&nrm 5 iso Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry English: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script 5 sci_ serial&pid 5 1516-4446&nrm 5 iso&lng 5 en Portuguese: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script 5 sci_serial&pid 5 1516-4446&lng 5 pt&nrm 5 iso Journal of Public Health English: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script 5 sci_ serial&pid 5 0034-8910&lng 5 en&nrm 5 iso Portuguese: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script 5 sci_serial&pid 5 0034-8910&lng 5 pt&nrm 5 iso Reports in Public Health English: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script 5 sci_ serial&pid 5 0102-311X&lng 5 en&nrm 5 iso Portuguese: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script 5 sci_serial&pid 5 0102-311X&lng 5 pt&nrm 5 iso

Databases AGROFIT (Agrochemical Information System) Portuguese only: http://www.agricultura.gov.br/ assuntos/insumos-agropecuarios/insumosagricolas/agrotoxicos/agrofit National System of Toxic-Pharmacological Information— SINITOX Portuguese only: https://sinitox.icict.fiocruz.br/

Seibel S.D., Toscano Junior A. (2001) Dependeˆncia de Drogas (Drug Addiction) Sa˜o Paulo: Editora Atheneu

Notification System for Sanitary Surveillance—NOTIVISA Portuguese only: https://www8.anvisa.gov.br/ notivisa/frmLogin.asp

This work presents a broad overview of the drug addiction problem. It discusses the most recent information on the subject and demonstrates that Brazil has an expert body of researchers/scholars in this subject. Two editors have compiled the work of 56 authors.

Notification of Injury Information System—SINAN Portuguese only: http://portalsinan.saude.gov.br/

Spinosa H.S., Gorniak S.L., Palermo Neto J. (2008) Toxicologia aplicada a` Medicina Veterina´ria (Applied Toxicology to Veterinary Toxicology) Sa˜o Paulo: Editora Manole

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply—MAPA Portuguese only: http://www.agricultura.gov.br/ Address: Ministe´rio da Agricultura, Pecua´ria e Abastecimento

Government agencies

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Esplanada dos Ministe´rios, Bloco D CEP: 70043-900—Brası´lia/DF—Brazil Phone: 155 61 3218-2828 Public Companies Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation—EMBRAPA English: https://www.embrapa.br/en/international Portuguese: http://www.embrapa.br/ Address: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecua´ria Parque Estac¸a˜o Biolo´gica—PqEB s/n CEP: 70770-901—Brası´lia/DF—Brazil Phone: 155 61 3448 4433 Fax: 155 61 3347 1041 Ministry of Environmental—MMA Portuguese only: http://www.mma.gov.br/ Address: Ministe´rio do Meio Ambiente Av. Esplanada dos Ministe´rios, Bloco B, 5 ao 9 andar CEP: 70068-900—Brası´lia/DF—Brazil National Commission of Chemical Safety Portuguese only: http://www.mma.gov.br/segurancaquimica/comissao-nacional Brazilian Institute for the Environmental and Renewable Natural Resources—IBAMA Portuguese only: http://www.ibama.gov.br/ Address: Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renova´veis Setor de Clubes Esportivo Norte—SCEN, Trecho 2, Ed. Sede do IBAMA, Bloco A CEP: 70818-900—Brası´lia/DF—Brazil

National System of Toxic-Pharmacological Information— SINITOX Portuguese only: https://sinitox.icict.fiocruz.br/ Address: Sistema Nacional de Informac¸o˜es To´xicoFarmacolo´gicas—SINITOX Av. Brasil, 4365—Pre´dio Biblioteca de Manguinhos, 2 andar CEP: 21045-900—Rio de Janeiro/RJ—Brazil Phone: 155 21 3865 3247/3865 3246 Fax: 155 21 2290 1696/2260 9944 National Health Surveillance Agency—ANVISA English: http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/english Portuguese: http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/ Address: Ageˆncia Nacional de Vigilaˆncia Sanita´ria SIA trecho 5, a´rea especial 57 CEP: 70770-502—Brası´lia/DF—Brazil Phone: 0800 642 9782 Ministry for Labour—MTE Portuguese only: http://trabalho.gov.br/ Address: Ministe´rio do Trabalho e Emprego Av. Esplanada dos Ministe´rios, Bloco F CEP: 70059-900—Brası´lia/DF—Brazil Phone: 155 61 3317 6000 FUNDACENTRO Portuguese only: http://www.fundacentro.gov.br/

Nongovernment organizations

Ministry of Health—MS Portuguese only: http://portalms.saude.gov.br/ Address: Ministe´rio da Sau´de Av. Esplanada dos Ministe´rios—Bloco G CEP: 70058-900—Brası´lia/DF—Brazil Phone: 155 61 3315 2712

International Life Science Institute Brazil—ILSI Portuguese only: http://ilsibrasil.org/ Address: International Life Sciences Institute Rua Hungria, 664, 11 andar, cj.113 CEP: 01455-904—Sa˜o Paulo/SP—Brazil Phone/Fax: 155 11 3035 5585

National Council of Health Portuguese only: http://conselho.saude.gov.br/ Address: Conselhos de Sau´de Av. Esplanada dos Ministe´rios, Bloco G, Edifı´cio Anexo Ala B, 1o andar, sala 103B % ´lia/DF—Brazil CEP: 70058-900—Brası

Pan-American Health Organization—Brazil—OPAS Portuguese only: https://www.paho.org/bra/ Address: Organizac¸a˜o Pan-Americana da Sau´de Setor de Embaixadas Norte, Lote 19 CEP: 70800-400—Brası´lia/DF—Brazil Phone: 155 61 3426 9595 Fax: 155 61 3426 9591

National Foundation of Health—FUNASA Portuguese only: http://www.funasa.gov.br/ Oswaldo Cruz Foundation—FIOCRUZ English: https://portal.fiocruz.br/en Portuguese: https://portal.fiocruz.br/ Address: Fundac¸a˜o Oswaldo Cruz Av. Brasil, 4365—Manguinhos CEP: 21040-360—Rio de Janeiro/RJ—Brazil Phone: 155 21 2598 4242

Prohuma Institute of Scientific Studies—PROHUMA Portuguese only: http://prohuma.org.br/ Address: Rua Eduardo Tomanik, 900, sala no.37, Edifı´cio Unit Concept Bairro Cha´cara Urbana CEP: 13029-090—Jundı´aı´/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 19 4521 7047 Email: [email protected]

Resources

Laboratories and consulting services Fleury Medicina e Sau´de Portuguese only: http://www.fleury.com.br/Pages/ default.aspx?gclid 5 EAIaIQobChMI_KXZ9ai93AIV S1gNCh0P0wj7EAAYASAAEgJT1fD_BwE Address: Rua Mato Grosso, 306, Higieno´polis CEP: 01239-040—Sa˜o Paulo/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 11 3179-0822 It is the most complete center for medical diagnosis in the country. It performs more than 2000 types of exams in 37 medical areas, including several toxicological exams. InterTox—Intelligent Solutions in Environmental Health English/Portuguese: http://www.intertox.com.br Address: Intertox—Soluc¸o˜es para os Riscos Quı´mico, Toxicolo´gico e Ambiental Rua Turiassu, 390, 9o andar, Perdizes CEP: 05.005-000—Sa˜o% Paulo/SP—Brazil Phone/Fax: 155 11 3868 8970 InterTox renders services to individuals, companies, public and private entities, and labor union representatives offering consulting services in the health and environmental area, with the aid of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Laboratories, both in the analytical and business administration areas. PLANITOX—Science-based Toxicology Company English/Portuguese: http://www.planitox.com.br/ Address: Planitox—Science-based Toxicology Company Av. Jose´ de Souza Campos, 1073, sala 801 CEP: 13024-230—Campinas/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 19 2103 6900 Fax: 155 19 2103 6906 Email: [email protected] Planning, consulting, and information in toxicology aiming at risk assessment and technical reports for the manufacturing process, registering and use of the product. Medical assistance and management in the human health area, regarding corporate crisis. Acts with scientific rigor, quality, and ethics in different areas of toxicology, carrying out assessments, tests, and trials for the preparation of technical reports, supplying information and specialized care. TOXICLIN Medical Services—Toxicology solutions Portuguese only: http://www.toxiclin.com.br/ Address: Alameda dos Jurupis, 657, 9o andar % CEP: 04088-002—Indiano´polis/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 11 5054 5511 Email: [email protected]

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Providing specialized medical services in toxicovigilance, pharmacovigilance, and cosmetovigilance, including the design and development of services, customer service, and guidance to consumers of our clients’ products and preparation of the necessary support documentation for this service. TOXIKON—Occupational Toxicology and Industrial Hygiene Laboratory English: http://www.toxikon.com.br/ENGLISH/ TOXIKON.HTML Portuguese: http://www.toxikon.com.br/ Address: Toxikon Rua Salvador Correa, 346, Aclimac¸a˜o CEP: 04109-070—Sa˜o Paulo/SP—Brazil Email: [email protected] ´ N is a private company Established in 1979 TOXIKO specialized in occupational health. Acting in an integrated form to render services of biological and environmental monitoring of occupational exposure to chemicals, the company has two divisions: Toxicological consulting services and Industrial hygiene.

Universities University of Sa˜o Paulo—USP English: http://www5.usp.br/english/?lang 5 en Portuguese: http://www5.usp.br/ Address: Reitoria da Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo Rua da Reitoria, 109—Butanta˜ CEP: 05508-900—Sa˜o Paulo/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 11 3091 3500 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences—Biochemistry and Toxicological Department English: http://www.fcf.usp.br/english.php Portuguese: http://www.fcf.usp.br/index.php Address: Faculdade de Cieˆncias Farmaceˆuticas Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, Blocos 13 a 17 CEP: 05508-900—Sa˜o Paulo/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 11 3091 3674 Post-graduate Course in Toxicology and Toxicological Analysis English: http://www.fcf.usp.br/pos-graduacao/ english.phpPortuguese: http://www.fcf.usp.br/ departamentos/pagina.php? menu 5 17&pagina 5 30&departamento 5 2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeira˜o Preto English: http://fcfrp.usp.br/ Portuguese: http://fcfrp.usp.br/ Address: Avenida do Cafe´, s/n CEP: 14040-903—Ribeira˜o Preto/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 163315 4181

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5. Brazil

Post-graduate Course in Toxicology English: http://fcfrp.usp.br/toxicologia/ Portuguese: http://fcfrp.usp.br/toxicologia/#. W2HNH9JKjIU Laboratory of Toxicological Analysis Portuguese only: http://www.fcf.usp.br/ departamentos/laboratorio.php? laboratorio 5 79&departamento 5 2 Phone: 155 11 3091 2194 Faculty of Public Health English: http://sites.usp.br/fsp/en/ Portuguese: http://novahygeia.fsp.usp.br/site/ Address: Faculdade de Sau´de Pu´blica Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715—Cerqueira Cesar CEP: 01246-904—Sa˜o Paulo/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 11 3061 7000/3061 7717 Email: [email protected] Department of Environmental Health—Post-graduate Course in Environmental Health Portuguese only: http://www.fsp.usp.br/site/ paginas/mostrar/74 Faculty of Medicine English: http://www3.fm.usp.br/en/portal/ Portuguese: http://www3.fm.usp.br/fmusp/portal/ Address: Faculdade de Medicina Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455—Cerqueira Ce´sar CEP: 01246903—Sa˜o Paulo/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 11 3061 7000 Department of Psychiatry English: http://www.psiquiatriafmusp.org.br/ department/ Portuguese: http://www.psiquiatriafmusp.org.br/ departamento/Multi Subject Group of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs—GREA Portuguese only: http://www.grea.org.br/ Address: Instituto e Departamento de Psiquiatria Rua Ovı´dio Pires de Campos, 785 Caixa Postal: 3671 CEP: 01060-970—Sa˜o Paulo/SP—Brazil Email: [email protected] University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Portuguese only: http://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/ Address: Universidade de Campinas Cidade Universita´ria “Zeferino Vaz,” s/n—Bara˜o Geraldo CEP: 13083-970—Campinas/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 19 3788 2121 Faculty of Food Engineering Portuguese only: http://www.fea.unicamp.br/ Address: Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos da Unicamp

Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80 Caixa Postal: 6121 CEP: 13083-862—Campinas/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 19 3521 4097 Fax: 155 19 3289 1513 Faculty of Medical Science Portuguese only: https://www.fcm.unicamp.br/fcm/ Address: Rua Tessa´lia Vieira de Camargo, 126 Cidade Universita´ria “Zeferino Vaz”—Bara˜o Geraldo CEP: 13083-887—Campinas/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 19 3788 2121 Department of Pharmacology Portuguese only: https://www.fcm.unicamp.br/fcm/ departamento-de-farmacologia Address: Rua Tessa´lia Vieira de Camargo, 126 Cidade Universita´ria “Zeferino Vaz”—Bara˜o Geraldo CEP: 13083-887—Campinas/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 19 3521 9531 Department of Collective Health Portuguese only: https://www.fcm.unicamp.br/fcm/ departamento-de-saude-coletivaAddress: Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social Rua Tessa´lia Vieira de Camargo, 126—Bara˜o Geraldo CEP: 13083-887—Campinas/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 19 3521 8044 Multi Subject Center of Research in Chemistry, Biology and Agricultural of University of Campinas—CPQBA Portuguese only: http://www.cpqba.unicamp.br/ Address: Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Quı´micas, Biolo´gicas e Agrı´colas Av. Alexandre Cazelatto, 999, bairro Vila Betel CEP: 13148-218—Paulı´nia/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 19 2139 2850 Division: Pharmacology and Toxicology Portuguese only: https://www.cpqba.unicamp.br/ divisoes/farmacologia-e-toxicologia/ft-a-divisao.html Sa˜o Paulo State University “Ju´lio de Mesquita Filho”— Campus of Botucatu City Portuguese only: https://www2.unesp.br/Address: Universidade Estadual Paulista “Ju´lio de Mesquita Filho” Rua Quirino de Andrade, 215 CEP: 01049-010—Sa˜o Paulo/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 11 5627 0233 Institute of Biosciences—Botucatu English: http://www.ibb.unesp.br/#!/english Portuguese: http://www.ibb.unesp.br/ Address: Instituto de Biocieˆncias Distrito de Rubia˜o Jr., s/n CEP: 18618-000—Botucatu/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 14 3811 6000

Resources

Center of Toxicological Assistance—CEATOX Portuguese only: http://www.ibb.unesp.br/? viewType 5 Print&viewClass 5 Print#!/unidadesauxiliares/centro-de-assistencia-toxicologica---ceatox/ principal/ Address: Centro de Assisteˆncia Toxicolo´gica— CEATOX Rua Professor Doutor Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250 CEP: 18618-689—Botucatu/SP—Brazil Phone/Fax: 155 14 3880 0672 Email: [email protected] Federal University of Sa˜o Paulo English: https://www.unifesp.br/world/ Portuguese: http://www.unifesp.br/ Address: Universidade Federal de Sa˜o Paulo Rua Sena Madureira, 1500 CEP: 04021-001—Vila Clementino—Sa˜o Paulo/SP— Brazil Phone: 155 11 5576 4000 Department of Psychiatry Portuguese only: http://www.dpsiq.sites.unifesp.br/ Address: Departamento de Psiquiatria Rua Borges Lagoa, 570 CEP: 04038-020—Sa˜o Paulo/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 11 5576 4990 Institute of Environmental Science, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Portuguese only: http://www.unifesp.br/campus/ dia/ Address: Unidade Jose´ de Filippi: Rua Prof. Arthur Riedel, 275 CEP: 09972-270—Jd Eldorado—Diadema/SP—Brazil Unidade Jose´ Alencar—Rua Sa˜o Nicolau, 210 CEP: 09913-030—Centro—Diadema/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 11 4044 0500

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Federal University of Parana´ Portuguese only: http://www.ufpr.br/portalufpr/ Address: Universidade Federal do Parana´ Rua XV de Novembro, 1299—Centro CEP: 80060-000—Curitiba/PR—Brazil Phone: 155 41 3360 5000 Federal University of Santa Maria Portuguese only: http://site.ufsm.br/ Address: Avenida Roraima, n 1000, Cidade Universita´ria CEP: 97105-900—Bairro Camobi—Santa Maria/RS— Brazil Postgraduate Course in Toxicological Biochemistry Portuguese only: http://coral.ufsm.br/ppgbtox/index. php/pt-br/ Address: Po´s-Graduac¸a˜o em Bioquı´mica e Toxicolo´gica Pre´dio 18, Sala 2128 CEP: 97105-900—Santa Maria/RS—Brazil Phone/Fax: 155 55 3220 8978 Email: ppgbioqtox@gmail Oswaldo Cruz Faculties Portuguese only: http://www2.oswaldocruz.br/ Address: Faculdade Oswaldo Cruz Rua Brigadeiro Galva˜o, 540—Barra Funda CEP: 01151-000—Sa˜o Paulo/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 11 3824 3660 Fax: 155 11 3824 3660 Faculty of Pharmacy Portuguese only: http://www.oswaldocruz.br/ cursos/curso.asp?id_curso 5 5 Postgraduate Course in Biochemistry and Toxicological Analysis Portuguese only: http://www.oswaldocruz.br/pos/ sip/sip_curso.asp?id_curso 5 86&promo 5 &chave 5

Federal University of Minas Gerais English: https://ufmg.br/international-visitors Portuguese: http://www.ufmg.br/ Address: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Av. Antoˆnio Carlos, 6627—Pampulha CEP: 31270-901—Belo Horizonte/MG—Brazil Phone: 1155 31 3499 5000

Pontific Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul Portuguese only: http://www.pucrs.br/ Address: Pontifı´cia Universidade Cato´lica do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Ipiranga, 6681—Partenon CEP: 90619-900—Porto Alegre/RS—Brazil Phone: 155 51 3320 3500

Faculty of Pharmacy Portuguese only: http://www.farmacia.ufmg.br/ Address: Faculdade de Farma´cia Av. Presidente Antoˆnio Carlos, 6627—Pampulha CEP: 31270-901—Belo Horizonte/MG—Brazil Phone: 155 31 3499 6830

Center of Research in Toxicology and Pharmacology (INTOX) Portuguese only: http://www.pucrs.br/intox/ Address: Instituto de Toxicologia Av. Ipiranga, 6681—Pre´dio 12 D—Sala 101 CEP: 90619-900—Porto Alegre/RS—Brazil Phone: 155 51 3320 3677 Email: [email protected]

Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Portuguese only: https://www.farmacia.ufmg.br/act/

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5. Brazil

University of Brası´lia Portuguese only: http://www.unb.br/ Address: Campus Universita´rio Darcy Ribeiro CEP: 70910-900—Brası´lia/DF—Brazil Phone: 155 61 3107 0214 Faculty of Health Sciences Portuguese only: https://fs.unb.br/ FEEVALE University English: https://www.feevale.br/en/institutional/ Portuguese: https://www.feevale.br/ Address: Campus I Av. Dr. Maurı´cio Cardoso, 510—Bairro Hamburgo Velho Novo CEP: 93510-235—Novo Hamburgo/RS—Brazil Phone: 155 51 3586 8800 Hermı´nio Ometto Foundation (Uniararas) Portuguese only: http://www.uniararas.br/ posgraduacao/index.php Address: Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500 Jd Universita´rio CEP: 13607-339—Araras/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 19 3543 1400 Specialization in Toxicology Portuguese only: http://www.uniararas.br/ posgraduacao/cursos/detalhes.php? id 5 &tipo 5 19&codcurso 5 1559 Address: Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500 Jd Universita´rio CEP: 13607-339—Araras/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 19 3543 1400

Professional societies Brazilian Society of Toxicology Portuguese only: https://www.sbtox.org/ Brazilian Society of Mutagenesis and Environmental Genomics Portuguese only: https://mutagen-brasil.org.br/ Brazilian Society of Chemistry Portuguese only: http://www.sbq.org.br/

Poison information/control centers Amazonas Toxicological Information Center Address: Av. Apurina˜, 04, Prac¸a 14 CEP: 69020-170—Manaus/AM—Brazil Tel: 155 92 3305 4702/0800 722 6001 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Bahia Center of Anti-Poison Information CIAVE Portuguese only: http://www.saude.ba.gov.br/ atencao-a-saude/atendimento-ao-cidadao/centrosde-referencia/ciave/ Address: Hospital Geral Roberto Santos

Estrada Velha do Saboeiro, s/n —Cabula CEP: 41150-000—Salvador/BA—Brazil Phone: 155 71 3387 4343/0800 284 4343 Email: [email protected] Campo Grande Integrated Toxicological Surveillance Center—CIVITOX Address: Rua Joel Dibo, 267 CEP: 79002-060—Campo Grande/MS—Brazil Phone: 155 67 3386 8655/0800 722 6001 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Center of Assistance and Toxicological Information—CIT/ DF (Brası´lia) Address: SGAN Quadra601 Lotes “O e P” CEP: 70.830-010—Brası´lia/DF—Brazil Phone: 155 61 3225-6512/0800 644 6774 Email: [email protected] Center of Assistance and Toxicological Information of Minas Gerais—CIATox/MG Address: Avenida Alfredo Balena, 400—1o andar % CEP: 301030-100—Belo Horizonte/MG—Brazil Phone: 155 31 3224 4000/3239 9224 Email: [email protected] Center of Toxicological Information of Bele´m Address: Hospital Universita´rio Joa˜o de Barros Barreto Rua dos Mundurucus, 4487—Bairro Guama´ CEP: 66073-000—Bele´m/PA—Brazil Phone: 155 91 3249 6370/3201 6622/3259 3748 Email: [email protected] Center of Toxicological Assistance of Cascavel Address: Hospital Universita´rio do Oeste do Parana´ (HUOP) Av. Tancredo Neves, 3224—Bairro Santo Onofre CEP: 85806-470—Cascavel/PR—Brazil Phone: 155 45 3226 0808/3226 6138 r.2261 Email: [email protected] Center of Toxicological Assistance of Natal Address: Hospital Giselda Trigueiro Rua Coˆnego Monte, 110—Bairro Quintas CEP: 59035-000—Natal/RN—Brazil Phone: 155 84 98803-4140 Email: [email protected] CIATox Campinas—Information Center and Toxicological Assistance Portuguese only: https://www.fcm.unicamp.br/fcm/ ciatox-de-campinas Address: Faculdade de Cieˆncias Me´dicas Hospital das Clı´nicas/UNICAMP Rua Vital Brasil, 251 Cidade Universita´ria Zeferino Vaz—Bara˜o Geraldo CEP: 13083-970—Campinas/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 19 3521 7555/3521 6700/3521 7277 Fax: 155 19 3788 7573 Email: [email protected]

Resources

CEP: 88036-800—Florino´polis/SC—Brazil Phone: 155 48 3721 9535/3721 9173 Email: [email protected]; [email protected]. gov.br

Curitiba Poison Control Center—CCE Address: Hospital de Clı´nicas Rua General Carneiro, 181—Centro CEP: 80060-900—Curitiba/PR—Brazil Phone: 1 55 41 3264 8290/0800 410148 Email: [email protected] Londrina Information Center and Assistance—CIATox Address: Avenida Robert Koch, 60 Londrina/PR—Brazil Phone: 155 43 3371 2244 Email: [email protected]

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Toxicological

Maringa´ Poison Control Center—CCI Address: Hospital Universita´rio Regional de Maringa´ Avenida Mandacaru, 1590 CEP: 87080-000—Maringa´/PR—Brazil Phone: 155 44 3011 9127/3011 9431 Email: [email protected] Mato Grosso Center of Anti-Poison Information CIAVE Address: Avenida General Valle, 192, Bandeirante CEP: 78.000-000—Cuiaba´/MS—Brazil Phone: 155 65 3617 7850/0800 722 6001 Email: [email protected] Nitero´i Poison Control Center—CCI Address: Hospital Universita´rio Antoˆnio Pedro— Universidade Federal Fluminense Av. Marqueˆs do Parana´, 303—Pre´dio de Emergeˆncia do HUAP—2 Andar—Centro CEP: 24033-900—Nitero´i/RJ—Brazil Phone: 155 21 2629 9251/2629 9253 Email: [email protected] Ribeira˜o Preto Poison Control Center Address: Hospital das Clı´nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeira˜o Preto da USP Rua Bernardino de Campos, 1000—Bairro Higieno´polis CEP: 14015-130—Ribeira˜o Preto/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 16 3602 1190/3602 1192/3602 1154 Email: [email protected] Rio de Janeiro Poison Control Center Address: Hospital Universita´rio Clementino Fraga Filho Avenida Brigadeiro Trompvski, s/n —8 andar—Sala E-01—Ilha do Funda˜o—Cidade Universita´ria CEP: 21941-590—Rio de Janeiro/RJ—Brazil Phone: 155 21 2573 3244 Email: [email protected] Santa Catarina Information Center and Toxicological Assistance—CIATox Address: Hospital Universita´rio—Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina—Bairro Trindade Caixa Postal: 5199

Santos Poison Control Center ´ lvaro, Hemonu´cleo, 1o Address: Hospital Guilherme A % andar Rua Oswaldo Cruz, 197—Boqueira˜o CEP: 11045-904—Santos/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 13 3222 2878 Fax: 155 13 3222 2654 Email: [email protected] Sa˜o Jose dos Campos Poison Control Center Address: Hospital Municipal “Dr. Jose´ de Carvalho Florence” Rua Saigiro Nakamura, 800—Vila Industrial CEP: 12232-090—Sa˜o Jose´ dos Campos/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 12 3901 3509 Email: [email protected] Sa˜o Paulo Poison Control Center Address: Hospital Municipal Dr. Artur Ribeiro de Saboya Av. Francisco de Paula Quintanilha Ribeiro, 860—4 Andar—Jabaquara CEP: 04330-020—Sa˜o Paulo/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 11 5012 5311 (CIT)/0800 771 3733 Email: [email protected] Sergipe Toxicological Information Center Address: Hospital Governador Joa˜o Alves Filho Av. Tancredo Neves, s/n CEP: 49000-000—Aracaju´/SE—Brazil Phone: 155 79 3259 3645/3216 2600 R. 2677 Email: [email protected] Taubate´ Poison Control Center Address: Fundac¸a˜o Universita´ria de Sau´de de Taubate´—Universidade de Taubate´—Hospital Escola Rua Benedito Cursino dos Santos, 101—Centro CEP: 12031-550—Taubate´/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 12 3632 6565/3621 3800 Toxicological Assistance Center of Botucatu Address: Instituto de Biocieˆncia, UNESP Distrito Rubia˜o Junior, s/n CEP: 18618-970—Botucatu/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 14 3880 0673/3880 0678/3880 0228 Toxicological Assistance Center of Campina Grande—CIAT Address: Hospital de Trauma e Emergeˆncia Dom Luiz Gonzaga Fernandes Avenida Floriano Peixoto, 4700—Sa˜o Jose´ CEP: 58432-809—Campina Grande/PB—Brazil Phone: 155 83 3310 5853

68

5. Brazil

Toxicological Assistance Center of Clinical Hospital of Medical Faculty—University of Sa˜o Paulo Address: Instituto da Crianc¸a—Faculdade de Cieˆncias Me´dicas da Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo Avenida Dr. Ene´as Carvalho de Aguiar, 647, 1o andar, % sala 51 CEP: 05403-900—Sa˜o Paulo/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 11 2661 8571/2661 8800 Email: [email protected]

Toxicological Information Center of Presidente Prudente Portuguese only: http://sites.unoeste.br/ceatox/ Address: Hospital Estadual Odilon Antunes de Siqueira Av. Jose´ Soares Marcondes, 3578—Jardim Bongiovani CEP: 19050-230—Presidente Prudente/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 18 3221 4422 R 223 Email: [email protected]

Toxicological Assistance Center of Fortaleza—CEATOX Fortaleza Address: Instituto Dr. Jose´ Frota Rua Bara˜o do Rio Branco, 1816—Centro CEP: 60016-061—Fortaleza/CE—Brazil Phone: 155 85 3255 5012

Toxicological Information Center of Rio Grande do Sul Portuguese only: http://www.cit.rs.gov.br/ Address: Avenida Ipiranga, 5400—Jd. Botaˆnico CEP: 90610-000—Porto Alegre/RS—Brazil Phone: 155 51 2139 9200/2139 9230/0800 721 3000 Email: [email protected] Web: www.cit.rs.gov.br

Toxicological Assistance Center of Paraı´ba—CEATOX Address: Hospital Universita´rio Lauro Wanderley— Cidade Universita´ria—Campus I CEP: 58059-900—Joa˜o Pessoa/PA—Brazil Phone: 155 83 3224 6688/3216 7007 Toxicological Assistance Center of Pernambuco—CEATOX Address: Prac¸a Osvaldo Cruz, s/n. Boa vista CEP: 50050-210—Recife/PE—Brazil Phone: 155 81 3181 6451/3181 6453/3181 6454 Email: [email protected] Toxicological Assistance Center of Sa˜o Jose´ do Rio Preto Address: Hospital de Base—Fundac¸a˜o Faculdade Regional de Medicina (FUNFARME) Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5544—Bairro Sa˜o Pedro CEP: 15090-000—Sa˜o Jose´ do Rio Preto/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 17 3201 5000/3201 5175 Email: [email protected] Toxicological Attendance Center—TOXCEN of Vito´ria Address: Alameda Mary Ubirajara, 205—Santa Lu´cia Vito´ria/ES—Brazil Phone: 155 27 3636 7575/3636 7503/0800 283 9904 Email: [email protected] Toxicological Information Center of Goia´s Portuguese only: http://www.visa.goias.gov.br/ pagina/ver/7526/toxicologia---cit Address: Superintendeˆncia de Vigilaˆncia Sanita´ria Av. 136, 960—Ed. Executive Tower, 11o andar—Setor % Marista CEP: 74180-040—Goiaˆnia/GO—Brazil Phone: 155 62 3287 2778/3241 2851/0800 646 4350 Toxicological Information Center of Marı´lia Address: Hospital das Clı´nicas de Marı´lia Rua Aziz Atalah, s/n CEP: 17500-000—Marı´lia/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 14 3433 8795/3421 1744 R. 1008

Toxicological Information Center of Teresina—CITOX Address: Rua 19 de novembro, 1865—Bairro Primavera CEP: 64002-570—Teresina/PI—Brazil Tel: 155 86 3216 3661/3216 3662/0800 280 3661 Email: [email protected]; citox.piaui@yahoo. com.br

Legislation Agrochemicals Law Portuguese only: http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/ agrotoxicos Cosmetics Law Portuguese only: http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/ legislacao-cosmeticos Drugs Law Portuguese only: http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/ medicamentos Drugs of Abuse Law Portuguese only: http://www.imesc.sp.gov.br/ Infodrogas/Index Environmental Law Portuguese only: http://www.mma.gov.br/ Foods and Commodities Law Portuguese only: http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/ alimentos Household Products Law Portuguese only: http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/ saneantes Labor Law Portuguese only: http://trabalho.gov.br/

Resources

International MEDLARS Center The National Library of Medicine (NLM) enters into bilateral agreements with public institutions that serve as International MEDLARS Centers. These centers assist health professionals in accessing databases, offer search training, provide document delivery, and perform other functions as bioresource centers.

69

BIREME/OPAS/OMS Centro Latino Americano e do Caribe de Informac¸a˜o em Cieˆncias da Sau´de ´ rea de Gesta˜o do Conhecimento, Bioe´tica e A Pesquisa—KBR Rua Vergueiro, 1759 CEP: 04101-000—Sa˜o Paulo/SP—Brazil Phone: 155 11 5576-9800 Web: http://www.paho.org/bireme/

C H A P T E R

6 Canada Kannan Krishnan, Pamela Prud’homme and Joseph Zayed Robert Sauve´ Occupational Health and Safety Research Institute (IRSST), Montreal, QC, Canada

Introduction

Network of Toxicology Centers in 1992, and the joint Health Canada and Environment Canada sponsored funding program (Toxic Substances Research Initiative) in 1998. It is relevant to also note that Canada hosted the first International Congress of Toxicology (ICT-Toronto) in 1977, and then for the second time in 2007 (Montreal). Canada was also the host of the International Congress on Occupational Health in 1990, during which the Scientific Committee of Occupational Toxicology was created in Montreal. The following sections list some of the major toxicology-related information resources in Canada, in terms of journals, new letters, databases, web-based tools, government sites, academic programs, and poison centers.

Canada has a very long history of scientific activity related to toxicology. A toxicology component is firmly established in many pharmacology, pharmacy, environmental science, forensic science, as well as occupational health and safety arenas in Canada. Fundamental and applied research efforts in Canada cover several areas of toxicology, including risk assessment, predictive toxicology, and PBPK (physiologically-based pharmacokinetic) modeling. On the regulatory front, Canada is the first country in the world to categorize thousands of chemical substances (specifically 23,000), and set priorities for further research. The Canadian roadmap for assessing and managing chemical substances, referred to as the “Chemical Management Plan” has gained attention and appreciation for engaging stakeholders and the public in the process. With the current chemical management plan nearing completion, the Canadian federal government is already taking initiatives to set new directions and objectives for chemicals management post-2020. In this regard, Canada is working with other countries to evolve responsible chemical and waste management under the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM), a policy framework to promote chemical safety around the world. Historically, Canadian scientists and experts in risk assessment have also played a key role in the international front on several topical areas. An impetus to such a Canadian presence can be tracked to Health and Welfare Canada’s laboratories dedicated to toxicological evaluation in the 1960s, as well as to the Medical Council of Canada grants to help initiate research in toxicology in Canadian Universities in the early 1970s. This was followed by funding of Canadian

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00006-1

Resources Original research articles in toxicology Many Canadian authors routinely submit articles describing original research in toxicology in international journals published from the United States or from other parts of the world. In addition, review articles and book chapters appear frequently in books that are edited and published in the United States. Consequently, readers are referred to the detailed descriptions of books and journals that appear in the appropriate section of this text dealing with the United States, because these frequently contain articles of Canadian origin. In addition, there are some Canadian journals that publish original research articles in toxicology. For example, there is a pharmacology and toxicology section in the Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, and articles in the area of environmental

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Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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toxicology are routinely published in the Canadian Fisheries Journal. Other relevant public health articles are published in the Canadian Journal of Public Health.

Journals Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ISSN: 0706-652X 1205-7533 http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/page/cjfas/editors Published continuously since 1901 (under various titles), this monthly journal is the primary publishing vehicle for the multidisciplinary field of aquatic sciences. Canadian Journal of Forest Research ISSN: 0045-5067 1208-6037 http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/journal/cjfr Published since 1971, this monthly journal features articles, reviews, notes, and commentaries on all aspects of forest science, contributed by internationally respected scientists. It also publishes special issues dedicated to a topic of current interest. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ISSN: 0008-4212 1205-7541 http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/journal/cjpp Published since 1929, this monthly journal reports current research in all aspects of physiology, nutrition, pharmacology, and toxicology, contributed by recognized experts and scientists. It publishes symposium reviews and award lectures and occasionally dedicates entire issues or portions of issues to subjects of special interest to its international readership. The journal periodically publishes a “Made In Canada” special section that features invited review articles from internationally recognized scientists who have received some of their training in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health ISSN: 0008-4263 https://www.cpha.ca/canadian-journal-public-health-0 The Canadian Journal of Public Health is a professional journal which carries a wide variety of in-depth articles on all aspects of public health. The editorial is peer-reviewed, and the editorial board is made up of public health experts from across Canada. Canadian Journal of Soil Science ISSN: 0008-4271 http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/journal/cjss Published since 1957, this quarterly journal contains new research on the use, management, structure, and development of soils and draws from the disciplines of

soil science, agrometeorology, ecology, agricultural engineering, environmental science, hydrology, forestry, geology, geography, and climatology and covers agrometeorology; ecology, biological processes, and plant interactions; composition and chemical processes; physical processes, and interfaces; genesis, landscape processes, and relationships; contamination and environmental stewardship; and management for agricultural, forestry, and urban uses. Canadian Water Resources Journal ISSN: 0701-1784 https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tcwr20/current The Canadian Water Resources Association recognizes the need to provide a Canadian-oriented publication in which authors can present their views on a broad range of water resource-related topics. The Canadian Water Resources Journal accepts manuscripts in English or French and publishes abstracts in both official languages. In general, preference is given to manuscripts focusing on information and policy aspects of Canadian water management. Environmental Reviews ISSN: 1208-6053 http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/journal/er Published since 1993, this quarterly e-only journal presents authoritative literature reviews on a wide range of environmental science and associated environmental studies topics, with emphasis on the effects on and response of both natural and man-made ecosystems to anthropogenic stress. The authorship and scope are international, with critical literature reviews submitted and invited on such topics as sustainability, water supply management, climate change, harvesting impacts, acid rain, pesticide use, lake acidification, air and marine pollution, oil and gas development, biological control, food chain biomagnification, rehabilitation of polluted aquatic systems, erosion, forestry, bioindicators of environmental stress, conservation of biodiversity, and many other environmental issues.

Governmental publications Health Canada Publications Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0S9 http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/pubs/index_e.html Environment and Climate Change Canada Publications Hull, QC, Canada K1A 0H3 (http://www.ec.gc.ca/ default.asp?lang5En&n5ABE0AD52-1) https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climatechange.html

Resources

Proposed Regulatory Decision Documents Pest Management Regulatory Agency Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6 http://www.pmra-arla.gc.ca/english/pubs/pubs-e. html

Newsletters and magazines Canadian Environmental Regulation & Compliance News http://www.templegateinfo.com/canadianenvironmental-regulation-compliance-news/ Canadian Occupational Safety and Health News http://www.cos-mag.com/ EcoLog News http://www.ecolog.com/default.asp EHScompliance.ca Newsletter http://www.ehscompliance.ca/ OHS Canada Magazine http://www.ohscanada.com/ Safety Compliance Insider https://ohsinsider.com/ Workplace Environment Health & Safety Reporter http://www.templegateinfo.com/workplaceenvironment-health-safety-reporter/

Computerized information resources A number of databases and internet-based tools have become available in Canada and these contain exposure, biomonitoring, or toxicological information regarding chemicals in the work or general environment. Even though some of these resources are publicly available, others require more formal access process. The following list gives a broad picture of such internet-based resources, initially developed using the Health Canada inventory database (https:// open.canada.ca/en/search/inventory). Asbestos Workers Registry (Ontario) https://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/pubs/ asbestos/asbst_14.php This is Ontario Ministry of labor’s website regarding worker exposure to asbestos. The Provincial Physician uses the data included in the Asbestos Work Report forms that are submitted by employers to establish an Asbestos Workers Registry. The register allows the Provincial Physician to identify workers who, because of their potential accumulated exposure to asbestos, should receive a medical examination. When a worker has

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accumulated 2000 hours of exposure, the equivalent of one full year’s employment, the worker is notified. Canadian Cancer Registry http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl? Function 5 getSurvey&SDDS 5 3207 The Canadian Cancer Registry (CCR) is a population-based registry that includes data collected and reported to Statistics Canada by each provincial/ territorial cancer registry. The person-based CCR collects information about each new primary cancer diagnosed among Canadian residents since 1992. The objective is to produce standardized and comparable incidence data that can be used to assist and support health planners and decision-makers to identify risk factors; plan, monitor, and evaluate cancer screening, treatment and control programs; and conduct research. Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/ publications/canadian-chronic-disease-surveillancesystem-factsheet.html The Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS) is a collaborative network of provincial and territorial surveillance systems, supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. The CCDSS enhances the scope of data on chronic diseases in Canada and supports the planning of health resources and the development of health policies and programs. It collects data on all residents who are eligible for provincial or territorial health insurance and can generate national estimates and trends over time for over 20 chronic diseases. Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl? Function 5 getSurvey&SDDS 5 3226 In 1991 the National Task Force on Health Information cited a number of issues and problems with the health information system. To respond to these issues, the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), Statistics Canada and Health Canada joined forces to create a Health Information Roadmap. From this mandate, the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) was conceived. The CCHS is a cross-sectional survey that collects information related to health status, health care utilization, and health determinants for the Canadian population. Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/ environmental-workplace-health/environmentalcontaminants/human-biomonitoringenvironmental-chemicals/canadian-healthmeasures-survey.html

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The Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) is a national survey led by Statistics Canada, in partnership with Health Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada. The CHMS is the most comprehensive collection of information from Canadians about their general health. Through personal interviews and the collection of physical measurements, the survey provides baseline data on indicators of environmental exposures, chronic diseases, infectious diseases, fitness, and nutritional status, as well as risk factors and protective characteristics related to these areas. The physical measurements include such factors as height and weight, blood pressure, physical fitness, and lung function measures. In addition, the survey is collecting blood and urine samples as well as DNA sample from consenting participants. Between 2007 and 2013 the biomonitoring component of the CHMS has measured a total of 176 chemicals in individual blood and urine samples collected during the first three cycles. Data collection for the fourth cycle took place from 2014 to 2015 and the fifth cycle is currently underway. Biomonitoring data are presented for each chemical by biological matrix, cycle, sex, and age group. The Reports on Human Biomonitoring of Environmental Chemicals in Canada provide the results of the biomonitoring component from each 2-year cycle of the CHMS. Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP) https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/ injury-prevention/canadian-hospitals-injuryreporting-prevention-program.html The Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program is an injury and poisoning surveillance system that collects and analyzes data on injuries to people who are seen at the emergency rooms of 11 pediatric hospitals and 8 general hospitals in Canada. Canadian Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse (CPPIC) https://ec.gc.ca/p2/default.asp?lang 5 En&n 5 7F6B6CDB-1 The Canadian Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse, an online database and comprehensive resource provides Canadians with the information they need to put pollution prevention into practice. Cancer in Young People in Canada program https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/ chronic-diseases/cancer/cancer-young-peoplecanada-program.html The Cancer in Young People in Canada (CYP-C) program is a national, population-based surveillance

system studying all children and youth with cancer in Canada. CYP-C collects information on children and youth with cancer, including treatments, complications, and outcomes. For this population, CYP-C aims to help us to better understand risk factors, improve outcomes, enhance the quality and accessibility of care, and reduce late effects. CCOHS Web Information Services http://ccinfoweb.ccohs.ca/ CCOHS was established in 1978 by the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Act, which was passed by unanimous vote in the Canadian Parliament. CCOHS promotes the total well-being— physical, psychosocial and mental health—of working Canadians by providing information, training, education, management systems, and solutions that support health, safety, and wellness programs. A federal department corporation, CCOHS is governed by a tripartite Council—representing government, employers and labor—to ensure a balanced approach to workplace health and safety issues. It offers a range of workplace health and safety services to help organizations raise awareness, assess risks, implement prevention programs, and improve health, safety, and well-being. The center’s Web Information Services provide simple, one-step searching across all OHS database collections including Material Safety Data Sheets, CHEMINFO (Comprehensive health and safety information on pure chemicals), RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances), and many others. Contaminated Sites Databases (British Columbia) https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/ air-land-water/site-remediation/contaminatedsites/information-about-sites The ministry maintains several databases with information about sites in British Columbia that are or may be contaminated. This database has the provincial government’s records of site investigations and cleanups. It is not a registry of contaminated sites, although some sites in the registry are contaminated. Most sites have already been investigated and require minor remediation, or have already been cleaned up to government requirements. EcoLog Legislation—Canadian Environmental and Health & Safety Legislation http://www.ecolog.com/elis/default.asp The National Legislation Service allows you to access EcoLog’s database of Canada’s more than 2300 federal, provincial, and territorial environmental, occupational

Resources

health and safety, and workers’ compensation Acts, regulations, guidelines, and codes of practice. That is more than 21,800 pages of compliance information that is updated and consolidated every month. Strings of characters or phrases can be used to search the entire environmental and occupational health and safety legislative database, by jurisdiction and by legislation. Environment and Natural Resources (Government of Northwest Territories) https://www.enr.gov.nt.ca/en/services/air-quality The database stores ambient air quality data and meteorological data for the Northwest Territories. Environmental Monitoring System (EMS) (British Columbia) https://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/ems/indexAction.do The database contains data covering physical/chemical and biological analyses performed on water, air, solid waste discharges, and ambient monitoring sites throughout the province. Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN) https://gphin.canada.ca/cepr/articles.jsp? language 5 en_CA Global Public Health Intelligence Network is an early warning system for potential public health threats worldwide. It is a 24/7 curated situational awareness service: human analysts monitor media sources worldwide and provide organized, relevant information to users allowing them to respond to potential health threats in a timely manner. Great Lakes Fish Contaminants Monitoring and Surveillance Data https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/e4fdb62d1477-4596-a863-1e405ad025c8 Monitoring and surveillance data on the concentration of contaminants in selected species of fish and other aquatic biota collected to determine the environmental trends in contaminant levels and relationship to sources of pollution, the effectiveness of management actions, and the risk to fish and fish-consuming wildlife in the Great Lakes aquatic ecosystem are included in this dataset. International Circumpolar Surveillance (ICS) Database https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/ surveillance.html#a16 The International Circumpolar Surveillance (ICS) initiative is a population-based surveillance network of circumpolar countries including the United States, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Russia. Since 1999 the Arctic Investigations Program of

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the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Anchorage, Alaska has coordinated the surveillance program. The aim is to gather data which will lead to a better understanding of the epidemiology of infectious diseases in northern Aboriginal populations in order to improve prevention and control programs and to enable the assessment of the burden of illness and identification of risk factors related to invasive pneumococcal diseases among aboriginal peoples. Medico-Environmental Surveillance of Workers’ Health (SISAT) https://www.inspq.qc.ca/surveillance-en-sante-autravail/systeme-d-information-en-sante-au-travail The database is an occupational health information system which captures data gathered by the occupational health teams of CLSC and the Re´gies Re´gionales from the establishments (e.g., industrial) within their respective regions as part of provincial programs or health programs specific to these establishments. The SISAT helps identify potential risks [chemical contaminants (metals, dust, etc.), physical hazards (noise, vibration, etc.), biological (bacteria, mold, etc.), ergonomic, psychological, etc.] and reduce the exposure of workers to the identified risks. National Dose Registry https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/ environmental-workplace-health/occupationalhealth-safety/occupational-radiation/national-doseregistry.html The National Dose Registry (NDR) contains the dose records of individuals who are monitored for occupational exposures to ionizing radiation in Canada. The NDR started collecting data from 1951 and now has records for over half a million workers, including well over 100,000 who are currently monitored. It now contains monitoring records back to the 1940. National Enteric Surveillance Program (NESP) https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/programs/ national-enteric-surveillance-program.html The program is jointly administered by the Enteric Diseases Program at the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) and the Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. Each provincial public health laboratory (as represented by the Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network) provides the NML with weekly aggregate totals of new laboratory confirmed enteric diseases for centralized analysis for detection of emerging and priority disease trends.

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National Environmental Monitoring of Radionuclides https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/ environmental-workplace-health/environmentalcontaminants/environmental-radiation/canadianradiological-monitoring-network/canadianradiological-monitoring-network-samplingprograms.html This is the website of Canadian Radiological Monitoring Network Sampling Programs which record and maintain data on radionuclides in environmental and food samples from across the country. National Population Health Survey https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/survey/household/ 3225 The National Population Health Survey is a longitudinal survey that interviews the same group of Canadians every 2 years. The survey collects information on health, as well as the factors that can have an influence on health. Northern Contaminants Program http://www.science.gc.ca/eic/site/063.nsf/eng/ h_7A463DBA.html The Northern Contaminants Program (NCP) was established in 1991 by Health Canada in response to concerns about human exposure to elevated levels of contaminants in wildlife species that are important to the traditional diets of northern Aboriginal peoples. The NCP engages Northerners and scientists in researching and monitoring long-range contaminants in the Canadian Arctic, that is, contaminants that are transported to the Arctic through atmospheric and oceanic processes from other parts of the world and which remain in the Arctic environment and build up in the food chain. Nunavut General Monitoring Plan http://www.ngmp.ca/eng/1424180769840/ 1424180806031 The Nunavut General Monitoring Plan (NGMP) provides for the collection and analysis of information on the long-term conditions of Nunavut’s environment, people, communities, and economy according to Article 12.7.6 of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement. NGMP gathers existing ecosystem and socioeconomic monitoring data, and identifies gaps where more monitoring needs to take place. Rapid Risk Factor Surveillance System (RRFSS) http://www.rrfss.ca/index.php?pid 5 3 A consortium of 21 health units in Ontario forms the RRFSS Working Group and they provide timely

data relevant to local public health needs. RRFSS is used to monitor key public health issues yet is adaptable to collect information on emerging issues. The results from RRFSS are used to support program planning and evaluation, to advocate for public policy development, and to improve community awareness regarding the risks for chronic diseases, infectious diseases, and injuries. Registre que´be´cois du cancer (RQC) https://k28.pub.msss.rtss.qc.ca/Formulaires/Fichier/ FichierConsultation.aspx?enc 5 rSF8j/ kNF0XXDpT 1 n480qC5pocjEayzFiU6Y JjmX9LmWWQz4u2h/E7mRS3f2IzL9 The database is a centralized system used to collect data on all new cancer cases reported annually in the province of Que´bec. The data are used for cancer surveillance, program evaluation, and epidemiologic research. Re´pertoire toxicologique of the CNESST https://www.csst.qc.ca/en/prevention/reptox/ Pages/to-english-users.aspx The Re´pertoire toxicologique of the Commission des normes, de l’e´quite´, de la sante´ et de la se´curite´ du travail (CNESST) provides information on chemical or biological products used in the workplace. This repertoire, in French, gives access to a databank on chemical and biological products, containing information, under different themes, presented in both popularized and specialized formats. In this way, users can access information on over 9500 products. This information includes, for example, the physical characteristics of a product, its toxic or specific effects such as cancer, the protective measures to take, and the applicable occupational health and safety regulations in Que´bec. Re´seau de surveillance de la qualite´ de l’air du Que´bec http://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/air/reseausurveillance/Carte.asp The database increases the knowledge on ambient air quality and facilitates surveillance in this area, at the national, provincial, and local/municipal levels. Syste`me de Surveillance E´pide´miologique sur les Maladies a` De´clarations Obligatoires (MADO) (Epidemiological Surveillance System) http://www.msss.gouv.qc.ca/professionnels/ maladies-a-declaration-obligatoire/mado/vigie-etsurveillance/ The database stores Que´bec public health network’s data on diseases subject to mandatory reporting (i.e., notifiable diseases) for the purpose of tracking and documenting the progress of these diseases.

Resources

Water Quality Database https://www.mae.gov.nl.ca/waterres/quality/ drinkingwater/chemical.html The Department of Environment of Newfoundland province in partnership with municipal governments monitors source and tap water quality of public water supplies on a regular basis. The collected data is used to ensure compliance with the “Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality” and to take appropriate measures to address emerging drinking water quality issues. Work Injuries and Diseases Database (NWISP) (Association of Workers’ Compensation Boards of Canada) http://awcbc.org/?page_id 5 2 The database uses information derived from accepted claims from injured workers made to the various Canadian workers compensation boards and commissions. Includes national, provincial, and territorial group-level or aggregate data. Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/ environmental-workplace-health/occupationalhealth-safety/workplace-hazardous-materialsinformation-system.html The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) is Canada’s national hazard communication standard. The basis for hazard classification and communication in WHMIS has changed. With the incorporation of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) in WHMIS, the hazard classification and communication requirements of WHMIS have been aligned with those used in the United States and other Canadian trading partners. WHMIS is in a period of transition between two hazard communication regimes—WHMIS 1988 and WHMIS 2015 (which incorporates the GHS). Canada and the United States, as a commitment through the Regulatory Cooperation Council, are working to keep the variances between the two countries to an absolute minimum.

Web-based tools CANJEM http://www.canjem.ca/ CANJEM is a large exposure database, covering most occupations and many agents. It is a job exposure matrix, that is, for a given occupation and time period, providing information on the probability, frequency, and intensity of exposure from a list of 258 occupational risk factors.

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CANJEM was built from past individual expert evaluations of occupational exposures in a series of four case control studies of various cancers conducted since the mid-1980s up to 2010 in the greater Montreal area. CANJEM can be accessed online or in a batch version. CAREX Canada https://www.carexcanada.ca/en/ CAREX Canada is a national surveillance project founded in 2007 in an effort to create an enhanced and Canadian-specific tool for occupational carcinogen exposure assessment. It was designed to estimate the number of Canadians exposed to substances associated with cancer in workplace and community environments, based on the methods of CARcinogen EXposure (CAREX) projects in the European Union. The occupational component focuses on estimating the number of Canadian workers exposed to known and suspected carcinogens, and where possible, to estimate their levels of exposure. eRISK Online https://www.carexcanada.ca/en/eRISK/ eRISK is a screening-level risk assessment tool that estimates lifetime excess cancer risk (LECR) resulting from a population’s exposure to a substance at a given intake level for an entire 70-year lifetime. In this tool, LECR is estimated by multiplying intake (the amount inhaled or ingested) by a cancer potency factor or unit risk factor. MiXie http://www.irsst.qc.ca/mixie/?en MiXie is a web-based decision-making tool that estimates risks associated with occupational exposure to mixtures of chemicals, using additivity of effects as the hypothesis. It was developed by a team from the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health of the University of Montreal, Public Health Research Institute of the University of Montreal, and the Robert Sauve´ Occupational health and safety research institute (IRSST), with funding from IRSST. This tool has been adapted by INRS-France to make use of occupational exposure limits values in France to compute potential risks related to multichemical exposures in work environment. PBPK model—The Canadian Centre for Environmental Modelling and Chemistry (Trent University) https://www.trentu.ca/academic/aminss/envmodel/ models/PBPK.html The Trent University website makes available many models for free download and use. One of them is the PBPK model which describes the disposition of

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specified environmental contaminants resulting from acute and chronic exposure regimes. The model is mechanistic in structure and requires physical chemical partitioning, reactivity, and absorption efficiency data. It is designed to complement environmental fate models, thus linking chemical emission rates with environmental and physiological behavior as part of the larger environmental risk assessment process. Tissue concentrations for the chemical and any metabolites can be simulated for acute, occupational, and environmental exposure regimes. ProtectPo https://protecpo.inrs.fr/ProtecPo/jsp/Accueil.jsp? institut 5 IRSST ProtecPo is a web-based software tool for predicting the resistance of polymeric materials used to make protective gloves, clothing, and boots for use with chemical substances. This software was the fruit of an international collaboration involving the IRSST, INRS-France and Dr. Charles M. Hansen of Denmark. This software is of use in choosing the most appropriate skin protection material, in particular for protection against substances and mixtures of substances. Ideally, the selection of recommended materials should be validated by laboratory tests using standard methods (ASTM 739 et ISO 6529). Solub https://www.irsst.qc.ca/solub/ This web-based tool is intended for health and safety professionals who want to replace an organic solvent used a work environment. The proposed substitution approach leads to the implementation of a solution adapted to a given work environment. For each step, practical tools and relevant resources are provided as well as substitution examples. This tool is a result of many years of work on solvent substitution by researchers at the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health of the University of Montreal funded by the IRSST.

Legislation and regulation of chemicals in Canada Canadian federal laws, including those which govern the control of toxic substances, are compiled in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada. These statutes are updated annually and revised volumes are periodically published in their entirety or as statements of current law called the Revised Statutes of Canada. They are also available online through the Justice Department of Canada. Proposals for new laws and amendments to existing ones are published in the Canada Gazette (Part I),

which appears weekly and is available to the public. Once proposals are announced, interested parties have 45 or 60 days to voice their opinions and/or objections before any changes are implemented. Part II of the Canada Gazette reports on new statutory regulations and is published biweekly, whereas Part III, published on an ad hoc basis, announces Public Acts of parliament as they are enacted. Full text of the laws pertaining to toxicology and toxic substances are found in the following site of the Government of Canada: https://laws-lois.justice.gc. ca/eng/. At the federal level, there are several laws that govern chemical substances, including those in food, drugs, pesticides, and other products. There are also laws covering the release of pollution into air, water, and natural wildlife habitats. In fact, the federal government is responsible for over 25 different laws covering environment and environmental health issues. The principal laws of relevance to the present context are Pest Control Products Act, Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, Food and Drugs Act, Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act, 1992, Fertilizer Act, and Canada Consumer Product Safety Act. Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/t-19.01/ This act regulates the transportation of dangerous goods within Canada. Safety procedures defined in the law must be adhered to before any shipping of hazardous substances can occur. Food and Drugs Act https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/f-27/ This act regulates the manufacture, preservation, packaging, and storage of food, drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices. Under this legislation, all these items must be reviewed and found to meet all defined criteria to ensure the safety to human health and life prior to their use in Canada. Hazardous Products Act https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/H-3/ This act prohibits the sale and importation of hazardous products that are intended for use, handling, or storage in a work place. This act prohibits the advertising, sale, and importation of hazardous materials. Products designed for human use (household, garden, or personal use) must be shown to pose no danger to the health or safety of the public due to design or contents. Under this legislation, the WHMIS was developed in 1988 to ensure the protection of workers from the adverse effects of hazardous materials and to provide information about hazardous materials in the workplace. This system, overseen by both federal and provincial governments, requires suppliers of

Legislation and regulation of chemicals in Canada

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hazardous materials to provide adequate labeling information to ensure the safe handling of products and a Material Safety Data Sheet, as per the Controlled Products Regulations (CPR) and the Ingredient Disclosure List as a condition of the sale and importation of that product. WHMIS also requires that all workers who work with or near a hazardous substance be informed of its potential hazards and trained to work safely with chemicals. On February 11, 2015 the Government of Canada published in the Canada Gazette, Part II the Hazardous Products Regulations (https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/sor2015-17/index.html), which, in addition to the amendments made to the Hazardous Products Act under the Economic Action Plan 2014 Act, No.1, modified the WHMIS 1988 to incorporate the GHS for workplace chemicals. This modified WHMIS is referred to as WHMIS 2015. The CPR and the Ingredient Disclosure List have been repealed. While WHMIS 2015 includes new harmonized criteria for hazard classification and requirements for labels and safety data sheets, the roles and responsibilities for suppliers, employers, and workers have not changed. Provincial legislation also plays a role in regulating worker exposure to toxic substances. For example, in Ontario the Occupational Health and Safety Act allows a toxic substance to be “designated” and its use in the workplace to be either prohibited or strictly controlled (https://www.ontario.ca/laws/ statute/90o01). Designation is reserved for substances known to be particularly hazardous, and currently there are 11 such designated substances. This act also allows exposure to biological and chemical agents in the workplace air to be controlled via the adoption of threshold limit values.

control product in Canada must submit detailed information and data on safety, merit, and value to be evaluated by the PMRA. Depending on the complexity of the submission, a complete evaluation can take anywhere from a number of weeks to a year or more. The evaluation results either in the product being granted registration for sale and use in Canada or in the product being refused registration. In the PMRA registration process, the first step is a screening conducted by PMRA’s Submission Management and Information Division to make sure that submissions meet the format, content, and fee requirements of the Agency before they are sent for detailed evaluation. The screening process ensures that only complete, accurate, and standardized submissions are brought forward for assessment. To this end, the Agency provides to industry detailed presubmission guidance on administrative procedures and data requirements. In the Screening Unit, preliminary analyses of the studies are carried out in order to determine if they are acceptable and whether they comply with international protocols. Once all component parts of a submission are evaluated, PMRA makes the decision of allowing or not the registration in Canada based on consideration of sufficient scientific evidence that the produce does not pose unacceptable environmental or health risks and that it serves a useful purpose. After the product is registered, it may be reevaluated by PMRA in case of a change in use pattern, label statements, or information regarding risks to human health or environment. If it is determined by PMRA that the risk to environment or human health is no longer acceptable or that the product no longer is of value for the intended purpose, then the registration can be refused.

Pest Control Products Act https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/p-9.01/

Canadian Environmental Protection Act https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-15.31/

This act regulates the manufacture, importation, sale, and use of products to control pests and organic functions of plants and animals with the intent to ensure the safety, merit, and value of the products used in Canada. Manufacturers, importers, exporters, or distributors of a pest control product must comply with restrictions on the formulation, composition, packaging, labeling, product use, and contaminants defined in this act. Pesticides imported into, sold in, or used in Canada are regulated nationally under the Pest Control Products Act and Regulations. The pest management regulatory agency (PMRA) is responsible for administering this legislation, registering pest control products, reevaluating registered products and setting maximum residue limits under the Food and Drugs Act. Companies that wish to have the right to sell a pest

This act, originally created in the late 1980s and renewed to be strengthened in 1999, is one of Canada’s most important environmental laws. It covers a range of activities that can affect human health and the environment, and acts to address any pollution issues not covered by other federal laws. The Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA, 1999) provides for the assessment of new and existing substances to determine and reduce their potential risk to the environment and human health. A substance that is found to be “toxic” under section 64 of CEPA is recommended for addition to the List of Toxic Substances (Schedule 1) of CEPA. The placement of a given substance in Canada into one of the eight lists, namely, toxic substances, domestic substances, nondomestic substances, priority substances, export control, nonstatutory, disposal at sea matter, or

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virtual elimination, can be found by accessing the following website: https://pollution-waste.canada.ca/substancessearch/Substance?Id 5 benzene&ExactMatch 5 False Chemical Management Plan https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/ chemical-substances/chemicals-management-plan.html The CEPA (1999) provides the legislative basis for Chemicals Management Plan (CMP), which is jointly administered by the Minister of Health as well as the Minister of Environment and Climate Change. One of the most effective programs in the world focusing on the assessment and management of health and environmental risks for a broad range of “substances,” the CMP engages stakeholders and the public at each stage in the cycle and works closely with provincial, territorial, and Indigenous counterparts. The “existing” substances, that is, over 23,000 chemical substances in commercial use in Canada, were placed on the domestic substances list (DSL) in 1988. Substances not on the DSL are considered “new” and must go through a rigorous premarket notification process, which allows the government to ensure that new substances do not enter the Canadian market without appropriate controls in place to address any health or environmental risks. The Minister of Health and the Minister of Environment and Climate Change have jointly completed the triage and categorization of all 23,000 substances that were on the DSL, and identified 4300 substances requiring further attention based on certain prescribed criteria. These criteria identified substances that are inherently toxic and persistent or inherently toxic and bioaccumulative as well as those substances with “the greatest potential for exposure” to Canadians. For each substance prioritized for assessment per the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, a science approach document (SciAD) is published under section 68 of the Act to describe the scientific approach and the results of the application of the scientific approach. Current information on the release of SciAD documents can be obtained via the following link: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/chemical-substances/science-approach-documents.html New Substances Program https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/ chemical-substances/chemicals-management-plan/ initiatives/new-substances.html The new substances program under CEPA (1999) is responsible for administering the New Substances

Notification Regulations (Chemicals and Polymers) [NSNR (Chemicals and Polymers)] and the New Substances Notification Regulations (Organisms) [NSNR (Organisms)]. These federal regulations ensure that no new substance (chemical, polymer, or animate product of biotechnology) is introduced into the Canadian marketplace before an assessment of whether it is potentially toxic has been completed, and any appropriate or required control measures have been taken. New Substances Notification (NSN) package containing all information prescribed in the Regulations should be provided by the company or individual to Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) prior to import or manufacture. Then ECCC conducts a joint assessment with Health Canada to determine whether there is a potential for adverse effects of the substance on the environment and human health. The assessment time varies from 5 to 120 days (typically 60 days) depending on the type of substances and quantities to be imported or manufactured. When this process identifies a new substance that may pose a risk to human health or the environment, CEPA 1999 empowers ECCC to intervene prior to or during the earliest stages of its introduction into Canada. This ability to act early makes the new substances program a unique and essential component of the federal management of toxic substances. Drug Products—Authorization and Vigilance Programs https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/ drugs-health-products/drug-products.html For drug products intended for authorization for sale in Canada, Health Canada reviews them to assess their safety, efficacy, and quality. Drug products include prescription and nonprescription pharmaceuticals, disinfectants, and sanitizers with disinfectant claims. Prior to being given market authorization, a manufacturer must present substantive scientific evidence of a product’s safety, efficacy, and quality as required by the Food and Drugs Act and Regulations. The following website provides the links to Health Canada’s drug and medical device databases: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/drug-products/applications-submissions/guidance-documents/drug-andmedical-device-databases.html The regulatory decision summaries explain Health Canada’s decision for certain health products seeking market authorization and the submissions under review can be accessed through the weblink below: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drug-health-product-review-approval/submissions-under-review.html

Federal government departments

The postmarket surveillance program, also referred to as Canada Vigilance Program, collects and assesses reports of suspected adverse reactions to health products marketed in Canada. Postmarket surveillance enables Health Canada to monitor the safety profile of health products once they are marketed to ensure that the benefits of the products continue to outweigh the risks. The Canada Vigilance Program has collected reports of suspected adverse reactions since 1965. The information collected by the program can be accessed through the Canadian vigilance online database; https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/medeffect-canada/ adverse-reaction-database.html

Federal government departments Environment and Climate Change Canada ECCC is the primary federal department for a wide range of environmental issues, such as minimizing threats to Canadians and their environment from pollution; equipping Canadians to make informed decisions on weather, water, and climate conditions; and conserving and restoring Canada’s natural environment. The department delivers its mandate through other acts and regulations, such as the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (1999), the pollution prevention provisions of the Fisheries Act, the Federal Sustainable Development Act, the Species at Risk Act, the Migratory Birds Convention Act (1994), the Canada Wildlife Act, and the Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act. Overall, the department’s program focus reflects the interdependence between environmental sustainability and economic well-being. The following are some information resources of this government department. CEPA Environmental Registry https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climatechange/services/canadian-environmentalprotection-act-registry.html In this registry you can find documents relating to the administration of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA). The Act governs a variety of environmental matters such as air and water pollution, waste management, and toxic substances. Air pollution https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climatechange/services/air-pollution.html Information related to the atmosphere, complex natural system, imbalance, chemical composition, sources, levels, causes.

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Canadian Wildlife Service https://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment/ wildlife-plants-species.html Information related to biodiversity, species at risk, aquatic species, migratory birds, wildlife research EcoAction https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climatechange/services/environmental-funding/ecoactioncommunity-program.html Since 1995 Environment Canada’s EcoAction Community Funding Program has provided financial support to community groups for projects that have measurable, positive impacts on the environment. Evaluating Existing Substances https://www.ec.gc.ca/ese-ees/default.asp? lang 5 En&n 5 495117B5-1 The Existing Substances Division represents the Department’s expertise for ecological risk assessment of existing substances. Within Environment Canada, the Divison leads the Departmental program for assessing priority substances under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (1999). These include categorization and screening of the Domestic Substances List as well as Section 75, which involves exchanging information and reviewing decisions from other jurisdictions on specifically prohibited or substantially restricted substances. The Division is also involved in other federal, intergovernmental and international assessment initiatives including the Toxic Substances Management Policy, and the chemicals program of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Environmental Indicators https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climatechange/services/environmental-indicators.html The Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators (CESI) program provides data and information to track Canada’s performance on key environmental sustainability issues including climate change and air quality, water quality and availability, and protecting nature. Freshwater Quality Monitoring https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climatechange/services/freshwater-quality-monitoring.html Environment and Climate change Canada (ECCC) monitors freshwater quality on federal lands, transboundary watersheds and inland waters. The Freshwater Quality Monitoring and Surveillance (FWQMS) program activities are accomplished in collaboration with provincial and territorial governments, and in conformity with the Canada Water Act.

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Management of Toxic Substances website https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climatechange/services/management-toxic-substances.html The Government of Canada’s Toxic Substances Management Policy puts forward a precautionary and preventive approach to deal with substances that enter the environment and could harm the environment and/or human health. It provides a framework for making science-based decisions on the effective management of toxic substances. National Air Pollution Surveillance Program https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climatechange/services/air-pollution/monitoringnetworks-data/national-air-pollution-program.html The goal of the National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) program is to provide accurate and long-term air quality data of a uniform standard across Canada. NAPS was established in 1969 to monitor and assess the quality of ambient (outdoor) air in the populated regions of Canada. NAPS is managed using a cooperative agreement among the provinces, territories, and some municipal governments. In 1969, eight provinces—Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia—joined the program. In the first annual data report 36 monitoring sites reported to the Canada-wide database.

Canadian Health Portfolio The Minister of Health is responsible for maintaining and improving the health of Canadians. This mission comes under the Health Portfolio which comprises Health Canada (department responsible for helping Canadians maintain and improve their health, while respecting individual choices and circumstances), the Public Health Agency of Canada (focusing on preventing chronic diseases, like cancer and heart disease, preventing injuries and responding to public health emergencies and infectious disease outbreaks), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (premier federal agency for funding health research), the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board (quasijudicial body protecting consumers by ensuring that the manufacturers’ prices of patented medicines are not excessive), and the CFIA (focusing on protecting Canadians from preventable health risks related to food and zoonotic diseases). In the context of toxicology, chemical management, and regulations discussed in this chapter, it is relevant to note that Health Canada plays the central role, particularly through the following branches: health products and food branch, healthy environments and consumer safety branch, and PMRA.

Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/ consumer-product-safety/pesticides-pestmanagement/registrants-applicants.html The Health Canada’s PMRA is responsible for pesticide regulation in Canada. Created in 1995 this agency consolidates the resources and responsibilities for pest management and pesticide regulation in Canada. Tools and information necessary for pesticide manufacturers and registrants, from new pesticide applications to renewals and incident reporting can also be found at the following weblink: Healthy Environments & Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB) https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/ corporate/about-health-canada/branches-agencies/ healthy-environments-consumer-safety-branch.html Health Canada’s HECSB is organized into six programs, each with responsibilities for a wide variety of policies, programs, and services, which are planned, coordinated, and delivered by staff located in every region of the country. The programs function through the Consumer Product Safety Directorate, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Policy Planning and Integration Directorate, and Safe Environments Directorate (SED). Of these, SED focuses on identifying and assessing health risks posed by environmental factors, specifically chemicals, microbes, and emerging technologies, and accomplishes it through the Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Chemicals Policy Bureau, New Substances Assessment and Control Bureau, Risk Management Bureau, Water and Air Quality Bureau, and Chemical Safety Bureau. The following specific websites contain information particularly relevant to toxicology and toxic substances: Consumer Product Safety https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/ consumer-product-safety.html Information on incident reporting recalls and alerts, cosmetic information, product safety education, and consumer product requirements. Environmental and Workplace Health https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/ environmental-workplace-health.html This site of Health Canada provides information and advice on some of the most common environmental factors that affect human health: air, noise, soil, and water pollution, climate change, environmental contaminants, occupational health and safety, pest control, and radiation.

Federal government departments

Environmental Health Risks https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/ corporate/mandate/regulatory-role/what-healthcanada-regulates-1/environmental-health-risks.html Health Canada develops guidelines to help reduce health risks and improve environmental quality, and maintains information resources in a variety of areas including radon, water quality, climate change, chemical safety, radiation in the environment, indoor and outdoor air quality, noise risks, and consumer products. Product Safety Programme https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/ corporate/about-health-canada/branches-agencies/ healthy-environments-consumer-safety-branch/ product-safety-programme.html The Product Safety Programme assists in the protection of Canadians by researching, assessing, and collaborating in the management of the health risks and safety hazards associated with issues such as children’s products, household products (including household chemical products), cosmetics (including personal care products), new chemical substances, products of biotechnology, workplace chemicals, radiation-emitting devices, noise, ultraviolet radiation.

Federal government sites/portals Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/home/?id 5 1395690825741 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada provides leadership in the growth and development of a competitive, innovative, and sustainable Canadian agriculture and agrifood sector. Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency https://www.canada.ca/en/environmentalassessment-agency.html The Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency delivers high-quality environmental assessments and serves as the center of expertise on this subject matter within the Government of Canada. Canadian Food Inspection Agency http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/toce.shtml Mitigating risks to food safety is the CFIA’s highest priority, and the health and safety of Canadians is the driving force behind the design and development of CFIA programs. The CFIA, in collaboration and partnership with industry, consumers, and federal, provincial, and municipal organizations,

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continues to work toward protecting Canadians from preventable health risks related to food and zoonotic diseases. Fisheries and Oceans Canada—Center for Aquaculture and Environmental Research http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/facilitiesinstallations/index-eng.html The Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research (CAER) is a specialized center for aquaculture and coastal research cofounded by Fisheries and Oceans Canada and the University of British Columbia. CAER conducts focused research programs that integrate ecosystems and conservation with sustainable aquaculture practices for growing aquatic species of global importance. National Research Council Canada—Institute for Chemical Process and Environmental Technology (ICPET) http://find.canadamakes.ca/details/institute-forchemical-process-and-environmental-technologynrc-icpet-1 With its partners, NRC-ICPET develops new, environment-friendly technology to increase the competitiveness of Canadian industry. Every day, our world-class scientists work with industry partners to develop new materials and processes that produce cleaner power and use less energy. National Office of Pollution Prevention (NOPP) https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climatechange/services/pollution-prevention.html Environment Canada’s focal point for the management of toxic substances, implementation of federal pollution prevention policy and legislation, and the development of new concepts and policy instruments that facilitate the transition to pollution prevention in Canada. National Pollutant Release Inventory https://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment/ pollution-waste-management/national-pollutantrelease-inventory.html The National Pollutant Release Inventory is the only legislated, nationwide, publicly accessible inventory of its type in Canada. It is a database of information on annual releases to air, water, land, and disposal or recycling from all sectors: industrial, government, commercial, and others. Office of the Auditor General of Canada—Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/ parl_lp_e_901.html

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The Commissioner provides parliamentarians with objective, independent analysis and recommendations on the federal government’s efforts to protect the environment and foster sustainable development. Encouraging the government to be more accountable for greening its policies, operations, and programs is a key to the Commissioner’s mandate. Public Health Surveillance (Government of Canada)— Programs of interest https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/ surveillance.html This webpage is a list of all public health surveillance programs (28 listed) conducted by the government of Canada and their descriptions. Inventory of Federal, Provincial and Territorial Environmental and Occupational Health Data Sources and Surveillance Activities http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/H462-04-340E.pdf In 2001 a comprehensive assessment of the current state of environmental and occupational health (EOH) surveillance in Canada was commissioned by the Federal/Provincial/Territorial Environmental and Occupational Health Surveillance Working Group. The assessment report, Strengthening Environmental and Occupational Health Surveillance in Canada, concluded that there was a need to strengthen national EOH surveillance. A major initiative resulting from the report’s findings and recommendations was the compilation of an inventory of federal, provincial, and territorial environmental and occupational health data sources that would be useful for surveillance purposes.

Provincial agencies Alberta Agriculture Alberta—Agri-Food Laboratories Branch http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs. nsf/all/afla4271 The Agri-Food Laboratories conducts laboratory testing and provides scientific information and advice to inform decision-making and policy discussions about animal heath, food safety, and public health in support of the agrifood industry. Alberta Environment https://www.alberta.ca/environment-naturalresources.aspx

Alberta provincial government site of information on air quality, climate change, environmental approvals and assessment, environmental education careers and resources, environmental monitoring and compliance, fish and wildlife, forests and wildfire, land and waste management Alberta Environment Information Centre https://www.alberta.ca/environment-and-parkscontacts.aspx?utm_source 5 redirector Alberta government’s source of information on the contacts for Environment and Parks ministry offices and staff throughout the province. Alberta Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Resource Portal https://ohs-pubstore.labour.alberta.ca/ Alberta provincial government portal containing information on occupational health and safety resources useful for the work environment, including best practices, hazards, legislation, and industry. Alberta—Workplace Hazards https://www.alberta.ca/workplace-hazards.aspx Alberta provincial government site of information related to workplace hazard and incident prevention including types of hazards, job-specific hazards, reasons for injuries, top workplace dangers, and resources. British Colombia Environmental Protection and Sustainability—air, land and water (British Columbia) https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/ air-land-water All provincial resources about air, land, and water are grouped on this webpage of the British Columbia government. Living Water Smart is British Columbia’s vision for sustainable water stewardship and it sets targets for all British Columbians to work towards protecting our water resources, using water efficiently and ensuring that water is available for public health, economic development, and environmental sustainability. The environmental protection and sustainability of land protects habitats, ecosystems, and vegetation while monitoring ongoing development projects. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands. Pesticide Wise https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/ agriculture-seafood/animals-and-crops/planthealth/pesticides-agriculture This provincial government website contains information for ranchers, farmers, growers, crop consultants,

Provincial agencies

pest managers, and horticulturalists about the safe use of pesticides in British Columbia. Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/governments/ organizational-structure/ministries-organizations/ ministries/environment-climate-change This website of the Ministry of Environment Climate Change Strategy consists of information news regarding effective protection, management, conservation of British Columbia’s water, land, and living resources.

and and and air,

WorkSafe BC https://www.worksafebc.com/en WorkSafe BC was established by provincial legislation as an agency with the mandate to oversee a nofault insurance system for the workplace. As a partner with employers and workers, the organization promotes the prevention of workplace injury, illness, and disease; rehabilitates those who are injured to provide timely return to work; provides fair compensation to replace workers’ loss of wages while recovering from injuries; and ensures sound financial management for a viable workers’ compensation system. Manitoba Manitoba Health—Environmental Health Risk Assessment Team https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/ environmentalhealth/risk.html The Environmental Health Risk Assessment Team provides leadership to identify, assess, and address important and emerging environmental health issues to reduce the threat of environmental public health risks and protect the health of Manitobans. Manitoba Sustainable Development https://www.gov.mb.ca/sd/waste_management/ index.html The purpose is to make sure that waste is handled in a responsible manner that preserves our environment and protects our natural resources. Programs include wastewater, contaminated sites, hazardous waste, livestock, and solid waste management.

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Onsite Wastewater Management Systems Program https://www.gov.mb.ca/sd/waste_management/ wastewater/wastewater_management/index.html The purpose of the program is to administer the Onsite Wastewater Management Systems Regulation pursuant to The Environment Act. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks https://www.ontario.ca/page/ministry-environmentconservation-parks Its aim is to lead to healthier communities and economic prosperity through protecting Ontario’s air, land, and water. Ontario Data Catalogue https://www.ontario.ca/search/data-catalogue? topic 5 %5B%22Toxics%20and%20pesticides%22% 5D&sort 5 asc The catalogue contains government data on many topics including climate change, health and wellness, environment and energy, law and safety, toxics and pesticides, law and reports, etc. Pesticide Product Information System (PEPSIS) https://www.lrcsde.lrc.gov.on.ca/PCDWeb/home.action Maintained by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, the database provides a listing of pesticides classified for use in Ontario. Sport Fish Contaminant Monitoring Program Database (FISHBASE) https://www.ontario.ca/page/eating-ontario-fish2017-18 This database stores data used to develop sport fish consumption advisories, which are published in the Guide to Eating Ontario Sport Fish. Pesticides Advisory Committee http://www.opac.gov.on.ca/ The Pesticides Advisory Committee (OPAC) in Ontario was established in May, 1971. This makes OPAC one of the longest standing Advisory Agencies in the Province. OPAC is enabled by the Pesticides Act and its attendant Regulation 63/09.

Manitoba Sustainable Development—Air Quality Monitoring https://www.gov.mb.ca/sd/ environment_and_biodiversity/air_quality/airquality-monitoring/index.html

Bureau d’audiences publiques sur l’environnement (BAPE) http://www.bape.gouv.qc.ca/

Information related to air monitoring, major programs (Ambient Air Quality Monitoring, Canada Air Quality Health Index forecasting), and data publicly accessible.

The Bureau d’audiences publiques sur l’environnement (BAPE) is a body dedicated to public information and consultation on projects likely to have a major

Quebec

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impact on the environment or any other question related to the quality of the environment. The BAPE is the gateway for citizens to get involved in projects’ authorization process. Centre de controˆle environnemental http://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/regions/ index.htm The mission of the Centre de controˆle environnemental du Que´bec is to ensure compliance with environmental legislation by verifying the conformity of activities that may cause damage to the environment and to ensure (where appropriate) the implementation of preventive, protective, and repair measures. Centre d’expertise en analyse environnementale (CEAEQ) http://www.ceaeq.gouv.qc.ca/index.htm The Centre d’expertise en analyse environnementale du Que´bec is an agency of the Ministe`re du De´veloppement durable, de l’Environnement et des Parcs, which provides specialized services pertaining to various aspects of environmental analysis (laboratory analyses, accreditation, ecotoxicological studies, and field surveys). Centre d’expertise hydrique (CEHQ) http://www.cehq.gouv.qc.ca/ The Centre d’expertise hydrique du Que´bec (CEHQ) is an agency of the Ministe`re du De´veloppement durable, de l’Environnement et des Parcs created in April 2001. The CEHQ is continuously evolving, to stay at the leading edge of knowledge in the fields of dams, water regime, and public water resources. CNESST https://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/Pages/accueil.aspx The CNESST is the provincial government body forthe promotion of labor rights and obligations in Que´bec. Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve´ en sante´ et se´curite´ au travail / Robert Sauve´ Occupational health and safety research institute (IRSST) https://www.irsst.qc.ca/en/? gclid 5 EAIaIQobChMIvvjmxure4 AIVVrnACh0LZAH3EAAYASAAEgK2p_D_BwE The IRSST, established in 1980, is by far the largest scientific research organization in occupational health and safety in Canada. In the spirit of Que´bec’s Act respecting occupational health and safety, the IRSST’s mission is to contribute, through research, to the prevention of industrial accidents and occupational diseases and to the rehabilitation of affected workers; to

disseminate knowledge and serve as a scientific reference center and expert; and to provide the laboratory services and expertise required to support the public occupational health and safety network. Ministe`re de l’environnement et lutte contre les changements climatiques Que´bec http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/ministere/inter.htm This Ministry contributes to Que´bec’s sustainable development by playing a key role in protecting against climate change, protecting the environment, and conserving biodiversity for the benefit of citizens. The Ministry is composed of six deputy ministers and it serves 17 administrative regions in Quebec. Institut national de sante´ publique du Que´bec http://www.inspq.qc.ca/ The Institut national de sante´ publique du Que´bec was created in 1998 and its mission is to support Que´bec’s Minister of Health and Social Services, regional public health authorities, and health and social services institutions in carrying out their public health responsibilities, by offering expertise and specialized laboratory and screening services. Sante´ et services sociaux http://publications.msss.gouv.qc.ca/msss/ The mission of the Que´bec Ministry of Health and Social Services (MSSS; ministe`re de la Sante´ et des Services sociaux) is to maintain, improve, and restore the health and well-being of the population by making accessible a range of health and social services, while contributing to the social and economic development of Quebec. A number of publications, both in English and French, are available at the Ministry’s website.

Toxicology education in Canada: schools and programs Several Canadian universities offer programs in toxicology at the graduate (MSc and PhD) and/or undergraduate levels. In addition, many schools offer postgraduate diploma programs in toxicology, whereas others offer programs, which, although are not toxicology per se, emphasize toxicology in their multidisciplinary programs. Some schools also offer combined programs or interdepartmental or interuniversity collaborative specialization programs in toxicology. The Canadian schools/universities offering such programs are regrouped per province and presented below.

Toxicology education in Canada: schools and programs

ALBERTA University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine Alberta Health Services—Calgary Zone Clinical Pharmacological and Toxicology Mailing Address: PADIS 1403 29th Street NW Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Phone: 403-910-4397, 403-944-6956 Web: https://cumming.ucalgary.ca/ermedicine/ programs/cpt/vision-mission-values-and-objectives Postgraduate Program: Two-years Residency in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology program University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology Mailing Address: 10-102E Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Phone: 780-492-6416 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.ualberta.ca/laboratory-medicineand-pathology/divisions/analytical-andenvironmental-toxicology Graduate Programs: General MSc, then specialization in Analytical & Environmental Toxicology General PhD, then specialization in Analytical & Environmental Toxicology BRITISH COLUMBIA Simon Fraser University Department of Biological Sciences Mailing Address: 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Phone: 778.782.4475 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.sfu.ca/biology Undergraduate program: Environmental Toxicology Minor Graduate program: Master of Environmental Toxicology University of British Columbia Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2405 Wesbrook Mall

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Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Web: https://pharmsci.ubc.ca/research/ pharmacology-molecules-systems Graduates programs: MSc (Pharmaceutical Sciences) PhD (Pharmaceutical Sciences) MANITOBA University of Manitoba Rady Faculty of Health Science Max Rady College of Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine Mailing Address: S203 Medical Services Building 750 Bannatyne Ave. Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2T258-770 Phone: 204-977-5664 Fax: 204-789-3515 Email: [email protected] Web: http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/health_sciences/ medicine/units/emergency_medicine/education/ frcpc/index.html Postgraduate Program: Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Canada Residency with 1-month rotation in toxicology for Emergency medicine residents (Postgraduate Medical Education). Board-certified toxicologists review residents’ performances at the end of the rotation. ONTARIO Queen’s University School of Medicine Department of Biomedical and Molecular Science Mailing Address: Botteral Hall, Room 563 18 Stuart Street Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Phone: 613-533-2600 Fax: 613-533-2022 Email: [email protected] Web: http://dbms.queensu.ca/ Graduate programs MSc in field of Therapeutics, Drug Development and Human Toxicology PhD in field of Therapeutics, Drug Development and Human Toxicology School of Environmental Studies Mailing Address: BioSciences Complex, Room 3134 Kingston, ON

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K7L 3N6. Phone: 613-533-6602 Fax: 613-533-6090 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.queensu.ca/ensc/ Undergraduate program: Four-year BSc Trent University School of Graduates Studies Faculty of Environmental & Life Sciences Mailing Address: Peterborough 1600 West Bank Drive Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2 Phone: 705-748-1011 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.trentu.ca/ Graduate programs MSc in Environmental and Life Sciences (Field: Trace Contaminant Toxicology and Chemistry) PhD in Environmental and Life Sciences (Field: Trace Contaminant Toxicology and Chemistry) University of Guelph Toxicology program Mailing Address: 50 Stone Road East Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Phone: 519-824-4120 Web: http://www.uoguelph.ca/toxicology/ Undergraduate programs BSc in Biomedical Toxicology, Major (Honours Program) BSc in Biomedical Toxicology (Coop), Major (Honours Program) Graduate programs MBS (Master of Biomedical Science) and applied specialization in Toxicology MSc Specialization in Toxicology, Fields of study: Environmental Toxicology, Molecular Toxicology, Biomedical Toxicology PhD Specialization in Toxicology, Fields of study: Environmental Toxicology, Molecular Toxicology, Biomedical Toxicology University of Ontario Institute of Technology Faculty of Science Biological Sciences Program Mailing Address: 2000 Simcoe Street North Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5 Phone: 905.721.8668

Fax: 905.721.3178 Web: https://science.uoit.ca/ Undergraduate program: BSc Environmental Toxicology specialization (regular and coop programs) University of Ottawa and University of Carleton Ottawa-Carleton Joint program Mailing Address: University of Ottawa Faculty of Science Graduate Studies Office 30 Marie-Curie Street, Gendron Hall, Room 181 Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Phone: 613-562-5800 x3145 Email: [email protected] Web: https://science.uottawa.ca/en/programs-ofstudy/grad Graduate Programs: MSc degree in Chemistry and Collaborative specialization in Chemical and Environmental Toxicology PhD degree in Chemistry and Collaborative specialization in Chemical and Environmental Toxicology MSc degree in Earth Sciences and Collaborative specialization in Chemical and Environmental Toxicology PhD degree in Earth Sciences and Collaborative specialization in Chemical and Environmental Toxicology University of Toronto Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Mailing Address: Medical Sciences Building, Rm 4207 1 King’s College Circle Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Phone: 416-978-2728 Fax: 416-978-6395 Undergraduate Programs: undergrad. [email protected] Graduate Programs: [email protected] Web: http://www.pharmtox.utoronto.ca/ Undergraduate programs BSc after completing one Specialist Program (Undergraduate Specialist Programs): General Specialist in Pharmacology and Toxicology Specialist Program in Pharmacology Specialist Program in Biomedical Toxicology Double Specialist in Pharmacology and Biomedical Toxicology; Specialist in Environment and Toxicology

Toxicology education in Canada: schools and programs

BSc after completing two Major programs or one Major and two Minors programs (Undergraduate Major Programs): General Major in Pharmacology and Toxicology Major Programs in Pharmacology Major Program in Biomedical Toxicology Graduates programs: MSc in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Collaborative Specialization in Biomedical Toxicology PhD in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Collaborative Specialization in Biomedical Toxicology School of the Environment Mailing Address: 33 Willcocks Street, Suite 1016V Toronto, ON M5S 3E8 Phone: 416-978-6526 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.environment.utoronto.ca/ Undergraduate program: BSc in Environment and Toxicology QUEBEC INRS Centre/INRS Institut Armand-Frappier Mailing Address: 531, boulevard des Prairies Laval, QC H7V 1B7 Phone: 450-687-5010 Fax: 450-686-5566 Web: [email protected] Graduate program: MSc in Experimental Health Sciences (Orientation: Environmental toxicology) McGill University Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Mailing Address: McIntyre Medical Sciences Building 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montre´al, QC H3G 1Y6 Phone: 514-398-3623 Fax: 514-398-2045 Email: [email protected] Web: www.mcgill.ca/pharma Graduate programs MSc in Pharmacology (Research area: Toxicology) PhD in Pharmacology (Research area: Toxicology) McGill University Faculty of Medicine Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health

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Mailing Address: Purvis Hall 1020 Pine Avenue West Montreal, QC H3A 1A2 Phone: 514-398-6258 Fax: 514-398-4503 Email: [email protected] Web: https://mcgill.ca/epi-biostat-occh/ Graduate programs: MSc in fields of Occupational Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics MASc Occupational Health PhD Occupational Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Universite´ de Montre´al School of Public Health Mailing Address: 7101, avenue du Parc 3e e´tage, bureau 3014-8 Montre´al, QC H3N 1X9 Phone: 514 343-6134 Web: https://espum.umontreal.ca/accueil/ Graduate programs: DESS Specialized Graduate Diploma in Toxicology and Risk Analysis MSc in Environmental and Occupational Health, Option: General Toxicology PhD in Public Health, Option: Toxicology and Risk Analysis Universite´ du Que´bec a` Montreal Faculte´ des sciences Mailing Address: Pavillon Pre´sident-Kennedy 201, avenue du Pre´sident-Kennedy, local PK-2150 Montre´al, QC H2X 3Y7 Phone: 514-987-6567 Web: http://sciences.uqam.ca/fr/ Graduate program: DESS Specialized Graduate Diploma in Environmental Toxicology SASKATCHEWAN University of Saskatchewan Toxicology Centre Mailing Address: 44 Campus Drive Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3 Phone: (306) 966-7441, 966-7442 Fax: (306) 931-1664 Email: [email protected]

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Undergraduate programs: Minor in toxicology Four years BSc Honours BSc Graduate programs: MSc in toxicology PhD in toxicology

NGOs and associations Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals https://www.bcrsp.ca/fr The Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals (formerly the Association for Canadian Registered Safety Professionals) is a public interest, not-for-profit association with a membership dedicated to the principles of health and safety as a profession in Canada. The Canadian Urban Environmental Health Research Consortium (CANUE) https://canue.ca/ Every location in Canada can be described by a complex set of environmental factors: the amount of nearby traffic, local air quality, access to greenspaces, opportunities for walking and cycling, the amount of noise and light pollution, to name a few. By partnering with Canada’s largest cohort and health databases, CANUE is building an unprecedented capacity to study how these multiple environmental factors are linked to a wide range of health outcomes. Canadian Association for Research on Work and Health (CARWH) http://www.carwh.ca/index.html Founded in January 2001, CARWH is a nonprofit association of researchers in Canada whose work focuses on the prevention and management of ill health, disability, and injury associated with work activities and environments. The Association’s Mission is to enhance and promote research on work health, safety, and well-being in Canada and to advocate for research that fosters a better understanding of how work and work environments may be altered to improve the health, safety, and well-being of Canadians.

Canada’s National Occupational Health and Safety Web Site (CANOSH) http://www.canoshweb.org/ The CANOSH website facilitates the location of Canadian workplace health and safety information, by bringing together federal, provincial and territorial resources all in one place. This website allows convenient access to information from government agencies responsible for workplace health and safety, workers’ compensation boards, and the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) http://www.ccohs.ca/ CCOHS was established in 1978 by the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Act, which was passed by unanimous vote in the Canadian Parliament. CCOHS promotes the total well-being— physical, psychosocial, and mental health—of working Canadians by providing information, training, education, management systems, and solutions that support the health, safety, and wellness programs. A federal department corporation, CCOHS is governed by a tripartite Council—representing government, employers, and labor—to ensure a balanced, approach to workplace health and safety issues. Canadian Institute for Health Information https://www.cihi.ca/en/about-cihi The CIHI provides comparable and actionable data and information that are used to accelerate improvements in health care, health system performance, and population health across Canada. Stakeholders use broad range of health system databases, measurements, and standards, together with evidence-based reports and analyses, in their decision-making processes. Canadian Pharmacists Association http://www.pharmacists.ca/flash.cfm The Canadian Pharmacists Association is the national organization of pharmacists, committed to providing leadership for the profession of pharmacy. Its website represents a comprehensive source of drug information, pharmacy practice support material, patient information, and news about the world of pharmacists.

Canada’s National Certification Body for Environmental Practitioners (CECAB) http://www.cecab.org/

Canadian Radiation Protection Association http://crpa-acrp.org/home/

The Canadian Environmental Certification Approvals Board is responsible for the certification of environmental practitioners in Canada.

The Canadian Radiation Protection Association is a professional organization that supports the development and implementation of radiation safety programs

Toxicology education in Canada: schools and programs

in industry, medicine, research, and the environment through scientific inquiry, public involvement, and interaction with local, provincial, federal, and international authorities. Canadian Registration Board of Occupational Hygienists (CRBOH) https://www.crboh.ca/ The CRBOH is a national, not-for-profit organization, which sets standards of professional competence for occupational hygienists and occupational hygiene technologists in Canada. Canadian Water Network http://www.cwn-rce.ca/ The Canadian Water Network/Re´seau canadien de l’eau (CWN/RCE), was created in 2001 and was funded as a federal Network of Centres of Excellence. Over the next 16 years, the CWN/RCE invested more than $100 million in water research and has evolved as an independent nonprofit entity that serves decisionmakers across the water sector. Clean Air Strategic Alliance http://www.casahome.org/ The Clean Air Strategic Alliance was established in March 1994 as a new way to manage air quality issues in Alberta. Quebec Population Health Research Network https://www.santepop.qc.ca/en Created in 2002 and funded by the Fonds de recherche du Que´bec—Sante´, the Quebec Population Health Research Network is committed to developing research capacity and networking in population health research. Radiation Safety Institute of Canada http://www.radiationsafety.ca/ Founded in 1980 the Radiation Safety Institute of Canada is an independent nonprofit national organization dedicated to promoting and advancing radiation safety in the workplace, in the environment, and in the community.

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encourage the utilization of knowledge in the science of toxicology. Its signature event is the annual scientific symposium, which has been conducted on an annual basis since 1967.

Poison control centers The following list represents current contact information for poison control centers across Canada as provided by the Canadian Association of Poison Control Centres web site. Alberta Poison and Drug Information Service (PADIS) Foothills Medical Centre 1403—29th Street N.W. Calgary, AB T2N 2T9 Canada Emergency Phone: 1-800-332-1414 (toll free in Alberta, Northwest Territories) Emergency Phone: 1-866-454-1212 (toll-free in Saskatchewan) Administrative Phone: (403) 944-6900 Web: http://www.padis.ca/ British Columbia B.C. Drug and Poison Information Centre 655 West 12th Avenue Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Emergency Phone: 1-800-567-8911 (toll-free B.C.) Emergency Phone: (604) 682-5050 (Greater Vancouver or outside of BC) Administrative Phone: (604) 707-2789 Web: https://www.dpic.org/contact Manitoba Provincial Poison Information Centre Children’s Hospital Health Sciences Centre 820 Sherbrook St. Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9 Emergency Phone: 1-855-776-4766 or 1-855-7POISON Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.hsc.mb.ca/emergencyPoison.html

Society of Toxicology of Canada Web: http://www.stcweb.ca/fr/index.shtml

New Brunswick Clinidata division of Sykes Assistance Services Corporation—Poison Information Center 774 Main St 6th floor Moncton, NB E1C 9Y3 Phone: 911 (within New-Brunswick) or Tele-Care 811

Founded in 1965 in the name of Canadian Association for Research on Drug Safety, it was renamed Canadian Association for Research in Toxicology in 1979 and then the Society of Toxicology of Canada (STC). The STC is a nonprofit association in Canada whose objectives are to promote the acquisition, facilitate the dissemination, and

Newfoundland and Labrador Provincial Poison Control Centre The Janeway Child Health Centre 300 Prince Philip Drive St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6 Phone: (709) 722-1110 or 1-833-727-1110 (toll free)

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Northwest Territories Emergency Department Stanton Yellowknife Hospital 550 Byrne Road Yellowknife, NT X1A 2N1 Phone: (867) 669-4100 or PADIS 1-800-332-1414 (toll free in Alberta, Northwest Territories)

Prince Edward Island Poison Control Centre The Izaak Walton Killam Children’s Hospital 5850/5980 University Ave. Halifax, NS B3J 3G9 Phone: 1-800-565-8161 (toll free from P.E.I.)

Nova Scotia Poison Control Centre IWK Regional Poison Centre 5850/5980 University Avenue Halifax, NS B3K 6R8 Phone: (902) 470-8161 (Halifax or outside Nova Scotia) or 1-800-565-8161 (toll free within Nova Scotia)

Que´bec Centre antipoison du Que´bec 1270 Chemin Ste-Foy Pavillon Jeffrey Hale, 4e`me e´tage Que´bec, QC G1S 2M4 Phone: 1-800-463-5060 (Que´bec only) Web: https://www.ciusss-capitalenationale.gouv.qc. ca/centre-antipoison-du-quebec/capq-accueil

Nunavut Qikiqtani General Hospital 503 Saputi, Iqaluit, NU X0A 0H0 Phone: 1-867-975-8600 Ambulance: (867) 979-4422 General inquiries: 1-867-979-5650 Ontario Poison Centre (for Nunavut): 1-800-268-9017

Saskatchewan Emergency Department Royal University Hospital 103 Hospital Drive Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8 Phone: (306) 655-1362 (emergencies) Poison and Drug Information Services (PADIS): 1-866454-1212 (within Saskatchewan)

Ontario Ontario Poison Centre The Hospital for Sick Children 555 University Ave. Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 1-800-268-9017 (toll-free Ontario) (416) 813-5900 local Web: http://www.ontariopoisoncentre.ca/Accueil.aspx

Yukon Emergency Department Whitehorse General Hospital 5 Hospital Road Whitehorse, YT Y1A 3H7 Phone: (867) 393-8700 BC Drug and Poison Information Centre: 811 (Yukon) or 604-682-5050

C H A P T E R

7 Chile Juan Carlos Rios1,2,3, Lorena Silva1 and Sandra Solari1,2,3 1 2

Centro Informacio´n Toxicolo´gica, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cato´lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Departamento de Laboratorios Clı´nicos, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cato´lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile 3Programa de Farmacologı´a y Toxicologı´a, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cato´lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Introduction

Dı´az O., Garcı´a M. (2003) Avances en toxicologı´a de contaminantes quı´micos en alimentos (Advances in Toxicology of Chemical Contaminants in Food) Universidad de la Frontera

In Chile the teaching of toxicology started shortly after 1900 in the Pharmacy School of the University of Chile when that school was part of the Medicine Faculty, under the direction of Dr. Carlos Ghighliotto. The subjects taught there were compiled under the title “Toxicology, Legal Pharmacy.” In 1950 Prof. Hermann Schmidt Hebbel, pharmacist and professor of bromatology, published articles in the journal The Pharmacist. These were later compiled in the text Toxicology Manual: Its Projections Toward Industrial Hygiene and Forensic Chemistry, which was a required study text for several generations.

Furci G. (2013) Guı´a de Campo Hongos de Chile, Segunda edicio´n (Chilean Fungi Guide, Second edition) Fundacio´n Fungi Furci G. (2018) Guı´a de campo. Hongos de Chile, volumen II (Chilean Fungi Guide, volumen II) Fundacio´n Fungi Lazo W. (2001) Hongos de Chile (Chilean Fungus) Salesianos SA

Resources

Ministerio de Salud (1985) Manual de Toxicologia Ocupacional (Manual of Occupational Toxicology) Santiago, Chile

Books Borgel L. et al. (2001) Protocolos para el manejo del paciente intoxicado (Protocols for the Management of the Poisoned Patient) OPS

Ministerio de Salud (2009) Manual de Salud Ambiental Infantil (Children’s Environmental Health Manual) Santiago, Chile

Brantes M.J. (1990) Guı´a consulta: intoxicaciones por plaguicidas (Guide for Poisoning with Pesticides) Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente

Paris E., Rios J.C. (2005) Intoxicaciones: Epidemiologia, Clı´nica y Tratamiento (Poisonings: Clinical Features and Management) Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Cato´lica

Bruning S.W., Bruning V.W. (2002) Plantas To´xicas en Pediatria (Toxic Plants in Pediatrics) Editorial IKU Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00007-3

Tapia R. (1989) Toxicologia (Toxicology) Universidad de Chile

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Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Technical report and other documents Guı´a clı´nica para el manejo de mordedura de aran˜a de rinco´n-Loxosceles laeta (Clinical guide for the management of the Loxosceles Laeta bite). Herrara, Tanı´a y colaboradores. Ministerio de salud, 2016 Prevencion y manejo de intoxicaciones por sustancias quı´micas en incidentes mayores (Prevention and management of poisonings caused by chemical substances in major incidents) Web: http://epi. minsal.cl/epi/html/public/bioter/aquim/ aqpreven.doc Situacion epidemiologica de las intoxicaciones agudas por plaguicidas chile, 1998 (Epidemiological situation of acute poisonings by pesticidas in Chile) Boletı´n Epidemiolo´gico Trimestral, del sistema de vigilancia epidemiologica de intoxicaciones agudas por plaguicidas—(revep). Epidemiological surveillance system of acute intoxications by pesticides The quarterly epidemiological bulletin is a document generated by the Epidemiology Department of the Health Planning Division of the Ministry of Health of Chile. Its objective is to present the epidemiological situation of the diseases established as mandatory notifications in Supreme Decree 158.

Software Respel 1.0. Reglamento sanitario sobre manejo de residuos peligrosos (Sanitary Regulations for the Management of Hazardous Wastes) (2005) Allows industrial companies to determine if their wastes are classified as hazardous or not hazardousaccording to the Chilean legislation.

Journals (general scientific journals) Boletı´n de la Sociedad Chilena de Quı´mica (Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society) (1949 ) Iberoamerican Journal of Toxicology (Official Journal of SOTOX Sociedad de Toxicologı´a de Chile) (2018 ) Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiolo´gica de Intoxicaciones Agudas por Plaguicidas REVEP (National Network of Epidemiological Vigilance of Acute Poisonings Caused by Pesticides REVEP) (1998 2002) Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia (Journal of Marine Biology and Oceanography) (1997 )

Revista Chilena de Salud Pu´blica (Chilean Journal of Public Health) (1997 ) Revista Chilena de pediatrı´a (Chilean Journal of Pediatrics) (1940 ) Revista Me´dica de Chile (Chilean Journal of Medicine) (1872 )

Organizations Governmental Organizations Comisio´n Nacional del Medio Ambiente-CONAMA (National Committee of Environment) Teatinos 254/258, Santiago The National Committee of Environment is the institution of the State that watches over the people’s interests, specifically the right to live in an environment free of pollution, the protection of the environment, the preservation of nature, and the conservation of the national patrimony. Ministerio del Medio ambiente MMA (Ministry of Environment) San Martı´n 73, Santiago The Ministry of Environment of Chile is the institution of the State that collaborates with the president of the Republic of Chile in the design and application of policies, plans and programs in environmental matters, as well as in the protection and conservation of biological diversity and renewable natural resources and water, promoting sustainable development, the integrity of environmental policy, and its regulatory regulation. Instituto de Salud Pu´blica (Public Health Institute) ˜ un˜oa, Santiago Av. Marathon 1000, N Public institution of a technical and scientific nature that guarantees the quality of goods and services offered to the community in areas related to health. This includes evaluation of the quality of laboratories, vigilance of diseases, control and supervision of drugs, cosmetics and devices for medical use, environmental health, and production and control of vaccines. Servicio Agrı´cola y Ganadero: Sub-Departamento de Plaguicidas y Fertilizantes (Agricultural and Livestock Service, Sub-Department of Pesticides and Fertilizers) Paseo Bulnes 140, Santiago Develops and applies institutional politics oriented to improve the efficiency in the evaluation and

Resources

approbation of agrochemical substances in order to have efficient products with minimal risk to the health of people, animals, and the environment, avoiding negative impact on the domestic and foreign trade. Servicio Me´dico Legal (Legal Medicine Service) Avenida La Paz 1012, Independencia, Santiago Institution commissioned to assist the Justice System and the Public Ministry in matters related to legal medicine through carrying out thanatological, psychiatric, clinical, and toxicological investigations. Nongovernmental Organizations Sociedad Chilena de Medicina Legal, Forense y Criminalistica (Chilean Society of Legal, Forensic and Criminalistic Medicine) Av. Providencia 365 oficina 22, Providencia, Santiago Sociedad Chilena de Nutricio´n, Bromatologı´a y Toxicologı´a (Chilean Society of Nutrition, Bromatology and Toxicology) Guayaquil 34, Depto. 3-C, Santiago Sociedad Chilena de Toxicologı´a (Chilean Society of Toxicology) Marcoleta 446, Santiago

Poison control centers CITUC—Centro de Informacio´n Toxicologica y de Medicamentos de la Pontificia Universidad Cato´lica de Chile (Poison Information and Drug Information Center) Lira 63, segundo piso, Santiago, RM Phone: 562-6353800 Fax: 562-2472112 Email: [email protected] Centro de Informacio´n para Emergencias Quı´micas de la Pontificia Universidad Cato´lica de Chile (Chemical Emergency Information Center) Lira 63, Segundo piso, Santiago, RM. Phone: 562-2473600 Fax: 562-2472112

Legislation and Regulations Decreto Fuerza Ley 725/1967 Ministerio de Salud. Co´digo Sanitario Publicado en el Diario Oficial de 31.01.68 (Sanitary Code) Decreto 1876/1996. Reglamento del sistema nacional de control de productos farmace´uticos (Regulations for the national system of control of pharmaceuticals) Decreto Supremo 404/1983. Reglamento de Estupefacientes (Regulation of Stupefacient Drugs)

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Decreto Supremo 405/1983. Reglamento de Productos Psicotro´picos (Regulation of PsychotropicProducts) Ley N 19.300. Bases Generales del Medio Ambiente (LBGMA) 1994 (General Basis of the Environment) Decreto Supremo 95/2001 Ministerio Secretarı´a General de la Presidencia. Reglamento del Sistema de Evaluacio´n de Impacto Ambiental (Regulation of the System of Evaluation of Environmental Impact) Decreto Supremo 93/1995 Ministerio Secretarı´a General de la Presidencia. Reglamento para la Dictacion de Normas de Calidad Ambiental y de Emisio´n (Regulation for the Dictation of Environmental Quality and Emission Standards) Decreto 88/2004. Reglamento de notificacio´n obligatoria de las intoxicaciones por plaguicidas (Regulations for mandatory reporting of pesticide poisonings) Norma Chilena 382/2017. Mercancı´as peligrosas— Clasificacio´n. Instituto Nacional de Normalizacio´n INN. (Dangerous Goods—Classification. INN) Norma Chilena 2190/2003. Transporte de sustancias peligrosas—distintivos para identificacio´n de riesgos. Instituto Nacional de Normalizacio´n INN (Transport of dangerous substances—badges for risk identification. INN) Norma Chilena 2245/2015. Hojas de datos de seguridad para productos quı´micos. Contenido y orden de las secciones. Instituto Nacional de Normalizacio´n INN (Safety data sheets for chemical products. Content and order of the sections. INN) Resolucio´n Exenta 408/2016 Ministerio de Salud. Listado de sustancias peligrosas para la salud (List of substances dangerous to health) Resolucio´n 2195/2000 Servicio Agrı´cola y Ganadero. Establece clasificacio´n toxicolo´gica de plaguicidas de uso agrı´cola. (Establishes the toxicological classification of pesticides for agricultural use) Decreto Supremo 148/2004 Ministerio de Salud. Reglamento sanitario sobre manejo de residuos peligrosos (Sanitary Regulation for the Management of Hazardous Wastes) Decreto Supremo 298/1995 Ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones. Reglamenta transporte de cargas peligrosas por calles y caminos (Regulates the transport of dangerous cargoes along streets and roads) Decreto Supremo 43/2016 Ministerio de Salud. Reglamento de almacenamiento de sustancias peligrosas (Regulation of storage of dangerous substances)

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Decreto Supremo 594/1999 Ministerio de Salud. Regula Condiciones Sanitarias y Ambientales Ba´sicas en los lugares de Trabajo de 1999 modificado por el Decreto N 123 de 2015 (Regulates Basic Sanitary and Environmental Conditions in Workplaces of 1999 modified by Decree No. 123 of 2015)

Decreto Supremo 3/1982 Ministerio de Agricultura. Establece requisitos para efectuar labores de muestreo y ana´lisis de plaguicidas y fertilizantes bajo convenio (Establishes requirements for carrying out sampling and analysis of pesticides and fertilizers under an agreement)

Decreto Supremo 88/2004. Reglamento de Notificacio´n obligatoria de intoxicaciones agudas por pesticidas (Regulation of mandatory notification of acute pesticide poisonings)

Resolucio´n 386/1983 Ministerio de Agricultura. Fija tolerancia para interpretacio´n de los ana´lisis de contenido de plaguicidas (Sets tolerance for interpretation of pesticide content analysis)

Norma General Te´cnica 92/2007 Sobre Vigilancia de Intoxicaciones Agudas por Plaguicidas, REVEP (On Surveillance of Acute Poisonings by Pesticides, REVEP)

Resolucio´n 2410/1997 Ministerio de Agricultura. Establece la obligacio´n de declarar las ventas de plaguicidas de uso agrı´cola (Establishes the obligation to declare sales of pesticides for agricultural use)

Decreto Supremo 157/2005 Ministerio de Salud. Reglamento de pesticidas de uso sanitario y dome´stico (Regulation of pesticides for sanitary and domestic use)

Resolucio´n 432/2015 Ministerio de Agricultura. Establece la obligacio´n de declarar al Servicio Agricola y Ganadero la existencia de plaguicidas caducados (Establishes the obligation to declare the existence of expired pesticides to the Agricultural and Livestock Service)

Decreto 144/1985 Ministerio de Salud. Reglamenta produccio´n, distribucio´n, expendio y uso de los solventes orga´nicos nocivos para la salud (Regulates production, distribution, sale and use of organic solvents harmful to the health) Decreto 374/1997 Ministerio de Salud. Fija el lı´mite ma´ximo permisible de plomo en pinturas que indica (Sets the maximum permissible limit of lead in paints) Decreto Supremo 105/1998 Ministerio de Salud. Reglamento de Empresas aplicadoras de pesticidas de usodome´stico y sanitario (Regulation of Companies applying pesticides for domestic and sanitary use) Decreto Supremo 754/1998 Ministerio de Salud. Prohı´be el uso de tolueno en adhesivos y pegamentos (Prohibits the use of toluene in adhesives and adhesives) Decreto Supremo 656/2000 Ministerio de Salud. Prohı´be el uso del asbesto en productos que indica (Prohibits the use of asbestos in products that indicate) Decreto Supremo 114/2005 Ministerio de Salud. Reglamento sobre seguridad de los juguetes (Regulation on toy safety) Decreto Supremo 5/2010 Ministerio de Salud. Reglamento sobre aplicacio´n ae´rea de plaguicidas (Regulation on aerial application of pesticides) Decreto Supremo 158/2015 Ministerio de Salud. Reglamento sobre condiciones para la seguridad sanitaria de las personas en la aplicacio´n terrestre de plaguicidas agrı´colas (Regulation on conditions for the sanitary safety of people in the land application of agricultural pesticides)

Resolucio´n 3670/1999 Ministerio de Agricultura. Establece normas para la evaluacio´n y autorizacio´n de plaguicidas (It establishes norms for the evaluation and authorization of pesticides) Resolucio´n 3139/2000 Ministerio de Agricultura. Crea el Comite´ Asesor del Servicio Agrı´cola y Ganadero para la evaluacio´n de plaguicidas de uso agrı´cola (Creates the Advisory Committee of the Agricultural and Livestock Service for the evaluation of pesticides for agricultural use) Resolucio´n Exenta 1836/2000 Ministerio de Agricultura. Crea el Subdepartamento de Plaguicidas y Fertilizantes del ServicioAgrı´cola Ganadero (Creates the Subdepartment of Pesticides and Fertilizers of the Livestock Agricultural Service) Resolucio´n Exenta 1315/2000 Ministerio de Agricultura. Establece normas para el ingreso de muestras de plaguicidas para ensayo o experimentacio´n (It establishes standards for the entry of pesticide samples for testing or experimentation) Resolucio´n Exenta 2195/2000 Ministerio de Agricultura. Establece requisitos que deben cumplir las etiquetas de los envases de plaguicidas de uso agrı´cola (It establishes requirements that must be met by the labels of pesticide containers for agricultural use) Decreto Supremo 3/1982 Ministerio de Agricultura. Establece requisitos para efectuar labores de muestreo y ana´lisis de plaguicidas y fertilizantes bajo convenio (Establishes requirements for carrying out sampling and analysis of pesticides and fertilizers under an agreement)

Resources

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Resolucio´n 386/1983 Ministerio de Agricultura. Fija tolerancia para interpretacio´n de los ana´lisis de contenido de plaguicidas (Sets tolerance for interpretation of pesticide content analysis)

Resolucio´n Exenta 1297/2007 Ministerio de Agricultura. Normas para el ingreso de feromonas de monitoreo de plagas (Rules for the entry of pheromones for pest monitoring)

Resolucio´n Exenta 1836/2000 Ministerio de Agricultura. Crea el Subdepartamento de Plaguicidas y Fertilizantes del Servicio Agrı´cola y Ganadero (Creates the Subdepartment of Pesticides and Fertilizers of the Agricultural and Livestock Service)

Resolucio´n Exenta 752/2009 Ministerio de Agricultura. Modifica Resolucio´n N 3670 de 1999 que establece normas para la evaluacio´n y autorizacio´n de plaguicidas (Modifies Resolution No. 3670 of 1999 that establishes standards for the evaluation and authorization of pesticides)

Resolucio´n Exenta 2196/2000 Ministerio de Agricultura. Establece Clasificacio´n Toxicolo´gica de Plaguicidas de Uso Agrı´cola (Establishes Toxicological Classification of Agricultural Use Pesticides) Resolucio´n Exenta 2197/2000 Ministerio de Agricultura. Establece denominacio´n y co´digos de formulaciones de Plaguicidas de Uso Agrı´cola (It establishes the denomination and codes of pesticide formulations for agricultural use) Resolucio´n Exenta 2198/2000 Ministerio de Agricultura. Establece protocolos para ensayos con plaguicidas (Establish protocols for trials with pesticides) Resolucio´n Exenta 92/2002 Ministerio de Agricultura. Establece normas para ingreso de muestras de plaguicidas para experimentacio´n (Establishes standards for the entry of pesticide samples for experimentation) Resolucio´n Exenta 2122/2002 Ministerio de Agricultura. Crea Comite´ Asesor del Director Nacional del Servicio Agrı´cola y Ganadero en materia de fertilizantes (Creates Advisory Committee of the National Director of the Agricultural and Livestock Service on fertilizers) Resolucio´n Exenta 2147/2002 Ministerio de Agricultura. Instruye el Reconocimiento de Aplicadores de Plaguicidas ante el Servicio Agrı´cola y Ganadero (It instructs the Recognition of Applicators of Pesticides before the Agricultural and Livestock Service) Resolucio´n Exenta 1404/2003 Ministerio de Agricultura. Ingreso de patrones analı´ticos de plaguicidas (Income of pesticide analytical standards) Resolucio´n Exenta 1038/2003 Ministerio de Agricultura. Procedimientos de fiscalizacio´n de plaguicidas importados y nacionales (Inspection procedures for imported and domestic pesticides) Resolucio´n Exenta 3577/2006 Ministerio de Agricultura. Obligacio´n de Declarar Bromuro de Metilo (Obligation to declare methyl bromide)

Resolucio´n Exenta 7935/2010 Ministerio de Agricultura. Fija esta´ndares para la evaluacio´n de plaguicidas agrı´colas y deroga resoluciones N 3220/2006 y 7080/ 2008 (Sets standards for the evaluation of agricultural pesticides and repeals resolutions No. 3220/2006 and 7080/2008) Resolucio´n Exenta 5551/2011 Ministerio de Agricultura. Modifica Resolucio´n N 3670 de 1999 que establece normas para la evaluacio´n y autorizacio´n de plaguicidas (Modifies Resolution No. 3670 of 1999 that establishes standards for the evaluation and authorization of pesticides) Resolucio´n Exenta 1557/2014 Ministerio de Agricultura. Establece exigencias para autorizacio´n de plaguicidas y deroga Resolucio´n N 370 de 1999 (Establishes requirements for authorization of pesticides and repeals Resolution No. 370 of 1999) Resolucio´n 1720/1982 Ministerio de Agricultura. Prohı´be importacio´n, fabricacio´n y uso del monofluoracetato de sodio o compuesto 1080 (Prohibits import, manufacture and use of sodium monofluoracetate or compound 1080) Resolucio´n 639/1984 Ministerio de Agricultura. Prohı´be la importacio´n, fabricacio´n, venta, distribucio´n y uso del plaguicida DDT (Prohibits the import, manufacture, sale, distribution, and use of DDT pesticide) Resolucio´n 1437/1986 Ministerio de Agricultura. Fija nivel ma´ximo de residuos de plaguicidas clorados en empastadas para efectos sancionatorio (Fixed maximum level of residues of chlorinated pesticides in pastures for sanctioning purposes) Resolucio´n 2142/1987 Ministerio de Agricultura. Prohı´be la importacio´n, fabricacio´n, venta, distribucio´n y uso de los plaguicidas Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptacloro, y Clorda´n (Prohibits the import, manufacture, sale, distribution, and use of the pesticides Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor, and Clordan)

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Resolucio´n 1573/1989 Ministerio de Agricultura. Prohı´be la importacio´n, distribucio´n, venta y aplicacio´n del fitorregulador Daminozid (Prohibits the importation, distribution, sale, and application of the Daminozid plant regulator) Resolucio´n 996/1993 Ministerio de Agricultura. Prohı´be la importacio´n, fabricacio´n, distribucio´n, venta y uso de plaguicidas agrı´colas que contengan sales orga´nicas o inorga´nicas de mercurio (Prohibits the import, manufacture, distribution, sale, and use of agricultural pesticides containing organic or inorganic mercury salts) Resolucio´n 2180/1998 Ministerio de Agricultura. Prohı´be la importacio´n, venta, fabricacio´n, distribucio´n y uso de plaguicidas de uso agrı´cola que contengan Lindano (Prohibits the import, sale, manufacture, distribution, and use of pesticides for agricultural use containing Lindane) Resolucio´n 312/1999 Ministerio de Agricultura. Prohı´be la importacio´n, fabricacio´n, venta, distribucio´n y aplicacio´n de plaguicidas de uso agrı´cola formulados en base a Paration Etilo y Metilo (Prohibits the import, manufacture, sale, distribution, and application of agricultural pesticides formulated based on Paration Etilo and Methyl) Resolucio´n 909/2001 Ministerio de Agricultura. Restringe el uso y manejo de todas las formulaciones de plaguicidas agrı´colas que contengan Paraquat como ingrediente activo (Restricts the use and management of all agricultural pesticide formulations containing Paraquat as an active ingredient) Resolucio´n 90/2002 Ministerio de Agricultura. Prohı´be la importacio´n, fabricacio´n, venta, distribucio´n y aplicacio´n de plaguicidas de uso agrı´cola que contengan Hexaclorobenceno (Prohibits the import, manufacture, sale, distribution, and application of pesticides for agricultural use containing hexachlorobenzene) Resolucio´n 78/2004 Ministerio de Agricultura. Prohı´be importacio´n, fabricacio´n, venta, distribucio´n y uso de plaguicidas que contengan el ingrediente activo Pentaclorofenol y sus sales (Prohibits the import, manufacture, sale, distribution, and use of pesticides containing the active ingredient Pentachlorophenol and its salts)

Resolucio´n 8231/2011 Ministerio de Agricultura. Prohı´be la fabricacio´n, importacio´n, exportacio´n, distribucio´n, venta, tenencia y uso de plaguicidas que contengan el ingrediente activo Clordecona, Beta-HCH, Endosulfa´n, Aldicarb (Prohibits the manufacture, import, export, distribution, sale, possession, and use of pesticides containing the active ingredient Chlordecone, BetaHCH, Endosulfan, Aldicarb) Ley 20.000/2005 Ministerio de Interior.Sustituye la Ley No 19.366, que sanciona el tra´fico ilı´cito de estupefacientes y% sustancias sicotro´picas (It replaces Law No. 19,366, which sanctions the illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances) Decreto 1358/2007 Ministerio del Interior. Establece normas que regulan las medidas de control de precursores y sustancias quı´micas esenciales dispuestas por la ley N 20.000 que sanciona el tra´fico ilı´cito de estupefacientes y sustancias sicotro´picas (It establishes norms that regulate the control measures of precursors and essential chemical substances provided by Law No. 20,000 that sanctions the illicit traffic of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.) Ley 18592/1987 Ministerio de Defensa Nacional. Introduce modificaciones a la Ley N 17.798, sobre control de armas (Introduces amendments to Law No. 17,798 on arms control)

Education/schools Few Chilean universities teach toxicology. It is, however, a required subject in the pharmacy programs of several universities of the country. It is optional in the curricula of some veterinary and nursery schools. Beginning in 2007 the Faculty of Medicine of the Pontificy Catholic University of Chile offered toxicology for their graduate students in different medical specialties. Food toxicology is covered in undergraduate courses of Food Engineering and is currently taught at several university departments within the new Food Science and Technology degree programs. Different university faculties and professional societies provide courses of toxicology but there are no graduate programs for specialization in that area.

C H A P T E R

8 China Xinsheng Gu1,2 1

Department of Pharmacology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, P.R. China 2Department of Preventive Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, P.R. China

Background narrative Toxicology in China can be traced back to over 5000 years ago, when Shennong tasted herbs to find cures for diseases, which resulted in the first Chinese monograph on pharmacology, Shennong Bencao Jing, which also included the toxic effects of herbs. Today we still can see many historical documents on toxicology. For example, Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun, written by Chao Yuan Fang in CE 610, documented snake, bee, and scorpion venom as toxic agents, as well as providing detailed observations and descriptions of toxic gases, test methods, and preventative measures. Wai Tai Mi Yao, written by Wang Tao in 752, reported the effects of toxic gases on animals. Xi Yuan Ji Lu by Song Ci in 1247 might be the first forensic toxicological book, with information about poisoning, detoxification, and poison identification. Ben Cao Gang Mu, written by Li Shi Zhen in 1590, is recognized as the first comprehensive and seminal pharmacology and toxicology book, including numerous poisons and the toxicity of drugs. Tian Gong Kai Wu, written by Song Ying Xing in 1637, discussed occupational mercury poisoning and its prevention. For more information on the history of toxicology in China, the works by Professor Zhicheng Shi of the Toxicology History specialty section of the Chinese Society of Toxicology (CST) can be consulted. Toxicology has been increasingly recognized by the government, the specialists, and the general public in China. The CST has been growing into a large community since its inauguration on November 10, 1993. CST now has .10,000 individual members and .150 organization members from the governmental, academic, and industrial fields. There are 26 specialty sections in CST, including Alternative Methods and Translational Toxicology, Analytical Toxicology, Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00008-5

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Biotoxin, Clinical Toxicology, Drug Dependence and Abuse, Drug Toxicology and Safety Evaluation, Environmental and Eco Toxicology, Feed Toxicology, Food Toxicology, Genetic Toxicology, Immune Toxicology, Industrial Toxicology, Nanotoxicology, Neurotoxicology, Poisoning and Treatment, Quality Assurance in Toxicology Research, Radiation Toxicology, Regulatory Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Reproductive & Developmental Toxicology, Toxicological Pathology, Toxicology History, Toxicology in Disasters, Toxicology on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Veterinary Toxicology, and Education on Toxicology. The information on the leadership of the CST and the specialty sections can be accessed through the CST Website: http://www.chntox.org. The address of CST Office is 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China. Tel: 186-10-66932387, 68187038, Fax: 186-10-68183899 CST is a member of the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST). It is also a member of the International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX) and the Asian Society of Toxicology (ASIATOX). CST is not only a community where Chinese people communicate toxicology, it also connects Chinese toxicologists with toxicologists from other countries. National Conferences of Toxicology organized by CST every 2 years offer opportunities for people from all over the world to communicate science, receive continuing education, and develop personal connections. CST hosts the International Conference of ASIATOX, the Conference of Toxicology in Developing Countries, and the International Conference on Biomedical and Environmental Science and Technology. In addition, CST cosponsored the Forum and Training of Risk Assessment with IUTOX and the Toxicology and Safety Evaluation Seminar/Project Leader Training with the American College of Toxicology. CST and the British Toxicology Society publishes Toxicology Research.

Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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In China, people engaged in toxicology mainly come from the government, industry, and academic sectors. CST offers an examination to certify qualifiers with a Diploma of Certified Toxicologist (DCST). CST promotes the recognition of DCST by international organizations, such as IUTOX. Some toxicologists may be recognized/certified as both an IRT (IUTOX Recognized Toxicologist) and DCST. In universities with a school/ department of preventive medicine, public health, and/ or forensic medicine, graduate students and undergraduate students receive toxicological courses and are trained to conduct toxicological researches. Chinese scientists conduct a wide variety of research on toxicology and publish their findings in journals worldwide, including journals hosted by Chinese scientific institutes, professional associations, and societies. These journals publish articles in Chinese. Knowledge accumulated from toxicological research is usually documented in books in Chinese. In addition, many textbooks in several toxicological fields are compiled or written for students at different levels. Some toxicological books in English or other languages have been translated by Chinese toxicologists into Chinese. Legislation in China is run by the National and provincial People’s Congress (NPC). Toxicology-related laws are used to maintain the safety and well-being of humans and the environment. Chinese toxicological workers strive to maintain the safety and well-being of humans and the environment.

Core documents Books Bai Wansheng (2013) Animal Poisoning and Toxicology (textbook) Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press ISBN: 978-7-5609-8504-6 Cai Jiqun (2011) Drug Toxicology (textbook) Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers ISBN: 978-7-5478-0895-5 Cao Yi, Lu Qingsheng (2011) Urinary System Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series) Beijing: Peking University Medical Press ISBN: 978-7-5659-0050-1 Chang Yuanxun (2008) Metal Toxicology (Modern Toxicology Series) Beijing: Peking University Medical Press ISBN: 978-7-81116-552-4

Chemical Registration Center of the Ministry of Environmental Protection (2013) Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Vol. 4, Health Effects (2nd ed.) Beijing: China Environmental Press ISBN: 978-7-5111-1476-1 Chen Chengzhang (2008) Immunotoxicology (Modern Toxicology Series) Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou University Press ISBN: 978-7-81106-519-0 Chen Jingyuan (2016) Neurotoxicology Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-117-21221-2 Chen Lichuan (2015) Don’t Let Cancer Medicine Kill You! Taipei: Persimmon Culture Co., Ltd. ISBN: 978-986-6191-74-9 Chen Zhaohua, Zhong Jinghu, Peng Yijing, Zeng Zhenxiang (2016) Civil Liability of Drug Dealers and Medical Personnel for Adverse Drug Reactions Taipei: Yuanzhao Publishing Co., Ltd. ISBN: 978-986-255-700-6 Chen Zhibao et al. (2009) Drug Toxicology (textbook) Harbin: Heilongjiang Science and Technology Press ISBN: 978-7-5388-6207-2 China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (2016) Guidelines for Implementation of the National Standard of Food Safety Toxicology Evaluation Procedures and Methods (series of guidelines on implementation of national food safety standards) Beijing: China Zhijian Publishing House; Standards Press of China ISBN: 978-7-5066-8451-4 China Society of Toxicology (2011) Report on Advances in Toxicology Beijing: China Science and Technology Press ISBN: 978-7-5046-5822-7 China Standard Press 5th Editorial Room (2010) The Commonly Used Standards for Microbiology and Biomedical Laboratories: Toxin Detection, Virus Detection, Toxicology Tests, Data Processing, and Preparation of Standard Solutions. Beijing: China Standard Press ISBN: 978-7-5066-5681-8

Core documents

Diao Qingyun (2017) Comparative Research on Toxicological Characters Between Apis cerana and Apis mellifera Beijing: China Agricultural Press ISBN: 978-7-109-23361-4 Du Zhengqing (2010) Neurotoxicology of Exogenous Substances in Mammals Beijing: Chemical Industry Press ISBN: 978-7-122-10319-2 Fan Yuming, Zhang Shu (2009) Guidelines for the Evaluation of Toxicological Safety Standards Chengdu: UEST (The University of Electronic Science and Technology) Press ISBN: 978-7-5647-0138-3 Feng Yibin (2009) Basic and Clinical Toxicology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hong Kong: Commercial Press (Hongkong) Co., Ltd. ISBN: 978-962-07-3396-3

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Huang Jiwu (2009) Essentials of Toxicology (textbook) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House (PMPH) ISBN: 978-7-117-10571-2 Huang Jiwu, Tong Jian (2016) Essentials of Toxicology (2nd ed., Bilingual textbooks) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-117-22049-1 Ji Xunhe, Li Ming (eds.) (2017) Regulations on Chemical Substances Management (Chemical Risk and Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management Series) Shanghai: East China University of Technology Press Co., Ltd. ISBN: 978-7-5628-5074-8 Jiang gaofeng et al. (2012) Basic Toxicological Experiments (textbook) Wuhan: Hubei Science and Technology Press ISBN: 978-7-5352-4961-6

Gao Jinyan (ed.) (2017) Food Toxicology (textbook) Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-052833-9

Jiang Guibin et al. (translated) (2011) Hodgson E. et al. A Textbook of Modern Toxicology (3rd ed.) Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-031160-3

Gao shuang et al. (2012) Principles and Application of Environmental Toxicology (textbook) Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology press ISBN: 978-7-5603-3413-4

Jiang Hui, Pei Chengxin et al. (translate) (2017), Ramesh C. Gupta (US) (ed.) Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents Beijing: Chemical Industry Press and Elsevier (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. SBN: 978-7-122-28858-5

Hao Liying (2016) Drug Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) Beijing: Tsinghua University Press ISBN: 978-7-302-45816-6 Hao Liying (2016) Drug Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers ISBN: 978-7-5478-3131-1 Hao Liying, Lu Li (2011) Drug Toxicology (textbook) Beijing: Tsinghua University Press ISBN: 978-7-302-26466-8 Hao Zhihui, Tang Shusheng, Jin Hongtao (translated) (2014), Peterson M.E., Talcott P.A. Small Animal Toxicology (3rd ed.) Beijing: China Agricultural University Press ISBN: 978-7-5655-0802-8 Hong Dongrong (2013) Don’t Poison the Next Generation Taipei: Cema Rulin Culture Enterprise Co., Ltd. ISBN: 978-986-88341-6-3

Jiang Yueming (2012) Basic Toxicology (textbook) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-117-16116-9 Jiang Yueming, Tang Huanwen, Liu Qizhan (2017) Toxicology (2nd ed.) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-117-24758-0 Jiang Yueming, Zhao Jinmin, Li Chaogan (2016) Clinical Toxicology: Case Study (textbook) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-117-22965-4 Jiao Anying, Li Yongfeng, Xiong Xiaojing (2009) Environmental Toxicology (textbook) Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press ISBN: 978-7-313-05972-7 Jin Gang (2010) Food Toxicology Foundation and Practice Beijing: China Light Industry Press ISBN: 978-7-5019-7423-8

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Jin Gang (2012) Food Toxicology Foundation and Practice Beijing: China Light Industry Press, 2012 Reprint ISBN: 978-7-5019-7423-8

Li Peifeng (2010) Veterinary Drug Toxicology (textbook) Beijing: China Agricultural Press ISBN: 978-7-109-14415-6

JinTaiyi (2012) Principles and Methods of Toxicology (textbook for Fudan University graduates) Shanghai: Fudan University Press ISBN: 978-7-309-09304-9

Li Qian, Liu Yibo, Tenwei and Liu Qi (2015) Risk Assessment and Toxicological Application of Pesticide Residues Beijing: Chemical Industry Press ISBN: 978-7-122-21908-4

Ke Yuebin, Zheng Rongliang (2012) Free Radical Toxicology Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-117-16355-2

Li Xiaoyu (2007) Study on the Toxicology of Microcystins Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-017863-3

Kong Zhiming (2009) Environmental Genetic Toxicology Nanjing: Nanjing University Press ISBN: 978-7-305-05291-0

Li Yongfeng, Wang Bing, Ying Shan (2011) Environmental Toxicology Research Technology and Methods (textbook) Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology press ISBN: 978-7-5603-3402-8

Kong Zhiming (2012) Environmental Toxicology (5th ed.) (textbook) Nanjing: Nanjing University Press ISBN: 978-7-305-02800-7 Kong Zhiming (ed.) (2017) Environmental Toxicology (6th ed.) (textbook) Nanjing: Nanjing University Press ISBN: 978-7-305-18470-3 Li Bo, Yuan Bojun, Liu Mingyang (2015) Drug toxicology Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-117-21019-5 Li Jianke (2007) Food Toxicology (textbook) Beijing: China Metrology Press ISBN: 978-7-5026-2579-5 Li Jianxiang, Song Yuguo, Li Jianlin (2011) Haematotoxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series) Beijing: Peking University Medical Press ISBN: 978-7-5659-0230-7 Li Jianzheng (2010) Environmental Toxicology (2nd ed.) Beijing: Chemical Industry Press ISBN: 978-7-122-07761-5

Li Yongfeng, Wang Yan, Zhao Zhen (2013) Basic Environmental Toxicology (textbook) Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology Press ISBN: 978-7-5603-4141-5 Li Yun (2008) Food Safety and Toxicology Foundation Chengdu: Sichuan University Press ISBN: 978-7-5614-3981-4 Li Zhilan & Zhang Jingxu (2012) Reproductive and developmental toxicology (Series of target organs toxicology) Beijing: Peking University Medical Press ISBN: 978-7-5659-0384-7 Li Zhilan, Li Jianxiang, and Cao Yi (2016) Endocrine Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series) Beijing: Peking University Medical Press ISBN: 978-7-5659-1332-7 Li Zhilan, Sun Yingbiao, Wang Yuhong (eds.) (2018) Cardiovascular Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series) Beijing: Peking University Medical Press ISBN: 978-7-5659-1652-6

Li Lijing & Zhang Fang (2016) Pharmacology, Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, and Toxicology Experiments (textbook) Beijing: China Press of Traditional Chinese Medicine ISBN: 978-7-5132-3434-4

Liu Fang, Fan Yuming, Gu Jianzhong (2011) Bone Marrow Cytology Procedures and Atla for Toxicological Safety Assessment (Toxicological Safety Evaluation Series) Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology Press ISBN: 978-7-5647-0880-1

Li Ning & Ma Liang (2016) Food Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) Beijing: China Agricultural University Press ISBN: 978-7-5655-1616-0

Liu Jining, Wang Lei, Dang Zhichao (2016) A New Approach to Toxicology Research: The Basic Connotation and Research Progress of Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP)

Core documents

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Beijing: China Environmental Press ISBN: 978-7-5111-2640-5

Beijing: Peking University Medical Press ISBN: 978-7-81116-876-1

Liu Liang (2009) Forensic Toxicology (textbook, 4th ed.) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House (PMPH) ISBN: 978-7-117-11940-5

Meng Ziqiang (2009) Ecotoxicology (textbook) Beijing: Higher Education Press ISBN: 978-7-04-026283-4

Liu liang (2016) Forensic Toxicology (5th ed.) (textbook) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-117-21726-2

Meng Ziqiang (2010) Basic Environmental Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) Beijing: Higher Education Press ISBN: 978-7-04-030827-3

Liu Zongrong et al. (translated) (2007) Lu F.C., Kacew S. Lu’s Basic Toxicology: Fundamentals, Target Organs and Risk Assessment (4th ed.) Taipei: Yixuan Book Publishing House ISBN: 978-957-616-886-4

Meng Ziqiang (2012) Biology of Sulfur Dioxide: Toxicology Physiology Pathophysiology Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-034073-3

Lou Yijia (2007) Drug Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-117-08984-5

Meng Ziqiang (2015) Modern Environmental Toxicology Beijing: China Environmental Press ISBN: 978-7-5111-2381-7

Lou Yijia (2007) Preclinical Evaluation on New Drugs: Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation (textbook) Hangzhou: Zhejiang University press ISBN: 978-7-308-05573-4

Meng Ziqiang, Zhang Quanxi, Yang Zhenhua (2012) Sandstorm Medicine and Toxicology Beijing: China Environmental Science Press ISBN: 978-7-5111-0853-1

Lou Yijia (2011) Drug Toxicology (textbook, 3rd ed.) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House (PMPH) ISBN: 978-7-117-14376-9 Lou Yijia (2016) Drug Toxicology (4th ed.) (textbook) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-117-22371-3

Miao Mingsan, Zhu Feipeng, Zhu Pingsheng (2007) Practical Toxicology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai: Second Military Medical University press ISBN: 978-7-81060-597-7 Min Jiukang (2013) Soil Ecological Toxicology and Environmental Bioremediation Engineering Beijing: China agricultural science and technology press ISBN: 978-7-5116-1044-7

Lu Guocai, Yuan Boxiong (2008) The basis and clinic of respiratory toxicology Shanghai: the Second Military Medical University Press ISBN: 978-7-81060-776-6

Pan Dongsheng, Fan Yuming, Zhang Shu (2016) Drugs Blood Toxicology and Detection Methods (series of books on toxicological safety evaluation) Chengdu: UEST (The University of Electronic Science and Technology) Press ISBN: 978-7-5647-2716-1

Lu Yan (2013) Experimental Methods on Descriptive Toxicology Harbin: Heilongjiang Science and Technology Press ISBN: 978-7-5388-7615-4

Pei Qiuling (2008) Modern Toxicology Foundation (textbook, 2nd ed.) Beijing: China Union Medical University Press ISBN: 978-7-81072-994-9

Ma Jin, Zhan Hao (2013) Aerospace Pharmacology and Toxicology Xi’an: The Fourth Military Medical University Press ISBN: 978-7-5662-0452-3

Peng Cheng (2014) Toxicology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (textbook) Beijing: China Press of Traditional Chinese Medicine ISBN: 978-7-5132-1854-2

Mao Wenge, Zhang Hengdong, Zhang Zengli (2010) Toxicology of Skin, Eye, and Bone (Target Organs Toxicology Series)

Peng Shuangqing, Hao Weidong (2013) Key Technologies for Drug Safety Evaluation

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Beijing: Military Medical Science Press ISBN: 978-7-5163-0332-0 Peng Shuangqing, Hao Weidong, Wu Yijun (2009) Toxicology Alternatives Beijing: Military Medical Science Press ISBN: 978-7-80245-213-8 Qi Zheng (2017) Pops Pollution Status and Toxicology Research Progress Beijing: China Commercial Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-5044-9705-5 Shan Yujuan (2013) Food Toxicology (textbook) Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-037844-6 Shao Longyi (2012) Physical and Chemical Characteristics and Toxicological Research of Indoor Inhalable Particulate Matter Beijing: China Meteorological Press ISBN: 978-7-5029-5464-2

Shu Zhan (2017) Environmental Ecology Harbin: Northeast Forestry University Press ISBN: 978-7-5674-1039-8 Shu Zhan, Di Xueying (2011) Environmental Toxicology Experiment (textbook) Harbin: Northeast Forestry University Press ISBN: 978-7-81131-762-6 Shu Zhan, Di Xueying (2012) Introduction to Hydrology and Water Resources Harbin: Northeast Forestry University Press ISBN: 978-7-5674-0022-1 Song Lihua (2016) Drug Toxicology Beijing: China Medical Science Press ISBN: 978-7-5067-7891-6 Song Zhihui (2008) Aquatic Ecotoxicology Experiment Beijing: Chemical Industry Press ISBN: 978-7-122-02971-3

Shen Jianzhong (2011) Animal Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) Beijing: China Agricultural Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-109-15636-4

Su Biling, Zhan Dongrong (2015) Handbook of Common Medicines for Small Animals Taipei: Taiwan Elsevier Co., Ltd. ISBN: 978-986-5666-78-1

Shen Minghao, Gong Zhiyong, Wang Yaling (2012) Food toxicology (textbook) Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou University Press ISBN: 978-7-5645-0876-0

Sun Hanxiao, Li Xiuying (2012) Pharmaceutical Molecular Toxicology (Jinan university graduate textbook) Guangzhou: Jinan University Press ISBN: 978-7-5668-0094-7

Shen Minghao, Gong Zhiyong, Wang Yaling (eds.) (2017) Food Toxicology (2nd ed.) Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou University Press ISBN: 978-7-5645-3736-4 Shen Minghao, Yi Youjin, Wang Yaling (2014) Food Toxicology (textbook) Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-039839-0

Sun Li, Fan Yuming, Zhang Shu (2015) Guide to Standard Operating Procedures for Experimental Dogs (series of books on toxicological safety evaluation) Chengdu: UEST (The University of Electronic Science and Technology) Press ISBN: 978-7-5647-3314-8

Shen Zhemin (2014) Environmental Toxicology Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University Press ISBN: 978-7-313-12336-7

Sun Suqun & Liu Meiyu (2012) Food Toxicology (textbook) Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology Press ISBN: 978-7-5629-3353-3

Shi Zhicheng (2016) World History of Poison Vol. 51-6 Xi’an: Northwestern University Press ISBN: 978-7-5604-3871-9

Sun Suqun (ed.) (2017) Food Toxicology (2nd ed., textbook) Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology Press ISBN: 978-7-5629-5177-3

Shi Zhicheng, Yu Ya-hui, Li Ying-qian (2017) Toxicology on Quercus Plants Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press ISBN: 978-7-5116-2963-0

Sun Zhen (2009) Concise Food Toxicology (textbook) Beijing: Chemical Industry Press ISBN: 978-7-122-06347-2

Core documents

Sun Zhiwei (ed.) (2017) Toxicology (7th ed., textbook for students majoring in preventive medicine) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-117-24633-0 Sun Zuyue & Zhou Li (2015) Drug Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers ISBN: 978-7-5478-2476-4 Sun Zuyue, Zhou Li (eds.) (2018) History of Drug Reproduction and Developmental Toxicology Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers ISBN: 978-7-5478-3766-5 Tan Yuzhi (2010) Drug Toxicology Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-026410-7

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Hefei: Hefei University of Technology Press ISBN: 978-7-5650-3440-4 Wang Kaiyu, Wang Jianguo, Wang Yutang (2013) Pharmacology and Toxicology of Fishery Drugs Changchun: Jilin People’s Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-206-09433-0 Wang Minsheng, Ma Wenjun (2011) Alimentary System Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series) Beijing: Peking University Medical Press ISBN: 978-7-5659-0124-9 Wang Wenxiong (2011) Trace Metal Ecological Toxicology and Biogeochemistry Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-030622-7

Tan Yuzhi, Tang Shengsong (2009) Drug Toxicology (textbook) Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-026292-9

Wang Xiangdong (2007) Food Toxicology (textbook): A series of teaching materials for food specialty in colleges and universities Nanjing: Southeast University Press ISBN: 978-7-5641-0458-0

Tan Zhuangsheng, Zhao Zhendong (2011) Immunotoxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series) Beijing: Peking University Medical Press ISBN: 978-7-5659-0108-9

Wang Xiangdong (2011) Food Toxicology (textbook) Nanjing: Southeast University Press ISBN: 978-7-5641-0458-0

Tang Huanwen, Jin Shuguang (2010) The Basic Toxicology Experiment Guides (textbook) Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-028633-8

Wang Xinru (2007) Experimental Method and Technology of Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House (PMPH) ISBN: 978-7-117-08919-7

Tang Hui, Qiao Jing, Yuan Zengping (translated) (2015) Levine B. (US, ed.) Principles of Forensic Toxicology Beijing: Qunzhong Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-5014-5355-9 Wang Dayong (2014) Model Organism Toxicology: Summary and Thinking Based on The Study of Caenorhabditis Elegans (reprint) Nanjing: Southeast University Press ISBN: 978-7-5641-4080-9 Wang Hongtao & Jiang Dejian (translate) (2017), Nohynek G.J. (ed.) Presenting Toxicology Results: How to Evaluate Data and Write Reports Beijing: Beijing Science & Technology Press ISBN: 978-7-5304-8557-6 Wang Huili, Jiang Yueming (eds.) (2017) Food Toxicology (textbook)

Wang Xinru (2007) Toxicology Basis (textbook, 5th ed.) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House (PMPH) ISBN: 978-7-117-08887-9 Wang Xinru (2012) Fundamental Toxicology (textbook, 6th ed.) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-117-16064-3 Wang Xinru (2012) Toxicology Experimental Methods and Technology (3rd ed.) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-117-16174-9 Wang Xiuwen (2012) Toxicological Safety Evaluation: GLP Compliance Inspection and Inspection (Toxicology Safety Evaluation Series)

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Chengdu: UEST (The University of Electronic Science and Technology) Press ISBN: 978-7-5647-0897-9 Wang Zijian (2015) Advances in Environmental Benchmarks (Advances in ecotoxicology, series 1) Beijing: Higher Education Press ISBN: 978-7-04-043425-5

Yang Xingfen et al. (eds.) (2017) Food Safety Risk Assessment: Principles, Methods and Applications of Toxicology (Technical Series on Food Safety Risk Analysis) Beijing: Chemical Industry Press ISBN: 978-7-122-29806-5

Wei Jing (translate) (2010) Mcintosh K. Poison and Peril: Forensic Toxicology Guiyang: Guizhou People’s Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-221-08968-7

Yang Xingfen, Song Guilan, the national certification and accreditation Supervision Commission (2009) GB/T 27406-2008 “Laboratory Quality Control Specification: Food Toxicology Test” Beijing: China Standards Press ISBN: 978-7-5066-5250-6

Wei Linlin & Sun Jianyun (2017) Basic Guidelines for Animal Experiments of Hygienic Toxicology Lanzhou: Gansu Science and Technology Press ISBN: 978-7-5424-1540-0

Yang Zhanshan (2016) Radiation Toxicology (4th ed.) (series of textbooks on radiation medicine) Beijing: China Atomic Energy Press ISBN: 978-7-5022-7624-9

Wu Bingchun (2011) Basic Technical Methods for Pharmacological and Toxicological Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Harbin: Heilongjiang people’s Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-207-08991-5

Yaodu Jingwei Information Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (2018) FDA Pharmacology and Toxicology Guide (Series of food and drug laws and regulations in foreign countries) Beijing: China Medical Science and Technology Press, ISBN: 978-7-5067-9187-8

Wu Haihua, Guo Yanqiong (2010) Pesticide Toxicology Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press ISBN: 978-7-5116-0184-1 Xia Shijun (2008) Pesticide Toxicology (Modern Toxicology Series) Beijing: Chemical Industry Press ISBN: 978-7-122-02178-6 Xiang Ming, Ji Hui (2015) Drug Toxicology (textbook, 3rd ed.) Beijing: China Medical Science Press ISBN: 978-7-5067-7406-2 Xiao Cunjie, Chen Qian (2010) Research Development of Toxicology Onboard The Submarine Environment Shanghai: The Second Military Medical University Press ISBN: 978-7-81060-850-3 Yan Weixing, Ding Xiaowen (2009) Food Toxicology (textbook) Beijing: China Agricultural University Press ISBN: 978-7-81117-763-3 Yang Hongmei (2013) Drug Toxicology (textbook) Beijing: China Light Industry Press ISBN: 978-7-5019-8843-3

Yuan Bojun, Liao Mingyang, Li Bo (2007) Experimental Methods and Techniques of Drug Toxicology Beijing: Chemical Industry Press ISBN: 978-7-5025-9519-7 Yuan Jing, Jiang Yiguo (eds.) (2017) Molecular Toxicology (Guidance Book Series to improve core ability of scientific research personnel) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-117-23309-5 Zhang Aihua, Jiang Yiguo (2016) Toxicology Basics: Case Study (textbook, 2nd ed.) Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-048547-2 Zhang Aihua, Jiang Yiguo (ed.) (2017) Toxicology (textbook for comprehensive experiments) Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-048545-8 Zhang Aihua, Sun Zhiwei (2008) Toxicology Foundation Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-022572-6 Zhang Leshuai, Xuan Zhiqiang, Tong Xing (2016) Compilation of Experimental Techniques for Radiation Nanomedicine and Toxicology

Core documents

107

Xi’an: Xi’an Jiaotong University Press ISBN: 978-7-5605-9318-0

Changchun: Jilin University Press ISBN: 978-7-5692-1372-0

Zhang Lishi, Li ning (eds.) (2017) Food Toxicology (textbook) Teaching Materials for The 13th Five-Year Plan of Education for General Higher Education Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-050988-8

Zhou Liguo (2009) Drug Toxicology (2nd ed.) Beijing: China Medical Science and Technology Press ISBN: 978-7-5067-4329-7

Zhang Shuangqing, Fan Yuming (2014) Toxicokinetics (Toxicological Safety Assessment Series) Chengdu: UEST (The University of Electronic Science and Technology) Press ISBN: 978-7-5647-1943-2 Zhang Yingge (2010) Nanotoxicology: for Safe Use of Nanomaterials Beijing: China Union Medical University Press ISBN: 978-7-81136-150-6 Zhang Zhiyong (2010) Nanotoxicology and Safety Research Methods Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-026200-4 Zhang Zhiyong et al. (2014) Research Methods and Experimental Techniques of Nanotoxicology (Nano Science And Technology Series) Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-038802-5 Zhao Chaoying, Jiang Yunshen (2009) Neural System Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series) Beijing: Peking University Medical Press ISBN: 978-7-81116-802-0 Zhao Yuan, Wang Taiping translation (2007) (US) Newman M.C., Unger M.A. Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology (Environmental Science and Engineering Series) Beijing: Chemical Industry Press ISBN: 978-7-5025-8751-2 Zhao Yuliang, Chai Zhi Fang (2010) Nanotoxicology: The Foundation for Safe Application of Nanomaterials Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-027449-6 Zhao Yuliang, Chai Zhifang (2015) Nanotoxicology: Basics for Safe Application of Nanomaterials (2nd ed.) Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-043711-2 Zhao Yuxia (2017) Study on The Combined Toxicity and Mechanism of Quantum Dots and Cu21 on L02 Cells and Bacteria

Zhou Zhijun (2008) Basic Toxicology (textbook) Shanghai: Fudan University Press ISBN: 978-7-309-05869-7 Zhou Zhijun (2014) Essential Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) Shanghai: Fudan University Press ISBN: 978-7-309-10859-0 Zhou Zhijun, Gu Xinsheng, Liu Jianghong et al. (translated) (2013), Gilbert S.G. A Small Dose of Toxicology: The Health Effects of Common Chemicals (2nd ed.) Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers (Century Humanities Series) ISBN: 978-7-5478-1990-6 Zhou Zongcan, Fu Lijie (2012) Modern Toxicology: A Concise Course Beijing: Military Medical Science Press ISBN: 978-7-80245-935-9 Zhu Baoli, Wang Minsheng, Mo Baoqing (2016) Chemical Carcinogenesis (Target Organ Toxicology Series) Beijing: Peking University Medical Press ISBN: 978-7-5659-1429-4 Zhu Jiayu (2016) Skin Care for Targeted Drug Therapy (Healthy World Series; 230) Taipei: Health World Limited ISBN: 978-986-93716-5-0 Zhu Lin et al. (translated) (2007) Wright D.A. (US), Welbourn P. (Canada) Environmental toxicology Beijing: Higher Education Press ISBN: 978-7-04-019009-0 Zhu Shaohua (2016) Forensic Toxicology Experiment Guide (textbook, 2nd ed.) Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House ISBN: 978-7-117-22119-1 Zhuang Zhixiong, Liu Jianjun, Yuan Jianhui (translated) (2009) (US) Monteiro-Riviere A., Lang Tran C. Nanotoxicology: Characterization, Dosing and Health Effects Beijing: Science Press ISBN: 978-7-03-025648-5

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Zou Libo (2014) Pharmacology and Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) Beijing: China Medical Science Press ISBN: 978-7-5067-7001-9

Journal titles Acta Entomologica Sinica The Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Entomological Society of China ISSN: 0454-6296 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.insect.org.cn A peer-reviewed monthly journal that publishes articles on original research papers, review articles, and short communications concerning various aspects of entomology and various groups of insects and mites, and accepts submissions in Chinese or English. Original research papers are organized in four regular subsections, including Physiology and Biochemistry, Toxicology and Resistance, Ecology and Pest Management, and Evolution and Systematics, and additional irregular subsections when necessary, such as Pathology and Medical Insects, for each issue. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica China Marine limnology association ISSN: 1000-3207 Email: [email protected] Web: http://ssswxb.ihb.ac.cn/ A peer-reviewed bimonthly journal that publishes research articles and reviews in all fields of hydrobiology, including ecology, physiology, pathology, biogeography, etiology, toxicology, methodology, and taxonomy. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences ISSN: 0253-2468 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.actasc.cn/hjkxxb/ch/index.aspx A peer-reviewed monthly journal that publishes articles on environmental science and engineering innovative research, including Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Geoscience, Environmental Toxicology and Risk Analysis, Principles and Technologies of Environmental Remediation and Restoration, Principles and Technologies of Environmental Pollution Control, Environmental Economics, and Management. Adverse Drug Reactions Journal Chinese Medical Association ISSN: 1008-5734

Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.cadrj.com A peer-reviewed bimonthly journal that publishes articles on adverse drug reactions, drug-induced diseases and safe use of drugs, including commentary, treatises, expert forums, rules and regulations, summaries, misuse, intoxication, case reports, adverse reactions of Chinese medicine, history of drug hazards, safety information, and ADR series of questions and answers. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences ISSN: 1673-5897 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.stdlxb.cn A peer-reviewed bimonthly journal that publishes articles on fundamental research on the mechanisms of toxicity of the environmental pollutants at the community, species, tissue, cellular, subcellular and molecular levels, including aspects of uptake, metabolism and excretion of toxicants, the interdisciplinary studies of environmental chemistry and toxicology describing environmental fate and biological fate of pollutants, novel analytical technologies, techniques, and methods such as biomarkers, biosensors, bioanalytical systems, QSARs and QSPRs, and the applied outcome of complex ecotoxicological research such as developing the science-based Environmental Quality Criteria, standard toxicity tests, techniques, and methods for ecotoxicological evaluation of the environment, including original research papers, technical notes, and review articles. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), 27 Nan Wei Road, Beijing, 100050 ISSN: 0893-3985 Email: [email protected] [email protected] Web: http://www.besjournal.com/ A peer-reviewed monthly journal that publishes articles on population health problems induced by biological factors, nutritional factors, environmental/ ecological factors and physical/chemical factors, covering the areas of epidemiology, nutrition and food hygiene, environmental sanitation and environmental medicine, child and adolescent health, occupational health, radiological health, maternal and child health, and health management. BES also publishes papers about the research progresses in medical molecular biology, medical microbiology, medical parasitology, medical immunology, toxicology, and mental health.

Core documents

Carcinogenesis, Teratogenesis and Mutagenesis China Society of Environmental Mutagens, China Association for Science and Technology ISSN: 1004-616X Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.egh.net.cn/CN/column/ column300.shtml A peer-reviewed bimonthly journal that publishes articles on new theories, techniques, methods and research trends in the field of environmental factors causing cancer, causing distortion and mutagenesis, including expert commentary, treatise, cancer prevention and control, detection research, related medical foundation and clinical, technology and method, and summary. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica The Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Chinese Association of Science and Technology, Chinese Pharmaceutical Association ISSN: 1001-5302 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.cjcmm.com.cn A peer-reviewed semimonthly journal that publishes articles on new achievements, technologies, methods, experiences, and concepts resulting from the research on Chinese materia medica by following Chinese medical and pharmaceutical theories, traditional experiences, and modern science and technology, including medicinal resources and identification, cultivation, processing, preparation, chemistry, pharmacology, theory of Chinese pharmacy and clinical practice, Bencaological study, etc. The journal covers a variety of special columns such as monographs, summaries, reviews, experimental investigations, research notes, experience exchanges, academic discussion, pharmaceutical management, contending views on academic topics, and other information. China Occupational Medicine China Preventive Medicine Association ISSN: 2095-2619 A peer-reviewed bimonthly journal that publishes articles on the scientific research achievements of occupational health and occupational disease control in China: new monitoring techniques, standards and methods; occupational epidemiological investigations and their supervision and management experiences; reviews of occupational disease diagnosis and treatment; intoxication case analysis and practical guiding significance; investigation and research on disease or

109

new risk factors, including treatises, research and practice; occupational disease clinic, supervision and management; monitoring and testing methods; summaries; lectures; and field investigations. Chinese Health Laboratory Technology China health and Family Planning Commission, Chinese Preventive Medicine Association ISSN: 1004-8685 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.zgwsjy.cn/ A peer-reviewed semimonthly journal that publishes articles on treatises, the method of Chemical determination, the method of microorganism detection, monitoring reports, investigation reports, evaluation methods, laboratory management, health, and clinics. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Chinese Association of Science and Technology, Chinese Pharmaceutical Association ISSN: 1001-6821 Email: [email protected] Web: http://zhongguolinchuangyaolixue.cntg.org.cn/ Kshow715Ty1.html A peer-reviewed monthly journal that publishes articles on research papers; overview; special lectures and discussions; rational use of drugs; introduction and evaluation of new drugs; new drug review information; reader’s garden; academic trends; adverse drug reactions; pharmaceutical administration; review statement; and clinical pharmacological abstracts, including (1) the drug’s clinical pharmacology research papers, the content including the pharmacodynamics and toxicology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, drug interactions, drug metabolism studies and adverse drug reaction monitoring, etc.; (2) progress of clinical pharmacology and research trends at home and abroad; (3) introduction and evaluation of new drugs; (4) experience and problems in pharmacotherapy; (5) research and introduction of clinical pharmacological methodology; and (6) guiding principles of clinical drug research, etc. Chinese Journal of Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment China Association for Drug Abuse Control, the Institute of Drug Toxicology of Military Medical Science Academy ISSN: 1006-902X A peer-reviewed monthly journal that publishes articles on experimental research, clinical diagnosis

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and treatment, medical prevention, epidemiological investigation and policy analysis. Chinese Journal of Drug Application and Monitoring General Hospital of PLA ISSN: 1672-8157 Email: [email protected] Web: http://zhongguoyaowuyingyongyujiance.cntg. org.cn/index.html A peer-reviewed bimonthly journal that publishes articles on the efficacy, safety and economic evaluation of drugs in clinical application and monitoring, pharmacological and toxicological research, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability research, including an expert’s forum, clinical evaluation, laboratory research, clinical pharmacists’ forum, adverse reaction investigation, medication analysis, pharmacy management, and case monitoring. Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, and Chinese Academy of Chinese Medicine ISSN: 1005-9903 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.zgsyfjxzz.com/ A peer-reviewed semimonthly journal that publishes articles on the pharmacodynamics, toxicology, pharmaceutics, theoretical research, and prescriptions of traditional medical formulae. Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention ISSN: 1004-8456 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.zgspws.com/zgspwszz/ch/index. aspx A peer-reviewed bimonthly journal that publishes articles on research methods and achievements in the field of food hygiene, inspection techniques (including chemical analysis, microbiological test, toxicology), monitoring, evaluation, and research of standard of toxic and harmful substances; measures and methods for supervision and management, including expert reviews, treatises, research reports, experimental techniques and methods, supervision and management, investigation and research, risk monitoring, risk assessment, food safety standards, food poisoning, summary, and various topics and

columns organized in hot topics. Also publishes some relevant laws and regulations, instructions, announcements, etc. Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases Chinese Preventive Medical Association, Chinese Association of Science and Technology ISSN: 1001-9391 Email: [email protected] Web: http://zhldwszybzz.yiigle.com/ A peer-reviewed monthly journal that publishes articles of review, investigation and research, experimental research, occupational disease, occupational safety, environmental medicine, clinical monitoring and inspection technology, reviews, lectures, workplace hygiene supervision and management, health protection, air dust management, new technology and new methods, experience exchanges, and rural health. Chinese Journal of Industrial Medicine The national health and family planning commission, Chinese Preventive Medicine Association and Shenyang Municipal Labor Health Institute of Occupational Diseases ISSN: 1002-2214 Email: [email protected] Web: http://zggyyx.ijournals.cn A peer-reviewed bimonthly journal that publishes articles of treatises, thematic exchanges, clinical practice, investigation report, summaries, lectures, expert BBS, case reports, monitoring and inspection technology, dust pollution prevention, and labor health management. Chinese Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology (CJPT) Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Chinese Pharmacological Society and Chinese Society of Toxicology ISSN: 1000-3002 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.cjpt.ac.cn:81 or http:// 202.38.153.236:81/Jweb_cjpt A peer-reviewed bimonthly journal that publishes research articles, commentaries, reviews, rapid communications, and the establishment of new technical methods in various fields of pharmacology and toxicology.

Core documents

Chinese Journal of Pharmacovigilance The State Food and Drug Administration and the National Drug Evaluation Center (National Drug Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Center) ISSN: 1672-8629 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.zgywjj.com/CN/volumn/home.shtml A peer-reviewed monthly journal that publishes articles of basic research, clinical research, columns, quality and technology research, law and management research, reviews, safety evaluations, rational drug use, and case analyses. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine (CJPM) Chinese Medical Association ISSN: 0253-9624 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.pubhealth.org.cn/cn/ A peer-reviewed monthly journal that publishes articles on preventive medicine, clinical research, and basic medicine, including epidemiology, environmental health, nutrition and food hygiene, occupational health, hygiene for children and adolescents, radiological health, toxicology, biostatistics, social medicine, endemic disease, pathogenic and epidemiological research in malignant tumors, detection and immunization of disease, disease prevention and health promotion, medical care, hygienic chemistry, and laboratory testing, as well as many other academic fields in disease prevention and control. CJPM publishes editorials, special commentary, original research, academic controversy, methodology, laboratory technology, field surveys, case studies, literature reviews, lectures, medical progress, book reviews, and the latest information. Chinese Journal of Public Health The Ministry of health and Chinese Society of Preventive Medicine ISSN: 1001-0580 Email: [email protected] Web: www.zgggws.com A peer-reviewed monthly journal that publishes articles on public health, including reviews, special reports, special features, epidemiological studies and experimental studies, surveys and analysis, inspection technology, health education, public health BBS, and rural health. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal Chinese Association of Science and Technology, Chinese Pharmaceutical Association ISSN: 1001-2494 Email: [email protected] Web: http://manu21.magtech.com.cn/zgyxzz/CN/ column/column79.shtml

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A peer-reviewed semimonthly journal that publishes articles on pharmaceutical research in various fields, including academic commentary, reviews, original research (including: biotechnology, traditional Chinese medicine and natural medicine, pharmacology, pharmaceutical, clinical pharmacy, drug quality and inspection, pharmaceutical chemistry), major drug discoveries, drug and clinical reviews of new medicine, the history of pharmacy, pharmaceutical specialists, pharmaceutical affairs management, academic discussion, research briefing, educational, and reader’s commentary. Environmental Science The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences ISSN: 0250-3301 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.hjkx.ac.cn A peer-reviewed monthly journal that publishes articles on environmental science, original basic and applied research, pollution control, clean production and ecological environment construction, the strategic thought of sustainable development, theory, and practical technology, including columns on volatile organic pollutants (VOCs) analysis, emission control, environmental policy research, information, etc. Food Science China General Chamber of Commerce ISSN: 1002-6630 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.spkx.net.cn/EN/volumn/current. shtml A peer-reviewed semimonthly journal that publishes articles on the food industry research and development of high and new technology and new achievements. Industrial Health and Occupational Diseases An Shan Institute of Industrial Health, An Shan Iron & Steel Corp. at An Shan, Liaoning ISSN: 1000-7164 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.gywsyzyb.cn/ A peer-reviewed bimonthly journal that publishes articles on special topics, original research, on-site hygiene investigations, occupational disease clinics, testing technology, safety and protection, reviews, labor health work BBS, exchange of experience, etc. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences The Institute of Agricultural Economy and Information, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences

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8. China

ISSN: 0517-6611 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ahnykx.com A peer-reviewed journal that publishes three issues each month with articles mainly on nationwide farming, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery basic theory research, applied research and agricultural economics, and agricultural history studies. Journal of Environment and Health The Ministry of Health, the Chinese Society of Preventive Medicine and the Tianjin Municipal Health and Prevention Center ISSN: 1001-5914 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.hjyjk.cn/ A peer-reviewed bimonthly journal that publishes articles of reviews, special reports, treatises, investigation and research, technologies and methods, supervision and monitoring, professional information, communication, health standards, and lectures. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, JEOM ISSN: 2095-9982 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.jeom.org/ A peer-reviewed monthly journal that publishes articles on studies that combine environmental and occupational medicine, as well as on the health of the public (especially occupational populations), including commentaries, original articles, research, experiments, methodologies, reviews, and communications. Journal of Environmental Hygiene China Center for Disease Prevention and Control ISSN: 2095-1906 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.hjwsxzz.com/ A peer-reviewed bimonthly journal that publishes articles on the new achievements and new progress in various fields of labor hygiene, occupational disease, industrial poisoning, environmental health, environmental toxicology, nutrition and food hygiene, food toxicology, various related detection methods, and children’s health and other fields, mainly in the form of summary, compilation, and brief news. Journal of Forensic Medicine Ministry of Justice, Institute of Forensic Science and Technology of the Ministry of Justice ISSN: 1004-5619 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.fyxzz.cn/CN/volumn/current. shtml

A peer-reviewed bimonthly journal that publishes articles on forensic pathology, forensic clinical science, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, forensic toxicology, forensic entomology and toxicology, medical disputes, judicial authentication of medical accidents, and judicial authentication of traffic accidents. Journal of Hygiene Research The Ministry of Health and China Center for Disease Control and Prevention ISSN: 1000-8020 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.wsyjzz.cn/ A peer-reviewed bimonthly journal that publishes articles on the research achievements in various fields of hygiene, occupational disease, industrial poisoning, environmental health, environmental toxicology, nutrition and food hygiene, food toxicology, epidemiology, various related detection methods, and children’s health and other fields. The columns include expert comments, investigation, research reports, experimental studies, experimental techniques and methods, and reviews. Journal of Preventive Medicine of Chinese People’s Liberation Army ISSN: 1001-5248 Email: [email protected] Web: http://manu37.magtech.com.cn/Jwk_jsyxkx/jfj/ CN/1001-5248/home.shtml A peer-reviewed bimonthly journal that publishes articles on sanitation and environmental monitoring, labor health and occupational health, drinking water health, nutrition and food hygiene, hotspots, plateau, aviation and navigation, and special environmental medicine. Modern Preventive Medicine National Committee for Health and Family Planning, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Huaxi School of Public Health, Sichuan University ISSN: 1003-8507 Email: [email protected] Web: http://xdyfyxzz.paperopen.com/ A peer-reviewed semimonthly journal that publishes articles on new trends in preventive medicine/ public health/medical hygiene, new achievements, new theories, and new methods, including articles on disease and statistics, environmental and occupational health, nutrition and food hygiene, child and child health and maternal and child health, basic health service, health policy and management, health and social behavior, experimental technology and its application, health supervision, and prevention.

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Organizations—government

Occupation and Health Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ISSN: 1004-1257 Email: [email protected] Web: http://manu63.magtech.com.cn/Jwk_zyyjk/ CN/volumn/home.shtml A peer-reviewed semi-monthly journal that publishes articles on occupational medicine, prevention, and health care, and basic medicine, including occupational health and occupational disease control, health care, and collection, display and exchange of other scientific experiments and clinical experience, etc. Its main sections are treatises, field surveys of occupational health, occupational disease and occupation-related disease; experiment, monitoring and inspection, sanitary engineering effect evaluation, food safety and nutrition, epidemiology and preventive health care, environment and health, school hygiene, etc. Published academic papers include the following fields: basic study on the effect of occupational and environmental hazards on human body; occupational epidemiology and field survey on labor hygiene; clinical analysis on occupational diseases, new methods of diagnoses and treatment; onspot emergency treatment of chemical poisoning; management of industry sanitation; sanitary criteria; study on epidemic toxicology; monitoring of environmental hazards; labor prevention technology and evaluation; survey and study of diseases related to occupation and new hazards; food safety and nutrition; school hygiene; countryside hygiene. Pesticide Science and Administration Agriculture Department Pesticide Inspection Institute ISSN: 1002-5480 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.nykxygl.cn/ A peer-reviewed monthly journal that publishes articles on pesticide science and management; pesticide research, production, operation, and management, particularly in terms of pesticide registration and management regulations, policy, technology, knowledge, and information. Practical Preventive Medicine Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Hunan Preventive Medicine Association ISSN: 1006-3110 Email: [email protected] Web: www.syyfyx.org A peer-reviewed monthly journal that publishes articles on the leading scientific research achievements and clinical diagnosis and treatment experience in the medical field, including treatises, disease control, health supervision, school hygiene, experimental

research, summarization, methods introduction, maternal and child health care. Research of Environmental Sciences Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Institution Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China ISSN: 1001-6929 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn A peer-reviewed monthly journal that publishes articles on the original and the most recent studies related to environmental sciences that reflect the international and domestic advances, new theories, new technologies and new methodologies, covering disciplines including atmospheric environment, aquatic environment, regional ecological environment, soil environment, ecotoxicology, environmental treatment technologies, cleaner production technologies and processes, solid waste, environmental monitoring and analysis, as well as environmental planning and management. Science and Technology of Food Industry Beijing Industrial Technology Research Institute, China National Light Industry Council ISSN: 1002-0306 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.spgykj.com A peer-reviewed semimonthly journal that publishes articles on both the market and technical factors in the food industry. Market part: guidelines, focus tracing, sales management, legal cases, cosponsored with enterprise, enterprise report, food safety in action, compositor, exhibition view, news and trends. Technical part: research and investigation, bioengineering, processing technology, food additives, analysis and determination, storage and preservation, nutrition and health care, reviews. Note: Relatively few organizations in China focus exclusively on toxicology. Instead, toxicology and toxicology expertise are widely spread through more broadly based health, science, and environmental groups. Thus, a broad array of organizations, including academic institutions, with greater or lesser relevance to toxicology are presented in this chapter. Digging deeper into any of them will reveal the extent of their toxicological impact.

Organizations—government Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) http://www.chinacdc.cn/. Address: No. 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, Zip code: 102206. Tel: 010-58900001. The administrative units include the Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic

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Disease, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Center for Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute for Environment Hygiene and Health Related Product Safety, Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical and Guidance, Global Public Health Center, Policy Research and Health Communication Center, Public Health Monitoring and Information Service Center, Immunization Planning Center, Public Health Administration, Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases and Community Health Service, Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Center, Health Emergency Center, Office of Epidemiology, National Management Center, Tobacco Control Office, Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Department, Leprosy Control Center, Geriatric Health Center, Mental Health Center, Childhood/School Health Center, Prevention and control of brucellosis plague, Clinical Center for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control, Venereal Control Center, Endemic Control Center, Special Committee on Public Health Information of the China Health Information Society, China Association for the Prevention and Control of STD and AIDS, Chinese Nutrition Society, China Foundation for the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatitis, Special Committee on Preventive Medical Information of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association. The Provincial and Municipal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention include:

Inner Mongolia Web: http://www.nmcdc.com.cn/

Anhui Web: http://www.ahcdc.cn/

State Administration for Market Regulation Web: http://samr.saic.gov.cn/. Address: No. 8, San Li He East Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100820. The administrative units includes:

Beijing Web: http://www.bjcdc.org Chongqing Web: http://www.cqcdc.org Fujian Web: http://www.fjcdc.com.cn Gansu Web: http://www.gscdc.net/ Guangdong Web: http://www.cdcp.org.cn/ Guangxi Web: http://www.gxcdc.com Guizhou Web: http://www.gzcdc.org Hainan Web: http://www.hncdc.cn

Jiangsu Web: http://www.jshealth.com Jiangxi Web: http://www.jxcdc.cn Jilin Web: http://www.jlcdc.com.cn Liaoning Web: http://www.lncdc.com Macao Special Administrative Region Government Health Bureau Disease Prevention and Control Center Web: http://www.ssm.gov.mo/ Ningxia Web: http://www.nxcdc.org/ Qinghai Web: http://www.qhcdc.org.cn/ Shaanxi Web: http://www.sxcdc.com/ Shandong Web: http://www.sdcdc.cn Shanghai Web: http://www.scdc.sh.cn Shanxi Web: http://www.sxcdc.cn/ Sichuan Web: http://www.sccdpc.gov.cn/ Taiwan Department of Health Web: http://www.doh. gov.tw Tianjin Web: http://www.cdctj.com.cn/ Tibet Web: http://www.tibetcdc.cn/ Xinjiang Web: http://www.xjcdc.com Yunnan Web: http://www.yncdc.cn/ Zhejiang Web: http://www.cdc.zj.cn

China Food and Drug Administration Web: http:// samr.cfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0001/ General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China Web: http://samr.aqsiq.gov.cn/xxgk_13386/ State Administration for Industry and Commerce of the People’s Republic of China Web: http://home. saic.gov.cn/

Hebei Web: http://www.hebeicdc.com Heilongjiang Web: http://www.hljcdc.org Henan Web: http://www.hncdc.com.cn Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Department of Health Web: http://www.dh.gov. hk/scindex.html Hubei Web: http://www.hbcdc.cn Hunan Web: http://www.hncdc.com

Ministry of Ecology and Environment of People’s Republic of China Web: http://www.zhb.gov.cn/. Address: No. 115 South Xiaojie, Xizhimen, Xicheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100035, Phone: 010-66556114. The administrative units include: North China Inspection Bureau Web: http://hbdc. mep.gov.cn/ East China Inspection Bureau Web: http://hddc.mep. gov.cn/

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South China Inspection Bureau Web: http://hndc. mep.gov.cn/?COLLCC 5 2725993425&

Environmental Convention Implementation Technical Center Web: http://www.mepfeco.org.cn/

Northwest Inspection Bureau Web: http://xbdc.mep. gov.cn/?COLLCC 5 2726067612&

Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences Web: http://www.nies.org/

Southwest Inspection Bureau Web: http://xndc.mep. gov.cn/

South China Institute of Environmental Sciences Web: http://www.scies.org/

Northeast China Inspection Bureau Web: http://dbdc. mep.gov.cn/

Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning Web: http://www.caep.org.cn/

Northern Regional Office of Nuclear and Radiation Safety Inspection Web: http://nro.mep.gov.cn/

China Environmental Impact Assessment Web: http:// www.china-eia.com/

Eastern Regional Office of Nuclear and Radiation Safety Inspection Web: http://www. mep.gov.cn/gkml/zzjg/qt/201010/ t20101013_195472.htm

Satellite Environment Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection Web: http://www. secmep.cn/secPortal/portal/index.faces

Southern Regional Office of Nuclear and Radiation Safety Inspection Web: http://scro.mep.gov.cn/? COLLCC 5 2726228185& Northwestern China Regional Office of Nuclear and Radiation Safety Inspection Web: http://nwro.mep. gov.cn/ Southwestern China Regional Office of Nuclear and Radiation Safety Inspection Web: http://swnro. mep.gov.cn/ Northern Regional Office of Nuclear and Radiation Safety Inspection Web: http://www.mep.gov.cn/ gkml/zzjg/qt/200910/t20091023_180895.htm Environmental emergency and accident investigation center Web: http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/zzjg/ qt/200910/t20091023_180869.htm Agency Service Center Web: http://www.mep.gov. cn/gkml/zzjg/qt/200910/t20091023_180870.htm Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Web: http://www.craes.cn/ China National Environmental Monitoring Centre Web: http://www.cnemc.cn/ Sino-Japan Friendship Centre for Environmental Protection Web: http://www.edcmep.org.cn/? COLLCC 5 3681140828& Policy Research Center for Environment and Economy Web: http://www.prcee.org/ China Environmental Press Web: http://www.cenews. com.cn/ China Environment Publishing Group Web: http:// www.cesp.com.cn/ Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center Web: http:// www.chinansc.cn/web/

The departments or bureaus of ecology and environment in provincial governments: Anhui Web: http://www.aepb.gov.cn/pages/home.html Beijing Web: http://www.bjepb.gov.cn/ Fujian Web: http://hbt.fujian.gov.cn/ Guangdong Web: http://www.gdep.gov.cn/ Guangxi Web: http://www.gxepb.gov.cn/ HaiNan Web: http://hnsthb.hainan.gov.cn/ Hebei Web: http://www.hebhb.gov.cn/ HeiLongJiang Web: http://www.hljdep.gov.cn/ Henan Web: http://www.hnep.gov.cn/ Hubei Web: http://hbt.hubei.gov.cn/xwzx/ Hunan Web: http://www.hbt.hunan.gov.cn/ Inner Mongolia Web: http://hbt.nmg.gov.cn/ Jiangsu Web: http://hbt.jiangsu.gov.cn/ Jiangxi Web: http://www.jxepb.gov.cn/ Jilin Web: http://hbj.jl.gov.cn/ Liaoning Web: http://www.lnepb.gov.cn/ Shangdong Web: http://www.sdein.gov.cn/ Shanghai Web: http://www.sepb.gov.cn/fa/cms/ shhj/index.htm Shanxi Web: http://www.sxhb.gov.cn/ Tianjin Web: http://hjbh.tj.gov.cn/ Zhejiang Web: http://www.zjepb.gov.cn/ Ningxia Web: http://www.nxzfhfw.gov.cn/ml/zzq/ 16hh/hbt/ Qinghai Web: http://www.qhepb.gov.cn/

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Gansu Web: http://www.gsep.gansu.gov.cn/

Henan Web: http://www.hnwsjsw.gov.cn/

Guizhou Web: http://www.gzhjbh.gov.cn/

Heilongjiang Web: http://www.hljhfpc.gov.cn/

Shaanxi Web: http://www.snepb.gov.cn/

Hubei Web: http://www.hbwsjs.gov.cn/

Sichuan Web: http://www.schj.gov.cn/

Hunan Web: http://222.247.54.190/

Tibet Web: http://www.xzep.gov.cn/

Jilin Web: http://wsjsw.jl.gov.cn/

Xinjiang Web: http://www.xjepb.gov.cn/

Jiangsu Web: http://wjw.jiangsu.gov.cn/

Yunnan Web: http://www.ynepb.gov.cn/

Jiangxi Web: http://www.jxhfpc.gov.cn/

Chongqing Web: http://www.cepb.gov.cn/D

Liaoning Web: http://www.lndoh.gov.cn/

National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China Web: http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/. Address: No. 1 Xizhimen Outer South Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100044, Telephone: 86(10)68792114, Email: [email protected]. The administrative units include: the office, personnel division, planning and information division, finance division, legal department, system reform division, health emergency office (emergency command center for public health emergencies), disease prevention and Control Bureau (National Patriotic Health Movement Commission Office), medical and medical administration bureau, basic health department, department of maternal and child health service, the division of food safety standards and monitoring evaluation, the comprehensive supervision bureau, the division of the drug policy and basic drug system, the department of family planning guidance, the family planning division, the Department of Family Planning Service for the Migrating Population, the Propaganda Department, the Department of Science and Technology and Education, the Department of International Cooperation (Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan), the Party Committee, and the retired cadre bureau. The departments or bureaus of Health Commission in provincial governments: Anhui Web: http://www.ahwjw.gov.cn/ Beijing Web: http://wjw.beijing.gov.cn/

Inner Mongolia Web: http://www.nmgwjw.gov.cn/ Ningxia Web: http://www.nxws.gov.cn/index.do Qinghai Web: http://www.qhwst.gov.cn/ Shandong Web: http://www.sdwsjs.gov.cn/ Shanxi Web: http://www.sxwsjs.gov.cn/ Shaanxi Web: http://www.sxwjw.gov.cn/ Shanghai Web: http://www.wsjsw.gov.cn/wsj/ Sichuan Web: http://www.scwst.gov.cn/ Taiwan Department of health Web: http://www.doh. gov.tw Tianjin Web: http://wsjs.tj.gov.cn/ Tibet Web: http://www.xzwjw.gov.cn/ Macao Special Administrative Region Government Health Bureau Web: http://www. ssm.gov.mo/ Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Department of Health Web: http://www.dh.gov. hk/scindex.html Xinjiang Web: http://www.xjhfpc.gov.cn/ Yunnan Web: http://www.pbh.yn.gov.cn/ wjwWebsite/web/index Zhejiang Web: http://www.zjwjw.gov.cn/ Chongqing Web: http://www.cqwsjsw.gov.cn/

Fujian Web: http://www.fjhfpc.gov.cn/ Gansu Web: http://www.gsws.gov.cn/ Guangdong Web: http://www.gdwst.gov.cn/ Guangxi Web: http://www.gxhfpc.gov.cn/ Guizhou Web: http://www.gzhfpc.gov.cn/

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China Web http://www.moa. gov.cn/. Address: No. 11, South Agricultural Exhibition Hall, Beijing, Zip code: 100125, 01059193366. The administrative units include:

Hainan Web: http://pub.hainan.gov.cn/pub/wst/

Agricultural Management Institute Web: http://www. gbxy.agri.cn/

Hebei Web: http://www.hebwsjs.gov.cn/index.do? templet 5 index

Center of International Cooperation Service Web: http://www.cicos.agri.cn/

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117

China Agriculture for Trade and Economy Web: http://www.mczx.agri.cn/

The General Station of Rural Cooperative Economy Management Web: http://www.moa.gov.cn/

China Agriculture Press Web: http://www.ccap.com. cn/index.htm

Rural Social Undertakings Development Center Web: http://www.moa.gov.cn/xw/zwdt/201807/ t20180712_6153985.htm

China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center Web: http://www.cahec.cn/ China Pesticide Information Network Web: http:// www.chinapesticide.org.cn/ China Rural Distance Education Network Web: http://www.ngx.net.cn/ China State Farms and Tropical Agriculture Web: http://www.farmchina.org.cn/ Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Web: http://www.caas.net.cn/ Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Web: http:// www.cafs.ac.cn/ Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Web: http://www.catas.cn/index.html Development Center for Science and Technology Web: http://www.nybkjfzzx.cn/ Finical Accounting Service Center Web: http://www. ckzx.agri.cn/

General Station of Agricultural Mechanization Technology Development and Popularization Web: http://www.came.net.cn/pages/about.html Agricultural Machinery Test and Identification General Station Web: http://www.amic.agri.cn/ nxtwebfreamwork/index.jsp? articleId 5 index&lanmu_id 5 amic Human Resources Development Center, Chinese Association of Agricultural Science Society Web: http://www.moahr.org/ Information Center Web: http://www.agri.cn/ Fishing Vessel Inspection Bureau Web: http://www. cjj.moa.gov.cn/ National Animal Husbandry Station (China Feed Industry Association) Web: http://www.nahs.org.cn/ National Agro Technical Extension and Service Centre Web: https://www.natesc.org.cn/sites/MainSite/

Foreign Economic Cooperation Center (China EU Center for Agricultural Technology) Web: http:// www.fecc.agri.cn/

China Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Slaughtering Technology Center) Web: http://www.cadc.net.cn/ sites/MainSite/

National Agricultural Exhibition Center Web: http:// www.ciae.com.cn/index.html

China Green Food Development Center Web: http:// www.greenfood.agri.cn/

National Fisheries Technology Extension Center, China Society of Fisheries Web: http://www.nftec.agri.cn/

Chinese Rural Magazine Agency Web: http://www. crnews.net/

Research Center for Rural Economy Web: http:// www.rcre.agri.cn/

China Agricultural Reclamation Economic Development Center (South Subtropical Crop Center) Web: http://www.farmchina.org.cn/

Rural Energy & Environment Agency Web: http:// www.reea.agri.cn/ Service center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Web: http://www.jgfwj.agri.cn/ Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering Web: http://www.caae-moa.org.cn/ Farmer’s Daily Web: http://www.farmer.com.cn/ Grassland Supervision Center Web: http://www.cyzx. moa.gov.cn/ Farmland Quality Monitoring and Protection Center Web: http://www.gdzl.agri.cn/ Quality and Safety Center for agricultural products Web: http://www.aqsc.agri.cn/

China Agricultural Film and Television Center Web: http://www.ntv.cn/ China Veterinary Drug Control Institute (Veterinary medicine evaluation center) Web: http://www.ivdc. org.cn/ Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China Web: http://www.moe.gov.cn/. Address: No. 37, Da Mu Cang Hutong, Xidan, Beijing, Zip code: 100816, Tel: 86-10-66096114 State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China Web: http://www. satcm.gov.cn/. Address: No. 1, Gong Ti West Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing. Tel: 86-10-59957777

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Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China Web: http://www.most.gov.cn/. Address: No. 15, Fuxing Road, Beijing, Zip code: 100862 Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) CAS Web: http:// www.cas.cn/. Address: 52 Sanlihe Rd., Beijing, 100864, P.R. China, Phone: 86-10-68597289, Fax: 8610-68512458, Email: [email protected] Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) Web: http:// www.cae.cn/index.html. Address: 2 Bing Jiao Kou Hu Tong, Beijing, 100088, P.R. China, Post Box: 8068, Phone: 86-10-59300264, Fax: 8610-59300140, Email: [email protected]

Organizations—nongovernment China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) Web: http://www.cast.org.cn/. Address: 3 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100863, P.R. China, Phone: 861068571898, Fax: 8610-68571897, Email: castint@cast. org.cn China Environment Culture Promotion Association, http://www.tt65.net/. Address: 4th floor, block B, 33rd Building, Zhongyu business garden, No. 42 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100011. 010-88112838, [email protected] China Health Promotion Foundation, http://www. chpf.cn/Index.aspx. Address: A521, No. 316, Wankai center, Wanfeng Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, Zip code: 100161. 010-83277350 China Lifeline Express Foundation, http://www. lifeline-express.com/. Address: A609, 6/F, Nan Xin Cang International Building, 22 Dongsishitiao Jia, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100007. (8610) 5169-0999, [email protected] Chinese Environment Protection Foundation, http:// www.cepf.org.cn/. Address: No. 16, Guang Qu inner street, Chongwen District, Beijing, Zip code: 100062. 010-67113272, [email protected] China Human Health Sci and Tech Promotion Association, http://www.chhdp.org/. Address: Room 253 and 257, Petroleum and Chemical Industry Planning Institute, Building 16, Hepingli Seven District, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100101. 010-84872470 China Association of Health Promotion and Education, http://www.cahep.com/. Address: Room 1405, 5 Building, No. 36, Gu Sheng Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, Zip code: 100043. 010-84038591

China Association of Pesticide Development & Application, CAPDA, http://www.zgnyxh.org.cn/. Address: No. 22, Mai Zi Dian street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100125. 86-010-64194010 China Crop Protection Industry Association (CCPIA), http://www.ccpia.org.cn/. Address: 919, China Chemical Building, 16th Building,4th District, Anhui Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100101. 010-84885002, [email protected], Chinese Association of Zoological Gardens, http:// www.cazg.org.cn/. Address: No. 9, Three Lihe Road, Beijing, Zip code: 100037. 010-88082188, [email protected] China Zoological Society, http://czs.ioz.cas.cn/. Address: No. 5, 1st Garden, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100101. 01064807051, [email protected] Chinese Chemical Society, http://www.chemsoc.org. cn/. Address: No. 2 North 1 Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, Zip code: 100190. 010-82449177 China Pharmaceutical Association, http://www. cpia.org.cn/. Address: Room 1010, Time International Building 8, No. 6 Shuguang Li Jia, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100028. 01057918330 China Chemical Safety Association, http://www. chemicalsafety.org.cn/. Address: 4th Floor, Anxin Building, No. 4, Jiuqu Jia, Hepingli, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100013. 010-64464070 China Association for Disaster and Emergency Rescue Medicine, http://www.caderm.org/. Address: 6th floor, Administrative Building, No. 69 Yongding Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100039. 010-57976109, 010-57976108, [email protected] Chinese Medical Doctor Association, http://www. cmda.net/. Address: 10th Floor, Building 5, Fortune Plaza, 9 Guang’an Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, Zip code: 100073. 010-63313931, cmda63319722@163. com China Pharmaceutical Innovation and Research Development Association (PhIRDA), http://www. phirda.com/. Address: 601-603, CYTS Building, 5 East Main Gate, South Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100007. 010-58156160, [email protected] China Medicine Education Association, CMEA, http://www.cmea.org.cn/.Address: The East Side of 8th Building, No. 8, East Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, Zip code: 100071. 010-57528237, [email protected]

Organizations—nongovernment

China Medicinal Biotechnology Association, CMBA, http://www.cmba.org.cn/. Address: Room 1013, No. 2 Building, Guang Qu Home, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100022. 010-62115986, [email protected] Chinese Hospital Association (CHA), http://www. cha.org.cn/. Address: 20#-A-101 Hepingxiyuan, Heping Road, Chaoyang, Beijing, Zip code: 100853. 86-10-84279277 Chinese Pest Control Association, http://www.cpca.cn/. Address: Suite 1006, Building E, Kaixuan Cheng, No. 170 Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100101. 010-58235240, [email protected] China Isotope and Radiation Association, http:// www.cira.net.cn/. Address: No. 2-1, Three Li River Area, Xicheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100045. 010-68511370, [email protected]

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Dongcheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100013. 01084239485 China Society of Inspection and Quarantine, http:// www.csiq.org/. Address: No. A3, Gaobeidian North Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100026. 010-82261111 China Society of Plant Protection, http://www. ipmchina.net/. Address: No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100193. 010-62815913 CNOOC foundation, https://foundation.cnooc.com. cn/. Address: Room 1706, China Offshore Oil Building, No. 25 Chaoyangmen North Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100010. (8610)84521957, [email protected]

China Association of Urban Environmental Sanitation, http://www.cnues.com/. Address: Room A708, Wuhua Building, No. 4 Che Gong Zhuang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100044. 68002665

China Coal Miner Pneumoconiosis Treatment Foundation, http://www.cfbjjh.org.cn/. Address: No. 21, Hepingli North Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100013. 010-64463706, No. 13, Bao Er Road, Beidaihe District, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, Zip code: 066199. 0335-4041365, [email protected]

Chinese Association for Laboratory Animal Sciences, http://www.calas.org.cn/. Address: No. 5 Panjiayuan south Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100021. 010-67781534

China Oral Health Foundation, http://www.cohf.cn/. Address: No. 22, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100081. 01082195554, [email protected]

China Small Animal Protection Association, http:// www.csapa.org/index.jhtml. Address: No. A2, Qi Jia Huo Zi, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100094. 010-65528302

China Biotech Fermentation Industry Association, http://www.cfia.org.cn/. Address: Room 504, No. B22, Fu Wai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100833. 010-68396504

Chinese Society for Microbiology, http://csm.im.ac. cn/. Address: No. 3, 1st Courtyard Beichen East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100101. 010-64807200

China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation, http://www.cbcgdf.org/. Address: No. 98 Xi Ge Xin Li, Yong Ding Meng Wai, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100097, Cell: 86-17319454776, Tel: 86-10-88431370, Email: [email protected]

Trace Elements Science Association of China, CTESA, CTE, http://www.elementmedical.com/html/ institude/ins_index.htm. Address: No. 26, Longpan Middle Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, Zip code: 210016. 025-86621959

China Controlled Chemicals Association, http://www. zjhx.org/. Address: Kai Xuan Apartment B, No. 36, Desheng Menwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100120. 010-82032955, [email protected]

Chinese Association for Mental Health, http://www. camh.org.cn/. Address: No. 5 Ankang Hutong, De Sheng Men Wai, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100088. 010-58303238/58303239

Chinese Research Hospital Association, http://www. crha.cn/. Address: No. 24 Yongding Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100039. 010-57975263, [email protected]

China Anti-Cancer Association, http://www.caca.org. cn/. Address: 10th Floor, Block A, No. 5 Lan Yuan Road, New Technology Industrial Park, Xiqing District, Tianjin, Zip code: 300384. 022-23359958

Chinese Association of Geriatric Research, http:// www.caogr.org/. Address: Room 12 C62, Outpatient Building, PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100853. 010-66939813, [email protected]

China Forestry and Environmental Promotion Association, http://www.ccpef.org.cn/. Address: Room 102, Building 3, 18 East Hepingli Street,

Chinese Geriatrics Society, http://www.zglnyxxh. com/. Address: Room 13C38, Outpatient Building,

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8. China

PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100853. 010-66935231, [email protected] China Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics, CAGG, http://www.gschina.org.cn/. Address: Building 6, Jian Wai Diplomatic Apartment, 1 Xiushui Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100600. 0086-10-84112925/84120446, [email protected] China Occupational Safety and Health Association, http://www.cosha.org.cn/. Address: No. 9A4, Hepingli North Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100713. 010-64463210/64463959, [email protected]

Baotou Medical College School of Public Health Web: http://www.btmc.cn/ggwsxy/. No. 31, Jianshe Road, Donghe District, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, China. Capital Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://sphfm.ccmu.edu.cn/. No. 10, Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100054, China. Phone: 86-1083911053 Minzu University of China School of Pharmacy Web: http://www.muc.edu.cn/content/details_24_1290. html. No. 27, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.

Chinese Foundation for Hepatitis Prevention and Control, http://www.cfhpc.org/. Address: Room 806, No. 27, South Latitude Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100050. 0086-10-63176623, [email protected]

China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine Web: http://202.118.40.32/forensic/. School of Public Health Web: http://202.118.40.32/ggwsxy/. School of Pharmacy Web: http://202.118.40.32/ yxy/index.htm. No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenbei Xinqu, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China.

China Society for Drug Regulation, http://www. cncsdr.org/. Address: No. 2, Xili, Tiantan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100050. 01067095177, [email protected]

The Chinese University of Hong Kong The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care Web: https://www.sphpc.cuhk.edu.hk/. Shatian, Xinjie, Hong Kong, China.

China Association of Health-Protection Food, http:// www.chinayaoshan.com.cn/. Address: Xiyuan Hospital, No. 1, Xiyuan Cao Chang, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100091, 010-62876295, 67212641 China Wildlife Conservation Association, http:// www.cwca.org.cn/. Address: No. 18, East Street, Hepingli, Beijing, Zip code: 100714. 010-84239015, 010-84239020

Chongqing Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://gwgl.cqmu.edu.cn/. No. 1, Medical College Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.

China Liver Health, http://liver.org.cn/. Address: No. 28, Fuxing Road, Beijing, Zip code: 100853. 01057158696, [email protected] ThinkTank Research Center for Health Development, http://www.healthtt.org.cn/. Address: Building 6, Suite 101, Tian Bao Yuan Liu Li, Yi Zhuang, Beijing, Zip code: 100176. 86-10-67804214, [email protected]

Universities Anhui Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://ggws.ahmu.edu.cn/. No. 81, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China. Phone: 86-55165161291 Bangbu Medical College School of Public Health Web: http://www3.bbmc.edu.cn/web/yfx/. No. 2600, Donghai Road, Bangbu, Anhui, 233030, China.

The Medical University of Air Force (The Fourth Military Medical University) Faculty of Preventive Medicine Web: https://www.fmmu.edu.cn/jgsz/yxsz/ jsyfyxx.htm. No. 169, Changle West Road, Xi’an, Shanxi, 710032, China. Fudan University School of Public Health Web: http:// sph.fudan.edu.cn/. No. 130, Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. Phone: 86-21-54237625 Fujian Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://www.fjmu.edu.cn/ggwsxy/. No. 88, Jiaotong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350004, China. No. 1, Xueyuan Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China. Guangdong Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://ggwsxy.gdmu.edu.cn/. Songshanhu Technology Industrial Park, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China. Guangdong Pharmacy University School of Public Health Web: http://gongwei.gdpu.edu.cn/. No. 283, Jianghai Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, 510006, China. Phone: 86-20-34055355 Guangzhou Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://210.38.57.83:8019/pub/ggwsxy/.

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Universities

No 195, Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, 511436, China. Guangxi Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://www.gxmu.edu.cn/xy/ggwsxy/. No. 22, Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China. Guizhou Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://gwxy.gmc.edu.cn/. University town, Gui-an Xinqu, Guizhou, 550025, China. Phone: 86851-88416175 Harbin Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://www.hrbmu.edu.cn/zzjg/xbyx/ggwsxy/ xyjj.htm. No. 157, Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China. Hebei Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://sph.hebmu.edu.cn/. No. 361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China. Hebei University Health Science Center Web: http:// yxb.hbu.edu.cn/. No. 342, Yuhua East Road, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China. Hubei University of Medicine School of Public Health and Administration Web: http://ggxy.hbmu.edu. cn/, No. 30, South Renmin Road, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China. Phone: 86-0719-8875336 Inner Mongolia Medical University School of Public Health Web: https://ggwsxy.immu.edu.cn/. Jinshan Development Zone in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010110, China. Jiangsu University School of Medicine Web: http://yxy. ujs.edu.cn/. No. 301, Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China. Jilin University School of Public Health Web: http:// sph.jlu.edu.cn/. No. 1163, Xinmin Street, Phone: 86431-85619431. College of Environment and Resources Web: http://cer.jlu.edu.cn/index.htm. No. 2519, Jiefang Road, Phone: 86-431-88502606. College of Food Science and Engineering, Web: http://spxy.jlu. edu.cn/main.htm. Phone: 86-431-82960086. College of Veterinary Medicine Web: http://dwyx.jlu.edu. cn/. No. 5333, Xi-An Dalu, Phone: 86-431-87836150, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China. Jining Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://ggwsxy.jnmc.edu.cn/. Phone: 0537-3616333, 361633. Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine Web: http://fjxy.jnmc.edu.cn/. No. 16, Hehua Road, Beihu New District, Jining, Shandong, 272067, China. Kunming Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://www.kmmc.cn/list243.aspx. School of

Forensic Medicine Web: http://www.kmmc.cn/ list146.aspx. No. 1168, Chunrong West Road, Yuhua Street, Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China. Lanzhou University School of Public Health Web: http://sph.lzu.edu.cn/. No. 199, Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China. Phone: 86931-8915008 Nanchang University School of Public Health Web: http://sph.ncu.edu.cn/. No. 461, Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330019, China. University of South China School of Public Health Web: http://gwxy.usc.edu.cn/. No. 28, Changshen West Road, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China. Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://gwxy.njmu.edu.cn/. No. 101, Longmian Road, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China. Phone: 86-25-86868409 Nantong University School of Public Health Web: http://gw.ntu.edu.cn/. No. 9, Seyuan Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, China. National Taiwan University College of Public Health Web: http://coph.ntu.edu.tw/. No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei 100, Taiwan, China. Phone: 886-02-3366-8000 Ningxia Medical University School of Public Health and Management Web: http://www.nxmc.edu.cn/ yfyx/. No. 1160, Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China. North China University of Science and Technology School of Public Health Web: http://yfyx.ncst.edu.cn/. No. 21, Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian District, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China. Peking Union Medical College School of Public Health Web: http://english.cams.cn/graduate/10.html. No. 9, Dongdan Santiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China. Peking University School of Public Health Web: http:// sph.pku.edu.cn/. No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China. Phone: 86-1082801620 Qingdao University School of Public Health Web: http://ggwsxy.qdu.edu.cn/. No. 38, Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266021, China. Qinghai University Department of Public Health Web: http://yxy.qhu.edu.cn/jgsz/jxkyjg/ggwsx/ ggwsxgk/index.htm. No. 16, Kunlun Road, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China.

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8. China

Qiqihar Medical University Public Health College Web: http://gongwei.qmu.edu.cn/. No. 333, Bukui Street, Jianhua District, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, 161006, China. The Second Military Medical University Web: http:// www.smmu.edu.cn (Chinese), Web: http://www. smmu.edu.cn/english/indexe.htm (English). No. 800, Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, China. Shandong University School of Public Health Web: http://www.sph.sdu.edu.cn. No. 44, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China. Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Public Health Web: http://www.shsmu.edu.cn/sph/. No. 227, Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, 200025, P.R. China. Phone: 86-21-63846590 Shanxi Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://www.sxmu.edu.cn/gwxy/. No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China. College of Forensic Medicine Web: http://www. sxmu.edu.cn/fy/xygk.htm. No. 98, Daxue Street, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030600. China.

The Third Military Medical University Faculty of Preventive Medicine Web: http://202.202.232.110/ Home/ContentPageHome?ID 5 39. No. 30, Gaotanyanzheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China. Tianjin Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://www.tmu.edu.cn/ggwsxy/. No. 22, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China. Tibet University Faculty of Preventive Medicine Web: http://yxy.utibet.edu.cn/. No. 10, Zangda East Road, Chengguan District, Lhasa, Tibet, 850000, China. Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology School of Public Health Web: http:// gwxy.tjmu.edu.cn/. No. 13, Hangkong Road, Hankou, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China. Weifang Medical College School of Public Health and Management Web: http://ggwshxy.wfmc.edu.cn/. No. 288, Shengli East Road, Weifang, Shandong, 261042, China.

Shenyang Medical College School of Public Health Web: http://www.symc.edu.cn/web/ggwsxy/home. No. 146, Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, China.

Wenzhou Medical University Faculty of Preventive Medicine and Management Web: http://wgxy. wmu.edu.cn/. Chashan Higher Education Park, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.

Shihezi University Faculty of Preventive Medicine Web: http://yixy.shzu.edu.cn/. North 2th Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, China.

Wuhan University School of Health Sciences Web: http://shs.whu.edu.cn. No. 115, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.

Sichuan University West China School of Public Health Web: http://www.hxsiyuan.cn/. No. 16, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdou, Sichuan, 610041, China.

Xiamen University School of Public Health Web: http://sph.xmu.edu.cn/. No. 4221-117, Xiang An South Road, Xiang An District, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.

Southeast University School of Public Health Web: http://gw.seu.edu.cn/. No. 87, Dingjia Bridge, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China. Phone: 86-253272561

Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Public Health Web: http://sph.xjtu.edu.cn/. No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shanxi, 710049, China.

Southern Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://portal.smu.edu.cn/gwxy/. No. 10231063, Tainan Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China. Sun Yat-sen University School of Public Health Web: http://gwxy.sysu.edu.cn/. No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China. Soochow University School of Public Health Web: http://gwxy.suda.edu.cn/. School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Web: http://fyxy.suda. edu.cn/. No. 199, Ren-ai Road, Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.

Central South University Xiangya School of Public Health Web: http://sph.csu.edu.cn/. No. 238, Shang Ma Yuan Ling Street, Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China. Xinjiang Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://ggwsxy.xjmu.edu.cn/. No. 8, Xinyi Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China. Xinxiang Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://www.xxmu.edu.cn/sph/. No. 601, Jinsui East Road, Hongqi District, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China. Xuzhou Medical University School of Public Health Web: http://gongwei.xzhmu.edu.cn/. No. 389,

Professional societies

Tongshan Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China. Zhejiang University School of Public Health Web: http://www.phs.zju.edu.cn/. The 9th Floor, Comprehensive Building of the Medical School, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China. Zhengzhou University College of Public Health Web: http://www5.zzu.edu.cn/ggws/. No. 100, Scientific Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.

Professional societies China Association of Chinese Medicine, http://www. cacm.org.cn/zhzyyxh/index.shtml. Address: No. 4A, Cherry Orchard East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100029. 010-64212259 Chinese Medical Association, http://www.cma.org. cn/. Address: No. 42 East Fourth West Street, Beijing, Zip code: 100710. 010-85158025 Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, http:// www.cpma.org.cn/. Address: No. 25, Huawei Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100021. 01084039879 China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine, http://www.catcm.org.cn/. Address: Three Floor, Block B, East Nine Building, 13 Green View Park, Sunset Temple Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100061. 010-64060498 Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine, http:// www.caim.org.cn/. Address: No. 16, Nei Nan Xiao Street, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100700. 0086-10-64093315, [email protected]. cn China Sport Science Society, http://www.csss.cn/. Address: No. 11, Gymnasium Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100061. 010-87182586 Chinese Society of Immunology, http://www.csi.org. cn/. Address: Room 208, Mingri Building, No. 5, 3 Dongdan, Beijing, Zip code: .010-69156451 Chinese Veterinary Medical Association, http://www. cvma.org.cn/syxh/index.html. Address: B 505, Zhong Ding Building, 18A West Road, North Third Ring Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100005. 010-62122182 Chinese Society of Agro-Ecological Environment Protection, http://www.aeep.org.cn/. Address: Room 102, Building 18, Maizidian Street, Chaoyang

123

District, Beijing, Zip code: 100125. 010-59196397, [email protected] China Medical Women’s Association, CMWA. Address: No. 15, Space Hospital of Yuquan Road, Beijing, Zip code: 100049. 010-88129685 Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine, http://www.carm.org.cn/. Address: A307, Huixin building, No. 8, Beichen East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100029. 010-64210670 Botanical Society of China, http://www.botany.org. cn/. Address: No. 20 Xiangshan Nan Xin Village, Beijing, Zip code: 100093. 010-62836505 Chinese Society for Plant Biology (CSPB). Address: Room A211, 31 Building, 319 Yueyang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, Zip code: 200031. 021-54922859 Chinese Society for Plant Pathology, http://www. cspp.org.cn/. Address: No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100193. 01062731025, [email protected] Chinese Society of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, http://www.cspnf.org.cn/. Address: No. 12, South Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, Zip code: 100081. 010-82109093, [email protected] Chinese Society of Toxicology, http://www.chntox. org/. Address: No. 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100850. 010-66932387, [email protected] China Medical Association of Minorities, http://www. cmam.org.cn/. Address: No. 16, Nei Nan Xiao street, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100700. 010-84044361 Chinese Forensic Medicine Association, http://www. fyxh.org/. Address: No. 17, Muxidi Nanli, Xicheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100038. 010-66269520 Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences, http:// www.chinacses.org/. Address: No. 54, Hong Lian South Village, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100082. 010-82211021, [email protected] Chinese Environmental Mutagen Society. Address: No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100191. 010-82335754 Ecological Society of China, http://www.esc.org.cn/. Address: No. 18, Shuang Qing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100085. 010-62849101 The Chinese Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, http://www.csbmb.org.cn/. Address: No. 320, Yueyang Road, Shanghai, Zip code: 200031. 021-54921088

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8. China

Chines Society of Biomedical Engineering, http:// www.csbme.org/. Address: No. 5, Dongdan Three, Beijing, Zip code: 100005. 010-65136537 Chinese Society of Biotechnology, http://www. biotechchina.org/. Address: No. 3, 1st Courtyard, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100101. 010-64807678 Chinese Society for Biomaterials, http://www.csbm. org.cn/. Address: Room 607, Building of Biomaterials Department, Sichuan University, No. 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, Zip code: 610064. 028-85417078 Biophysical Society of China, http://www.bsc.org.cn/. Address: No. 15, Da Tun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100101. 010-64889894, bsc@sun5. ibp.ac.cn Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, CAAV, http://www.caav.org.cn/. Address: Room 1-106, Boya Garden, 9 Agricultural Exhibition Hall South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100125. 010-62731296, [email protected] Chinese Neuroscience Society, http://www.csn.org. cn/. Address: No. 320, Yueyang Road, Shanghai, Zip code: 200031. 021-54922854 Chinese Society for Cell Biology, http://www.cscb. org.cn/. Address: No. 320, Yueyang Road, Shanghai, Zip code: 200031. 021-54922879 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association, http://www.cpa. org.cn/. Address: 18th Floor, Building 9, Jian Wai SOHO, No. 4 Jian Wai Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100022. 010-58699275/76/78/79/80 Chinese Pharmacists Association, http://www. clponline.cn/. Address: B1-1001, Building 5, 9 Che Gong Zhuang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100044. 010-88312256, [email protected] Chinese Association of Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment, http://www.cadapt.com.cn/. Address: Room 608, YingRun Building (Xingchuang D) 4, Xinghua Street, 13 Xinghua Street, Daxing District, Beijing, Zip code: 102600. 010-67116847 Chinese Pharmacological Society, http://www. cnphars.org/. Address: No. 1, Xian Nong Tan Street, Xuanwu District, Beijing, Zip code: 100050. 010-63165211, [email protected], [email protected]. cn Chinese Nutrition Society, http://www.cnsoc.org/. Address: Room 1601, 1602, Fenghua A Block Unit 5, No. 6, Guang Nei Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100022. 010-83554781, [email protected]

China Society of Radiation Protection, http://www. csrp.org.cn/. Address: No. 102 Xuefu Street, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, Zip code: 030006. 0351-2203686, [email protected] The Genetics Society of China, http://www.gsc.ac.cn/. Address: No. 2, 1st Courtyard, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, Zip code: 100101. 01064806635/64806636 China Nonprescription Medicines Association, http:// www.cnma.org.cn/. Address: Room 202A, 8 Pingfang, 56 West Zhichun Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100098. 010-82050626, [email protected] Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, http://www.cifst.org.cn/. Address: 3rd Floor, No. 3 Building, 11, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100048. 010-65265375,65265376, [email protected] China Food and Drug Industries Quality and Safety Promotion Association, http://www.fdsa.org.cn/ default.php. Address: No. 2, Zhongguancun medical engineering conversion center, 538 Yongfeng Tun, Haidian District, Beijing, Zip code: 100094. 010-62484982, [email protected] China Narcotics Association, http://www. withoutpain.net/. Address: Room 306, Lun Yang Building, B6, North Third Ring Middle Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, Zip code: 100120. 01058572028, 58572036, 58572038, 58572166, [email protected]

Poison control centers The national and local poison control centers are associated with the Chinese and local Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Website: http://niohp.chinacdc.cn/ zdyyjzt/. Address: 29 Nan Wei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050. [email protected] Health Hotline 12320 Web: http://www.12320.gov. cn/. The 12320 health hotline (hereinafter short for 12320) is constructed and maintained by both the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China at the national and local levels. The local 12320 websites are linked to the main page of http://www.12320.gov.cn/. 12320 is intended to solve the public health problems.

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Legislation

China Emergency Medical Center, a branch of the Chinese Hospital Association Web: http://www.emss.cn/

Hebei Web: http://www.hbrd.net/ Henan Web: http://www.henanrd.gov.cn/ Zhejiang Web: http://www.zjrd.gov.cn/ Hainan Web: http://www.hainanpc.net/

Legislation The National People’s Congress (NPC) of the People’s Republic of China Web: http://www.npc. gov.cn/. Address: No. 23, Xijiaominxiang, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100805, the People’s Republic of China. [email protected]. The website of the NPC of the People’s Republic of China, which is run by its General Office, is the major authentic access to the information on the NPC system and development of the Chinese legal system. The website reports all major missions and activities of the congress and its standing committee, releases the laws, resolutions/decisions and lists of appointments and removals passed by the standing committee, and introduces the NPC system. The NPC Standing Committee operates its working and administrative bodies to provide services at NPC sessions, meetings of the Standing Committee, and the Chairmen’s Council of the Standing Committee to assist NPC deputies and members of the Standing Committee in their work and on the whole to facilitate the building of China’s democracy and legal system. The websites of the local People’s Congresses of China are as follows: Shanghai Web: http://www.spcsc.sh.cn/ Yunnan Web: http://www.srd.yn.gov.cn/

Hubei Web: http://www.hppc.gov.cn/ Hunan Web: http://www.hnrd.gov.cn/ Gansu Web: http://www.gsrdw.gov.cn/ Fujian Web: http://www.fjrd.gov.cn/ Tibet Web: http://www.xizangrd.gov.cn/ Guizhou Web: http://www.gzrd.gov.cn/ Liaoning Web: http://www.lnrd.gov.cn/ Chongqing Web: http://www.ccpc.cq.cn/ Shaanxi Web: http://www.sxrd.gov.cn/sxrdwzq/ index.html Qinghai Web: http://www.qhrd.gov.cn/ Heilongjiang Web: http://www.hljrd.gov.cn/ Information base of Chinese laws and regulations Web: http://law.npc.gov.cn/FLFG/. Some laws and regulations on chemical substances, food, and drugs: • • • •

Inner Mongolia Web: http://www.nmgrd.gov.cn/



Beijing Web: http://www.bjrd.gov.cn/



Jilin Web: http://www.jlrd.gov.cn/ Sichuan Web: http://www.scspc.gov.cn/ Tianjin Web: http://www.tjrd.gov.cn/ Ningxia Web: http://www.nxrd.gov.cn/ Anhui Web: http://www.ahrd.gov.cn/npcweb/web/ index.jsp Shandong Web: http://www.sdrd.gov.cn/ Shanxi Web: http://www.sxpc.gov.cn/ Guangdong Web: http://www.rd.gd.cn/ Guangxi Web: http://www.gxrd.gov.cn/ Xinjiang Web: http://www.xjpcsc.gov.cn/ Jiangsu Web: http://www.jsrd.gov.cn/ Jiangxi Web: http://www.jxrd.gov.cn/

• • • • • • • • •

Measures for the control of radioactive drugs Measures for the control of psychotropic drugs Measures for the control of narcotic drugs Pharmaceutical administration law of the People’s Republic of China Provisions on the environmental administration of new chemical substances Regulations on the control over safety of dangerous chemicals Methods of drug registration and management Regulations for the special examination and approval of new drug registration Regulations for the implementation of the drug administration law of the People’s Republic of China Drug administration law of People’s Republic of China The management of prescription drugs and non prescription drugs (Trial) Food safety law of People’s Republic of China People’s Republic of China agricultural product quality and safety law Law of the People’s Republic of China on product quality Law of the People’s Republic of China on frontier health quarantine inspection

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• Law on the protection of the rights and interests of consumers in the People’s Republic of China • Law of the People’s Republic of China on the inspection of import and export commodities • Law of the People’s Republic of China on quarantine inspection of animals and plants entering and leaving the country • Animal epidemic prevention law in the People’s Republic of China • Regulations on the management of veterinary drugs in the People’s Republic of China • Regulations on the management of pesticides in the People’s Republic of China • Regulations for the management of feed and feed additives • Regulations on the safety management of agricultural genetically modified organisms • Law on the safety of production in the People’s Republic of China • Law on prevention and control of occupational diseases in the People’s Republic of China • People’s Republic of China fire protection law • People’s Republic of China special equipment safety law • Regulations on the management of chemicals subject to control • Regulations on the management of environmental protection for construction projects • Regulations on the license for safety production • Regulations on the management of precursor chemicals • Regulations for the safety management of hazardous chemicals • Regulations on supervision and management of labor protection articles

• Interim provisions on supervision and administration of major dangerous sources of dangerous chemicals • Implementation method of safety production permit for dangerous chemical production enterprises • Safety management regulations of dangerous chemicals transportation pipeline • Measures for safety supervision and management of hazardous chemicals construction projects • Regulations on the supervision and management of occupational health in the workplace • Methods for declaring occupational hazards • Measures for the registration and management of hazardous chemicals • Measures for the management license of hazardous chemicals • Implementation of the license for the safe use of hazardous chemicals • Physical hazard identification and classification management of chemicals

Miscellaneous resources SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY and Lingnan Journal of Emergency Medicine http://www.china-em.com/ The website of Poison and Human Net (www.nwu. edu.cn), jointly sponsored by Section of Toxicology History of CST and College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, has been providing the relevant consultant services for government, society, and the general public. The website of Toxicology (http://www.toxsmmu. com/index.asp) was jointly sponsored by the Section of Genetic Toxicology and Department of Toxicology, The Second Military Medical University.

C H A P T E R

9 The Czech Republic M. Hornychova´, J. Vesela´ and M. Vyslouˇzilova´ National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechia

Introduction History of toxicology in the Czech Republic It was not until 1987 that toxicology was recognized by the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences as being a scientific discipline, and was classified as an independent combined medical discipline. At the same time the Chair of Toxicology at the Institute of Postgraduate Medical and Pharmaceutical Studies (ILF, presently Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education—IPVZ) in Prague was established. Although not initially recognized as a scientific discipline, toxicology began to make its presence felt in all areas—health care, education, the chemical and food industries, and later in relation to the environment—after the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918.

Public health ˇ ´ r, had originally The Minister of Health, Vavro Sroba been engaged in the planning of a national public health institute which, with a donation from the Rockefeller Foundation, was opened on November 5, 1925 as the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH). During the time of the First Republic, the NIPH became an eminent scientific institution. Its activities included the manufacture of sera and vaccines, wideranging scientific activities, and participation in bacteriological and pharmaceutical research. Another important part of the institute was a public health department concerned with nutritional hygiene, occupational health, living conditions, etc. In 1942 a veterinary department was set up containing laboratories for the analysis of meat and milk. In 1952 an edict by the Ministry of Health included the establishment of the Institute of Epidemiology and Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00009-7

Microbiology, the Institute of Hygiene, and the State Institute for Drug Control. A fourth institute was added in 1962, the Institute of Occupational Hygiene and Occupational Disease On January 1, 1953 the Department of Veterinary Hygiene was established within the Ministry of Agriculture (National Institute of Public Health, 2018). One of the most prominent people Czech toxicology was MUDr. Jaroslav Teisinger, DrSc. (1902 85), founder of the Czech occupational medicine school, who also founded the first advisory bureau for occupational diseases in 1932. In 1942, with his participation, the First Congress of Occupational Medicine was convened and made the motion to consider, in the program of the Second Congress (1947), the problem of solvents in the working environment. In 1947 the Clinic of Occupational Diseases was established at the Charles University Faculty of Medicine. Prof. Teisinger became its first Head Physician. The Clinic served as an undergraduate and postgraduate training facility. The scope of the Teisinger school was on the one hand problems of occupational pulmonary diseases (silicosis, asbestosis, allergic pulmonary diseases), and on the other, problems of toxicology. In 1952 Prof. Teisinger founded the Institute of Occupational Hygiene and Occupational Diseases which is now incorporated in the National Institute of Public Health as the Center of Occupational Health. There in the early 1950s workplace limits for toxic substances were recommended and established, with Prof. Teisinger presiding over that activity. In 1962 a Toxicology Information Center was established at the Clinic. It was one of the first not only in Europe but in the whole world, its head being MUDr. Jarmila Filipova´. It was a unique facility that provided information on the diagnosis and treatment of acute intoxications, for the needs of professionals and the lay public in the Czech Republic and abroad. On the initiative of Prof. Teisinger, in 1968 the

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file of the Toxicology Information Center was officially recognized by the University Hospital directorate as a department of the Clinic, and retained the name, Toxicology Information Center (pharmaAPATYKAR, 2018). The Expert Group for Toxicological Chemistry of the Czechoslovak Chemical Society commenced its activities in 1964. Its members are recruited from among chemists, physicians, pharmaceutists, veterinarians, the military and other professions. Its founder and first committee chairman was Prof. MUDr. Ing, Dr. Karel Ka´cl, DrSc. (1900 86), chairman of the Chair of Medical Chemistry I at the Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Prague in the years 1945 70. In the pre-World War II period he had founded the Department for Chemical Poisons. In 1953 he established a laboratory, the name of which was changed to the Institute for Toxicology and Forensic Chemistry— up to 1990 together with the First Institute for Medical and Forensic Chemistry forming a common Chair. In 1990 that Chair was divided into the First Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Institute for Toxicology and Forensic Chemistry, the latter existing independently from 1990 to 1998, and now integrated into the Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of the First Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty General Hospital. The development and enforcement of national drug policy is the responsibility of the government of the Czech Republic. The members of the Government Council for Drug Policy Coordination (GCDPC) are the heads of the relevant ministries, other segments of the public administration, and entities involved in dealing with drug policy including the Association of Regions, Association of NGOs, professional associations of addictologists, or an expert on drug issues nominated by the Prime Minister. The Council submits proposals for measures and activities pertaining to drug policy to the Government, coordinates and evaluates the implementation of drug policy, and checks whether, and to what extent, the tasks ensuing from the National Strategy and the Action Plans are fulfilled (see the Statute of the GCDPC) (Government of the Czech Republic and Government Council for Drug Policy Coordination, 2018).

of the Federation of European Toxicologists & European Societies of Toxicology (EUROTOX), and in cooperation with Slovak colleagues it organizes the annual Interdisciplinary Czech Slovak Toxicology Conference. In 1995 it organized the international EUROTOX 1995 conference. Active members of the Division of Toxicology are mainly personnel of toxicology sections at Czech universities and institutes of the Academy of Sciences. Important members are in particular the Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy (Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense in Brno), Department of Pharmacology (Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky´ University in Olomouc), Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University), Department of Biochemistry (Faculty of Science, Charles University). and Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology (Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno).

Military toxicology The Chair of Military Toxicology was formed on September 1, 1951, and dedicated to problems of chemical weapons and the prevention of their effects. In the early 1950s the activities were purely educational. Subsequent research mostly dealt with yperite (mustard gas), cyanide, and nerve-paralyzing substances. However, results were kept secret and there were only very few publications. A practical output was research, development, and introduction of the reactivator pralidoxime (2-PAM). In 1965 a lay syringe (LIS) containing atropine was introduced in Czechoslovakia. At the close of the 1960s research yielded recommendations for maximum admissible doses for nerve-paralyzing agents and yperite. In the early 1970s research was focused on protection against nerve-paralyzing agents. In the early 1980s very potent antidotes against nerve-paralyzing substances were developed, some of which the army is equipped with to date. The 1990s have witnessed intensive research, namely in the area of noncholinergic effects of nerve-paralyzing agents, improved treatment of poisonings with soman and tabun, and the study of the effects of inhalation exposure to low concentrations of sarin (Faculty of Military Health Sciences and University of Defence in Brno, 2018).

Pharmaceutical toxicology In the Czech Republic, pharmaceutical toxicology is governed by the Division of Toxicology under the Czech Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, a branch of the Czech Medical Association of J.E. Purkynˇe, established in 1963. The Czechoslovak Division of Toxicology was one of the founder members

Chemical toxicology The development of toxicology in the Czech Republic was influenced greatly by the appearance of the chemical industry and the production of novel chemicals, especially after World War II. As an example, we present the development of the discipline of

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toxicology at one faculty. Following the formation of an independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, from the Imperial and Royal Czech Polytechnic Institute in Prague there arose the Czech Technical University in Prague, and from that in 1920 the Czech Technical University, and in its framework, the Chemical and ˇ Technological Engineering University (VSCHTI). Established therein was the Institute of Analytical and Food Chemistry, concerned with general analytical chemistry and the analysis and testing of foodstuffs, where subsequently there have been lectures on the subject of Toxicology and Forensic Chemistry and Microscopy. In the academic year 1938/39, Professor Hanuˇs held lectures in Analysis of Foodstuffs and practicals in Chemical Analysis of Foodstuffs and Spices and the subject The Testing of Foodstuffs. Professor Hanuˇs (1872 1955) can be considered to be the true founder of the chemistry and analysis of foodstuffs in our country; he is among the eminent analytical chemists of that period. In 1939 part of the curriculum in the field of food chemistry was transferred to and became a component of the curriculum of the Institute of Chemical Technology of Foodstuffs and Food Science, ˇ founded in 1925, at the VSCHTI. The development of food chemistry and analysis in the period between the two World Wars was underscored by the introduction of modern tuition by experts in food quality control through postgraduate studies. Much of the training was designed for state food testing institutions and the ministries. In 1952 an independent University of ˇ Chemical Technology (VSCHT) was formed and within its framework the Faculty of Food Technology (FPT). In 1959 the Analysis of Foodstuffs was first included in the curricula of all FPT disciplines. In the academic year 1969/70 the Faculty was renamed the Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology. In 1990 the Faculty returned to its former name (Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition and UCT Prague, 2018).

References Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, UCT Prague, 2018. History of department [Internet]. UCT Prague, Prague [cited August 5, 2018]. Available from: ,https://uapv.vscht.cz/zakladni-informace/historie . . Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, c2018. Department of toxicology and military pharmacy. History [Internet]. University of Defence, Brno [cited August 5, 2018]. Available from: ,https://www.unob.cz/en/fmhs/structure/ k304/Pages/History.aspx.. Government of the Czech Republic, Government Council for Drug Policy Coordination, c2009 2015. [Internet]. Government of the Czech Republic, Prague [cited August 5, 2018]. Available from: ,https://www.vlada.cz/en/ppov/protidrogova-politika/government-council-for-drug-policy-coordination-72748/..

National Institute of Public Health, 2018. History [Internet]. NIPH, Prague [cited August 5, 2018]. Available from: ,http://www. szu.cz./historie?lang 5 2.. pharmaAPATYKAR, c2008 2018. Department of Occupational Diseases and Toxicological Information Centre, General University Hospital in Prague and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague [Internet]. PharmDr. Martin Doˇckal [cited August 5, 2018]. Available from: ,https://www. pharma-apatykar.cz/clanky/clanek-13/..

Books Andˇel P. (2011) Ekotoxikologie, bioindikace a biomonitoring (Ecotoxicology, Bioindication and Biomonitoring) Liberec: Evernia ISBN 978-80-903787-9-7 The publication is a basic introductory textbook of ecotoxicology for university students. The book deals with the relationship between chemicals and living organisms and it is suitable especially for students in the fields of ecotoxicology, ecology, and environmental protection. Future biology and chemistry teachers can find a number of ideas for teaching at secondary and elementary schools. Balı´kova´ M. (2017) Forenznı´ a klinicka´ toxikologie (Forensic and Clinical Toxicology) Prague: Gale´n. ISBN 978-80-7492-304-3 This book is designed foremost for students of medicine, natural sciences, and pharmacology, as well as for specialists within the framework of continuing professional education in health care, criminalistics, and the judiciary. It provides orientation in complex toxicological problems, in areas such as pharmacokinetics, biotransformation, general approaches to the treatment of acute intoxications, laboratory diagnostics of intoxications and the developmental trends in analytical toxicology, and presents individual noxae causing acute poisonings. It presents legislation concerning addictive substances. There is also practical information regarding acute poisonings. Bencko V., Cikrt M., Lener J. (1995) Toxicke´ kovy v zˇ ivotnı´m a pracovnı´m prostˇredı´ cˇ lovˇeka (Toxic Heavy Metals in the General and Occupational Environment) Prague: Grada. ISBN 80-7169-150-X This publication is intended for professionals who are involved in the problems of protecting the environment. Its aim is to contribute to the practical

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application of knowledge in the field of toxicology with regard to metals, their genotoxic and carcinogenic effects, and immunotoxicity in the effort to improve the environment by way of industrial operations, and to contribute to the gradual reduction of toxic metals in the food chain. Hana´kova´ E. (2012) Identifikace a hodnocenı´ rizik ve vy´robnı´ch podnicı´ch (Identification and Evaluation of Risks in Manufacturing Facilities) Prague: Occupational Safety Research Institute. ISBN 978-80-87676-01-1 A revised edition of this book deals with approaches to and methods of risk assessment in two thematic units: risk and its assessment; and methods and identification in risk assessment. The objective of this publication is to assure that the limiting of risks becomes an essential component in the responsible management of every enterprise. Herink J., Rychlı´k I., Pelclova´ D. (2007) Toxicke´ poˇskozenı´ ledvin houbami: patogeneze, klinika, le´cˇ ba (Toxic Renal Injury from Fungi: Pathogenesis, Clinic, Treatment) Prague: Maxdorf, Jessenius. ISBN 978-80-7345-122-6. The effects of various fungal toxins on renal function has not been systematically described in the literature. The effect of fungi on humans is an important issue for both physicians of first contact and professionals providing the treatment of intoxication. The monograph summarizes knowledge about fungi poisoning and suspected fungi poisoning causing kidney injury. Hrdina V. (2004) Pˇr´ırodnı´ toxiny a jedy (Natural Toxins & Poisons) Prague: Gale´n. ISBN 80-7262-256-0 This publication acquaints the professional and public with problems concerning natural toxins of bacterial, plant and animal origin. It reviews toxicokinetics, and presents the characteristics and organotropic properties of poisons and toxins, as well as the principles of treating acute intoxications caused by natural toxins. Koop R., Hilscherova´ K., Poˇstulkova´ E. (2015) Za´klady vodnı´ ekotoxikologie (Fundamentals of Aquatic Ecotoxicology) Brno: Mendel university in Brno. ISBN 978-80-7509-334-9. The book is a source of information on issues of toxicants and their effects on aquatic ecosystems,

including information on relevant legislation currently in force. Linhart I. (2014) Toxikologie: interakce sˇ kodlivy´ch la´tek s zˇ ivy´mi ˚ organismy, jejich mechanismy, projevy a dusledky (Toxicology: Interactions of Harmful Substances with Living Organisms, Their Mechanisms, Manifestations and Effects) Prague: University of chemistry and technology ISBN 978-80-7080-877-1 The book deals mainly with chemical aspects of toxicology as a science on the interactions of foreign compounds (xenobiotics) with living organisms. Attention is focused on the biotransformation of xenobiotics as well as on the interactions of their reactive metabolites with biologically important molecular targets such as proteins and DNA. Marhold J. (1980) ˚ ´ toxikologie: anorganicke´ la´tky Pˇrehled prumyslove (Survey of Industrial Toxicology: Inorganic Substances) Prague: Avicenum. This book represents a fundamental work in industrial toxicology. It presents a list of inorganic substances and a detailed description of them including their toxicological parameters. Marhold J. (1986) ˚ ´ toxikologie: organicke´ la´tky Pˇrehled prumyslove (Survey of industrial toxicology: organic substances) Prague: Avicenum. The book is a companion to the one above. It presents a list of organic substances and a detailed description of them, including their toxicological parameters. National Institute of Public Health (1997) Manua´l prevence v le´kaˇrske´ praxi. V. Prevence ˚ ´ faktoru˚ pracovnı´ho prostˇredı´ nepˇr´ıznive´ho pusobenı a pracovnı´ch procesu˚ (Manual of Prevention in Medical Practice. Part 5, Prevention of Unfavourable Occupational Factors and Processes) Prague: National Institute of Public Health in Fortuna. ISBN 80-7071-060-8 Belonging to a series of methodological publications this handbook is intended not only for general practitioners but for students of the disciplines of preventive medicine. It describes in detail the individual factors in the working environment from the point of view of their characteristics and effects on humans. It further looks into workplace accidents, occupational diseases, and occupational health care at the enterprise.

Books

National Institute of Public Health (2000) Manua´l prevence v le´kaˇrske´ praxi. VIII. Za´klady hodnocenı´ zdravotnı´ch rizik (Manual of Prevention in Medical Practice. Part 8, The Foundations of Health Risk Evaluation) Prague: National Institute of Public Health in Fortuna. ISBN 80-7071-161-2 This manual contains important information for all professionals dealing with the general and working environments. It focuses on the management of health risks due to exposure to chemical substances. Patoˇcka J. (2008) Nutriˇcnı´ toxikologie (Nutritional Toxicology) ˇ ´ Budˇejovice: University of South Bohemia. Ceske ISBN 978-80-7394-055-3 The textbook intended for university students deals with toxic effects, classification, foodstuff and their harmful effects, nutrition physiology, toxicology, and xenobiotics (classification, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology). Patoˇcka J. et al. (2004) Vojenska´ toxikologie (Military Toxicology) Prague: Grada. ISBN 80-247-0608-3. The publication deals with highly poisonous substances and special effect substances (e.g., causing mental incapacitation). It provides a basic overview of all properties of substances currently used by militaries, their effects on humans, and clinical laboratory diagnosis of intoxication. It also deals with prophylaxis and therapy of intoxications, including specific antidotes in premedical and medical care. The book is a tool for medical students of military and nonmilitary schools and personnel of the integrated rescue system of the Czech Republic. Pelclova´ D. (2009) Nejˇcastˇejˇs´ı otravy a jejich terapie (The Most Frequent Types of Poisoning and Associated Therapy) Prague: Gale´n. ISBN 978-80-7262-603-8 This publication intends to orientate physicians in the treatment of acute poisonings. It presents various types of intoxications selected according to their frequency and seriousness. Each therapeutic approach has been updated on the basis of collaboration with the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Pelclova´ D. (2014) Nemoci z povola´nı´ a intoxikace (Occupational Diseases and Intoxication) Prague: Karolinum. ISBN 978-80-246-2597-3

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The publication presents the characteristics of particular groups of diseases included in the List of Occupational Diseases and noxae (causes). It also presents types of occupational exposure, etiopathogenesis of diseases, pathological-anatomical findings, clinical picture of diseases, differential diagnosis, treatment, assessment of diseases, and preventive measures. It also introduces the most common intoxications by industrial noxae and intoxications by other chemical substances, pharmaceuticals, addictive substances, and natural toxins including casuistics. Prokeˇs J. et al. (2005) Za´klady toxikologie: obecna´ toxikologie a ekotoxikologie (The Foundations of Toxicology: General Toxicology and Ecotoxicology) Prague: Gale´n. ISBN 80-7262-301-X A textbook for students of medicine summarizing basic pieces of knowledge in toxicology. It reflects present-day topics of interest such as drug addiction, conditions for testing various substances in laboratory animals, environmental protection, and the negative effects of chemical noxae not only in industry and agriculture, but also in households, and the abuse of chemical weapons by extremist and terrorist groupings, etc. ˇ ˇ c´ık P. (2011) Sevela K., Sevˇ Akutnı´ intoxikace a le´kova´ poˇskozenı´ v intenzivnı´ medicı´nˇe (Acute Intoxication and Pharmaceutical Injuries in Intensive Care Medicine) Prague. Grada. ISBN 978-80-247-3146-9 This publication, besides summing up the major clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, as well as listing antidotes for each toxic substance, presents reviews of differential diagnostic procedures. Further options are presented for the treatment of acute addictive drug intoxications in prehospital and posthospitalization care. ˇ ´ bova´ K. (2015) Sva Vybrane´ kapitoly z pracovnı´ho le´kaˇrstvı´. Dı´l 4. Toxikologie, karcinogeny, traumatologicky´ pla´n, pracovnˇe tepelna´ za´tˇezˇ (Selected Chapters from Occupational Medicine. Part 4, Toxicology, Carcinogens, Traumatological Plan, Occupational Heat Stress) Prague: Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education. ISBN 978-80-87023-35-8 The book describes chemical noxae that occur in work and nonwork process. The determination of employee’s exposure to inhaled chemicals is part of

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the risk assessment and control of compliance with hygiene limits. When assessing exposure to chemicals biological exposure tests are also used to determine and evaluate exposure to chemicals by any route other than inhalation. Vondra´cˇ ek V., Riedl O. (1980) ˚ potravin, Klinicka´ toxikologie: toxikologie le´ku, jedovaty´ch zˇ ivoˇcichu˚ a rostlin aj. (Clinical Toxicology: Pharmaceuticals, Foods, Poisonous Flora & Fauna) Prague: Avicenum. This publication presents a list of toxic substances and their effects on human health. It briefly characterizes each toxin and describes and analyzes the symptoms of poisonings. It also takes up the course and treatment of intoxications.

Reports, bulletins Environmental Health Monitoring System in the Czech Republic. Summary Reports 2008 2017. Prague: National Institute of Public Health. Web: http://www.szu.cz/publikace/archivsouhrnnych-zprav?lang 5 1 (Czech/English) These reports present results of the monitoring and assessment of trends in pollution, exposure, impacts on health and health risks, that are the output of the Environmental Health Monitoring System (an integrated system of data collection, processing, and evaluation of information on the state of components of the environment and their influence on the health of the Czech population, with the aim of following up and evaluating temporal series of selected quality indicators of components of the environment and population health, assessing the magnitude of exposure of the population to noxae, and the consequent health impacts and risks). List of authorized plant protection products and auxiliary products (2018) Prague: Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture This publication issued by the Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture is intended to inform the public about the plant protection products and auxiliary products that can be marketed and used in the Czech Republic. Web: http://eagri.cz/public/web/ukzuz/portal/ o-ustavu/vestniky-ukzuz/odbor-pripravku-naochranu-rostlin/vestnik-por-2018-1.html (Czech/ English)

Journals In the Czech Republic there are no special journals focused on toxicology. However, relevant articles may be found in the following: Central European Journal of Public Health Prague. National Institute of Public Health ISSN 1210-7778 Web: https://cejph.szu.cz/?l 5 EN (English) Web: https://cejph.szu.cz/ (Czech) This journal is published in English and takes up the tradition of the international Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Immunology. It is a platform for the publication of research in all spheres of public health. ˇ ´ a slovenska´ farmacie (Czech and Slovak Pharmacy). Ceska Prague. Czech Medical Association J. E. Purkynˇe. ISSN 1210-7816 Web: https://www.cfs-cls.cz/About-us/Journals/ Czech-Slovak-Pharmacy/?lang 5 en-GB (English) Web: https://www.cfs-cls.cz/O-nas/Casopisy/Ceskaa-slovenska-farmacie/ (Czech) This journal publishes papers in the field of pharmacy and allied disciplines. It also provides information on research dealing with synthetic and natural drugs, pharmacokinetics, technology of new drug forms, cultivation of medicinal plants, pharmaceutical care, dispensing, etc. The journal is an important source of information for all pharmaceutists, health care personnel and specialists from areas connected with pharmacy and various aspects of therapeutic drugs. Chemicke´ listy (Chemical Papers) Prague. Association of Czech Chemical Societies. ISSN 1213-7103 Web: http://www.chemicke-listy.cz/ojs3/index.php/ chemicke-listy/index (English) Web: http://www.chemicke-listy.cz/ojs3/index.php/ chemicke-listy/index (Czech) This journal publishes papers in chemistry and related fields (biochemistry, environmental science, material science, pharmaceutics, food science, information science), and original papers on laboratory technique and methods. Pracovnı´ le´kaˇrstvı´ (Occupational Medicine) Prague. MeDitorial. ISSN 0032-6291, e-ISSN 1805-4536 Web: https://www.prolekare.cz/casopisy/pracovnilekarstvi (Czech) This journal is focused on occupational hygiene, physiology and psychology, preventive care at worksites

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and occupational diseases. The journal publishes papers from the clinical, epidemiological, experimental and laboratory sphere, case-histories, diagnostic and differential diagnostic criteria, therapeutic procedures, rating criteria and preventive provisions in occupational diseases and ancillary disciplines (orthopedics, neurology, ENT, dermatology). Vesmı´r (Cosmos) Prague. Cosmos Ltd. ISSN 1214-4029 Web: https://www.vesmir.cz (Czech) Vesmı´r is a popular science journal that publishes articles covering the whole vast field of natural sciences. It thereby records the present state as well as trends in each discipline. It is mainly addressed to naturalists and teachers.

Databases AISLP information system on pharmaceuticals INPHARMEX, Ltd. AISLP covers human, homeopathic, and veterinary therapeutic products registered in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia. Web: https://www.aislp.cz/ (Czech) Biotox CZ Poisons, narcotics, drugs; a complex of a number of interlinked projects dealing with natural substances and their effects on the human organism. Web: http://www.biotox.cz/ (Czech) Database of chemical experiments Faculty of Science, Charles University A portal of the Faculty of Science, Charles University designed to promote the teaching and learning of chemistry at elementary, secondary, and grammar schools.

At present, the Integrated Pollution Registry covers information on emissions (including accidental) into the ambient air, water, soil, and on the transfer of 72 substances under mandatory notification. It is operated by CENIA, the Czech Environmental Information Agency. The Registry is a component of the Unified Environmental Information System. Web: https:// www.irz.cz (Czech) Plant protection products and auxiliary products Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture The database is intended to inform the public about the plant protection products and auxiliary products that can be marketed and used in the Czech Republic. Web: http://eagri.cz/public/app/eagriapp/POR/ Vyhledavani.aspx? type 5 0&vyhledat 5 A&stamp 5 1539459089228 (English/Czech) VETTOX University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno The veterinary toxicology database was created for both the general and professional public. It covers poisoning in animals and contains information about who to contact and how to provide first aid for poisoning in animals. It features information about chemicals found in households and in the environment that are poisonous to animals. It contains sections on pharmacovigilance and toxicology. Web: https://cit.vfu.cz/vettox/?lng 5 en (English) Web: https://cit.vfu.cz/vettox/ (Czech)

Organizations—government Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

The items in the database include homeotherapeuticals, over-the-counter remedies, and exclusive therapeuticals with insert information and synoptic data on each product.

The Academy is a public nonuniversity scientific institution of the Czech Republic encompassing a complex of research institutes engaged primarily in basic research. AS CR formulates and pursues a conceptual policy of science and research, participates in national and international research programmes, promotes cooperation with the application sphere, and fosters the development of education, scholarship, and culture.

Web: http://www.sukl.eu/modules/medication/ search.php?lang 5 2 (English) Web: http://www.sukl.cz/modules/medication/ search.php (Czech) Integrated Pollution Registry Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic

Address: Na´rodnı´ 3, 117 20 Prague 1, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 221 403 111 Fax: 1420 224 240 512 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.avcr.cz/en/ (English) Web: http://www.avcr.cz/cs/ (Czech)

Web: http://old.studiumchemie.cz/pokusy.php (Czech) Database of Medicinal Products State Institute for Drug Control

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Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic The Institute is involved in (1) research dealing with the physical and chemical characteristics of the structure and interactions of biomacromolecules; (2) research in the biophysical properties of live organisms, including the action of environmental factors; and (3) theoretical investigations in those fields. Address: Kra´lovopolska´ 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 541 517 111 Fax: 1420 541 211 293 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.ibp.cz/index.php (English) Web: https://www.ibp.cz (Czech) Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic The Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, is the leading institution in the Czech Republic for biomedical research, particularly in cell biology and pathology, neurobiology, neurophysiology, neuropathology, developmental toxicology and teratology, molecular pharmacology, immunopharmacology, molecular embryology, stem cells, and nervous tissue regeneration. The Institute is an internationally recognized center in these fields, and as such it was selected as an EU Centre of Excellence. ˇ ´ 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Address: Vı´denska Republic Phone: 1420 241 062 230 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.iem.cas.cz/en/ (English) Web: http://www.iem.cas.cz/ (Czech) Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic The Institute performs fundamental research in organic chemistry, biochemistry, and related disciplines oriented mostly to medicinal and environmental applications. The Institute educates graduate students. It is the seat of the committee for defense of doctor of science dissertations in organic and bioorganic chemistry. Address: Flemingovo na´m. 2., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 220 183 333 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.uochb.cas.cz/web/structure/31. html?lang 5 en (English) Web: http://www.uochb.cas.cz/web/structure/31. html?lang 5 en (Czech)

CENIA. Czech Environmental Information Agency CENIA, the Czech Environmental Information Agency, is an agency of the Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic. CENIA’s mission is the collection, evaluation, interpretation, and distribution of environmental information. All available sources of information, electronic versions of publications, including links and ways to use the resources and services that CENIA offers are available on the CENIA website. CENIA also manages the Integrated System of Reporting Obligations. The main data output system for CENIA is the Information System of Environmental Statistics and Reporting. CENIA is the main focal point for the European Environment Agency and is involved in the European Environmental Information and Observation Network. Address: Vrˇsovicka´ 1442/65, 100 10 Prague 10, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 267 125 226 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www1.cenia.cz/www/ (Czech) Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture The Institute performs the administration and carries out some other administrative activities, expert and testing tasks, and control and monitoring activities in accordance with special acts in the areas of plant variety testing, feedstuffs, agrochemical testing of soils, soil and plant nutrition, seeds and seedlings of the grown plants, perennial plants (viniculture and hops), protection against harmful organisms, and plant protection. Address: Hroznova´ 63/2, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 543 548 111 Email: [email protected] Web: http://eagri.cz/public/web/en/ukzuz/portal/ (English) Web: http://eagri.cz/public/web/ukzuz/portal/ (Czech) Czech Agriculture and Food Inspection Authority CAFIA is a state administration body subordinate to the Ministry of Agriculture. It is a state authority responsible for supervision of the safety, quality, and labeling of foodstuffs. Address: Kvˇetna´ 15, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic Phone: 1420-543 540 111 Fax: 1420-543 540 202 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.szpi.gov.cz/en/default.aspx (English) Web: http://www.szpi.gov.cz/default.aspx (Czech)

Organizations—government

Czech Environmental Inspectorate The Czech Environmental Inspectorate (CEI) is an expert executive body within the state administration charged primarily with supervision in the area of environmental legislation enforcement. Additionally, CEI also supervises the legal compliance of administrative decisions taken by the public administration bodies in the area of the environment. CEI was set up in 1991 by the Act. No. 282/1991 Coll., on the Czech Environmental Inspectorate and its competencies in forestry protection. The other environmentals sectors— air and nature protection as well as waste management—were gradually, in 1991 92, incorporated. CEI is an independent organization subordinate to the Ministry of the Environment and funded from the state budget. The activities of CEI can be divided into five core areas: air protection, waste management, nature, water, and forests management supervision. CEI was gradually assigned also additional responsibilities in other areas: protection of the Earth’s ozone layer, supervision over the handling of chemical substances, industrial accident prevention, packaging management, and genetically modified organisms. Address: Na Bˇrehu 267, 190 00 Prague 9, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 222 860 111 Fax: 1420 283 892 662 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.cizp.cz/?l 5 9 (English) Web: http://www.cizp.cz/ (Czech) Czech Trade Inspection The Czech Trade Inspection is a state administration body subordinated to the Ministry of Industry and trade. Its major objective and activities relate to checking up on the observance of regulations in the realm of the domestic market and consumer protection. ˇ epa´nska´ 567/15, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Address: Stˇ Republic Phone: 1420 296 366 360 Fax: 1420 296 366 236 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.coi.cz/en/ (English) Web: https://www.coi.cz/ (Czech) Food Research Institute Prague The Institute was founded in 1958 by an act of the then existing Ministry of Food Industry and Purchase. Since then it has played an important role in the scientific and technological research in this country and abroad. It has become an institution dealing with fundamental and applied research, with developments in food chemistry, biochemistry, and engineering.

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Address: Radiova´ 7, 102 31 Prague 10, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 296 792 100 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.vupp.cz/en/ (English) Web: https://www.vupp.cz/cs/ (Czech) Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic It is a government organization founded by the Ministry of Health. The main task and object of activity of the Institute is the management and coordination of the National Health Information System (NHIS), including its further development and improvement. The functions of NHIS include the collection and processing of information concerning health and health care, management of national health registries, provision of information to the extent determined by law and other regulations respecting protection of personal data, and exploitation of this information in health research. Address: Palacke´ho na´m. 4, P.O. BOX 60, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 224 972 712 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.uzis.cz/en (English) Web: http://www.uzis.cz/ (Czech) Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicaments The Institute has been established as a bureau of the administration by Act No. 79/1997 Coll., on pharmaceuticals. Namely, it issues decisions on the registration of therapeutical agents and approvals for the production of such, including medicated feeds and veterinary autogenous vaccines. Address: Hudcova 56a, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 541 518 211 Fax: 1420 541 210 026 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.uskvbl.cz/en (English) Web: http://www.uskvbl.cz/cs (Czech) Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic The Ministry of Agriculture is a central authority of the state administration for agriculture (except for the preservation of the agricultural land fund), for water management (except the preservation of natural water accumulation), preservation of water sources and preservation of water quality, and for the food industry. It is also a central state authority administrating forests, hunting and gamekeeping, and fisheries outside the territory of national parks. It also has a role in the matter of veterinary and plant care, the

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protection of animals against cruelty, and the protection of rights to new plant varieties and to new breeds of animals. The Ministry of Agriculture administrates the Czech Agricultural and Food Inspection, the State Veterinary Administration of the Czech Republic, the State Board of Plant-Care, the Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, the Czech Breeding Inspectorate, and the Czech Inspection for Improvement and Breeding of Farming Animals. Address: Tˇesˇ nov 17, 110 00 Prague 1, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 221 811 111 Fax: 1420 224 810 478 Email: [email protected] Web: http://eagri.cz/public/web/en/mze/ (English) Web: http://eagri.cz/public/web/mze/ministerstvozemedelstvi/ (Czech) Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic The Ministry of the Environment (MoE) was set up under Act of the Czech National Council No. 173/1989 Coll., effective as of January 1, 1990, as a central state administration authority and the supreme supervisory body in environmental affairs. The Ministry of the Environment is the central state administration authority for (1) protection of natural water accumulation; (2) protection of water resources and the quality of groundwater and surface water; (3) air protection; (4) nature and landscape protection; (5) conservation of agricultural land; (6) operation of the National Geological Survey; (7) protection of the rock environment, including mineral resources and groundwater; (8) geological works and environmental supervision of mining; (9) waste management; (10) environmental impact assessment of activities and their consequences, including transboundary; (11) gamekeeping, fisheries, and forestry in national parks; and (12) national environmental policy. To safeguard the inspecting activities of the Czech Government, the Ministry of the Environment coordinates the procedures of all ministries and other central state administration authorities of the Czech Republic in environmental matters. Address: Vrˇsovicka´ 65, 100 10 Prague 10, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 267 121 111 Fax: 1420 267 310 308 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.mzp.cz/en (English) Web: https://www.mzp.cz/cz (Czech)

Ministry of Health The Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic is a central organ of the state administration covering health care and public health protection. Address: Palacke´ho na´m. 4, 128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 224 971 111 Fax: 1420 224 972 111 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.mzcr.cz/ (Czech) National Institute for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Protection The National Institute for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Protection is a public research institution established in accordance with Act No. 341/2005 Coll. by the State Office for Nuclear Safety to carry out research and development in the field of chemical, biological, and radioactive substances, and to provide technical support for supervision and inspection services provided by this Office for radiation protection and control of the ban on chemical and biological weapons. Address: Kamenna´ 71, 262 31 Milı´n, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 318 600 200 Fax: 1420 318 626 055 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.sujchbo.cz/dokument.php? cislo 5 2&jazyk 5 en (English) Web: http://www.sujchbo.cz/ (Czech) National Institute of Public Health The National Institute of Public Health (NIPH) is a health care establishment for basic preventive disciplines—hygiene, epidemiology, microbiology, and occupational medicine. Its main tasks are health promotion and protection, disease prevention, and followup of the environmental impact on population health. ˇ ´ rova 48, 100 42 Prague 10, Czech Address: Sroba Republic Phone: 1420 267 081 111 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.szu.cz/index.php?lang 5 2 (English) Web: http://www.szu.cz (Czech) National Monitoring Center for Drugs and Addiction The Monitoring Center for Drugs and Addiction was established on the basis of a Czech Republic Government Decree from June 19, 2002, as a part of the Secretariat of the National Drug Commission (now:

Organizations—government

Government Council for Drug Policy Coordination). Drug-related information may be found on the website drogy-info.cz. The developments in drug policy and data on drug use and gambling are published in an annual report on the drug situation in the Czech Republic and annual report on gambling in the Czech Republic. All reports are published on the site drogyinfo.cz. Summaries of the drug and gambling situations are also available in English language form. Address: Na´bˇreˇz´ı E. Beneˇse 4, 118 01 Praha 1, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 296 153 126 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.drogy-info.cz/en/ (English) Web: https://www.drogy-info.cz/ (Czech) National Radiation Protection Institute The National Radiation Protection Institute is a nonprofit organization established by the decision of the chairman of the State Office for Nuclear Safety (SONS) on May 26, 1995. The Institute was based mainly on the former Center for Radiation Hygiene of the National Institute of Public Health in Prague transferred under the authority of SONS, and it continues its tradition of many years. Institute research is focused on protection against ionizing radiation, including the provision of infrastructure and research in areas of (1) security research; (2) Radiation Monitoring Network research and research on exposures to artificial sources of ionizing radiation; (3) research on medical exposures; and (4) research on exposures to natural radiation sources. Address: Bartoˇskova 28, 140 00 Praha 4, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 241 410 214 Fax: 1420 241 410 215 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.suro.cz/en (English) Web: https://www.suro.cz/cz/ (Czech) State Institute for Drug Control The State Institute for Drug Control is an administration body established by Act No. 79/1997 Coll. It falls under direct control of the Ministry of Health. In the interest of public health protection, the Institute’s mission is (1) to ensure that all human pharmaceuticals available on the Czech market meet appropriate standards of quality, safety and efficacy; (2) to take care in ensuring that only safe and functional medical devices are used in the Czech Republic, in addition, accompanied by reliable and appropriate information. Moreover, its role is to contribute to rational use and where appropriate, to responsible and ethical clinical trials of both medicinal products and medical devices;

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(3) regulatory procedures shall not result in unnecessary obstacles to availability of medicinal products and medical devices nor to introduction of new therapeutic procedures. ˇ ´ rova 48, 100 41 Prague 10, Czech Address: Sroba Republic Phone: 1420 272 185 111 Fax: 1420 271 732 377 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.sukl.eu/index.php?lang 5 2 (English) Web: http://www.sukl.cz (Czech) State Veterinary Administration The State Veterinary Administration of the Czech Republic is a public administration body under the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic and it was established according to the Veterinary Act No. 166/1999. Its main tasks are (1) protection of consumers from products of animal origin likely to be harmful to human health; (2) monitoring of animal health situation and maintaining it favorable; (3) veterinary protection of the state territory of the Czech Republic; and (4) animal welfare and animal protection. Address: Slezska´ 100/7, 120 56 Prague 2, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 227 010 111 Email: [email protected] Web: https://en.svscr.cz/ (English) Web: https://www.svscr.cz/ (Czech) T. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute The Water Research Institute is focused both on applied and basic research, and providing research solutions in water management and waste management. Address: Podbabska´ 30, 160 62 Prague 6, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 220 197 111 Fax: 1420 224 310 450 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.vuv.cz/index.php/en/ (English) Web: https://www.vuv.cz/index.php/cz/ (Czech) Veterinary Research Institute In January 2007 the Veterinary Research Institute became a public research institute by a decision of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic. The institute is the only center of research specializing in veterinary medicine in the Czech Republic and one of the few in Europe, which can conduct the most demanding studies with the right balance between

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basic and applied research due to the professional level of its teams, methodological basis, and instrumentation. Address: Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 533 331 111 Fax: 1420 541 211 229 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.vri.cz/en/ (English) Web: https://www.vri.cz/ (Czech)

Organizations nongovernment BIOPHARM. Research Institute of Biopharmacy and Veterinary Drugs Biopharm provides complex research and development of veterinary products for customers, and provides pharmaceutical services, conducts numerous specialized studies and tests for veterinary and human pharmacy as well as other branches. Address: Pohoˇr´ı Chotounˇ 90, 254 49 Jı´love´ u Prahy, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 241 950 383 Fax: 1420 241 950 503 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.bri.cz/en (English) Web: https://www.bri.cz/ (Czech) MEDISTYL, Ltd. MEDISTYL provides comprehensive support, information, and consulting services for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and patents. MEDISTYL is a representative of the scientific and technical databases network STN International covering the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Hungary. This unique source of information is widely used for information retrieval of scientific and patent information, especially in the pharmaceutical, veterinary, and chemical industries. Address: Michelska´ 12a/18, 140 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 241 492 651 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.medistyl.cz/english.htm (English) Web: http://www.medistyl.cz (Czech) MediTox, Ltd. MediTox is a contract research organization dedicated to preclinical research and development in the field of cardiology, neurology, diabetes, and vaccine development, as well as the preclinical safety assessment of pharmaceuticals, biological preparations, food supplements, and medical devices (PHARMA), and toxicological assessment of chemical substances and preparations (REACH).

Address: Pod Za´mkem 279, 281 25 Kona´rovice, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 313 129 374 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.meditox.eu (English) Web: http://www.meditox.eu/index.php? item 5 home&language 5 cz (Czech) VU´OS—Research Institute of Organic Synthese One of the largest Czech firms dealing with research and development in the field of organic chemistry and toxicology. The main activities of ´ OS take place in areas like R&D, upscaling, and VU production from grams and kilograms up to metric ´ OS operates in the area of pharmaceuticals, tons. VU microelectronics, and other high-performance organic chemistry. Address: Rybitvı´ 296, 532 18 Pardubice, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 466 822 545 Fax: 1420 466 823 900 Email: [email protected] Web: https://vuos.com/en (English) Web: https://vuos.com/cs (Czech)

Universities Problems of toxicology, chemical safety, and environmental health are components of study programs and research activities of the institutes and departments at the following universities and higher education facilities. First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Institute of Pharmacology Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Address: Kateˇrinska´ 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 224 961 111 Fax: 1420 224 915 413 Email: [email protected] Web: http://en.lf1.cuni.cz/en (English) Web: https://www.lf1.cuni.cz (Czech) Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Department of Pharmacology Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Department of Forensic Medicine ´ valu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic Address: V U Phone: 1420 224 431 111 Fax: 1420 224 435 820 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.lf2.cuni.cz/en (English) Web: http://www.lf2.cuni.cz (Czech)

Universities

Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Department of Pharmacology Department of Hygiene Department of Forensic Medicine Address: Ruska´ 87, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 267 102 111 Fax: 1420 267 311 812 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.lf3.cuni.cz/3LFEN-1.html (English) Web: https://www.lf3.cuni.cz (Czech) Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove´, Charles University Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Department of Pharmacology Department of Medical Biochemistry Department of Forensic Medicine ˇ Address: Simkova 870, P.O. BOX 38, 500 38 Hradec Kra´love´, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 495 816 111 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.lfhk.cuni.cz/default.aspx/? lang 5 en-GB (English) Web: https://www.lfhk.cuni.cz (Czech) ˇ Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Institute of Forensic Medicine ˇ Czech Republic Address: Lidicka´ 1, 301 00 Plzen, Phone: 1420 377 593 400 Fax: 1420 377 593 449 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.lfp.cuni.cz/index.php (English/Czech) Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kra´love´, Charles University Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Department of Pharmaceutical Botany Address: Heyrovske´ho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kra´love´, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 495 067 429 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.faf.cuni.cz/?lang 5 en-gb (English) Web: https://www.faf.cuni.cz/?lang 5 cs-cz (Czech) Faculty of Science, Charles University Department of Ecology Institute for Environmental Studies Section of Chemistry Address: Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 221 951 111 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.natur.cuni.cz/eng (English) Web: https://www.natur.cuni.cz/fakulta (Czech)

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Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague Department of Environmental Chemistry Address: Technicka´ 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 220 443 276 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.vscht.cz//?jazyk 5 en (English) Web: https://www.vscht.cz (Czech) Faculty of Environment, J. E. Purkynˇe University in U´stı´ nad Labem Department of Technical Science ´ stı´ nad Address: Kra´lova vy´sˇ ina 3132/7, 400 96 U Labem, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 475 284 111 Email: [email protected] Web: http://fzp.ujep.cz/en/ (English) Web: http://fzp.ujep.cz (Czech) Faculty of Science, J. E. Purkynˇe University in U´stı´ nad Labem Department of Chemistry ˇ ´ stı´ nad Labem, ´ mla´deˇze 8, 400 96 U Address: Ceske Czech Republic Phone: 1420 475 283 223 Fax: 1420 475 283 563 Email: [email protected] Web: http://sci.ujep.cz/faculty-of-science.html (English) Web: http://sci.ujep.cz (Czech) Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University in Brno Department of Pharmacology Department of Occupational Medicine Address: Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 549 491 111 Fax: 1420 542 213 996 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.med.muni.cz/index.php? change 5 en&id 5 1 (English) Web: http://www.med.muni.cz/ (Czech) Faculty of Science, Masaryk University in Brno Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment Department of Chemistry Address: Kotla´rˇska´ 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 549 49 1111 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.sci.muni.cz/en/SCI/ (English) Web: http://www.sci.muni.cz/ (Czech)

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Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky´ University in Olomouc Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute of Pharmacology Department of Public Health Institute of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law Address: Hnˇevotı´nska´ 976/3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 585 632 009 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.lf.upol.cz/en/ (English) Web: https://www.lf.upol.cz/ (Czech) Faculty of Science, Palacky´ University in Olomouc Department of Biochemistry Department of Organic Chemistry Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Address: 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 585 634 002 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.prf.upol.cz/en/ (English) Web: https://www.prf.upol.cz/ (Czech) Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy Address: Tˇrebeˇsska´ 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kra´love´, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 973 253 101 Fax: 1420 973 253 100 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.unob.cz/en/fmhs/Pages/default. aspx (English) Web: https://www.unob.cz/fvz/Stranky/default.aspx (Czech)

Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South ˇ ´ Budˇejovice Bohemia in Ceske Institute of Radiology, Toxicology and Civil Protection ˇ ´ Address: J. Borecke´ho 1167/27, 370 11 Ceske Budˇejovice, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 389 037 501 Fax: 1420 387 438 389 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.zsf.jcu.cz/en (English) Web: http://www.zsf.jcu.cz/cs (Czech) Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, ˇ ´ Budˇejovice University of South Bohemia in Ceske Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Ichtyopathology ˇ Address: Za´tiˇs´ı 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 387 774 666 Fax: 1420 387 774 634 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.frov.jcu.cz/en/research-institutefish-culture-hydrobiology (English) Web: http://www.frov.jcu.cz/cs/vyzkumny-ustavrybarsky-a-hydrobiologicky-vuhr (Czech) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Address: Palacke´ho tˇr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 541 561 111 Email: [email protected] Web: https://fvl.vfu.cz/homepage-en.html (English) Web: https://fvl.vfu.cz/ (Czech)

Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Address: Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava Za´bˇreh, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 597 091 702 Email: [email protected] Web: https://lf.osu.eu/ (English) Web: https://lf.osu.cz/ (Czech)

Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Department of Veterinary Public Health and Forensic Medicine Institute of Public Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacology Address: Palacke´ho tˇr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 541 562 796 Fax: 1420 549 243 020 Email: [email protected] Web: https://fvhe.vfu.cz/homepage-en.html (English) Web: https://fvhe.vfu.cz/ (Czech)

Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice Institute of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Address: Studentska´ 573, 532 10 Pardubice 2, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 466 037 294 Fax: 1420 466 037 068 Email: [email protected] Web: https://fcht.upce.cz/en (English) Web: https://fcht.upce.cz/ (Czech)

Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology Address: Palacke´ho tˇr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 601 594 820 Email: [email protected] Web: https://faf.vfu.cz/homepage-en.html (English) Web: https://faf.vfu.cz/ (Czech)

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Poison control center

ˇ Technical University Faculty of Mining and Geology, VSB of Ostrava Institute of Environmental Engineering Address: Tˇr´ıda 17. listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava Poruba, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 597 325 456 Fax: 1420 596 918 589 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.hgf.vsb.cz/en (English) Web: https://www.hgf.vsb.cz/cs (Czech)

Professional societies Association of Chemical Industry of the Czech Republic The Association is the most important organization for supporting the chemical industry in the Czech Republic. It was founded in 1992 as a voluntary association of manufacturing, commercial, designing, research, and advisory organizations with relations to chemical, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, and rubber and plastics industries. Address: Rubeˇska 393/7, 190 00 Praha 9, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 283 290 786 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.schp.cz/ (Czech) Czech Chemical Society The Czech Chemical Society is a professional, voluntary organization of citizens with its chosen focus on chemistry and its related fields. Address: Novotne´ho la´vka 5, 116 68 Prague 1, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 221 082 383 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.csch.cz/en/home/ (English) Web: http://www.csch.cz/ (Czech) Czech Pharmaceutical Society of the Czech Medical Association of J. E. Purkynˇe It is a professional and scientific association with its seat in Hradec Kra´love´ and active on the territory of the Czech Republic. The society is an independent, voluntary, nongovernmental organization open to pharmacists and other specialists in health care and all related fields of activity. Address: Faculty of Pharmacy Charles University, Heyrovske´ho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kra´love´, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 495 067 389 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.cfs-cls.cz/?lang 5 en-GB (English) Web: https://www.cfs-cls.cz/ (Czech)

Czech Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology of the Czech Medical Association of J. E. Purkynˇe. The society associates workers in experimental and clinical pharmacology and toxicology, and supports the universal development of those disciplines in the Czech Republic. It is a member of the International Union of Pharmacology and the European Union of Pharmacology, and expands relations with analogous organizations abroad. Address: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Simkova 870, 500 38 Hradec Kra´love´, Czech Republic Email: [email protected] Web: http://farmspol.cls.cz/pharmacology.htm (English) Web: http://farmspol.cls.cz/ (Czech) Czech Society of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Toxicology of the Czech Medical Association of J. E. Purkynˇe The fundamental function of the society is to guarantee the expertise and quality of forensic medical practice. Address: Czech Medical Association of J. E. PurkynˇeSokolska´ 490/31, 120 00 Praha 2 Phone: 1420 495-836801 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.soudnilekarstvi.cz/?lang 5 en (English) Web: http://www.soudnilekarstvi.cz/ (Czech) Society of Occupational Medicine of the Czech Medical Association of J. E. Purkynˇe The Society of Occupational Medicine gathers specialists in the field of occupational medicine. This discipline studies the impact of work and working conditions on the health of workers. It deals with the prevention, diagnostics, treatment, and medicolegal aspects of diseases caused or exacerbated by working conditions. Address: Studniˇckova 7, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 606 334 732 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.pracovni-lekarstvi.cz/aboutus.php (English) Web: https://www.pracovni-lekarstvi.cz/ (Czech)

Poison control center Toxicological Information Center Toxicology information service is a nationwide telephone information service provided around-the-clock by medical staff in case of acute human or animal poisoning. Address: Na Bojiˇsti 1, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic Phone: 1420 224 919 293 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.tis-cz.cz/ (Czech)

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Legislation Legislation of the Czech Republic and international agreements are published by the Ministry of Interior in the following official journals: Sbı´rka za´konu˚ (Collection of Laws) Sbı´rka mezina´rodnı´ch smluv (Collection of International Treaties) Only the printed version of the Collection of Laws is legally binding. Online sources of information on the legislation of the Czech Republic Sbı´rka za´konu˚ (Collection of Laws) Online access to the Collection of Laws and to the Collection of International Treaties Web: http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ (Czech) Za´kony pro lidi (Laws for People) The texts available are not binding. Gives access to final versions of all acts in force published in the Collection of Laws. Web: https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/ (Czech)

Web: http://www.mzcr.cz/Cizinci/dokumenty/ act-no167/1998-coll-_8933_3108_23.html (English) Web: http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ ViewFile.aspx?type 5 c&id 5 3164 (Czech) Act No. 65/2017 Coll., on health protection from the harmful effects of drugs Web: http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ ViewFile.aspx?type 5 z&id 5 61764 (Czech) Act No. 324/2016 Coll., on biocidal products and active substances and on changes to some related acts (The Biocides Act) Web: http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ ViewFile.aspx?type 5 z&id 5 61195 (Czech) Act No. 110/1997 Coll., Act on foodstuffs and tobacco products and on amendments and additions to related acts Web: https://www.tobaccocontrollaws.org/files/live/ Czech%20Republic/Czech%20Republic%20-%20Act% 20No.%20110_1997.pdf (English, unofficial translation) Web: http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ ViewFile.aspx?type 5 c&id 5 3029 (Czech)

Most of the Czech legislation concerning chemicals is based on regulation set by the European Union and then adopted in the Czech legislation. All documents are in Czech but translations of some can in some cases be found on the website of the relevant ministry.

Legislation concerning environment Act No. 224/2015 Coll., on prevention of serious accidents caused by dangerous chemicals or chemical products and amending certain related acts Web: http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ ViewFile.aspx?type 5 z&id 5 35181 (Czech)

Legislation concerning chemicals and chemical preparations Act No. 350/2011 Coll., on chemical substances and mixtures, and amending some laws Web: http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ ViewFile.aspx?type 5 z&id 5 23348

Act No. 201/2012 Coll., on air protection and related regulations, as amended Web: http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ ViewFile.aspx?type 5 z&id 5 24325 (Czech)

Health regulations Act No. 258/2000 Coll., on Public Health Protection and on Amendment of Certain Acts, as Amended Web: http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ ViewFile.aspx?type 5 c&id 5 3462 (Czech)

Act No. 254/2001 Coll., on water and amendments to some acts (The Water Act) Web: Act of 28 June 2001 No 254/2001 Coll. (English, older version) Web: http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ ViewFile.aspx?type 5 c&id 5 3676 (Czech)

Act No. 378/2007 Coll., on pharmaceuticals and on amendments to some related acts (Act On Pharmaceuticals) Web: www.sukl.eu/file/75648_1_2 (English) Web: http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ ViewFile.aspx?type 5 c&id 5 5206 (Czech)

Act No. 185/2001 Coll., on waste and amending some other laws Web: Act of 15 May 2001 No 185/2001 Coll. (English, older version withouth amendments) Web: http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ ViewFile.aspx?type 5 c&id 5 3649 (Czech)

Act No. 272/2013 Coll., on drug precursors Web: http://www.mzcr.cz/Cizinci/dokumenty/ act-no272/2013-coll-_8937_3109_23.html (English) Web: http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ ViewFile.aspx?type 5 z&id 5 26707 (Czech)

Phytosanitary care Act No. 326/2004 Coll., on phytosanitary care and amendments to certain associated laws Web: http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/sbirka-zakonu/ ViewFile.aspx?type 5 z&id 5 62307 (Czech)

Act No. 167/1998 Coll., on dependency producing substances and on amendment of some other acts

C H A P T E R

10 Denmark Lisbeth E. Knudsen Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark and on behalf of Danish Society of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Aarhus, Denmark

Introduction In the following pages a short introduction to the history of toxicology in Denmark is given in the form of thematic sections followed by a brief description of regulation and legislation in the area of chemicals today. Ongoing research and education are described in the section on organizations, including research institutions and regulatory bodies, however not including the pharmaceutical industry.

Pharmacology and forensic medicine Pharmacology has been taught at the University of Copenhagen (founded in 1479) since 1660. During the first couple of hundred years the teaching focused on pharmacotherapy. The physicians to a great extent had to be personally knowledgeable about the drugs, which were administered largely on an empirical basis. The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, later the Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences and, as of January 2007, the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Copenhagen, was founded in 1892. Until then there was no education in pharmaceutics. A pharmacist student had to practice at a pharmacy, follow lectures at the University of Copenhagen and at the College of Advanced Technology (founded in 1829), and pass an examination before a commission consisting of five professors from the University of Copenhagen, and a pharmacist. Experimental research in pharmacology was initiated by Professor Hans Chr. Gram (1891 1900) and further developed by his successor Professor Johannes Boeck (1900 38). In 1898 the first Danish institute of pharmacology was established in Copenhagen. Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00010-3

Lectures in forensic medicine were given as early as 1740. In 1819 forensic medicine was accepted as a specific discipline under the professorship in pharmacology and in 1905 a professorship in forensic medicine was established at the University of Copenhagen. For many years forensic toxicology was a part of forensic medicine. In connection with the construction of a new institute in the 1960s forensic toxicology became a separate department under the Institute of Forensic Medicine. According to the Act of April 30, 1909 the Institute of Pharmacology or other laboratories were obligated to perform forensic toxicology investigations upon request from the Medico Legal Council. The development of forensic toxicology became one of the main interests of the Institute of Pharmacology and a Department of Forensic Toxicology was established in 1943. In 1973 this department was transferred to the Institute of Forensic Medicine and a smaller unit of toxicology was established at the Institute of Pharmacology under the leadership of Professor Jens S. Schou. At the University of Aarhus, founded in 1928, the Institute of Forensic Medicine was established in 1959. The first toxicological investigations were performed at the beginning of the 1960s and in 1968 the Department of Forensic Toxicology was established. At the University of Odense, founded in 1966, now University of Southern Denmark, the Institute of Forensic Medicine was established in 1971. A unit of forensic toxicology was established in 1980 which is now a research area of Forensic Medicine.

From hygiene to environmental health Hygiene as an independent university discipline was established at the medical faculty at the University of

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Copenhagen as early as 1840 but it was not until 1913 that the first professorship in hygiene was established. Bacteriology and technical and veterinary hygiene were separate disciplines and the professorship in hygiene included nutritional and occupational hygiene, and public health. The Institute of Hygiene, established in 1931 at the University of Copenhagen (later the Institute of Hygiene and Social Medicine), carried out investigations in relation to nutritional and occupational hygiene. Later, when the analyses became more extensive, the laboratories became part of the new National Food Institute and the new Institute of Occupational Health (see below). In 1969, an independent Institute of Social Medicine was established at the University of Copenhagen and in 1990 the Institute of Hygiene was abolished. The toxicological resources were transferred to the Institute of Pharmacology (later the Department of Pharmacology). From the start in 1840 and up to the middle of the 20th century hygiene focused on sanitary conditions and acute and chronic infections but soon the picture began to change, with a focus on the broad spectrum of human environmental exposures. In the beginning of the 1990s a research program in toxicology/environmental medicine was initiated at the Department of Pharmacology at the University of Copenhagen. A professorship in medical toxicology was filled from 1993 to 1996 (Henrik E. Poulsen). A professorship in environmental medicine was established in 1998 (Steffen Loft) and transferred to the Institute of Public Health, which had been established at the University of Copenhagen in 1997, including the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, later Environmental Health. with a professorship in animal free toxicology from 2006 (Lisbeth E. Knudsen), and a professorship in oxidative stress in relation to environmental health from 2012 (Peter Møller). At the University of Aarhus a professorship in hygiene was established in 1938, and the Institute of Hygiene, including the science of toxicology, was established in 1943. Later, in 1987 the name of the institute was changed to the Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine with Herman Autrup as professor in environmental medicine. The Institute of Public Health was established in 2005, the Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine with Eva Bonefeld Jørgensen Professor in Human Environmental Toxicology from 2010, and the Director of Center for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology from 2008. At the University of Odense, now the University of Southern Denmark, a professorship in hygiene was established in 1972 (Jørgen Clausen and from 1975 Gunnar Nordberg) at the Institute of Hygiene, later the Institute of Hygiene and Social Medicine. In 1980 the name was changed to the

Institute of Public Health, Department of Hygiene, and in 1982 further changed to the Institute of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, with Philippe Grandjean as professor in environmental medicine. From 1994 to 2002 Philippe Grandjean was adjunct professor at Boston University and since 2003 he has been adjunct professor at Harvard School of Public Health. From 2005 Tina Kold Jensen joined as professor in Environmental Medicine. From 2011 Jesper Bo Nielsen was appointed professor in General Practice.

The working environment The Danish Working Environment Authority (WEA) from 1873 was set up to supervise compliance with the Act. From the start chemists were employed, and in 1978, occupational physicians and occupational toxicologists as well. A working environment laboratory was established in 1946. In 1955 this laboratory became the Institute of Occupational Hygiene, the tasks of which from 1977 included research and education. In 1988 the Institute was established as a governmental research institute, The National Institute of Occupational Health (since 2007 The National Research Centre for the Working Environment) which was separated from the Danish Working Environment Authority in 1997. Professorships in toxicology at the National Research Centre of the Working Environment were established in 2005 for Ha˚kan Wallin, in 2010 for Ulla Vogel, and 2017 for Keld Alstrup Jensen. Beginning in 1958 medical students were taught occupational medicine and in 1995 the first Danish professorship (Finn Gyntelberg) was established at the University of Copenhagen followed by Jens Peter Bonde in 2008 and Susanne Wulff Svendsen in 2019. More professorships were established at the University of Aarhus in 2002 (Jens Peter Bonde), in 2004 (Torben Sigsgaard), and Vivi Schlu¨nssen in 2018 within the Section for Environment, Occupation, and Health. Toxicology is part of daily risk assessment in the Occupational and Environmental Medicine units at the Regional Hospitals.

Poison treatment The Poison Treatment Centre at Bispebjerg Hospital in Copenhagen opened in 1949 and gained international respect for improvements in the treatment of poisoned patients, especially barbiturate poisonings, during the 1950s and 1960s. Along with providing actual treatment, the Centre advised physicians on treatment of drug poisonings.

Introduction

The Danish Poison Information Centre started advisory activities on poisoning with chemical products and other nondrug substances in 1972 at the Clinic of Occupational Medicine, Rigshospitalet, later Bispebjerg Hospital. In 2002 the information activities in the two centers were joined in a collaboration between three departments at Bispebjerg Hospital, the Danish Poison Control Centre, and in 2006 this centre was opened for inquiries from the public.

Veterinary toxicology A veterinary school was founded in Copenhagen in 1773 by the first Danish veterinary Peter Abildgaard and in 1958 the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University was founded in Copenhagen. A professorship in pharmacology was established in 1901 (Carl H. Hansen) and in 1950 toxicology as a discipline was included when the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and a professorship in pharmacology and toxicology (Svend DalgaardMikkelsen) were established. In 1994 the Institute was divided into two areas and a professorship in toxicology was established (Christian Friis). As of January 2007, the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University merged with the University of Copenhagen and became the Faculty of Life Sciences. Veterinary sciences moved to the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences with professorships in animal models (Axel Kornerup) and Jens Lykkesfeldt (in vivo pharmacology and toxicology).

Food toxicology and the National Food Institute The National Food Institute, later the National Food Agency, was established in 1968 and consisted of the Institute of Toxicology and the Central Laboratory (later the Institute for Food Research and Nutrition). In 1969 the National Vitamin Laboratory and the National Pesticide Laboratory were incorporated in the National Food Institute. In 1968 the main activities of the Institute of Toxicology were toxicological investigations and risk assessments of food additives, pesticide residues, and contaminants of foods. Beginning in 1978 the activities included toxicological studies and risk assessments of pesticides, household chemicals, and cosmetics and in 1986 human safety aspects of genetically engineered plants, animals, and microorganisms and their products were included. In 1994 risk assessments of foodborne microorganisms and microorganisms used in the production of foods were included, and in 1996 the

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name of the institute was changed to the Institute of Food Safety and Toxicology. In 1997 the National Food Agency and the Veterinary Directorate merged and became the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration. In 2002 the Institute for Food Research and Nutrition and the Institute for Food Safety and Toxicology merged and became the Institute for Food Safety and Nutrition which in 2004 became a part of the Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research. As of January 2007 the Institute for Food and Veterinary Research merged with the Technical University of Denmark and has been divided into two institutes: The National Food Institute and the National Veterinary Institute. The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, now under the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, by contract is secured for continued direct toxicological assistance by the National Food Institute. Professor Ulla Hass (Reproduction toxicology) and professor Anne Marie Vingga˚rd (Molecular Toxicology) were appointed in 2012.

Ecotoxicology Ecotoxicology as defined by the French professor Re´ne´ Truhaut is concerned with the toxic effects of chemical and physical agents on living organisms, especially on populations and communities within defined ecosystems, and includes the transfer pathways of those agents and their integration with the environment. In Denmark scientific and experimental ecotoxicology was initiated in the late 1970s at the independent, international consulting and research organization the Water Quality Institute (later DHI Water Environment Health) in Hørsholm where testing in the aquatic environment became highly developed. In 1977 a new Laboratory for Environmental Sciences and Ecology was established at the Technical University of Denmark (founded in 1829) under the leadership of Professor Finn Bro Rasmussen. In 1991 the Institute merged with the Institute of Environment and Resources (later becoming the Department of Environmental Engineering) at the Technical University of Denmark. A professorship in environmental toxicology was established in 1977 at the Department of Biology at the University of Odense, now the University of Southern Denmark, with Professor Ole Karlog (1977 85) as head. Aquatic ecotoxicology was established with the employment of Professor Michael H. Depledge (1987 94), and later, under the leadership of Professor Poul Bjerregaard, research on endocrine disruption was developed.

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In 1990 the Danish National Environmental Research Institute established the Department of Terrestrial Ecology in Silkeborg, focusing on terrestrial ecotoxicology with Dr. Hans Løkke as head. The Danish National Environmental Research Institute was a part of the Ministry of the Environment until January 2007 when it merged with the University of Aarhus. At Roskilde University, founded in 1972, research in ecotoxicology and environmental toxicology and courses in ecotoxicology started in 2003. The Danish Environmental Research Programme 1992 2004 has had a great impact on the development of Danish ecotoxicology. The research carried out in the Danish Centre for Ecotoxicological Research (1992 97) resulted in a range of new tools that increased understanding of and enabled assessment of the risks posed by environmentally hazardous substances. New tools were developed, particularly in connection with the aquatic environment and for cleaning up contaminated soil. In the Danish Centre for Environmental Oestrogen Research (1996 2000) methods of testing that can reveal estrogen-like effects of chemicals were developed and effects of selected chemicals were studied on levels of biological organization ranging from the molecular level through cellular and organ level to studies of individuals and populations

Endocrine disruption The National Center for Endocrine disruption and EDMaRC, International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, situated at the National Hospital function as a global hub for research and training on how genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors have adverse effects on for example pubertal onset and male fertility.

Regulatory toxicology As far back as in 1701 a Danish decree directed the police director not to allow the selling of tainted or unhealthy foods and drinks. In 1818 a regulation instructed medical officers to observe especially the putrefaction of corn and unhealthy drinking water and in 1829 medical practitioners were ordered to report diseases, the symptoms of which indicated food poisoning, and further provide material for chemical analyses by the health police. In 1836 the Police Commissioner in Copenhagen published a list made by the medical officer indicating the colorings which could be used by producers of confectionery and toys and in 1843 the list, consisting of 39 compounds, applied to all of Denmark.

The first real food act was passed in 1903 and supplemented by statutory orders on analyses of foods (1911), on addition of colorings and preservatives (1913), and on investigations of materials coming into contact with foods (1913). Until 1945 the Danish legislation on food primarily focused on the bacteriological control of foods and to a much lesser degree on food additives. After World War II a new food act taking into account new aspects and thoughts was prepared. The Food Act of 1950 was an emergency powers act which authorized the authorities to issue orders regulating food additives which were increasingly used in the food industry. Developments in the food industry and the growth of food export resulted in an increasing awareness of toxicological aspects in Denmark and in the other Scandinavian countries and in 1955 an initiative was taken to suggest to WHO the idea of setting up an expert committee on food additives. In 1956 the first meeting of experts was convened by the WHO and since then annual meetings have taken place in what came to be known as the FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives. In 1968 the National Food Institute, including the Institute of Toxicology, was established under the Ministry of the Interior. From the start, the Institute of Toxicology provided toxicological assistance to the Ministry of the Interior and also advised the National Board on Health on toxicological matters. The Ministry of the Environment was founded in 1971 and in 1972 the Danish Environmental Protection Agency was established. Agencies for nature protection etc. were established and in 1973 the National Food Institute, including the Institute of Toxicology, was transferred to the Ministry of the Environment. In 1987, when the National Food Institute was transferred to the new Ministry of Health, the Ministry of the Environment by contract was secured continued direct toxicological assistance provided by the Institute of Toxicology. The National Institute of Occupational Health (now the National Research Centre for the Working Environment) was separated from the Danish Working Environment Authority in 1997 but stayed as a part of the Ministry of Employment. The Institute provides toxicological assistance to the Danish Working Environment Authority in connection with the regulation of chemical substances in the working environment. The three Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) are guiding principles for the ethical use of laboratory animals. In Denmark the 3R Center was established in June 2013 by the Minister for Food, Agriculture, and Fisheries, in a collaboration with the pharmaceutical industry and animal welfare organizations. The mission of the Danish 3R center is to generate

Introduction

a leading environment within the implementation and dissemination of information on the 3Rs by vision of • Initiating activities that may lead to the immediate implementation of the 3Rs • Providing a forum for collaboration, discussion, exchange, and dissemination of information on the 3Rs • Initiating research projects and recommending funds allocation of resources within the area

Regulation and legislation of chemicals today The area of environmental chemicals is regulated by three authorities in Denmark: the Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, and the Ministry of Employment, and their agencies the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, and the Danish Working Environment Authority. The activities in the Danish Environmental Protection Agency concentrate on preventing and combating water, soil, and air pollution. Furthermore, the overall responsibility for the regulation of chemical substances and products lies within the agency. Knowledge on chemical substances is used to lay down quality criteria as a basis for the setting of limit values for the maximum permissible concentration of chemical substances in the environment and in emissions (quality criterion: the highest nonharmful dose for humans or for the environment). Likewise, the evaluation of chemical substances is the basis for the classification of chemical products. The activities in the Danish Working Environment Authority concentrate on health and safety in the working environment, including substances and materials. The Danish Working Environment Authority also sets administrative standards for air pollution at the workplace in the form of limit values for a number of substances and materials that have been documented to be injurious to health. The Product Register was established at the Danish Working Environment Authority in 1979 as a joint register for the Working Environment Authority and the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. The register holds information on approximately 38,000 notified products and provides a useful means of obtaining an overall picture of the distribution of chemical products. All of the information is stored in a database and is used to assess the risks presented to the environment and to the working environment by chemical substances and products. The activities in the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration concentrate on securing “safety, health and quality in foods from farm to table.” The agency is responsible for the setting of national limit values for the use of food additives and for the maximum

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permissible concentrations of residues of pesticides and certain chemical pollutants in foods. The monitoring program for foods was established in 1983 and results are reported for periods of 5 or 6 years. It monitors chemical contaminants, pesticides, food additives, and microbial contaminants. The objectives of the monitoring program is “to monitor, by means of analyses, the contents of desirable and undesirable substances/microorganisms in foods, to investigate the dietary habits of the Danish population, and to carry out intake estimates by combining contents in foods and data on diet.” Subsequently, a nutritional and/or toxicological assessment can be made. The Danish Medicines Agency under the Ministry of Health and Prevention concentrates on securing that medicinal products are of satisfactory quality, are safe to use, and have the desired effect.

Legislation Most of the Danish legislation concerning chemicals is based on regulation set by the European Union and then adopted in the Danish legislation. In Denmark regulation of environmental chemicals is based on the Environmental Protection Act and the Chemical Substances and Products Act and supplemented by the Working Environment Act and by the Food Act. The Environmental Protection Act covers releases into the air, water, soil, and subsoil of chemical substances that can be dangerous to the health or to the environment. The Act is based on two main principles: polluting chemicals should not be released in the landscape and “the polluter pays the bill.” The Chemical Substances and Products Act regulates all chemical substances and products manufactured, imported, or sold in Denmark, including regulations on the distribution, consumption, and disposal of chemical substances. The purpose of the Act is to prevent damage to the health and to the environment and to promote the use of cleaner technologies. It is based on the principle that assessments of chemical substances should be life-cycle assessments. The Chemical Substances and Products Act is currently supplemented by orders, for example, Statutory Order No 1065 of November 30, 2000 on classification, packaging, labeling, sale, and marketing of chemical substances and products. The Danish Environmental Protection Agency publishes a series of factsheets presenting the orders applying to chemical substances and products in Denmark, addressing consumers, retail traders, wholesalers, importers, and manufacturers. The Danish Working Environment Act lays down the general objectives and requirements in relation to the

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working environment, including substances and materials, and is currently supplemented by executive orders. WEA Guidelines are based on acts and executive orders and explain how these are to be interpreted. An example is WEA Guideline C.0.13, May 2004, dealing with the notification of substances and materials for industrial use, that is “produced or imported substances or materials to be used in work or work processes of an industrial character, or is for resale in Denmark, export, or use in the producer’s or importer’s own business.” The Food Act lays down the general objectives and requirements in relation to foods, including regulation of food additives and of chemical contaminants in foods, and currently is supplemented by statutory orders, for example, Statutory Order No 22 of January 11, 2005 on Food Additives (in Danish). Positivlisten (the Positive List) describes the additives which are accepted for use in different foods and in which amounts they can be used. The Danish Medicines Act lays down general objectives and requirements in relation to medicinal products, including authorization and control of medicinal products, reporting of adverse drug reactions, and medicinal product trials on humans. The law is currently supplemented by executive orders, for example, Executive Order No 1211 of December 7, 2005 on the quality of medicinal products (in Danish). The Danish Medicines Agency publishes guidelines as well, for example, on authorization of medicinal products. The background narrative is based on relevant Danish texts and websites and updated from the previous version by Hilde Balling, The Danish Board of Health.

Resources Books The list of books provided by some of the institutions described in the section “Organizations.” The list covers the period 1998 2018. Only a few books in Danish are included, mostly textbooks. Bonde J.P., Rasmussen K., Sigsgaard T. (eds.) (2015) Miljø- og arbejdsmedicin (environmental and occupational medicine) ISBN: 978-87-7749-715-5 Grandjean P. (2013) Only one chance—how environmental pollution impairs brain development and how to protect the brains of the next generations. Oxford University Press ISBN: 978-0-19-998538-8

Midtga˚rd U., Simonsen L., Knudsen L.E. (eds.) (1999) Toksikologi i arbejdsmiljøet, Bind 1 2 (Toxicology in the Working Environment, volumes 1 2) Arbejdsmiljøinstituttet, København; National Institute of Occupational Research, Denmark ISBN: 87-7904-030-6 Poulsen P.B., Jensen A.A. (eds.) (2004) Working Environment in Life-Cycle Assessment Pensacola: SETAC Press Simonsen J. (1999) Retsmedicin og medicinallovgivning (Forensic Medicine and Medical Legislation (textbook)) København: FADLs Forlag (Copenhagen: FADL) ISBN: 87-7749-272-2 Thomsen J.L. (ed.) (2004) Retsmedicin: nordisk lærebog (Forensic Medicine: Nordic Textbook) København: Fadls Forlag (Copenhagen: FADL) ISBN: 87-7749-323-0

Journals In Denmark there are no special journals in the field of toxicology. One of the reasons for not having journals strictly in Danish is the fact that the Scandinavian countries collaborate in publishing journals, for example Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology; Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health; Scandinavian Journal of Forensic Sciences; and Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science. Several technical reports published in English are accessible online on the websites of the institutions listed below: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Web: www.mst.dk/Udgivelser/Rapporter/ The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration Web: www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/Publikationer/ EnglishPublications/forside.htm

Databases Relevant Danish databases are mentioned in the section below. The section on organizations is based on information at the relevant websites and on contributions from the organizations. The number of toxicological academic man-years adds up to 240. (Q) SAR (Quantitative Structure Analysis Relationship) prediction database

Resources

Danish Environmental Protection Agency and National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark Web: http://qsar.food.dtu.dk/

Organizations (government) Chemical Division Ministry of Defence www.brs.dk/eng/operations/chemical/Pages/ chemical.aspx Danish Emergency Management Agency (DEMA) provides expert advice and assistance to authorities in incidents involving hazardous or unknown substances. Among DEMA’s tasks are: • Sampling and chemical analyses of hazardous and unknown chemical substances • Consulting service in all aspects of the chemical properties of dangerous chemical substances and products, including explosives and chemical warfare agents • Assistance at damage sites and crime scenes, including mobile detection systems for chemical substances The Chemical Division has more than 45 years of experience in analyzing and handling chemical warfare agents and is the national reference laboratory within this field. The Chemical Division has a comprehensive stock of instruments at its disposal to identify chemical warfare agents. The Chemical Division performs chemical analyses of unknown chemical substances. As the only lab facility in Denmark of this sort, the Chemical Division carries out qualitative analyses where all components of a sample are identified. HazMat acts in many types of incidents with hazardous substances, to create an overview of the dissemination or the identity of dangerous substances and products. HazMat preparedness can: • Work in environments with hazardous chemical substances • Trace for chemical substances • Identify chemical substances • Take samples in areas with direct contact with hazardous chemical substances • Ensure traces and information from contaminated crime scenes • Conduct initial radiological measurement in cooperation with the National Board of Health (SIS) Danish Working Environment Authority Ministry of Employment Web: engelsk.arbejdstilsynet.dk/en

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From 1978 up until today the focus in occupational toxicology at the Danish Working Environment Authority has been and still is on chemicals. Carcinogens, neurotoxic substances and products, reprotoxic chemicals, and skin and airway irritants, as well as allergens, are the chemicals of primary concern. Rules, guidances, and sector information are the primary tasks in relation to occupational toxicology and are carried out in collaboration with toxicologists at the National Research Centre for the Working Environment, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, and sister organizations in the Nordic countries and in the European Union. The Danish Working Environment Authority runs the Product Registry. In the Product Registry information is saved on chemical products that are manufactured in/or imported to Denmark. If you manufacture or import a product that falls under the obligation to report, these products must be notified to the registry: engelsk.arbejdstilsynet.dk/en/produktregistret. The National Research Centre for the Working Environment Ministry of Employment Web: www.nfa.dk The National Research Centre for the Working Environment performs research, communicates, and educates to contribute to the development of the working environment at Danish workplaces. The research center’s core research areas are psychosocial work environment; muscular and skeletal problems; nano safety; accidents, prevention and safety culture; work monitoring; the working environment’s interaction with labor relations, including in terms of retention on the labor market, absence, exhaustion, and workability. In the research area of toxicology work aims to identify and map the most important instances of chemical and biological exposures in the working environment in Denmark as well as to investigate how they affect the health of employees and how they can be prevented. Risk assessment tools and prevention initiatives that are adapted to the workplace will be developed, as well as established documentation base for regulatory regulation of chemical substances. Danish Environmental Protection Agency Ministry of Environment Web: https://eng.mst.dk/ Danish EPA Chemicals Division is responsible for tasks relating to hazard and risk assessment of new and existing chemical substances; national and international regulation of risk chemicals; quality criteria for chemicals in soil, water, and air; chemicals in consumer products, including cosmetics and toys; negotiations on the EU Chemicals Strategy; and strategies and action plans in the field of chemicals. Denmark is

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actively contributing to the EU work on endocrine disruptors, including development of criteria and tools for identification of endocrine disruptors. In Denmark the Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for monitoring compliance with the chemicals regulations. A specific unit in the Environmental Protection Agency—the Chemical Inspection Service—carries out practical monitoring and supervision to ensure that importers, producers, and distributors of chemical substances comply with the regulations. Danish Veterinary and Food Administration Ministry of Food Web: www.foedevarestyrelsen.dk/english/Pages/ default.aspx The Food Safety Department handles food inspections of raw materials as well as finished products. Inspections at food establishments include checks of internal control schemes, hygiene, and labeling. Moreover, the section handles legislation and policy formulation in relation to food and feed safety, chemistry and food quality, diet and nutrition. The department also handles the coordination of inspections and communication and quality concerning the areas of international coordination and legal services. The agency hosts the Danish 3R center (www.3Rcenter.dk) The Danish Medicines Agency Ministry of Health Web: www.laegemiddelstyrelsen.dk/en/ The Danish Medicines Agency authorizes and inspects pharmaceutical companies and licenses medicinal products in the Danish market; monitors adverse reactions from medicinal products and authorizes clinical trials; decides which medicines are eligible for reimbursement; monitors medical devices available in Denmark and supervises adverse incidents involving medical devices; appoints proprietary pharmacists, organizes the pharmacy structure, and supervises pharmacies and retailers. The National Institute of Radiation Protection Ministry of Health Danish Health Authority Web: www.sst.dk/en/radiation-protection The Danish Health Authority takes care of administrative tasks related to radiation protection in areas where ionizing radiation is used, particularly relating to the medicinal use in industry, research, and the environment. Radiation Protection is in charge of all regulatory functions related to radiation protection wherever ionizing radiation is present, used, or produced. Radiation Protection oversees and improves radiation protection based on justification for use, optimization, and dose limitation of ionizing radiation.

The unit administers the Law on Ionizing Radiation and Radiation, and the Act on Nuclear Installations in addition to regulatory tasks related to nonionizing radiation under Section 213 of the Danish Health Act.

Organizations (nongovernment) Centre for Product Safety and Environmental Risk DHI Water Environment Health Web: www.dhigroup.com/areas-of-expertise/productsafety-and-environmental-risk The Centre for Product Safety and Environmental risk possesses broad international expertise in the fields of toxicology and ecotoxicology and offers a strong interdisciplinary knowledge base for chemical substances and their effects on humans, animals, and the environment. Furthermore, the Centre has in-depth knowledge of the European Union’s new chemicals legislation REACH and offers courses and education in toxicology and chemicals management. FORCE Technology Web: www.forcetechnology.com Force Technology is an independent technological institute working with measurements and testing, development, documentation, and assessments in many areas, including toxicological and ecotoxicological risk assessments of chemicals, materials, and products, often in connection with air pollution, indoor air quality, consumer products evaluation, and life-cycle assessment studies. CITOXLab Web: www.citoxlab.com With more than 40 years of experience, Citoxlab provides toxicology and safety pharmacology services to the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, chemical, agrochemical, cosmetics, food, and medical devices industries.

Universities Aalborg University The Department of Chemistry and Bioscience Web: www.en.bio.aau.dk/research/biologyenvironmental-science/research-groups/ environmental-microbiology-and-toxicology/ The Department of Chemistry and Bioscience was established in 1974 and belongs to the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Aalborg University. The Section of Biology and Environmental Science conducts research and teaching in biology and environmental science in close cooperation with internal and

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external collaborators. Central research topics include environmental and public health, protection of resources and biological diversity, and effects of anthropogenic factors on biological systems.

and susceptibility, respiratory toxicology, and endocrine disruption. As a part of the MSc program in human biology the Department runs a course in human toxicology.

Danish Building Research Institute Web: www.sbi.aau.dk/

National Environmental Research Institutes Department of Bioscience Section of Soil Fauna Ecology and Ecotoxicology Web: http://bios.au.dk/en/about-bioscience/ organisation/soil-fauna-ecology-and-ecotoxicology/

Department of Energy Performance, Indoor Environment and Sustainability of Buildings (EIS) works with measurements of indoor exposures, including concentrations of particles in different size fractions and odor assessments. Full risk assessments are normally done in collaboration with external experts. The internal expertise includes hazard identification, exposure assessment, and contributions to risk management. Aarhus University The Department of Environmental Science Web: envs.au.dk/en/about-the-department/sections/ environmental-chemistry-and-toxicology/ The Department of Environmental Science, Section on Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology focus on environmental chemistry and toxicity in respect to organic contaminants—where feasible in a risk assessment context. The main vision is to obtain a better understanding of the fate of organic contaminants in the environment, as well as risk management and remediation to control the contaminants in technical systems (water purification, soil remediation). The research is based on experimental work in terms of measurements and specific process studies, and is accompanied by modeling of toxicity, as well as the optimization of technical and biological processes in order to reduce exposure to the environment. All of these aspects also include human exposure to chemicals and associated risks. The Department of Public Health Web: ph.au.dk/en/about-the-department/sections/ section-for-environment-occupation-and-health/ The Department of Public Health, Section for Environment, Occupation and Health focuses on discovering how environmental factors in food, drinking water, and in and out of the air, as well as in the workplace affect public health. Methods for measuring and assessing exposure in the environment as well as in humans are developed and applied. Research in molecular epidemiology and toxicological risk assessment forms the background for relevant policy decisions and contributes to a healthier environment. The research most relevant for toxicology is molecular epidemiological studies using biomarkers of effect

The Section of Soil Fauna and Ecotoxicology carries out basic, applied, and commercial contract research into soil fauna ecology, ecophysiology, and ecotoxicology and provides consultancy for national and international authorities within its areas of expertise. The main objective of the research activities is to describe and understand how different kinds of pollutants, climatic conditions, and various methods of farming affect soil living animals and the ecosystems that they are a part of. Department of Biological Sciences Section of Ecotoxicology Web: http://bios.au.dk/en/about-bioscience/ organisation/zoophysiology/research-profile/ ecotoxicology/ The research in ecotoxicology focuses on effects of environmental contaminants on animal behavior with emphasis on mechanistic links to other levels of biological organization, for example, effects of endocrine disrupters on the sexual behavior and reproduction in fish and mechanistic relationships between metabolism, respiration, and behavior in arthropods. Study courses in basic ecotoxicology and experimental ecotoxicology are run by the group. Department of Environmental Chemistry and Microbiology Web: https://envs.au.dk/en/ The research activities of the Department of Environmental Chemistry and Microbiology concentrate on abating chemical and microbiological problems that arise from human impacts on the environment. The Department specializes in the characterization of the natural chemical, biochemical, and ecological processes that affect and moderate these chemicals and microorganisms and in the implementation of monitoring programs. Current high-resolution analytical methods are combined in order to understand ecological processes that affect the distribution and fate of chemicals and their potential exposure to natural biota, and new analytical methods for assessing the distribution and fate of organic pollutants in the environment are developed.

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Institute of Forensic Medicine Department of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis Web: http://forensic.au.dk/en/ The Department of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis carries out research into the field of forensic toxicology. The main themes are epidemiologic studies and method development, that is, development of highly sensitive analytical procedures for detection of primarily drugs and narcotics in saliva, hair, urine, and blood. Research is also carried out in order to evaluate and understand (lethal) intoxications. Furthermore, the national focal points for the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (www.emcdda.europa.eu/) are provided with information on the prevalence of new psychotropic substances on the Danish illicit drug market and on the monitoring of the purity of the “well-known” narcotics. The Department takes part in courses for medical students and for chemistry students. Department of Pharmacology Web: http://biomed.au.dk/en/research/researchareas/pharmacology/ The Department of Pharmacology comprises divisions for basic pharmacology and toxicology and for clinical pharmacology. The emphasis of the basic research is on cardiovascular and endocrine pharmacology with a special emphasis on diabetes research. University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medicinal Sciences Department of Forensic Toxicology Web: https://retsmedicin.ku.dk/english/ The Department of Forensic Toxicology performs postmortem toxicology investigations in order to clarify deaths related to intoxication. Additionally, toxicological investigations are performed on blood samples from subjects involved in criminal cases and traffic cases. The analytical methods are mainly based on mass spectrometry (GC-MS or LC-MS/MS). The Department is involved in the course in forensic medicine for medical students. Department of Public Health Web: https://publichealth.ku.dk/about-thedepartment/environment/ The research of the Section of Environmental Health involves an interplay between in vitro assays, experimental animal studies, and epidemiology/ mechanistic studies applying biomarkers in humans, in particular the development and application biomarkers, including gene expression patterns, within the area of oxidative damage to DNA and repair, cardiovascular function, as well as foreign compound

metabolism. Placental perfusion is used as a human system for fetal exposure as a core in this work. The Department runs studies courses for medical students and, as a part of the MSc program in public health, a course in toxicology related to environmental and occupational health. The Department hosts the Danish National hub of Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU). Department of Pharmacy Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group Web: pharmacy.ku.dk/research/ section_analytical_biosciences/toxicology_lab/ The research activities focus on toxicological effects of drugs and their metabolites, with particular focus on effects of drugs and metabolites on human endocrinology. In recent years, antibacterial agents, highvolume drugs, steroid hormones, hormone-mimicking substances, and degradation products hereof have been of particular interest as model compounds. Current research projects deal with the development of analytical methods, HPLC-MS/MS to determine biological effects of xenobiotics, in particular drugs, modeling of effects on humans and wildlife, risk and effect analysis of toxic substances, and the relationship between environment and health. Faculty of Life Sciences Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Laboratory of Toxicology Web: https://pharmacy.ku.dk/research/ section_analytical_biosciences/toxicology_lab/ The research activities of the Laboratory of Toxicology focus mainly on the metabolism of toxicants in animals and their mode of actions. A study course in basic pharmacology and toxicology is run by the laboratory. Research School of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Web: https://plen.ku.dk/english/research/ env_chem_phys/et/ A postgraduate school of environmental chemistry and toxicology—molecular studies of fate and effects of pollutants in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Roskilde University Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change Web: http://www.ruc.dk/enspac_en/ The research activities of the Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change are organized around a variety of thematic areas including population and ecosystem ecology. The Department runs studies courses in ecotoxicology and PhD courses with some ecotoxicological relevance in the national

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PhD school, Graduate School of Environmental Stress Studies (www.ruc.dk/gess), hosted by the department. Department of Science, Systems and Models Eucaryotic Cell Biology Group Web: http://roskilde-university.com/nsm/forskning/ forskningsgrupper/cellbiol/ The research activities of the Eucaryotic Cell Biology Group among other areas include DNA repair and genomic stability, intracellular messengers in cell signaling and toxicity, and toxicology and biokinetics of essential and toxic metals. University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense Institute of Forensic Medicine Department of Forensic Medicine Web: www.sdu.dk/en/om_sdu/institutter_centre/ ri_retsmedicinsk_institut The Department of Forensic Medicine performs postmortem toxicology investigations, including identification of drugs, poisons, and narcotics, and carries out research into forensic toxicology. Furthermore, the Department takes part in courses in forensic medicine for medical students. University of Southern Denmark, Odense Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health Web: https://www.sdu.dk/en/ist/environ The research activities include the following areas: adverse health effects of key environmental pollutants, especially in regard to developmental and reproductive outcomes; development and validation of biomarkers; environmental and reproductive epidemiology; methodology studies in environmental health risk assessment; and risk perception. The Department takes part in courses in toxicology at the Bachelor and Master programme for Medicine and Public Health. Moreover, a postgraduate PhD course in toxicology “Environmental Hazards—Risk Assessment and Communication” is held on a regular basis. Institute of Biology The Ecotoxicology Group Web: www.biologi.sdu.dk/gb/research_groups/ ecotox/gruppe.htm The Ecotoxicology Group carries out both basic and strategic research into aquatic toxicology and ecotoxicology. Principal areas of research are trace metals in the aquatic environment; metallothionein synthesis; effects of pesticides in stream invertebrates; and estrogen-mimicking compounds. A basic course in ecotoxicology and toxicology and graduate courses in toxicology, risk assessment of chemicals, ecotoxicology, and chemical analyses in environmental biology are run by the group.

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Technical University of Denmark DTU Food National Food Institute Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment Web: https://www.food.dtu.dk/english The research of the Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment contributes to a better understanding of mechanisms of actions of chemicals in food and food constituents and evaluation of possible health effects in humans. The main research areas include biomarkers and bioactive compounds, bionomics, diet and cancer, endocrine disrupters, food allergy, nanomaterials, and novel food. Furthermore, it contributes to a better understanding of mechanism of actions of chemicals in the environment, including products for industrial use and for housekeeping and personal use, and evaluation of possible health effects in humans after exposure to such chemicals. The main research areas include alternatives to animal studies, genotoxicology, reproductive toxicology, Quantitative Structure Analysis Relationship, and gene expression in plants. DTU Environment Department of Environmental Engineering Web: www.env.dtu.dk/english The Ecotoxicology and Environmental Chemistry group is concerned with the impact and fate of chemicals in the environment and the development of the tools required for environmental risk assessment of chemicals. A studies course in environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology is run by the group. National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy Radiation Research Department Web: www.cirro.dk/research/institutions/riso-dtu The Radiation Research Department works in the fields of radiation safety, radiation physics, dosimetry, radioecology, tracer studies, radiochemistry, isotopes, nuclear instruments, and industrial and medical applications of nuclear methods. The risk to man from environmental radioactivity is assessed by taking into account exposure pathways from terrestrial and marine ecosystems involving external and internal exposure.

Professional societies The Danish Society of Toxicology and Pharmacology Web: www.dstf.dk The Danish Society of Toxicology and Pharmacology (DSTF) works to promote pharmacology and toxicology in Denmark, the Nordic countries and internationally. The society is divided into two sections: pharmacological and toxicological

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sections, both of which consist of one section leader from the board and subordinate sectional representatives, each of which has a strong background in industry and/or academia. DSTF organize members with employment within the two represented disciplines, arranging science meetings of high quality as well as providing representation in international organizations, including certifications for European Registered Toxicologist. The Danish Chemical Society Web: www.chemsoc.dk The Danish Chemical Society, whose history dates back to 1879, is a nonprofit-making organization, which has as its purpose to promote the advancement of chemistry in Denmark. Danish Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Web: www.dasam.dk Danish Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine is the scientific society for medical doctors and other health personnel interested in occupational and environmental medicine. Danish Society for Pharmacoepidemiology (DSFE) Web: www.dsfe.dk

Poison control centers The Danish Poison Control Centre The Capital Region: Bispebjerg Hospital Web: www.giftlinjen.dk/english.6 The Danish Poison Control Centre is a collaboration between three departments at Bispebjerg Hospital: Clinic of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, and Department of Anesthesiology. The special knowledge about poisoning is used to detect and identify hazardous products and situations, which may pose a particular risk of poisoning. The Centre has an active surveillance program and contacts distributors or regulatory authorities when situations call for it. Furthermore, the center undertakes research in clinical toxicology, provides education, assists in cases of poisoning emergencies, and provides guidance and advice to the authorities. The Poison Control Hotline is a telephone service offering immediate guidance for poisoning emergencies

to all Danes 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Furthermore, the Poison Control Hotline offers guidance for treatment of poisonings to doctors, nurses, and other health personnel. Two databases in Danish can be found at the website of the Poison Hot Line: • Kemikalielisten (Database on chemicals: risks, symptoms, and precautionary measures in poisoning with chemical products including household chemicals and other common chemical products). • Plantelisten (Database on plants: risks, symptoms, and precautionary measures in poisoning with specific plants).

Legislation Retsinformation (Legal Information) Web: www.retsinfo.dk Retsinformation (Legal Information), established in 1985, is the official online legal information system of the Danish State and contains all Danish rules and regulations. All documents are in Danish but translations of some of the central acts can in some cases be found on the website of the relevant ministry. No. 753 of 25 August, 2001 Consolidated Act from the Ministry of Environment and Energy on Environmental Protection No. 21 of 16 January, 1996 Consolidated Act from the Ministry of Environment and Energy on Chemical Substances and Products See the website of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency Web: https://eng.mst.dk No 1180 of 12 December, 2005 The Danish Medicines Act Web: www.dkma.dk/1024/visUKLSArtikel.asp? artikelID51463 The Danish Preparedness Act, January 1993 Web: www.brs.dk/uk/danish_preparedness_act.htm The Danish Working Environment Act, October 1999 Executive Orders WEA Guidelines Web: https://amid.dk/en

C H A P T E R

11 Ecuador Homero C. Harari1, Raul E. Harari1 and Ramiro I. Lopez2 1

Institute for Development of Production and Work Environment, Quito, Ecuador 2Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador and Biomedicine Center, Central University, Quito, Ecuador

Introduction Toxicology has been a subject of little research in Ecuador, in some cases because of economic constraints and limited trained personnel but also because of limited interest and application. In spite of that, during the last 15 years toxicology in Ecuador has developed due to the critical need to understand increasing occupational and environmental problems. In 1941 the first step was taken by the Ecuadorian government with the creation of the National Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine “Leopoldo Izquieta Perez,” as a scientific center ascribed to the Ministry of Public Health, whose aim is the promotion of scientific research to: (1) prevent, diagnose, and control infectious, endemic, and epidemic diseases; (2) develop technologies for the production of safer preventive products used in human and animal health; (3) for the registry and sanitary control of drugs, biological products, food, hygienic products, cosmetics, pesticides, and other products of general consumption; and (4) for training personnel. During these early years, only isolated scientists, like Dr. Rodrigo Fierro and Dr. Plutarco Naranjo, worked in this field and they were pioneers, looking for information and articulating questions of national interest concerning health issues such as goiters and allergies. As industrial development matured in the 1970s toxicants became a concern, but it took two decades to develop initial activities in this field. At the beginning of the 1980s various official institutions tried to organize and oversee some basic labs. For example, the National Petroleum Industry (PETROECUADOR) built

an important lab to deal with hydrocarbons and substances related to the oil industry and their impacts. Unfortunately, a fire destroyed this first lab and it took many years to construct a new one. Now, all three oil refineries in Ecuador have their own labs. They are trying to improve their techniques and to train their personnel in the environmental aspects of the industry. The need for trained personnel led the government to give support to many professionals to travel to developed countries to advance their education, but also within Ecuador some universities organized seminars and courses to improve the situation. In parallel, some universities created basic labs set up for new research. The technology was not optimal, but scientifically credible results were obtainable. In Ecuador, poisoning incidents, according to statistics, increase by 20% in incidence a year (INHLIP-CIATOX 2005) and are responsible for some 1000 deaths a year (INHLIP-CIATOX 2005). Among the causes of poisoning are violence, familiar disintegration, and depression, but all of them are linked to voluntary poisoning. Other causes are unsafe conditions in the handling and use of chemicals at home, at work, and in the general environment. Acute intoxications due to pesticides increased from 3.54/100,000 inhabitants in 1990 to 14.52/100,000 inhabitants in 2003 (Ministry of Public Health, National Department of Epidemiology 2003), and in 2004 156 intoxications were reported in classifications X40 X49 of the CIE (International Classification of Diseases 10WHO). This signifies a rate of 0.1/10,000 inhabitants (Ministry of Public Health, Basic Health Indicators, Ecuador 2005). This information should be weighed

 This is a reprint of the 4th edition chapter. A variety of reasons have precluded the editors from acquiring a 5th edition revision from its authors or others who may have been qualified to update the material. While the preponderance of the information presented is likely still valid, some may no longer be correct. URLs and email addresses, in particular, are often subject to change. Overall, though, the editors felt there was a significant benefit to making the chapter available.

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00011-5

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carefully, though, because although the tracking system is improving the capacity to collect information, misclassification and lack of information from remote areas where the incidence may be greater are a distinct possibility. Information from the Social Insurance Ecuadorian Institute, Ministry of Labor, and Ministry of Environment is scarce. The private sector had minimal interest in toxicological questions and issues and only within the past few years have private labs started providing services to identify pesticides or heavy metals in urine. The Ministry of Agriculture has its own lab for identifying pesticides in soil and water, and there is a lab of the CEEA (Ecuadorian Commission of Nuclear Energy) that could also help in the identification of some toxic substances from agriculture or industry. But this information is not published. There is clearly a need to include toxicology as a subject in more graduate programs as well as to cover the increased demand of poisoned patients who are unable to get treatment unless they have access to hospitals in major cities. Today we have as many as 200 professionals and technicians that can deal with toxicological emergencies at a basic level. Technology, in spite of several modern labs, is not quite state-ofthe-art. One of the main problems is the lack of integration of information, training, and application of the knowledge and of encompassing multidisciplinary approaches in the studies. This has an even greater effect in tracking poisoned patients, since many go to private hospitals, and intoxications are not officially reported. Recently the creation of Toxicological Information Centers, such as the Toxicological Advisement and Information Center (CIATOX), formerly a unit of the National Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine “Leopoldo Izquieta Perez,” has become one of the options to support and improve the treatment of poisoned patients, as well as to reduce the risks associated with chemical substances and for data collection. Such centers, though, must be complemented with other activities and resources, as part of a systematic development of toxicology. This chapter presents the primary resources and tools now available to help develop toxicology for the benefit of communities and the environment in Ecuador. The critical objective continues to be seeking the development of methods, techniques, studies, and research seeking biological indicators to correlate with environmental measurements within a scientific design. The concept of exposure and its association with effects is lacking in the studies that some researchers are conducting in Ecuador. Thus we can say that the evolution of toxicology in Ecuador shows that there are many problems to be studied and solved. There is clearly an interest and

many actors who could potentially participate. At the same time we need to organize a national system including stakeholders from governmental, private, and nongovernmental organizations, together with universities and scientific institutions, to assess the situation in Ecuador as a whole and to develop a new framework for the future.

Resources Books Buitro´n B. (2006) Guia para el Diagnostico, Atencion y Tratamiento por intoxicacion en plaguicidas en atencion primaria en salud (Guide for Diagnosis, Attention and Treatment for Pesticide Intoxications in Primary Health Attention) Ministry of Public Health: Quito, Ecuador Buitro´n B., Ara´uz V. (2006) Conociendo el mundo de los plaguicidas para ciudar nuestra salud (Knowing the World of Pesticides for Caring for our Health) Ministry of Public Health: Quito, Ecuador Cantos G., Lo´pez R. (1998) Plomo: Genotoxicidad y Salud Humana (Lead: Genotoxicity and Human Health). Ed. FUNDACYT: Quito, Ecuador. Comba P., Harari R. (2004) El Ambiente y la Salud: Epidemiologia Ambiental (Environment and Health: Environmental Epidemiology) Italian Institute of Health-IFA-Abya-Yala: Quito, Ecuador Corral F., Cueva P., Ye´pez J. (2004) Cancer Epidemiology in Quito and others Ecuadorian Regions National Cancer Registry, SOLCA Quito, SOLCAMSP-INEC: Quito, Ecuador FENACLE-IFA (2005) Manual de Seguridad, Salud y Ambiente en la Produccion Bananera (Safety, Health and Environment in Banana Production. Manual) Guayaquil, Ecuador Harari R. (2000) Estrategia Industrial y Medio Ambiente Laboral en Ecuador: 1975 2000 (Industrial Strategy and Work Environment in Ecuador: 1975 2000) IFA: Quito, Ecuador Harari R. (2003) Trabajo Infantil y Salud (Child Labor and Health) National Institute of Health and Family of Ecuador, IFA: Quito, Ecuador

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Harari R. (2004) Seguridad, Salud y Ambiente en la Floricultura (Safety, Health and Environment in Floriculture) IFA-PROMSA: Quito, Ecuador

Ecuadorian Journal of Public Health (Spanish) Public Health Postgrade Institute, Medical Sciences Faculty of the Central University of Ecuador ISNN 1390-3322

Harari R. et al. (2002) Mejoramiento Ambiental y Sanitario en la Floricultura (Sanitary and Environmental Improvement in Floriculture) IFA-PROMSA: Quito, Ecuador

Journal Metro Ciencia (Journal of Metropolitan Hospital) Quito, Ecuador (Spanish) Web: http://www.opsecu.org/bevestre/nuevos% 20artı´culos/metrociencia.htm

IFA-INSTRUCT (2000) La Relacion entre Comunidad y Floricola: Ambiente y Salud (Relation between Community and Floriculture Company: Environment and Health) Canadian International Development Agency: Quito, Ecuador Landrigan P., Soffritti M., Harari R., Comba P., Harari H. (2006) Salud Ocupacional y Ambiental: Realidades Diversas (Occupational and Environmental Health: Diverse Realities Proceedings of the International Conference “Occupational and Environmental Health: Emergencies in Developing Countries”) National Health Council of Ecuador, National Institute of Health of Italy, IFA: Quito, Ecuador Paz-y-Min˜o C., Creus A., Cabre´ O., Leone P.E. (2004) Genetica, Toxicologia y Carcinogenesis (Genetics, Toxicology and Carcinogenesis) FUNDACYT-Pontificia Universidad Cato´lica del Ecuador: Quito, Ecuador Sevilla R., Pe´rez de Sevilla P. (1985) Plaguicidas en Ecuador: Mas alla de una simple advertencia (Pesticides in Ecuador, Beyond a Simple Warning) Fundacio´n Natura: Quito, Ecuador Trujillo F., Bazante M. (1996) Manual de Intoxicaciones por Plaguicidas (Manual of Pesticides Poisonings) AFEME: Quito, Ecuador

Journals Bulletin Epidemiology and Action Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador (Spanish) National Department of Epidemiology of the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador Ecuadorian Journal of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (Spanish) Istitute of Higiene and Tropical Medicine “Dr. Leopoldo Inquieta Pe´rez” ISNN 004-7775 Web: http://www.inh.gov.ec/?pageIndex528

Journal of Medical Sciences Faculty Central University of Ecuador (Spanish) Web: http://es.geocities.com/revfcmquito/index.html Web: http://es.geocities.com/revfcmquito/ ContenidoV31N3y4.html Scientific Journal of Guayas Physicians Association Guayaquil, Ecuador (Spanish) Web: http://www.medicosecuador.com/revistacmg

Technical reports and other documents Almeida, A., Maldonado, A., Martinez, E., 2006. Accion Ecologica Comunitary Environmental Monitoring Manual. Cantos, G., Lo´pez, R., Leobato, L., Romero, M., Torres, C., 1998. Analysis of the chromosomal damage in linfocites of workers of the ceramics exposed to Lead. La Victoria Cotopaxi Ecuador, 1997. Mendeliana 13 (1), 36 48. Colosio, C., Harari, R., Birindelli, S., et al., 2003. Occupational exposure to fungicides in floriculture in Ecuador. G. Ital. Med. Lav. Ergon. 25 (Suppl3), 107 108 (in Italian). Counter, S.A., Buchanan, L.H., Laurell, G., Ortega, F., 1998. Blood mercury and auditory neuro-sensory responses in children and adults in the Nambija gold mining area of Ecuador. Neurotoxicology 19 (2), 185 196. Counter, S.A., Buchanan, L.H., Laurell, G., Ortega, F., 1998. Field screening of blood lead levels in remote Andean villages. Neurotoxicology 19 (6), 871 877. Counter, S.A., Buchanan, L.H., Ortega, F., 2001. Gender differences in blood lead and hemoglobin levels in Andean adults with chronic lead exposure. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 7 (2), 113 118. Counter, S.A., Buchanan, L.H., Ortega, F., 2004. Current pediatric and maternal lead levels in blood and breast milk in Andean inhabitants of a lead-glazing enclave. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 46 (9), 967 973. Counter, S.A., Buchanan, L.H., Ortega, F., 2005. Mercury levels in urine and hair of children in an Andean gold-mining settlement. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 11 (2), 132 137. Counter, S.A., Buchanan, L.H., Ortega, F., 2005. Neurocognitive impairment in lead-exposed children of Andean lead-glazing workers. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 47 (3), 306 312. Counter, S.A., Buchanan, L.H., Ortega, F., 2006. Neurocognitive screening of mercury-exposed children of Andean gold miners. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 12 (3), 209 214. Counter, S.A., Buchanan, L.H., Ortega, F., Amarasiriwardena, C., Hu, H., 2000. Environmental lead contamination and pediatric lead intoxication in an Andean Ecuadorian village. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 6 (3), 169 176. Counter, S.A., Buchanan, L.H., Ortega, F., Laurell, G., 2002. Elevated blood mercury and neuro-otological observations in children of the Ecuadorian gold mines. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 65 (2), 149 163.

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Counter, S.A., Buchanan, L.H., Ortega, F., Rifai, N., 2000. Blood lead and hemoglobin levels in Andean children with chronic lead intoxication. Neurotoxicology 21 (3), 301 308. Counter, S.A., Buchanan, L.H., Rosas, H.D., Ortega, F., 1998. Neurocognitive effects of chronic lead intoxication in Andean children. J. Neurol. Sci. 160 (1), 47 53. Counter, S.A., Ortega, F., Shannon, M.W., Buchanan, L.H., 2003. Succimer (meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)) treatment of Andean children with environmental lead exposure. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 9 (2), 164 168. Counter, S.A., Vahter, M., Laurell, G., Buchanan, L.H., Ortega, F., Skerfving, S., 1997. High lead exposure and auditory sensoryneural function in Andean children. Environ. Health Perspect. 105 (5), 522 526. Cullen, M.R., Harari, R., 1995. Occupational health research in developing countries: the experience in Ecuador. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 1 (1), 39 46. Custodio, H.M., Harari, R., Gerhardsson, L., Skerfving, S., Broberg, K., 2005. Genetic influences on the retention of inorganic mercury. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health 60 (1), 17 23. Fundacio´n Natura, 1991. The FAO Code the Forgotten Ingredients: The Truth about Pesticides (in Spanish). Grandjean, P., Harari, R., Barr, D., Debes, F., 2006. Pesticide exposure and stunting as independent predictors of neurobehavioral deficits in Ecuadorian school children. Pediatrics 117, 546 556. Harari, R., Cullen, M.R., 1995. Childhood lead intoxication associated with manufacture of roof tiles and ceramics in the Ecuadorian Andes. Arch. Environ. Health 50 (5), 393. Harari, R., Forastiere, F., Axelson, O., 1997. Unacceptable ‘occupational’ exposure to toxic agents among children in Ecuador. Am. J. Ind. Med. 32 (3), 185 189. Harari, R., Forastiere, F., Axelson, O., 1999. Health conditions of Ecuadorian working children. Eur. J. Oncol. 4 (6), 627 629. Harari, R., Freire Morales, R., Harari, H., 2004. Major concerns in developing countries: applications of the Precautionary Principle in Ecuador. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 17 (1), 187 191 (Review). Harari, R., Harari, H., 2006. Children’s environment and health in Latin America: the Ecuadorian case. Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. 1076, 660 677. Harari, R., Herrera, D., Parker, J.E., 1999. Silicosis among gold miners in Ecuador: a present problem. Eur. J. Oncol. 4 (5), 553 555. Hurtig, A.K., San Sebastian, M., 2002. Geographical differences in cancer incidence in the Amazon basin of Ecuador in relation to residence near oil fields. Int. J. Epidemiol. 31 (5), 1021 1027. Hurtig, A.K., San Sebastian, M., 2004. Incidence of childhood leukemia and oil exploitation in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 10 (3), 245 250. Hurtig, A.K., San Sebastian, M., 2005. Epidemiology vs epidemiology: the case of oil exploitation in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Int. J. Epidemiol. 34 (5), 1170 1172. Hurtig, A.K., San Sebastian, M., Soto, A., Shingre, A., Zambrano, D., Guerrero, W., 2003. Pesticide use among farmers in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Arch. Environ. Health 58 (4), 223 228. Malesani, J., 2001. Flowerculture applies strategies for improving production and environmental controls. J. Desafio Fundacyt. 2 (3), 38 41 (in Spanish). Meneses, C., 2000. Five years—intoxications in Eugenio Espejo Hospital. 2000. Editorial Council Eugenio Espejo Hospital. Ecuador. Pe´rez-Sevilla, P., 1987. Pesticides and pollution. J. Colibri. 2, 32 35 (in Spanish). San Sebastian, M., Armstrong, B., Cordoba, J.A., Stephens, C., 2001. Exposures and cancer incidence near oil fields in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Occup. Environ. Med. 58 (8), 517 522. San Sebastian, M., Armstrong, B., Stephens, C., 2001. Health of women living near oil wells and oil production stations in the Amazon region of Ecuador. Rev. Panam. Salud. Publica. 9 (6), 375 384 (in Spanish).

San Sebastian, M., Armstrong, B., Stephens, C., 2002. Outcomes of pregnancy among women living in the proximity of oil fields in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 8 (4), 312 319. San Sebastian, M., Hurtig, A.K., 2004. Cancer among indigenous people in the Amazon Basin of Ecuador, 1985 2000. Rev. Panam. Salud. Publica. 16 (5), 328 333. San Sebastian, M., Hurtig, A.K., 2004. Oil exploitation in the Amazon basin of Ecuador: a public health emergency. Rev. Panam. Salud. Publica. 15 (3), 205 211. Situation of Intoxications in Ecuador, 2005. Situacio´n de Intoxicaciones en el Ecuador. INEC-MSP-INH. 2004 2005. Vahter, M., Counter, S.A., Laurell, G., Buchanan, L.H., Ortega, F., Schutz, A., et al., 1997. Extensive lead exposure in children living in an area with production of lead-glazed tiles in the Ecuadorian Andes. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 70 (4), 282 286. Valencia, C., 1998. Accidentes, Traumatismos e Intoxicaciones. AFEME.

Databases CENTOX Toxicological Center. Not available online, in Spanish. This database is available through a call center 1800CENTOX or in the Clinica Pichincha in Quito, Ecuador. CIATOX Toxicological Advisement and Information Center. Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine “Dr. Leopoldo Inquieta Pe´rez.” Not available online, in Spanish. This database is available through a call center (5932 2905162) or in the CIATOX. The information is available for physicians and for all Ministry of Public Health Hospitals and others. Poison Control Center Centro de Control de Venenos. Hospital Luis Vernaza. Not available online, in Spanish. This database in available in the Hospital Luis Vernaza and only by physicians. Toxicological Information Center of the Metropolitan Hospital in Quito Only available by physicians at the same hospital.

Organizations (government) Ministry of Agriculture and Cattle Web: http://www.mag.gov.ec/ (Spanish only) Ministry Institutes include Ecuadorian Service of Animal and Farming Husbandry (http://www.sesa. mag.gov.ec/; Spanish only) Ministry of Environment of Ecuador Web: http://www.ambiente.gov.ec/ (Spanish only) Projects and Secretaries include Nacional Secretary of Chemical Products; Development of Implementation

Organizations (nongovernment)

Plan for Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs); Integrated National Plan for Rational Management of Chemical Substances (UNITAR); Registry of Emissions and Pollutants Transferency. Ministry of Public Health Web: http://www.msp.gov.ec/ (Spanish only) Ministry Institutes include: Institute of Science and Technology; Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine “Dr. Leopoldo Inquieta Pe´rez” (http://www. inh.gov.ec/; Spanish only); Health Virtual Library of Ecuador (http://www.bvs.org.ec/; Spanish only). Ministry of Labour Web: http://www.mintrab.gov.ec/ MinisterioDeTrabajo/index.htm (Spanish only) Includes the Safety and Health Unit (http://www. mintrab.gov.ec/MinisterioDeTrabajo/Area% 20Trabajo/Wfseguridsalud.aspx; Spanish only) National Council of Health Web: http://www.conasa.gov.ec/ (Spanish only) National Secretary of Science and Technology Web: http://www.senacyt.gov.ec/presentacion.html (Spanish only) Environmental Direction of the Municipality of Quito Web: http://www.quito.gov.ec/DMMA/index.htm (Spanish only) National Institute of Social Security Web: http://www.iess.gov.ec/ (Spanish only) Includes Social Security Risks at Work Department (http://www.iess.org.ec/riesgos_del_trabajo1.htm; Spanish only) Ministry of Foreign Relations Environment Unit Web: http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/ (Spanish only) Phone: (593) 2256 3112 Quito, Ecuador National Museum of Medicine ‘Dr. Eduardo Estrella’ (Museo Nacional de Medicina “Dr. Eduardo Estrella”) Address: Direccio´n: Calle Garcı´a Moreno 524 y 24 de mayo. Phone: 593 2 2581768/2 2573792

Organizations (nongovernment) Accion Ecologica NGO dedicated to the defense of natural resources in Ecuador. Experience in oil, mining, pesticides, and water management policy. Web: http://www.accionecologica.org (Spanish only)

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CEAS Health research and advisory center. Web: http://www.ceas.med.ec/ (Spanish only) CEDENMA—Ecuadorian Committee for the Defense of Nature and Environment Group of nongovernmental organizations for the defense of nature, environment, and health. Web: http://www.cedenma.org/ (Spanish only) CEOSL—The Ecuadorian Confederacy of Trade Union Free Organizations Confederacy at national level, in which it groups organized workers in commerce, services, crafts, and culture; and, in general, workers with a degree of dependency. Web: http://www.uocra.org/itcilo/vero.htm (Spanish only) Cimas del Ecuador Work in the design of alternative models of local development, which considers environmental, social, and cultural differences. Web: http://www.cimas.edu.ec/ (Spanish and English) Comunidec Research systems on local development. Email: [email protected] ECOLEX Promotes and executes policy alternatives and legislation for sustainable development. Web: http://www.ecolex-ec.org/ (Spanish and English) FENACLE—National Federation of Peasants and Agricultural Workers of the Ecuador Organization with great experience in the defense of labor rights of workers in banana and flower plantations. Guayaquil, Ecuador Phone: 1593 4 2414077 Email: [email protected] FFLA—Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericano ONG with experience in socioenvironmental conflicts and environmental policy Web: http://www.ffla.net/ (Spanish only) Fundacion Ambiente y Sociedad Research and advice in environment and society. Phone: (593-2)-2904-815 Alemania 550 y Vancouver, piso 4 Quito, Ecuador Fundacio´n Ciencia Para el Estudio del Hombre y la Naturaleza Address: Pau´l Rivet 257 y Wimper Phone: 593 2 2524455/593 9 94830562 Email: [email protected]

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Fundacion Natura Develops activities of conservation of biodiversity, environmental policy, and management. Web: http://www.fnatura.org/ (Spanish only) FUNSAD Health, environment, and development foundation. Email: [email protected] IFA—Institute for Development of Production and Work Environment Experience in research in occupational and environmental health in air pollution, mining, oil, flowers, banana, and potato production jointly with community organizations and unions. Web: www.saludyambiente.org; [email protected] (English and Spanish) PLASA—Platform for Socioenvironmental Agreements Place of meeting between diverse governmental and nongovernmental organizations; interested in facilitating the construction of consensuses for the conservation and the sustainable and equitable handling of the natural resources. Web: http://www.plasa-ecuador.net/ (Spanish only)

Universities Andean University Simon Bolivar Health Web: http://www.uasb.edu.ec/acad/salud.html (Spanish only) Catholic University Web: http://www.puce.edu.ec/ (Spanish only) School of Medicine Web: http://www.puce.edu.ec/index.php? pagina5carrera27 (Spanish only) School of Nursing Web: http://www.puce.edu.ec/index.php? pagina5carrera14 (Spanish only) Public Health Master’s Degree Central University of Ecuador Web: http://www.uce.edu.ec/ (Spanish only) Quito, Ecuador School of Medicine Web: http://www.uce.edu.ec/carrerase.php?facesccar 562&facesc539&fac511&FN5Ciencias%20Me´dicas& EN5Medicina&CN5Medicina (Spanish only) School of Pharmacy School of Nursing Biomedical Center Web: http://www.uce.edu.ec/centrosdetalle.php? cencod5234&cennom5Centro%20de%20Excelencia% 20de%20Biomedicina&cenpad50 (Spanish only) Public Health Master’s Degree

International University Web: http://www.internacional.edu.ec/ (Spanish only) School of Medicine San Francisco University Web: http://www.usfq.edu.ec/ (Spanish only) School of Medicine Web: http://www.usfq.edu.ec/1COLEGIOS/Salud/ salud.htm#medicina (Spanish only) Microbiology Master’s Degree Web: http://www.usfq.edu.ec/POSTGRADOS/ MMicro/Maestria_Micro.html (Spanish only) Public Health Master’s Degree Web: http://www.usfq.edu.ec/POSTGRADOS/ Salud/Maestria_SP.html (Spanish only) Technical Equinoctial University Web: http://www.ute.edu.ec/ (Spanish only) School of Medicine School of Nursing

Professional societies Public Health Postgrade Institute (Instituto de Postgrado de Salud Pu´blica) College of Medicals Web: http://www.cmpichincha.med.ec/ (Spanish only)

Poison control centers Control Poison Center—Centro de Control de Venenos Hospital Luis Vernaza Julian Coronel 404 y Escobedo Dr. Eduardo Duran Duran—Head Phone: (593) 5 56 0300 Fax: (593) 5 31 1933 Guayaquil, Ecuador Ecuadorian Commission of Atomic Energy Laboratorio de Ecotoxicologı´a Sexto Piso—Edificio Matriz (Juan Larrea N15-36 y Riofrı´o, Quito, Ecuador) Phone: (593 2) 254-5773; (593 2) 254-5861 Ext. 26 Email: [email protected] Quito, Ecuador Ecuadorian Red Cross Web: http://www.cruzroja.org.ec/ (Spanish only) National Council of Control of Psicotropic Substances Web: http://www.consep.gov.ec/Consep.htm (Spanish only) Toxicological Information and Advisory Center (Centro de Informacio´n y Asesorı´a Toxicolo´gica—CIATOX)

Legislation

Attn. Dr. Marcelo Chiriboga, Head National Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine “Leopoldo Izquieta Pe´rez” North Zone. Dra. Consuelo Meneses, CIATOX Dra. Beatriz Vargas, Toxicology Lab Phone: (593 2) 290-5962 (593 2) 256-5858/250-2058 Ext. 221 Web: http://www.inh.gov.ec Email: [email protected] Quito, Ecuador Toxicology Center Hospital de Clı´nicas Pichincha. Centro Toxicolo´gico— CENTOX Dr. Iva´n Cabezas—Head Phone: (593 2) 2998799/1800-CENTOX Quito, Ecuador

Legislation Environmental Law Web: http://www.ambiente.gov.ec/paginas_espanol/ 3normativa/norma_ambiental.htm (Spanish only) Environmental Law for Hydrocarbons Operations Web: http://www.menergia.gov.ec/secciones/archivos/ dinapaReglamentoAmbientalHidrocarburiferas.pdf (Spanish only)

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Environmental Law for Mining Activities Web: http://www.menergia.gov.ec/secciones/ ambiental/uamMarcoLegal.html (Spanish only) Health Organic Law Registro Oficial Viernes 22 de Diciembre del 2006— Nro. 423 Occupational Legislation—Ministry of Labour Web: http://www.mintrab.gov.ec/ MinisterioDeTrabajo/Documentos/54.doc Social Security Risks at Work Legislation (Reglamento General Del Seguro de Riesgos del Trabajo) Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social (IESS) Divisio´n Nacional de Riesgos del Trabajo Edificios Riesgos del Trabajo del IESS Av. Naciones Unidas y Veracruz, sector 28 Quito Tel.: (1593 2) 462 663 Fax: (1593 2) 446 394 Web: www.iess.gov.ec

C H A P T E R

12 Finland Jaana Rysa¨1 and Matti Viluksela1,2 1

School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland 2Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland

Introduction Toxicology became an independent discipline in Finland in the late 1970s. The first full-time professorship in toxicology (precisely in toxicology and pharmacokinetics, changed later to toxicology) was founded at the University of Kuopio (Currently University of Eastern Finland), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology in 1976. The Finnish textbook, Pharmacology and Toxicology, edited by Jouko Tuomisto and Matti K. Paasonen, was published in 1978, and it contained a separate section on toxicology. The Finnish Society of Toxicology was founded in 1979 and the first postgraduate program in toxicology was launched to start in 1981 at the University of Kuopio. It was extended to the MSc program in general toxicology in 2002 and further to the International Master’s Degree Program in General Toxicology in 2009, currently at the University of Eastern Finland. Research on toxicological topics had been conducted at universities and institutes long before, but the above breakthroughs are formal signs of the evolution of the discipline. The term “toxicology” appeared more often in university positions and the names of departments in the 1980s. Currently toxicology is an established science in Finland and, as described in the sections on Organizations below, it has a clearly defined role in Finnish society. In several institutes it is part of their activity or is integrated with other disciplines. Relatively few divisions are devoted solely to toxicology. This is true also for ecotoxicology, which has developed simultaneously. The Finnish Society of Toxicology has currently about 200 members (out of the total population of 5.5 millions). The society has

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00012-7

been active both nationally and internationally in multilateral organizations such as EUROTOX and IUTOX, and organizing, for example, the European Society of Toxicology meeting in Kuopio in 1985, the 10th IUTOX meeting (ICT-X) in Tampere in 2004, and the EUROTOX meeting in Helsinki in 2019. As to information sources in toxicology in Finland, most essential information can be gained through the Internet. Compared to the previous edition of this book, fewer books are currently being published on toxicological topics. Although the key textbooks and handbooks are maintained by new editions and a whole series of books have appeared on subjects such as radiation, the regulatory side of chemicals has received little attention. One reason may be that chemical legislation in the EU is in flux due to Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). It is likely that the information will be increasingly digital, because it is readily available and easy to update. As to the use of the information, the main responsibility in several public functions in Finland resides at the local and municipal levels, with the guidance from ministries being informative rather than binding. For that reason, relevant information in an easily and quickly accessible form is highly valued and will be a challenge in the future. This chapter focuses on the current information considered most useful—the newest relevant sources. The older literature dropped from this edition is still long available through libraries. As to descriptions of the organizations, the perspective has been wide, because it is often more important to know where to find the information than precisely what can be found there. Internet search engines are powerful tools for finding

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documents if one has a reliable reference. Most of the listed digital sources exist in both Finnish and English versions, and others include English summaries. Contact information is provided where feasible, but it mostly can also be located from digital sources.

Resources Books The listed handbooks and textbooks are largely in Finnish. A short description of their contents is provided. More information may be available at the website for the publication or the publisher. Anttonen H., Lapinlampi T., Virtanen S. (2006) Elektoniikka-alan kemikaaliopas (Guide to the Safe Use of Chemicals in the Electronics Industry) Tyo¨terveyslaitos: Helsinki ISBN 951-802-710-2 (pdf) The guide helps to identify chemical risks in the electronics industry and provides tools for their systematic evaluation and assessment. Relevant chemicals, the associated health risks, and risk prevention strategies are also are described by job. Hoppu K., Mustonen H., Paatela-Kulovesi A. (eds.) (2011) Myrkytystietokeskus 50 v- 1961 2011 (50 years of Poison Information Centre: 1961 2011) Myrjytystietokeskus, Helsinki A history of the Finnish Poison Information Centre. Available as a pdf-file on the web page of the Finnish Poison Information center. (Finnish only: http://www. hus.fi/sairaanhoito/sairaanhoitopalvelut/myrkytystietokeskus/Julkaisuja/Historiikki.pdf) Hoppu K., Pohjalainen T., Taalikka P. (eds.) (2002) Lasten myrkytykset (Poisonings in Children) Duodecim: Helsinki ISBN 951-656-129-2 This book is aimed as guidance for household situations involving poisoning in children. Contains instructions for emergency help, information on typical agents causing poisonings in children, and prevention of poisonings. Huuskonen S., Anttila P., Isotalo L., Kemila¨inen B., Ma¨kinen M., Rantanen S., Tera¨smaa E., Zitting A. (2010) Kemikaaliturvallisuuden tiedonla¨hteet (Information Resources on Chemical Safety), 3rd edition Tyo¨terveyslaitos: Helsinki ISBN: 978-951-802-996-3 (print) ISBN: 978-951-802-997-0 (pdf)

This is the most comprehensive single compilation of information resources on chemicals in Finnish, containing both national and international sources. The book contains the sources, description of the contents of the information, some basics of toxicology, instructions on interpretation of the data, and classification and labeling phrases of chemicals. Ika¨heimonen T. (ed.) (2002) Sa¨teily-ja sen havaitseminen (Radiation and its Detection) Sa¨teilyturvakeskus: Helsinki ISBN 951-712-496-1 (print) ISBN 951-712-503-8 (pdf) A book on the basics of nuclear physics, units of radiation, detectors of radiation, and measurement of radiation. Available also as a pdf-file on the web pages of the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK). (Finnish only: http://www.stuk.fi/julkaisut/sateily-jaydinturvallisuus-kirjasarja/sateily-ja-sen-havaitseminen). This is the first part of the series of seven books on radiation and nuclear safety (http://www.stuk.fi/julkaisut/sateily-ja-ydinturvallisuus-kirjasarja). Jantunen M., Komulainen H., Nevalainen A., Tuomisto J., Vena¨la¨inen R., Viluksela M. (2005) Selvitys elinympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨—Kansallisen kemikaaliohjelman taustaselvitys (Evaluation on Health Risks of Chemicals in our Environment—Report for National Chemical Programme) Publications of the National Public Health Institute B 11/2005: Helsinki ISBN 951-740-495-6 (print) ISBN 951-740-533-2 (pdf) A thorough evaluation and summary of the exposure and the associated health risks of environmentally relevant chemical substances in Finland in 2005. This is the most comprehensive summary published so far, including food, water, indoor and outdoor air, contaminated soils, waste and wastewater, consumer products, and even cosmetics. Some general recommendations are also given for risk assessment and the needs for future work in environmental chemical safety are prioritized. Contains an executive summary in English. Also available on the Internet (http://urn. fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201204193516). Koulu M., Mervaala E. (eds.) (2018) Farmakologia ja toksikologia (Pharmacology and Toxicology), 10th edition Kustannusosakeyhtio¨ Medicina: Kuopio ISBN 978-951-97316-7-4 (print) ISBN 978-951-97316-8-1 (pdf) This textbook is the first comprehensive presentation of pharmacology in the Finnish language aimed especially at students of medicine and pharmacy. The

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book also contains the basics of toxicology, including principles of general toxicology, organ toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and the evaluation of toxicity. The toxicity of drugs, alcohols, solvents, carbon monoxide, metals, pesticides, and air pollutants have been dealt with in more detail in separate chapters, as has occupational toxicology.

effects, and health risks. Available also as a pdf-file on the web pages of the STUK (Finnish only: http://www. stuk.fi/julkaisut/sateily-ja-ydinturvallisuus-kirjasarja/ ionisoimaton-sateily-sahkomagneettiset-kentat). The sixth part of a series of seven books on radiation and nuclear safety (http://www.stuk.fi/julkaisut/sateilyja-ydinturvallisuus-kirjasarja).

La¨hteenma¨ki P., Nuutinen T., Parkkinen P. (2000) Ravintomme lisa¨aineet (Food Additives), 2nd edition Suomen Ravitsemusinstituutti: Helsinki ISBN 9789525046014

Pa¨a¨kko¨nen R., Rantanen S. (2003) Tyo¨ympa¨risto¨n kemiallisten ja fysikaalisten riskien arviointi ja hallinta (Risk Assessment and Management of Chemical and Physical Risks in the Work Environment), 3rd edition Tyo¨terveyslaitos, Helsinki ISBN 951-802-544-4

A handbook on food additives for consumers; also contains useful information for professionals in nutrition and food safety control. Mussalo-Rauhamaa H., Pekkanen J., Tuomisto J., Vuorinen H. (2019) Ympa¨risto¨terveys (Environmental Health) Kustannus Oy Duodecim: Helsinki ISBN 978-951-656-729-0 A Finnish textbook on environment-related issues on human health and disease. These include chemical, physical, and microbiological risks. Neuvonen P.J. (ed.) (2011) Kliininen farmakologia ja la¨a¨kehoito (Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics), 2nd edition Kandidaattikustannus Oy: Helsinki ISBN 978-951-8951-28-8 A Finnish textbook on clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, also containing information on clinical toxicology. Nordman H., Oksa P., Karjalainen A., Koskinen H. (2006) Asbestisairauksien diagnostiikka ja seuranta (Diagnostics and Surveillance of Asbestos-induced Diseases) Tyo¨terveyslaitos: Helsinki ISBN 951-802-628-9 (print) ISBN 951-802-653-X (pdf) A book on occupational asbestos-induced diseases; the diagnostics and surveillance of the exposed persons in Finland. Nyberg J., Jokela K. (eds.) (2006) Ionisoimaton sa¨teily—Sa¨hko¨magneettiset kenta¨t (NonIonizing Radiation—Electromagnetic Fields) Sa¨teilyturvakeskus, Helsinki ISBN 951-712-501-1 (print) ISBN 951-712-508-9 (pdf) A book on electromagnetic fields covering properties of radiation, exposure, dosimetry, biological

A guide assessment.

book

on

occupational

health

risk

Paile W. (ed.) (2002) Sa¨teilyn terveysvaikutukset (Effects and Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation) Sa¨teilyturvakeskus: Helsinki ISBN 951-712-499-6 (print) ISBN 951-712-506-2 (pdf) A book on the effects of ionizing radiation, from the cellular level to health risks. The book focuses especially on cancer but also addresses developmental effects. There is also a section on the Chernobyl nuclear accident. The book is available also as a pdf-file on the web pages of the STUK (Finnish only: http://www. stuk.fi/julkaisut/sateily-ja-ydinturvallisuus-kirjasarja/ sateilyn-terveysvaikutukset). It is the fourth part of a series of seven books on radiation and nuclear safety (http://www.stuk.fi/julkaisut/sateily-ja-ydinturvallisuus-kirjasarja). Pastila R. (ed.) (2009) Ionisoimaton sa¨teily—Ultravioletti- ja lasersa¨teily (Non-Ionizing Radiation—Ultraviolet and Laser Radiation) Sa¨teilyturvakeskus: Helsinki ISBN 978-951-712-502-4 (print) ISBN 978-951-712-509-3 (pdf) A book on the effects of nonionizing radiation, covering properties of radiation, exposure, biological effects, and health risks. The book focuses especially on ultraviolet radiation. The book is available also as a pdf-file on the web pages of the STUK (Finnish only: http://www.stuk.fi/julkaisut/sateily-ja-ydinturvallisuus-kirjasarja/ionisoimaton-sateily-ultravioletti-ja-lasersateily). It is the seventh part of a series of seven books on radiation and nuclear safety (http://www.stuk.fi/julkaisut/sateily-ja-ydinturvallisuus-kirjasarja).

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Po¨lla¨nen R. (ed.) (2003) Sa¨teily ympa¨risto¨ssa¨ (Radiation in Environment) Sa¨teilyturvakeskus: Helsinki ISBN 951-712-497-X (print) ISBN 951-712-995-5 (pdf) A book on radioisotopes in nature and the associated radiation and doses in Finland. Possible health risks are also briefly addressed. The book covers radiation in indoor and outdoor air, in drinking water, in food, internal and external radiation, cosmic radiation, and basics of radiation protection. Available also as a pdf-file on the web pages of the STUK. (Finnish only: http://www.stuk.fi/julkaisut/sateily-ja-ydinturvallisuus-kirjasarja/sateily-ymparistossa). The second part of the series of seven books on radiation and nuclear safety (http://www.stuk.fi/julkaisut/sateily-ja-ydinturvallisuus-kirjasarja). Pukkila O. (ed.) (2004) Sa¨teilyn ka¨ytto¨ (Radiation in use) Sa¨teilyturvakeskus: Helsinki ISBN 951-712-498-8 (print) ISBN 951-712-505-4 (pdf) A book on the use of radioisotopes and radiation in medicine (diagnostics and treatment), industry, and research. There is also a description of the relevant legislation, a section about radiation in consumer products, and cases of accidents and unexpected situations in the use of radiation. It is available also as a pdf-file on the web pages of the STUK (Finnish only: http://www.stuk.fi/julkaisut/sateily-ja-ydinturvallisuus-kirjasarja/sateilyn-kaytto). The third part of the series of seven books on radiation and nuclear safety (http://www.stuk.fi/julkaisut/sateily-ja-ydinturvallisuus-kirjasarja). Pyo¨tsia¨ J. (2018) Toksikologisen osaamisen turvaaminen (Securing Competence in Toxicology) Sosiaali- ja terveysministerio¨n raportteja ja muistioita: 22/2018 Sosiaali- ja terveysministerio¨ ISBN 978-952-00-3935-6 (pdf) A report is a prestudy prepared for the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health to assess the situation and propose measures to secure competence in toxicology in Finland. The report describes various sectors involved in toxicological research, education in toxicology and regulatory affairs. The report is based on expert interviews and collecting background material. It is available also as a pdf-file on the web pages of Institutional Repository for the Government (Valto) (Finnish only: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-003935-6)

Rantanen J., Lehtinen S., Huuskonen M., Oksa P., Tossavainen A., Tuomi T., Vainio H. (2014) Prevention and Management of Asbestos-Related Diseases in Finland Tyo¨terveyslaitos: Helsinki ISBN 978-952-261-396-7 (print) ISBN 978-952-261-397-4 (pdf) A book on the evolution of asbestos policies, regulations, and practices to prevent and manage occupational asbestos-induced diseases in Finland. Ruskoaho H., Hakkola J., Huupponen R., Kantele A., Korpi E.R., Moilanen E., Piepponen P., Savontaus E. Tenhunen O., Va¨ha¨kangas K. (eds.) (2019) La¨a¨ketieteellinen farmakologia ja toksikologia (Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology), 4th edition Kustannus Oy Duodecim: Helsinki ISBN 978-951-656-034-5 A textbook in pharmacology and toxicology for medical, dental, and pharmacy students. The book contains sections of general pharmacology, systematic pharmacology, and toxicology. The emphasis is on mechanisms of action of drugs. The section of toxicology covers general principles of toxicology, organspecific toxicity, clinical toxicology, occupational toxicology, environmental toxicology, and evaluation of toxicity and risk assessment. Sandberg J. (ed.) (2004) Ydinturvallisuus (Nuclear Safety) Sa¨teilyturvakeskus: Helsinki ISBN 951-712-500-3 (print) ISBN 951-712-507-0 (pdf) A book on nuclear power, from a Finnish perspective. Environmental and health risks associated with nuclear power plants and nuclear waste, regulation of nuclear safety, and the role of STUK as a responsible authority. Available also as a pdf-file on the web pages of the STUK (Finnish only: http://www. stuk.fi/julkaisut/sateily-ja-ydinturvallisuus-kirjasarja/ ydinturvallisuus). The fifth part of the series of seven books on radiation and nuclear safety (http://www. stuk.fi/julkaisut/sateily-ja-ydinturvallisuuskirjasarja). Vainio H., Liesivuori J., Lehtola M., Louekari K., Engstro¨m K., Kauppinen T., Kurppa K., Riipinen H., Savolainen K., Tossavainen A. (2005) Kemikaalit ja tyo¨—Selvitys tyo¨ympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨ (Chemicals at work—Report of the Finnish Occupational Health Institute for the National Programme of Chemical Safety) Tyo¨terveyslaitos: Helsinki ISBN 951-802-636-X (hard copy) ISBN 951-802-645-9 (pdf)

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A thorough summary on occupational exposure to chemicals, their health effects, health risks, and risk management in Finland in 2005. In addition to descriptions of single chemicals and exposures, the book contains short chapters on management of chemical waste and risk management in general. The book contains an executive summary in English. The entire edition is also available on the Internet (http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN 951-802-636-X (pdf)).

Journals Most institutes have a bulletin or a newsletter to provide information on their work and some of them are mentioned later in the description of the organizations. The journals below may have a wider coverage of readers, be more technical or science-based, or otherwise relevant. Duodecim (Finnish Medical Journal Duodecim) Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, Helsinki ISSN 0012-7183 (Print) ISSN 2242-3281 (Web) This is the oldest Finnish medical serial publication, founded in 1885. It is intended for medical professionals, especially physicians. The primary purpose is to provide postgraduate scientific and vocational training for physicians. The journal publishes peer-reviewed original articles, reviews, and case reports in all specialties of clinical medicine as well as articles of general interest on biomedicine and public health. Six special issues are normally published each year; 24 issues are published annually. Toxicology is among the topics covered in this journal’s articles. The contents and abstracts of the articles considered exceptionally important are also in English. Web: https://www.duodecimlehti.fi (Finnish) Kemia-Kemi (Finnish Chemical Magazine) Kempulssi Oy, Helsinki ISSN 0355-1628 A professional magazine dedicated to chemistry, Kemia-Kemi is a membership magazine of the Association of Finnish Chemical Societies. Published under the auspices of the Chemical Industry Federation. The magazine reviews news and developments in international and Finnish chemical trades and chemistry. Toxicology is among the topics covered. Maintains a comprehensive directory on enterprises and companies offering services related to chemistry. Eight issues per year. Web: https://www.kemia-lehti. fi/en/home/ (English) and https://www.kemia-lehti.fi (Finnish).

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Sic! (Drug information from the Finnish Medicines Agency Fimea) Finnish Medicines Agency Fimea, Helsinki ISSN 1799-3903 (Print) ISSN 1799-3911 (Web) ISSN 1799-392X (online) A medicines information magazine of the Finnish Medicines Agency Fimea for health-care professionals and pharmacists. Contains summaries on new active ingredients and reviews on the use and side effects of pharmaceuticals. Four issues per year. Contains summaries in English and Swedish. Available in the Internet. Web: http://sic.fimea.fi (Finnish) Suomen La¨a¨ka¨rilehti (Finnish Medical Journal) Finnish Medical Association, Helsinki ISSN 0039-5560 (Print) ISSN 2489-7434 (Web) Suomen La¨a¨ka¨rilehti, published by the Finnish Medical Association as a membership magazine, is the leading journal aimed at physicians in Finland. The journal serves as an information medium for the association and its members in vocational questions and supports the postgraduate training of physicians. The journal publishes articles mostly on diagnostics, treatment, and rehabilitation, and articles concerning the practical work of physicians. Toxicology, especially related to drugs, is frequently dealt with. The journal is published in 41 issues per year. The articles have an English summary, available also on the Internet. Web: https://www.laakarilehti.fi/english/ (English) and https://www.laakarilehti.fi (Finnish) Tyo¨, terveys, turvallisuus (Work, Health, Safety) TTT-kustannus Oy ISSN 2323-7635 (web) ISSN 0041-4816 (print) A magazine for all individuals interested in occupational health and safety. The topics cover all fields of occupational safety and health. Eight issues per year, in Finnish only. Short abstracts of key articles available on the web pages. Web: http://www.tttlehti.fi (Finnish only). Ympa¨risto¨ ja Terveys (Environment and Health) Suomen Ympa¨risto¨- ja Terveysalan Kustannus Oy, Helsinki ISSN 0358-3333 A professional periodical for persons responsible for and interested in environmental and occupational health in Finland. Contains useful information especially for authorities and persons responsible for environmental safety and occupational protection in industry. Eight issues per year. Every issue has a main

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theme, in addition to information related to current topics in environmental issues. Web: http://www. ymparistojaterveys.fi (Finnish only)

Databases Data Bank of Environmental Properties of Chemicals, EnviChem (Kemikaalien ympa¨risto¨tietorekisteri) Web: http://www.ymparisto.fi/en-US/ Maps_and_statistics/Data_systems/ Data_bank_of_Environmental_Properties_of(30591) (English) Web: http://www.ymparisto.fi/fi-FI/Kartat_ja_ tilastot/Tietojarjestelmat/Kemikaalien_ ymparistotietorekisteri__ohj(25868) (Finnish only) This database maintained by the Finnish Environment Institute covers about 2750 chemicals. The database consists of information on the toxicity of substances in relation to different species, especially aquatic organisms, together with information on the persistence and accumulation of these substances in the environment. The list of species and abbreviations helps in the interpretation of the data. The information is mainly compiled from scientific literature, handbooks, and databases in the field of ecotoxicology and contains some 3350 references. The database is included in the OECD eChemPortal. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) Web: https://echa.europa.eu/information-onchemicals ECHA, based in Helsinki, Finland, maintains a database on registered substances. Registrants have the obligation to provide information on substances they manufacture or import. ECHA has the obligation to make a part of this information on registered substances publicly available. This includes hazardous properties, classification and labeling, and safe use of substances. The database contains currently over 20,000 unique substances and information from over 86,000 dossiers. International study programmes Web: https://studyinfo.fi/wp2/en/ (English) Studyinfo.fi is the official and up-to-date website maintained by the Finnish National Agency for Education. It contains information on study programs leading to different degrees and qualifications in Finland as well as on educational institutions in Finland. The service can be used to find different study options and apply for the studies online. KAMAT—Tietokortit kemiallisesta altistumisesta metalli- ja autoalojen tyo¨tehta¨vissa¨ (Information cards on exposure to chemicals in the metal and car industries) Web: https://ttk.fi/kamat-kortit (Finnish only)

A database, maintained by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, on exposure to chemicals in the metal and automobile industries in Finland. The database contains information arranged by job, on exposure to chemicals, health risks, occupational diseases, and mitigation of the exposure and the risks. Kansainva¨liset kemikaalikortit (International Chemical Safety Cards, ICSCs) Web: https://www.ilo.org/safework/info/ publications/WCMS_324858/lang--en/index.htm The Finnish translation of the database produced by the WHO International Programme on Chemical Safety, the International Labour Organization, and the European Commission, maintained by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Data on over 1700 industrial chemicals including physical chemical properties of the chemical, classification and labeling, exposure, health risks, instructions for emergency situations, and safe storage. Data may be searched by different keywords. The original international cards have been translated to several other languages and there is access to them through the website. Kemikaalituoterekisteri (The Chemicals Product Register) Web: https://www.ketu.fi/ (Finnish and Swedish only) A database of chemical products marketed commercially in Finland, maintained by the Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency (Tukes). The database is based on information submitted by the manufacturers and importers. The register contains information such as classification of the chemical, safety instructions, components hazardous to health, physical chemical properties, health risks, precautions in handling, and instructions for storage and disposal. The safety data sheets are based on the same information. Since some data may be confidential, access is restricted to authorities responsible for chemical control. LEO Web: http://pretty.ttl.fi/LEO/search.htm (Finnish only) LEO is a reference database of publications concerning occupational safety and health published since 1978 in Finland. The database is maintained by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. It contains more than 40,000 computerized references and the number increases by about 2000 per year. Onnettomuuden vaaraa aiheuttavat aineetturvallisuusohjeet (OVA-ohjeet) (Safety Cards on Substances Potentially Causing Accidents) Web: http://www.ttl.fi/ova (Finnish only) The database, maintained by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, on 132 industrial chemicals

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which have the most potential to cause accidents in Finland. OVA-cards offer rescue instructions for rescue workers and persons responsible for occupational health. The cards contain also the CLP pictograms, the hazard diamond, and hazard and precautionary statements. REACH—CLP—BIOCIDE Helpdesk (REACH—CLP— Biosidi Neuvonta) Web: http://kemikaalineuvonta.fi/en/ (English) Web: http://www.kemikaalineuvonta.fi/ (Finnish) Phone: REACH and CLP: 1358 400 393 033; Biocidal Product Regulation: 1358 50 597 6338 The Helpdesk is maintained by the Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency (Tukes) and it provides answers to questions on the European Union REACH, CLP, and Biocidal Products regulations. The aim of the Helpdesk is to help companies to understand the regulations and their obligations, but no consultancy can be provided on specific issues of companies. The Helpdesk provides information on the regulations, including brochures and documents, on the web page. Enquires can be submitted using the contact form or the Helpdesk can also be contacted by phone. TOKEVA-ohjeet (Instructions for Rescue Workers in Chemical Accidents) Web: https://www.pelastusopisto.fi/tutkimus-jatietopalvelut/tki-palvelut/projekti-jahanketoiminta/paattyneet-tutkimus-jakehittamishankkeet/tokeva/ (Finnish only) The instruction package has been developed and maintained by the Emergency Services College. Instructions are provided for handling of chemical accidents and other incidents for rescue workers. The information is intended for rescue professionals, but the data and the source are very useful for anyone who handles (dangerous) chemicals. In addition to general instructions, substance-based instructions are given on hazards, personal protection, and equipment needed in rescue work, as well as detailed advice on what to do and how. The database can be uploaded from the home page of the Emergency Services College. TYKI Web: http://pretty.ttl.fi/TYKI/search.htm (Finnish only) A data bank maintained by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health containing bibliographic data on books, journals, series of monographs, reports, and standards available in the library since 1983. Altogether, there are over 35,000 references, many of them in English, Swedish, or German.

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Organizations (government) The web pages of the organizations and research institutes are the major sources of relevant information in their fields. The documents are available as files, behind links, or there are instructions on how to retrieve them physically, for example, from a library. Therefore it is advisable to start the information search from the web page of the relevant institute, if the exact title of the document is not known. The web pages have variable information in English and many of them are in Swedish. The web pages typically contain the relevant legislation, access to series of publications of their own, descriptions of the research projects, lists of publications, newsletters, and information on the services they provide. For this reason, the emphasis in the annotations below is on the institute’s general expertise and activities. Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) Conducts research on environmental issues from global problems such as climate change and declining biodiversity, to regional and local questions. Provides expert assistance for the administration, local authorities, industries, companies, and other organizations, both in Finland and abroad. SYKE’s wide-ranging information services are designed to benefit everyone interested in environmental issues. Publishes a series of monographs. A responsible authority on the environmental effects of chemicals. Web: http://www.syke.fi/en (English) Web: www.syke.fi (Finnish) Address: Finnish Environment Institute Mechelininkatu 34a, (P.O. Box 140) FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)295 251 450 Fax: 1358 (0)9 454 6030 Finnish Food Authority (Finnish Food Authority) This agency, under the ministries of Agriculture and Forestry, Trade and Industry, and Social Affairs and Health, is responsible for food control (including contaminants), control of plant production, and animal feeds and animal diseases. The agency is responsible for the evaluation of pesticides and chemical contaminants in food and feed. It performs risk assessments and chemical analyses on inorganic compounds, a wide range of organic compounds and mycotoxins. The web pages contain related legislation, daily intakes of contaminants in food, results from monitoring of pesticide use, lists of accepted veterinary medicines, dietary advice of fish consumption, etc. Evira also monitors genetically modified products, including genetically modified seeds, feed, and food, as well as being responsible for GMO field tests and coordinates

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approval procedure under EU regulation of genetically modified feed and food in Finland. Web: https://www.ruokavirasto.fi/en/ (English) Web: https://www.ruokavirasto.fi/ (Finnish) Address: Finnish Food Authority Mustialankatu 3 FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)29 530 0400 Fax: 1358 (0)29 530 0444 Email: [email protected] Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) In 2015 the Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla), Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, and Information Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Tike) were merged to form Luke. Luke is a governmental, sectoral research institute, subordinate to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Its duty is to promote through research, the bioeconomy and the sustainable use of natural resources and helps to maintain biodiversity. Some research topics address ecotoxicology, including effects of contaminants in forests, soil, and surface waters. The institute also has laboratories for different chemical analyses. Web: https://www.luke.fi/en/ (English) Web: http://www.luke.fi (Finnish) Address: Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Latokartanonkaari 9 (P.O. Box 2) FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)29 532 6000 Email: [email protected] Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (TTL, FIOH) The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health is the main research and specialized organization in occupational health and safety in Finland. The Institute produces, compiles, and disseminates research-based information on the interaction between work and health, and promotes the practical application of this information. The institute and its web pages are the main source of information on industrial chemicals, exposure to chemicals, biomonitoring, occupational diseases, and industrial hygiene. The Institute maintains registers in areas such as occupational diseases and exposure to carcinogenic substances (ASA-registry) at work, and offers different services related to occupational health. The Internet information services include the database on instructions for the handling of dangerous chemicals most likely to cause accidents (OVA-cards), International Chemical Safety Cards that provide essential safety and health information on chemicals. The pages contain the information

related to the national expert network on emergency preparedness in chemical accidents in Finland (C-osaamiskeskus, COSK). There is also a method to identify the chemical hazards and control the exposure and help risk communication at workplaces. There is also information database of occupational exposure of chemicals for workers in metal and motor vehicle field (KAMAT-cards). Web: https://www.ttl.fi/en/ (English) Web: http://www.ttl.fi (Finnish) Address: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Topeliuksenkatu 41 b FI-00032 Tyo¨terveyslaitos, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)30 474 1 Fax: 1358 (0)30 474 2779 Email: [email protected] Finnish Meteorological Institute The Finnish Meteorological Institute generates and collects information about the atmosphere, and is the information source on weather, climate, and air pollution. The web pages contain statistics on air pollutants, information on health effects of air pollutants, healthbased guideline values, weather forecasts, a comprehensive questions/answers section, and a glossary of terms. The concentrations of nitrogen oxides, ozone and PM10 are shown countrywide in real-time. The Institute has published Meteorological Yearbooks of Finland covering the time since the beginning of the 1900s. Web: http://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi (English) Web: http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi (Finnish) Address: Finnish Meteorological Institute Erik Palme´nin aukio 1 P.O. Box 503 FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)29 539 1000 Fax: 1358 (0)29 539 2303 Email: [email protected] Geological Survey of Finland (Geologian tutkimuskekus, GTK) The Geological Survey of Finland, operating under the Ministry of Trade and Industry, is Finland’s national geosciences agency and a national geological research center. GTK’s core activities include geological mapping, exploration, evaluation, and processing of natural resources. The GTK has made for example comprehensive analyses of elements in ground water, surface water, and soil, and produced maps of these data. The website of the institute contains information on maps, services offered (including analytical services), research projects, and publications and reports.

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Web: http://en.gtk.fi (English) Web: http://www.gtk.fi (Finnish) Address: Geological Survey of Finland Betonimiehenkuja 4 (P.O. Box 96) FI-02151 Espoo, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)29 503 0000 Email: [email protected] Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Maa- ja metsa¨talousministerio¨, MMM) The administrative sector of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry comprises agriculture and horticulture, rural development, forestry, veterinary services, control of foodstuffs of animal origin, fisheries, game and reindeer husbandry, use of water resources and land surveying. The web pages of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry contain information on legislation related to and chemical impurities in food. The Ministry has two official publication series. Web: http://www.mmm.fi/en/frontpage (English) Web: http://www.mmm.fi/fi/etusivu (Finnish) Address: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry P.O. Box 30 FI-00023 GOVERNMENT, Finland Tel. 1358 (0)295 16 001 Fax 1 358 (0)9 160 54202 Ministry of the Environment (Ympa¨risto¨ministerio¨, YM) The Ministry responsible for environmental issues in Finland including legislation on air and water quality, housing, land use and building, effects of chemicals on the environment, contaminated soils, waste disposal, and ecotoxicological risk assessment. The Ministry has three series of publications: The Finnish Environment, Environment Guides, and Reports. The Finnish Environment contains publications on research, reports and work group memoranda. Environment Guides contains various manuals and guides. Most of these publications are in Finnish, with brief documentation pages in Swedish and English. In addition, the Ministry of the Environment publishes together with the Finnish Environment Institute, Ympa¨risto¨ (The Environment), which covers a wide range of environmental issues. Web: http://www.ym.fi/en-US (English) Web: http://www.ym.fi/fi-FI (Finnish) Address: Ministry of the Environment Aleksanterinkatu 7 (Helsinki) P.O. Box 35, FI-00023 GOVERNMENT, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)295 16001 Fax: 1358 (0)9 1603 9320 Email: [email protected] Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (Sosiaali- ja terveysministerio¨, STM)

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The Ministry directs and guides the development and policies of social protection, social welfare, and health care. It prepares legislation and key reforms and steers their implementation. The Ministry is, in general, responsible for the assessment of health effects of different factors, including occupational and environmental health issues, chemicals, and pesticides. The Ministry coordinates the safety evaluation of novel food including genetically modified food, and administers consumer affairs issues. The website of the Ministry contains different reports on health, most in Finnish with English summaries. Web: https://stm.fi/en/frontpage (English) Web: http://www.stm.fi/Resource.phx/stm/index.htx (Finnish) Address: Ministry of Social Affairs and Health Meritullinkatu 8 (Helsinki) P.O. Box 33 FI-00023 GOVERNMENT, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)295 16001 Fax: 1358 (0)9 698 0709 Email: firstname.lastname @stm.fi Finnish Medicines Agency Fimea The agency is responsible for regulatory control of medicinal products, medicinal devices, and blood products. The web pages contain drug consumption statistics, links to national and EU legislation, and administrative regulations including reporting on pharmacovigilance. Fimea is the Finnish national authority responsible for GLP compliance monitoring. GLP instructions of the OECD are available on the web pages as well as the list of the laboratories complying with them. The agency publishes Sic! magazine, with drug information in Finland. Web: http://www.fimea.fi/web/en (English) Web: http://www.fimea.fi (Finnish) Address: Finnish Medicines Agency Fimea Mannerheimintie 103b (P.O. Box 55) FI-00034 FIMEA, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)29 522 3341 Fax: 1358 (0)29 522 3002 Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare is a governmental expert agency operating under the Ministry of Social Affairs of Health. THL began operating in 2009 after the merge of two major state research institutes, the National Public Health Institute and the National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (Stakes). THL studies, monitors and develops measures to promote the well-being and health of the population of Finland. The current focus areas are sustainability of the welfare society, reducing

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inequality and social exclusion, changing spectrum of diseases, preparing for health threats and transition of the health system. The Environmental Health Unit is devoted to environmental health issues and carries out research on chemical, biological, and physical factors and exposures. The web pages of the Unit contain information on health effects of pollutants in urban air, drinking water (both chemical impurities and microbiological risks), mold, household microbes, and chemicals. THL publishes studies, reports of national health surveys, guidebooks, handbooks and monographs, among other items, in its publication series, available on the Internet. Web: https://thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en (English) Web: https://thl.fi/ (Finnish) Address: Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare P.O. Box 30 FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland Phone: 1358 29 524 6000 Email: [email protected] National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health Valvira National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health, Valvira, is a national agency, which operates under the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. Valvira is responsible for overseeing and steering the implementation of the Alcohol Act and, the Tobacco Act, and the Health Protection Act at national level, and for supervisory activities according to the Gene Technology Act. Accordingly, the agency is responsible for the regulatory assessment in relation to health protection, food safety, provisions under the Tobacco Act, consumer safety and animal health and welfare as well as veterinary services. The web pages contain information on the related legislation and links to legislation, statistics on for example alcohol consumption, concentrations of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide in cigarettes sold, and annual summaries of the results of monitoring of drinking water and swimming water quality in Finland. Web: http://www.valvira.fi/web/en (English) Web: http://www.valvira.fi (Finnish) Address: National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health Mannerheimintie 103b, P.O. Box 210 FI-00281 Helsinki Phone: 1358 (0)295 209 111 Fax: 1358 (0)295 209 700 Email: [email protected] Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (Sa¨teilyturvakeskus, STUK) STUK is the authority, operating under the Ministry of Social Affairs of Health. It is responsible for

radiation and nuclear safety in Finland. The STUK monitors radiation constantly throughout the country and provides the data from automated stations on the internet daily. The Institute offers companies and private citizens various radiation-associated measuring and expert services. The web pages contain much essential and useful information; legislation, regulatory guides on radiation (ST Guides) and nuclear safety, also in English. The Finnish web pages contain information on sources, doses, and health effects of different types of radiation, such as radon, plus answers to frequently asked questions. Web: http://www.stuk.fi/web/en/frontpage (English) Web: http://www.stuk.fi (Finnish) Address: STUK—Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority Laippatie 4 P.O. Box 14 FI-00811 Helsinki, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)9 759 881 Fax: 1358 (0)9 759 88 500 Email: [email protected] Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency (Tukes) Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency (Tukes) is a state agency operating under several Ministries, the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment being in charge of the ministerial governance and supervision. It has five departments: Chemicals Department, Industrial Department, Products Department, Department for Information and Development and FINAS Finnish Accreditation Service. Tukes is the competent authority responsible for the regulatory assessment of chemicals, pesticides, and biocides within chemical products surveillance, the European Union REACH and CLP Regulations, biocides legislation, and the risk assessment, approvals and registration of plant protection products. Tukes maintains the chemicals product register (KETU) and supervises compliance with regulations concerning material safety data sheets. Tukes is responsible for the technical safety and reliability of different products. Its goal is to ensure safety and reliability of products, services, and industrial activities in Finland in order to protect people, property, and the environment from risks of accidents in the manufacture, process, transport, and storage of dangerous goods. Tukes supervises the safety and technical reliability of products brought up for sale such as electrical products, consumer products, such as toys, machines and personal protection equipment, construction products, explosives and firework products, transport packages and containers for dangerous goods (such as explosives, flammable liquids, natural gas, and chemicals hazardous to health and to the environment), and rescue service equipment.

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Tukes also supervises the safety of services provided for consumers in Finland. Web: https://tukes.fi/en/frontpage (English) Web: http://www.tukes.fi (Finnish) Address: Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency (Tukes) Opastinsilta 12 B P.O. Box 66 FI-00521 Helsinki, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)29 5052 000 Statistics Finland (Tilastokeskus) Statistics Finland, operating administratively under the Ministry of Finance, produces and maintains about 200 different statistics from Finland. Data from all statistics produced are published on the Statistics web pages. Web: http://www.stat.fi/index_en.html (English) Web: http://www.stat.fi (Finnish) Address: Statistics Finland Tyo¨pajankatu 13 FI-00580 Helsinki, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)29 551 1000 Email: [email protected] Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland is a large contract research organization on technology. Some of its projects (listed on the web pages) also address toxicology, food, food safety, circular economy, and monitoring of environmental pollutants. For example, there is available a calculation system (LIPASTO) on the website for traffic exhaust emissions and energy consumption in Finland. The Centre’s work is published in its magazines VTT Impulssi (in Finnish) and VTT Impulse (in English) and are also available on its website. Web: https://www.vttresearch.com (English) Web: http://www.vtt.fi (Finnish) Address: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Vuorimiehentie 3 P.O. Box 1000 FI-02044 VTT, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)20 722 7070 Fax: 1358 (0)20 722 7001 Email: [email protected]

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Allergia-ja Astmaliitto is a public organization whose mission is to provide information on asthma and allergy to citizens, in Finnish. The web pages contain significant information on cosmetics. The Society has collected data on the adverse health effects of cosmetics in Finland and its website includes ingredient information on cosmetics products. An allergic person may select nonallergic products on the basis of this ingredient data. There are also booklets on the health effects of different air pollutants. Web: https://www.allergia.fi/in-english/ (English) Web: https://www.allergia.fi (Finnish) Address: Allergia-, Iho-ja Astmaliittory Paciuksenkatu 19 FI- 00270 HELSINKI, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)9 473 351 Fax: 1358 (0)9 4733 5330 Email: [email protected] Finnish Cancer Registry (Suomen syo¨pa¨rekisteri) The Finnish Cancer Registry, mainly funded by The Cancer Society of Finland (https://www.allaboutcancer.fi), maintains a nationwide database on all cancer cases in Finland and conducts epidemiological and statistical research on cancer. The collection of this data is mandated by legislation. The data on cancer statistics and mass screening of cancer are comprehensively available on the web pages of the Registry. Web: http://www.cancerregistry.fi/ (English) Web: https://syoparekisteri.fi (Finnish) Address: Finnish Cancer Registry Unioninkatu 22 FI-00130 Helsinki, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)9 135 331 Fax: 1358 (0)9 135 5378 Email: [email protected]

Organizations (nongovernment)

Organisation for Respiratory Health (Hengitysliitto Heli) Pulmonary Association Heli is Finland’s largest social and health, nonprofit organization for people with respiratory diseases and their families. The web pages contain information (booklets), prepared by professionals, on the health effects of air pollutants and smoking, in Finnish. There are also slide presentations for education and preventive work, including smoking cessation.

Several nonprofit organizations deliver healthrelated information aimed primarily for laymen but some specific information is also useful for professionals and may not be available elsewhere. A few such sources are introduced below. Allergy, Skin, and Asthma Federation (Allergia-, Iho-ja Astmaliitto)

Web: https://www.hengitysliitto.fi/en (English) Web: http://www.hengitysliitto.fi (Finnish) Address: Hengitysliitto Heliry Oltermannintie 8 P.O. Box 40, 00621 Helsinki, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)20 757 5000 Email: firstname.lastname(a)hengitysliitto.fi

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Sisa¨ilmayhdistysry Sisa¨ilmayhdistysry is a nonprofit society that promotes the construction of healthy buildings and the maintenance of good indoor air quality. It has published guidelines for healthy indoor air and classification criteria for emissions in construction materials (Sisa¨ilmastoluokitus 2000). Web: http://www.sisailmayhdistys.fi (Finnish only) Address: Sisa¨ilmayhdistys Kivenlahdenkatu 1 B 43, 02320 Espoo P.O. Box 25 FI-02320 Espoo, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)9 4355 560 Fax: 1358 (0)9 4355 5655 Email: [email protected]

Universities There is only one university, the University of Eastern Finland, which offers a full degree in toxicology (MSc in general toxicology) in Finland. The universities with medical faculty teach some basics of toxicology and several universities have courses in ecotoxicology in their curriculum. Those same universities also have the strongest research programs. The Internet pages of each university are the best source of information on degrees, courses, graduate schools, research profiles, and lists of publications. There is also comprehensive coverage in English. Direct contact addresses of faculties and departments can also be found there. In the listing below, key universities are briefly highlighted from the perspective of toxicology and ecotoxicology, and the main contact information is provided. All universities in Finland are governmental and there is no tuition fees for students who are citizens of an EU/EEA member state. There is a separate database for international study programs (see DATABASES). Aalto University Aalto University was founded in 2010 as Helsinki University of Technology, the Helsinki School of Economics, and the University of Art and Design Helsinki were merged. Teaching and research of some units (e.g., Water and Waste Water Engineering) cover sustainable development, environmental and health issues from the technological perspective. The topics include water and wastewater treatment processes, water supply and sewer networks, as well as municipal solid waste management. Web: http://www.aalto.fi/en/ (English) Web: http://www.aalto.fi/fi/ (Finnish) Address: Aalto University Otakaari 24 (Espoo) PO Box 11000

FI-00076 AALTO, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)9 47001 Email: [email protected] A˚bo Akademi University ˚ bo Akademi the basic language in teaching is In A Swedish. The university has 8000 students. The Faculty of Science and Engineering offer studies in, for example, chemistry, physics, biochemistry, pharmacy, and geology. The faculty teaches the basics of toxicology and conduct research related to toxicology. Web: https://www.abo.fi/en/ (English) Web: https://www.abo.fi/fi/ (Finnish) ˚ bo Akademi Address: A Tuomiokirkontori 3 FI-20500 TURKU Finland Phone: 1358 (0)2 215 31 Email: [email protected] University of Helsinki The University of Helsinki is the largest university in Finland, having the widest range of disciplines and 31,000 degree students. There are faculties in medicine, pharmacy, biosciences, natural sciences, microbiology, and veterinary medicine. The Faculties of Medicine and Pharmacy each have their own departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine has the Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, to teach the basics of toxicology. Web: https://www.helsinki.fi/en (English) Web: https://www.helsinki.fi/fi (Finnish) Address: University of Helsinki Fabianinkatu 33 P.O. Box 33 FI-00014 HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)2941 911 Email: firstname.lastname@helsinki. University of Eastern Finland The University of Eastern Finland is the center of toxicological education and research in Finland. It has two campuses, Joensuu and Kuopio and the total number of students in the university is around 15,500. School of Pharmacy at the Faculty of Health Sciences provides the only Master’s Degree Program in General Toxicology in Finland. It is an international Master’s Degree Program with a comprehensive curriculum in toxicology and all courses and training are in English. Faculty of Science and Forestry offers education, for example, in environmental science, biology, ecotoxicology, and hydrobiology. Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences has strong research areas in inhalation toxicology, health effects of radiation and chemicals, environmental health, and ecotoxicology.

Resources

Web: http://www.uef.fi/en/etusivu (English) Web: http://www.uef.fi (Finnish) Address: University of Eastern Finland Joensuu Campus Yliopistokatu 2 P.O. Box 111 FI-80101 Joensuu Fax: 1358 (0)913 318 039 University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Campus Yliopistonranta 1 P.O. Box 1627 FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland Fax: 1358 (0)17 162 131 Phone: 1358 (0)294 45 111 Email: [email protected] University of Jyva¨skyla¨ The University of Jyva¨skyla¨ has a strong natural sciences curriculum. The Department of Biological and Environmental Science (https://www.jyu.fi/science/ en/bioenv) provides courses and scientific research in ecotoxicology. Web: http://www.jyu.fi/en (English) Web: http://www.jyu.fi (Finnish) Address: University of Jyva¨skyla¨ Seminaarinkatu 15 P.O. Box 35 FI-40014 University of Jyva¨skyla¨, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)14 260 1211 Fax: 1358 (0)14 260 1021 Email: [email protected] University of Oulu The University of Oulu has faculties/departments in medicine, biochemistry, and molecular medicine, biology, chemistry, geochemistry, and also technology. There are about 14,000 students. The biomedical research unit is responsible for the teaching of pharmacology and toxicology in the faculty of medicine. Research projects conducted in the unit include those focused on drug safety and toxicology. Also the Thule Institute has Arctic and northern related scientific projects focusing on environmental exposure of chemicals. Web: http://www.oulu.fi/university/ (English) Web: http://www.oulu.fi/yliopisto (Finnish) Address: University of Oulu P.O. Box 8000 FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)294 48 0000 Fax: 1358 (0)8 344 084 Email: [email protected] University of Tampere The University of Tampere is a multidisciplinary university, with 19,000 degree students. Tampere

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University of Technology merged to University of Tampere at Jan 1, 2019. The Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology provides courses teaching the basics of toxicology and has human cell and tissue research and development on related technology. The Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences teaches and conducts research on issues of bio- and circular economy such as drinking water, wastewater and solid waste management, and remediation of contaminated environments. The Finnish Centre for Alternative Methods (FICAM) was established in 2008 and its the center of expertise for alternative methods to animal experimentation in Finland. FICAM focuses in development of novel cell and tissue culture techniques based on normal human cells, and also cell culture models, which reflect an organ structure. The methods are aimed at in vitro toxicology tests. Some research services are offered as a contract basis. Web: http://www.tuni.fi/en (English) Web: http://www.tuni.fi (Finnish) Address: University of Tampere Kalevantie 4 P.O. Box 100 FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)3 355 111 Fax: 1358 (0)3 213 4473 Email: [email protected] University of Turku The University of Turku has a medical faculty, and a Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics. The department offers a course in clinical toxicology for medical students (in Finnish). There is also a faculty on science and engineering including departments of chemistry, biology, and biochemistry. The university has about 20,000 students. Web: http://www.utu.fi/en (English) Web: http://www.utu.fi (Finnish) Address: University of Turku FI-20014 TURUN YLIOPISTO, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)29 450 5000 Fax: 1358 (0)29 450 5040 Email: [email protected] Professional societies Finnish Society for Environmental Science The Society’s aim is to promote environmental science research, to be a link between members, and to spread information about the protection of environment. The society was founded in 1987 and has about 200 members. Its main activity has been the Finnish Conference of Environmental Sciences, the 13th held in 2017. Web: http://fses.fi/en/ (English) Web: http://fses.fi/fi/ (Finnish)

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Finnish Society of Toxicology The Finnish Society of Toxicology was founded in 1979 by toxicologists and ecotoxicologists. The society has a membership of approximately 180. The society is a member of EUROTOX and IUTOX. The members of the national society have served in posts of EUROTOX and IUTOX. The main activity of the society is to transmit information to members about congresses and other events via email and in the newsletter Toksikologi. The Society organizes an annual scientific meeting. It has published Ethical Guidelines for toxicologists and maintains the Register of Toxicologists. Registered toxicologists are also EUROTOX Registered Toxicologists. The society organized the European Society of Toxicology meeting in Kuopio in 1985, the 10th International Congress of Toxicology (ICT X) in 2004 in Tampere, and the EUROTOX meeting in Helsinki in 2019. The statutes of the society, the rules of the register, and the guidelines are printed in the membership directory in Finnish and English. Web: http://www.toksikologit.fi/welcome/ (English) Web: www.toksikologit.fi (Finnish) Poison Information Centre The Poison Information Centre answers questions and provides services especially for the treatment of acute poisonings, on a 24-hour basis for health-care professionals and the general public. The center also distributes general information on poisonings and their treatment. The internet pages contain information by agent/compound for users who need to contact the Poison Information Centre. The Teratology Information Service is a special information service on teratogenic compounds for health-care professionals and parents (In English: http://www.hus.fi/en/medical-care/

medical-services/Teratology_information_service/Pages/ default.aspx) Web: http://www.hus.fi/en/medical-care/medicalservices/Poison%20Information%20Centre/Pages/ default.aspx (English) Web: http://www.hus.fi/sairaanhoito/ sairaanhoitopalvelut/myrkytystietokeskus/Sivut/ default.aspx (Finnish) Address: Poison Information Centre Helsinki University Hospital Haartmaninkatu 4 FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland Phone: 1358 (0)9 471977 or 1358 (0)9 4711 (switchboard)

Legislation Acts, decrees, and official decisions and regulations (secondary legislation) are best found from the up-todate FINLEX Data Bank on the internet (a governmental website). The internet pages of the ministries and the agencies may contain some information on the legislation they are responsible for and have links to exact texts. The most convenient way to find a specific regulation in FINLEX is to use the number or the year of the act. The regulations are organized by the year of adoption. For several regulations translations are available, most in English. The web pages of FINLEX contain also the drafts of acts and decrees under consideration by the parliament for adoption, in the preparatory phase. Access to the web pages of FINLEX [http://www. finlex.fi/en (English); http://www.finlex.fi (Finnish)].

C H A P T E R

13 France Magali Oliva-Labadie1, Jean-Christophe Gallart2, Emmanuel Puskarczyk3 and Vincent Danel4 1

Centre antipoison de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France 2Centre antipoison de Toulouse, Toulouse, France 3 Centre antipoison de Nancy, Nancy, France 4Universite´ Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France

Introduction The history of toxicology in France is closely linked to crimes and to forensic medicine. Most of the first toxicologists were forensic medicine specialists. Some famous criminal stories where toxicology played a key role are part of this history: “l’affaire des poisons” under the reign of Louis XIV, where the Marquise de Montespan, a former mistress of the king, was suspected of being at the head of a group of poisoners (many of them were condemned to death, even the then Marquise de Brinvilliers); the famous Marie Lafarge who was convicted of murdering her husband with arsenic in 1840 (he probably died of typhoid); He´le`ne Jegado, a famous Briton poisoner, who was condemned to death in 1852; Marie Besnard, suspected in 1947 of having poisoned 12 people with arsenic (she was eventually acquitted after some famous experts battled). More recently, French toxicologists reported from some hair analysis that Napoleon might have died from a criminal arsenic poisoning! Toxicology was also linked to occupational health rather early. Lead poisoning was the first ever poisoning recognized as an occupational pathology in 1919; amazingly enough, years later, child lead poisoning is (since 1998) the only accidental poisoning which must be declared to health authorities on a mandatory basis. Toxicology is, perhaps, not as well recognized or organized as it might be in France, largely due to the lack of cohesive university programs devoted to the subject. It tends to fall largely within the scope of academic programs in pharmacy. Apart from some postgraduate courses, there are no official programs in medical or veterinary schools. Most physicians practicing clinical toxicology have a background in intensive

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00013-9

care and emergency medicine, forensic medicine, or occupational medicine. Analytical toxicology is mainly the field of pharmacists, pharmacologists, and biologists, either in hospitals or in some Forensic Medicine Institutes. Animal and experimental research is carried out by pharmacists, biologists, chemists and biochemists, and by various researchers with a scientific background. There are very few laboratories working exclusively in the field of toxicology; they are located either in universities or in some private pharmaceutical firms. Risk assessment studies and epidemiological studies, as carried out in most health agencies, are mainly conducted by pharmacists or epidemiologists. A poisoned patient is normally admitted to a general emergency department or an intensive care unit. The only dedicated poisoning unit that remains in France is in Hospital Lariboisie`re in Paris. Before being transferred to Hospital Lariboisie`re, this unit was the famous Fernand-Widal Clinical Toxicology unit, set up in the 1960s, together with the Paris Poison Control Center. A real French “school” of clinical toxicology originated in Fernand-Widal and is still very lively in Lariboisie`re hospital. Two other dedicated clinical units that existed in Marseille and in Grenoble have now disappeared. Some people have particularly contributed to the recent history of clinical toxicology: Chantal Bismuth in Paris, Jacqueline Jouglard in Marseille, and Louis Roche in Lyon. Louis Roche founded with some others the European Association of Poisons Control Centers and Clinical Toxicologists in 1964. There were 20 Poison Control Centers (PCC) in the 1980s; there are now only eight PCCs left. They respond to the general public around the clock; receiving about 200,000 calls per year. The people who answer the phone are most often medical doctors, sometimes pharmacists, or nurses in some cases.

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All cases are registered in a national database maintained by the Paris Center; a chemical products and compounds composition database is run by the Nancy Center. Each Poison Center is mainly funded by the university hospital to which it belongs; all centers depend upon the Direction Ge´ne´rale de la Sante´ at the Ministry of Health. Some funding is provided by the National Public Health Agency (Sante´ Publique France), mainly for toxicovigilance purposes. A good number of calls are also answered by the SAMU health system (on-call Emergency Medical Services) (dial 15). Mostly for economic reasons, there is now a clear trend towards the diminution of the number of PCCs and setting up closer links between the SAMU system and the PCCs. The Toxicovigilance system, coordinated by “Sante´ Publique France,” relies on the Poison Control and Toxicovigilance Centers network; some poisonings such as carbon monoxide and lead poisoning are registered and followed up at a national level. There are several toxicology scientific societies, encompassing all fields of toxicology and having from tens to hundreds of members. Some years ago, efforts failed to set up a French Federation of Toxicology. There are only a few specialized toxicology journals published in France, and most toxicologists would submit their original works to international journals.

Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of the main acute poisonings in children. Bruneton J. (2005) Plantes Toxiques: Ve´ge´taux Dangereux pour l’Homme et les Animaux (Toxic Plants: Dangerous Plants to Human and Animals) Paris: Lavoisier Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of poisonings by plants. A reference textbook. Bruneton J., Poupon E. (2016) Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes me´dicinales Paris: Lavoisier A reference textbook on plants. Coumoul X., Andujar P., Baeza-Squiba A. (2017) Toxicologie Dunod A book for students (healthcare studies and schools of engineers). Danel V., Me´garbane B. (2009) Urgences Toxicologiques de l’adulte (Toxicologic Emergencies) Paris: Arnette Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of the main toxicological emergencies in the prehospital and in the hospital settings.

Resources Books Baud F., Hantson P., Thabet H. (2013) Intoxications Aigue¨s (Management of the Critically Poisoned Patient). Springer France Management of severe acute poisonings in the intensive care unit. Baud F., Garnier R. et al. (2017) Toxicologie Clinique, 6th edition Me´decine Sciences Publications The French reference textbook in clinical toxicology. Formerly the famous ‘Bismuth.’ Be´dry R., Baud F. (2009) Iatroge´nie et toxicologie en urgence Arnette Comments on acute poisoning case reports Be´dry R., Llanas B., Danel V., Fayon M. (2007) Guide Pratique de Toxicologie Pe´diatrique (Practical Guide of Pediatric Toxicology) Paris: Arnette

Kintz P. (2012) Traite´ de toxicologie me´dico-judiciaire (Forensic Toxicology and Pharmacology) Paris: Elsevier Masson Toxicology and pharmacology of the main drugs from a forensic point of view. Lauwerys R.R., Haufroid V., Hoet P., Lison D. (2007) Toxicologie Industrielle et Intoxications Professionnelles (Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Poisonings) Paris: Masson Industrial poisonings and hazards. A reference textbook.

occupational

health

Menu E., Mehring M. (2019, 2nd ed) Toxicologie De boeck A toxicology book for Pharmacy students. Mion G., Goyffon M. (2000) Les Envenimations Graves (Severe Envenomations) Paris: Arnette Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of severe envenomations.

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Resources

Reichl F.X. (translated and adapted from German) (2002) Atlas de Poche de Me´decine de l’Environnement (Pocket Atlas of Environmental Medicine) Paris: Maloine A pocket handbook with many tables and figures. Reichl F.X. (translated and adapted from German) (2010) Guide pratique de toxicologie (Practical guide of toxicology) De boeck A short and concise book with many tables and figures. Occupational and Environmental toxicology. Testud F., Grillet J.P. (2007) Produits Phytosanitaires: Intoxications aigue¨s et risques professionnels (Pesticides: Acute Poisonings and Occupational Risk) Paris: Eska Toxicology of pesticides in the occupational environment. A reference textbook. Viala A., Botta A. (2005) Toxicologie (Toxicology) Paris: Lavoisier General textbook of toxicology. Mainly dedicated to pharmacists. Weber M., Rothmann C. (2006) Me´mo Intoxications Aigue¨s (Pocket Handbook Acute Poisonings) Paris: Arnette Pocket handbook of clinical toxicology for emergency doctors. Weber M., Rothman C., Puskarczyk E., Danel V. (2018) Urg’Intoxications Arnette A pocket handbook for emergency doctors. Acute poisonings.

Journals Addiction(s): recherches et pratiques https://www.federationaddiction.fr/reduire-lesrisques-parution-du-premier-numero-daddictionsrecherches-et-pratiques/ On drug abuse. Alcoologie et Addictologie SFA—The Journal of the Socie´te´ Franc¸aise d’Alcoologie http://www.alcoologie-et-addictologie.fr/index.php/aa On addictions and alcoholism.

Annales Franc¸aises de Me´decine d’Urgence The journal of the French Society of Emergency Medicine https://afmu.revuesonline.com/ A number of case reports and some reviews are published in this journal ERS—Environnement, Risques & Sante´ John Libbey http://www.jle.com/fr/revues/ers/revue.phtml Environmental and occupational toxicology. Psychotropes: revue internationale des toxicomanies et des addictions Cairn.info http://revuesdbsup.cairn.info/revue-psychotropes. htm A journal on drug abuse. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique Elsevier Masson https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/toxicologieanalytique-et-clinique The joint Journal of the Society of Clinical Toxicology and of the French Analytical Toxicology Society. Traite´ EMC—Pathologie professionnelle et de l’environnement Elsevier http://www.em-consulte.com/produit/in A collection of reference articles written by experts. Regularly updated. Subscription needed. Vigil’Anses ANSES 2017 http://vigilanses.mag.anses.fr/fr A publication of the French Health Agency on various health topics. VIGItox Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de PharmacoToxicologie Hospices Civils de Lyon http://vigitox.cap-lyon.fr/ A liaison bulletin published by the Lyon Poison Control Center.

Technical reports and other documents Guide pratique de de´pistage et de prise en charge des expositions au plomb chez l’enfant mineur et la femme enceinte. Mise a` jour. (Practical guide of detection and management of lead exposures during pregnancy and for underage patients. Update) (2017).

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Collective Expert Report. French Public Health High Council. Effets sur la sante´ associe´s a` l’inhalation d’imperme´abilisants ou d’autres ae´rosols de re´sines hydrophobes. Revue de la litte´rature (Waterproofing products: health effects due to the inhalation of waterproofing agent or other sprays of hydrophobic resins. Review of the literature) (2017) National Toxicovigilance Coordination Comitee and French Poison Center. Collective Expert report. Exposition a` la palytoxine des personnes s’occupant de coraux mous d’aquarium d’eau de mer: Etude des cas rapporte´s au re´seau des Centres antipoison de 2000 a` 2017 (Palytoxine Exposure during taking care of soft corals of marine aquarium: study of the cases reported to the Poisons Centers network from 2000 to 2017) (2018). National Toxicovigilance Coordination Comitee and French Poison Center. Collective Expert report. Valeurs repe`res d’aide a` la gestion dans l’air des espaces clos: les particules (Benchmark for the management of particulate matter indoor air) (2013). Collective Expert Report. French Public Health High Council. Valeurs repe`res d’aide a` la gestion pour le trichlore´thyle`ne dans l’air des espaces clos. (Benchmark for the management of Trichloroethylene level in indoor air) (2012). Collective Expert Report. French Public Health High Council. Valeurs repe`res d’aide a` la gestion pour le naphtale`ne dans l’air des espaces clos (Benchmark for the management of Naphthalene level in indoor air) (2012). Collective Expert Report. Pesticides: effets sur la sante´. (Pesticides: Health Effects) (2013). Collective Expert Report. National Institute of Health and Medical Research. Reproduction et environnement. (Reproduction and environment) (2011) Collective Expert Report. National Institute of Health and Medical Research. Le mercure des amalgames dentaires. Actualisation des donne´es. (Mercury in Dental Amalgams. A data update) (2015). Report. French Health Products Safety Agency. Thesaurus: Re´fe´rentiel national des interactions me´dicamenteuses (National Drug Interaction Library) (2018) French Health Products Safety Agency.

Utilisation du phe´noxye´thanol dans les produits cosme´tiques. (Phenoxyethanol use in cosmetic products) (2017) French Health Products Safety Agency. Evaluation of the benefit/risk ratio of the use of baclofen in alcohol-dependent patients, statement of opinion. (2018) French Health Products Safety Agency. Exposition in utero a` l’acide valproı¨que et aux autres traitements de l’e´pilepsie et des troubles bipolaires et risque de malformations conge´nitales majeures en France. (In utero exposure to valproı¨c acid and other treatments of Epilepsy and bipolar disorders and the risk of major congenital malformation) (2017). Collective Expert report. French Health Products Safety Agency. Comparaison des seuils olfactifs de substances chimiques avec des indicateurs de se´curite´ utilise´s en milieu professionnel. (Comparison of the olfactive thresholds of chemical substances with occupational safety indicators) (2005). The French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases. Proposition d’un repe`re toxicologique pour l’oxyde de titane nanome´trique pour des expositions environnementales par voie respiratoire ou orale. (Proposal of a toxicological threshold for the of titanium nanometric oxide in environmental exposures by respiratory or oral way.) (2016). French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risk. Avis de l’ANSES relatif a` la de´finition de crite`res scientifiques de´finissant les perturbateurs endocriniens. (Opinion of ANSES concerning the definition of scientific criteria to define endocrine disruptors) (2016). French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety. Traitement de l’incertitude dans le processus d’e´valuation des risques sanitaires des substances chimiques. Rapport d’expertise collective. (Processing of the uncertainty in the sanitary process risk assessment of chemical substance. Collective Expert report) (2016) French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety. Document de re´fe´rence pour l’e´laboration de valeurs limites d’exposition a` des agents chimiques en milieu professionnel. Rapport d’expertise collective. (Reference document for the processing of threshold to chemical agents in occupational environment) (2017) French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety. Collective Expert report.

Resources

E´tude d’impre´gnation par les dioxines des populations re´sidant a` proximite´ d’usines d’incine´ration d’ordures me´nage`res. (Exposure study to dioxins in the populations living near household waste incineration plants) (2008). French Public Health Agency. E´laboration de valeurs de re´fe´rence d’exposition a` partir de donne´es de biosurveillance. (Production process of exposure reference values from national biomonitoring data) (2017). French Public Health Agency. Impre´gnation des femmes enceintes par les polluants de l’environnement en France en 2011. Volet pe´rinatal du programme national de biosurveillance. Tome 3: synthe`se et conclusions. (Exposure to environmental contaminants in French pregnant women, 2011. The perinatal component of the French Human Biomonitoring (HBM) program. Tome 3: summary and conclusions) (2017) French Public Health Agency. Exposition environnementale au trichloroe´thyle`ne chez les riverains de sites pollue´s en Iˆle-de-France. E´valuation des expositions, des risques sanitaires associe´s, et appui a` la de´cision sanitaire. (Environmental exposure to trichlorethylene among residents of polluted sites in the Ile-de-France region. Assessment of exposures, associated health risks, and support for health decision) (2017) French Public Health Agency. Diagnostic et prise en charge des syndromes collectifs inexplique´s. Guide Technique. (2010) (Guidelines for diagnosis and management of unexplained collective syndrome). French Public Health Agency. Saturnisme chez l’enfant, 2008 2011, re´sultats. (2014) (Lead poisoning in children, 2008 2011 results) French Public Health Agency. “Biotox,” “Piratome,” and “Biotox” sheets. (Governmental plan of intervention for nuclear and radiological, biological, or chemical terrorist acts.) Web: http://ansm.sante.fr/Dossiers/Biotox-PiratoxPiratome/Biotox-Piratox-Piratome/(offset)/0

Databases Library and Index of French-speaking Internet Health resources French-speaking scientific medical literature database (search page) Web: http://www.chu-rouen.fr/cismef/ (French) Web: https://www.lissa.fr/dc/#lang 5 fr (French) Web: https://www.lissa.fr/dc/#lang 5 en (English)

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Drug abuse in sport Medical and legal aspects of drug abuse in sport Web: http://www.sports.gouv.fr/prevention/ dopage/ (French only) French Poison Control Centers on-line Toxicological Resources Library Web: http://www.centres-antipoison.net/cdoc/ cdocfw/index.html (Contact page; French only) Web: http://www.centres-antipoison.net/cdoc/ rech_simple.htm (Search page; French only) French University Thesis and French Universities Documentation Directory Web: http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/ (French only) French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risk (INERIS) Database Characteristics of chemical substances in toxicology, ecotoxicology. Techno-economic data also available. Web: https://substances.ineris.fr/fr/ (French only) The French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS) databases and guidelines: • Toxicological Data Sheets Web: http://www.inrs.fr/publications/bdd/ fichetox.html (French only) • Biotoxicological Guide Inventory of the available biological dosages for occupational chemical surveillance Web: http://www.inrs.fr/publications/bdd/ biotox.html (French only) • Reproduction Hazard Medical Data Sheets Help for medical evaluation of the toxic products reproduction hazard Web: http://www.inrs.fr/publications/bdd/ demeter.html (French only) • Occupational Threshold Database Web: http://www.inrs.fr/media.html? refINRS 5 ED%20984 (French only) Virtual University of Occupational Medicine Web: http://www.uvmt.org/ (French only) Information Centre on Water quality A site dedicated to water quality and safety, including data on water pollution Web: http://www.cieau.com/accueil.htm (French only) Online real-time drinking water network quality analysis results per municipality Web: https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/ vosdroits/R11461 (French only) French Indoor Air Quality Observatory Web: http://www.oqai.fr/ModernHomePage.aspx (French only)

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Daily indicators of air quality in French Regions Web: http://www2.prevair.org (French only) Web: http://www.atmo-france.org/fr/index.php?/ 200804119/carte-des-aasqa/id-menu-222.html (French only)

Web: https://lecrat.fr (French only)

Official French Library of phytopharmaceutical products Web: https://ephy.anses.fr (French only)

Resources for carcinogenic, mutagenic or reprotoxic (CMRs) substances substitution process Web: https://www.substitution-cmr.fr (French only)

Official Phytopharmacovigilance notification sheets Web: https://www.anses.fr/fr/content/fiches-dephytopharmacovigilance-ppv (French only) Official French Libraries of biocide products Web: https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/produitsbiocides-30381961 (French only) Web: https://www.anses.fr/fr/decisions_biocide (French only) Web: https://simmbad.fr/servlet/accueilMinistere. html (French only) Toxibase A database on drug abuse. Web: http://www.toxibase.org/ (French only) Toxic Plants A key of identification of the French flora plants species. Web: http://www.floretox.fr (French only) Vidal A database on health products and pharmaceuticals dedicated to medical doctors. Subscription needed. Includes ‘TOXIN,’ a database on the most frequent acute poisonings. Web: http://www.vidal.fr/ (French only) The´riaque A database on pharmaceuticals dedicated to medical doctors. Subscription needed. Web: http://www.theriaque.org/ (French only) Official Directory of human pharmaceuticals authorized in France Web: http://agence-prd.ansm.sante.fr/php/ecodex/ index.php (French only) Official Directory of veterinary pharmaceuticals authorized in France Web: http://www.ircp.anmv.anses.fr (French only) Official French Monographies of Active Substances of Vegetable Origin and Medicinal Plants Web: http://ansm.sante.fr/Mediatheque/Publications/ Pharmacopee-francaise-Substances-d-origine-vegetale (French only) Reference Center on Teratogenic Agents A database on the risks of exposure to pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse during pregnancy and breast feeding

Official notification and census portal for chemical mixtures formulated with nano-ingredient Web: https://www.r-nano.fr (French) Web: https://www.r-nano.fr/?locale 5 en (English)

French Poison Center and National Toxicovigilance Coordination Committee. Collective Expert reports. Web: http://www.centres-antipoison.net/CCTV/ index.html (French only) French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) reports and publications database Web: https://www.anses.fr/fr/content/avis-etrapports-de-lanses-sur-saisine (French only) National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Expert reports and publications database Web: https://www.inserm.fr/information-en-sante/ rapports-thematiques (French only) French Public Health High Council reports and publications database Web: https://www.hcsp.fr/Explore.cgi/AvisRapports (French only) French Public Health Agency (Sante´ Publique France) reports and publications database. Available Health and environment subjects: Carbon monoxide, Lead, Asbestos, domestic waste incinerators and health, Endocrine disruptors, Pesticides, Polychlorinated biphenyls and Health, polluted soils and health, Human Reproduction and Environment, Air and Health, Water and Health, Industrial Disasters. Web: http://invs.santepubliquefrance.fr/Dossiersthematiques/Environnement-et-sante (French only) French Public Health Database Official up-to-data raw information Web: http://www.bdsp.ehesp.fr (French only)

Organizations (government) French Atomic Energy Agency Web: http://www.cea.fr/english/Pages/welcome. aspx (English) Web: http://www.cea.fr/ (French) CEA (Commissariat a` l’e´nergie atomique) 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex Phone: 133 (0) 1 64 50 10 00

Resources

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French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Web: https://www.anses.fr/en (English) Web: https://www.afssa.fr/fr (French) ANSES (Agence nationale de se´curite´ sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail) 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex Phone: 133 (0) 49 77 13 50

National Institute for Agricultural Research Web: http://www.international.inra.fr/ (English) Web: http://www.inra.fr/en/Scientists-Students (French) Web: http://www.inra.fr/es/Investigadores-yestudiantes (Spanish) INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) 147 rue de l’universite´ 75338 Paris Cedex 07 Phone: 133 (0) 1 42 75 90 00

French Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products Web: http://ansm.sante.fr/Mediatheque/ Publications/Information-in-English (English) Web: http://ansm.sante.fr/ (French) ANSM (Agence nationale de se´curite´ du me´dicament et des produits de sante´) 143 147 boulevard Anatole France 93285 Saint-Denis Cedex Phone: 133 (0) 55 87 30 00

Toxalim TOXALIM contributes to the development of knowledge on the long-term effects on human and animal health of toxic substances, such as agricultural inputs, pesticides, mycotoxins, and other food contaminants. Web: https://www6.toulouse.inra.fr/toxalim_eng/ (English) Web: https://www6.toulouse.inra.fr/toxalim (French) INRA/ENVT/INP EI Purpan/UPS UMR 1331 TOXALIM 180, chemin de Tournefeuille—BP.93173 F-31027 TOULOUSE cedex 3, France Phone: 133 (0) 5 82 06 63 00

Health and Safety at Work Web: http://en.inrs.fr/ (English) Web: http://www.inrs.fr/ (French) INRS (Institut national de recherche et de se´curite´ pour la pre´vention des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles) 65 boulevard Richard Lenoir 75011 Paris Phone: 133 (0) 1 40 44 30 00 Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development Web: https://www.ecologique-solidaire.gouv.fr/ (French only) Ministe`re de la Transition e´cologique et solidaire Hoˆtel de Roquelaure 246 boulevard Saint-Germain 75007 Paris Phone: 133 (0) 1 40 81 21 22 Ministry of Health Web: http://www.sante.gouv.fr/ (French only) Ministe`re des Solidarite´s et de la Sante´ 14, avenue Duquesne 75350 Paris 07 SP Phone: 133 (0) 1 40 56 60 00 High Authority of Health Web: https://www.has-sante.fr/portail/jcms/r_1455081/ Home-page/ (English) Web: https://www.has-sante.fr/portail/ (French) HAS (Haute Autorite´ de Sante´) 5 avenue du Stade de France 93218 Saint-Denis La Plaine Cedex Phone: 133 (0) 1 55 93 70 00

National Institute of the Industrial Environment and Risk Web: https://www.ineris.fr/fr/presentation (English) Web: https://www.ineris.fr/fr (French) The chemical substances portal of INERIS provides chemical characteristic quantities in the following fields: ecotoxicology, toxicology, technicoeconomic data. Web: https://substances.ineris.fr/fr/ INERIS (Institut national de l’environnement industriel et des Risques) Parc Technologique ALATA BP 2-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte Phone: 133 (0) 3 44 55 66 77 French Institute for Public Health Surveillance Web: http://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/Infos/ About-Sante-publique-France (English) Web: http://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/ (French) SPF (Sante´ Publique France) 12, rue du Val d’Osne 94415 Saint-Maurice cedex Phone: 133 (0) 1 41 79 67 00 French Institute of Health and Medical Research Web: https://www.inserm.fr/en (English) Web: https://www.inserm.fr/ (French) INSERM (Institut national de la sante´ et de la recherche me´dicale) 101 rue de Tolbiac 75654 PARIS cedex 13 Phone: 133 (0) 1 44 23 60 00

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Department of Data and Statistical Studies (SDES) of the Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development Web: http://www.statistiques.developpementdurable.gouv.fr/accueil.html (French only)

Institut Pasteur de Lille 1, rue du Professeur Calmette 59019 Lille Cedex Phone: 133 (0) 3 20 87 79 14

Department of Data and Statistical Studies (SDES) 5, route d’Olivet BP 16105-45061 Orle´ans Cedex 2 Phone: 133 (0) 2 38 79 78 78 Tour Se´quoia 92055 La De´fense cedex Phone: 133 (0)1 40 81 21 22

Quick FDS A site dedicated to material safety data sheets. http://www.quickfds.fr/fr/index.html CMT SAS 39 boulevard Ornano 93200 SAINT-DENIS RCS Paris B 391 742 087 Phone: 133 (0)1 53 35 07 08

Health Agencies Portal Web: https://www.sante.fr/ (French only) Ministe`re des Solidarite´s et de la Sante´ 14, avenue Duquesne 75350 Paris 07 SP Phone: 133 (0) 1 40 56 60 00 Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety Web: http://www.irsn.fr/EN/Pages/home.aspx (English) Web: http://www.irsn.fr/FR/Pages/Home.aspx (French) IRSN (Institut de Radioprotection et de Suˆrete´ Nucle´aire) BP 17 31, avenue de la Division Leclerc 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex Phone: 133 (0) 1 58 35 88 88

Organizations (nongovernment) Association of Agricultural Technology Coordination Web: http://www.acta.asso.fr/ (French only) ACTA 149 rue de Bercy 75595 Paris Cedex 12 Phone: 133 (0) 1 40 04 50 00 Consumer Safety Commission Web: https://www.inc-conso.fr/content/lacommission-de-la-securite-des-consommateurs (French only) INC (Institut National de la Consommation) 18, rue Tiphaine 75015 Paris Phone: 133 (0) 1 45 66 20 20 France Chimie Representing the French chemical industry. Web: http://www.uic.fr/ (French only) Pasteur Institute A site dedicated to toxicogenetics. Web: https://mutagenese.pasteur-lille.fr/accueil/ Laboratoire de toxicology ge´ne´tique

Legislation Official Government Laws www.legifrance.gouv.fr/ (French only)

Professional societies Association for the Promotion of Fundamental and Applied Toxicology www.atctoxicologie.fr (French only) Association for the Promotion of Research and Teaching in Toxicology www.aret.asso.fr/ (French only) French Botany Network (Tela Botanica) www.tela-botanica.org/ French Federation of Addictology www.addictologie.org (French only) French Mycologic Society www.mycofrance.fr/ (French only) French Natural History Museum (MNHN) inpn.mnhn.fr/accueil/index French Public Health Society www.sfsp.fr (French only) French Society for the Promotion of Toxins Study www.sfet.asso.fr/ (French only) French Society of Analytical Toxicology www.sfta.org/ (French only) French Society of Botany www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sbf/ (French only) French Society of Genetic Toxicology www.sftg.org/ French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics www.pharmacol-fr.org/ (French only) French Society of Toxicology www.sftox.com/ (French only)

Resources

Society of Clinical Toxicology www.toxicologie-clinique.org/ (French only) Society of Genetic Toxicology www.sftg.org/ (French only) Working group on metabolism and pharmacokinetics www.gmp.asso.fr/ GATOX www.gatox.fr The association of toxicology researchers and teachers in pharmacy schools.

Poison Control Centers and Toxicovigilance Centers Poison Control Centers and Toxicovigilance Centers Association Web: http://www.centres-antipoison.net/index.html (French only) Web: https://antipoison.fr/ (French only) Angers (Centre, Val de Loire, Pays de la Loire, Bretagne, Normandie) Centre Hospitalier Re´gional 4 rue Larrey 49033 Angers Cedex 01 Phone: 133 (0) 241-48-21-21 Fax: 133 (0) 241-35-55-07 Web: https://www.chu-angers.fr/offre-de-soins/ centre-antipoison-52975.kjsp?RH 5 1415016653812 (French only) Bordeaux (Nouvelle Aquitaine) Hoˆpital Pellegrin-Tripode Place Ame´lie Raba-Le´on 33076 Bordeaux Cedex Phone: 133 (0) 556-96-40-80 Fax: 133 (0) 556-79-60-96 Web: https://www.chu-bordeaux.fr/Les-services/ Centre-Anti-Poison-et-de-toxicologie/ (French only) Lille (Hauts de France) Centre Hospitalier Re´gional 5 avenue Oscar Lambret 59037 Lille Cedex Phone: 133 (0) 825-812-822 Fax: 133 (0) 320-44-56-28 Web: http://www.chru-lille.fr/urgences/centre-antipoison/index.html (French only)

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Lyon (Auvergne, Rhoˆne-Alpes) Bat. A, 4 e´tage 162 Av. Lacassagne 69424 Lyon Cedex 03 Phone: 133 (0) 472-11-69-11 Fax: 133 (0) 472-11-69-85 Web: http://www.chu-lyon.fr/fr/urgences Marseille (Provence, Alpes, Coˆtes d’Azur, Corse, La Re´union, Mayotte) Hoˆpital Salvator 249 Bd Sainte Marguerite 13274 Marseille Cedex 9 Phone: 133 (0) 491-75-25-25 Fax: 133 (0) 491-74-41-68 Web: http://fr.ap-hm.fr/specialites-medicales/ urgences/centre-anti-poison (French only) Nancy (Grand-Est, Bourgogne, Franche Comte´) CAP Est (Re´gions Grand-Est et Bourgogne-FrancheComte´) CHU de Nancy, hoˆpital Central 29 avenue Mare´chal de Lattre de Tassigny 54035 Nancy Cedex, Phone: 1 33 3 83 22 50 50 Fax: 1 33 3 83 22 50 22 Web: http://www.chu-nancy.fr/index.php/centreantipoison (French only) Paris (Ile de France, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane) Hoˆpital Fernand Widal 200 rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis 75475 Paris Cedex 10 Phone: 133 (0) 140-05-48-48 Fax: 133 (0) 140-05-41-93 Web: https://www.aphp.fr/service/service-48-047 (French only) Toulouse (Occitanie) Hoˆpital Purpan Place du Docteur Baylac 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9 Phone: 133 (0) 561-77-74-47 Fax: 133 (0) 561-77-25-72 Web: http://www.chu-toulouse.fr/-centre-antipoisonet-de-toxicovigilance-cap-tv-de- (French only)

C H A P T E R

14 Germany Herbert Desel and Nina Glaser German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße, Berlin, Germany

Introduction The formation of toxicology as a scientific discipline in Germany originated with basic research in chemistry and medicine at universities and in occupational toxicology programs associated with 19th century industrialization. In academia, lectures on toxicology were presented by Georg Augustin Bertele (1767 1818) at the medical faculty in Landshut. Experimental research on toxic gases was performed by Hermann Eulenberg between 1865 and 1876 in Cologne. The state of the art in toxicology at the end of the 19th century was presented by Rudolf Kobert (1854 1918) in his famous textbook on intoxications first published in 1893 and in an extended form from 1902 to 1906 when he was a professor in Rostock. Equally acknowledged is the textbook on toxicology published in 1928 by Louis Lewin (1850 1918), a reprint of which appeared in 1992. Physicians employed by chemical companies were instrumental in formulating the discipline of occupational toxicology in Germany. The first medical officer at BASF was Carl Knaps in 1868, followed by Wilhelm Grandhomme at Farbwerke Hoechst in 1874. In the 1870s Ludwig Hirt (1844 1907) published a textbook on occupational medicine with a focus on toxic substances at the workplace. In his institute in Wu¨rzburg, Karl Bernhard Lehmann (1858 1940) first established threshold values for industrial gases at the workplace in 1884. In 1898 he described chloracne in people working in electrolytic factories. A medical department was founded at the Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (BASF) in 1903 when it became clear that aromatic amines induce bladder cancer in exposed workers. State authorities also began to show concern for toxicological problems, for example, in the Kaiserliches Gesundheitsamt (later Reichsgesundheitsamt, that is, Imperial Health Office) founded in 1876. Soon, legislation on chemical safety was implemented, for example, Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00014-0

the law on the use of colors harmful to human health in 1887. In 1905 a conference on the instruction of workers about the hazards of toxic substances was held at the central office for labor welfare in Hagen. The flourishing of toxicological research around 1900 did not, however, result in the establishment of toxicological institutes at German universities. Rather, toxicology was looked upon as a part of pharmacology, and toxicological research was performed in some of the university institutes of pharmacology which were founded in increasing numbers in the early 20th century. Even today, the state-controlled curricula for students of medicine and pharmacy contain pharmacology and toxicology as one common subject. The first full professorship for toxicology in an independent institute was awarded to Paul Pulewka in Tu¨bingen in 1951, later followed by Herbert Remmer. The German Science Council (Wissenschaftsrat) in 1960 and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) in 1975 called for the foundation of toxicological institutes at all universities, and in the following decades a number of universities complied with this demand. In the 1960s the Institutes of Toxicology in Wu¨rzburg (1965, Dietrich Henschler) and Marburg (1966, Wolfgang Koransky) and the Departments of Toxicology in Mainz (1966, Karl-Joachim Netter), Homburg (1967, Karl Pfleger), Kiel (1969, Friedrich Karl Ohnesorge), and at the Institute for Occupational Physiology in Dortmund (1978 Hubert Antweiler, 1982 Hermann Bolt) were established. In the German Democratic Republic, the Institute for Industrial Toxicology in Halle led by Werner Ponsold was founded in 1968. In the 1970s the Institute for Toxicology and Embryonic Pharmacology in Berlin (1972, Dieter Neubert), the Institute for Toxicology in Du¨sseldorf (1974, Friedrich Karl Ohnesorge), the Institute for Toxicology in Hannover (1977, Hans Wellho¨ner), and the Department of Toxicology in Hamburg (1978, Hans Marquardt) were started. Later,

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university institutes of toxicology were also established in Kaiserslautern, Mainz, Jena, Munich, Potsdam, and Go¨ttingen. In parallel with the foundation of university institutes, a number of toxicological research institutes outside academia or associated with academia emerged, such as the Institute of Toxicology at the GSF in Neuherberg (1975, Helmut Greim). In industry, a number of pharmaceutical companies including Bayer, BASF, Hoechst, Merck, and Schering founded toxicological departments in the 1950s and 1960s. This positive development was reversed in the 1990s, with a diminishment of toxicological research. In 1999 the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft published a memorandum critical of the situation. With the advent of the REACH Regulation (EC No. 1907/ 2006) (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals), the new European Union’s chemicals legislation, the need for toxicologists again increased.

Resources Books

Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag ISBN: 978-3-8274-1452-6 Eisenbrand G., Metzler M., Hennecke F.J. (2005) Toxikologie. Fu¨r Naturwissenschaftler und Mediziner (Toxicology for Natural Scientists and Physicians), 3rd edition Weinheim: Wiley VCH ISBN: 978-3527309894 Fuhrmann G.F. (2006) Toxikologie fu¨r Naturwissenschaftler: Einfu¨hrung in die Theoretische und Spezielle Toxikologie (Toxicology for Natural Scientists: Introduction into Theoretical and Special Toxicology), 1st edition Wiesbaden: Vieweg 1 Teubner Verlag ISBN: 978-3835100244 Three textbooks mainly designed for students of chemistry, biology, and medicine. The focus is mainly on general toxicology, toxicological mechanisms, and German law regulating treatment of hazardous substances, and less amply on the actions of specific compounds. In addition, basic anatomical and pathophysiological information is provided.

General monographs Marquardt H., Scha¨fer S., Barth H. (eds.) (2013) Toxikologie (Toxicology), 3rd edition Stuttgart: WVG ISBN: 978-3804728769 This comprehensive multiauthor textbook covers most aspects of toxicology in 1483 pages. It contains sections on general toxicology, organ toxicology, the most important groups of toxic substances, specific fields of toxicology, toxicological methodology, and risk assessment. Gesellschaft fu¨r Toxikologie e.V. (Society of Toxicology) (2015) Toxikologie in Deutschland (Toxicology in Germany) This short monograph describes the tasks, the challenges and the state of toxicological sciences in Germany in 2015. The current situation is summarized by members of the Society of Toxicology, which is the leading force in Germany to promote toxicological science. Actual challenges in the field of toxicology are highlighted and the need for support by political stakeholders is pointed out. Textbooks on toxicology Dekant W., Vamvakas S. (2010) Toxikologie—Eine Einfu¨hrung fu¨r Chemiker, Biologen und Pharmazeuten (Toxicology—An Introduction for Chemists, Biologists and Pharmacists), 2nd edition

Most important textbooks on pharmacology and toxicology Aktories K., Fo¨rstermann U., Hofmann F., Starke K. (eds.) (2017) Allgemeine und spezielle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie. Begru¨ndet von W. Forth, D. Hentschler, W. Rummel (Forth, Hentschler & Rummel’s General and Special Pharmacology and Toxicology), 12th edition Mu¨nchen: Urban & Fischer/Elsevier GmbH ISBN: 978-3437425257 A comprehensive general textbook covering the theoretical basis as well as the clinical aspects of pharmacology, with an extensive chapter on toxicology. Each chapter was written by an expert and starts with the pathophysiological basis. Estler C.J., Schmidt H. (eds.) (2006) Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Pharmacology and Toxicology), 6th edition Stuttgart: Schattauer Verlag ISBN: 978-3794522958 A multiauthor book with 22 chapters, one of which covers toxicology in a brief but systematic manner. Mutschler E., Geisslinger G., Kroemer H.K., Menzel S., Ruth P. (2012) Mutschler Arzneimittelwirkungen: Pharmakologie— Klinische Pharmakologie—Toxikologie (Mutschler Drug Effects—Pharmacology—Clinical Pharmacology— Toxicology), 10th edition

Resources

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Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft ISBN: 978-3804728981

Mu¨nchen: Urban & Fischer/Elsevier GmbH ISBN: 978-3437212048

General textbook for students of medicine, pharmacy, and the life sciences. It contains three major sections (general pharmacology, special pharmacology, toxicology). For the nonmedical reader, a brief introduction to anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology precedes each chapter.

By far the most important monograph on teratogenic effects in German language. Frequently updated, based on authors’ long consulting experience and research in the field.

Further important textbooks on pharmacology and toxicology Bo¨nisch H., Graefe K.H., Lutz W.K. (2016) Duale Reihe Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Dual Series: Pharmacology and Toxicology) 1st edition Stuttgart: Thieme ISBN: 978-3131428615 Four popular textbooks addressed to medical students with the main focus on pharmacology. Freissmuth M., Offermanns S., Bo¨hm S. (2016) Pharmakologie und Toxikologie: Von den molekularen Grundlagen zur Pharmakotherapie (Pharmacology and Toxicology: from Molecular Principles to Pharmacology), 2nd edition Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer ISBN: 978-3662466889 Lu¨llmann H., Mohr K., Wehling M., Hein L. (2016) Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Pharmacology and Toxicology), 18th edition Stuttgart: Thieme ISBN: 978-3133685184 Oberdisse E., Hackenthal E., Kuschinsky K. (eds.) (2001) Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Pharmacology and Toxicology), 3rd edition Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer ISBN: 978-3540419938 Most important textbooks on medical and analytical toxicology Pfleger K., Maurer H., Weber A. (2016) Mass Spectral and GC Data of Drugs, Poisons, Pesticides, Pollutants and Their Metabolites, 5th edition Weinheim: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft ISBN: 978-3-527-34287-7 Reference to mass spectra of more than 10,430 substances, most of them important for toxicological analyses in cases of intoxications; written in English, extensively used throughout the world. Schaefer C., Spielmann H., Vetter K., WeberScho¨ndorfer C. (2011) Arzneiverordnung in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit (Drugs in Pregancy and Lactation), 7th edition

von Mu¨hlendahl K.E., Oberdisse U., Bunjes R., Brockstedt M. (2003) Vergiftungen im Kindesalter (Intoxications in Childhood), 4th edition Stuttgart: Thieme ISBN: 978-3131298140 The experience of more than 20 years of poisons information is presented in this standard book for diagnosis and treatment of intoxications. The main focus is on intoxications in childhood, but useful hints for intoxications in adults are also included for many toxic agents. Further important textbooks on medical and analytical toxicology Ludewig R., Regenthal R. (2014) Akute Vergiftungen und Arzneimittelu¨berdosierungen (Acute Intoxications and Drug Overdoses), 11th edition Stuttgart: WVG ISBN: 978-3804732117 A valuable guide for the clinical management of intoxications, and a comprehensive index to many uncommon substances and products. Substances are grouped by chemical or use. Each entry comprises toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic data and the symptoms and therapy of intoxication. Wirth W., Gloxhuber C. (1994) Toxikologie (Toxicology), 5th edition Stuttgart: Thieme ISBN: 9783134211047 Although over 25 years old, this is still an important textbook on medical toxicology. Following a shorter section on general toxicology, the main section is divided into the toxicology (chemistry, exposure, symptoms and mechanisms of acute and chronic intoxication, and therapy) of inorganic compounds, organic compounds, plant poisons, and animal poisons. Biotoxins and environmental toxicology Bresinsky A., Besl H. (1985) Giftpilze: Ein Handbuch fu¨r Apotheker, A¨rzte und Biologen (Poisonous Fungi: A Guide for Pharmacists, Physicians and Biologists) Stuttgart: WVG ISBN: 978-3804706804

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This monograph contains short information on intoxication syndromes and more detailed information on the identification of poisonous fungi. Flammer R. (2014) Giftpilze: Pilzvergiftungen (Poisonous Mushrooms: Mushroom Poisoning) 1st edition Aarau, Mu¨nchen: AT Verlag ISBN: 978-3038008347 Containes mushrooms.

information

related

to

poisonous

Frohne D., Pfa¨nder H.J. (2004) Giftpflanzen (Poisonous Plants), 5th edition Stuttgart: WVG ISBN: 978-3804720602 In this handbook, many plants with toxic ingredients are presented with photographs and comprehensive descriptions of their basic and clinical toxicology. Junghanss T., Bodio M. (1996) Notfall-Handbuch Gifttiere (Emergency Handbook Venomous and Poisonous Animals) Stuttgart: Thieme ISBN: 978-3131004413 This valuable handbook is a collection of very detailed and comprehensive data on poisonings caused by exotic animals from the whole world. Designed for use in specialized treatment centers and poisons centers. Lindner E. (1990) Toxikologie der Nahrungsmittel (Toxicology of Food), 4th edition Stuttgart: Thieme ISBN: 978-3804715752 A book about the toxic substances in food which are either natural or formed during storage or preparation, as well as about food additives. Mebs D. (2010) Giftiere Ein Handbuch fu¨r Biologen, Toxikologen, A¨rzte und Apotheker (Venomous and Poisonous Animals— A Handbook for Biologists, Toxicologists and Toxinologists, Physicians and Pharmacists), 3rd edition Stuttgart: WVG ISBN: 978-3804725102 ISBN: 978-0849312649 (English version [2002]) In this comprehensive handbook, many poisonous animals are presented with photographs. Their toxins, as well as the symptoms of and therapy for the intoxication are described.

Merian E., Anke M., Ihnat M., Stoeppler M. (ed.) (2004) Elements and their Compounds in the Environment, 2nd edition Weinheim: VCH ISBN: 978-3527304592 Formerly titled “Metals and their Compounds in the Environment.” This is the standard reference monograph on many aspects of environmental and toxicological chemistry. Each chapter deals with a specific element and written by an international expert. Teuscher E., Lindequist U. (2010) Biogene Gifte—Biologie—Chemie—Pharmakologie— Toxikologie (Poisons from Biological Sources— Biology—Chemistry—Pharmacology—Toxicology), 3rd edition Stuttgart: WVG ISBN: 978-3804724389 This book presents the biology, chemistry, and toxicology of toxins from all types of biological organisms. Many color pictures and chemical structures are included. Wink M., van Wyk B.E., Wink C. (2008) Handbuch der giftigen und psychoaktiven Pflanzen (Handbook of poisonous and psychoactive plants), 1st edition Stuttgart: WVG ISBN: 978-3804724259 More than 200 mind-altering and poisonous plants are covered in short monographs, with areas of distribution, effective ingredients, symptoms of intoxication and possible mechanisms of action. Occupational toxicology—monographs on workplace concentration values Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (ed.) (2006) MAK- und BAT-Werte-Liste 2017. Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentrationen und Biologische Arbeitsstofftoleranzwerte. Mitteilung 53 (List of MAK and BAT Values 2017. Maximum Concentrations and Biological Tolerance Values at the Workplace. Report 53) Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA ISBN: 978-3-527-81211-0 The MAK value (Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentration [maximum concentration in the workplace]) is defined as the maximum permissible concentration of a chemical compound present in the air within a working area which, according to current knowledge, generally does

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not impair the health of the employee nor cause undue annoyance. These values are established annually by the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area of the German Science Foundation (DFG) in German, English and Spanish. The BAT value (Biologische Arbeitsstofftoleranzwert [biological exposure value]) is defined as the maximum permissible quantity of a chemical compound, its metabolites, or any deviation from the norm of biological parameters induced by these substances in exposed humans. The BAT values are also established by the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area and are published annually in German, English and Spanish. This periodical provides cumulative tables listing established Maximum Concentrations at the Workplace and the Biological Exposure Values for Occupational Toxicants, and also contains classification proposals for carcinogens. These values and classification proposals provide the basis for the legislative process on hazardous substances, which is prepared by the Bundesministerium fu¨r Arbeit und Soziales (Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs) (see below). Kurzweil P. (2013) Toxikologie und Gefahrstoffe: Gifte—Wirkungen— Arbeitssicherheit (Toxicology and Hazardous Substances: Poisons—Effects—Occupational Safety), 1st edition Haan-Gruiten: Verlag Europa-Lehrmittel ISBN: 978-3808570241 This textbook summarizes the most important toxic substances and toxicological mechanisms with a special focus on aspects of occupational safety. Continuously updated loose-leaf collections, partially linked to related databases Baum E., Bender H.F., Broemme A., Desel H., GundertRemy U., Holzha¨user J., Kersting H., Kersting K., Ko¨nig M., Nendza M., Stephan U., Strobel U.; Holzha¨user J. (ed.), Holzha¨user P. (ed.) (2018) Handbuch der gefa¨hrlichen Gu¨ter. Gesamtwerk: Merkbla¨tter 1-2900 (Handbook of Dangerous Goods. Complete Works. Leaflet 1-2900), 32th edition Springer Vieweg (CD-ROM, online, leaflet) ISBN: 978-3-662-55836-2 (leaflet) Drexler H., Greim H. (eds.) (2006) Biologische Arbeitsstofftoleranz Werte (BAT-Werte), Expositionsa¨quivalente fu¨r krebserzeugende

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Arbeitsstoffe (EKA) und Biologische Leitwerte (BLW). Arbeitsmedizinisch toxikologische Begru¨ndungen (Biological Exposure Values for Occupational Toxicants and Carcinogens. Critical Data Evaluation for BAT, EKA and BLW Values) Weinheim: Wiley-VCH (loose leaflet series, volumes 1 22) ISBN: 978-3-527-33211-3 Critical data evaluations of the newly established or revised BAT values are published as supplementary material to this loose-leaf book. Hartwig A. (ed.) (2018) Gesundheitsscha¨dliche Arbeitsstoffe. Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begru¨ndungen von MAK-Werten (Occupational Toxicants. Critical Data Evaluation for MAK Values and Classification of Carcinogens). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH (loose leaflet series, volumes 1 63) ISSN: 978-3527343096 MAK values are established by the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area and are published annually (see above). The critical data evaluations of newly established or revised MAK values are published as supplementary monographs to this loose-leaf book. Roth L., Daunderer M. (2018) Giftliste (List of Poisons) 46th edition Ecomed (CD-ROM, online, loose leaflet) ISBN: 978-3-609-48050-3 (CD-ROM) Wichmann H.E., Fromme H. (2017) Handbuch der Umweltmedizin digital (Handbook of Environmental Medicine digital), 3rd edition Ecomed (CD-ROM, leaflet) ISBN: 978-3-609-71195-9 (CD-ROM) Environmental toxicology is an important field in environmental medicine. This book contains toxicological reviews on substances present in the environment. The loose-leaf book has been continuously updated and contains chapters on ozone, sulfur dioxide, passive smoking, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, a number of metals, benzene, formaldehyde, pentachlorphenol, polychlorinated biphenyls, tetrachloroethene, herbicides, and nitrite/nitrate.

Journals Traditional professional journals of toxicology in Germany are no longer published in German but have

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switched to English language in order to gain a wider readership. These journals are listed elsewhere. A small number of journals dealing with toxicological topics are still published in German:

Web: http://www.dguv.de/ifa/gestis/gestisstoffdatenbank/index.jsp (German)

Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin (Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine, Environmental Medicine) Gentner Verlagsgruppe ISSN: 0944-6052

GESTIS—International limit values for chemical agents (Occupational exposure limits, OELs) Limit values for chemical agents provided by the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV). This database contains a collection of occupational limit values for hazardous substances, gathered from various states from the whole world.

Gefahrstoffe—Reinhaltung der Luft (Hazardous Substances—Environmental Pollution Control) Springer-VDI-Verlag ISSN: 0949-8036

Web: http://www.dguv.de/ifa/gestis/gestisinternationale-grenzwerte-fuer-chemischesubstanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agents/index2.jsp (English only)

Journal fu¨r Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety) Springer International Publishing AG ISSN: 1661-5751

Index of Authorized Plant Protection Products (Verzeichnis zugelassener Pflanzenschutzmittel) Database of plant protection products authorized in Germany, provided by the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety.

Toxichem Krimtech: Mitteilungsblatt der Gesellschaft fu¨r Toxikologische und Forensische Chemie (Toxichem Krimtech: Newsletter of the Society of Toxicological and Forensic Chemistry) Jena: GTFCh ISSN: 2190-3441 Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung (Environmental Science and Pollutant Research) Ecomed Verlagsgesellschaft mbh ISSN: 0934-3504 Umwelt & Gesundheit (Environment and Health) Dessau-Roßlau: Umweltbundesamt ISSN: 1862-4340

Databases (free access)

Web: http://www.bvl.bund.de/infoppp (German only) Database BfR Recommendations on Food Contact Materials (Datenbank BfR-Empfehlungen zu Materialien fu¨r den Lebensmittelkontakt) Managed by the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). The Recommendations on Food Contact Materials represent the current state of the scientific and technical knowledge for the conditions under which consumer goods made of high polymer substances meet the requirements of y 31, para 1, German Food and Feed Code (Lebensmittel-, Bedarfsgegensta¨ndeund Futtermittelgesetzbuch, LFGB), as well as those of Article 3, part 1a of the Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 in respect to their health safety. Web: http://www.bfr.bund.de/cd/1711 (English) Web: http://www.bfr.bund.de/cd/447 (German)

GESTIS Substance Database from the German Social Accident Insurance The GESTIS Substance Database contains information for the safe handling of hazardous substances and other chemical substances at work, for example, health effects, necessary protective measures and such in case of danger (including first aid). Furthermore the user is offered information regarding important physical and chemical properties as well as special regulations, for example, GHS classification and labeling according to CLP regulation (pictograms, H phrases, P phrases). The available information relates to about 9400 substances. Data are updated immediately after publication of new official regulations or after the issue of new scientific results.

Web: https://www.baua.de/DE/Angebote/ Rechtstexte-und-Technische-Regeln/Regelwerk/ TRGS/TRGS.html (German) Web: https://www.baua.de/EN/Service/Legislativetexts-and-technical-rules/Rules/TRGS/TRGS.html (English, several TRGS have been translated)

Web: http://www.dguv.de/ifa/gestis/gestisstoffdatenbank/index-2.jsp (English)

WINGIS online Information System for Hazardous Substances (WINGIS Gefahrstoff-Informations System) of

Technical Rules for Hazardous Substances (Technische Regeln Gefahrstoffe, TRGS) Developed by the Committee on Hazardous Substances. TRGS are collections of rules for the handling of hazardous substances at the workplace outlined within the Ordinance on Hazardous Substances (Gefahrstoffverordnung).

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the Institution for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention for the Construction Industry (BG Bau) Information on technical products used in the construction industry, utilizing the GISCODE nomenclature.

guidelines. Federal Ministries in Germany have changed their name and duties in the last decade. Responsibilities for toxicological topics are widely distributed between the ministries and the institutes listed below.

Web: http://www.wingis-online.de (German only)

Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (Bundesministerium fu¨r Erna¨hrung und Landwirtschaft, BMEL) Wilhelmstraße 54, D-10117 Berlin Web: https://www.bmel.de/EN/Homepage/ homepage_node.html (English) Web: https://www.bmel.de/DE/Startseite/ startseite_node.html (German)

Databases (at least partially with restricted access) International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC) (Internationale chemische Sicherheitsdatenbla¨tter) German version provided by the BG-Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Web: http://www.dguv.de/ifa/gestis/isiinformationssystem-fuer-sicherheitsdatenblaetter/ index-2.jsp (German only, the database is in large part not available to the general public) Joint Substance Data Pool of the German Federal Government and Federal States (Gemeinsamer Stoffdatenpool des Bundes und der La¨nder, GSBL) GSBL is a nationwide project and operated conjointly by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety and the Environmental Ministries of the participating Federal States of Germany (La¨nder). Web: https://www.gsbl.de/eng_home.htm (content of the database in German only, the database is in part not available to the general public) Information system for hazardous substances (Informationssystem fu¨r gefa¨hrliche Stoffe, IGS) Information system with focus on emergency units, provided by the North Rhine-Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection Web: https://igsvtu.lanuv.nrw.de/igs_portal (German only, the database is in part not available to the general public)

Organizations (government) Germany is a member state of the European Union (EU). It is formed of 16 federal states (Bundesla¨nder). Legislation is divided between the European Parliament, the Federal parliament (Bundestag), and parliaments of the federal states. Federal administration duties are mainly directed to national and international harmonization and development of 1

The BMEL was renamed in 2013 (formerly BMELV) and has many responsibilities in the control of food, agriculture, and rural development. Linked institutions: Following the von Wedel advisory opinion1, risk assessment and risk management are divided between two federal agencies in Germany since 2002: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut fu¨r Risikobewertung, BfR) Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin Web: http://www.bfr.bund.de/cd/template/index_en (English) Web: http://www.bfr.bund.de (German) The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) was founded in 2002. It prepares expert reports and opinions on questions of food safety and consumer health protection on the basis of internationally recognized scientific risk assessment criteria. Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (Bundesamt fu¨r Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, BVL) Bundesallee 35, D-38116 Braunschweig Web: https://www.bvl.bund.de/EN/Home/ homepage_node.html (English) Web: http://www.bvl.bund.de (German) The Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL) exercises several duties through which it contributes to safer food, feed, and commodities in Germany (risk management). It is responsible for the authorization of plant protection products, veterinary drugs, feed additives, and genetically modified organisms. Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (Bundesministerium fu¨r Arbeit und Soziales) Wilhelmstraße 49, D-10117 Berlin

https://www.bfr.bund.de/en/presseinformation/2001/22/bgvv_welcomes__von_wedel__expert_opinion_on_the_organisation_of_consumer_ health_protection-1371.html

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Web: http://www.bmas.de/EN/Home/home.html (English) Web: http://www.bmas.de (German) Among many responsibilities on economic topics this ministry is responsible for occupational safety in Germany. Linked institutions: Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (Bundesanstalt fu¨r Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin, BAuA) Friedrich-Henkel-Weg 1-25, D-44149 Dortmund Web: http://www.baua.de/eindex.htm (English) Web: http://www.baua.de (German) BAuA is the knowledge service provider and service institution for industry, government, and social partners on occupational safety, and it is the authority mainly responsible for the notification of biocides. Linked committee: Committee on Hazardous Substances (Ausschuss fu¨r Gefahrstoffe, AGS) Web: https://www.baua.de/EN/Tasks/Committeeadministration/AGS/AGS_node.html (English) http://www.baua.de/prax/ags (German) The main duty of the AGS is the development of technical rules for handling of hazardous substances in the workplace (Technische Regeln Gefahrstoffe, TRGS, see above). Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Bundesministerium fu¨r Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit, BMU) Stresemannstraße 128—130, D-10117 Berlin Web: https://www.bmub.bund.de/en/ (English) Web: https://www.bmub.bund.de/ (German) Responsible for the protection of human health against hazardous substances, for prevention of hazardous incidents in industrial plants and for dealing with other environmental issues. Linked institutions: Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt, UBA) Wo¨rlitzer Platz 1, D-06844 Dessau Web: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en (English) Web: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de (German) The Federal Environmental Agency provides support to the BMU, in particular at a scientific and technical level in the fields of air pollution control, noise abatement, waste and water management, soil protection and environmental chemicals, especially in the drawing up of statutory and administrative provisions.

Federal Office for Radiation Protection (Bundesamt fu¨r Strahlenschutz, BfS) Willy-Brandt-Straße 5, D-38226 Salzgitter Web: http://www.bfs.de/DE/home/home_node.html (German) Web: http://www.bfs.de/EN/home/home_node.html (English) BfS is responsible for the safety and protection of man and the environment against damage due to ionizing and nonionizing radiation. Of special importance are defense against immediate hazards and precautions for the protection of the general public, workers, and patients. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Bundesamt fu¨r Naturschutz, BfN) Konstantinstr. 110, D-53179 Bonn Web: https://www.bfn.de/?L 5 1 (English) Web: http://www.bfn.de (German) The BfN is the central federal administration for the international and national aspects of nature conservation. Federal Ministry of Health (Bundesministerium fu¨r Gesundheit) Rochusstraße 1, D-53123 Bonn Web: https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium. de/en/en.html (English) Web: https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium. de/ (German) The Federal Ministry of Health located in Bonn and in Berlin is active in all fields of health and medicine, for example, medicinal drugs, prevention, and health insurance Linked institutions: Robert Koch Institute (Robert Koch Institut, RKI) Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin Web: https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Institut/ institut_node.html (German) Web: https://www.rki.de/EN/Home/ homepage_node.html (English) The Robert Koch Institute (RKI) is one of the most important bodies for the safeguarding of public health in Germany. As leading institution of the government in the field of biomedicine it plays a major role in the prevention and combating of infectious diseases as well as in the analysis of long-term public health trends in the German health system. Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut fu¨r Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM) Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, D-53175 Bonn

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Web: https://www.bfarm.de/EN/Home/home_node. html (English) Web: http://www.bfarm.de (German) Duties of the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices include the authorization and registration of drugs, as well as the collection and evaluation of side effects of drugs and medical devices. German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information (Deutsches Institut fu¨r Medizinische Dokumentation und Information, DIMDI) Waisenhausgasse 36-38a, D-50676 Ko¨ln Web: http://www.dimdi.de/dynamic/en (English) Web: http://www.dimdi.de (German) The DIMDI hosts different databases for access via the internet, part of which is freely accessible to the public after entering into a contract. The DIMDI cooperates with the central medical library in Cologne and thus provides full text archival medical literature for a fee. Committee for Occupational Safety and Safety Technology of the Federal States (La¨nderausschuss fu¨r Arbeitsschutz und Sicherheitstechnik) Billstraße 80, 20539 Hamburg Web: http://lasi.osha.de (German only) Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the German Federal Defence (Institut fu¨r Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr) Neuherbergstraße 11, D-80937 Mu¨nchen www.sanitaetsdienst-bundeswehr.de

Organizations (Nongovernment) German Social Accident Insurance (Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung e.V., DGUV) Glinkastraße 40, D-10117 Berlin Web: http://www.dguv.de/en/index.jsp (English) Web: www.dguv.de (German) DGUV is the umbrella organization of the Institutions for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention in Germany. Additionally, DGUV operates nine institutes for occupational safety and occupational medicine. Linked institutions: Institution for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention for the Construction Industry (Berufsgenossenschaft der Bauwirtschaft, BG Bau) Hildegardstraße 29/30, D-10715 Berlin Web: http://www.bgbau.de (German only) Institution for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention for Raw Materials and Chemical Industry (Berufsgenossenschaft Rohstoffe und chemische Industrie [BG RCI])

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Kurfu¨rsten-Anlage 62, D-69115 Heidelberg Web: https://www.bgrci.de/ (German only) Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (Institut fu¨r Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung, IFA) Alte Heerstraße 111, D-53757 Sankt Augustin Web: https://www.dguv.de/ifa/index-2.jsp (English) Web: https://www.dguv.de/ifa/index.jsp (German) The IFA supports the German Social Accident Insurance Institutions and their organizations particularly in solving scientific and technical problems related to safety and health protection at work. Center for Environmental Research (Umweltforschungszentrum, UFZ) Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig Web: http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en5616%20% 28&en 5 33573 (English) Web: http://www.ufz.de (German) Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (Fraunhofer Institut fu¨r Toxikologie und Experimentelle Medizin, ITEM) Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover Web: https://www.item.fraunhofer.de/en.html (English) Web: http://www.item.fraunhofer.de (German) Important fields of research at the Fraunhofer ITEM are drug research, and bio- and genetic engineering. From the beginning, research activities have focused on changes in the lungs, resulting from exposures in the workplace and the ambient environment. German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum) Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg Web: http://www.dkfz.de/index_e.htm (English) Web: http://www.dkfz.de (German) The DKFZ was founded in 1964 as a nonprofit organization and supraregional research center by the Land (state) Baden-Wu¨rttemberg. It is mainly funded by the Bundesministerium fu¨r Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry for Education and Research) (90%). After the dissolution of the former institutes, a new program-oriented organizational structure of the DKFZ was adopted in 1991. Today, multidisciplinary cancer research is performed by more than 90 divisions and working groups. German Federal Foundation for the Environment (Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt) An der Bornau 2, D-49090 Osnabru¨ck Web: http://www.dbu.de/english (English) Web: http://www.dbu.de (German)

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German Institute of Human Nutrition (Deutsches Institut fu¨r Erna¨hrungsforschung Potsdam-Rehbru¨cke, DIfE) Arthur Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14458 Nuthetal Web: http://www.dife.de/en (English) Web: http://www.dife.de (German) The mission of the German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) is to conduct experimental and clinical research in the field of nutrition and health, with the aim of understanding the molecular basis of nutrition-dependent diseases, and of developing new strategies for prevention, treatment, and nutritional recommendations. German Research Fundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) Kennedyallee 40, D-53175 Bonn Web: http://www.dfg.de/en (English) Web: http://www.dfg.de (German) The DFG is the central, self-governing research funding organization that promotes research at universities and other publicly financed research institutions in Germany. Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area, DFG (Sta¨ndige Senatskommission zur Pru¨fung gesundheitsscha¨dlicher Arbeitsstoffe—MAK-Kommission; DFG) Web: http://www.dfg.de/en/dfg_profile/ statutory_bodies/senate/health_hazards/index. html (English) Web: http://www.dfg.de/dfg_profil/gremien/senat/ arbeitsstoffe/ (German) The Commission publishes the list of MAK and BAT values (see above). Permanent Senate Commission on Food Safety, DFG (Sta¨ndige Senatskommission zur gesundheitlichen Bewertung von Lebensmitteln, SKLM der DFG) Web: http://www.dfg.de/en/dfg_profile/ statutory_bodies/senate/food_safety/index.html (English) Web: http://www.dfg.de/dfg_profil/gremien/senat/ bewertung_lebensmittel/index.html (German) Senate Commission on Substances and Resources in Agriculture, DFG (Senatskommission fu¨r Stoffe und Ressourcen in der Landwirtschaft, DFG) Web: http://www.dfg.de/en/dfg_profile/ statutory_bodies/senate/agroecosystem/sklw/ index.html (English) Web: http://www.dfg.de/dfg_profil/gremien/senat/ agraroekosystemforschung/sklw/index.html (German) Helmholtz Zentrum Munich—German Research Center for Environmental Health (Helmholtz Zentrum

Mu¨nchen—Deutsches Forschungszentrum fu¨r Gesundheit und Umwelt) Ingolsta¨dter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg Web: https://www.helmholtz-muenchen.de/en/ index.html (English) Web: https://www.helmholtz-muenchen.de/ (German) The Helmholtz Zentrum research focus is on chronic degenerative diseases such as lung diseases, allergies, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases that are influenced to a large extent by environmental conditions. Institute for Applied Ecology (Institut fu¨r angewandte O¨kologie, O¨ko-Institut e.V.) Merzhauser Straße 173, D-79100 Freiburg Web: https://www.oeko.de/en/ (English) Web: http://www.oeko.de (German) Oeko-Institut is a leading European research and consultancy institution working on, among others, toxicological issues. Research and Advisory Institute for Hazardous Substances (FoBiG—Forschungs- und Beratungsinstitut Gefahrstoffe) Klarastraße 63, 79106 Freiburg Web: http://www.fobig.com (English) Web: http://www.fobig.de (German) FoBiG is a private company specializing in toxicological risk assessment. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology—Institute of Toxicology and Genetics Campus Nord, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Web: http://www.itg.kit.edu/ (English only) The Institute of Toxicology and Genetics is a transdisciplinary institute carrying out research on molecular and cellular interactions at functional interfaces.

Universities with institutes of toxicology Postgraduate scientific work in toxicology can be carried out at all universities with a medical faculty in the departments of toxicology or pharmacology. A few universities have such departments in the faculty of pharmacy or veterinary medicine. Postgraduate work leads to a doctorate in the discipline of the student’s basic degree, for example, medicine, chemistry, pharmacy, biology, food chemistry, etc. There is no degree of “doctor of toxicology” in Germany. However, three universities currently offer a Master’s degrees of toxicology (see: Du¨sseldorf, Kaiserslautern, Potsdam), one offers a Master’s degree of ecotoxicology (see Aachen) and one university enables scientists to participate in a postgraduate toxicology program (see Leipzig).

Resources

Aachen RWTH Aachen University—Institute for Environmental Research (RWTH Aachen—Institut fu¨r Umweltforschung) Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen Web: http://www.bio5.rwth-aachen.de/index.php/de (German) Web: http://www.bio5.rwth-aachen.de/index.php/ en/startseite (English) Since 2010 the university offers the Master’s degree program “ecotoxicology” which provides knowledge and skills in the field of ecotoxicology, ecochemistry, and ecology. Berlin Charite´ University Hospital of Berlin—Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology— Department Toxicology (Charite´ Universita¨tsmedizin Berlin—Institut fu¨r Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie—Abteilung Toxikologie) Luisenstr. 7, 10117 Berlin Garystrasse 5, D-14195 Berlin Web: https://kliphatox.charite.de/en/ (English) Web: https://kliphatox.charite.de/ (German) The core topics of the department of toxicology are experimental toxicology, further development and validation of alternative methods to animal testing, as well as reproductive and developmental toxicology. Bochum University of Bochum—Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Center of Toxicology (RuhrUniversita¨t Bochum—Institut fu¨r Pra¨vention und Arbeitsmedizin [IPA] der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung [DGUV], Kompetenz-Zentrum Toxikologie) Bu¨rkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum Web: http://www.ipa-dguv.de/ipa/ipa-e/bmtpat-e/ index.jsp (English) Web: http://www.ipa-dguv.de/ipa/ipa/bmtpat/ index.jsp (German) The department is assigned with the development of methods and concepts for the investigation, detection, and evaluation of combined effects of toxic and especially carcinogenic substances in the workplace. The Center of Toxicology is divided into the following divisions: human biomonitoring of exposure, effect monitoring, hazard and risk assessment. Braunschweig University of Technology, Braunschweig—Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy (Technische Universita¨t Braunschweig, Institut fu¨r Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Klinische Pharmazie)

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Mendelssohnstr. 1, D-38106 Braunschweig https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/ipt (German only) Dortmund University of Technology, Dortmund—Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors—Toxicology (Technische Universita¨t Dortmund—Leibniz-Institut fu¨r Arbeitsforschung [IfADo]—Toxikologie) Ardeystr. 67, D-44139 Dortmund Web: http://www.ifado.de/toxicology/? noredirect 5 en_US (English) Web: http://www.ifado.de/toxikologie/ (German) The Department of Toxicology investigates mainly by which mechanisms toxic chemicals of working environments cause adverse effects. Du¨sseldorf University of Du¨sseldorf—Institute of Toxicology (Heinrich-Heine-Universita¨t Du¨sseldorf—Institut fu¨r Toxikologie) Universita¨tsstraße 1, Geba¨ude 22.21, D-40225 Du¨sseldorf Web: http://www.uniklinik-duesseldorf.de/ toxikologie (German only) The Institute of Toxicology is assigned with studying the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of chemical substances and radiation on humans. Since 2009 the Heinrich-Heine-Universita¨t Du¨sseldorf offers a Master’s degree program in toxicology. Freiburg University of Freiburg—Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (AlbertLudwigs-Universita¨t Freiburg—Institut fu¨r Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie) Albertstraße 25, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Web: http://portal.uni-freiburg.de/pharmakologie (mainly German) One of the main research areas is the pharmacology, toxicology, and cell biology of bacterial toxins. Halle University of Halle Wittenberg—Institute of Environmental Toxicology (Martin-LutherUniversita¨t Halle-Wittenberg—Institut fu¨r Umwelttoxikologie) Franzosenweg 1a, D-06097 Halle/Saale Web: https://www.medizin.uni-halle.de/index.php? id 5 271 (German only) Hamburg University of Hamburg Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine—(Universita¨t Hamburg— Zentralinstitut fu¨r Arbeitsmedizin und Maritime Medizin, ZfAM)

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Seewartenstr. 10, Haus 1, D-20459 Hamburg Web: http://www.uke.uni-hamburg.de/institute/ arbeitsmedizin (German) Web: https://www.uke.de/english/departmentsinstitutes/institutes/occupational-medicine/index. html (only in parts available in English) The remit of the institute is the performance of occupational scientific and medical investigations in order to increase knowledge about work-related adverse effects on human health. Hannover Hannover Medical School—Institute for Toxicology (Medizinische Hochschule Hannover—Institut fu¨r Toxikologie) Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover Web: https://www.mh-hannover.de/index.php? id 5 212&L 5 1 (English) Web: https://www.mh-hannover.de/toxicology.html? no_cache 5 1 (German) Research of the Institute for Toxicology focuses on bacterial toxins. University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation—Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy (Tiera¨rztliche Hochschule Hannover—Institut fu¨r Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Pharmazie) Bu¨nteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover Web: http://www.tiho-hannover.de/klinikeninstitute/institute/institut-fuer-pharmakologietoxikologie-und-pharmazie/ (German) Web: http://www.tiho-hannover.de/en/clinicsinstitutes/institutes/department-of-pharmacologytoxicology-and-pharmacy/ (English) The department is assigned with research and teaching of general and special pharmacology as well as clinical pharmacology in the area of veterinary medicine. Additionally, the department offers advisory services to veterinarians regarding pharmacological, toxicological, and drug legislation issues. University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation—Institute for Food Toxicology (Tiera¨rztliche Hochschule Hannover—Institut fu¨r Lebensmitteltoxikologie) Bischofsholer Damm 15, Geba¨ude 123, D-30173 Hannover Web: http://www.tiho-hannover.de/kliniken-institute/ institute/institut-fuer-lebensmitteltoxikologie/profilstruktur/ (German only) Homburg/Saar Saarland University—Experimental and Clinical Toxicology (Universita¨t des Saarlandes— Experimentelle und Klinische Toxikologie)

Kirrbergerstraße, Geba¨ude 46, D-66421 Homburg Web: http://www.pzms.uni-saarland.de/index.php/ prof-meyer (German only) Areas of research are metabolomics, kinetics, and biomarkers of drugs of abuse with modern analytical techniques. The institute also offers 24/7 analysis of body fluids in case of poisoning. Jena Friedrich Schiller University Jena—Institute of Nutrition—Chair of Food Toxicology (FriedrichSchiller-Universita¨t Jena—Institut fu¨r Erna¨hrungswissenschaften, Lehrstuhl fu¨r Erna¨hrungstoxikologie) Dornburgerstr. 25, D-07743 Jena Web: http://www.etox.uni-jena.de/ (German only) The research focuses on the mechanisms of colon carcinogenesis, the assessment of potential risks, and the evaluation of the protective potential of phytochemicals and functional foods. Kaiserslautern University of Technology, Kaiserslautern— section Food Chemistry and Toxicology (Technische Universita¨t Kaiserslautern—Fachrichtung Lebensmittelchemie/Toxikologie) Erwin-Schro¨dinger-Straße 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern Web: https://www.chemie.uni-kl.de/en/research/ departmentsprofessorships/food-chemistrytoxicology/? S 5 0&cHash 5 f51ec339524d3e96bcc0cc22f2966036 (English) Web: https://www.chemie.uni-kl.de/forschung-fb/ fachrichtungendozenten/lebensmittelchemietoxikologie/ (German) Research of the institute focuses on the harmful effects of food ingredients and contaminants. The university offers additionally a program leading to the Master’s degree of toxicology which involves courses and training with a special focus on research and application-specific aspects. Web: https://www.chemie.uni-kl.de/studium/ studiengaenge/master-toxikologie/ Kiel Kiel University—Institute for Toxicology und Pharmacology (Christian-Albrechts-Universita¨t zu Kiel—Institut fu¨r Toxikologie und Pharmakologie fu¨r Naturwissenschaftler) Brunswiker Str. 10, D-24105 Kiel Web: http://www.uni-kiel.de/toxikologie (German only) Research focuses on the molecular causes of diseases caused by pollutants, taking into account genetic predispositions and lifestyle factors.

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Koblenz Koblenz/Landau University—Institute for Environmental Sciences (Universita¨t Koblenz/ Landau—Institut fu¨r Umweltwissenschaften) Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau i.d. Pfalz Web: https://www.uni-koblenz-landau.de/de/ landau/fb7/institute/umweltwissenschaften (German only) Web: https://www.uni-koblenz-landau.de/de/uni/ organisation/verwaltung/abteilungen/abt-1/ dokumente-ab1/flyer-ecotoxicology.pdf (flyer in English describing the Master’s degree program) The university offers an English-language Master’s degree program which deals with the investigation of the influence of chemicals on the biotic environment. A particular focus is on the application and development of risk assessment methods. Konstanz Konstanz University—Department of Biology— Molecular Toxicology Group (Universita¨t Konstanz—Abteilung Biologie—Molecular Toxicology Group) Universita¨tsstrasse 10, D-78464 Konstanz Web: https://www.biologie.uni-konstanz.de/buerkle/ (English only) The Molecular Toxicology group seeks to understand how cells respond to genotoxic (DNA-damaging) stresses on a molecular and biochemical level and how these mechanisms contribute to (patho-) physiological states such as aging and cancer development. Leipzig Leipzig University—Faculty of Veterinary Medicine— Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology (Universita¨t Leipzig— Veterina¨rmedizinische Fakulta¨t—Institut fu¨r Pharmakologie, Pharmazie und Toxikologie) An den Tierkliniken 15, D-04103 Leipzig Web: http://pharmakologie.vetmed.uni-leipzig.de/ en/startseite.html (English) Web: http://pharmakologie.vetmed.uni-leipzig.de/ de/startseite.html (German) Research groups at the institute focus on neuropharmacology, kinetics of pharmacology and toxicology, as well as clinical veterinary pharmacotherapy. At the University of Leipzig, scientists can start the postgraduate degree program “Toxicology and Environmental Protection” (Toxikologie und Umweltschutz) every 2 years. In the extraoccupational study course academics from different areas are taught a broad spectrum of toxicological knowledge.

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Mainz Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz University Medical Center—Institute of Toxicology (Johannes Gutenberg-Universita¨t Mainz—Institut fu¨r Toxikologie) Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz Web: http://www.unimedizin-mainz.de/toxikologie/ overview.html?L 5 1 (English) Web: http://www.toxikologie.uni-mainz.de (German) The Institute of Toxicology at the University Medical Centre in Mainz focuses its studies on the effects of genotoxic noxae and DNA repair processes. Mannheim Heidelberg University—University Medical Centre Mannheim—Institute for Clinical Chemistry— Department of Toxicology (Universita¨t Heidelberg—Universita¨tsmedizin Mannheim— Institut fu¨r Klinische Chemie—Abteilung Toxikologie) Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim Web: http://w3.umm.de/2722.0.html (German only) Munich Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich—Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨t Mu¨nchen— Walther-Straub-Institut fu¨r Pharmakologie und Toxikologie) Goethestraße 33, D-80336 Mu¨nchen Web: http://www.en.wsi.med.uni-muenchen.de/ index.html (English) Web: http://www.wsi.med.uni-muenchen.de/index. html (German) The research concentrates on interdisciplinary aspects of basic research in pharmacology and toxicology. Technical University Munich—Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene Toxicology (Technische Universita¨t Mu¨nchen—Lehrstuhl fu¨r Toxikologie und Umwelthygiene) Biedersteiner Straße 29, Bau 602, 80802 Mu¨nchen Web: https://www.mri.tum.de/toxikologie-undumwelthygiene (German only) The institute investigates the role of the mitochondria in connection with serious diseases. Potsdam Potsdam University—Institute of Nutritional Science— Department of Nutrition Toxicology (Universita¨t Potsdam—Institut fu¨r Erna¨hrungswissenschaft—Lehrstuhl fu¨r Erna¨hrungstoxikologie) Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal

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Web: https://www.uni-potsdam.de/en/ ernaehrungstoxikologie/index.html (English) Web: http://www.uni-potsdam.de/u/ewi/Etox (German) The Department of Toxicology of the Institute of Nutrition Science investigates the toxic or preventive effects of nutrition on human health. Core areas are the toxicology of nanoparticles and the identification of biomarkers to examine pathophysiological processes due to food ingredients. The University of Potsdam offers an Englishlanguage Master’s degree in toxicology with a particular emphasis on cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity and risk assessment. This Master’s degree is operated in close cooperation with the German Institute of Human Nutrition (DifE) and the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). Rostock Rostock University Medical Center—Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Universita¨tsmedizin Rostock—Zentrum fu¨r Pharmakologie und Toxikologie) Schillingallee 70, D-18057 Rostock Web: https://itp.med.uni-rostock.de/ (German only) An important task of the institute in the field of toxicology is drug and toxin analysis for poisonings. Tu¨bingen University of Tu¨bingen—Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology—Chair of Toxicology (Eberhard-Karls-Universita¨t Tu¨bingen—Institut fu¨r Pharmakologie und Toxikologie—Abteilung Toxikologie) Wilhelmstraße 56, D-72074 Tu¨bingen Web: https://www.medizin.uni-tuebingen.de/en/ Research/Institutes/ Experimental 1 and 1 clinical 1 Pharmacology 1 and 1 Toxicology.html (only partly available in English) Web: https://www.medizin.uni-tuebingen.de/ Presse_Aktuell/Einrichtungen 1 A 1 bis 1 Z/ Institute/Pharmakologie 1 und 1 Toxikologie/ Toxikologie.html (German) At the heart of the department’s work is the question of how chemicals, and in particular environmental substances, are involved in the development of cancer and other toxic effects. Wu¨rzburg Wu¨rzburg University—Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology—Department of Toxicology (Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-Universita¨t Wu¨rzburg—Institut fu¨r Pharmakologie und Toxikologie—Lehrstuhl fu¨r Toxikologie)

Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078 Wu¨rzburg Web: http://www.toxikologie.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/ home/ (English) Web: http://www.toxikologie.uni-wuerzburg.de/ startseite/ (German) Research focuses on elucidating the first-line interactions of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals with biological targets, with the aim of a mechanistically supported risk characterization of chemically induced cancer in humans.

Forensic toxicology departments Berlin Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin (Institute for Forensic Medicine), Abteilung fu¨r Forensische Toxikologie, Charite´—Universita¨tsmedizin Berlin Turmstraße 21, D-10559 Berlin Web: https://rechtsmedizin.charite.de/leistungen/ forensische_toxikologie/ (German only) Bonn Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin des Universita¨tsklinikums Bonn, Funktionsbereich Forensische Toxikologie, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn Web: https://www.rechtsmedizin.uni-bonn.de/ dienstleistungen/forensische-toxikologie (German only) Dresden Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin- Forensische Toxikologie, Universita¨tsklinikum Dresden, Haus 13 Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307 Dresden Web: https://tu-dresden.de/med/mf/rem/dasinstitut/forensische-toxikologie (German only) Du¨sseldorf Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Forensische Toxikologie— Blutalkohol-Untersuchungsstelle, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Du¨sseldorf Web: https://www.uniklinik-duesseldorf.de/ unternehmen/institute/institut-fuer-rechtsmedizin/ dienstleistungen/forensische-toxikologieblutalkohol-untersuchungsstelle-bau/ (German only) Erlangen Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Universita¨tsstr. 22, D-91054 Erlangen Web: http://www.recht.med.fau.de/ (German only) Essen Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Hufelandstraße 55, D-45122 Essen Web: https://www.uk-essen.de/rechtsmedizin/ toxikologie/ (German only)

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Frankfurt Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Forensische Toxikologie, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt am Main Web: https://www.kgu.de/kliniken-institutezentren/einrichtungen-des-klinikums/institute/ institut-fuer-rechtsmedizin/rechtsmedizin/ rechtsmedizin/forensische-toxikologie/?L 5 0 (German only)

Heidelberg Institut fü r Rechtsmedizin und Verkehrsmedizin, Forensisch-Toxikologischen Labor, Universita¨tsklinikum Heidelberg, Voßstraße 2, Geb. 4420, D-69115 Heidelberg Web: https://www.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de/ Willkommen.119.0.html (German only)

Freiburg Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Forensisch-toxikologisches Labor, Albertstraße 9, D-79104 Freiburg Web: https://www.uniklinik-freiburg.de/ rechtsmedizin/forensische-toxikologie.html (German only)

Homburg (Saar) Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin der Universita¨t des Saarlandes, Toxikologisches Labor, Geba¨ude 80.2, D-66421 Homburg/Saar Web: http://www.rechtsmedizin-homburg.de/ Toxikologisches-Labor.220.0.html (German only)

Gießen Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Abteilung fu¨r Forensische Toxikologie und das Blutalkohollabor, Frankfurter Str. 58, D-35392 Gießen Web: https://www.ukgm.de/ugm_2/deu/ugi_rec/ 10798.html (German only)

Jena Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Arbeitsbereich Forensische Toxikologie, Am Klinikum 1, Geba¨ude F2, D-07747 Jena Web: https://www.uniklinikum-jena.de/remed/ Arbeitsbereiche 1 und 1 Dienstleistungen/ Forensische 1 Toxikologie-font-14.html (German only)

Go¨ttingen Rechtsmedizinisches Labor fu¨r forensischtoxikologische Analytik, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Go¨ttingen Web: https://www.giz-nord.de/pts (German only) Greifswald Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Forensische Toxikologie, Kuhstraße 30, D-17489 Greifswald Web: http://www2.medizin.uni-greifswald.de/ rechtsmed/forensische-toxikologie-undalkoholanalytik/ (German only) Halle/Magdeburg Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Forensische und Klinische Toxikologie, Leipziger Str. 44, Haus 28, D-39120 Magdeburg Web: https://www.medizin.uni-halle.de/index.php? id 5 1728 (German only) Web: http://www.irm.ovgu.de/Leistungsspektrum/ Forensische 1 und 1 Klinische 1 Toxikologie.html (German only) Hamburg Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Forensische Toxikologie, Haus Nord 81, Butenfeld 34, D-22529 Hamburg Web: https://www.uke.de/kliniken-institute/ institute/rechtsmedizin/bereiche/forensischetoxikologie-alkohologie/index.html (German only) Hannover Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Forensische Toxikologie, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover Web: https://www.mh-hannover.de/16411.html (German only)

Kiel Institut fu¨ r Rechtsmedizin, Toxikologisches Labor, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, Haus 28, D24105 Kiel Web: http://www.uksh.de/rechtsmedizin (German only) Ko¨ln Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Forensische Toxikologie, Melatengu¨rtel 60/62, D-50823 Ko¨ln Web: https://rechtsmedizin.uk-koeln.de/ schwerpunkte/forensische-toxikologie-alkohologie/ (German only) Leipzig Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin der Universita¨t Leipzig, Johannisallee 28, D-04103 Leipzig Web: http://rechtsmedizin.uni-leipzig.de/ Mainz Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Arbeitsbereich Forensische Toxikologie, Am Pulverturm 3, D-55131 Mainz Web: http://www.rechtsmedizin.uni-mainz.de/ rechtsmedizin/arbeitsbereiche/forensischetoxikologie.html (German only) Mu¨nchen Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Forensische Toxikologie, Nußbaumstraße 26, D-80336 Mu¨nchen Web: https://www.rechtsmedizin.med.uni-muenchen. de/wissenschaft/forensische_tox/index.html (German only)

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Forensisch Toxikologisches Centrum Mu¨nchen GmbH, Bayerstr. 53, D-80335 Mu¨nchen Web: http://www.ftc-muenchen.de/ (German) Web: http://www.ftc-muenchen.de/home/english/ (English) Mu¨nster Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Forensische Toxikologie, Ro¨ntgenstr. 23, D-48149 Mu¨nster Web: https://www.ukm.de/index.php?id 5 10940 (German only) Potsdam Brandenburgisches Landesinstitut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Lindstedter Chaussee 6, D-14469 Potsdam Web: https://masgf.brandenburg.de/cms/detail.php/ bb1.c.296527.de (German only) Rostock Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Arbeitsbereich Forensische Medizin, St-Georg-Straße 108, D-18055 Rostock Web: https://rechtsmedizin.med.uni-rostock.de/ arbeitsbereiche/forensische-toxikologie/ (German only) Ulm Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Bereich Forensische Toxikologie, Prittwitzstraße 6, D-89075 Ulm Web: https://www.uniklinik-ulm.de/rechtsmedizin/ forensische-toxikologie.html (German only) Wu¨rzburg Institut fu¨r Rechtsmedizin, Bereich Forensische Toxikologie, Versbacher Straße 3, D-97078 Wu¨rzburg Web: http://www.rechtsmedizin.uni-wuerzburg.de/ (German only)

Postgraduate professional education Besides Master’s and postgraduate programs at the universities described above, there are several options leading to degrees in different fields of toxicology, for example: • Specialist in Pharmacology and Toxicology (State Chambers of Physicians)—Facha¨rztin/Facharzt fu¨r Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Landesa¨rztekammern) (https://www.aekn.de/fileadmin/media/ Downloadcenter/Weiterbildung/WBOGebietsweiterbildungen/ 242PharmakologieundToxikologie.pdf, example of the state chamber of physicians from Lower Saxony [German only]) • Specialist Veterinarian for Pharmacology and Toxicology (State Chambers of Veterinarians)—

Fachtiera¨rztin/Fachtierarzt fu¨r Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Landestiera¨rztekammern) (https://www.tknds.de/cms_tknds/index.php? page 5 219, example of the state chamber of physicians from Lower Saxony [German only]) • Specialist Pharmacist for Toxicology and Ecology (State Chamber of Pharmacists)—Fachapotheker fu¨r ¨ kologie Toxikologie und O (Landesapothekerkammern) (https://www.abda.de/themen/apotheke/ fortweiterbildung/weiterbildung/ spezialisierungsrichtungen/spezialisierungsgebiete/ toxikologie-oekologie/ [German only]) • Expert in Toxicology gt (Society of Toxicology)— Fachtoxikologin gt/Fachtoxikologe gt (Gesellschaft fu¨r Toxikologie) (https://www.helmholtz-muenchen.de/toxkurse [German only]) • Human Toxicologist GfKT—Humantoxikologin GfKT/Humantoxikologe GfKT (http://www.klinitox.de/281.0.html [German only]) • Clinical Toxicologist GfKT—Klinische Toxikologin GfKT/Klinischer Toxikologe GfKT (http://www. klinitox.de/281.0.html [German only]) • Clinical Toxicologist GTFCh—Klinische Toxikologin GTFCh/Klinischer Toxikologe GTFCh (https:// www.gtfch.org/cms/index.php/en/ clinicaltoxicologist) • Forensic Toxicologist GTFCh—Forensische Toxikologin GTFCh/Forensischer Toxikologe GTFCh (https://www.gtfch.org/cms/index.php/ en/forensictoxicologist) • Expert in Ecotoxicology (GDCh / SETAC GLB)— Facho¨kotoxikologin/Facho¨kotoxikologe (GDCh/ SETAC GLB) (https://www.setac-glb.de/en/ ecotoxicology-school.html)

Scientific societies Gesellschaft fu¨r Toxikologie in der DGPT (Society of Toxicology [GT] associated with the German Society of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology [DGPT]) GT is engaged in development of toxicological science and education in Germany. Since the 1980s GT has been running a postgraduate training program with qualified courses in more than ten toxicological subdisciplines. GT and its members also teach toxicological topics in training programs with the main focus outside toxicology (e.g., environmental

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medicine). Expert committees regularly develop and publish position statements on toxicological topics of political and public concern. Web: http://www.toxikologie.de (German only) Deutsche Gesellschaft fu¨r experimentelle und klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (German Society of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, DGPT) Web: http://www.dgpt-online.de (German only) Deutschen Gesellschaft fu¨r DNA-Reparaturforschung (DGDR, German Society for DNA Repair Research) Web: http://dna-repair.de/ (English) Web: http://www.dna-rep-net.de (German) Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker—Fachgruppe Umweltchemie und O¨kotoxikologie (Society of German Chemists—Expert Group on Environmental Chemistry and Environmental Toxicology) Web: https://www.gdch.de/netzwerk-strukturen/ fachstrukturen/umweltchemie-und-oekotoxikologie. html (German only) Gesellschaft fu¨r Klinische Toxikologie (Society of Clinical Toxicology of German Speaking Countries) Web: http://www.klinische-toxikologie.de (German only) Gesellschaft fu¨r Toxikologische und Forensische Chemie (GTFCh, Society of Toxicological and Forensic Chemistry) Web: https://www.gtfch.org/cms/index.php/en/ (English) Web: http://www.gtfch.org (German) Gesellschaft fu¨r Umwelt-Mutationsforschung (German Environmental Mutagen Society) Web: https://www.gum-net.de/index.php? id 5 1&L 5 1&cHash 5 34d90890fc4699267c8211437c45f5a2 (English) Web: http://www.gum-net.de (German)

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Erfurt Gemeinsames Giftinformationszentrum der La¨nder Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Sachsen SachsenAnhalt und Thu¨ringen (GGIZ)—Helios Klinikum Erfurt Nordha¨userstr. 74, D-99089 Erfurt Phone: 149-361-730730 Web: http://www.ggiz-erfurt.de (German only) Freiburg Vergiftungs-Informations-Zentrale (VIZ)—Zentrum fu¨r Kinder- und Jugendmedizin des Universita¨tsklinikums Freiburg Mathildenstr. 1, D-79106 Freiburg Phone: 149-761-19240 Web: http://www.giftberatung.de (German only) Go¨ttingen Giftinformationszentrum-Nord der La¨nder Bremen, Hamburg, Niedersachsen und Schleswig-Holstein (GIZ-Nord)- Universita¨tsmedizin Go¨ttingen Robert-Koch-Straße 40, D-37099 Go¨ttingen Phone: 149-551-383 180 Web: https://www.giz-nord.de/cms/index.php/ englisch.html (English) Web: http://www.giz-nord.de (German) Homburg Informations- und Behandlungszentrum fu¨r Vergiftungen—Kinder- und Jugendmedizin— Universita¨tsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakulta¨t der Universita¨t des Saarlandes Kirrberger Straße, Geba¨ude 9, D-66421 Homburg/Saar Phone: 149-6841-19240 Web: http://www.uniklinikum-saarland.de/de/ einrichtungen/kliniken_institute/ kinder_und_jugendmedizin/ informations_und_behandlungszentrum_ fuer_vergiftungen_des_saarlandes/ (German only)

Berlin Giftnotruf der Charite´—Universita¨tsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, D12203 Berlin Phone: 149-30-19240 Web: http://www.giftnotruf.de (German only)

Mainz Giftinformationszentrum der La¨nder Rheinland-Pfalz und Hessen—Klinische Toxikologie— Universita¨tsmedizin der Johannes GutenbergUniversita¨t Mainz Langenbeckstr. 1, Geba¨ude 601, D-55131 Mainz Phone: 1 49-6131-19240 Web: http://www.giftinfo.uni-mainz.de (German only)

Bonn Informationszentrale gegen Vergiftungen—Zentrum fu¨r Kinderheilkunde, Universita¨tsklinikum Bonn Adenauerallee 119, D-53113 Bonn Phone: 149-228-19240 Web: http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/giftzentrale (German only)

Mu¨nchen Giftnotruf Mu¨nchen—Toxikologische Abteilung der II. Med. Klinik und Poliklinik, rechts der Isar der Technischen Universita¨t Mu¨nchen— Technische Universita¨t Mu¨nchen Ismaningerstr. 22, D-81675 Mu¨nchen Phone: 1 49-89-19240

Poisons centers

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Web: http://www.toxinfo.med.tum.de/node/380 (German only) List of Poisons Centers in Germany (Continuously Updated) Web: https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/verzeichnisder-giftinformationszentren.pdf (German only)

Legislation with relevance for toxicological topics Most legislation on toxicological topics in Germany is provided by the European Union today. National laws are implementing EU legislation at a national level. Chemicals Act—Protection Against Hazardous Substances Act (Gesetz zum Schutz vor gefa¨hrlichen StoffenChemikaliengesetz) and Ordinance on Hazardous Substances (Gefahrstoffverordnung) Responsibility: Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety and Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, respectively (Bundesministerium fu¨r Arbeit und Soziales) Federal agency in charge: Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (Bundesanstalt fu¨r Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin) The law prescribes a registration procedure for all chemical compounds to be introduced into the market except those regulated by another law. The extent of toxicological data required for registration depends on the amount of the chemical to be marketed. The law regulates the classification and labeling of chemicals and the handling of chemicals in the workplace, including the establishment of threshold values. Drug Law (Arzneimittelgesetz) Responsibility: Federal Ministry for Health (Bundesministerium fu¨r Gesundheit) Federal agency in charge: Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut fu¨r Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte) The Drug Law prescribes a procedure for the marketing authorization for drugs in which the quality, clinical efficiency, and safety of new drugs is assessed. Extensive toxicological data are required for this procedure. The Drug Law requires benefit assessment in addition to risk assessment. Federal Immissions Control Act (BundesImmissionsschutzgesetz) Responsibility: Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety

(Bundesministerium fu¨r Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit) Federal agency in charge: Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) The law is devoted to the protection of humans, animals, plants, and objects from harmful effects arising from the environment, in particular from the air. It prescribes a procedure for the approval of installations in order to minimize the emission of dangerous substances into the environment. Foods and Feed Code (Lebensmittelund Futtermittelgesetzbuch) Responsibility: Federal Ministry for Health (Bundesministerium fu¨r Gesundheit) Federal agency in charge: Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (Bundesamt fu¨r Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit) This law regulates the handling of foods, cosmetics, and commodities. It is devoted to the protection of the consumer by prohibiting products that may affect human health. It states that only approved food additives may be used. Plant Protection Act (Pflanzenschutzgesetz) Responsibility: Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (Bundesministerium fu¨r Erna¨hrung und Landwirtschaft) Federal agency in charge: Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (Bundesamt fu¨r Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit) In implementing Directive 91/414/EEC, the Plant Protection Act prescribes a procedure for the marketing authorization for pesticides in which extensive toxicological data are required in order to ensure that the compounds do not exhibit harmful effects on humans, animals, or the environment. These laws contain authorizations for the government to enact ordinances (Verordnungen) that regulate issues of the law in detail below the legislation level. For instance, details concerning the issues of the Chemicals Act are regulated by the Ordinance on Dangerous Substances (Gefahrstoffverordnung) published by the Federal Ministry for Labor and Social Affairs. Since Germany is a confederation, the approval of the Bundesrat (Federal Council, representing the federal states) is required for many of these ordinances. As a rule, federal agencies are responsible for registration and marketing authorization, for establishment of threshold values, and for recommendation of precautions for health protection, whereas agencies of the states are responsible for supervision and prosecution.

C H A P T E R

15 Greece P. Apalaki1, E. Vakonaki2 and A.M. Tsatsakis2 1

Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 2Laboratory of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Crete, Greece

Introduction Concerns over chemistry have been recorded in the Greek History since Antiquity. The term “medicine,” found in ancient manuscripts, was used to describe substances with therapeutic properties or poisons. Socrates (469 399 BCE), the renowned Greek philosopher, was poisoned with hemlock after having beencondemned to death by the Athenian court, while Mithridates the Great, King of Pontus, guarded himself against poisons from an early age by taking increasing sublethal doses of poisons. His experiment led him to construct a universal antidote, the “Antidotum Mithridatacum.” Furthermore, the “Greek Fire,” the chemical weapon unable to be extinguished even by water, was widely used by the Byzantine Navy in the late 7th century. In 1920 the first chemists graduated from the chemistry department of the University of Athens, which was founded in 1918. In 1924, a team of chemists with Zoi Mela-Ioannidi as leader formed the “Greek Chemist Society.” The following years brought pioneering changes. Chemistry was finally established as a separate field in the world of science. In parallel, a lot of pharmaceutical enterprises make their debut. A lot of them succeed on their field, as for example VIANEX, by Giannakopoulos Family, the first in Athens, a pharmaceutical that is active for more than 90 years. During the 20th century more departments of chemistry are established in the Universities of the country. In 1989 the idea of A. Koutselinis was embraced by 26 members that all together created the first Greek Toxicology Society. The foundation of societies, laboratories, and companies related to Toxicology was followed quite after. The first toxicology Master’s program in Greece is provided by the Biochemistry Department of the University of Thessaly. It is a collaboration of different Greek laboratories and professors, aiming to upgrade the level of Greek education, offering great opportunities to emerging scientists. Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00015-2

Contemporary Greek scientists keep evolving the level of toxicology not only within the borders of the country but worldwide. Professor Tsatsakis AM, president of the Hellenic Society of Toxicology for years, was also elected to be the president of EUROTOX, Professor Dimitris Kouretas, distinguished Physiologist Toxicologist in and outside the country, was among the leader professors of the first Master’s toxicology program in Greece and many other Greek active scientists comprise the powerful team that is writing the future history of Hellenic toxicology.

Books Addictive Substances Publisher: Parisianou A.E. Writer: A. Koutselinis ISBN: 978-960-394-112-5 Year of publication 2002 Basic Principles of Toxicology Publisher: Ziti Writer: Stamatis Theocharis ISBN: 9789604564521 Year of publication: 2016 Casarett & Doull Basic Toxicology (2nd edition) Publisher: Parisianou A.E. Writer: Curtis D. Klaassen, John B. Watkins Editing: A. Goulas, N. Raikos, Ch. Spiliopoulou, S. Topouzis ISBN: 978-960-394-932-9 Year of publication: 2015 Clinical Toxicology (Instructions for the Everyday Medicine) Publisher: Parisianou A.E. Writer: R. Carson, M.D. Harris Editing: E. Tsoukali, D. Kouvelas

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ISBN: 978-960-394-668-7 Year of publication: 2010 Clinical Toxicology and Treatment of Poisoning Publisher: Iatrikes Ekdoseis P.X. Paschalidis Writer: P. Neou ISBN: 9603995134 Year of publication: 2007 Genetic Forensic Science Writer: Maria Georgiou ISBN: 9789603945260 Year of publication 2008 Practice of Necropsy and Toxicological Analysis Publisher: Parisianou A.E. Writer: S. Ntougou, E. Tsoukali-Papadopoulou ISBN: 978-960-394-617-5 Year of publication: 2010 Selected Modern Toxicology Issues Publisher: Parisianou A.E. Writer: Eleni Tsoukali-Papadopoulou ISBN: 978-960-394-469-0 Year of publication: 2008 Toxicology Publisher: Parisianou A.E. Writer: A. Koutselinis ISBN: 978-960-394-805-6 Year of publication: 2004

Journals Athens Journal of Sciences Editor: Ms. Afrodete Papanikou Address: Athens Institute for Education and Research 8 Valaoritou Street, 10671 Athens, Greece English: http://www.athensjournals.gr/ajs Tel.: (130) 210-3634210 Fax: 210-3634209 Email: [email protected] Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece English: https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index. php/geosociety Editors: Dr. Apostolos Arvanitis, Dr. Athanassios Ganas, Dr. Haralambos Kranis, Prof. Hara Drinia, Assoc. Prof. Asimina Antonarakou, Address: Konstantilieri 50, Vironas, 10431 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-3490186 Email: [email protected] Crime Times Greek: http://www.crimetimes.gr/ Scientific team: Center of crime investigation (KE.M.E.)

Criminology Editor: I. Farsedakis ISBN: 1792-751X The Art of Crime Greek: http://theartofcrime.gr/may-2018/ Editors: Androulakis J., Giannoulis G., Kioupis D., Koulouris N., Kranidioti M., Lampropoulou E., Livos N., Tzannetaki T.

Databases Hellenic Republic, Ministry of Rural Development and Food Site: http://wwww.minagric.gr/syspest/ syspest_menu_eng.aspx

Organizations Ministries Ministry of the Environment and Energy English: http://www.ypeka.gr/Default.aspx? tabid 5 37&locale 5 en-US&language 5 el-GR Greek: http://www.ypeka.gr Address: Mesogion 119, 11526 Athens Tel.: (130) 213-1513000, 213-1515000 Fax: 213-1515771 Ministry of Health Site: http://www.moh.gov.gr/ Address: Aristotelous 17. 10187 Athens Tel.: (130) 2132161000, 2132161001 Ministry of Rural Development and Food Site: www.minagric.gr Address: Avenue Aharnon 2, Athens General Chemical State Laboratory English: http://www.gcsl.gr/index.asp?a_id 5 136 Greek: http://www.gcsl.gr/index.asp?a_id 5 3 Address: An. Tsoha 16. 11521 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-6479000 Fax: 210-6465123

Nongovernmental organizations Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute Greek: https://www.cperi.certh.gr/ English: https://www.cperi.certh.gr/index.php?lang 5 en Address: 6th km Charilaou-Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki Tel: (130) 2310-498112/498243 Fax: 2310-498130

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Universities

Institute of Environmental Research and Sustainable Development Site: http://www.meteo.noa.gr/ Address: I. Metaxa & Vas. Pavlou, 15236 Palea Penteli Tel.: (130) 210-8109122 Fax: 210-8103236 Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania Site: https://www.iamc.ciheam.org/en Address: Alsyllio Agrokepio, 1 Makedonias str, 73100 Chania, Crete Tel.: (130) 28210-35000 National Centre of Scientific Research “DEMOKRITOS” English: http://www.demokritos.gr/?lang 5 en Greek: http://www.demokritos.gr/default.aspx? lang 5 gr Address: Ag. Paraskevi, Athens Tel.: (130) 210-6503000 National Hellenic Research Foundation English: http://www.eie.gr/index-en.html Greece: http://www.eie.gr/index.html Address: 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-7273516 Fax: 210-7246618 Email: [email protected] Doctors Without Borders Site: www.msf.gr Address: Xenias 15, Athens Tel.: (130) 210-5200500 Fax: 210-5200503 Greek Anticancer Society Site: http://www.cancer-society.gr/ Address: Tsoha 18-20, 11521 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-6456713, 210-3826600 Fax: 210-3831406 Medical Intervention (med.in) English: http://medin.gr/files/Medical% 20Intervention%20Eng.pdf Greek: www.medin.gr Address: Michalopoulou 99, 11527 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-7778770 Email: [email protected] University of Thessaly (PMS Toxicology) English: http://pms-toxicology.bio.uth.gr/en Greek: http://pms-toxicology.bio.uth.gr/el Tel.: (130) 2410-565215 Fax: 2410-565290 Email: [email protected] Chemistry Masters • University of Athens Site: http://www.chem.uoa.gr/?page_id 5 1425 Tel.: (130) 210-7274386

Fax: 210-7274097 Email: [email protected] • University of Thessaloniki English: http://www.chem.auth.gr/index.php? lang 5 en Greek: http://www.chem.auth.gr/index.php? lang 5 el • University of Ioannina English: http://www.chem.uoi.gr/en/ node/22 Greek: http://www.chem.uoi.gr/el/node/22 • University of Patras English: http://www.chem.upatras.gr/en/ postgraduate-el Greek: http://www.chem.upatras.gr/el/ postgraduate

Universities Biology Departments • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Site: http://www.biol.uoa.gr/ Tel.: (130) 210-7274658 Fax: 210-7274065 Email: [email protected] • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki English: http://www.bio.auth.gr/v1/en Greek: http://www.bio.auth.gr/ Tel.: (130) 2310-998250 Fax: 2310-998252 Email: [email protected] • University of Crete English: http://www.biology.uoc.gr/en Greek: http://www.biology.uoc.gr/ Tel.: (130) 2810-394403 Fax: 2810394404 Email: [email protected] • University of Patras English: http://www.upatras.gr/en/node/22 Greek: http://www.upatras.gr/el/biology Tel.: (130) 2610-969205 Fax: 2610-991711 Email: [email protected] Medical Departments • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Site: http://school.med.uoa.gr/ Tel.: (130) 210-7462002/3 • Aristotle University of Thesaloniki English: https://www.auth.gr/en/med Greek: https://www.auth.gr/med Tel.: (130) 2310-996000 • University of Crete English: http://www.english.med.uoc.gr/ Greek: http://www.med.uoc.gr/

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Tel.: (130) 2810-394801, 2810-542115 Email: [email protected] University of Patras English: http://www.med.upatras.gr/en/ Pages/default.aspx Greek: http://www.med.upatras.gr/gr/ Pages/default.aspx Tel.: (130) 2610-969100/969108 Fax: 2610-996103 University of Alexandroupolis Site: http://www.med.duth.gr/ Tel.: (130) 25510-30912 Email: [email protected] University of Ioannina English: http://med.uoi.gr/index.php? option 5 com_content&view 5 article&id 5 1: home&catid 5 8&lang 5 en&Itemid 5 102 Greek: http://med.uoi.gr/index.php? option 5 com_content&view 5 article&id 5 2: arxiki&catid 5 9&lang 5 el&Itemid 5 103 Tel.: (130) 26510-07436 Email: [email protected] University of Thessalia English: http://www.med.uth.gr/en/ Greek: http://www.med.uth.gr/ Tel.: (130) 2410-685701 Fax: 2410-685546/7 Email: [email protected]

Faculty of Pharmacy • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens English: http://en.pharm.uoa.gr/ Greek: http://www.pharm.uoa.gr/ Tel.: (130) 210-7274361 Fax: 210-7274059 • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki English: http://www.pharm.auth.gr/en Greek: http://www.pharm.auth.gr/el Tel.: (130) 2310-997633, 2310-997623 Fax: 2310-997612 Email: [email protected] • University of Patras English: http://www.pharmacy.upatras.gr/ index.php/en Greek: http://www.pharmacy.upatras.gr/ Tel.: (130) 2610-962300 Email: [email protected]

Professional societies Association of Greek Chemists Site: https://www.eex.gr/ Address: Kanigos 27, 10682 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-3821524, 210-3832151 Fax: 210-3833597

Greek Forensic Science Society English: http://www.hsfm.gr/en/home-3-2/ Greek: http://www.hsfm.gr/ Address: Leoforos Vasileos Konstantinou 44, 11635 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-6429991 Fax: 210-6429992 Email: [email protected] Greek Society of Pharmacogenomics and personalized diagnosis and therapy English: http://esptnet-eu.gr/en/ Greek: http://esptnet-eu.gr/ Address: 56 Sinopis Str., 11527 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-7274149 Fax: 210-7274512 Email: [email protected] Hellenic Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology English: http://www.eebmb.gr/index.php/en/ Greek: http://www.eebmb.gr/index.php Address: 11 Soufliou Str., 11257 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-6503565 Fax: 210-6511767 Email: [email protected] Hellenic Society of Toxicology Site: http://www.hstox.com/

Hellenic companies Biomedicine Site: https://www.bioiatriki.gr/index.php/el/ Tel.: (130) 210-6966000, Athens (130) 2310-459660, Thessaloniki Molecular Cancer Research Hellenic Firm Site: http://eemek.gr/ Tel.: (130) 210-7462183 Email: [email protected] Molecular Cancer Treatment Hellenic Company English: http://www.scep.gr/?lang 5 en Greek: http://www.scep.gr/events/organizer/ellhnikhetairia-moriakhs-therapeutikhs-tou-karkinou/ Address: Kleomenous 7, 10675 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-7240039 (Athens), (130) 2810-222156 (Crete) Fax: 210-7240139 Email: [email protected] Cancer Prevention Hellenic Company Site: http://www.cancerprevention.gr/ Address: Hroon Polytehniou 104 & Tsertseti 3, 26442 Patra Tel.: (130) 2610-431465, (130) 6977559518 Email: [email protected]

Professional societies

Hellenic Cancer Research Company Site: http://www.cancer-research.gr/mainpage Address: Anticancer Hospital of Thessaloniki, Symeonidi Alex. 2, 54639 Thessaloniki Hellenic Society of Criminology English: http://www.hscriminology.gr/en/ Greek: http://www.hscriminology.gr/ Address: 1c Likavitou Street, 10672 Athens Email: [email protected]

Psychiatric Hospital of Attica Psychiatric Hospital of Thessaloniki «KEΘEA» Treatment Center for Dependent People «OKANA» Antidrug Agency

Detoxification centers

Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology English: http://www.imbb.forth.gr/en/ Greek: http://www.imbb.forth.gr/el/ Address: Nikolaou Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Crete Tel.: (130) 2810-391100 Fax: 2810-391101 Email: [email protected] National Hellenic Research Foundation English: http://www.eie.gr/nhrf/institutes/ibrb/ index-en.html Greek: http://www.eie.gr/nhrf/institutes/ibrb/indexgr.html Address: Vasileos Konstantinou 48, 11635 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-7273516 Fax: (130) 210-7246618 Email: [email protected] Research

“BRFAA” Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens English: http://www.bioacademy.gr/?lang 5 en Greek: http://www.bioacademy.gr/ Address: 4 Soranou Ephessiou St., 11527 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-6597000 Fax: 210-6597545 Institut Pasteur Hellenique English: https://www.pasteur.gr/en/ Greek: https://www.pasteur.gr/ Address: 127 Vasilissis Sofias, 11521 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-6478800 Fax: 210-6478853

“REACH” Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals English: http://www.prc.cnrs.fr/reach/en/home.html Greek: http://www.prc.cnrs.fr/reach/el/databases.html

Approved detoxification agencies

Society of the Environment and Cultural Heritage English: http://en.ellet.gr/ Greek: http://ellet.gr/ Address: Tripodon 28, 10558 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-3225245, 210-3226693 Fax: 210-3225240 Email: [email protected]

“Alexander Fleming” Biomedical Sciences Center Site: https://www.fleming.gr/ Address: 34 Fleming Street, 16672 Vari Tel.: (130) 210-9656310 Fax: 210-9653934 Email: [email protected]

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Poison Information Center, Children’s Hospital P&A Kyriakou Address: 11762 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-7793777 Fax: 210-7486114 Email: [email protected] “Metavasi Zois” Site: http://www.metavasizois.gr/el/ Address: 57500 Epanomi Tel.: (130) 6955448765, 6972845121, 2392032703 Email: [email protected] “KETHEA” Antitoxification Center Address: 2 Degleri St., 11522 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-6437740 Address: Fylis 217, 11253 Athens “Orpheas” Center for the Prevention of the use of Addictive Substances Address: Kouma Konstantinou 37, 41223 Larisa Self-help Program Address: Mitropoleos 10, 54625 Thessaloniki “OKANA” Address: Konstantinoupoleos 49, 54642 Thessaloniki Address: Averof Georgiou 21, 10433 Athens Address: Plateia Psychiatrou Tsirigoni, 49100 Corfu Address: 26th of October, 54268 Thessaloniki Detoxification Center Address: Thivon & Livadias, 11527 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-7793777

Laboratories Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Lab, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Site: https://www.med.auth.gr/content/ergastirioiatrodikastikis-toxikologias Tel.: (130) 2310-99206, 2310-999206 Email: [email protected]

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Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Lab, University of Athens Site: http://forensic.med.uoa.gr/ Tel.: (130) 210-7462406, 210-7462354 Fax: 210-7462435, 210-7462390, 210-7462410 Laboratory of Toxicology and Forensic Chemistry, University of Crete English: http://ctoxres.med.uoc.gr/index.php/en/ director Greek: http://ctoxres.med.uoc.gr/index.php/el/director Tel.: (130) 2810-394870 Fax: 2810-542098 Email: [email protected]

Legislation Rural Code http://www.ministryofjustice.gr/site/kodikes/%CE% 95%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AE%CF %81%CE%B9%CE%BF/%CE%91%CE%93%CE% A1%CE%9F%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%9F% CE%A3%CE%9A%CE%A9%CE%94%CE%99%CE% 9A%CE%91%CE%A3/tabid/223/language/el-GR/ Default.aspx Addictive Substances http://www.ministryofjustice.gr/site/LinkClick.aspx? fileticket 5 YTYbJcYuEkI%3D&tabid 5 132 https://www.e-nomothesia.gr/kat-narkotika/nomos4523-2018-fek-41a-7-3-2018.html Environmental Code http://www.ypeka.gr/Default.aspx?tabid 5 437 Laboratory Law https://www.e-nomothesia.gr/search/content.html? q 5 %CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%84% CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C 1 %CE%B4%CE%AF% CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF&searchbtn 5

Citizen’s guide Site: http://www.odigostoupoliti.eu/dimosies-ipiresies/ Email: [email protected]

Museum Museum of Criminology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

English: http://www.criminology-museum.uoa.gr/ en/node/60 Greek: http://www.criminology-museum.uoa.gr/el Address: 75 M. Asias, 11527 Athens Tel.: (130) 210-7462445 Fax: 210-7716098

Recently published papers • Pesticides and Cardiotoxicity. Where do we Stand? Georgiadis N., Tsarouhas K., Tsitsimpikou C., Vardavas A., Rezaee R., Germanakis I., Tsatsakis A., Stagos D., Kouretas D. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Volume 353, August 2018, Pages 1 14 • Lead Exposure and Associated Risk Factors among New Migrant Children Arriving in Greece. Tanaka M., Petsios K., Dikalioti S.K., Poulopoulou S., Matziou V., Theocharis S., Pavlopoulou I.D. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, May 2018, 15(6), 1057; • Determination of Drugs of Abuse and Pharmaceuticals in Skeletal Tissue by UHPLC-MS/MS. Orfanidis A., Gika H., Mastrogianni O., Krokos A., Theodoridis G., Zaggelidou E., Raikos N. Forensic Science International, Volume 290, September 2018, Pages 137 145 • Long Lasting Effects of Chronic Heavy Cannabis Abuse. Nestoros J.N., Vakonaki E., Tzatzarakis M.N., Alegakis A., Skondras M.D., Tsatsakis A.M. American Journal on addictions, Volume 26, Issue 4 June 2017, Pages 335 342 • Quantification of 4-Methylimidazole in Soft Drinks, Sauces and Vinegars of Greek Market using Two Liquid Chromatography Techniques. Tzatzarakis M.N., Vakonaki E., Moti S., Alegakis A., Tsitsimpikou C., Tsakiris I., Goumenou M., Nosyrev A.E., Rizos A.K., Tsatsakis A.M. Food and Chemical Toxicology, Volume 107, Part B, September 2017, Pages 565 571 • Comparative Evaluation of Drug Deposition in Hair Samples Collected from Different Anatomical Body Sites. Tzatzarakis M.N., Alegakis A.K., Kavvalakis M. P., Vakonaki E., Stivaktakis P.D., Kanaki K., Vardavas A.I., Barbounis E.G., Tsatsakis A.M. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, April 2017, Volume 41, Pages 214 223

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16 India Suresh K. Nagumalli Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States

Introduction The Indian economy is surging ahead and the current decade has witnessed extensive industrial growth in India, although agriculture still remains the main occupation for a large segment of the Indian population. According to the 2011 census, the employment of women in agriculture and household industries has increased remarkably as compared to the 1971 census. Though per hectare use of pesticides has been reported to be much less when compared to developed countries, pesticide exposures, both acute and chronic, continue to cause serious health problems to farm workers. Employment of women translates into higher exposures for vulnerable groups, including children. There are vast populations in India who are being exposed to arsenic-contaminated groundwater. Also of concern is chemical waste dumped in the country in the guise of recycling. This has added to the already existing burden of infectious diseases, compounded by widespread malnutrition. Environmental groups backed by media are playing a significant role in creating public awareness and building up pressure on policy makers. Some recent examples include the controversy related to pesticide residues in soft drinks and asbestos-related hazards in ship-breaking yards. Regulatory bodies are implementing stringent laws, and analytical facilities in private and Government institutions are being upgraded to meet international standards. Most of the regulations concerning pharmaceuticals, food additives, preservatives, air and water pollutants, industrial chemicals, and pesticides rely on toxicological data, and toxicity testing is becoming more and more elaborate. Experimental toxicological research in India has been following in the footsteps of its Western counterparts, and research is being carried out in universities throughout the country. The country is also upgrading Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00016-4

its capabilities to keep up with global standards for measuring and monitoring chemicals at ppb levels. India has lagged behind in an important aspect of toxicology. Practice and teaching of clinical toxicology has yet to find its due place in the medical curriculum and health care system. Pesticide poisoning continues to take a heavy toll on human lives. There is limited clinical toxicological research on acute and chronic poisoning due to pesticides and industrial chemicals. Poison Information Centers which act as focal points of consultation and information dissemination for emergency treatment of poisoning are few and have yet to make their presence felt in this country of more than a billion people. Training in medical management of chemical emergencies is rudimentary and only very recently have programs on advanced hazardous materials life support been started for emergency physicians. Toxicology training for paramedics and prehospital management of chemical exposures is almost nonexistent. Research on occupational and environmental human exposure and biomonitoring needs to be strengthened. Toxicology has made considerable strides in India, although further progress is necessary.

Resources Books Abbasi S.A. (1998) Heavy Metals in the Environment New Delhi: Mittal Publications The natural occurrence of heavy metals in the environment, the elevation of these natural levels due to pollution, and the toxic effect this has on the environment in general and in human beings in particular, is a topic of interest for a very large cross-section of

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people—ranging from metallurgists to environmentalists, geologists to biologists, engineers to doctors, social scientists to journalists, city planners to health workers. In this volume the three authors have pooled their combined expertise of over 50 years in this field to provide us with a goldmine of information and deep insight. A must for everyone interested in environment. Aggrawal A. (2006) Self-Assessment and Review of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology New Delhi: Peepee Publishers ISBN: 81-88867-85-3 Aggrawal A. (2017) Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology New Delhi: Avichal Publishing Company ISBN: 8177394193 Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology is a comprehensive book for undergraduate students of forensic sciences. The book comprises chapters on thanatology, deaths from other causes, forensic psychiatry, forensic science, corrosive poisons, irritant poisons, and poisons acting on the brain and spinal cord. In addition, the book consists of several diagrams and illustrations to help understand the concepts better. This book is essential for forensic scientists. Agrawal K.C. (2001) Environmental Pollution: Causes, Effects & Controls Bikaner: Nidhi Publishers ISBN: 8190118145 This book presents up-to-date and all the basic information about the major types of environmental pollution—air, water, indoor, noise, solid and hazardous waste, radiation, thermal, and oil pollution and their adverse effects on man and the environment. Technological and legal pollution control measures have been discussed in the Indian context. The text has been updated in light of current status of Government policies and programs. Notable international treaties and protocols, viz., Stockholm Conference, World Charter for Nature, Rio Earth Summit, Montreal Protocol, and Kyoto Protocol, have also been described. A glossary of relevant terms is given at the end. The book will serve as a major text for students of botany, zoology, geography, geology, environmental biology, environmental science, environmental chemistry, environmental engineering, home science, law, and medical and veterinary sciences. Ahluwalia S.K. (2005) Environment Problems in India Jaipur: ABD Publishers ISBN: 8183760031

Environmental problems have impacted on and attracted the attention of every community and nation of the world. Global warming, ozone layer depletion, and numerous other phenomena have globalized environmental problems. Therefore efforts are made worldwide to find solutions that are global in nature, require international cooperation and a scientific and political consensus. This has resulted in the evolution of various approaches and techniques toward solutions to these problems and sustainable development. “Environmental Problems in India” makes a thorough investigation into various concepts, approaches, methods, techniques, rules, regulations, and laws dealing with environmental problems. Delving deep into the social dimensions of these problems and the relationship between society and nature, the book arrives at certain conclusions for the alleviation and/or mitigation of these problems. The book includes all the latest energy-saving conservation and sustainable development strategies. This all-encompassing book on management of environmental problems will suit the needs of teachers, students, environmental NGOs, and general readers. Arora M. (2001) Environmental Management of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals New Delhi: Ivy Publishing House ISBN: 8178900009 Bajaj Y.P.S., Peles J.D., Barrett G.W. (1999) Transgenic Medicinal Plants Springerlink Publisher ISBN: 3540651209 Banerjee B.N. (1987) Environmental Pollution and Bhopal Killings New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House ISBN: 8121201195 This book alleges that Union Carbide Corporation (the US chemical multinational) criminal irresponsibility simply ruined hundreds of innocent lives in Bhopal by the sudden releases of over 40 tons of methyl isocyanate and the associated lethal chemicals. The tragedy was totally man-made and created by those unscrupulous death-dealers who would, in making easy profit, not hesitate in any kind of reckless behavior. The same death-dealing US Company, Union Carbide, contributed to spreading disinformation to evade the responsibility and in the process contributed to untold suffering to thousands of people. However, the Bhopal tragedy with its suffering and agony continues and thousands of people are afflicted by lung, eye, and skin diseases, besides psychological problems. The official agencies categorize the gas victims as severely affected (65,000),

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mildly affected (20,000), and those under controlled effects (14,000). The abortion, mortality, and infant mortality rates in the severely affected category have been found to be three to four times higher than in the controlled category between April 1965 and March 1986. While official agencies’ reports, kept confidential, point to a very serious situation, the Madhya Pradesh Government wants people to believe that all is well in Bhopal. In fact, statistics bleed with the reality of a significant number of gynecological disorders, record abortions, and corneal opacity (blurred vision). The Madhya Pradesh Government’s approach to the Bhopal disaster by way of suppression of information, inadequate medical relief, and economic rehabilitation as well as persecution of voluntary relief workers have come in for severe criticism both in the press and the public. Thus the human agony continues. Bhushan B., Kumar V. (2006) Environmental Impact Assessment New Delhi: Shree Publishers & Distributors ISBN: 8183290817 Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) is an activity designed to identify and predict the impact on the biogeophysical environment and on man’s health and well-being of legislative proposals, policies, programs, projects, and operational procedures, and to interpret and communicate information about the impacts. EIA should be an integral part of all planning for major actions, and should be carried out at the same time as engineering, economic, and sociopolitical assessments. This book responds to both the evolution in EIA thinking and to the maintenance of the basic approach. The emphasis in this book is on developing understanding of the EIA processes. It is intended to place the reader in the position of being able to apply these processes to any situation, while being aware of the strengths and limitations of the approaches being used and the assumptions being made. The intended readers of this book include decision-makers, policy and management advisors, the assessors, technical staffs, students, and teachers of environmental science, and laymen with an interest in environmental quality. Bhushan B., Kumar V. (2006) Environmental Management New Delhi: Shree Publishers & Distributors ISBN: 8183290884 The environment is integral to the overall process of development. It includes the relationship and interdependencies that exist between people and natural resources. Environmental change is thus the product not only of natural events, but also of the application of development models, practices, and lifestyles. The last two decades have seen a renewed interest in

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the use of environmental management as part of an integrated approach toward disease vector control. This interest has originated in part from a growing concern about the possible adverse health impacts of the continued development of water resources. This book discusses various techniques for environmental assessment and management. It will enable the users to incorporate the principles of environmental management and sustainable development into their daily activities, particularly in their efforts to promote a sustainable, equitable, and participatory development process. It will also enable them to identify environmental opportunities as well as constraints when pursuing economic and social development objectives. Biswas G. (2018) Recent Advances Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 2: Good Practice Guidelines and Current Medicolegal Issues New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers ISBN: 9352701240 With recent technological advances, fields such as forensic odontology, forensic biology, forensic serology, forensic psychiatry, and forensic pathology have been recognized as major subspecialities. Recent Advances in Forensic Medicine and Toxicology provides all the recent updates on medical jurisprudence, clinical forensic medicine, and forensic pathology to help forensic specialists, as well as medical professionals who need to seek the opinion of a forensic specialist in medicolegal cases. The book is divided into three sections; medical jurisprudence, medical ethics, forensic pathology or toxicology. The book includes detailed debate on medicolegal examination and certification of a case of injury, medicolegal aspects of injuries, how to approach a case of poisoning, alcohol intoxication, head and neck injury, attempted strangulation, and emerging issues in sex verification and victim identification in mass disasters. Recent Advances in Forensic Medicine and Toxicology is an important and highly relevant book for residents and fellows in forensic medicine, forensic medicine specialists, and medical officers. Key Points features a discussion on the legal, social and humanitarian aspects of euthanasia, and up-to-date debates on expert medical evidence, and legal and medical issues of medical records. There are over 160 full color and black and white illustrations, images, and tables Caius J.F. (2003) The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of India Jodhpur: Scientific Publisher ISBN: 81-7233-326-9 Dev S., Koul O. (1997) Insecticides of Natural Origin Harwood Academic Publishers

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Dikshith T.S.S. (1991) Toxicological Study of Pesticides in Animals CRC Press ISBN: 084936907X This book discusses studies that have been conducted on various animal species. The book reviews the effects of pesticides through changes in behavior, the nature of morphological and biochemical lesions, as well as the tracking of the metabolic disposition of pesticides in target sites of an organism. In vitro studies provide information regarding cellular responses and biochemical lesions with pesticides. Toxicological profiles of pesticides are cited using different species of animals for in vivo and in vitro studies. This information should help scientists and decision-makers reach conclusions regarding the toxicological effects of pesticides on humans and the environment. Dwivedi P. (2004) Environmental Pollution and Environmental Management Jodhpur: Scientific Publisher ISBN: 81-7233-358-7 This book highlights critical environmental issues, and touches upon various environmental pollution with focus on the causes, sources, and remediation. The emphasis has been laid on key environmental management strategies to combat the menace caused by various pollutants, and also to be prepared in advance to tackle the effects of such pollutants as well as natural hazards. Gupta H.C.L. (1999) Insecticides: Toxicology and Uses Udaipur: Agrotech Publishing Academy Gupta I.C., Kumar D., Joshi D.C. (2001) Industrial Waste Waters and Environmental Pollution ISBN: 81-7233-244-0 Gupta R.C. (2018) Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd edition Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc. ISBN: 012811410X Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, third edition, is a unique, single reference that teaches the basic principles of veterinary toxicology to any student at the DVM, MS, or PhD level. While comparable texts are primarily directed on the field of human toxicology, this text thoroughly prepares toxicologists and students on the newest approaches for diagnosing chemical and plant poisoning cases in animals. Many chapters on topics not covered in any previous books are provided, such as target organ toxicity, radiation and radioactive materials, FDA regulatory issues, and

ethics in veterinary toxicology. Completely revised and updated to include the most recent developments in the field, including new toxins, methods, and regions, this book is an essential resource for advanced students and researchers in toxicology, practicing veterinary toxicologists, poison control centers, marine biologists, environmentalists, and animal scientists. Gupta R.D. (2006) Environmental Pollution: Hazards and Control New Delhi: Concept ISBN 81-8069-260-4 This book attempts to address the multidimensional problems of environmental pollution. Explaining the concept of environment, change of ecological balance, and pollution, it traces the causes accountable for producing air, water, noise, vehicular, metal dust, soil, pesticidal, radioactive, and food pollution. It further analyses the impact of different pollutants on human and animal life. Suggestions for their better management and control have been given as well. The book will be of special interest to the policy makers, researchers, environmentalists, and development agencies. Hussain A. (2006) Environment and Health New Delhi: Sumit Enterprises ISBN: 8184200110 Environmental education has close links with the other four cross-curricular themes sharing many of the same features of investigative skills and body of knowledge. Pupils may research original and secondary sources, set up simulations, reach conclusions, and discuss the validity of their ideas. The five themes share the possibilities for promoting the discussion of value and beliefs, extending knowledge and understanding, encouraging practical activities and decisionmaking, and providing opportunities for pupils to make positive contributions to their community’s way of life. Jain B. (ed.) (2005) Guide to Forensic Medicine and Toxicology New Delhi: B. Jain Publishers ISBN: 8180565262 Designed to provide the reader with essential and practical knowledge of forensic medicine, this book has been written in a concise manner to help students get a grasp of the subject. Jasra O.P. (2003) Encyclopaedia of Toxicology New Delhi: Ivy Publishers ISBN: 81-7890-080-7

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Joshi B.D. (2008) Environmental Pollution & Toxicology New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation ISBN: 8131304329 Development oriented activities of human beings have highly polluted the Earth’s environment in general. No part of Earth remains unspoiled with a variety of polluting and toxic substances. As a result each of the spheres of our biosphere, viz., atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere, are gradually turning into a cesspool of carcinogenic, mutagenic and myriads of other deleterious substances released by man consequent to his carefree exploitations of our natural resources. Not only we are losing our species biodiversity, but are exposing our future generations to the lethal effects of chemicals, solid wastes, and sewage-borne ingredients. This is mainly on account of our poor environmental management, which could be better done. Kanchan T. (2017) Rapid Review of Toxicology New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers ISBN: 9789352701315 Karmakar R.N. (2004) Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Kolkata: Academic Publishers ISBN: 8187504692 Khan R.R. (2001) Environment and Metal Pollution Jaipur: ABD Publishers ISBN: 8185771197 This book comprehensively deals with the subject of metals and their environmental and health consequences. It contains 12 major chapters besides references and index, covering almost all aspects of metals. Not only the environment-related topics, but also the topics covering the general aspects of metals such as nature and classification, uses and production, metals as micronutrients, and metal interaction with microbes have been included in the book. Topics dealing with the surveys on metal pollution, recycling and recovery, and treatment and disposal have been dealt with in detail. The environmental test procedures and bioassays with metals have also found a place in the book. Khitoliya R.K. (2005) Environment Protection and The Law New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation ISBN: 8176487961 It is widely felt that proper legislative measures enacted and implemented in time can save the Earth from environmental disaster. The need for environmental protection is an area that has been at the

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forefront of social concern during the last three decades globally. What is needed is balance between development and environment. An integration of the environment and development is required at the policy planning and management level. The problems of environmental degradation are addressed and emphasis on the need for legal instruments to protect the same has been attempted. The important judicial pronouncements have also been added besides the roles of people’s participation. Important constitutional provisions relating to protection and improvement of the environment have been discussed in detail and the various aspects of the environment have been narrated at length. The book integrates the various aspects of environmental pollution control to tackle environmental problems for achieving sustainable development. The relevant conference, summit, rules, and acts are also included in the appendices. Kishore J. (2006) National Health Programs of India: National Policies & Legislations Related to Health New Delhi: Century Publications ISBN: 8188132152 This book is the first of its kind, intended to fulfill the long-felt need of providing information about national programs, policies, and legislation related to health in one place. It is a tribute not only to the vibrancy of the type of health program management but also to the volume and quality of recent academic research on public health interventions that this book has to be so thoroughly revised and updated within a short period of time. There are many significant changes in the government approaches in relation to public health since the beginning of the 21st century. As public health is a dynamic process so is its information. One can observe a progressive change in the field of public health in India. Many new public health institutions are coming up. New goals and targets are set in various policies, programs, and legislations by the government. India is making a presence in the global market and taking part in globalization. Each chapter of this popular book provides current and concise coverage of a wide range of programs, policies, and legislations related to health. Its presentation offers a great opportunity to learn about public health delivery by the government and to practice preventive and social medicine in the community. The book has all the facts one needs to know about health programs in India. It is a unique book providing valuable updated information useful for undergraduate, postgraduate medical, nursing and social science students, public health experts, policy makers, project officers, and social workers.

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Krishna V. (2005) Forensic Medicine and Toxicology: Principles and Practice, 3rd Edition Elsevier ISBN: 81-8147-568-2 Kulkarni V.S., Kaul S.N., Trivedy R.K. (2002) A Handbook of Environment Impact Assessment Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers ISBN: 81-7233-299-8 Kumar R. (1987) Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards in India New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House Kumar A. (1999) Environmental Problems, Protection and Control (2 Volumes) New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN: 8126103558 Vol. 1: Environmental Concept (ISBN: 8126103566); Vol. 2: Environmental Problems, Protection and Control ISBN: 8126103574 Kumar R. (2000) Environmental Chemical Hazards New Delhi: Sarup & Sons ISBN: 8176251267 The study of environmental chemical hazards in the recent past has gained tremendous importance because of their dangerous dimensions and these occur largely by the activities of man. This book is a serious attempt to cover most aspects of environmental chemical hazards. Every chapter included in this book is selfsufficient and well explained with a number of diagrams and case studies, selected from different countries. An effort has been made to describe each chapter in light of newer developments in a simple language and elegant style. This book may serve as a ready reference for all environmentalists including students of environmental science, regulatory pollution control authorities, city planners, health technicians, agriculture scientists, government departments, and industries. Kumar A. (Ed.), Goel P.K. (2000) Industry, Environment and Pollution Jaipur: ABD Publishers ISBN: 8185771073 Kumar H. (2001) Environmental Health Hazards New Delhi: Ivy Publishing House ISBN: 8178900092 Kumar A. (2004) Environmental Contamination and Bioreclamation

New Delhi: APH ISBN 81-7648-587-X The growing population and relentless march toward development have forced man toward urbanization and industrialization. With the mushrooming of industrial concerns over many years, the concentrations of different pollutants in various ecosystems have increased, causing ecodegradation. Most of the water bodies have been thoughtlessly used for the disposal of wastes far beyond their assimilative capacities and they have been grossly polluted. The waste, which is posing a serious ecological problem, could be gainfully used for agriculture as well as aquaculture. A bioreclamation strategy must be used for sustainable development and to conserve the nonrenewable resources for future generations. Kumar A. (ed.) (2005) Environment and Toxicology New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation ISBN: 8176489174 Untoward effects of any substance in the environment, including drug toxicities or poisoning whether as a consequence of internal or external exposure and relating to both immediate and long-term implications in the realm of human ecology, or to transformation which leads to an understanding of the mechanisms through which toxic manifestations arise and to the means for alleviation and control of toxic effects. Toxicology is one of the several multidisciplinary fields of Environmental Science. Many of these fields are overlapping, as many of the things that they derive from other disciplines are common to them. The present book, entitled “Environment and toxicology,” is the unique compilation of the most innovative research articles of eminent environmental scientists of India which will be helpful for postgraduate students, research scholars, academicians, and also for other people who are engaged in the field of Environmental Toxicology. Kumar A. (ed.) (2006) Heavy Metal Pollution Research: Recent Advances New Delhi: Daya Publishing House ISBN: 8170353855 Some 65 of the known 92 elements are metallic in nature. The term “metal” designates an element that is a good conductor of electricity whose electrical resistance is directly proportional to absolute 0 T. In addition, metals share some distinctive characteristics such as high thermal conductivity and high density. Metallic elements are intrinsic components of the environment. Some 19 heavy metals of the known 65 metals are toxic in nature and are a great threat to the living

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as well as nonliving world. Actually toxic heavy metals are present at ,0.1% levels in the Earth’s crust but anthropogenic activities such as smelting and mining of ores, releasing industrial wastes, use of metallic compounds in industries, and in the production of vehicles and airplanes have released a large number of toxic metals and their salts into the environment. So, dispersion of heavy metals into the environment has become a most challenging problem. This book will be helpful in solving the crux of heavy metal pollution; it is a compilation of the most advanced research articles of the scientists of repute in the concerned field. Besides, the book will be very helpful for the students, research scholars, professors, scientists, as well as for those who have an interest in toxicology. Kumar A. (ed.) (2006) Industrial Pollution: Problems and Solutions New Delhi: Daya Publishing House ISBN: 8170353750 The storm of modernization and industrialization has not only uprooted man but has also destroyed his habitat and environment. The increase in discharges of carbon dioxide and other pollutants from various industries is as sharp as the decrease in release of oxygen by plants as a result of which the bioequilibrium maintained since time immemorial has been affected. So, industrial pollution has become a great threat for the generations to come. It is the prime duty of scientists to explore the quantum of pollution load as well as to devise certain strategies and technologies so that our sustainable development would not be jeopardized, otherwise our long-cherished dream of establishing ecosocialism on this watery planet could not come true. The present book entitled “Industrial Pollution: Problems and Solutions” is a unique collection of advanced research papers of eminent environmental scientists which will be very helpful for students, research scholars, professors, scientists, and policy makers for the assessment of industrial pollution load and to devise the knowhow by which it can be solved. Malhotra S. (2004) Air Pollution and Its Control Jaipur: Pointer Publishers ISBN: 8171323871 Air pollution has been growing since the Industrial Revolution. Rapid industrialization, burgeoning cities, and greater dependence on fossil fuels have brought in their wake increased production of harmful pollutants, making life more and more unpleasant and unhealthy. Among the most common and virulent of air pollutants are sulfur dioxide, suspended particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and lead. In addition, there is evidence of a growing threat to human

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health from even indoor pollutants such as radon, formaldehyde, mercury, and organic substances. To this end, this book is timely and appropriate as it focuses attention on most of the factors that are causing havoc in the present day to the sustainability of Earth. Various methods and techniques of air pollution and its control are also discussed. This book will be useful for students of environmental sciences, life sciences, environmental engineering and also researchers and teachers. Markandva A., Murty M.N. (2000) Cleaning-Up the Ganges: A Cost Benefit Analysis of the Ganga Action Plan Oxford University Press: New Delhi ISBN 019564945-1 Mishra K.D. (2003) Ecology of Polluted Waters and Toxicology Jaipur: ABD Publication ISBN 81-85771-60-X This book contains 25 research articles and reviews on different aspects of ecology of polluted waters, both lentic and lotic water bodies, and toxicity of pollutants to fish and other aquatic organisms. Keeping in view the multidisciplinary nature of the subject, diverse areas of research have been covered including environmental impact assessment, river pollution, plankton diversity, impact of pollution on aquatic macrophytes and bank vegetation, heavy metal pollution, toxicity of insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, metals, etc. to fish, tadpoles, prawn, and other aquatic organisms. The book shall be of great help to the teachers, researchers, and postgraduate students in the field of limnology, ichthyology, environmental science, botany, zoology, environmental chemistry and toxicology as a reference book. Mukherjee J.B. (2018) J.B Mukherjee’s Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 5th edition Kolkata: Academic publishers ISBN: 9383420588 Narayan Reddy K.S., Murty O.P. (2014) The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers ISBN: 9351525570 Pande G.C., Pande D.C. (eds.) (1999) Environmental Development and Management: Strategies and Policies New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd ISBN: 812610211X “Environmental Development and Management: Strategies and Policies” is indeed a novel addition to

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the existing literature on the wider dimensions of the burning problem. It is an outcome of extensive research work by many collaborating experts in this field; and gathering, examining, and analyzing the data of observations on varying dimensions from different parts of the globe. It is a timely, up-to-date, and rigorously selective collection of precisely relevant original and field-based observations, analytical conceptual discussions, and well-documented scientific papers of experts, veterans in academics, and scientists of wider recognition. A really vast profile of the extensive subject matter is spread over the broad five parts. The first part, “Environmental Concepts: Options and Strategies” consists of a few chosen and nicely edited papers on nature, dimensions, depth of crisis, consciousness, awareness, space informatics, and a condensed backdrop of the environmental debate during 20th century and its status at the beginning of 21st century. Part Two and Part Three constitute the heart of the volume wherein scientists have investigated the levels of pollution and scaled the threat to human survival. Each major aspect of ecological deterioration and source of pollution has been carefully examined and every dimension has received a very lucid treatment. Similarly different strategies and methods of agroforest resource management in different parts of the globe have been discussed at length, dressed with facts and palpitating with life. Parts Four and Five comprise very interesting discussions on diagnoses of the impact of ecological degradation on habitat, society, and the economy. These parts present the prognostic and prescriptive options of environmental management. Pandey K., Shukla J.P., Trivedi S.P. (2011) Fundamentals of Toxicology Calcutta: New Central Book Agency ISBN: 8173814767 Toxicology as it is commonly viewed is not a newly emerging field of science yet it drew attention for its systematic study and teaching at undergraduate and postgraduate level only a few decades ago as a result of the environmental abuses and contamination and destruction of valuable and fast-depleting natural resources. Pillay V.V. (2003) Comprehensive Medical Toxicology Hyderabad: Paras Medical Publisher ISBN: 81-88129-86-0 Pillay V.V. (2004) Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 2nd Edition Hyderabad: Paras Publishing ISBN: 8181910311

Prabhakar V.K. (2001) Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd ISBN: 8126109327 Raghavan S. (2005) India’s Environmental Policy New Delhi: Omsons Publications ISBN: 8171172261 The book tries to analyze India’s reference to marine environment. India with its long coastline and 25% of its population living in the coastal areas has been a party to many international conventions to protect the marine and coastal environment over the past two decades. India has attempted to provide some constructive leadership on international environment policy. Among South Asian nations, India, particularly has taken the cognizance of the dangers inherent in growing ecological deterioration and has taken steps to initiate measures at national as well as international levels to arrest, reduce, and rectify marine pollution. Ramamoorthy S., Ramamoorthy R. (1995) Handbook of Chemical Toxicity Profiles of Biological Species CRC Press ISBN: 1566700140 The two volumes comprising this new handbook provide a unique resource for studies involving toxicity profiles in aquatic, avian, and mammalian species. The arrangement of material in alphabetical order by species allows the reader straightforward access to information on the effects of chemicals on various life forms. For each group of species, the acute and chronic (short- and longterm) toxicity data are arranged in descending order, enabling the reader to evaluate the relative toxicity of chemicals for any given species. This arrangement of data also indicates the relative importance of exposure routes. Toxicity profiles include LC50 values, cancer indices, and Virtually Safe Doses and are provided for each organ. In addition, the Handbook provides important comparisons of identical toxicity testing methods and duration of exposure (e.g., LC5096h) to arrive at a ratio. The ambient concentration and its ratio to the toxic level will assist in selecting the cut-off chemical. This approach helps the reader to maximize the use of resources and to generate data that are specifically relevant to the species and ecosystem under study. The species-specific approach in the “Handbook of Chemical Toxicity Profiles of Biological Species” makes it a powerful tool for a wide range of studies. It may be used, for example, in evaluating the status of endangered or other species, making impact assessments, developing regulatory controls, and determining important areas for future research.

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Satake M. (1997) Environmental Toxicology New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House Shafi S.M. (2005) Environmental Pollution New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors ISBN: 812690366X This book is the outcome of intensive efforts made by the author for more than 7 years in the collection of materials, their recasting to suit their own scheme of requirement, and also incorporating new research findings from reputed researchers on environmental pollution in the book. The book has been styled to cover the requirements of the university syllabuses for undergraduate and postgraduate students of various universities. The book covers major aspects of the environment: air pollution, water pollution by physical agents (causing radioactive pollution, thermal pollution, sound pollution). Under the umbrella of these four major aspects a great deal of valuable information has been given on many topics including particulate pollutants, problems of aerosol accumulation, role of aerosol in photochemical pollution, phenomenon of acid rain and its effects, problem of ozone depletion, uses and destructive role of chlorofluorocarbons, causes of global warming, and role of some air-borne organisms as biopollutants. These items represent the main segments of atmospheric pollution. Likewise, matters on industrial pollutions, particularly sewage and some other biodegradable wastes, role of infectious agents in water to spread diseases, production of excess of plant nutrients in water, organic chemicals of exotic sources, inorganic chemicals in water, agricultural solid wastes, sediments, coastal pollution/oil pollutions, etc., represent the main instances of water pollution. The information on the effects of pollutants on human health, animal health, plants, materials and properties are of general public interest and the introduction of legal steps for controlling pollution carry additional significance. Shrivastava A.K. (2004) Encyclopaedia of Environmental Pollution, Agriculture and Health Hazards New Delhi ISBN 81-7648-594-2 Singh D.K. (2012) Pesticide Chemistry and Toxicology: Toxicology— Agriculture and Environment Bentham Science Publishers ISBN: 1608055310 Pesticide control involves killing pest organisms or otherwise preventing them from destructive behavior.

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Pesticides are either natural or synthetic and are applied to target pests in a myriad of formulations (EC, WP, SP, FP, G etc.) and application technology systems (sprays, baits, slow-release diffusion, dust, etc.). In recent years, the bacterial genes coding for insecticidal proteins have been incorporated into various crops to deal with the mortality of the pests feeding on them. Many other ecofriendly methods for insect pest control such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM), use of biopesticides, etc., are becoming popular. Biopesticides and IPM should show good growth in the future, as there is growing interest in ecofriendly organic agriculture, and could be achieved through Good Agriculture Practices. Use of pesticides requires a proper understanding of the chemistry, their handling, and their use in crop protection or hygiene. These are toxic chemicals and require a good understanding of therapy and antidotes at the time of poisoning. This e-book covers pesticide chemistry, metabolic/degradation pathways, biochemical toxicology, therapy and antidotes, nanopesticides, and terminologies associated with pesticide toxicology. The book should serve as a text book for academia, or as a reference work for agriculturists, environmentalists, and industry professionals. Singh V.P. (2005) Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants and Animals New Delhi: Sarup & Sons ISBN: 8176255874 Many heavy metals are essential for plants and animals when present in a growing medium in low concentrations; they become toxic only when a concentration limit is exceeded. The toxic metal phytotoxicity has been known for more than a century. However, the interest in this field has been developed only recently. The capacity of the plants to survive on soils that contain high concentrations of certain toxic metals has fascinated ecologists and plant physiologists for decades. This book is very useful to those who are interested in toxic metals and their interaction with plants, particularly students and teachers of plant physiology, ecophysiology, molecular biology, and environmental science. Singh V.P. (2005) Toxic Metals and Environmental Issues New Delhi: Sarup & Sons ISBN: 8176255491 The book is the outcome of the work that has been done during the last three decades on toxic metals in soil plant systems. Toxic metal problems are universal and the situation in developing countries is worse and unimaginable. In this book the author has taken some important toxic metals of the environment that are of

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more concern to humans. Their occurrence, contamination, effects on health hazards, and environmental issues are very well described. The book gives a very concise, integrated, and updated account of phytotoxicity, tolerance, detoxification, and phytoremediation of toxic metals in a soil plant animal system. The book provides the most comprehensive information to readers, students, and researchers who are working in the environmental field. Sinha P.C. (1998) Environmental Policies New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN: 8174889531 Sinha P.C. (2004) Toxic and Hazardous Wastes New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN: 8174889655 Sinha P.C. (ed.) (2006) Hazardous Wastes, Organic Pollutants and Prior Informed Consent: Global Environmental Law, Policy and Action Plan Series New Delhi: SBS Publishing ISBN 81-89741-35-7 This book deals with the international guidelines related to hazardous wasted, organic pollutants, and their movements to various areas by different ways and means, providing readers with an integrated understanding of the global environmental regimes for hazardous wastes and organic pollutants. The basal convention on the control of transboundary moments of hazardous wastes and their disposal, which aims to prevent the unauthorized dumping of toxic waste in developing countries, has been covered in detail with sufficient case studies. The Rotterdam convention on prior informed consent for hazardous chemicals in international trade is discussed to elaborate upon the mechanism for the import of such chemicals. In addition, the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants is presented to elaborate upon the guidelines to eliminate the global use of such nominated chemicals. The agenda 21 action plan in this regard is also elaborately covered. Sood A. (1999) Toxicology ISBN 81-7625-078-3 In the recent past the field of toxicology has undergone a veritable revolution. This title was compiled to include the numerous new concepts in this field. Each concept included in this book is self-sufficient. Further, a sincere effort has been made to represent each concept in this book in a clear and explanatory straightforward style. This approach combined with an extensive

cross-referencing system helps the reader to place each concept into a broader modern scientific context. Many structural formulae have been included whenever the meaning of a concept can be best conveyed by means of a structural formula. It is presumed that the reader is readily familiar with the basic concepts in chemistry, biology, science, etc. Talwar P. (ed.) (2006) Environmental Management New Delhi: Isha Books ISBN: 8182053412 The objective of environmental management is improved human life quality. It involves the mobilization of resources and the use of government to administer the use of both natural and economic goods and services. It is based on the principles of ecology. In the complex and interdependent world that we have been given, environmental management is required because the activities of development in one sector affect in both positive and negative ways the quality of life in others. Designed as a guide to hands-on, day-to-day environmental management, this book covers the nuts and bolts of effective environmental management. It provides a thorough introduction to those new to the field or to the environmental specialists who need a thought-provoking refresher. It will enable the students to gain a practical understanding of environmental hazards, controlling air and water pollution, managing hazardous wastes, implementing pollution prevention programs, dealing with compliance audits and regulatory inspections, and much more. Thukral A.K., Virk G.S. (2000) Environmental Protection Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers ISBN 81-7233-258-0 Environmental Protection presents articles on the state of environment, pollution control, and biodiversity conservation by eminent teachers and scientists. The book will be useful for postgraduate students in life sciences, botany, zoology, microbiology, genetics, and environmental sciences. The researchers will find information on recent trends in environmental research. Vij K. (2014) Textbook of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology: Principles & Practice New Delhi: Elsevier India ISBN: 8131237850 Keeping the academically strong content and much appreciated way of imparting information intact, this edition has been revamped and revised to update the topics and information. Radical changes have been

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made in the chapters carrying extreme medicolegal significance in the prevailing scenario, namely, asphyxial deaths (especially the herculean issue of hanging vs. strangulation); medicolegal examination of the living (with eloquent analysis of the latest antirape law); medicolegal implications of injuries (especially clarifying the concept of endangering life/dangerous to life); firearm injures; medical negligence through latest case-law, etc. Relevant cases have been instilled to illustrate medicolegal principles encountered during day-to-day problems. Highly illustrated text with new photographs, line drawings, flowcharts, and tables for easy understanding and presentation. The book reflects the author’s experience of more than three decades and the knowledge gathered from extensive reading, interactions, deliberations, etc. There is online access to MCQs with this edition. Vohora S.B., Agrawal V.P. (eds.) (1999) Toxicology and Environmental Health, Proceedings of a National Symposium New Delhi: Asiatic Publishing House

Journals Acta Ecologica ISSN: 0970-2881 International Society for Environmental Science 594-A Talwandi Kota-324 005 Advances in Pharmacology and Toxicology ISSN: 0973-2381 Published by Society for Science and Environment 2/10, Bhikamchand Jain Nagar, Jalgaon-425001 Phone: 91-0257-2253256, Mobile: 9422775521 Email: [email protected] Anil Aggrawal’s Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology ISSN: 0972-8066 (CD version) ISSN: 0972-8074 (Online version) Email: [email protected] Web: http://anilaggrawal.com/ij/indexpapers.html Applied Biological Research ISSN: 0972-0979 Asian Biotechnology and Development Review Web: http://ris.org.in/journals-newsletters-type/ Asian-Biotechnology-Development-Review ISSN: 0972-7566 Published by RIS India Zone IV-B Fourth Floor India Habitat Centre Lodhi Road, New Delhi-100 003, India

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Phone: 91-11-24682177-80 Fax: 91-11-24682173-74 Email: [email protected] The Asian Biotechnology and Development Review is published by RIS India to generate wider awareness of the issues involved and emerging developments in the area of biotechnologies. ABDR is being managed and guided by leading experts and commentators on technology issues. It is supported by the Life Science Division of UNESCO and the Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India. This journal is abstracted in Cab International and Science of Science, of Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi. Biomedicine (Journal of the Indian Association of Biomedical Scientists) Web: http://biomedicineonline.org/ ISSN: 0970-2067 Published by Indian Association of Biomedical Scientists Dr. E. Padmini, Editor-in-chief, Biomedicine Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathi Women’s College, Broadway, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Email: [email protected] Current Science Web: http://www.currentscience.ac.in/ ISSN 0011-3891 Current Science, published every fortnight by the Association, in collaboration with the Indian Academy of Sciences, is the leading interdisciplinary science journal from India. It was started in 1932 by the then stalwarts of Indian science such as C.V. Raman, Birbal Sahni, Meghnad Saha, Martin Foster, and S.S. Bhatnagar. In 2011 the journal completed one hundred volumes. The journal is intended as a medium for communication and discussion of important issues that concern science and scientific activities. Besides full length research articles and shorter research communications, the journal publishes review articles, scientific correspondence and commentaries, news and views, comments on recently published research papers, opinions on scientific activity, articles on universities, Indian laboratories, and institutions, interviews with scientists, personal information, book reviews, etc. It is also a forum to discuss issues and problems faced by science and scientists and an effective medium of interaction among scientists in the country and abroad. Current Science is read by a large community of scientists and the circulation has been continuously going up. C.V. Raman Avenue, P.O. Box 8001,

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Bangalore 560 080, Phone: 91 080 22661263 Fax: 91 080 23616094 Email: [email protected] Down to Earth Web: http://www.downtoearth.org.in/ Centre for Science and Environment 41, Tuglakabad Institutional Area New Delhi-110 062 Indian Drugs ISSN (printed): 0019-462X Published by Indian Drug Manufacturers’ Association Web: https://www.indiandrugsonline.org/ Indian Drugs is the scientific publication of the Indian Drug Manufacturers’ Association (IDMA). The journal was started in 1963. Indian Drugs is published monthly and is respected for its peer-reviewed scientific and technical papers. The publication has a circulation of 1800 copies and is distributed to all IDMA members as a members privilege. It is also available by subscription to members of the industry, university libraries, and government departments. Indian Journal of Agricultural Chemistry ISSN (printed): 0367-8229 Published by Scientific Publishers Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control ISSN: 0250-5231 Published by Indian Association of Air Pollution Control c/o Envirotech Instruments Pvt. Ltd. A-271, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-1, New Delhi-110020 Email: [email protected] Web: www.iaapc.in Indian Journal of Cancer ISSN: 0019-509X Web: http://www.indianjcancer.com/ Lady Ratan Tata Medical and Research Centre M. Karve Road, Cooperage, Bombay 400021, India Indian Journal of Cancer, the show window of the progress of oncological sciences in India, was established in 1963. Indian Journal of Cancer is the first and only periodical serving the needs of all the specialties of oncology in India. Its international repute is recognized by its indexing with most bibliographic databases including MEDLINE, Index Medicus, EMBASE and Biological Abstracts. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology ISSN: 0971-457X

Web: http://www.niscair.res.in/ sciencecommunication/researchjournals/rejour/ ijct/ijct0.asp Indian Journal of Chemical Technology has established itself as the leading journal in the exciting field of chemical engineering and technology. It is intended for rapid communication of knowledge and experience to engineers and scientists working in the area of research development or practical application of chemical technology. This bimonthly journal includes novel and original research findings as well as reviews in the areas related to chemical engineering, catalysis, leather processing, polymerization, membrane separation, pharmaceuticals and drugs, agrochemicals, reaction engineering, biochemical engineering, petroleum technology, corrosion and metallurgy, and applied chemistry. Indian Journal of Chemistry ISSN: 0376-4699 Web: http://www.niscair.res.in/ sciencecommunication/researchjournals/rejour/ ijcb/ijcb0.asp Indian Journal of Chemistry (Section B), a leading monthly journal in organic and medicinal chemistry, started publishing from 1976. It publishes papers on organic reaction mechanisms, theoretical organic chemistry, structure activity relationships, medicinal chemistry, synthesis of chiral compounds, bioorganic chemistry, enzymes in organic synthesis, reagents in organic synthesis, heterocyclic compounds, phytochemistry (natural products), amino acids, peptides and proteins, spectroscopy in characterization of organic compounds, chemoenzymatic and enantioselective synthesis of organic compounds, synthesis of fullerenes, metal-catalyzed asymmetric reactions, bioactive plant products, and combinatorial chemistry. Apart from full-length papers, notes, and communications, the journal publishes short reviews on frontline areas under the column “Advances in Contemporary Research.” Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry (IJCB) ISSN (printed): 0970-1915 Published by Association of Clinical Biochemists of India A-Block, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road New Delhi-110 003, India. IJCB is a biannual (January and July) publication of the Association of Clinical Biochemistry of India (ACBI). It covers the research areas in the fields of clinical biochemistry, pathological, microbiological,

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molecular, cellular, genetic and bioinformatic concepts, and other advanced techniques. The journal’s primary mission is to serve the public interest in health care by providing leadership in clinical laboratory science to national professional societies, the diagnostics industry, government, and nongovernment organizations. This journal also acts as a bridge in various interdisciplinary areas of medicine. It covers laboratory accreditation programs pertaining to health and disease. Indian Journal of Community Health (IJOCH) ISSN: 0971-7587 Published by Karnataka Association of Community Health Dr Rakesh Kakkar, Editor, Indian Journal of Community Health, Department of Community Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Ram Nagar, Doiwala, Dehradun—248016, Uttarakhand, India Web: iapsmupuk.org Email: [email protected] Indian Journal of Community Medicine (IJCM) ISSN: 0970-0218 Web: http://www.ijcm.org.in/ Published by Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine The journal publishes original research articles, focusing on family health care, epidemiology, biostatistics, public health administration, health care delivery, national health problems, medical anthropology and social medicine, invited annotations and comments, invited papers on recent advances, clinical and epidemiological diagnosis and management; editorial correspondence, and book reviews. Indian Journal of Environment and Toxicology Published by Jai Research Foundation ISSN: 0971-2127 Web: http://www.jrfglobal.com/ The Director Jai Research Foundation NH-48, Near Daman Ganga Bridge Valvada—396 105, Gujarat, India. Tel: 191 9909900950, 9825603140, 9998022968, 9998022984 Fax: 191 22 6646 6119 Email: [email protected] Jai Research Foundation is a premier International Contract Research Organization in Asia providing comprehensive regulatory studies on agrochemicals, biocides, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, food additives, and consumer products.

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Indian Journal of Environmental Health (New Title: Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering) ISSN (printed): 0367-827X Published by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Indian Journal of Environmental Protection ISSN (printed): 0253-7141 Published by Scientific Publishers Web: http://ijep.co.in/ Kalpana Corporation, Kalpana Bhawan, N 10/535, Shyama Nagar P.O. Bazardiha, Varanasi—221106 Phone: 0542-2369079 Email: [email protected] Indian Journal of Experimental Biology ISSN (printed): 0019-5189 Published by National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources This journal, started in 1963, publishes full papers, notes, and reviews in cell biology, molecular biology, genetic engineering, endocrinology, reproductive biology, immunology, developmental biology, comparative physiology, radiation biology, chronobiology, microbiology, pharmacology, toxicology, and other biological fields including instrumentation and methodology. The papers having experimental design involving alteration and/or manipulation in biological system(s) providing insight into their functioning are considered for publication. Studies involving higher animals, human beings, and of a clinical nature are not encouraged for publication in the journal. Review articles in frontier areas of contemporary relevance are also published. Web: http://www.niscair.res.in/ ScienceCommunication/ResearchJournals/rejour/ ijeb/ijeb0.asp National Institute of Science Communication Hillside Road New Delhi 110 012 Email: [email protected] Fax: 011-25847062 Phone: 25846301 Indian Journal of Human Genetics ISSN: 0971-6866 Publisher: Medknow publications Indian Journal of Industrial Medicine Indian J Occup Environ Med ISSN (printed): 0019-5278 Published by Medknow Publications Continued by The Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

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Web: http://www.bioline.org.br/oe Indian Journal of Medical Ethics ISSN: 0974-8466 Web: https://ijme.in/ Forum for Medical Ethics Society, O-18, Nav Bhavna Premises Co-operative Society Ltd., 422 Veer Savarkar Marg, Prabhadevi, Mumbai 400 025. Email: [email protected] The Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, published since 1993 by the Forum for Medical Ethics Society, is a multidisciplinary academic journal providing a platform for publication of original material and discussion on all aspects of health care ethics and the humanities, relevant to and/or from the perspective of India and other developing countries. Indian Journal of Medical Research ISSN (printed): 0971-5916 Web: http://www.ijmr.org.in/ Published by Indian Council of Medical Research The Indian Journal of Medical Research (IJMR) is one of the oldest medical Journals not only in India, but probably in Asia. The journal was started as a quarterly (4 issues/year) in 1913 and made bimonthly (6 issues/year) in 1958. It became monthly (12 issues/ year) in 1964. The journal is indexed and abstracted by all major global current awareness and alerting services Dr. Anju Sharma Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India Tel: 011-26589384/26589258 Email: [email protected] Indian Journal of Medical Sciences Web: http://www.journal.indianjmedsci.com/index. php/ijms ISSN (printed): 0019-5359 Published by Medknow Publications Email: [email protected] Indian Journal of Medical Sciences is a quarterly journal published as a medium for the advancement of scientific knowledge in all the branches of medicine and allied sciences and publication of scientific investigation in these fields. It is also intended to present this information in a form suitable to the general practitioner and primary care physician.

Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (formerly known as Indian Journal of Industrial Medicine) ISSN-0973-2284 Web: http://www.ijoem.com Published by Medknow Publications The Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (IJOEM) is the official publication of the Indian Association of Occupational Health. c/o Dr. G.K. Kulkarni Siemens Ltd., H/O: B/Medicare, 130 Pandurang Budhkar Marg, Opp. Doordarshan, Worli, Mumbai—400018, India. Tel: 91-22-39677091 Fax: 91-22-67572582 Email: [email protected] Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy ISSN (printed): 0445-7706 Published by All India Occupational Therapists Association Web: http://medind.nic.in/iba/ibam.shtml The Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy is published three times a year, in April, August, and December, by the All India Occupational Therapists Association. The Journal publishes original scientific research papers, case reports, preliminary articles, and information on all aspects of occupational therapy (ergo medicine). It welcomes articles from all over the world. 93, Laxmanpuri, Faizabad Road, Lucknow—226016, UP, (India) Tel: 0522-2350482 Mobile: 91 9415405095, 9415415095 Email: [email protected] Indian Journal of Pharmacology Web: http://www.ijp-online.com/ ISSN: 0253-7613 Dr. Bikash Medhi, Chief Editor, Indian Journal of Pharmacology, Coordinator PGIMER Pharmacovigilance Centre, Research Block B, 4th Floor, Room no 4043, PIMER Chandigarh-160012, India Phone: 191-172-2755250 (Office) 191-9815409652 (Mobile) Email: [email protected]; drbikashmedhi@gmail. com Indian Journal of Toxicology (new name Toxicology International) ISSN: 0971-6580

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Dr. Vinod Kumar Dumka, Editor Web: http://medind.nic.in/iba/ibam.shtml Toxicology International is a peer-reviewed international research journal published biannually by the Society of Toxicology, India. The journal is concerned with various disciplines of toxicology including man, animals, plants, and the environment and publishes research, reviews, and general articles, as well as opinions, comments, news highlights, and letters to the editor. Industrial Safety Chronicle ISSN: 0301-4746 National Safety Council Central Labour Institute Building Sion Mumbai 400 022 Journal of Biosciences ISSN (printed): 0250-5991 Web: http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci/ Published by Indian Academy of Sciences The Journal of Biosciences is a quarterly journal published by the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore. It covers all areas of biology and is the premier journal in the country within its scope. It is indexed in Current Contents and other standard Biological and Medical databases. Indian Academy of Sciences, C V Raman Avenue Sadashivanagar, P.B. No. 8005, Bengaluru 560 080, India Telephone: 91-80-2266 1249/1252 Telefax: 91-80-2361 6094 Email: [email protected] Journal of Cell and Tissue Research ISSN: 0973-0028 Web: http://www.tcrjournals.com Published by Society for Science and Environment 31-RUDA Nagar 2 University Road Rajkot 360005 Journal of Communicable Diseases ISSN: 0019-5138 Published by the Indian Society for Malaria and other Communicable Diseases 22, Shamnath Marg New Delhi 110054 Journal of Ecobiology ISSN: 0970-9037 Web: http://www.palaniparamount.com/ Published by Palani Paramount Publications 69-D, Anna Nagar Palani 624 602

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Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring ISSN: 0971-0965 Web: http://www.palaniparamount.com/ Published by Palani Paramount Publications 69-D, Anna Nagar Palani 624 602 Journal of Environmental Biology Web: http://www.jeb.co.in/ ISSN: 0254-8704 1/206, Vikas Nagar Lucknow 226022 Email: [email protected] Journal of Environmental Biology is a broad-based, peer-reviewed, leading international journal, and publishes original research papers dealing with all aspects of environmental sciences, environmental engineering, environmental pollution, environmental biotechnology, toxicology, forestry, and related fields, in the English language. The Journal was started in 1980 by Dr. R.C. Dalela, and is now rated as one of the leading research journals of the field, covered by most of the Abstracting and Indexing services of the world. It is of special interest to: toxicologists, pharmacologists, zoologists, botanists, ecologists, microbiologists, environmental scientists, biotechnologists, industry R&D organizations, and others engaged in environmental research. Journal of Food Science & Technology ISSN: 0022-1155 Published by Association of Food Science and Technology Madhurima Kahali 17, Barakhamba Road 110001 New Delhi India Email: [email protected] Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology ISSN: 0973-4643 Online and Printed Publications 183, Main Road Bhupalpura Udaipur 310 001 Journal of Indian Association of Environmental Management ISSN: 0970-8480 Indian Association for Env. Mana Nehru Marg c/o NEERI, Nehru Marg Nagpur-440 020 Maharashtra Journal of Industrial Pollution Control Enviro Media, Karad

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ISSN: 0970-2083 Web: http://www.icontrolpollution.com/ Journal of Industrial Pollution Control is a biannual peer-reviewed, online open access journal known for the rapid publication of innovative research covering all aspects of pollution that may result due to industrial production, delivery, and consumption including soil, water, and air and the measures needed to be taken to minimize their effects on humanity in general and the planet Earth in particular. 7th Floor, North Block, Divyasree SEZ Campus Raidurg, Hyderabad 500 032, India Tel: 040-33432400 Email: [email protected] [email protected] Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research Web: http://www.niscair.res.in/ ScienceCommunication/ResearchJournals/rejour/ Jsir/jsir0.asp ISSN: 0022-4456 Journal of the Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine ISSN (printed): 0971-0973 Published by Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine Journal of the Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine is published quarterly. The scope of the journal covers all aspects of forensic medicine and allied fields, research and applied. Dr. Mukesh Yadav Professor & Head, Forensic Medicine Department, School of Medical Sciences & Research, Sharda University Plot No. 32,34, Knowledge Park 3, Greater Noida, Gautam Budha Nagar, Pin—201306, India Email: [email protected] [email protected] Journal of the Indian Chemical Society ISSN (printed): 0019-4522 Published by Indian Chemical Society Classification: Chemistry; Chemistry Journal of the Indian Society of Toxicology (JIST) Print ISSN: 0973-3558 Online ISSN: 0973-3566 Published by The Indian Society of Toxicology Dr. V.V. Pillay Chief-Dept of Analytical Toxicology Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Cochin 682026 The AIMS Department of Analytical Toxicology initiated the creation of the Indian Society of Toxicology,

registered under the Travancore-Kochi Literacy, Scientific & Charitable Societies in November 2004. The aim of the society is to encourage the study, improve the practice, elevate the standard, and advance the cause of toxicology. In January 2005 the society released the inaugural issue of its journal, The Journal of the Indian Society of Toxicology. It is a highcaliber peer-reviewed journal dedicated to toxicology. Articles are accepted for publication only from members of IST. Journal, Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine ISSN (printed): 0972-3560 Web: http://medind.nic.in/jac/jacm.shtml Published by the Indian Association of Clinical Medicine The Journal, Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine (JIACM) is the official publication of academic wing of the Indian Association of Clinical Medicine. The Journal has been published regularly since 1998. The Journal is striving hard to keep the art and science of clinical medicine alive and kicking. The Journal has various sections such as review articles, update articles, PG clinics, editor’s choice, original articles, short communications, etc. However, they encourage the inclusion of as many case reports as possible. The emphasis is on pictorial CME, PG clinics, and articles on different clinical signs. Medical Journal Armed Forces India ISSN (printed): 0377-1237 Web: https://www.mjafi.net/ Published by Armed Forces Medical Services, India Medical Journal Armed Forces India (MJAFI) is a quarterly, peer-reviewed international publication. The Journal is published quarterly by Elsevier, a division of Reed-Elsevier (India) Private Limited. It is circulated to all members of the Armed Forces Medical Services of India, all medical college libraries of India, and subscribers. National Databases of Indian Medical Journals Web: http://medind.nic.in/full-text-journals.html Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences Web: http://www.ojhas.org/ Editor: Dr B.S Kakkilaya Email: [email protected] Light House Polyclinic, Light House Hill Road Mangalore 575001 Article submission: [email protected] Pesticide Research Journal ISSN: 0970-6763 Publisher: Society of Pesticide Science India Web: http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx? target 5 ijor:prj&type 5 home Editor: Dr. R. L. Gupta

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Pollution Research ISSN: 0257-8050 Enviro Media, Karad Research India Publications Web: http://www.ripublication.com/ B-2/84, Ground Floor, Rohini Sector-16, Delhi-110089 India Tel No.: 011-45587661, 011-27893171 Fax No.: 191-11-27297815 Email: [email protected] Scientific Publishers Web: http://www.scientificpub.com/ 5A, New Pali Road P.O. Box 91 Jodhpur 342 001 (Raj.) Phone: 191.291.2433323/ 1 91.291.2624154 Fax: 191.291.2512580 The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN (printed): 0019-5022 Published by Scientific Publishers Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi-110 012 India Email: [email protected] A journal devoted to experimental agriculture and abstracted by all the major abstracting services. It includes articles on cytology, genetics, breeding, agronomy, soil science, horticulture, water use, microbiology, plant diseases and pest, agricultural engineering, economics, and statistics with emphasis on original articles, from India and countries having similar agricultural conditions. The National Medical Journal of India ISSN: 0970-258X Web: http://www.nmji.in/ Ansari Nagar New Delhi 110029 Email: [email protected] Phone: 91-11-26588802 Fax: 91-11-26588663 NISCAIR Research Journals Web: http://www.niscair.res.in/ ScienceCommunication/ResearchJournals/rejour/ rejour1.htm Indian Journals.com Web: http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx Web: http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx? target 5 indianjournaldirectory

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Organizations—government Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare Web: http://agriculture.gov.in/ Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) Web: http://www.dare.gov.in Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Krishi Bhavan, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Road New Delhi 110 001 Web: http://www.icar.org.in National Research Centre for Women in Agriculture (NRCWA) Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying and Fisheries Web: http://dahd.nic.in/ National Institute of Agriculture Extension Management (NIAM) Web: http://www.manage.gov.in/ Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) Web: http://www.iari.res.in/ Agricultural Resources Information System (AgRIS) Web: https://www.india.gov.in/agriculturalresources-information-system Ministry of Coal and Mines Web: https://www.coal.nic.in/ Indian Bureau of Mines Web: http://ibm.nic.in Ministry of Mines Web: http://mines.gov.in Research Institutions National Institute of Miners’ Health (NIMH) Web: http://nimh.gov.in JNARDDC Campus Opposite Vadi Police Station Vadi, Amrawati Road, Nagpur 440023 National Institute of Rock Mechanics, Kolar (NIRM) Web: http://www.nirm.in Champion Reefs P.O. Kolar Gold Fields 563 117 Karnataka Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Web: http://envfor.nic.in The Secretary Government of India, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Indira Paryavaran Bhavan, Jorbagh Road. New Delhi 110 003

228 Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) Web: http://www.awbi.org/ Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Delhi Web: http://www.cpcb.nic.in/ Control of Pollution (CP) Web: http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/cpoll/cpoll.html Control of Pollution Ministry of Environment & Forests Government of India Paryavaran Bhawan CGO Complex, Lodi Road New Delhi-110 003. Divisions Web: http://www.moef.nic.in/division/divisions Administration Animal Welfare (AW) Budget and Accounts (BA) Civil Construction Unit (CCU) Clean Technology (CT) Climate Change Division (CCD) Desertification Cell Conservation and Survey (CS) Control of Pollution (CP) Climate Change (CC) Environment Education (EE) Environment Research (RE) Environmental Impact Assessment (IA) Environmental Information (EI) Externally Aided Projects (EAP) Forest Conservation (FC) Forest Establishment(FE) Forest Policy (FP) Forest Protection (FPR) Forest Services (FS) Hazardous Substances Management (HSM) Integrated Finance (IF) International Cooperation and Sustainable Development (IC&SD) Montreal Protocol and Ozone Cell (OC) National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board (NAEB) National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) North East Cell (NEC) Official Language (OL) Plan Coordination (PC) Policy and Law (PL) Project Elephant (PE) Project Tiger (PT) Regional Offices (RO) Research and Training (Forestry) (RT) Survey and Utilization (SU) Trade and Environment (T&E) Wildlife (WL)

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Website: 8th Conference of Parties to UNFCCC (COP8) Website: Project Tiger Website: Raj Bhasha Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Web: http://mohfw.nic.in Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) Web: http://www.cdri.res.in/ Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) Web: http://ayush.gov.in Department of Health and Family Welfare Web: https://mohfw.gov.in/ Department of Health Research Web: https://dhr.gov.in Indian Council of Medical Research Web: http://www.icmr.nic.in V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan Ansari Nagar New Delhi 110 029 Phone: 26588895, 26588980, 26589794, 26589336, 26588707 Fax: 26588662, 26588713 Email: [email protected] Associate Institutes Food and Drug Toxicology Research Centre (FDTRC) Web: http://www.ninindia.org/fdtrc.htm Genetic Research Centre Web: http://www.nirrh.res.in/newweb/grc/ Institute of Pathology (IOP) Web: http://www.icmr.nic.in/pinstitute/iop.htm Safdarjang Hospital Campus P.O. Box 4909 New Delhi 110 029 Phone: 91-11-26198402, 26198405 Fax: 91-11-26198401 Institute of Research in Medical Statistics (IRMS) Web: http://www.icmr.nic.in/000134/irms.htm National Institute of Medical Statistics (Indian Council of Medical Research) Ansari Nagar New Delhi 110029 Phone: 26588900, 26588904 L.R.S. Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Web: http://www.nitrd.nic.in/ Sri Aurobindo Marg New Delhi 110 030 Phone: 26517827, 26517829, 26517830, 26854929, 26854922, 26855094

Resources

Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga Web: http://www.yogamdniy.nic.in/ National AIDS control organization (NACO) Web: http://naco.gov.in/ National Institute of Malaria Research (formerly known as Malaria Research Centre) Web: http://www.mrcindia.org (ICMR) 22 Sham Nath Marg Delhi 110 054 National Institute of Epidemiology (NIE) (Indian Council of Medical Research) Web: http://www.nie.gov.in/ P.O. Box 2577 Mayor V.R. Ramanathan Road Chetput, Chennai 600 031 Phone: 91-44-283 61642, 2836 2308/2836 2285 Fax: 91-44-2836 0663 National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) Web: http://www.ninindia.org/ Jamai-Osmania PO Hyderabad 500 007

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Phone: 91-11-2616 5959, 91-11-2616 6441, 91-11-2618 8485, 91-11-2610 7773 Fax: 91-11-2610 1623 Email: [email protected] Web: www.nihfw.org Gram: SWASTH PARIVAR Regional Medical Research Centre Regional Medical Research Centre Belgaum Web: http://www.icmr.nic.in/rmrc.htm#belgaum National Highway No. 4 Belgaum 590010 Regional Medical Research Centre Bhubaneswar Web: http://www.icmr.nic.in/rmrc.htm#bhubaneswar Chandrasekharpur Nandankanan Road Bhubaneswar 751 016 Phone: 91-674-2301322 Fax: 91-674-2301351 Grams: Medicare Email: [email protected]

National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH) Web: http://www.nioh.org Meghani Nagar Ahmedabad 380016 Phone: 91-79-22686351-59, 22686359 Fax: 91-79-2266110, 22686361

Regional Medical Research Centre Dibrugarh Web: http://www.icmr.nic.in/rmrc.htm#dibrugarh P.O. Box 105 Dibrugarh 786 001 Phone: 91-373-2381494 Fax: 91-373-2381746 Gram: REMRES Email: [email protected]

National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH) Web: http://www.nirrh.res.in/newweb/ Jehangir Merwanji Street Parel Mumbai 400 012 Phone: 91-22-24137730,24164683 Fax: 91-22-24139412 Email address: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Regional Medical Research Centre Jabalpur Web: http://www.icmr.nic.in/rmrc.htm#jabalpur R.M.R.C. Complex Nagpur Road P.O. Garha Jabalpur 482 003 Phone: 91-761-2370239 Fax: 91-761-2370935 Gram: TRIBHEALTH Email: [email protected]

Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS) Web: http://www.rmrims.org.in Agamkuan, Patna Bihar 800 007 Phone: (0612) 2631565, 2631561, 2636651, 2635570, 2635456 Fax: (0612) 2634379 Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Regional Medical Research Centre Port Blair Web: http://www.icmr.nic.in/rmrcpb/index.htm Post Bag No. 13 Port Blair 744 101 Andaman & Nicobar Islands

National Institute of Health and Family Welfare (NIHFW) Web: http://www.nihfw.org Munirka New Delhi 110 067

Desert Medical Research Centre Web: http://www.icmr.nic.in/rmrc.htm#jodhpur P.O. Box 122 New Pali Road Jodhpur 342 005 Phone: 91-291-2721022 Fax: 91-291-2721022 Email: [email protected], [email protected]

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Pharmacopeial Laboratory for Indian Medicine Web: http://www.plimism.nic.in/ Ministry of Labour and Employment Web: http://labour.gov.in Directorate General Factory Advice Service & Labour Institute Web: http://dgfasli.nic.in/welcome.html Ministry of Labour, Government of India, Sion Mumbai 400 022 Phone: PABX 91-22-4092203 Fax: 91-22-4071986 Email: [email protected] Directorate General of Mines Safety, Dhanbad Web: http://www.dgms.net Dhanbad 826 001 Labour Bureau Web: http://labourbureau.nic.in Labour Bureau, Ministry of Labour and Employment Government of India SCO 28-31, Sector 17-A Chandigarh 160 017 Phone: 91-172-2703038, 2702974, Fax: 91-172-2703961, 2704611 Ministry of Science and Technology Department of Biotechnology (DBT) Web: http://dbtindia.nic.in Department of Biotechnology Ministry of Science and Technology Block 2, 7th Floor CGO Complex Lodhi Road New Delhi 110 003 Email: [email protected] Department of Science and Technology (DST) Web: http://dst.gov.in New Delhi 110 016 Phone: 191-11-26567373, 26962819 Fax: 191-11-26864570, 26862418 Email: [email protected] Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) Web: http://dsir.gov.in Ministry of Science & Technology Government of India Technology Bhavan, New Mehrauli Road New Delhi 110 016 Phone: 23717063, 23710472 Fax: 191 11 23710618 Email: [email protected]

Autonomous bodies Agharkar Research Institute Web: http://aripune.org/ Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics Web: http://www.cdfd.org.in/ Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Web: http://www.csir.res.in Web: http://csirhrdg.res.in Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg New Delhi 110 001 National Laboratories/Institutes of CSIR Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) Web: http://www.cdri.res.in Chattar Manzil Palace, Post Box No. 173 Lucknow 226 001 Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) Web: http://www.ccmb.res.in/ Uppal Road Hyderabad 500 007 Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) Web: http://www.cimap.res.in/english/ Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CIMFR) Web: http://www.cimfr.nic.in/ CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research Barwa Road, Dhanbad-826015, Jharkhand, India Phone: 91-326-2296004/5/6 Email: [email protected]/[email protected]/ [email protected] Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB) Web: https://www.igib.res.in/ Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB) Web: http://www.iicb.res.in/ Kolkata 700 032 Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) Web: http://www.iictindia.org/ Hyderabad 500 007 Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR) Web: http://iitrindia.org/ CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg Lucknow—226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India Phone: 191-522-2217497 Fax: 191-522-2628227 Email: [email protected] Institute of Life Sciences Web: www.ils.res.in Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur Bhubaneswar 751 023

Resources

Phone: 91-0674-2301900, 2300137, 2301460, 2301476, 2300129 Fax: (0674) 2300728 Email: [email protected] National Chemical Laboratory Web: http://www.ncl-india.org Web: http://www.ncl-india.org/nclhindi/index.htm (Hindi) Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411 008 EPABX: 191(0)20-25902000, 25893400; Fax: 191(0)20-25902601 Gram: CHEMISTRY, PUNE National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) Web: http://neeri.res.in Nehru Marg Nagpur-440 020 Phone: 091-0712-2249886-88, 2249970-72 Fax: 0712-2249900 Email: [email protected] National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR) Web: http://www.niscair.res.in Dr. K S Krishanan Marg Pusa Campus New Delhi 110 012 Phone: 25841647, 25846301 Fax: 111 25847062 Other Science Departments All India Institute of Medical Sciences Web: http://www.aiims.edu New Delhi Phone: 91-11-26588500, 91-11-26589900, 91-11-26588700 Fax: 91-11-26588663, 91-11-26588641 Birla Institute of Technology and Science Web: http://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/ Vidhya Vihar Campus Pilani Rajasthan 333 031 Phone: 191-01596-245073/4 Fax: 191-01596-244183 Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad Web: http://www.cdfd.org.in ECIL Road, Nacharam Hyderabad 500 076 Phone: 191-40-27151344 Fax: 191-40-27155610

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Centre for Scientific Industrial Consultancy Web: http://www.csic.iisc.ernet.in/ Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 12 Phone: 080-23340134, 22932516, 22932446 Fax: 080-23314845 Email: [email protected] CSIC provides the interface through which industries and organizations can quickly and effectively gain access to the expertise and facilities of the Institute in the fields of science, technology, and management. Department of Atomic Energy Web: http://www.dae.gov.in Government of India Anushakti Bhavan, Chatrapathi Shivaji Maharaj Marg Mumbai 400 001 Phone: 191-22-2202 6823/2202 8917/2202 8899/ 2286 2500 Fax: 191-22-22048476 Environment Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTRI) Web: http://www.eptri.com 91/4, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 032 Phone: 191-40-23001241, 23001242, 23000489 Fax: 191-40-23000361 Email: [email protected] Food and Drug Toxicology Research Centre (FDTRC) Web: http://www.ninindia.org/fdtrc.htm Indian Institute of Health Management Research (Jaipur) Web: http://www.iihmr.org IIHMR 1, Prabhu Dayal Marg, Sanganer Airport, Jaipur 302 011 Phone: 191-141-2791431 34 Fax: 191-141-2792138 Email: [email protected] Indian Institute of Remote Sensing Web: https://www.iirs.gov.in/ National Remote Sensing Agency Dept. of Space, Govt. of India 4, Kalidas Road Dehradun 248 001 Phone: 191-(0)135-2744518 Fax: 191-(0)135-2741987 Email: [email protected] Indian Institute of Science Web: http://www.iisc.ac.in The Registrar

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Bangalore 560 012 Phone: 191-80-23600757 Telegram: SCIENCE BANGALORE 560 012 Fax: 191-80-2360 0683/0085 Email: [email protected] International Institute for Population Sciences Web: http://www.iipsindia.org/ Govandi Station Road, Deonar Mumbai 400 088 Phone: 91-22-25563254/55/56 (Ext. 149), 255564883 (Direct) Fax: 91-22-25563257, 25583778 Email: [email protected] Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Bangalore Web: http://www.jncasr.ac.in Web: http://www.jncasr.ac.in/hindi (Hindi) Jakkur Bangalore 560 064 Phone: 91-80-22082750 Fax: 91-80-22082766 Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) Web: http://www.jncasr.ac.in/ National Brian Centre Web: http://www.nbrc.ac.in/newweb/ National Centre for Cell Science Web: http://www.nccs.res.in/ National Family Health Survey Web: http://rchiips.org/nfhs/ Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) Web: http://www.serc-dst.org Department of Science & Technology, Technology Bhawan New Mehrauli Road New Delhi 110 016 Telefax: 011-6963695 Email: [email protected]

ASSIST started its involvement with the issue of child labor. Gradually the involvement broadened to address more fundamental problems in society which have been the root causes of the problem of child labor. Hence even though it started with a child labor rehabilitation program, the process entailed the generation of people’s movements on some issues like social housing, sanitation, drinking water, community health, savings, credit, income generation, selfreliance, and ecology encompassing the whole community, region, and district. Disadvantaged social groups such as scheduled tribes, scheduled castes, fishermen, and weavers have emerged as the main target population. In all these target groups the poorest of the poor such as artisans, agricultural laborers, small and marginal farmers, and migratory workers have been a natural option for ASSIST’s program intervention. Center for Education, Awareness and Research on Chemicals and Health (CEARCH) Web: http://www.cearch.in Dr. Aruna Dewan 236, Supath II Complex Vadaj Ahmedabad 380013 Gujarat Phone: 1 91-792562 1421, 191-932791 7833, 191-982404 7400 Email: [email protected], [email protected] CEARCH has been established to create awareness about the acute and chronic health effects of toxic chemicals (pesticides, industrial and household chemicals, air pollutants, persistent chemicals, etc.); to train medical personnel in managing chemical disasters and chemical exposure-related diseases; to promote an environment free from toxic chemicals; to safeguard the health of children and future generations of India.

Organizations—nongovernment

Centre for Environment and Development Web: http://www.cedindia.org/ Thozhuvankode, Vattiyoorkavu PO Thiruvananthapuram 695 013 Phone: 0471-2369720, 2369721, 2369722 Fax: 0471-2369720 Email: [email protected]

ASSIST Andhra Pradesh Web: http://assist-india.org J. Ranga Rao ASSIST, G.T. Road, Chilakaluripet Guntur 522 616 Andhra Pradesh Phone: 91 8647 253971 Fax: 91 8647 254815 Email: [email protected]

The major activities include research, development, consultancy and training programs related with remote sensing applications and GIS, environmental resource planning, water supply engineering, sanitary engineering, wetland ecosystem management, biodiversity conservation and ecorestoration programs, community action support programs, environmental policy and legal studies, environmental impact assessment studies, harbor modeling studies, etc.

Resources

Centre for Environment Education (CEE) Web: http://www.ceeindia.org/cee/index.html The CEE was set up in 1984 to spread awareness of environmental issues and to try to find solutions for them. It is based in Ahmedabad and has offices all over the country. They mainly aim to create environmental awareness in the communities. They conduct widespread environmental education and training programs through a very vast network. They have also taken up projects related to conservation of biodiversity and ecodevelopment. Publications and database: They have a vast range of publications—books, posters, educational packages, bibliographies, and directories. There is also a large computerized database, the Environment Education bank, which has a collection of more than 800 environment concepts, about 2500 environment-related activities, and 100s of case studies. Director Thaltej Tekra Ahmedabad-380 054 Gujarat Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) Web: https://www.cseindia.org/ The CSE does research, investigative and educational work in the field of pollution, forest, wildlife, land, and water use. The activities are carried out through lectures, field trips, publications, exhibitions on the various issues they take up, meetings, and workshops. Publications: Down to Earth—a fortnightly environment magazine; Children’s magazine The Gobar Times; books; reports; computer database; audio visuals, etc. Director Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) 41, Institutional Area Tuglakhabad New Delhi 110 062 Consumer Education and Research Centre (CERC) Web: http://www.cercindia.org “Suraksha Sankool,” Thaltej, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway Ahmedabad-380 054 Phone: 27489945-46, 27450528, 30121001-2-3 Fax: 079-27489947 Email: [email protected] C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre, MoEF. Govt. of India Web: http://www.cpreec.org CPR Environmental Education Centre (C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation) is based in Chennai

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and was set up in 1989 to promote environmental awareness, to produce and disseminate basic educational and reference material on environment, and to take up environmental projects. It has carried out a study of the sacred groves of Tamil Nadu and soil and water analysis; gives guidance on environmental laws, environmental impacts and management studies. It works in the field of environmental education and has promoted smokeless chulhas and other renewable sources of energy. Publications: books on environment, posters, audio cassettes, website on environment education. Director C.R.P. Environment Education Centre I A Eldams Road, Alwarpet Chennai 600 018 Development Alternatives Group Web: http://www.devalt.org 111/9-Z, Kishangarh Vasant Kunj New Delhi 110070 Phone: 91 (11) 2613-4103, 2689-0380 Fax: 91 (11) 2613-0817 Email: [email protected] Environment Society of India Karuna Sadan, Sector 11-B Chandigarh 160 011 Environmental Management Policy and Research Institute (EMPRI) Web: https://www.karnataka.gov.in/empri/Pages/ home.aspx DG, EMPRI Urban Eco-Park, 100 Ft. Road Peenya Industrial Area, 3rd Phase Peenya Bangalore 560 058 Phone: 28377744 Fax: 28372460, 28377745 Environics Trust Web: http://environicsindia.in/enterprisedevelopment/ Khasra No.177, Shokeen Market, Neb Sarai, Main IGNOU Road New Delhi—110068 India Telefax: 91-11-29531814, 91-11-29533957 Email: [email protected] Environics Trust is a not-for-profit research and community development organization and an enabling institution. Environics conducts participatory research on issues of environmental and human behavior and uses these outcomes for innovative community development programs. Environics provides research and evaluatory services to international, national, state, and

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local institutions and directly works with marginalized communities such as those in the mountain regions, tribes, and communities adversely affected by mining and industrialization Environmental Resources Research Centre (ERRC) Web: http://errcindia.org/ P.B. 1230, Peroorkada Thiruvananthapuram 695 005 Kerala Friendicoes Seca Web: https://friendicoes.org/ 271 & 273 Defence Colony Flyover, Flyover Market Jungpura Side, New Delhi 110024 Phone: 011 24320707; 011 24320303 Green Future Foundation Web: http://greenfuturefoundation.com/ Greentech Foundation Web: http://www.greentech.org 811, Vishwadeep Tower Dist. Centre, Janakpuri New Delhi 110 058 Phone: 91-11-25593846, 25554739, 25540482 Fax: 41588564 Mobile: 9810061297 Email: [email protected] Greentech Foundation, based in New Delhi, India is a nonprofit organization established to promote education, training, research, and dissemination of knowledge, advancing the scientific, technical, and practical aspects of industrial safety, environment management, climate change, pollution control, hazardous/nonhazardous waste management, water treatment, water pollution, noise pollution, eco-tourism, and occupational health, fire, safety and security. ILSI India [food safety and nutrition] Web: http://www.ilsi-india.org/ Email: [email protected] Phone: 91-11-2 -696 8752 Fax: 91-11-2 652-3477 Y 40-B, 1st Floor Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 ILSI India has been taking the lead in acquainting scientists in South Asia with the latest scientific development in the areas of food and water safety, nutrition, risk assessment, harmonization of food regulations, improvement in the health profile of malnourished children and women, and biotechnology. Special attention has been given to the importance of complementary foods and food fortification.

Kalpavriksh Web: http://kalpavriksh.org/ Flat no 5, 2nd Floor, Shri Dutta Krupa, 908, Deccan Gymkhana, Pune 411004, Maharashtra India Phone No: 191-20-25654239; 191-20-25675450 Email: [email protected] Indian Association for Environmental Management (IAEM) The IAEM was set up in Nagpur in 1963 to educate people on the environment, to encourage the conservation of the environment, and to spread environmental knowledge. They conduct seminars, essay competitions, and exhibitions related to water and its pollution, they have carried out water pollution control activities, and worked in the field of environmental management. Publication: Journal. Indian Association for Environmental Management (IAEM) c/o NEERI, Nehru Marg Nagpur-440 020 Maharashtra Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Web: http://icfre.gov.in/ Indian Environmental Society Web: http://www.iesglobal.org U-112, Vidhata House (3rd Floor) Vikas Marg, Shakarpur Delhi 110 092 Phone: 191-11-22046823/22046824/22450749 Fax: 191-11-22523311 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Web: www.iesglobal.org, www.iespanchayat.net.in, www.globeindia.org International Institute of Health and Hygiene Web: http://www.iihh.org/index.php G-14, 1st. Floor, Mandir Marg, Mahavir Enclave, Palam-Dabri Road New Delhi—110045 Tel.: 011-25031243 Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] The International Institute of Health and Hygiene (earlier known as Sulabh International Institute of Health and Hygiene), set up in 1994, aims at achieving its objective by developing software and hardware on health, hygiene, and sanitation with an integrated approach, making the whole health program sustainable with a focus on women, children, and youth living in slums and rural poverty areas. IIHH has

Resources

undertaken many such projects in collaboration with various national and international funding agencies working for the sustainable community development. Navdanya Web: http://www.navdanya.org/site/ Village Ramgarh / Shishambara Old Shimla Road, P.O Sherpur Dehradun, Uttaranchal Phone: 91-135-2693025 / 2111015 Email: [email protected] Occupational Health and Safety Centre (OHSC) c/o Blue Star Workers Union Office 6, Neelkant apartments, Gokuldas Pasta Road Dadar (E) Mumbai 400 014 Phone: 4150750 Fax: 410 2252 Clinic timings: Thursdays 11 1 pm 201, Shivasmruti Curry Road Mumbai Wed/Thu/Fri 4 6 pm The OHSC, Bombay is a voluntary organization formed in 1988 by a group of trade unionists, lawyers, safety engineers, social activists interested in the health of the workers, and the employees and safety at their workplace. The OHSC aims to assist workers and employees in their efforts to bring in a safer and healthier work place. Nearly 2000 workers have been compensated for occupational diseases and injuries, many for the first time in Mumbai and some for the first time in India. Orissa Environmental Society (OES) Web: http://www.orissaenvironment.com/ The OES was established in 1982 at Bhubaneshwar. It was set up to encourage and organize study, research, understanding, and appreciation of nature; to formulate cocurricular courses in environmental sciences at all levels of education, and to advise the government. They conduct research, seminars, and workshops on forest and wildlife protection, and organize ecodevelopment camps. They are campaigning for a biosphere reserve forest area in the state. They are the resource agency for pollution control in Talcher industrial area. Publications: The Journal of Environmental Science, reports, proceedings, etc. N-6/530 Nayapalli Bhubaneshwar 751 015 Paryavaran Mitra Web: http://paryavaranmitra.org.in/ 502, Raj Avenue, Bhaikaka Nagar Road,

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Thaltej Cross Roads, Ahmedabad 380059, Gujarat, India Phone: 191-79-26851321 Email: [email protected] Paryavaran Mitra is a Gujarat-based nonprofit organization with Regd No: E/20934/Ahmedabad working on socioenvironmental issues. It was initiated in 1997 as an envirolegal cell of Center for Social Justice within JANVIKAS to advocate for human rights in the face of growing environmental degradation and pollution. Since May 1, 2015 it has become an autonomous institution as a part of decentralization policy of JANVIKAS. Over the years it has steadily grown and established itself in the field of the environment especially encouraging public participation in environmental decision-making processes in the state of Gujarat. Research in Environment, Education and Development Society (REEDS) Web: http://www.reedsindia.org/ 17-1-386/S/22, S.N. Reddy Nagar P.O. Champapet Hyderabad 500 660 Andhra Pradesh Shohratgarh Environmental Society (SES) Web: http://sesindia.org/ Premkunj, Adarsh Colony Shohratgarh Siddarthnagar District 272 205 Society for Participatory Research in Asia (PRIA) Web: https://www.pria.org/ 42, Tughlakabad Institutional Area New Delhi 110 062 Phone: 191-11 29956908, 29960931/32/33 Fax: 191-11 2995 5183 Email: [email protected] Srishti Web: https://srishtingo.com/ 1001, Antariksh Bhavan 22, Kasturba Gandhi Marg New Delhi 110 001 Srishti was set up in Delhi in 1988 to promote conservation and enrichment of the environment; to carry out research on all aspects of sustainable living; to foster concern for the environment among the people, making its preservation a shared responsibility. It has been working for the conservation of the Delhi Ridge by involving community participation; they have maintained a bird count in the wetlands of Delhi. They have coordinated the Asian midwinter waterfowl census for northern India and have carried out tree planting, the conservation of biodiversity, and waste

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management. They played a very active role in the drafting and finalization of the Biodegradable Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998. They worked closely with the CPCB and the MOEF in the finalization of the rules. Now that the rules have been issued, they are propagating the cause of better biomedical waste practices. Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) Web: http://www.teriin.org/ Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road New Delhi-110 003 Tel. (191 11) 2468 2100, 41504900 Fax (191 11) 2468 2144, 2468 2145, Email: [email protected] Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) Web: http://www.tifr.res.in/ Homi Bhabha Road Mumbai 400 005 Phone: 191-22-2278-2000 Fax: 191-22-2280-4610, 2280-4611 Email: [email protected] Toxics Link Web: http://www.toxicslink.org H2 (Ground Floor), Jungpura Extension New Delhi 110 014 Phone: 91-11-24328006, 24320711 Fax: 91-11-24321747 Email: [email protected] Vatavaran Web: http://vatavaran.org/ Email: [email protected] Vatavaran is a small (strictly) not-for-profit organization that has decided that it simply must be hands on about the betterment of the world around us. Directory of NGOs in India Web: http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/ngos.htm Web: https://ngosindia.com/ngos-of-india/

Universities Allahabad University Allahabad Uttar Pradesh Web: http://www.allduniv.ac.in/ Senate House Campus University Road, Old Katra Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211002 Phone:0532 246 1083 Postgraduate program: MSc (Env Science) Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar Tamil Nadu Web: http://www.annamalaiuniversity.ac.in

Annamalai Nagar 608 002 Tamil Nadu Phone: 91-4144-238248/263/796 Fax: 91-4144-238080 Email: [email protected] V: 191-4144 237356/237357 237358/237359 (Voice-net) PG Diploma—PGDip in Industrial Pollution Control Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) A P S University Rewa Web: http://apsurewa.ac.in/ Rewa 486 003 Madhya Pradesh Phone: 191-07662-231900 Fax: 191-07662-231900 Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Biology) M Phil (Env Biology) PG Diploma—Env Impact Assessment—DLP PG Diploma in Pollution Management Assam University Silchar Assam Web: http://www.aus.ac.in/ Silchar 788 011 Assam Vice-Chancellor: 91-03842-270801 Registrar: 91-03842-270806 Finance Officer: 91-03842-270804 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Fax: 91-03842-270802, 91-03842-270849 Postgraduate program—MSc (Ecology & Env Science) Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Web: http://www.bbau.ac.in/new/index.aspx Lucknow Uttar Pradesh Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) Bharati Vidyapeeth Bhavan Web: http://bvuniversity.edu.in/ Bharati Vidyapeeth Bhavan Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg Pune 411 030 Maharastra Phone: 24335701, 24335510, 24331317 Fax: 020-24339121 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] (International Students) Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) Bharathiar University Coimbator, Tamil Nadu Web: http://www.b-u.ac.in/

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Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 641 046 Telephone: 191-422-2422222/2422223/2422234/ 2422272/2422321/2422335 Fax: 191-422-2422387 Email: [email protected] Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) Bundelkhand University Web: https://www.bujhansi.ac.in/ Kanpur Road Jhansi 284 128 Uttar Pradesh Cable: University, Jhansi Phone: (0517) 320497/320307/320496/320491 Fax: (0517) 320 761, 320 762 Email: [email protected] Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science/Env Biotechnology) PG Diploma in Env Law Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University Web: http://www.kanpuruniversity.org/ Kalyanpur Kanpur 208 024 Uttar Pradesh Phone: 191-512-2570450/2570263/2570301 Fax: 191-512-2570006 Official website/Institution home page: kanpuruniversity.org Email: [email protected] Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) Cochin University of Science and Technology Web: http://www.cusat.ac.in The Registrar, Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi 682 022 Phone: 191-0484-2575396/2577550 Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science), Phd (Env Studies) Dr B R Ambedkar University (formerly known as Agra University) Web: https://www.dbrau.org.in/ Paliwal Park Agra 282 004 Uttar Pradesh Phone: 191-562-2852135/2852045/2852373/2852374/ 2521584 Fax: 191-562-2520051 Email: [email protected] Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science/Env Toxicity) PhD (Env Science/Env Toxicity)

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Dr R M L Avadh University Web: http://www.rmlau.ac.in Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) Post Box No. 17 Faizabad Uttar Pradesh Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Web: http://www.bamu.net Aurangabad Maharastra 431 004 Phone: 191-240-2400431-37/2400069/2400104 Fax: 191-240-2400291 Official website/Institution home page: bamuniversity. ac.in Email: [email protected]/ [email protected] Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) Forest Research Inst Web: http://www.fri.res.in/ P.O. IPE, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun 248 195 Uttaranchal Phone: 0135-2751826 Fax: 0135-2751826/2756865 PBX Lines: 2757021-28/2753225-28 (Extension 4230) Email: [email protected] PG Diploma—PGDip in Bio Diversity Conservation G B Pant University of Agriculture & Tech Web: http://www.gbpuat.ac.in Pantnagar 263145 Dist. Udham Singh Nagar, Uttaranchal Phone: 191-5944-233320/233350 Fax: 191-5944-233473 Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science), PhD Goa University Web: https://www.unigoa.ac.in/ Taleigao Plateau Goa 403 206 Phone: 0832-2451345 48 Fax: 0832-2451184 Email: [email protected] MPhil (Env Science) Gujarat University Web: http://www.gujaratuniversity.org.in/web/ index.asp Navrangpura Ahmedabad-380 009 Gujarat Phone: 191-079-26301341/26300342/43

238 Fax: 191-079-26302654 Web: www.gujaratuniversity.org.in Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) Guru nanak dev University Web: http://www.gndu.ac.in/ Amritsar Punjab Postgraduate program—MSc (Hons) (Env Science) Gurukul Knagra University Web: http://www.gkv.ac.in/Haridwar Uttarakhand Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science), PhD Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) Web: http://www.iari.res.in Phone: 25842490/25841255 Email: [email protected] Postgraduate program—MSc (Agriculture) Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment Web: http://www.ecology.edu/ A-15, Paryavaran Complex, Saket-IGNOU Road New Delhi 110 030 Phone: 91-11-29535081/29535079 Fax: 91-11-29533514 Postgraduate program—MSc (Ecology and Environment) Indian Institute of Science Web: http://www.iisc.ernet.ac.in Phone: 91-80-23600129/91-80-22932436 Fax: 91-80-23600221 Email: [email protected] PhD (Ecological Science) Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Web: http://www.iitb.ac.in/ Powai Mumbai 400 076 Phone: 191-22-2572-2545 Fax: 191-22-2572-3480 MTech (Env Science and Eng), PhD Indian Institute of Technology Chennai Web: http://www.iitm.ac.in/ I.I.T Post Office Chennai 600 036 Tamil Nadu Registrar phone: 2257 8100 Fax: 2257 0509 Email: [email protected] Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

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Web: http://www.iitd.ac.in/ Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 Fax: 91-011-2658 2037/91-011-2658 2277 Email: [email protected] MTech (Env Science & Env Engg) Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG) Web: http://www.iitg.ernet.in/, http://www.iitg.ac.in Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati 781039 Assam Phone: 191-361-2583000 Fax: 191-361-2690762 Email: [email protected] Post Graduate Programme—MTech (Env Science) Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Web: www.iitr.ernet.in Roorkee Uttaranchal Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) Web: http://www.ignou.ac.in Phone: 29532321 Fax: 29536588 Certificate in Environmental Studies—DLP Jambeshwar University Web: http://www.gjust.ac.in/ Hissar Hariyana Phone: 01662 276025(O)263228(R) Fax: 276240/276025 EPABX: 275015-18 Email: [email protected] Registrar: Shri Y.P. Goswami Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) Jamia Humdard University Web: http://www.jamiahamdard.edu Hamdard Nagar New Delhi 110 062 Phone: 26984685/26989686 Fax: 091-11-698 8874 Acting Registrar: 091-11-26059664 Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Botany) Jamia Millia Islamia Web: https://www.jmi.ac.in/ Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110 025 Phone: 191(11)26981717 Fax: 191(11)26980229 MTech (Env Science & Env Eng)

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Opposite Air force Station Palaj, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujarat, India. Phone: 191 79 66745555, 191 79 66745501 Fax: 191 79 66745560 Email: [email protected] Postgraduate program—MS (Pharm) (Pharmacology and Toxicology)

Jawaharlal Nehru University Web: http://www.jnu.ac.in/ New Mehrauli Road New Delhi 110 067 Phone: 191-11-26717676/26717557 Fax: 26717601 Postgraduate program—MSc, MPhil, PhD (Environmental Science)

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati Web: http://www.niperguwahati.ac.in/ C/O NETES Institute of Technology & Science, NH-37, Shantipur, Parli Part, Mirza, Assam—781125. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Postgraduate program—MS (Pharm) (Pharmacology and Toxicology)

Jiwaji University Web: http://www.jiwaji.edu Vidya Vihar Gwalior 474 011 Madya Pradesh Phone: 191-751-341450/341896/341095 Fax: 191-751-341450 Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) Master of Global Biodiversity, PhD

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hajipur Web: http://www.niperhajipur.ac.in/ Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Industrial Area Hajipur, Dist: Vaishali 844102, Bihar, India. Fax: 06224-277225 Tel: 06224-277226; 06224-277224; 06224-277229 Email: [email protected] Postgraduate program—MS (Pharm) (Pharmacology and Toxicology)

M G University Web: https://www.mgu.ac.in/ Priyadarshini Hills, P.O. Kottayam Kerala 686 560 Phone: 91-481-2731050 68 Fax: 91-481-2731002, 9, 11 Email: [email protected] Telex: 888-288 MGUKIN Postgraduate program—MSc (Biochemistry) M. J. P. Ruhelkhand University Web: http://mjpru.ac.in/ Dori Lal Agarwal Marg Bareilly 243 006 Uttar Pradesh Phone: 191-581-2527282/2527263 Fax: 191-581-2528384/2523334 Email: [email protected] Graduate Programme—BSc (Env Science)

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hyderabad Web: http://www.niperhyd.ac.in/ NIPER Hyderabad Balanagar Hyderabad 500 037 Phone No: 191 40 23073741/40; 23074750 (Extn No: 2001 14) Fax: 191 40 23073751 Email: [email protected] & director. [email protected] Postgraduate program—MS (Pharm) (Pharmacology and Toxicology) Postgraduate program—MS (Pharm) (Regulatory Toxicology) Postgraduate program—PhD (Pharmacology and Toxicology)

MDSU University Web: http://www.mdsuajmer.ac.in/ Ajmer Diploma Programme—Dip in Environment Mohanlal Sukhadia University Web: https://www.mlsu.ac.in/ Udaipur 313 001 Rajasthan, India Phone: 191-294-2471035 Fax: 191-294-2471150 Email: [email protected] Graduate Programme—BSc (Env Science) Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) National Institute of Pharmaceutical Research Ahmedabad Web: http://www.niperahm.ac.in/

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National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education Research Mohali Web: http://www.niper.nic.in/ Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar—160062, Punjab (India). Phone: 191(172)-2292000, 2214682-87 Extn-2005. Email: [email protected]

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Postgraduate program—MS (Pharm) (Pharmacology and Toxicology) Postgraduate program—MS (Pharm) (Regulatory Toxicology) Postgraduate program—PhD (Pharmacology and Toxicology) National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli Web: http://niperraebareli.edu.in/ New Transit Campus, Bijnor Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp Lucknow (UP)—226002 Phone: 0535-2001569, 0535-2700857 Email: [email protected] Postgraduate program—MS (Pharm) (Pharmacology and Toxicology) Postgraduate program—PhD (Pharmacology and Toxicology) North Eastern Hill University Web: http://www.nehu.ac.in/ Shillong Meghalaya 793 022 M Tech (Env Science) Osmania University Web: http://www.osmania.ac.in/ Hyderabad 500 007 Telangana Department of Env Science MSc (Env Science) Pondicherry University Web: http://www.pondiuni.edu.in/ Pondicherry Postgraduate program—MSc (Ecology and Env Science) PhD (Ecology and Env Science) Punjab University Web: http://www.puchd.ac.in/ Chandigarh 160 014 Vice-Chancellor: 91-172-253-4299/91-172-253-4297/ 91172-253-4293 Fax: 91-172-254-1022 Email: [email protected] Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Eng) Savitribai Phule Pune University Web: http://www.unipune.ac.in/ Ganeshkhind Road Pune Maharashtra Phone: 25601305 Email: [email protected] Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science)

Shivaji University Web: http://www.unishivaji.ac.in/ Vidyanagar Kolhapur 416 004 Maharashtra, India Dr. D. T. Shirke, I/c. Registrar Phone: 191-0231-2691729 Fax: 191-0231-2692333 Email: [email protected] Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) Tamil Nadu Agriculture University Web: http://www.tnau.ac.in/ Coimbatore 641 003 Tamil Nadu Phone: 91-422-6611210 Fax: 91-422-6611410 Email: [email protected] Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) TERI University (formerly known as Teri school of Advance Studies, Delhi) Web: http://www.terisas.ac.in/ Habitat Place, Lodhi Road New Delhi 110 003 Phone: 191-11-2468-2100/2468-2111 Fax: 191-11-2468-2144/2468-2145 Email: [email protected] Under Graduate Programme—BSc (Env Science) Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Biology) Tezpur University Web: http://www.tezu.ernet.in/ Napaam 784 028 Tezpur, Assam Phone: 191-3712-267007/8/9 Fax: 191-3712-267006 Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Web: http://www.thapar.edu/ P.O Box 32 Patiala 147 004 Phone: 191-175-2393021 Fax: 191-175-2364498/2393020 Telegram: THAPARINST Email: [email protected] Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) University of Calcutta Web: http://www.caluniv.ac.in/ Kolkata 700073 West Bengal Phone: 191-33-2413288/311537/2410071/2414984

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Fax: 191-33-2413222 Email: [email protected] Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) University of Jammu, J & K Web: http://www.jammuuniversity.in/ Ms. Taranum Khan, Assistant Registrar Academic Affairs/Public Relation & Information, University of Jammu Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Phone: 91-191-2456892 (O), 91-191-2461693 (R) Fax: 91-191-2456892 Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) University of Kerala Web: https://www.keralauniversity.ac.in/ Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695 034 Phone: 191-471-2306422 Fax: 191-471-2307158 Email: [email protected] Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) University of Madras Web: http://www.unom.ac.in/ University Centenary Building Chepauk Chennai 600 005 Tamil Nadu Telephone: 191-044-25368778/25393347/25393348/ 25393353/ 25393354/25393357 Fax: 91-44-5360865/5393368 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Official website/Institution home page: unom.ac.in; universityofmadras-ice.ac.in Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) University of Mysore Web: http://www.uni-mysore.ac.in/ Crawford Hall Mysore 570 005 Karnataka Phone: 191-821-2419666/2419361 Fax: 191-821-2419363/2419301 Email: vc@uni_mysore.ac.in; registrar@uni_mysore.ac. in; [email protected] Postgraduate program—MSc (Molecular Biology) University of Rajasthan Web: https://www.uniraj.ac.in/ JLN Marg Jaipur 302004 Rajasthan Phone: 91-141-2711070/2706813

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Fax: 91-141-2709582 Diploma Programme—Dip in Human Ecology Vinoba Bhave University Web: http://www.vbu.ac.in Hazariabaug 825 301 Jharkhand Phone: 06546-64279/62342/64628/52081 Fax: 06546-64279 Postgraduate program—MSc (Env Science) India Study Centers Web: http://www.indiastudycenter.com/index.htm

Professional societies Academy of Environmental Biology Web: http://www.aebindia.org/ Regd. Office: 1/206, Vikas Nagar Lucknow 226 022 The Academy, established in 1978, its memorandum and the Constitution registered under Societies Registration Act 21, 1860, is an autonomous organization open to everyone who has a scientific, technological, practical interest and inclination in the fields of science and technology, environmental pollution, occupational health, and toxicology. It is basically a forum where scientists and young researchers effectively interact and cooperate once a year in an effort to review and update their research, to explore research priorities, to prevent further deterioration of the environment and to provide inputs to the Governmental agencies to safeguard the ecosystem and the health of mankind. Environmental Mutagen Society of India (EMS) Web: http://ems-india.org/ Dr. (Mrs.) Birajalaxmi Das, MPhil, PhD Secretary, EMSI Head Low Level Radiation Research Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Trombay, Mumbai-400 085. Phone: 022-255 95047, Mobile: 99696 41933 Email: [email protected] Indian Academy of Neurosciences Web: http://www.neuroscienceacademy.org.in/ Dr. Vinay K. Khanna Senior Principal Scientist & Professor AcSIR Developmental Toxicology Laboratory Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group CSIR—Indian Institute of Toxicology Research Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg P.O. Box No. 80, Lucknow—226 001 Uttar Pradesh, India

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Email: [email protected], [email protected] TeleFax: 191-522-2628227 Indian Academy of Sciences Web: http://www.ias.ac.in/ Executive Secretary: N. Maheshchandra Off. Tel.: 191-80-2266 1203 Fax: 191-80-2361 6094 Email: [email protected] Founded in 1934 by Sir C.V. Raman the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore was registered as a Society on April 27, 1934 with the main objective of promoting the progress and upholding the cause of science. The Academy began functioning with 65 Founding Fellows and the formal inauguration took place at the Indian Institute of Science. Indian Association for Environmental Management (IAEM) c/o NEERI, Nehru Marg Nagpur-440 020 Maharashtra Educates people on the environment, to encourage the conservation of the environment, and to spread environmental knowledge. Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine Web: http://iapsm.org/ The Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine, founded in 1974, is a nonprofit professional organization of specialists in epidemiology, health management, health promotion, and family medicine, which is dedicated to the promotion of public health by bringing its members’ expertise to the development of public health policies, an advocate for education, research, and programs of community medicine and providing a forum for the regular exchange of views and information. Community Medicine Department, PGIMER Chandigarh 160 012 Email: [email protected] Phone/Fax: 91-172-2744993 Indian Chemical Society Web: http://indianchemicalsociety.com/ 92, Acharyya Prafulla Chandra Road Calcutta 700 009 Email: [email protected] Phone/Fax: 91-33-23503478 Indian Environmental Society (IES) Web: http://www.iesglobal.org/ U 112, Vidhata House (3rd Floor) Vikas Marg, Shakarpur

Delhi 110 092 Phone: 191-11-22046823/22046824/22450749 Fax: 191-11 22523311 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Web: www.iespanchayat.net.in; www.globeindia.org The Indian Environmental Society (IES) is a nonprofit development organization that has been promoting Environmental Improvement Initiatives in India since 1972. IES is active in environmental education, biodiversity conservation, information dissemination, solid waste management, ecotechnology, and heritage conservation. Environmental education has been the centerpiece of all programs of the Society. The organization is meritoriously operating in different states of the country. Indian Institute of Science Web: http://www.iisc.ac.in Bangalore 560 012 Phone: 191-80-23600757 Fax: 191-80-2360 0683/0085 Email: [email protected] The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) aims to be among the world’s foremost academic institutions through the pursuit of excellence in research and the promotion of innovation by offering world-class education to train future leaders in science and technology and by applying science and technology breakthroughs for India’s wealth creation and social welfare. Indian National Science Academy Web: http://www.insaindia.res.in/ The Executive Director Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg New Delhi 110 002 Telephone: 91-11-23221931 1950 Fax: 23235648/23231095 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] The Indian National Science Academy was established in January 1935 with the object of promoting science in India and harnessing scientific knowledge for the cause of humanity and national welfare. The foundation of the academy, earlier known as the National Institute of Sciences of India, was the outcome of joint endeavors of several organizations and individuals and the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) playing a lead role in this regard. Indian Pharmacological Society (IPS) Web: http://www.indianpharmacology.org/ To be an apex body promoting need-based research in pharmacology and other allied sciences and to improve the quality of life through inventions

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Indian Science Congress Association Web: http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/ The ISCA owes its origin to the foresight and initiative of two British Chemists, namely, Professor J.L. Simonsen and Professor P.S. MacMahon. It occurred to them that scientific research in India might be stimulated if an annual meeting of research workers somewhat on the lines of the British Association for the Advancement of Science could be arranged. Indian Society of Toxicology (IST) Web: http://www.indiansocietyoftoxicology.org/ Poison Control Centre, Dept. of Analytical Toxicology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Cochin 682041, Kerala State. Fax: 0484-2802020. Phone: 0484-2858056 (Direct), 0484-2851234 (Ext: 6034, 8096, 8056) Email: [email protected]; poisonunit@aims. amrita.edu A new professional body devoted exclusively to the field of toxicology with the express purpose of developing this vital specialty, and to serve as a forum for all professionals and research students engaged in toxicological work to share their thoughts and exchange relevant information. National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) Web: http://www.nams-india.in/ NAMS House Ansari Nagar, Mahatma Gandhi Marg New Delhi 110 029 Phone: 191-11-26589289/26588718/26589326 Telegram: “MEDACADEMY” New Delhi Fax: 191-11-26588992 The National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) is a unique institution which fosters and utilizes academic excellence as its resource to meet medical and social goals. It was registered as the “Indian Academy of Medical Sciences” on April 21, 1961 under Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860. National Academy of Sciences Web: http://www.nasi.org.in/ 5, Lajpatrai Road Allahabad 211 002 Neurological Society of India (NSI) Web: http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/ 203, Maharishipuram Behind Amar Ujala Press Guru ka Tal Bye Pass Road Agra 282007 Uttar Pradesh For membership queries: Naveet Arora Phone: 191 9897921138 Email: [email protected]

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Society of Biological Chemists (India) Web: http://www.iisc.ernet.in/sbci/ c/o Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 Phone: 191-080-23601412 Fax: 191-080-23601412 Email: [email protected] To meet a long-felt need of scientists working in the new emerging discipline of biological chemistry “The Society of Biological Chemists (India)” was founded in 1930, with its headquarters at the IISc, Bangalore. It was registered under the Societies Act in the then Princely State of Mysore and the memorandum of registration was signed by the late Profs. V. Subramanian, V. Pattawardhan and C.V. Natarajan, leading figures in the scientific arena at that time. The Society played a crucial role during the Second World War period by advising the Government on the utilization of indigenous biomaterials as food substitutes, drugs, and tonics, on the industrial and agricultural waste utilization, and on the management of water resources. The other areas of vital interest to the Society in the early years were nutrition, proteins, enzymes, applied microbiology, preventive medicines, and the development of high-quality proteins from indigenous plant sources. Society of Biosciences Muzaffarnagar, India Society of Toxicology India Web: http://www.stoxindia.com/ Dept. Of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University Ludhiana (Punjab) Phone: 191 94632-01126, 191 97435-98453 Email: [email protected]

Poison information/control centers Center for Education, Awareness and Research on Chemicals and Health (CEARCH) Web: http://www.cearch.in B\232-236, Supath-II, Nr. Old Vadaj Bus Stand, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad-380 013 Gujarat, India. Hours of operation: 24 Hrs Phone: 191 79275-53594/95, 191 98240-47400 Emergency Number: 191 982 404 7400 Email: [email protected], [email protected]

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CEARCH (Center for Education, Awareness and Research on Chemicals and Health) is a nongovernmental organization, registered under The Societies Act. The organization is the brainchild of Dr. Aruna Dewan, a medical toxicologist, who established the First Poison Information Center in Gujarat at the National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH), Ahmedabad. CEARCH has also joined hands with the Unipath Speciality Lab (a well-known multispecialty and premier Clinical Reference Laboratory) since 2014 to strengthen its capabilities. In the post-independence era, India has achieved remarkable all-round progress and is expected to be on a par with developed countries in the coming two decades. An average Indian citizen is encountering a host of chemicals on a daily basis, without even being aware of them. Ignorant and illiterate rural masses use pesticides indiscriminately, whereas the urban population is exposed to toxic chemicals through industrial and vehicular pollution. Several chemicals are used in the manufacture of cosmetics, exposing the youth—a segment enthralled to these products through aggressive marketing tactics—to the effects of these harmful chemicals. Many of the so-called “herbal preparations” also contain highly toxic contaminants. Industrial discharges are contaminating groundwater supplies meant for domestic consumption. Many of these chemicals may seem harmless due to no immediate or visible ill-effects but can be very dangerous to health in the long term. Some chemicals are known to cause cancer, neurobehavioral problems, and reproductive disorders. Moreover, the repercussions of these diseases may be visible only in the next generation. Children are more susceptible to chemicals and need to be given immediate protection. Developed countries are taking stringent regulatory action to prevent the exposure of toxic chemicals, and the public in these countries is by and large well informed. In some countries, parents have already switched to chemicalfree organic foods for their children. India, by virtue of its large size, exploding population, and lack of basic facilities, faces a dual challenge, where chemical toxicants have added to the burden of existing diseases caused by infectious agents. India needs to promote safe practices related to chemical use. There is a dire need to educate the people of this country on the ill-effects of chemicals so that they can make informed choices. Simultaneously, medical personnel need to be educated on the management of chemical-related emergencies. CEARCH has been established to fulfill this need. JSS Poison Information Centre Web: http://picjsscpm.jssuni.edu.in/ Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy JSS Hospital

Mahatma Gandhi Road Mysore, Karnataka 570004 Hours of operation: 08.30 18.00, Monday—Saturday Phone: 191 821 254 8356/244 0207 Emergency Number: Toll-free 1800 425 0207 Email: [email protected] Poison Information Center (PIC) is established by Department of Clinical Pharmacy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India. The objective of the poison information center is to improve the health of the public by minimizing or preventing the illness and death due to poisoning. The poison information services will be provided to health care professionals and public. The well-trained staff will provide appropriate information regarding management and first aid measures of various poisoning substances. The services are provided free of cost. The information will be provided through phone, email, fax, and in person based on the enquirer’s request. National Poisons Information Centre Web: https://www.aiims.edu/en/pharmacology_npic. html All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar New Delhi 110 029 Phone: 191-11-26589391/26593677 Emergency telephone: Toll-Free 1800 116 117 Fax: 191-11-26850691/26862663 A wide variety of chemicals are designed for diverse uses in day-to-day life. Though their benefits are enormous, they are associated with great risks if misused. The probability of ingestion of these substances/products either accidentally or intentionally has increased manifold. Acute poisoning is one of the commonest emergencies throughout the world. To ensure chemical safety, a framework for prevention and management of eventualities, if any, is provided by the Poisons Control Programme of which the Poisons Information Centre is an integral part. Poison Control Centre Web: http://amritahospitals.org/Facilities/ Toxicology-and-Poison-Control Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Cochin, Kerala 682041 Hours of Operation: 24 Hrs Phone: 191 4842858056; 191 4842856034 Emergency Number: 191 9895282388 Email: [email protected]; poisonunit@aims. amrita.edu; [email protected] The Poison Control Centre (PCC) comprising a Poison Information Unit and an Analytical Toxicology

Resources

Laboratory is a unique facility that offers latest information on poisons/poisoning, as well as analysis of biological fluid samples of poisoned victims for the benefit of all hospitals, government doctors, and private practitioners of Kerala state and neighboring regions. This is the first time that such a center has been started in a hospital in the entire state of Kerala, and has been recognized by the World Health Organization as one of the authorized Poison Control Centres of India, and the only one that is fully fledged with regard to information resource, analytical, and research facilities. The Analytical Toxicology Lab is accredited by NABL (National Accreditation Board for Laboratories). Poison Control, Training and Research Centre Tower Block II First Floor Government General Hospital Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600003 Hours of operation: 24 Hrs Phone: 144 25305969 Emergency Number: 191 4425305757 Email: [email protected] Poisons Information Centre National Institute of Occupational Health, (NIOH) Meghani Nagar Ahmedabad-380 016 Hours of operation: 9.30 18.00 Monday Friday and 10:30 14:30 Saturday Phone: 91 79 226 84 756/ 1 91 79 226 86 351 Emergency Number: 191-79-226 86 330 M-9327917833 Fax: 191-79-2268-6110 Email: [email protected] Information also at http://apps.who.int/ poisoncentres/ and search “India”

Legislation Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Act Web: http://acsir.res.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/ 12/AcSIR-Act-2011_7Feb20121.pdf Biological Diversity Act Web: http://www.nbaindia.org/ Bio-Medical Ethics Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Subjects ICMR, 2000 Web: https://icmr.nic.in/ethical_guidelines.pdf Disaster Management Act Web: https://ndma.gov.in/en/disaster.html Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 1994

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Web: http://envfor.nic.in/legis/eia/so1533.pdf Government of India Ministry of Environment & Forest New Delhi Food Safety and Standards Act Web: https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/ 2027/1/200634.pdf Legislations on Environment, Forests, and Wildlife Web: http://envfor.nic.in/legis/legis.html National Environmental Tribunal Act Web: http://envfor.nic.in/legis/others/tribunal.html Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act Web: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1997854/ Prevention and Control of Infectious and Contagious Diseases in Animals Act Web: https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/ 2101/1/200927.pdf Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act Web: http://nbaindia.org/uploaded/ Biodiversityindia/Legal/20.%20Water%20 (Prevention%20and%20Control%20of% 20Pollution)%20Cess%20Act,%201977.pdf Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act Web: https://projecttiger.nic.in/WriteReadData/ CMS/wildlife_protection_amendment.pdf

Miscellaneous resources An Assessment of Mercury Pollution Problem at Kothari Industries Ltd., Madras Published by CPCB 1985 Bhopal Chemical Release Bhopal Information Center http://www.bhopal.com BHOPAL GAS DISASTER Surviving Bhopal—toxic present—toxic future: a report on human and environmental chemical contamination around the Bhopal disaster site 2002, Srishti, New Delhi. Stringer, Ruth Labunska, Iryna Brigden, Kevin 2002, Chemical stockpiles at Union Carbide India Limited in Bhopal: an investigation, Greenpeace, ISBN: 90 73361 80 X Uddanam Web: http://missionuddanam.blogspot.com/ Uddanam (also known as Udyanavanam) in Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh is a lush green area comprising Kaviti, Sompeta, Mandasa, Palasa, Kanchili, Ichchapuram, and Vajrapukothuru revenue mandals and is well-known for the coconut plantations

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and cashew farming. The people of this region have for quite some time been affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) of unknown causes and several thousands of individuals lost their lives. In recent years due to press and electronic media coverage the Uddanam CKD problem got National and International attention. Uddanam CKD is widely recognized as “Uddanam nephropathy.” Most of the Uddanam populations are poor and the majority of the patients cannot afford the cost of medications and dialysis. Awareness about the disease remains low among the public living in this area, largely due to the lack of education and severe dearth of qualified medical professionals.

Web: http://www.cleanindia.org

CLEAN-India An Environmental Assessment, Awareness, Advocacy and Action Programme supported by CPCB and European Commission.

This publication represents the views of the author and does not represent the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or National Center for Toxicological Research Position or policy.

Health India Web: http://www.indiahealthplus.com/ International Day of Yoga 21 June Web: https://yoga.ayush.gov.in/ Medindia.net Web: http://www.medindia.net

Disclaimer

C H A P T E R

17 Iran Mohammad Abdollahi1, Shekoufeh Nikfar2, Yasna Behmanesh3 and Shabnam Kharabaf 4 1

Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran 2Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran 3Drug and Poison Information Center, Iranian Food and Drug Administration, Tehran, Iran 4Library and Public Affairs, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran

History of Modern Toxicology in Iran

Poisoning in Iran

The history of Toxicology in Iran dates back to the establishment of its pharmacy and medicine schools. toxicology itself has been one of the main teaching courses in the pharmacy curriculum. Meanwhile, students of medicine became familiar with toxicology during taking courses such as pathophysiology, pathology, and legal medicine or during hospital internship. The Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine at the University of Tehran were established in 1920. There were courses of toxicology and poisoning control in the curriculum of pharmacy. Therefore strong toxicology labs were available in the Faculties of Pharmacy. When the Iran legal medicine organization was established in Tehran, new laboratories for the diagnosis of poisons in biological fluids, especially after death, were developed. Clinical toxicology in Iran was started by the personal efforts of some specialist physicians in the fields of toxicology, anesthesiology, legal medicine, internal medicine, and pediatrics in some hospitals such as the Loghman-Hakim Hospital of Tehran, Imam-Reza Hospital of Mashhad, and later, following the development of Medical Universities around the country, in many hospitals in various cities.

The precise number of patients suffering from poisonings per year in Iran is not definitely determined, but there have always been cases in the PTCs for management. There are both acute and chronic cases of poisonings and the vast majority of them relate to drugs and pesticides. Human exposures to chemicals, either acute or chronic, are common in Iran. Acute chemical poisonings, particularly from pesticides and drugs, especially self-administered, are a common cause of admission to emergency departments or PTCs. Acute household chemical poisonings, particularly in children, are also common. Chronic exposure to chemicals in the industries (occupational poisonings) and environmental pollutions that induce diseases are also health problems, especially in airpolluted cities. Almost all emergency units and the majority of intensive care units (ICU) treat intoxications but there are few ICUs in Iran with a primary focus on toxicological cases. Chronic poisonings are mostly missed because of the unawareness of the problem by most clinicians. Lack of adequate clinical toxicology teaching, particularly of chronic poisoning to all medical students seems a deficit for the proper management of chemicals.

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00017-6

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Teaching of toxicology As mentioned above, basic and clinical toxicology is being taught to undergraduate pharmacy students and more recently to medical students, postgraduate students in clinical medicine, and to MSc and PhD students of toxicology. Clinical toxicology courses as part of Continuing Medical Education (CME) are also given to some general practitioners and specialists in clinical medicine. There are very strong departments of toxicology located in the Faculties of Pharmacy in the Medical Universities of Iran. These departments usually graduate pharmacists and physicians with a PhD in toxicology. In 1987 Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) started the postgraduate training of pharmacists and physicians in toxicology at the PhD level that was later followed by other medical universities such as Shahid Beheshti, Mashhad, Shiraz, Tabriz, Mazandaran, Kerman, Azad, Artesh, and Ahvaz. In addition, many of the Pharmacy Faculties located at these universities offer toxicology education at the MSc level. A Fellowship of Clinical Toxicology has been established by authorities to train toxicologists at higher clinical levels from the graduates of toxicology or close medical specialties such as anesthesiologists, pediatrics, emergency medicine, legal medicine, and internal medicine. There is a National Board of Toxicology located in the Pharmaceutical Education Secretary within the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education (IMHME) that administrates toxicology issues in terms of teaching, study, and jobs. The growth of the science of toxicology in the past years has been very impressive. Now Iran is one of the top countries in the world in the field of toxicology. Most Iranian toxicologists are among the top scientist of the Middle East according to scientometrics.

Drug and poison information services The central office located in the Iranian Food and Drug Organization Address: Valiasre Ave., Daneshkian St., No. 24 Phone: 198 21 88923195 and 09646 Fax: 98 21 88914744 Email: [email protected] There are strong Drug and Poison Information Centers (DPICs) that currently work under the supervision of the Medical Universities or the Food and Drug Department of the IMHME. The first official DPIC was established in 1995 in Tehran in the Deputy of Pharmaceutical Affairs of the IMHME by the then authorities and special supervision of Dr. Mohammad Abdollahi and Dr. Shekoufeh Nikfar, a job that continued with the help of other colleagues. The Tehran

team encouraged other universities to expand DPICs countrywide and trained their staffs to learn how to work in DPIC. These centers have had a positive role in the implementation of rational drug use and providing services to the scientific community with the aim of improving health and safety. DPICs are mainly supervised by a toxicologist/pharmacologist with a background of pharmacy or medicine and pharmacists. These centers help both health professionals and the general public in reducing the risks of poisonings and, in the meantime, they collect and distribute data on hazardous products and poisoning risks. DPICs in Iran have been active in CME programs. Fortunately, almost all provinces of Iran have currently an officially notified DPIC. Some states have more than one center. In total, up to February 2018, there are 42 active DPICs.

Poison treatment centers in Iran There is a good report about the PCTs of Iran published by Mehrpour and Abdollahi (2012). Although most of emergency departments receive poisoning patients, there are some centers devoted to dealing with poisoning cases. For example, there are special PTCs in Tehran (Baharloo Hospital, Loghman Hakim Hospital,), Mashhad (Imam Reza Hospital), Isfahan (Noor Hospital), Ahwaz (Razi Hospital), Shiraz (Shoshtari Hospital), etc. There are some other hospitals located in other cities of Iran, which do not have the special PTC but have facilities devoted to poisoning cases.

Toxicology laboratories There are some laboratories in Iran that have been accredited by the Iranian FDA and have permission to do tests related to toxicology. The list of such accredited labs can be found at http://fda.gov.ir/item/661. In the meantime, some hospital laboratories provide analytical services for poisonings. Although there is no critical problem in this field, Iran needs to establish more specialized toxicology labs to improve the present status.

National committee on chemical safety The National Committee for Chemical Safety was established about 20 years ago within the IMHME. The committee prepared the national profile of chemical safety, including information from various organizations and legislation dealing with toxic substances. The committee was active about 5 years and no longer exists in such a form.

Government agencies

The Iranian Society of Toxicology http://www. irantox.net/ Address: No 15, Danesh Sani St., North Kargar Ave., Tehran Phone: 98 21 88632456 Fax: 98 21 88020916 Email: [email protected] The Iranian Society of Toxicology (IST) was established in 1989. Its main objectives include the advancement of toxicology, scientific contacts between toxicologists and other scientific societies, the study of the health effects of poisons and chemicals, and advice to the regulatory authorities. IST is a member of the International Union of Toxicology and the Asian Society of Toxicology. IST supports the scientific and professional development of its members by organizing CME courses that are well attended by toxicologists, physicians, and pharmacists. IST with the help of Iranian Universities of Medical Science has organized many National and International Congresses. Most Iranian toxicologists, who are primarily pharmacists or physicians with a specialty in toxicology, are members of IST. IST is proud of some members who have voluntarily founded it and those who have kept it alive.

Government agencies Regarding import, export, distribution, safety, efficacy, and environmental issues, four centers in Iran deal with poisons or poisoning issues. Each center has its own rules, acts, and policies. Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education http://www.mohme.gov.ir and http://www.behdasht. gov.ir Address: Nasr 5 Building, South Falamak, Shahrak Gharb, Tehran Phone: 98 21 88363560 Fax: 98 21 81454345 Email: [email protected]

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Deputy of Health http://health.behdasht.gov.ir Address: Nasr 5 Building, South Falamak, Shahrak Gharb, Tehran Phone: 98 21-81455527 Email: [email protected] Deputy of Education http://dme.behdasht.gov.ir/ Address: Nasr 5 Building, South Falamak, Shahrak Gharb, Tehran Phone: 98 21 88363560 Fax: 98 21 88363560 Email: [email protected] The Department of Environmental and Occupational Health situated within the Undersecretary of Health is responsible for controlling health issues related to poisons and chemicals. The National Committee on Chemical Safety, mentioned above, had been established in this department. Issues related to poisoning by drugs are also managed by the Iranian FDA. Within the Undersecretary of Education, there is a National Board of Toxicology that establishes rules and makes policies regarding toxicology curriculum in the universities. Ministry of Industry, Mine & Trade http://www.mimt. gov.ir/ Address: PourMousa Alley-Somayyeh St-Karimkhan Ave-Tehran Phone: 81771 Fax: 98 21 88808275 Postal Code: 1599691379 Email: [email protected] This ministry is responsible for importing any chemical into the country. Only chemicals that are not produced domestically are allowed to be imported.

Three undersecretaries of IMHME govern toxicologically related issues from various aspects in Iran. They include:

Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad https://www.maj.ir Address: Seventh floor, No. 369, Taleghani St., Tehran, Iran Phone: 98 21 64581 Fax: 98 21 88943431 Email: [email protected] Postal code: 15934-16111

Iranian Food and Drug Organization http://fda.gov.ir/ Address: No. 30, Fakhr-Razi St., Enghelab Ave. Phone: 98 21 61927000 Fax: 98 21 66469122 Email: [email protected] [email protected]

The Plant Protection Organization which is an affiliate of this ministry controls all issues related to pesticides that are used in agriculture within the country. Registration of new pesticides, permission to import or export pesticides, control of pesticide formulating factories and companies are duties of this ministry.

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Department of Environment, Iran www.doe.ir Address: Pardisan Nature Park, Hakim Expressway, Tehran Phone: 42781000-021 Email: [email protected] This department is responsible for protecting the environment from all possible pollutants or poisonous compounds by issuing necessary acts and policies, and also by direct intervention. Iranian Legal Medicine Organization imo.ir Address: Behesht Avenue, Tehran-11144 Phone: 1 98 55609071-4 Fax: 1 98 21 55608003 Email: [email protected] Postal Code: 1114795113 This organization is responsible for forensic matters of toxicology in the country. Interpretations of this organization are the basis of judgments in the courts.

Nongovernment organizations There are no such organizations.

Universities with toxicology program of study (in alphabetic order) Ahwaz University of Medical Sciences http://ajums.ac.ir/ Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy http://fpharmacy.ajums.ac.ir/ Address: Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahwaz University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Blvd, Ahwaz Phone: 98 61-33738427 Email: [email protected] Toxicology Research Center http://trc.ajums.ac.ir/?site 5 trc.ajums. ac&tabid 5 9991&lang 5 en-US Phone: 98 611 3367543-60 Email: [email protected] Isfahan University of Medical Sciences http://www.mui.ac.ir/ Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy http://pharm.mui.ac.ir/ Address: Hezar Jarib Ave., Isfahan Phone: 98 311 6685154 - 6688864 Fax: 98 311 6685141 - 6685142

Kerman University of Medical Sciences http://www.kmu.ac.ir Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy http://sps.kmu.ac.ir Address: Faculty of pharmacy, Pardis of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman Phone: 98 34 31325001-2 Fax: 98 3431325003 Email: [email protected] Mashhad University of Medical Sciences http://www.mums.ac.ir/ Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy https://pharmatox-dept.mums.ac.ir/index.php Address: School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box: 91775-1365, Mashhad, Iran Phone: 98 511 8823255-66 Fax: 98 511 8823251 Email: [email protected] Pharmaceutical Research Center (Bu-Ali Research Institute) http://www.mums.ac.ir/buali/en/index Address: P.O. Box: 9196773117, Mashhad Phone: 98 51 38413007 Fax: 98 51 38713638 Email: [email protected] Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (www.sbmu.ac.ir) Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy http://www.pharmacysbmu.com/ Address: In front of Tavanir, Valiasre Av., Tehran Phone: 98 21 8774283 Fax: 98 21 88795008 Email: [email protected] Toxicological Research Center and Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, School of Medicine http://trc.sbmu.ac.ir/index.htm Address: South Kargar Ave., Kamali St., Tehran Phone: 98 21 55418175 Fax: 98 21 55418175 Email: [email protected] Shiraz University of Medical Sciences www.sums.ac.ir Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy Address: Karafarin St., Darvazeh Ghoran, Shiraz Phone: 98 71 32425374, 32425305, 32424128, 32424127 Fax: 98 71 32424126 Email: [email protected]

Drug and poison information centers

Tehran University of Medical Sciences) www.tums.ac.ir) Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy http://pharmacy.tums.ac.ir/ Address: Tehran University, Poursina St., Tehran Phone: 98 21 64120 Fax: 98 21 66461178 Email: [email protected] Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences http://psrc.tums.ac.ir/ Address: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Ave., Tehran Phone: 98 21 66482704 Fax: 98 21 66482704 Email: [email protected] Department of Clinical Toxicology, Baharlou Hospital http://medicine.tums.ac.ir/fa/ Address: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Ave., Tehran Phone: 98 21 55658500 Email: [email protected] Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine http://medicine.tums.ac.ir/fa/ Address: Tehran University, Poursina St., Tehran Phone: 98 21 81631 Fax: Email: [email protected]

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Iranian Legal Medicine Organization http://lmo.ir Address: South of Park-e Shahr, Behesht Ave, Tehran. P.O. Box: 1114795113 Phone: 98 21 55609071-4 Fax: 98 21 55608003 Email: [email protected] Iranian Society of Pharmaceutical Scientists www.iranasp.net Address: Medical Council, Tabriz St., North Sarparast, Taleghani, Tehran Phone: 98 21 88972240 Fax: 98 21 88972239 Email: [email protected] Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute www.rvsri.ir Address: Razi Institute; Karaj 3197619751; Iran Phone: 198-26-34581009 Email: [email protected] Pasteur Institute of Iran www.pasteur.ac.ir Address: No. 69, Pasteur Ave., Tehran Phone: 98 21 66953311-20 Fax: 98 21 66465132 Email: [email protected] Iranian Red Crescent Society http://www.rcs.ir Address: Solh Building, Rashid Yasemi St., Valiasr Ave., Tehran Phone: 1982188662619 Fax: 1982188662618 Email: [email protected]

Professional societies and institutes with toxicology-related activities Iranian Society of Toxicology www.irantox.net Address: 2nd floor, Shahid Ganesh Sani Alley, North Kargar Ave., Tehran Phone: 98 21 88632456 Fax: 98 21 88020916 Email: [email protected] Iranian Society of Physiology & Pharmacology http://phypha.ir Address: No. 15, 2nd floor, Danesh Sani Alley, opposite of Tehran heart center, North Kargar, Tehran Phone: 98 21 88632456 Fax: 98 21 88020916 Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Drug and poison information centers Central division of DPIC http://www.hbi.ir/hosting/en_med_center.htm and http://www.fdo.ir Address: No. 24, Danshkian St., Valiasr Av., Tehran Tel: 198 21 88923195 and 09646 Email: [email protected] Ardabil University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 451 5518308 and 09646 Email: [email protected] Babol University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 1112294745 and 09646 Email: [email protected]

252 Birjand University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 561 4422590 and 09646 Bushehr University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 771 2520976 and 09646 Ghom University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 251 7758020 and 09646 Guilan University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 131 2231051 and 09646 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Gorgan University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 171 4424004 and 09646 Email: [email protected] Hamedan University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 811 2510711 and 09646 and 195 Email: [email protected] Isfahan University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 311 6699615 Email: [email protected] Kerman University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 3412114096 Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 831 8383700 Email: [email protected] Khouzestan University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 611 2232364 Email: [email protected] Kordestan University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 871 3289846 Email: [email protected] Loghman-Hakim Hospital Poison Center, Tehran Tel: 198 21 55422020 Lorestan University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 661 3203168 Email: [email protected] Mashhad University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 511 7634014 Email: [email protected]

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Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 391 8220045 Email: [email protected] Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 571 2240015 Email: [email protected] Semnan University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 231 4440379 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 21 88662332; 198 21 88776028 Email: [email protected] Shiraz University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 711 2331271 Email: [email protected] Tabriz University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 411 4421841 Email: [email protected] Yazd University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 351 6214191 Email: [email protected] Zahedan University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 541 3214575 Email: [email protected] Zanjan University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 241 5250100 and 5250101 Email: [email protected]

Books in toxicology and related subjects written or edited by Iranian scientists Drug Poisoning and Treatment Afshar M. (1983) Tehran: Darupakhsh Company Toxic Effects on Animals Shama M. (1983) Tehran: University of Tehran

Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 151 2273697

Anti-parasites Toxins Aghaie S. (1988) Tehran: Eksir

Urmia University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 441 2240060 Email: [email protected]

Metabolism of Lead and its Poisoning Sahebghadam-Lotfi A. (1988) Tehran: University of Tarbiat Modarres

Qazvin University of Medical Sciences DPIC Tel: 198 281 3673213 Email: [email protected]

Poisonous Medical Plants Samsam-Shariat H. (1992) Isfahan: Mashal

Books in toxicology and related subjects written or edited by Iranian scientists

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Analysis of Toxic Substances (Emergency & Practical) Abdollahi M., Moghadamnia A.A., Shafaghi B. (1992) Tehran: TUMS Jahad Daneshgahi Publications

Precautions and Guidelines for use of Pesticides in the Workplaces Nikfar S., Abdollahi M., Falaki F. (1999) Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Teratology (Principles and Practices) Abdollahi M. (1993) Tehran: Shafagh

Pesticide’s Chemical Safety and Control of Poisoning Moghadamnia A.A., Abdollahi M., Nikfar S. (2000) Babol: Babol University of Medical Sciences Publications

Pesticides Toxicology; Diagnosis and Treatment Abdollahi M. (1994) Tehran: Eshraghieh

Crime Toxicology Ehteshami A. (2000) Tehran: Naja University of Military Sciences

Pharmacotherapy by Bee Products Niakan M. (1994) Tehran: Tehran Azad University

Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Chemical Weapons Complications Cheraghali A. (2000) Tehran: Golban

Asbestos and Other Hazardous Mineral Fibers Moztarzadeh F. (1996) Tehran: Materials and Energy Institute

Pesticide’s Chemical Safety and Control of Poisoning Moghadamnia A.A., Abdollahi M., Nikfar S. (2000) Babol: Babol University of Medical Sciences

Emergency Management of Poisoned Patients Abdollahi M. et al. (1996) Tehran: Soroush

Examination of Toxicology Cultural-Artistic institute of Tehran (2001) Tehran: Dibagaran

Industrial Toxicology Sanaei G.H. (1996) Tehran: University of Tehran Emergency Management of Poisoned Patients Abdollahi M., Bagheri M., Moghadamnia A.A., Ostad N., Jalali N. (1996) Tehran: Soroush Publications Co.

Surgery in Burning Substances Poisoning Hajinasrollah E. (2001) Tehran: Shahrab Job Poisoning and Prevention Ranjbarian M. (2002) Tehran: Dibagaran

Industrial Toxicology of Heavy Metals Ahmadizadeh M. (1997) Tehran: Hazaran

Toxicology Lectures Complimentary Examination Institute (2002) Tehran: Sanjesh

A Chemical Viewpoint to the Imposed War Mostashari M. (1998) Rasht: Guilan University Press

Principles of Agricultural Toxicology Rakhshani-Zabol E. (2002) Tehran: Jameh Farhang

Hazards of Pesticides in the Workplaces Nikfar S., Abdollahi M., Falaki F. (1999) Tehran: Ministry of Health & Medical Education Publications

Confrontation with Chemical Substances Poisoning Hosseini M.R. (2003) Tehran: Daryasara

Precautions and Guidelines for use of Pesticides in the Workplaces Nikfar S., Abdollahi M., Falaki F. (1999) Tehran: Ministry of Health & Medical Education Publications Diagnosis, Prevention, Animal’s Bite Balali-Mood M. (1999) Tehran: Tabib

and

Treatment

of

Poisonous

Hazards of Pesticides in the Workplaces Nikfar S., Abdollahi M., Falaki F. (1999) Tehran: Ministry of Health & Medical Education Publications

Toxicology of Pesticides and Plants Diseases Imani S. (2003) Tehran: Dibagaran Enriched Uranium: Effects on Human and Environment Modarresi M.M. (2003) Tehran: Spand Honar Multiple Choice Questions of Occupational and Industrial Toxicology Afshari D. (2003) Tehran: Baraye Farad Narcotic in Children’s Medicine Shahramain I. (2004) Tehran: Golban

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Poisonous Herbs in Iran and Poisoning in Animals Aslani M. (2004) Mashhad: University of Ferdowsi Narcotics; Diagnosis and Extraction Fekri M. (2004) Tehran: Jahad Daneshgahi Evaluation of Pesticide Producing From the Uranium Richen Process Badrian R. (2004) Tehran: Morsal How to Select Toxicology in College Tafakore Nab Researching Group (2004) Tehran: First Sanjesh Management of Poisonings Manual of Pharmacology Toxicology Lab Medical Technology Ghazi-Khansari M. (2004) Tehran: Ghashieh Clinical Toxicology; Diagnosis and Treatment (2007) Taghaddosinejad F. (2007) Tehran: Abnous Environmental Geochemistry Karbassi A., Bayati A. (2007) Tehran: Kavosh Ghalam General Toxicology Pourahmad J. (2007) Tehran: Samat Industrial Toxicology Hajighasemkhan A. (2007) Tehran: Baraye Farda Information Database of Pesticides and Plant Diseases Bagheri A. (2007) Tehran: Payeme Moallef Methods of Sampling in Forensic Toxicology Abedi M.H. (2007) Tehran: Payeme Edalat Occupational Toxicology Shahtaheri J. (2007) Tehran: Baraye Farda Toxicology Excellence Center of Toxicology and Food Chemistry (2007) Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences Toxicology in Veterinary Shokrzadeh M. (2007) Tehran: Jahad-E-Keshavarzi Institute of Higher Scientific and Applied Education

Poison Information Centers. In: Afshari’s Clinical Toxicology and Poisoning Emergency Care Abdollahi M., Nikfar S., Karami S., Barzegar E. (2011) Mashhad: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Press Safety in Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Jalali S.M., Faramarzi M.A., Abdollahi M. (2012) Tehran: TUMS Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3rd Edition, Volumes 1-4 Wexler P., Abdollahi M., Peyster A.D., Gad S.C., Greim H., Harper S., Moser V.C., Ray S., Tarazona J., Wiegand T.J. (eds.) (2014) USA: Elsevier Basic and Clinical Toxicology of Organophosphorus Compounds Balali-Mood M., Abdollahi M. (2014) Switzerland: Springer Basic and Clinical Toxicology of Mustard Compounds Balali-Mood M., Abdollahi M. (eds.) (2015) Switzerland: Springer International Publishing

Book chapters Acetaminophen: Properties, Clinical Uses and Adverse Effects. In: Acetaminophen overdose, biomarkers, and management Sattari M., Mashayekhi S.O. (2012) USA: Nova Science Publishers Aflatoxins and their management. In: Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism Yazdanpanah H., Eslamizad S. (2015) Netherlands: Springer An Overview on Methadone-Intoxicated Patients. In: Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Hassanian-Moghaddam H., Zamani N. (2016) USA: Academic Press Early and Delayed Effects of Sulfur Mustard in Iranian Veterans After the Iraq-Iran Conflict. In: Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents: Second Edition Balali-Mood M. (2015) USA: Academic Press Epidemiological studies; IRAN. In: Anticholinesterase Pesticides: Metabolism, Neurotoxicity, and Epidemiology Abdollahi M. (2011) USA: Wiley Iran. In: Information Resources in Toxicology, 4th Edition Abdollahi M. (2009) USA: Academic Press (Elsevier) Journals that publish toxicology or similar articles (in alphabetic order)

Books in toxicology and related subjects written or edited by Iranian scientists

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Although there is only one journal specifically dedicated to Toxicology (Iranian Journal of Toxicology), many contain relevant articles on the subject. They include: Acta Medica Iranica ISSN: 0044-6025 Publisher: TUMS Website: http://acta.tums.ac.ir

ISSN: 1735-0328 Publisher: School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Website: http://ijpr.sbmu.ac.ir/

Archives of Iranian Medicine ISSN: 1029-2977 Publisher: Academy of Medical Sciences of Iran Website: http://www.aimjournal.ir/

Iranian Journal of Public Health ISSN: 0304-4556 Publisher: Tehran University of Medical Sciences Website: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijph

Archives of Razi Institute ISSN: 0365-3439 Publisher: Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Website: http://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/

Iranian Journal of Radiation Research ISSN: 1728-4554 Publisher: Novin Medical Radiation Institute Website: http://www.ijrr.com/

DARU ISSN: 1560-8115 Publisher: Springer Website: http://www.springer.com/biomed/ pharmacology 1 %26 1 toxicology/journal/40199

Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine ISSN: 1680-6433 Publisher: Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd, Iran Website: http://www.sid.ir/en/journal/JournalList. aspx?ID 5 3966

International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology ISSN: 1735-1472 Publisher: Islamic Azad University of Research and Technology Website: http://www.ijest.org/ Iranian Biomedical Journal ISSN: 1028852X Publisher: Pasteur Institute of Iran Website: https://ibj.pasteur.ac.ir/ Iranian Journal of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care ISSN: 1027-2704 Publisher: Iranian Society of Anesthesiologists Website: http://www.sid.ir/En/Journal/JournalList. aspx?id 5 3471 Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences ISSN: 1608-6015 Publisher: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Website: http://ijbms.mums.ac.ir/ Iranian Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 1728-3043 Publisher: National Institute Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Website: http://ijbiotech.com/ Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering ISSN: 17351979 Publisher: Tehran University of Medical Sciences Website: https://jehse.biomedcentral.com/ Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Iranian Journal of Pharmacology & Therapeutics ISSN: 1735-2657 Publisher: Iran University of Medical Sciences Website: http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir

Iranian Journal of Toxicology ISSN: 2008-2967 Publisher: Arak University of Medical Sciences Website: https://ijt.arakmu.ac.ir/ Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences ISSN: 1561-4107 Publisher: Babol University of Medical Sciences Website: http://jbums.org/ Health System Research ISSN: 1735-2363 Publisher: Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Website: http://hsr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jhsr Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine ISSN: 1027-1457 Publisher: Legal Medicine Organization Website: https://sjfm.ir/ Journal of Medicinal Plants ISSN: 1684-0240 Publisher: Institute of Medicinal Plants Website: http://jmp.ir/ Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ISSN: 1735-1995 Publisher: Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Website: http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran ISSN: 1016-1430 Publisher: National Research Center of Medical Sciences Website: http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir/

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Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal ISSN: 2074-1812 2074-1804 Publisher: The Iranian Hospital (Dubai) of The Iranian Red Crescent Website: http://ircmj.com/en/index.html

The Golden Age of Medieval Islamic Toxicology. In: Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance Ardestani M.M., Rahimi R., Esfahani M.E., Habbal O., Abdollahi M. (2017) USA: Elsevier

Journal of Reproduction and Infertility ISSN: 1726-7536 Publisher: Avicenna Research Institute (ARI) Website: http://www.jri.ir/en/

Toxicity and Biomonitoring; Gene Expression. In: Anticholinesterase Pesticides: Metabolism, Neurotoxicity, and Epidemiology Pournourmohammadi S., Abdollahi M. (2011) USA: Wiley

Pajouhandeh Research Journal ISSN: 1735-1022 Publisher: Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Science Website: http://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/paj/ Iranian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ISSN: 2588-4042 Publisher: Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology (IRSPP) Website: http://phypha.ir/ijpp/en Cell (Yakhteh) ISSN: 1561-4921 Publisher: Royan Institute Website: http://celljournal.org/ Paraclinical Tests in Emergency Toxicology. In: Poisoning Guideline 2 Abdollahi M. (2008) Tehran: Toxicological Research Center Poisoning with Anticholinesterase Insecticides in Iran. In: Anticholinesterase Pesticides: Metabolism, Neurotoxicity, and Epidemiology Abdollahi M. (2011) USA: John Wiley and Sons Poisonous mushrooms. In: Toxicology: Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa Karimi G., Razavi, B.M. (2015) Netherlands: Springer Safety of Probiotic Bacteria. In: Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics; Bioactive Foods in Health Promotion Abdollahi M., Abdolghaffari A.H., Gooshe M., Ghasemi-Niri F. (2016) USA: Elsevier Street Level Heroin, an Overview on its Components and Adulterants. In: Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Akhgari M., Etemadi-Aleagha A., Jokar F. (2016) USA: Academic Press

Toxicology of Nanobiomaterials. In: Stem Cell Nanoengineering Bonakdar S., Mashinchian O. (2015) USA: John Wiley and Sons Use of proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy and rates of major malformations: A meta-analysis. In: Medication Safety in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Nikfar S., Abdollahi M., Moretti M.E., Magee L.A., Koren G. (2007) USA: McGraw-Hill

Core References Abdollahi, M. Iran, 2009. In: Wexler, P.J. (Ed.), Information Resources in Toxicology, 4th Ed. Academic Press (Elsevier), San Diego, CA, pp. 935 946. Ardestani, M.M., Rahimi, R., Esfahani, M.E., Habbal, O., Abdollahi, M. The golden age of Medieval Islamic toxicology. In: Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. 2017. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/B978-0-12-809554-6.00002-0. ISBN: 978-0-12-809554-6. 2017. r 2017 Elsevier Inc. Ghane, T., Behmanesh, Y., Khazei, F., 2016. Annual report of drug and poison information in Iran from March 2012 to March 2013. Acta Med. Iran 54 (8), 525 529. Mehrpour, O., Abdollahi, M., 2012. Poison treatment centers in Iran. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 31 (3), 303 304. Mehrpour, O., Zamani, N., Brent, J., Abdollahi, M., 2013. A tale of two systems: poisoning management in Iran and the United States. DARU. J. Pharm. Sci. 21, 42. Moghadamnia, A.A., Abdollahi, M., 2002. An epidemiological study of acute poisonings in northern Islamic Republic of Iran. East. Mediterranean Health J. 8 (1), 88 94. Nikfar, S., Abdollahi, M., Cheraghali, A., 2000. Going from strength to strength; a drug and poison information centre. Essent. Drugs Monit. 30 31 (28&29). Shadnia, S., Esmaily, H., Sasanian, G., Pajoumand, A., Hassanian-Moghaddam, H., Abdollahi, M., 2007. Pattern of acute poisoning in Tehran-Iran in 2003. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 26, 753 756. Shadnia, S., Soltaninejad, K., Sohrabi, F., Rezvani, Barari, B., Abdollahi, M., 2011. The performance of Loghman-Hakim drug and poison information center from 2006 to 2008. IJPR 10 (3), 647 652.

C H A P T E R

18 Israel Yedidia Bentur1,2,3 1

Israel Poison Information Center, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel 2The Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel 3Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

Background narrative After the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the discipline of toxicology received a tremendous uplift throughout the country. The importance of the discipline has been increasingly recognized and toxicology has been pursued and developed in university departments and governmental agencies. Attention is being drawn to the adverse effects of pollution. The marketing and utilization of pesticides is regulated by the Ministries of Agriculture and Environmental Protection. Air quality is closely monitored by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. Disposal of hazardous wastes is regulated and specific sites have been allocated. The Israel Institute of Standards has established standards which are being regularly updated for the protection of human health and the environment. The Ministry of Health regulates and controls the marketing and utilization of medications as well as of water and food quality. The Israel Poison Information Center was established in 1964 and its main goal is to provide 24 hours/7 days telephone consultations in clinical and occupational toxicology, first aid, and triage including laboratory services. Heath care providers and the public receive online consultation on the management and follow-up of patients with acute poisonings. In addition to daily rounds, journal clubs, and seminars, as well as participation in annual national toxicology meetings, the staff of MDs, nurse specialists in poison information, and PhDs are engaged in updating the commercial products database, as well as teaching, research, and regulatory activities.



The Center’s databases are a reliable information source on the active ingredients of commercial products and on the epidemiology of poisonings in Israel.

Books Bentur Y, ed., Medical Management Monographs on Hazardous Materials in Multicasualty Incidents: Hospital Guidelines, 3rd edition, Emergency and Disaster Division, Israel Ministry of Health, 2008 (Hebrew). (The two previous editions were published in December 2001 and 1996).

Journal titles Harefuah, The Israel Medical Association Journal, in Hebrew Editorial Board, 35 Jabotinsky street, PO Box 3566, Ramat Gan, 5213604, Israel Tel: 1972-3-6100430, 1972-3-6100418 Fax: 1972-3-7519673 (https://www.ima.org.il/medicine/default.aspx, Hebrew) IMAJ, The Israel Medical Association Journal, in English ([email protected]) Tel: 1972-3-6100418 Fax: 1972-3-7519673 (https://www.ima.org.il/MedicineIMAJ/default.aspx) Pharmaline—a professional ([email protected]). P.O. Box 880, Ranana 43301

journal

for

pharmacists

Dr. Bianca Raikhlin participated in writing the 4th edition chapter.

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00018-8

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Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Tel: 1972-9-7742936 Fax: 1972-9-7714587 (http://www.pharmaline.co.il/, Hebrew) Safety. Bulletin of the Israel Institute for Occupational Safety and Hygiene, Ministry of Labour and Welfare, Israel. (https://www.osh.org.il/eng/Main/) Israel Environment Bulletin, Ministry for Environmental Protection, Israel. (http://www.sviva.gov.il/English/ ResourcesandServices/Publications/Bulletin/Pages/ default.aspx) ([email protected]) Research, Reports, Publications. Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection. (http://www.sviva.gov.il/ English/ResourcesandServices/Publications/ ResearchReportsPublications/Pages/default.aspx)

Databases Databases of the Israel Poison Information Center (toxicological medical records and commercial products database; proprietary databases not available for the general public) The Israel Drug Registry—Pharmaceutical Administration, Ministry of Health English: https://www.old.health.gov.il/units/ pharmacy/trufot/index.asp?safa 5 e Hebrew: https://data.health.gov.il/drugs/index. html#/byDrug The Israel Cosmetics and Toiletry Registry, Pharmaceutical Administration, Ministry of Health Hebrew: https://www.health.gov.il/Subjects/ PharmAndCosmetics/Pages/default.aspx English: https://www.health.gov.il/English/Topics/ PharmAndCosmetics/Pages/default.aspx Database of Homeopathic Preparations, Pharmaceutical Administration, Ministry of Health https://www.health.gov.il/PublicationsFiles/ HOMEO2.pdf Pesticide Database, Ministry for Environmental Protection Hebrew only: http://www.sviva.gov.il/InfoServices/ LicencesPerMissions/Pages/Pesticides.aspx The Environment and Health Fund (EHF) English: https://www.ehf.org.il/en/Pesticides Hebrew: https://www.ehf.org.il/he/Pesticides 11 Rivka Street, Jerusalem 9346117 Tel: 1972-2-6738478 Fax: 1972-2-6749708 [email protected] Pesticide Data Bank, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

English: http://www.moag.gov.il/en/Ministrys% 20Units/Plant%20Protection%20and%20Inspection% 20Services/Data%20Bases/Pages/Pesticides%20data %20base.aspx

Organizations—government Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection English: http://www.sviva.gov.il/English/Pages/ HomePage.aspx Hebrew: http://www.sviva.gov.il/Pages/HomePage.aspx P.O. Box. 3403370, Jerusalem 95464 Tel: 1972-73-2733350/1 Fax: 1972-2-6495892 Email: [email protected] The goals of the Ministry for Environmental Protection are to formulate a comprehensive national environmental policy and to develop the tools necessary for implementing this policy. The ministry seeks to incorporate environmental considerations into decision-making and planning processes; to promote sustainable development; to implement programs for pollution control, monitoring and research; to develop and update legislation and standards; to ensure effective enforcement and supervision; to improve environmental education and awareness; and to advance regional and global cooperation on the environment. Air quality English: http://www.sviva.gov.il/English/ env_topics/AirQuality/Pages/default.aspx Hebrew: http://www.sviva.gov.il/subjectsEnv/ SvivaAir/Pages/default.aspx Air quality in Israel is impacted by rapid industrial development, growing vehicle use, rising standards of living, and an ever-growing population. In recent years, measures have been initiated to reduce air pollution from all sources—transportation, electricity production, industry, and quarrying operations. At the same time, efforts have been invested in implementing the provisions of international conventions on ozone depletion and climate change. Hazardous substances English: http://www.sviva.gov.il/English/env_topics/ HazardousMaterials/Pages/default.aspx Hebrew: http://www.sviva.gov.il/subjectsEnv/ HazardousMaterials/Pages/default.aspx Tel: 1972-3-7634544 (National Center for Hazardous Substances) Fax: 1972-3-7634548 Hazardous substances, which are found in almost every sector, pose a grave risk to human health and the environment. Therefore, appropriate safety and control

Organizations—government

procedures for handling and treating hazardous substances and their wastes are integral elements in Israel’s environmental management program. Several government ministries are responsible for the implementation of dozens of laws and regulations dealing with all aspects of hazardous substances. The Ministry of the Environment has instituted a host of administrative and legislative measures to control hazardous substances at every stage of production, transfer, maintenance, use, and disposal. At the same time, the ministry is promoting a policy based on minimization, reuse, recycling, neutralization, and safe disposal of hazardous wastes. Emergency environmental center English: http://www.sviva.gov.il/English/ ResourcesandServices/PublicInquiries/Pages/ Environmental-Center.aspx Hebrew: http://www.sviva.gov.il/InfoServices/ Emergency/Pages/default.aspx Tel: 1972-73-273-3200,  6911, Fax: 08-925-3461 Email: [email protected] The Environmental Center operates within the framework of the Information and Response Center. The center serves as the focal point for information and response on environmental accidents at the time of their occurrence, including discharge of a hazardous material to the environment, leak from a container or moving truck, dispersal of sharp odors in the environment, leak of household gas from a central gas system, marine or coastal pollution, exceptional air pollution river or water source pollution, dumping of hazardous waste in the public domain, animal abuse, and miscellaneous environmental accidents. Water English: http://www.sviva.gov.il/English/Indicators/ Pages/Water.aspx Hebrew: http://www.sviva.gov.il/subjectsEnv/ WaterStreams/Pages/default.aspx Tel: 1972-2-6553840/1 (department secretary) Fax: 1972-26520552 Preservation of Israel’s water resources is one of the major challenges confronting the country today. Israel entered the 21st century with one of its greatest water overdrafts ever. Today this cumulative deficit stands at some 1.5 billion cubic meters, an amount equal to the annual consumption of the country, in comparison to the average annual replenishment rate of major aquifers. Moreover, water scarcity is exacerbated by the deteriorating quality of water resources due to demographic, industrial, and agricultural pressures. Preservation of Israel’s water resources is one of the major challenges confronting the country today. Israel entered the 21st century with one of its greatest water overdrafts ever.

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Rivers English: http://www.sviva.gov.il/English/ env_topics/RiversAndStreams/Pages/default.aspx Hebrew: http://www.sviva.gov.il/subjectsEnv/ Streams/Pages/default.aspx In Israel there are 16 main rivers which flow into the Mediterranean Sea and 25 main rivers that flow to the Jordan River and Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee). All of them once supported rich aquatic and wetland ecosystems where fauna and flora thrived. With time, a rapidly expanding population, accelerated urbanization and industrialization, and growing agricultural needs led to the depletion and deterioration of the country’s rivers. Water was diverted for drinking and agricultural irrigation, sewage was introduced, and the natural habitats of plants and animals were destroyed. The Ministry of the Environment has long recognized the urgent need for action and placed river restoration high on its agenda. Over the past decade, it has invested major efforts in making sure that Israel’s ailing rivers are restored and revitalized. Growing awareness has led to major governmental, public, and private investments in pollution prevention and ecological restoration. Over the past decade, billions of dollars were invested in sewage facilities and wastewater treatment plants, in upgrading pretreatment facilities in the country’s factories, and in rehabilitating riverbanks, establishing riverside parks, and restoring natural habitats. Radiation English: http://www.sviva.gov.il/English/ env_topics/Radiation/Pages/default.aspx Hebrew: http://www.sviva.gov.il/subjectsEnv/ Radiation/Radiation/IonizingRadiation/Pages/ default.aspx Tel: 1972-26495839 Fax: 1972-2-6495870 Email: [email protected] Radiation is energy that travels in the form of waves or high-speed particles. There are many different types of radiation that have a range of energies forming an electromagnetic spectrum. The spectrum has two major divisions: nonionizing and ionizing radiation. The Radiation Abatement Division of the Ministry of the Environment is responsible for both ionizing and nonionizing radiation, including the risks associated with the entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Israel Ministry of Health English: https://www.health.gov.il/English/Pages/ HomePage.aspx Hebrew: https://www.health.gov.il/Pages/ HomePage.aspx

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Tel: 1972-2-5080000 (switchboard), 1972-2-02-5655969 (service center) Fax: 1972-2-5655969 Email: [email protected] 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem

Topics dealt with by the department include drinking water, fluoridation of water, swimming pools, ritual baths, institutional sanitation, youth camps, sewage, irrigation with purified sewage water, business administration, and food facilities.

Emergency department English: https://www.health.gov.il/English/ MinistryUnits/HealthDivision/ED/Pages/default.aspx Hebrew: https://www.health.gov.il/UnitsOffice/HD/ emergency/Pages/default.aspx Tel: 1972-3-6932323, Fax: 1972-3-6917306 Email: [email protected] 119 Igal Alon Street, Tel Aviv, Israel

Department of laboratories English: https://www.health.gov.il/English/ MinistryUnits/HealthDivision/PublicHealth/ LabDept/Pages/default.aspx Hebrew: https://www.health.gov.il/UnitsOffice/HD/ PH/LabDept/Pages/default.aspx Tel: 1972-2-6551855, 1972-2-6551856, 1972-2-6551857 Fax: 1972-3-6528079 Email: [email protected] 9 Eliav Street, P.O. Box 34410, Jerusalem 91342

The Emergency Department is responsible for the assessment, evaluation, and preparedness of the Israeli medical system for mass casualty incidents including trauma and terror attack victims, toxicological events, and chemical warfare. Pharmacy department English: https://www.health.gov.il/English/ MinistryUnits/HealthDivision/ MedicalTechnologies/Drugs/Pages/default.aspx Hebrew: https://www.health.gov.il/UnitsOffice/HD/ MTI/Drugs/Pages/default.aspx 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem Tel: 1972-8-6241010 Fax: 1972-2-5655969 Email: [email protected] The Pharmacy Department is the responsible body in the Ministry of Health for regulation of pharmaceutical and medical products, cosmetics, medical devices, and drug treatment; for the development of rational use of medications and other health products and development of a national drug policy. Its main objective is to ascertain that all medications, medical devices, and other health products on the Israeli health market meet appropriate standards of safety, efficacy, and quality and are consumed on an optimal cost benefit basis. The subdepartments of the Pharmacy Department include Drug Registry, the Institute of Standards and Control of Medicinal Products, Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, and Clinical Trials. Department of environmental health Hebrew: https://www.health.gov.il/Subjects/ Environmental_Health/Pages/default.aspx English: https://www.health.gov.il/English/Topics/ EnviroHealth/Pages/default.aspx 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem Tel: 1972-8-6241010 Fax: 1972-2-5655969 Email: [email protected]

The Department of Laboratories deals with accreditation of medical laboratories and medical laboratory technicians. Food and nutrition services English: https://www.health.gov.il/English/Topics/ FoodAndNutrition/Pages/default.aspx Hebrew: https://www.health.gov.il/English/Topics/ FoodAndNutrition/Pages/default.aspx Tel: 1972-8-6241010 Fax: 1972-2-5655969 Email: [email protected] Ministry of Economy and Industry English: https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/ ministry_of_economy Hebrew: https://www.gov.il/he/Departments/ ministry_of_economy 5 Bank Israel Street, Jerusalem The Ministry of Economy and Industry focuses on the promotion of economic growth in Israel. The Ministry is engaged in the encouragement and support of export and international commerce, in order to assist Israeli businesses in enhancing their exports and entering new markets abroad. Other activities and units include the Israel Laboratory Accreditation Authority, The Anti-Trust Authority, The Director of Consumer Protection, The Director of Standards, The Domestic Trade Administration, The Israel Consumer Council, The Israel Standards Institute, and The National Physics Laboratory. Environment and sustainable development administration English: https://www.gov.il/en/departments/units/ environment_development Hebrew: https://www.gov.il/he/Departments/Guides/ industry_and_environment_sustainable_default? chapterIndex 5 5

Organizations—government

Standardization administration English: https://www.gov.il/he/service/ standard_testing_laboratories_approval2 Hebrew: https://www.gov.il/he/Departments/ Topics/standartization Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs and Social Services Occupational Health Hebrew only: https://employment.molsa.gov.il/ Employment/SafetyAndHealth/OccupationalHealth/ Pages/OccupationalHealth.aspx https://employment.molsa.gov.il/Employment/ SafetyAndHealth/OccupationalHealth/Pages/ OccupationalHealth.aspx Israel Institute for Occupational Safety and Hygiene English: http://www.osh.org.il/site/english_main.html Hebrew: https://www.osh.org.il/heb/main/ Tel: 1972-3-5266444 Fax: 1972-3-5266457 Email: [email protected] 22 Mazah Street, P.O. Box 1122, Tel Aviv, 61010 Israel Institute for Occupational Safety and Hygiene (IIOSH) is Israel’s national public institution concerned with the workplace safety and health. It was established in the 1950s on the basis of organizations and laws that came into existence during the period of the British Mandate, prior to the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. These regulations reinforced the activity of organizations founded earlier (at the beginning of the 1930s) that dealt with occupational safety, such as the General Trade Union, the Manufacturers’ Association, and the Jewish Agency. However, the field of occupational safety obtained its formal and mandatory status, acknowledged by the Mandate authorities and the Jewish leaders, only in 1946. Following the establishment of the State of Israel, this field of activity received its semigovernmental status in 1950, with a special secretary appointed to coordinate the activity in the field of the occupational safety under supervision by one of the departments of the Ministry of Labour. IIOSH was founded as a statutory tripartite nonprofit institution in accordance with the “Labour Inspection (Organization) Law—1954”. Israel Laboratory Accreditation Authority English: http://www.israc.gov.il/?CategoryID 5 242 Hebrew: http://www.israc.gov.il/ Tel: 1972-3-9702727 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development English: https://www.moag.gov.il/en/Pages/default. aspx Hebrew: https://www.moag.gov.il/Pages/HomePage. aspx Tel: 1972-3-9485461 Fax: 1972-3-9485859 Derekh Hamacabim Street, Rishon Lezion, P.O. BOX 30, Beit Dagan 50200

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Plant protection and inspection services English: https://www.moag.gov.il/en/Ministrys% 20Units/Plant%20Protection%20and%20Inspection% 20Services/Pages/default.aspx Hebrew: https://www.moag.gov.il/ppis/Pages/default. aspx Tel: 1972-3-9681500 (director) Fax: 1972-3-9603005 The pesticide database English: https://www.moag.gov.il/en/Services/ databases/Pages/pesticide_database.aspx Hebrew: http://www.hadbara.moag.gov.il/hadbara/ Pesticides represent an important component of Integrated Pest Management in Israeli agricultural production. However, reckless application of pesticides may cause serious damage to users, to treated crops, and to consumers of these crops. In order to assure efficient and safe usage of pesticides, the following regulations are implemented and enforced: Plant Protection Act: regulating import and marketing of pesticides and approval of new formulations. Labeling regulations: enforcing labeling with detailed instructions for use, potential hazards, and ways to prevent them—written in Hebrew on all packages containing pesticides sold to customers. The manufacturers are held legally responsible for the contents of these instructions. Pesticide regulation English: https://www.moag.gov.il/en/Ministrys% 20Units/Plant%20Protection%20and%20Inspection% 20Services/Pesticides/Pesticides%20Registration/ Pages/default.aspx Veterinary services English: https://www.moag.gov.il/en/Ministrys% 20Units/Veterinary_Services/Pages/default.aspx Hebrew: https://www.moag.gov.il/vet/Pages/ default.aspx Laboratory services—Kimron Veterinary Institute English: https://www.moag.gov.il/en/Ministrys% 20Units/Plant%20Protection%20and%20Inspection% 20Services/Laboratory%20Services/Pages/default.aspx http://www.vetserveng.moag.gov.il/VetServEng/ Files/Fields/KimronVeterinaryInstitute/default.htm Hebrew: https://www.moag.gov.il/ppis/Sherutim/ ShiruteyMaabadot/Pages/default.aspx http:// www.vetserv.moag.gov.il/VetServ/Files/Fields/ MachonVeterinary/default.htm The Kimron Veterinary Institute is the diagnostic and research branch of the Veterinary Services and Animal Health. It is affiliated with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and its Koret School of Veterinary Medicine which is located on the Bet Dagan

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campus. The Kimron Veterinary Institute receives samples from veterinarians and from the field. The Standards Institution of Israel English: http://www.sii.org.il/896-en/SII_EN.aspx Hebrew: http://www.sii.org.il/14-he/SII.aspx Tel: 1972-3-6465154 (switchboard) The Israel Institution of Standards is a national corporation operating by the 1953 law of standards. The objectives of this institute are to prepare standards and to ensure the quality of consumer products. Over the years its activities have expanded to various aspects of life and it has kept its leading role in promoting quality while ensuring citizens’ safety, welfare and quality of life. Industry, business, consumer, governmental, academic, and research sectors are represented in the various committees of the institute. Its three main areas of activities include standards, testing, and quality assurance.

Nongovernment organizations Greenpages Israel English: http://www.greenpages.co.il/web_eng/ http://www.greenpages.co.il/web_eng/index.html Hebrew: http://www.greenpages.co.il/ Greenpages Israel is a complete index of environmental technologies in Israel presenting the variety of manufacturers, service-suppliers, and organizations involved in the environmental developments in Israel. The issue of environmental technologies in Israel is quickly developing today. In Green Pages Israel updated information about companies and organizations in this intensively growing field is displayed. The website presents also information about startup companies and studies discussing environmental problems Life and Environment Hebrew only: http://www.sviva.net/ Tel: 1972-3-5602256 Email: [email protected] 26 Seadia Gaon Street, Tel Aviv 6713521 Green Course—Students for the Environment English: https://www.green.org.il/en/green-course-us/ Green Action Eco-Social Change English: https://www.greenprophet.com/2008/07/ green-action-is-about-environmental-and-socialchange/ Clalit Health Services—Occupational Health English: http://www.clalit-global.co.il/en/ Hebrew: https://www.clalit.co.il/he/Pages/default. aspx

Hebrew only, Occupational Medicine, Haifa District: https://www.clalit.co.il/he/sefersherut/pages/ clinicdetails.aspx?ddeptcode 5 50982 Hebrew only, Occupational Medicine, Northern District: https://www.clalit.co.il/he/sefersherut/ pages/clinicdetails.aspx?ddeptcode 5 150977 Hebrew only, Occupational Medicine, Tel Aviv District: https://www.clalit.co.il/he/sefersherut/ pages/clinicdetails.aspx?ddeptcode 5 20944 Hebrew only, Occupational Medicine, Beer Sheva District: https://www.clalit.co.il/he/sefersherut/ pages/clinicdetails.aspx?ddeptcode 5 90982 Maccabi Healthcare Services—Occupational Medicine Hebrew only: https://www.maccabi4u.co.il/3653-he/ Maccabi.aspx?PageNum 5 1&SearchText 5 %u05EA %u05E2%u05E1%u05D5%u05E7%u05EA%u05D9% u05EA Meuhedet Health Maintenance Organization— Occupational Medicine Hebrew only: https://www.meuhedet.co.il/‫באתר‬-‫חיפוש‬/ ?q 5 %D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A7% D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA Rambam Health Care Campus—Occupational Health Institute English: https://www.rambam.org.il/en/search/? searchtags 5 occupational Hebrew: https://www.rambam.org.il/ departmentsandclinics/ambulatory-department/ institute-of-occupational-and-environmentalmedicine/

Universities Technion-Israel Institute of Technology English: https://www.technion.ac.il/en/home-2/ Hebrew: https://www.technion.ac.il/ Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine English: https://md.technion.ac.il/ Hebrew: https://md.technion.ac.il/%d7%91%d7%99% d7%aa/ Technion-Israel Institute of Technology 1 Efron Street, P.O. Box 9649, Bat Galim, Haifa 3109601 Civil and Environmental Engineering English: https://cee.technion.ac.il/ Hebrew: https://cee.technion.ac.il/?lang 5 he The Technion Center of Excellence in Exposure Science and Environmental Health English: http://tceeh.technion.ac.il/ Hebrew: http://tceeh.technion.ac.il/heb

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Professional societies

Biotechnology and Food Engineering English: https://biotech.technion.ac.il/ Hebrew: https://biotech.technion.ac.il/?lang 5 he

The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences English: https://en-lifesci.tau.ac.il/node/1450 Hebrew: https://lifesci.tau.ac.il/

Shulich Faculty of Chemistry English only: https://chemistry.technion.ac.il/ Hebrew: https://chemistry.technion.ac.il/?lang 5 he

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem English: http://www.huji.ac.il/huji/eng/index_e.htm Hebrew: http://www.huji.ac.il/huji/index.htm Tel: 1972-2-6585111 Givat Ram 2000, Jerusalem

Department of Biomedical Engineering English only: https://biomed.faculty-ms.technion.ac.il/ Ben-Gurion University of the Negev English: http://in.bgu.ac.il/en/Pages/default.aspx Hebrew: http://in.bgu.ac.il/Pages/default.aspx Tel: 1972-8-6461111 (operator) P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501

Faculty of Medicine English: https://medicine.ekmd.huji.ac.il/en/home/ pages/home.aspx Hebrew: https://medicine.ekmd.huji.ac.il/He/Home/ Pages/Home.aspx

The Faculty of Health Sciences English: http://in.bgu.ac.il/en/fohs/Pages/default.aspx Hebrew: http://in.bgu.ac.il/fohs/Pages/default.aspx

Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences English: https://en.hafakulta.agri.huji.ac.il/ Hebrew: http://www.agri.huji.ac.il/index.html

The Faculty of Natural Sciences English: http://in.bgu.ac.il/en/natural_science/ Pages/departments.aspx Hebrew: http://in.bgu.ac.il/teva/Pages/default.aspx

School of Pharmacy—Faculty of Medicine English: http://pharmacy.huji.ac.il/eng/default.asp Hebrew: http://pharmacy.huji.ac.il/default.asp

The Faculty of Engineering Sciences English: http://in.bgu.ac.il/en/engn/Pages/default. aspx Hebrew: http://in.bgu.ac.il/engn/Pages/default.aspx The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev English only: http://in.bgu.ac.il/en/nibn/Pages/ default.aspx Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research English only: http://in.bgu.ac.il/en/bidr/Pages/ default.aspx Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences English: http://in.bgu.ac.il/teva/geological/eng/ Pages/default.aspx Hebrew: http://in.bgu.ac.il/teva/geological/Pages/ default.aspx Tel Aviv University English: https://english.tau.ac.il/ Hebrew: https://www.tau.ac.il/ Tel: 1972-3-6408111 Email: [email protected] Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801 Sackler Faculty of Medicine English: https://en-med.tau.ac.il/ Hebrew: https://med.tau.ac.il/ The Porter School of Environmental Studies English: https://en-environment.tau.ac.il/ Hebrew: https://environment.tau.ac.il/

Midreshet Sde Boker English: http://www.boker.org.il/english/ Hebrew: http://www.boker.org.il/ A desert and environmental research center Tel: 1 972-8-6599707 (main office) Email: [email protected] (main office) P.O. Box 146, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990 The Arava Institute for Environmental Studies English: http://www.arava.org/new/ Hebrew: http://arava.org/%d7%a2%d7%91%d7%a8% d7%99%d7%aa-home/ Tel: 1972-8-6356618 Fax: 1972-8-6356634 Kibbutz Ketura, D.N. Hevel Eilot 88840 Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research English: http://www.ocean.org.il/MainPageEng.asp Hebrew: http://www.ocean.org.il/ Tel: 1972-4-8565200 Fax: 1972-4-8511911 Tel: Shikmona, P.O. Box 8030, Haifa 31080

Professional societies Israel Medical Association English: https://www.ima.org.il/ENG/Default.aspx Hebrew: http://www.ima.org.il/ Tel: 1972-3-6100444 Fax: 1972-3-5753303 35 Jabotinsky Street, Twin Tower 2, P.O. Box 3566, Ramat Gan 5213604

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Israel Society of Toxicology The Israel Society of Toxicology is a profesional and academic organization of expert physicians and laboratory personnel practicing clinical toxicology. The objectives of this society are to improve care of the poisoned patient, promote the profession of clinical toxicology, and to participate in poison prevention activities. The Society has two scientific meeting annually and it collaborates with the Israel Association of Emergency Medicine and “Safe Kids” organization. Chairman: Eran Kozer, MD, Pediatric Emergency Unit, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin Contact via Israel Medical Association Israel Association of Occupational Medicine Contact via Israel Medical Association Israel Society for Physiology & Pharmacology—ISPP English only: http://isphyspharm.org/ The Pharmaceutical Association of Israel Hebrew only: https://www.pharmacy.org.il/

National poison information center Israel Poison Information Center Rambam Health Care Campus The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion English: https://www.rambam.org.il/en/ departmentsandclinics/laboratories-division/ clinical-pharmacology-and-toxicology/nationalcenter-for-the-treatment-of-poisoning/ Hebrew: https://www.rambam.org.il/ departmentsandclinics/laboratories-division/ clinical-pharmacology-and-toxicology/nationalcenter-for-the-treatment-of-poisoning/ Tel: 1972-4-7772725 (main office) Tel: 1972-4-7771900 (emergency line) Fax: 1972-4-7772092 Email: [email protected] Laboratory of Toxicology, Pharmacology, and Pharmacogenetics Israel Poison Information Center Rambam Health Care campus English: https://www.rambam.org.il/en/ departmentsandclinics/laboratories-division/ clinical-pharmacology-and-toxicology/ pharmacology-and-pharmacogenetics-laboratory/

Hebrew: https://www.rambam.org.il/ departmentsandclinics/laboratories-division/ clinical-pharmacology-and-toxicology/ pharmacology-and-pharmacogenetics-laboratory/ Tel: 1972-4-7772728 Fax: 1972-4-7772092 Email: [email protected]

Miscellaneous resources BioIsrael http://www.bioisrael.com/ Tel: 1972-52-2538113 Email: [email protected] BioIsrael Communications Ltd. 49 Gordon St. Apt. 10, Tel Aviv

About Israel Israel Government Website English: https://www.gov.il/en Hebrew: https://www.gov.il/ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs English: https://www.gov.il/en/departments/ ministry_of_foreign_affairs Hebrew: https://www.gov.il/he/departments/ ministry_of_foreign_affairs Israel News The Jerusalem Post http://www.jpost.com/ Haaretz English: http://www.haaretzdaily.com/ Hebrew: http://www.haaretz.co.il/ Ynet English: http://www.ynetnews.com/home/0,7340,L3083,00.html Hebrew: http://www.ynet.co.il/home/0,7340,L-8,00. html (HEB) Globs English: http://new.globes.co.il/serveEN/ Hebrew: http://www.globes.co.il/serve/ Maariv Hebrew only: https://www.maariv.co.il/

C H A P T E R

19 Italy Marina Marinovich1, Maurella Della Seta2, Carlo Alessandro Locatelli3, Leonello Attias4, Maristella Rubbiani2 and Ida Marcello4 1

Universita` degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, Milan, Italy 2Istituto Superiore di Sanita`, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy 3Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB IRCCS Pavia, Via Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia, Italy 4Centro Nazionale Sostanze Chimiche, Prodotti Cosmetici e Protezione del Consumatore, Istituto Superiore di Sanita`, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy

Introduction The first information on toxic substances can be found in the works of Pietro d’Abano (1256 1315): Liber de Veneni, published posthumously 1402; Pietro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli (1500 77), the father of modern botany: a textbook on herbs and a translation, with comments, of De Pedacio Dioscoride Anarzabeo Libri Quinque (1544); Francesco Redi (1626 98); and Felice Fontana whose treatise on viper poison was published in 1781. A more modern approach was done by Bernardo Ramazzini (1633 1714) of the University of Bologna, who, describing several cases of occupational intoxication and outlining the health hazards of irritating chemicals, dust metals and other abrasive agents, can be considered the father of industrial toxicology and occupational medicine in Italy. In the latter half of the 19th century, eminent professors of pharmacology in Italian universities also turned their attention to mechanistic problems in toxicology: Pietro Albertoni (1849 1933), Luigi Sabbatani (1863 1928), and Pietro Giacosa (1853 1928). The latter was the author of a textbook on medicine, pharmacology, and toxicology. The two branches of toxicology in Italy, forensic and industrial, developed in parallel, and in 1910 the first Department of Occupational Medicine was opened at the University of Milan by Luigi Devoto (1864 1936), one of the most highly respected figures in this field. This was followed in 1917 by the creation, at the Pharmacology Institute of the University of Florence, of a Division of Toxicology, which was later directed

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00019-X

by the famous pharmacotoxicologist Mario Aiazzi Mancini (1887 1980). In the present the history of toxicology in Italy is well represented by the activity of the SITOX. The Italian Society of Toxicology (SITOX, formerly SIT) was founded in Pavia on October 20, 1967. The founding members were Pietro Mascherpa, Director of the Institute of Pharmacology of the University of Pavia School of Medicine, and Gianmartino Benzi and Francantonio Berte`. The President of the Republic officially recognized the Society on May 16, 1972. It is actively engaged in promoting the value of scientific, professional, and regulatory aspects of modern toxicology. Among the SITOX Presidents, a true supporter of toxicology in Italy, as well as author of the first edition of this review, is the figure of Paolo Preziosi, Professor Emeritus at Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome.

Resources Websites Ministero dell’istruzione dell’universita` e della ricerca (2018) Universita` (Italian Universities) Web: http://www.istruzione.it/archivio/web/ universita/home.html A directory of Italian Universities, which can be searched by region, name, keywords, departments, and institutes.

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Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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ResearchItaly: il portale della ricerca italiana Web: https://www.researchitaly.it/entigovernativi/ A directory of Italian Government Research Institutes Elenco degli istituti di ricerca Web: https://loginmiur.cineca.it/elencoistituti/ front.php/autorizzati.html A directory of all Italian Research Institutes, authorized to host European scientific researchers.

Books Annuario dei dati ambientali (Environmental Data Yearbook) (2017) Roma: ISPRA Web: http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/it/ pubblicazioni/stato-dellambiente/annuario-deidati-ambientali-2017 The Environmental Data Yearbook, now in its 15 edition, is the most comprehensive and complete official publication of data and environmental information at the national level. This publication is the result of cooperation between the components of the established National System for Environmental Protection (SNPA). Balduini W., Costa L.G. (2015) Tossicologia generale e applicata ai farmaci (General Toxicology and Drug-applied Toxicology) The volume illustrates the general principles of toxicology, focusing in particular on the problems related to the risk deriving from drug exposure. Milano: Edra Barelli A., Botti P., Della Puppa T. (2010) TBST Toxicological Basic Support and Therapy. Argomenti di Tossicologia clinica d’urgenza Bologna: IRC In the TBST manual, the most significant xenobiotics were considered, on the basis of the statistical and epidemiological relevance in Italy, especially in emergency. Bertol E. (2016) Compendio di Tossicologia Forense: aspetti analitici, interpretativi e giuridici (Compendium of Forensic Toxicology: analytical, interpretative and legal aspects), 2nd edition Bologna: Esculapio A large volume covering all the most important aspects of forensic toxicology, including historical, diagnostic, pathological, and analytical aspects of toxicology in general as well as the dynamics, pathological effects, and analysis of individual toxicants and toxicant groups.

There are also chapters on environmental toxicology, doping, and various forms of drug abuse, including new psychoactive substances. Useful for in-depth study and consultation. Bozza Marrubini M. (1998) Intossicazioni acute: meccanismi, diagnosi e terapia (Acute poisoning: mechanisms, diagnosis and therapy), 2nd edition Milano: Edra Masson Elsevier, 2nd ed. The first part is devoted to the exposition of the general principles of diagnostics and specific therapy, the second part describes the effects, and measures related to the individual poisons are described. Cantelli Forti G., Hrelia P., Marinovich M., Galli C.L. (2000) Tossicologia molecolare e cellulare (Molecular and Cellular Toxicology) Torino: UTET Capuano A., Dugo G., Restani P. (2006) Tossicologia degli alimenti (Food Toxicology) Torino: UTET Cerutti G. (2006) Residui, additivi e contaminanti degli alimenti (Food Residues, Additives and Contaminants) Milano: Tecniche Nuove This book classifies and examines the harmful substances in the safety of food and describes the proper industrial transformation process to follow. Schemes and tables accompany the text and summarize the information and the technical indications to observe. Delledonne M. (2010) Micotossine. Riconoscimento e prevenzione delle micotossicosi di interesse medico (Mycotoxins. Recognition and prevention of medical interest mycotoxicoses) Ed: Edagricole-New Business Media The contamination of food with mycotoxins is a historical problem with great economic impact. This book highlights scientific studies that have gradually led to a strong awareness of the problem by the industries that produce food for humans and animals. Dolara P. (1997) Tossicologia: generale e ambientale (General and Environmental Toxicology) Padova: Piccin Froldi R. (2011) Lezioni di tossicologia forense (Forensic Toxicology Lessons) 5th edition Torino: G. Giappichelli (ed.)

Resources

This volume, which contains information on the most important problems of modern-day forensic toxicology, was originally conceived for medical students, but it is also useful for law students. Gagliano Candela R. (2001) Tossicologia forense: in schemi, tabelle e testo. In allegato: doping, principali avvelenamenti, gas tossici, stupefacenti, alcaloidi delle piante, veleni animali, tecniche di tossicologia analitica (Forensic toxicology: in diagrams, tables and text. Attached: doping, main poisonings, toxic gases, narcotics, plant alkaloids, animal poisons, analytical toxicology techniques) Milano: Giuffre` Galli C.L., Corsini E., Marinovich M. (2016) Tossicologia (Toxicology), 3rd edition Padova: Piccin This book was conceived primarily as a toxicology text for students enrolled in various faculties (medicine, sciences, pharmacy, agriculture, and veterinary medicine). Following discussion of the general principles of toxicodynamics and kinetics, there is in-depth coverage of specific toxic effects (such as mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and teratogenesis) and the methods used to study them. Other topics discussed include toxic effects on specific target organs, problems related to nutritional and food toxicology, environmental toxicology, occupational exposure to toxicants, and risk assessment. Ghi P., Allegrucci M., Di Paolo A. (2009) Tossicologia. Principi e applicazione all’uso dei farmaci e dei prodotti della salute salute (Toxicology. Principles and application to the use of drugs and health products) Torino: Minerva Medica This volume offers innovative updates on the toxicity of biotechnological drugs, diagnostic products, cosmetics, and food supplements. The in-depth analysis of the effects deriving from the interaction between drugs, together with the analysis of drug toxicity to the various organs and systems, provide the tools necessary for the acquisition of an effective method for understanding the risk/benefit issues related to use. Ignesti G. (1999) Piante medicinali: botanica, chimica, farmacologia, tossicologia (Medicinal plants: botany, chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology) Bologna: Pitagora Locatelli C.A., Buscaglia E., Petrolini V.M., Lonati D., Vecchio S., Scaravaggi G. (2016) (previous editions: 2010, 2012, 2014) Antidoti: guida all’uso clinico e all’approvvigionamento (Antidotes: a guide to clinical use and supply)

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Pavia: ICS Maugeri in agreement with the Ministry of Health ISBN 979-2-200-1341-3 The manual, approved by the Italian Ministry of Health, reports, in the first section, the general information on antidotes (use, procurement, the National Antidote database, the National Antidote stockpile) and on orphan drugs that are difficult to find in emergency settings. The second section reports the antidotes that must be present in the hospital emergency departments, divided into four classes according to the urgency of use. For each antidote, several indications are reported, such as formulations, dosage, recommended supply, and average duration of treatments. The volume is distributed free of charge to all the Italian emergency departments and to all the physicians who work in emergency departments. Mannaioni P., Chiesara E., Marozzi E. (2006) Tossicologia medica (Medical Toxicology) Torino: UTET Toxicology medicine can be defined as a specialized branch or medicine, characterized by the acquaintance of the major adverse effects caused to humans by chemical substances (primarily drugs) and from the capacity of treating the intoxication caused by such chemical substances. This volume deals mainly with the diagnostic and therapeutic front of the acute and chronic intoxication. It also includes the elements of aetiology, pathogenesis, and symptomatology of acute and chronic intoxication and drug addiction, which are needed to perform an accurate diagnosis and a prompt treatment. Mengozzi G., Soldani G. (2010) Tossicologia veterinaria (Veterinary Toxicology) Napoli: Idelson-Gnocchi The book is organized into three parts. The first one provides basic concepts, indispensable for the understanding of information related to specific topics of the subject; the second one takes into consideration the toxic agents most frequently responsible for intoxication in the different animal species and, finally; the third part brings back basic notions of food toxicology, an important link between human and veterinary toxicology. Migliore L. (2018) Genomica e mutagenesi ambientale (Environmental Genomics and Mutagenesis). Bologna: Zanichelli

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Silvestrini B. (2009) Malati di Droga (Sick of Drugs) Milano: Red edizioni A nonconventional and clearly written discussion of drug abuse with a great deal of useful information, specifications, and personal evaluations. Vighi M., Bacci E. (2006) Ecotossicologia (Ecotoxicology) Torino: UTET A volume considering the most important aspects of environmental toxicology.

Journals Emergency Care Journal Pavia: Page Press Web: https://www.ecj.it A twice-monthly peer-reviewed open access journal: this is the official journal of the scientific society “Academy of Emergency Medicine and Care” and also the reference journal for the Italian Society of Toxicology (clinical sector). It contains articles dealing with clinical toxicology in emergency settings. Articles in English. Epidemiologia e Prevenzione (Epidemiology and Prevention) Milano: Inferenze Scarl Web: http://www.epiprev.it/ Quarterly journal of the Italian Epidemiological Association (Associazione Italiana di Epidemiologia). Original contributions on occupational and nonoccupational epidemiology. Articles in Italian; occasional summaries in English and Italian. Giornale Italiano di Medicina del lavoro e Ergonomia (Italian Journal of Occupational Medicine and Ergonomics) Roma: Aracne editrice Web: http://www.aracneeditrice.it/index.php/rivista. html?col 5 GIMLE Industrial medicine quarterly journal (occupational medicine, workplace and environmental hygiene, occupational toxicology) and ergonomics (evaluation of the relationship between man/workplace, occupational rehabilitation, psychology in the workplace, bioengineering).

La Medicina del Lavoro (Italian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene) Fidenza: Mattioli Web: http://www.lamedicinadellavoro.it/ Bimonthly journal; it is the oldest and most prestigious Italian journal in such field. Its aim is training and updating of occupational medicine specialists and physicians involved in occupational diseases, industrial hygiene, and in the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases. Pharmacological Research London: Academic Press Web: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/ pharmacological-research A monthly peer-reviewed journal containing articles dealing with experimental or clinical pharmacology and toxicology. The journal is published by Elsevier in English, for the Italian Society of Pharmacology. Rivista di Tossicologia Sperimentale e Clinica (Experimental and Clinical Toxicology Journal) Rome: Societa` Editrice Universo A twice-monthly journal that publishes papers dealing with experimental and clinical toxicology. Articles in Italian (and sometimes in English).

Technical reports and other documents Sistema informativo nazionale per la sorveglianza delle esposizioni pericolose e delle intossicazioni: casi rilevati nel 2014. Nono rapporto annuale (National information system for monitoring dangerous exposure and intoxication: cases detected in 2014. Ninth annual report). Settimi L., Davanzo F., Bacis G., Cossa L., Giarletta A. M., Moretti S. (2018) Rome: Istituto Superiore di Sanita` Rapporti ISTISAN 18/6 Web: http://www.iss.it/publ/index.php? lang 5 1&id 5 3123&tipo 5 5

Journal of Applied Cosmetology Rome: International Ediemme

Hazardous waste and health impact: a systematic review of the scientific literature Environmental health 2017;16(1):107 Fazzo L., Minichilli F., Santoro M., Ceccarini A., Della Seta M., Bianchi F., Comba P., Martuzzi M. (2017) Web: https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/ 10.1186/s12940-017-0311-8

Official journal (quarterly review) of the International Society of Cosmetic Dermatology. It contains original papers, review articles, and research on the skin and cosmetics (including toxicological aspects of the latter).

Presenza di CO2 e H2S in ambienti indoor: attuali conoscenze e letteratura scientifica (Presence of CO2 and H2S in indoor environments: current knowledge and scientific literature)

Databases

Settimo G., Turrio Baldassarri L., Brini S., Lepore A., Moricci F., De Martino A.M., Casto L., Musmeci L., Nania M.A., Costamagna F., Marcello I., Fuselli S., Gruppo di studio nazionale sull’inquinamento indoor (2016) Rome: Istituto Superiore di Sanita` Rapporti ISTISAN 16/15 Web: http://www.iss.it/publ/index.php? lang 5 1&id 5 2977&tipo 5 5 Databases on chemical agents available at Italian level Binetti R., Marcello I. (eds.) (2008) Rome: Annali Istituto Superiore di Sanita` Volume 44, No. 1 Web: http://www.iss.it/publ/index.php? lang 5 1&id 5 2157&tipo 5 3 Environmental carcinogens and primary prevention [in English] Carere A. (ed.) (2006) Rome: Annali Istituto Superiore di Sanita` Vol. 42, No. 2 Web: http://www.iss.it/publ/index.php? lang 5 1&id 5 1969&tipo 5 3 Miglioramento della prevenzione e della gestione delle intossicazioni acute [in Italian] (Improvement of acute intoxication prevention and management) Binetti R., Marcello I. (eds.) (2006) Rome: Annali Istituto Superiore di Sanita` Vol. 42, No. 3 Web: http://www.iss.it/publ/index.php? lang 5 1&id 5 1970&tipo 5 3 Risk Assessment of Chemical Carcinogens [the majority of contributions in English] Galli C.L., Rossi L, Vineis P., Zapponi G.A. (eds.) (1991) Rome: Annali Istituto Superiore di Sanita` Vol. 27, No. 4 Web: http://www.iss.it/publ/index.php? lang 5 1&id 5 1876&tipo 5 3

Databases Carcinogens Data Bank (Banca Dati Cancerogeni—BDC) Istituto Superiore di Sanita` Web: https://old.iss.it/site/BancaDatiCancerogeni/ (Italian only) BDC is a database developed by the National Center for Chemical Substances, cosmetics, and consumer protection, supported by the ICT Service of ISS. BDC provides carcinogenicity classifications and evaluations formulated by the European Union in the context of CLP Regulation (Reg. 1272/2008). BDC does not classify carcinogenic agents but gives synthetically integrated

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classifications and carcinogenicity evaluations produced by the competent authorities at national and international level (IARC, EU, US EPA, and NTP). EU Occupational Exposure Limits are reported, when available, as well as corresponding Italian national values, and occupational Threshold Limit Values established by the US American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; Germany). Data are derived from primary sources. It is possible to search by CAS number, synonyms, or chemical name. ISSTOX Chemical Toxicity Databases Istituto Superiore di Sanita` Web: http://www.iss.it/meca/index.php? lang 5 1&id 5 199&tipo 5 25 (Italian and English) The ISSTOX databases contain experimental results, related to various types of chemical toxicity. The toxicity results are critically reviewed. The available databases, each relative to a different toxicological endpoint, are: 1. Long-term carcinogenicity bioassay on rodents (rat, mouse) (ISSCAN); 2. In vitro mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium (Ames test) (ISSSTY); 3. In vivo mutagenicity (micronucleus test) (ISSMIC); 4. Cell transformation (ISSCTA); 5. Long-term carcinogenicity bioassay on rodents and in vitro mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium (Ames test) of biocides and plant protection products (ISSBIOC). These databases are freely downloadable from the ISS website. Dangerous preparation archive (Archivio Preparati Pericolosi) Istituto Superiore di Sanita` Web: http://www.preparatipericolosi.iss.it/iss/index. phtml (English version available) In the year 2000 an archive of dangerous preparations was created at the ISS, following a principle included in the Directive 88/379/EEC on dangerous preparations, subsequently modified by the Directive 1999/45/EC, concerning the creation of a data bank on dangerous preparations in each European country. Now, the same requirements are provided by Art 45 (CLP Regulation 1207/2008). The information stored in the archive is useful for purposes of health consumers’ and workers’ protection and prevention, and particularly in the case of acute poisonings. The archive is fully informatized, therefore the companies can send the information to the ISS using the web and the authorized poison centers can find the information on the archive using the web as well. In each Member State different procedures are in place to comply with

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these provisions and a new system will be set up at EU level in order to at least harmonize the set of information to be sent to Member States. Sensitizing Agents Data Bank (Banca Dati Sensibilizzanti—BDS) Istituto Superiore di Sanita` Web: https://old.iss.it/site/BancaDatiSensibilizzanti/ (Italian only) BDS is a database developed by the National Center for Chemical Substances, cosmetics and consumer protection and the National Center for Control and Evaluation of Medicines supported by the ICT Service of ISS. BDS gives controlled and updated information concerning agents that may cause sensitization. The main objective of the BDS is not the classification of sensitizing or potentially sensitizing agents within specific risk classes, but to provide concise and nonconfidential information related to this endpoint. For each entry, there is chemical identification; danger classification according to the CLP Regulation (1272/2008); sensitizing properties; occupational exposure limits based on international agencies (ACGIH, DFG, and European Union); and peer-reviewed scientific literature data in this field. The substances are grouped in different categories, with regard to sensitizing properties. Data are derived from monographs, government documents, technical reports, and primary journal literature. References are identified for all data sources. At present, the BDS includes: • All the substances officially classified by the European Union (Annex VI to EC Regulation 1272/2008); • Some substances listed in Annex VI of EC Regulation 1272/2008 for endpoints different than “sensitization” but indicated as sensitizers by other relevant institutions; • All the substances indicated as respiratory and/or dermal sensitizers by relevant Agencies or Institutions (ACGIH, DFG); • some substances indicated as sensitizers by Industry and other nongovernmental organizations (ETAD and HERA); • All the substances regarded as “potentially sensitizing dyes” by the Commission of the European Community for the award of the Community ecolabel to textile products; • Some substances for which, even in the absence of any categorization by European Union, ACGIH, or DFG, it is not possible to exclude a sensitizing potential on the basis of reliable documents. Remediation Database (Banca Dati Bonifiche—BDB). Istituto Superiore di Sanita`

Web: https://www.iss.it/site/BancaDatiBonifiche/ (Italian only) The Remediation Database, prepared, updated, and managed by the National Center of Chemical Substances (CNSC), and Department of Environment and Health and supported by the ICT Service of ISS. BDB provides nonconfidential, validated, updated, and complete information on substances of interest in the remediation of contaminated sites. The substances included in the Legislative Decree 152/2006 (Consolidated Environmental Protection Code) and the substances for which Legislative Decree no. 152/2006 does not define a contaminating concentration threshold (Concentrazioni Soglia di Contaminazione—CSC), but which have been detected in sites, are taken into consideration for insertion in the Database. Databank of models of safety data sheets of chemical substances (Banca Dati di Modelli di Schede Dati di Sicurezza—BD SDS) Istituto Superiore di Sanita` Web: http://modellisds.iss.it/ (Italian only) The Ministry of Health, as the Italian competent authority for REACH and CLP with the collaboration of the Istituto Superiore di Sanita`, provides a collection of models of safety data sheets (SDS) of substances, chosen mainly from those officially classified by the European Union, and included in Annex VI to the Regulation (CE) n. 1272/2008 (CLP). The models of SDS are intended to be used by those compiling SDS and by the enforcing authorities. Models of SDS are compiled in accordance with the requirements of REACH (Art. 31 and Annex II). The models of SDS are not legally binding. At present BD_SDS contains 450 SDSs of hazardous substances. Prohibited or Restricted Substances Database (Banca dati delle sostanze vietate o in restrizione) Ministry of Environment and Protection of the Territory and the Sea Web: http://restrizionisostanze.minambiente.it/ ElencoSostanze_list.php (Italian only) The Database of Prohibited or Restricted Substances (prepared by the Ministry for the Environment and Protection of the Territory and the Sea) is designed for a nonspecialized public. It includes data on about approximately 1200 substances that may threaten the environment and human health. The database is constantly updated according to the most recent norms. It contains the provisions (restrictions, prohibitions, etc.) established at European level, pursuant to Regulation 1907/2006 (REACH) for substances classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reprotoxic; persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances; and very persistent and very

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bioaccumulative substances; to Regulation 850/2004 on persistent organic pollutants; to Regulation (EC) 1005/2009 that reduces the ozone layer. MATline, job-exposure matrix for carcinogenic chemicals. (MATline—Matrice delle esposizioni lavorative ad agenti cancerogeni) DoRS—Documentation Service for Health Promotion of the Piedmont Region Web: http://www.dors.it/matline_index.php (Italian only) MATline, the job-exposure matrix for carcinogenic agents, is a freely accessible online data bank developed by the Documentation Service for Health Promotion of the Piedmont Region. It contains the classification and toxicological properties of carcinogenic agents, a list of industrial processes with potential exposure to each carcinogenic agent, and an up-to-date estimation of the number of activities and workers related to the industrial process on a regional basis. It also lists the target organs for which a causal relationship with the agent has been established. The matrix is helpful for professionals in the public health sector to identify in advance the potential sources of exposure, and prioritize intervention plans; for occupational physicians to help identify causes of occupational cancer cases; for health professionals in the private sector to address chemical risks; for company physicians to validate health surveillance plans; and for trade unions to independently check formation contents provided to workers potentially exposed to such risks. REACH portal—Prodotti Chimici: informiamo i cittadini (Chemicals: citizen information) http://www.reach.gov.it/ The Portal makes available to the public data on the activities of the REACH National Technical Coordination Committee (see legislation). Moreover the “REACH portal—Prodotti Chimici: informiamo i cittadini” (Chemicals: citizen information) provides accurate and detailed information on the issue of chemical substances Inventaria (Inventory) Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA) Web: http://www.sinanet.isprambiente.it/it/siaispra/inventaria (Italian only) The database collects the emission factors selected for the national inventory, which can also be used to estimate emissions in local inventories (regional and/or provincial). All factors have bibliographic references. The site includes a guide to the compilation of local inventories of atmospheric emissions.

National Environmental Information System (Sistema Informativo Nazionale Ambientale) SINAnet Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA) Web: http://www.sinanet.isprambiente.it/it (Italian only) The National Environmental Information System (SINA) collects, processes, and disseminates data and information derived from environmental monitoring, the control of sources of pollution, and integration with the environmental information systems of autonomous regions and provinces. Organized according to a network logic (SINAnet), the system integrates national, regional, and local data, linking them with the Environment Information and Observation Network of the European Environment Agency. ISPRA’s website facilitates the access to databases created and managed by the Institute. Currently, ISPRA’s website hosts 53 databases (http://www.isprambiente. gov.it/en/databases).

Organizations—government National Health Service Central Structure The Italian National Health Service (NHS, SSN in Italian) was established in 1978 (Law 833 of 23 December 1978) and it was largely revised in 1992 93 (Legislative Decrees 502/92 and 517/93); this revision gave to each Italian Region more power, autonomy, and responsibility for the management of the Health Service at the local level in comparison with the coordination and supervising role of the Central Government. Services provided by the NHS are managed by Local Health Units or Corporations (ASLs). The main task of the NHS is to provide health care uniformly throughout the Nation, trying to give equal access to the services regardless of the social and economic differences of the population. This task reflects the constitutional principle of safeguarding each citizen’s health both physical and psychological (article 32 of the Italian Constitution). The NHS is financed by general taxation; it provides health care service to all residents and their families and emergency care to visitors irrespective of their nationality. In 1999 a new “Reform” of the Service (Legge Delega 419/1998 and Legislative Decree 229/1999) strengthened the “Regionalization” of the Italian Health Service and reorganized the structures of the NHS along business lines. Decentralization was founded on the “principle of subsidiarity.” The main administrative functions were attributed to the authority closest to the citizens from a geographic point of view (i.e., the municipalities, mountain communities, Provinces), whereas functions that

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require a unitary approach over regional and national territories became the responsibility of the Regions and the Central Government. The central government controls the distribution of tax revenue for publicly financed health care and determines the core benefit package of health services guaranteed across the country called the “Essential Levels of Care” (Livelli Essenziali di Assistenza, LEA), which are health-care services that the NHS has to guarantee to all citizens through public economic resources for free or against payment of a fee. The Italian decree dated January 13, 2017 updated the LEA, including the Poison Control Center’s activities. The Structural Organization of the Italian National Health Service Since it was first set up, the NHS has been organized into three main institutional levels: the State level (or central or national), the regional level, and the local level. 1. The central level is the Ministry of Health (MoH). MoH, supported by several specialized agencies, is the central body that organizes the NHS and provides high-quality advisory services on technological and scientific issues. The MoH determines the NHS targets and the most important measures to be implemented. MoH involves local health structures through the central bodies which ensure cooperation among the central and the regional administration through the Permanent Conference for Relation between the State, the Regions and the autonomous Provinces (Conferenza Permanente Stato Regioni). The qualified, scientific technical institutions and agencies that operate and support the MoH at the national level are: • National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanita`—ISS) • National Institutes for Scientific Research (Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Care— IRCCS) • Experimental Zooprophylactic Institutes (Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali—IIZZSS) • National Health Council (Consiglio Superiore di Sanita`—CSS) • National Agency for Healthcare Regional Services (Agenzia per i Servizi Sanitari Regionali— AGENAS) • Italian Medicines Agency (Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco—AIFA) 2. The “regional level” is the Governments of Regions and autonomous Provinces. Regions plan healthcare activities and are responsible for the organization and delivery of healthcare services through Local Health Units.

3. The “local level” is the Local Healthcare Agencies (so-called Aziende Sanitarie Locali, ASLs). Local health authorities, geographically based, deliver public health, community health services and primary care directly, and go through with secondary and specialist care directly or through public hospitals (Aziende Ospedaliere - Hospitals) or private accredited hospitals. The ASL have full autonomy for organizational, administrative, financial, accounting, managerial, and technical issues, and must operate within the limits of the yearly health budget determined by the Regional Government. The institutions mainly involved in toxicology are the following: Experimental Zooprophylactic Institutes (Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali—II.ZZ.SS.) Web: http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/temi/p2_5.jsp? lingua 5 italiano&area 5 sanitaAnimale&menu 5 izs (Italian only) The Experimental Zooprophylactic Institutes (Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali—IIZZSS) form a network of public laboratories at national and regional level that are organized in 10 Head Offices and over 90 field diagnostic units located in almost every Italian Province. IIZZSS are veterinary public Health Institutes coordinated by the Italian Ministry of Health and ruled according to public law, but enjoy selfgovernment as to the management and administration and provide a number of services. They act as the technical and operative support of the National Sanitary Service with regard to animal health, control of the wholesomeness of food of animal origin for human consumption, and hygiene of breeding and zootechnical productions. They are concerned as well about the correct relationship between the environment, animals, and human settlements. IIZZSS have addressed special attention to: Public Veterinary Health, zoonoses, and consequently urban veterinary hygiene to prevent some communicable pathologies between men and animals (bovine spongiform encephalopathy, brucellosis, tuberculosis, etc.). IIZZSS perform their tasks for the Ministry of Health, National Institute of Health (ISS), Regions, Local Health Units, breeders and producers of animal-origin food for human consumption, producers of zootechnical services and goods, and for end-consumers. All IIZZSS laboratories for the official control of feed and foodstuffs are accredited to perform analyses on food of animal origin and on animal health. A list of IIZZSS is available on MoH website. Italian Medicines Agency (Agenzia italiana del farmaco— AIFA) Web: http://www.agenziafarmaco.gov.it/en (English) Web: http://www.agenziafarmaco.gov.it/ (Italian)

Organizations—government

AIFA is the national authority responsible for drug regulation in Italy. It is a public body operating autonomously, transparently, and according to costeffectiveness criteria, under the direction of the Ministry of Health and under the vigilance of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Economy. It cooperates with the Regional Authorities, the National Institute of Health, Research Institutes, Patients’ Associations, Health Professionals, Scientific Associations, the Pharmaceutical Industry, and the Distributors. The Agency guarantees access to medicines and their safe and appropriate use as a means to protect public health; ensures unity of the national pharmaceutical system in agreement with the regional authorities; ensures innovation, efficiency and simplification of the marketing authorization procedures in order to grant rapid access to innovative drugs and to drugs used for rare diseases; provides drug expenditure governance in the framework of economic and financial viability and competitiveness of the pharmaceutical industry; encourages investments in research and development in Italy; enforces the relationship with the Agencies of other member states, the European Medicines Agency and other international bodies; interacts with the community of patients’ associations, the scientific medical world, pharmaceutical companies and distributors; promotes pharmaceutical culture and knowledge; monitors adverse drug reactions, through a national network (The National Monitoring Centre for Pharmacovigilance); and takes care of the application of European and National directives for clinical trials, regulated by a legislative decree (Decreto legislativo 24 giugno 2003, n. 211). Moreover, AIFA promotes the Italian Ethical Committees Network and the National Monitoring Center for Clinical Trials (http://www.agenziafarmaco.gov.it/en/node/4111 [English]). National Institutes for Research and Health (Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico—IRCCS) The National Institutes for Care and Scientific Research, ruled by the art. 42 of the Law n. 33 of 2/ 12/1978, by the DPR 617/1980 and by the Legislative Decree 269/1993 are emerging hospitals that, besides providing health care in the context of the National Health System, carry out both scientific research and training in the health-care sector. Moreover, they provide the National Health System with technical and operational support for delivering health assistance and pursuing the National Health Plan targets in the field of health research. They play, therefore, a crucial role within the National Health System in identifying particular needs and responding to them, by sharing their scientific knowledge and operational resources.

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This function not only obliges these Institutes to respect the provisions laid down by national and regional health planning, but also to be consistent in terms of their own specialization and disease prevention, diagnosis, therapy, and rehabilitation methods. The Institutes operate in the following areas of expertise: oncology, neurosciences, paediatrics, dermatology, communicable diseases, orthopedics, biotechnologies, organ transplantation, cardiology, complexity in health care, dermatology, diagnostic imaging, human growth and development, geriatrics, psychiatry, gastroenterology, genetics, infectious disease, neurology, ophthalmology, oncology, orthopedics, pharmacology, pediatrics, and rehabilitation. One of the Italian Poison Control Centers (the Pavia Poison Control Center) operates in an IRCCS. A list of IRCCS is available on the MoH website http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/temi/p2_6.jsp? lingua 5 italiano&id 5 794&area 5 Ricercasanitaria& menu 5 ssn (Italian only) National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanita`— ISS) Web: http://www.iss.it/chis/?lang 5 2 (English) Web: http://www.iss.it (Italian) The Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanita`, ISS) is the main Italian research institute in the biomedical and public health field. It is the technical and scientific body of the Italian National Health Service (Servizio Sanitario Nazionale, SSN). Promotion and protection of public health are pursued through activities carried out especially in the areas related to the following types of diseases: neurological, psychiatric, oncological, hematological, genetic, infectious, cardiovascular, endocrine-metabolic, immunemediated, and aging-related. The Institute develops tools and strategies aimed at ensuring food safety, fighting zoonoses, and promoting the adoption of healthy diets. It assesses the environmental risks for human health and carries out environmental monitoring, biomonitoring, and surveillance. As the official Italian medicines control laboratory, it performs quality and safety assessment of medicines to be licensed or already on the market. In addition, it carries out research and performs preclinical and clinical assessment of medicines including their discovery, development, and testing. Other activities, specifically related to toxicology, include research, surveillance, and prevention of addiction and doping; assessment of health risks arising from the use of chemical substances and cosmetics; prevention and surveillance of harmful substances and poisoning exposures and coordination of animal testing activities to protect animal welfare. The Institute collaborates on research activities and clinical trials with national institutions performing public health functions, such as the Ministry of Health

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and the Ministry for the Environment, regions, local health units, hospitals and scientific institutes for research, hospitalization, and health care. It is also involved in a wide range of international activities including scientific and technical support to the European Commission and its Member States, to WHO, EFSA, ECDC, IARC, OECD, OIE, UNEP, FAO, and other organizations, and to developing countries, to countries with economies in transition, and to those suffering natural emergencies or war situations. The Institute plans, develops, and organizes training courses on health education in the field of public health for the personnel of the National Health Service. It also organizes congresses, conferences, workshops, and seminars both at national and international level on important public health issues. It produces a range of scientific publications including the “Annali,” a quarterly peer-reviewed journal with impact factor, and the “Notiziario,” a monthly newsletter on current activities, technical reports, and monographs on public health issues. On the ISS website, several databases concerning toxicological hazards and risks, are available; most of them are in Italian (see databases section). The technical and scientific areas of the Institute include: Six departments (cardiovascular, dysmetabolic and ageing-associated diseases; environment and health; food safety, nutrition and veterinary public health; infectious diseases; neurosciences; oncology and molecular medicine) Sixteen national centers (addiction and doping; animal research and welfare; chemicals, cosmetics and consumer protection; clinical excellence, health-care quality and safety; control and evaluation of medicines; disease prevention and health promotion; drug research and evaluation; global health; health technology assessment; HIV/ AIDS research; innovative technologies in public health; radiation protection and computational physics; rare diseases; telemedicine and new health-care technologies; blood; transplants) Two reference centers (behavioral sciences and mental health; gender medicine) A notified body authorized to issue EC certification of medical devices according to Council Directives 93/42/EEC and 98/79/EC National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, INAIL Istituto Nazionale Assicurazione Infortuni sul Lavoro Web: https://www.inail.it/cs/internet/multi/english. html (English) Web: https://www.inail.it/cs/internet/home.html (Italian)

The National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, is a public nonprofit entity safeguarding workers against physical injuries and occupational diseases. INAIL’s objectives are reducing injuries, protecting workers performing hazardous jobs, and facilitating the return to work of people injured at workplace. In 2010 INAIL took over the functions of ISPESL (Higher Institute for Prevention and Occupational Safety) and Ipsema (Insurance Institute for the Maritime Sector), further increasing its institutional responsibilities (Law of 30 July 2010, no. 122). The so-called Pole of health and safety was taking shape. Therefore, INAIL is now the only authority able to operate for health protection at the workplace and at home, by providing insurance and benefits; prevention and scientific research; health benefits; rehabilitation and reintegration of victims of workplace accidents or professional diseases to social and working life; and advice for businesses, certification, and inspection. Since 2010 INAIL’s tasks have also included the insurance against accidents at work and occupational diseases of maritime employees and ship crews registered in foreign compartments. Moreover, it is also responsible for research in the field of work accident prevention, safety at workplace, and health in the living and working environment. INAIL is organized in Governing bodies, Central Offices, Regional Directorates, and Committees. Particularly The Advisory Committee for equal opportunities, the workers welfare, and antidiscrimination (CUG) (with the aim of strengthening the protection of male and female workers against discrimination of gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, language, age, and disability); Directorate for Prevention (which is responsible for the implementation of the tasks assigned to the Institute in the field of health and safety in the workplace: training, information, advice, and assistance; is the Italian Focal Point of the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU OSHA) and coordinates the national network of the EU OSHA; carries out activities related to training in health and safety at workplace; maintains close collaborations and connections with other national public educational institutions); Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, workplace and environmental Hygiene (which carries out and promotes study, scientific research and experimentation activities, according to the principles of occupational medicine, occupational epidemiology, and workplace and environmental hygiene; collaborates with the WHO and the INAIL Central Directorate for Prevention to coordinate the activities of the Focal Point for Italy of the EU OSHA); Committee for the management of the asbestos victims fund and Scientific Committee (composed of highly qualified experts with scientific and technical knowledge

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appointed by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs; the Ministry of Education, University and Research; the Ministry of Health); and the Permanent Conference for Relation between the State, the Regions and the autonomous Provinces (INAIL President and the Advisory and Supervisory Board; the Scientific Committee at the request of the President, makes suggestions on specific issues and also expresses its opinion on: collaborative projects with national and international organizations, public or private, subjects selected for scholarships).

Poison control centers Italian Poison Control Centers are recognized and credited by the Ministry of Health (Italian StateRegions Agreement, 56/CSR 28.02.2008) and by Regional laws. A recent Decree of the President of the Council of Ministers (Definition and updating of the essential assistance levels, January 12, 2017, GU n.65, 18.03.2017, O.S. No. 15) states that the PCCs activity is necessary and indispensable in the Italian National Health System. By the law, these PCCs are required to perform the following functions and activities: • The specialist toxicological consultation (in emergency and not) for the management of patients with every type of toxicological problem (acute and chronic, even if only suspected) to the hospital’s health care professionals (physicians, chemists, nurses, etc.), to every hospital clinical unit, and to general practitioners and paediatricians. • The specialist toxicological consultation (remote, by phone) to the population regarding every kind of toxicological exposures, and to identify if a treatment is necessary and whether it can be done at home or in a hospital setting. • Specialist clinical activity to directly manage patients with acute poisoning and outpatient specialist clinical examination. • The appropriate availability of the analytical toxicological tests, rationalizing the existing resources. • Implementation and continuous updating of toxicological databases and of databases regarding commercial products marketed in Italy (drugs, household products, pesticides, industrial products, substance of abuse, etc.). • Statistical and epidemiological evaluation of the data related to poisonings. • Surveillance, vigilance and alert activities, jointly with the Ministry of Health, Regional Governments, and other national organizations.

• The availability of antidotes, evaluating their effectiveness and safety. • Toxicological expertise in the provisioning, management and supply of antidotes (especially those difficult to find) in toxicological emergencies. • Toxicological expertise in the management of chemical accidents, conventional and nonconventional, and to support the Italian Civil Protection Department. • To contribute in the preparation of emergency plans for human and environment chemical risks, jointly with the competent public organizations, services and Italian Civil Protection. • Toxicological support, collaboration and consultation towards all the NHS services (e.g., Prevention Departments, Veterinary Departments, Laboratories of Public Health, Environmental agencies). • Educational and updated training activities in clinical toxicology for the NHS health professionals and for students in health disciplines. • Educational activities for the population regarding the prevention and the first treatment of poisonings. • Clinical and preclinical research, particularly related to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of poisonings. • Achievement, maintenance, and continuous improvement of a national PCCs system able to work as a network integrated with both the emergency and the prevention services of the NHS, as well as able to interface with the European PCCs. The Italian PCCs ensure a better management of poisoned patients with appropriateness of care, reduction of improper accesses to the Hospital Emergency Departments and to general practitioners, unnecessary hospital admissions, inappropriate diagnostic investigations, and a valid specialized support to the Governmental Institutions in the management of chemical and toxicological emergencies, and for the alert, surveillance, and prevention activities. The following PCCs are today operating in Italy: Poison Control Center/tel. Number (emergency calls)

Hospital, address

Centro Antiveleni di Pavia e Centro Nazionale di Informazione Tossicologicaa www.cavpavia.it 1 39 0382 24444

UO Tossicologia e Laboratorio di Tossicologia Clinica e Sperimentale IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri e Universita` di Pavia Via Salvatore Maugeri, 10 27100 Pavia

Centro Antiveleni di Milano www.ospedaleniguarda.it 1 39 02 66101029

Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 20162 Milano (Continued)

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(Continued)

Poison Control Center/tel. Number (emergency calls)

Hospital, address

Centro Antiveleni di Bergamo www.asst-pg23.it 1 39 800 883300

Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXII Piazza OMS, 1 24127 Bergamo (Italia)

Centro Antiveleni e Antidroga www.cav. policlinicoumberto1.it 1 39 06 49978000

DEA Emergenza Accettazione DAI dei Servizi Diagnostici UOD Tossicologia Clinica V.le Policlinico 155 00161 Roma (Italia)

Centro Antiveleni www.policlinicogemelli.it 1 39 06 3054343

Servizio di Tossicologia Clinica, Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Roma (Italia)

Centro Antiveleni di Napoli www.ospedalecardarelli.it 1 39 081 5453333

Terapia Intensiva Grandi Ustionati Ospedale Cardarelli Via Cardarelli, 9 80131 Napoli

Centro Antiveleni di Firenze www.aou-careggi.toscana.it 1 39 055 7947819

UO Tossicologia Medica Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi Largo Brambilla, 3 50134 Firenze (Italia)

Centro Antiveleni Pediatrico www.ospedalebambinogesu. it/ 1 39 06 68593726

Dip. Emergenza e Accettazione DEA Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu` Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4 00165 Roma (Italia)

Centro Antiveleni di Foggia www.centroantfoggia. altervista.org 1 39 800 183459

UO Tossicologia Medica Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Foggia V.le Luigi Pinto, 1 71122 Foggia (Italia)

a

This PCC is the formally the national reference PCC, commissioned by the Italian Presidency of the Council of Ministers (Department of Anti-Drug Policies and Department of Civil Protection) and by the Italian Ministry of Health—Civil Defence for issues related to (i) terrorism, (ii) major chemical accidents, and (iii) new psychoactive substances (National Early Warning System).

Other national institutions Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale—ISPRA) Web: http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/ISPRA? set_language 5 en (English) Web: http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/it (Italian) ISPRA is a National public body, with technical, scientific, organizational, managerial, administrative, and financial autonomy. The Institute acts under the vigilance and policy guidance of the Italian Minister for the Environment, Land, and Sea. ISPRA was established by Law 133/2008 when three institutions were merged: APAT (Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services),

ICRAM (Central Institute for Applied Marine Research), and INFS (National Institute for Wildlife). By Decree n. 123/2010 of the Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea (IMELS), the Regulation containing the operating rules of ISPRA was issued and in December 2013 the Statute was approved by IMELS. ISPRA is part of a network known as the National System for Environmental Protection (Sistema Nazionale a rete per la protezione dell’ambiente— SNPA), which is made up of 21 Regional and Provincial Agencies for Environmental Protection (Agenzie Regionali e Provinciali per la Protezione dell’Ambiente— ARPA/APPA), established by Regional Laws. It’s an example of a consolidated federal system, which combines the direct knowledge of the territory and its issues with the national policies for environmental protection, so as to become an institutional and technicalscientific reference point for the whole country. The “Essential Levels of Services for Environmental Protection (LEPTA)” are the central topic in the “SNPA” as the minimum amount of environmental services that the National System has to evenly deliver in each Italian Region, as a relevant part of the constitutionally guaranteed right of citizens to a healthy environment. The establishment of ISPRA fosters the cohesion of the system, while respecting the territorial differences, and promotes the collaboration and the consistent addressing of environmental themes. In fact, since the establishment of the first regional agencies, there was a clear need to create occasions and spaces for discussion and debate among the ARPA/APPA, in order to promote a coordinated development. For this reason, the law establishing APAT, then ISPRA, provided for a Federal Council, chaired by the President of ISPRA and formed by ISPRA’s Director General and by the legal representatives of each ARPA/APPA, with consultative functions on the agreement between the ISPRA and the Ministry of Environment, with particular regard to the allocation of funding and the use of resources, to the technical and operational methodologies used by ARPA/APPA (see Databases). The International Center for Pesticides and Health Risk Prevention (Centro Internazionale per gli Antiparassitari e la Prevenzione Sanitaria—ICPS) Web: http://www.icps.it/English/home-I.htm (English) Web: http://www.icps.it/ITALIANO/home-I.htm (Italian) The International Center for Pesticides and Health Risk Prevention (ICPS) was created in 1990 by the Government of the Region of Lombardy on the proposal of the WHO—Regional Office for Europe, in cooperation with the University of Milan.

Other national institutions

At present ICPS is a unit of the Azienda SocioSanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli-Sacco in the University of Milan. It is characterized as a multipurpose center of public health, mainly focused on chemical risk exposure, supporting the activities of the Lombardy Region, ensuring contacts and links with different organizations and the University of Milan. ICPS performs research, analysis, development, management and verification of projects on behalf of National and International “Authorities,” Universities, and third parties in the health safety framework. ICPS provides scientific support to the Ministry of Health preparing the draft assessment reports on active substance to be discussed at the European level by Regulation (CE) 1107/2009, when Italy is designed as “Rapporteur Member State” (RMS). Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land, and Sea (Ministero dell’ambiente, e della tutela del territorio e del mare) Web: www.minambiente.it (Italian only) The Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land, and Sea was established in 1986. Within its scope lie responsibilities related to sustainable development, protection of territory, pollution and industrial risks, international protection of the environment, appraisal of environmental impact, nature conservation, waste and cleanup, and protection of seas and inland waters. The Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land, and Sea is strongly committed to promoting and supporting international partnership and cooperation towards global sustainable development. The institutional mandate of the Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land, and Sea (IMELS) includes the promotion, protection, and restoration of the environment, with the aim of ensuring good quality of life, enhancing the sustainable use of natural resources, and preventing and controlling pollution. Its operational objectives comprise the publication of national legal acts, participation in international initiatives related to environmental protection, and the implementation of EU environmental policies. The ministry is also involved in several international programmes aimed at spreading low-carbon technologies. In the last decade, IMELS has supported the sustainable development of countries in Southeastern Europe through a large number of memorandums of understanding signed by various ministries. Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and the Environment (Ente per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente—ENEA) Web: http://www.enea.it/com/ingl/default.htm (English) Web: http://www.enea.it (Italian)

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ENEA, the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Economic Development is a public body aimed at research, technological innovation, and the provision of advanced services to enterprises, public administration, and citizens in the sectors of energy, the environment, and sustainable economic development (article 4, Law no. 22 of 28 December 2015). ENEA is mainly called upon to promote and carry out basic and applied research and innovation technology activities through prototypes and product industrialization; to disseminate and transfer technologies, encouraging their use in productive and social sectors; and to provide high-tech services, studies, tests, and evaluations to both public and private bodies and enterprises. To these aims and in the sectors falling within its areas of competence, ENEA carries out complex research, development, and demonstration projects, mainly technology- and engineering-based; sets up and operates major scientific apparatuses; assesses the level of advanced technologies development, as well as their economic and social impacts; promotes collaboration with foreign bodies and institutions for defining technical regulations and participation in major research programmes and international organizations, providing its (specific) expertise; promotes, fosters and supports innovation technology processes in the national production system, especially in small and medium-sized enterprises; collaborates with regions and local administrations to promote productive development of local resources, through joint actions; and promotes technical and professional training and competency of researchers through ad-hoc agreements with national and international universities. Its focus sectors are energy technologies (renewable sources, energy storage, smart grids), for which the Agency is also the coordinator of the Energy National Technology Cluster, nuclear fusion and nuclear safety (the Agency is the reference national research coordinator), energy efficiency (with the National Agency for Energy Efficiency), technologies for cultural heritage, seismic protection, food safety, pollution, life sciences, strategic raw materials, and climate change. Among the emerging issues, is circular economy, so ENEA is designated as the National Agency for the efficient use of resources and sustainable mobility. Italian National Research Council (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—CNR) Web: http://www.cnr.it/sitocnr/Englishversion/ CNR/AboutCNR/AboutCNR.html (English) Web: http://www.cnr.it/sitocnr/home.html (Italian) The National Research Council (CNR) is a public research institution and is the only one under the

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Research Ministry performing multidisciplinary activities. Founded as legal person on 18 November 1923, CNR’s mission is to perform research in its own Institutes, to promote innovation and competitiveness of the national industrial system, to promote the internationalization of the national research system, to provide technologies and solutions to emerging public and private needs, to advise Government and other public bodies, and to contribute to the qualification of human resources. CNR is organized in eight thematic departments (Earth System Sciences and Technologies for the Environment; Engineering; ICT and Technologies for Energy and Transport; Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Heritage; Chemical Sciences and Technology of Materials; Physical Sciences and Technologies of Matter; Agrifood and Biosciences; Biomedical Sciences) and 109 Institutes. CNR is distributed all over Italy through a network of institutes aimed at promoting a wide diffusion of its competencies throughout the national territory and at facilitating contacts and cooperation with local firms and organizations. From the financial point of view, the main resources come from Institutional Funds, but also from the market: even 40% of its balance sheet, is the result of revenues coming from external job orders for studies and activities of technical advice as well as from agreements with firms, contracts with the European Union and with other international organizations. The CNR does not have laboratories specifically devoted to toxicological research, although it supports many toxicologically oriented research projects and many of its laboratories are involved in basic research projects with relevance to toxicology. Regional (ARPA) and Provincial (APPA) Environmental Protection Agencies Web: http://www.reteambientale.it/arpa.asp (English) Web: http://www.reteambientale.it/eng/arpa.asp (Italian) The National Referendum of 18 April 1993 abrogated some competencies of the National Health Service and USL (Local Health Units) related to air, water, and soil pollution control and prevention, and the National Law N 61 of 21 January 1994 gave the above functions to new Agencies, namely at that time APAT (the National Agency for the Protection of the Environment and Territory) and ARPAs, the Regional Agencies for the protection of the environment. The Mission of the Environmental Agencies in Italy is to support the regional environmental policies; monitor the quality of environment; assess the regional state of the environment; provide technical support to local administrations on environmental management; promote sustainable development technologies and practices, and promote environmental education.

The Regional Environmental Protection Agencies and Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies (APPA, merely for the autonomous provinces of Trento and Bolzano), carry out control activities (accurate controls and monitoring of the environmental variables, supervising the actual compliance with the laws) and provide technical/scientific, technical/juridical, and technical/analytical support to public administrations (basically Regions, Provinces, and Municipalities) that are entrusted with administrative control, environmental planning, and authorization functions. ARPA and APPA are included in the National Network of agencies, composed by the Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) and 21 regional (ARPA) and provincial (APPA) agencies Each agency has its own website, where a variety of activities on different environmental matrices and risks to the population are described in detail, such as plans for handling emergencies, industrial plants at risk for serious incidents, and alerts regarding spills or leakages of toxic substances. Some sites also provide access to online journal searches, studies and research activities on topical environmental issues. SNPA provide access to ARPA/APPA websites through http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/nationalsystem-for-environmental-protection/arpa-appa

Organizations—nongovernment Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research (Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri) Web: http://www.marionegri.it/en_US/home (English) Web: http://www.marionegri.it/ (Italian) The Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological research is a scientific nonprofit foundation for biomedical research and higher education that started its activity in 1963. There are now also research units in Bergamo and Ranica (Bergamo). In early 2013 the Institute achieved the Italian recognition as an IRCCS—Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, for pharmacology and clinical tests for neurological, rare, and environmental diseases. The following lines of toxicological research are currently being pursued: • Relations among toxic effects, metabolism, and disposition of xenobiotics in animals. • Development of short-term toxicity tests using isolated perfused organs and cells as models of target organ toxicity. • Evaluation of chemical composition and toxicity of urban waste incinerator emissions. • Toxicokinetics.

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In its 55 years of activity, the Institute has published over 14,000 scientific articles on international journals, 4841 popular publication, and 259 books (Monographs and Conference Proceedings). European Organizations dealing with toxicology hosted in Italy European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Web: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/ EFSA is a European agency funded by the European Union that operates independently of the European legislative and executive institutions (Commission, Council, Parliament) and EU Member States. It was set up in 2002 in Parma, following a series of food crises in the late 1990s to be a source of scientific advice and communication on risks associated with the food chain. The agency was legally established by the EU under the General Food Law—Regulation 178/ 2002, which created a European food safety system in which responsibility for risk assessment (science) and for risk management (policy) are kept separate. EFSA is responsible for the former area, and also has a duty to communicate its scientific findings to the public. Joint Research Center (JRC) Web: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/about/jrc-site/ ispra The Joint Research Center (JRC) located in Ispra (in the province of Varese in the Lombardy region), is the third biggest science and knowledge service in the European Commission, which employs scientists to carry out research in order to provide independent scientific advice and support to EU policy. It includes Knowledge Centers for disaster risk management and for food fraud and quality. The JRC is developing and testing new alternatives to animal-based tests to be applied in an integrated safety assessment of chemicals, as well as providing informatics tools and databases to support this. The EURL ECVAM GLP Test Facility is responsible for the execution of validation studies that establish the reliability and relevance of in vitro methods suitable for regulatory safety assessment, and acts as a lead laboratory for studies conducted within the EU Network of Validation Laboratories (EU-NETVAL).

Education Courses pertaining to toxicology held at universities This section pertains exclusively to institutions offering officially approved courses related to the

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disciplines of toxicology, those offering postgraduate specialization courses in toxicology and those with PhD programs or Master’s in pharmacotoxicology. In Italy the first level degree course (3 years) gives the student an appropriate command of general scientific methods and principles, even when the program is oriented toward the acquisition of specific professional knowledge and provides a solid base for those who wish to continue their studies with a second level degree or a first level Master’s. To this regard, there exist some degree courses focused on toxicology such as: First level degree • Scienze e sicurezza chimico-tossicologiche dell’ambiente (3 years, in Italian), University of Milan Web: http://www.farmacia.unimi.it/ CorsiDiLaurea/2016/E17of1/index_ITA_HTML. html • Scienze tossicologiche e controllo qualita` (3 years, in Italian), University of Cagliari Web:https://webstudenti.unica.it/esse3/ CorsoDiStudio.do;jsessionid 5 5C2BF263E771D 7EF8B3FE77BDA40CC55.jvm1?cds_id 5 10961 Second level degree (Master’s, Laurea magistrale): • Safety assessment of xenobiotics and biotechnological products (2 years, in English) University of Milan Web: http://www.farmacia.unimi.it/ CorsiDiLaurea/2016/E52of1/index_ITA_HTML. html • Ecotossicologia e sostenibilita` ambientale (Ecotoxicology and environmental sustainability, 2 years, in Italian), University of Siena 1240 Web:https://en.unisi.it/planning-yourdegree/enviromental-sciences-biology-chemistrypharmacy-geology/ecotoxicology-and • Tossicologia Chimica e Ambientale (2 years, in Italian), University of Napoli, Federico II Web: https://www.unina.it/en_GB/-/ 14579389-laurea-magistrale-in-tossicologiachimica-e-ambientaleToxicology is also taught in Single-cycle degree courses that are structured over a single period of 5 or 6 years, at the end of which it confers a second level degree (Laurea magistrale). These degree courses are offered by Faculties and Departments like Medicine and Surgery, Pharmacy, Veterinary Medicine, and Biological Sciences and taught by staff teachers. In the Faculty of Medicine, toxicology is considered an obligatory part of the pharmacology course. Toxicology is also taught in the dentistry degree, in

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which it accounts for 10 20 of the teaching hours dedicated to pharmacology. In the Faculty of Pharmacy, the course of toxicology is taught over a period of a semester and covers the following subjects: principles and aims of toxicology; biotransformation of chemicals, mechanism of action, and toxicity testing; some topics in toxicology; toxicity of drugs of clinical interest, heavy metals, household products, and food toxicology; carcinogens, teratogens, and drugs of abuse; and topics in environmental toxicology and ecotoxicology. In the Faculty of Pharmacy there are also other courses dealing with topics in the fields of toxicology and toxicological analysis, for example, complementary concepts in toxicological chemistry and analysis of drugs. The degree of Biological Sciences has only optional courses in toxicology.

Research doctorate (PhD) in toxicology Research doctorate programs have been established in various topics. The programs are proposed by individual academic research groups and administered by the same university, although other universities may be involved in the student’s learning experience. Each year the Ministry of Universities and Scientific and Technological Research activates a cycle of doctorate programs and establishes the number of positions that will be offered. An entrance examination is held at the university that is administering the program. The Commission of Examiners is composed of two full professors and one associate professor; the names of the examiners are selected at random by the Ministry of Universities and Scientific and Technological Research. The doctorate programs generally last 3 years, during which time the student will be involved in studies and research activities approved by the program coordinator. Research activities are carried out in a university institute approved by the coordinator. At the end of the course, the student is expected to present a complete dissertation regarding his or her research to a Commission of Examiners, which is composed of two full professors and one associate professor selected at random by the Ministry of Universities and Scientific and Technological Research. The student receives a monthly salary from the state during the entire period of study. The following doctorate programs are some of those offered in the area of toxicology for the academic year 2018 19. Scienze Biotecnologiche, Biocomputazionali, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche Universita` di Bologna Web:http://www.unibo.it/en/teaching/phd/20182019/biotechnological-and-pharmaceutical-sciences

Toxicology University of Cagliari Web:http://people.unica.it/ dipartimentodiscienzebiomediche/didattica-2/corsidi-dottorato/dottorato-in-tossicologia/ Pharmacology and Toxicology Universita` la Sapienza, Roma Web:http://dff.uniroma1.it/it/didattica/offertaformativa/dottorato-di-ricerca-farmacologia-etossicologia Scienze farmacologiche biomolecolari, sperimentali e cliniche (curriculum in Toxicology) University of Milan Web: http://www.unimi.it/ricerca/dottorati/111222. htm?dott 5 R49of1&anno 5 2019 Pharmacological Sciences (curriculum in Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics) Universita` degli Studi di Padova. Web:http://www.unipd.it/en/teaching-and-research/ doctoral-degrees-phd-programmes/doctoraldegrees-unipd

Specialization schools Specialization schools provide students with specialized knowledge and training for specific professional activities. To be admitted to a specialization school you must have a Master’s degree or a suitable equivalent foreign qualification. Admission is also subject to the passing of a competitive examination, the details of which are published on an annual basis. Specialization schools are divided into medical and nonmedical areas. • Valutazione e gestione del rischio chimico (Chemical risk assessment and management, in italian, 2y) Universita` degli Studi di Padova, Web: www. chimica.unipd.it/ssvgrc Universita` degli Studi dell’Insubria, Web:http:// www4.uninsubria.it/on-line/home/naviga-pertema/didattica/post-lauream/scuole-dispecializzazione/articolo10330.html Universita` degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Web: http://www.unina.it/-/12265981ss_fa_valutazione-e-gestione-del-rischio-chimico Universita` la Sapienza, Roma, Web: https://www. uniroma1.it/it/offerta-formativa/corso-dispecializzazione/2012/valutazione-e-gestionedel-rischio-chimico-area-non Basic knowledge of clinical toxicology is provided in Specialization schools of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (4 y, in Italian), such as Milano, Pavia,

Education

Modena, Roma, Firenze, Catania, Messina, Napoli, and Medical Toxicology (4 y in Italian) in Firenze and Pavia.

Vocational masters These courses are occasionally offered by Universities and generally last up to 1 year. This list refers to the offerings of the academic year 2017 18. Caratterizzazione e risanamento di siti contaminati (Characterization and remediation of contaminated sites,1 y, in Italian) Ca’ Foscari University of Venice Web: https://www.unive.it/pag/4987/ Gestione delle sostanze chimiche—REACH e CLP (1 y, in Italian) Universita` degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia http://www.masterreach.unimore.it/ REACH and CLP: gestione delle sostanze chimiche e valutazione del rischio (1 y, in italian) Universita` di Messina Web:http://www.unime.it/it/dipartimenti/ chibiofaram/evidenza/bando-master-di-ii-livello-% E2%80%9Creach-and-clp-gestione-delle-sostanze

Scientific societies SITOX, Italian Society of Toxicology Web: https://www.sitox.org/ The SITOX was founded in Pavia in 1967 as part of the push towards the reconsideration of the toxicological aspects of drugs after the emotional impulse of the tragedy of thalidomide. The SITOX actively carried out the most careful consideration to the toxicological aspects of xenobiotics, among other things undertaking the management of a national course of culture and updating of toxicology, for the first time held under the aegis of the Society at the University of Pavia from 16 to 18 October 1967. SITOX then held conferences every three years. The Society was cosponsor of the VI International Congress of Toxicology (ICT-VI) held in Rome from June 29, 1992 to May 7, 1992. The Society is affiliated to the Federation of European Toxicology Societies (EUROTOX) and to the International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX). It is strongly committed to enhancing the scientific, professional, and regulatory aspects of modern toxicology. RENTIC—National Register of Italian Certified Toxicologists Web: https://www.sitox.org/aggiornamentoprofessionale-rentic/

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In March 1999 the SITOX created the Italian Register of Certified Toxicologists (RENTIC), due to the increasing need to emphasize the importance of toxicologists, and to institute a register with complete information about toxicology experts to be available for public and private organizations. The basis for registration in these societies is peer-review evaluation of the applicants. A key criterion for acceptance is theoretical training covering the main areas of toxicology. Furthermore, job experience is required. After reviewing the merits of the applicant, the register then accepts the applicant to the register usually for 5 years. The members of RENTIC are also members of ERT, the European Register of Toxicologists, officially inaugurated in 1997. CellTox (The Italian Association of In Vitro Toxicology) Web: http://www.celltox.it/ The Association founded in 1991 in Milan proposes to bring together the Italian researchers of public or private institutions, which carry out their activity in the field of In Vitro Toxicology, in order to promote the circulation of information and knowledge and provide training opportunities in the field of alternative methods to young researchers. It is a point of reference in Italy to favor the exchange with similar companies in the European context (affiliation to ESTIV; European Society for Toxicology In Vitro). GTFI (Gruppo tossicologi forensi Italiani; Italian forensic toxicologists group) Website: http://www.gtfi.it/ The Scientific Association “Italian Forensic Toxicological Group” (GTFI), a sister group of the Italian Society of Legal Medicine and Insurance (SIMLA), was created in 1974 by Francesco Mari and was legally established as an Association in May 1986 in Pisa. It proposes scientific tasks and purposes including the development and updating of knowledge in the chemical-analytical and toxicologicalinterpretative field, especially for forensic purposes, and the dissemination of disciplinary teaching in the basic and specialized degrees SIN (Societa` Italiana di Nanotossicologia; Italian Society of Nanotoxicology) Web: http://www.dbsm.uninsubria.it/ nanosafetyitaly/ The purpose of SIN is to disseminate knowledge of the effects of nanoparticles on the living beings and the environment; to promote any type of intervention in the territory to prevent undesirable effects of nanoparticles; and to encourage studies and research concerning the effects of nanoparticles on living things and the environment.

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Legislation Italy joined the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 following the treaty of Rome and since then Italian legislation on control of chemical substances is guided largely, like in the other Member States, by European Community legislation. Specific and extensive legislation has been developed, by the European community and in consequence on a national level, for different categories of substances dealing with industrial chemicals, pesticides, biocides, food and feed additives, and cosmetics. The main regulations are REACH Regulation (1907/2006), CLP Regulation (1272/2998), Biocidal Products Regulation (528/2012), and Plant Protection Product Regulation (1107/2009). At the legislative level, Italy is involved in the implementation of European Union Regulations, but national Acts independent from the European legislation are also released. In addition to EU Regulations and national Acts, Italy is driven by a number of international treaties, like the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), adopted in 1979 under the auspices of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the Rotterdam Convention, with the coordination of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and Minamata Convention on mercury. Moreover, Italy is a Member country of the OECD and participates in its activities in the field of chemicals. The web page of OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) in the section of activities related to Chemical safety and biosafety (http://www.oecd.org/env/ehs/) makes available information, documents, and publications concerning work of Member countries on specific categories of chemicals (e.g., new and existing chemicals; endocrine disrupters; pesticides; biocides) and production and use of chemicals (e.g., chemical accidents; pollutant release and transfer registers). The Italian involvement in chemicals may be summarized as falling into the framework of hazard identification, risk assessment, and risk management of specific substances according to well-known European Union criteria. Hazard Identification (The Dangerous Properties of Chemicals), Risk Assessment and Risk Management The National Competent Authority responsible for the implementation of the main regulations related to chemicals (substances and mixtures) is the Ministry of Health, with technical/scientific cooperation and support of the National Institute of Health (ISS).

The previously mentioned key regulations (REACHCLP-BPR-PPPs) give the basis for a cascade of legislative actions (downstream legislation) which, at the Italian level, provide the risk management instruments for controlling the potential risk associated with the use of dangerous substances and/or mixtures. In particular, there are relationships between the abovementioned regulations and other areas of European legislation concerning topics such as: • export and import • worker protection (implemented in Italy by legislative decree 81/2008); • detergents • toys • ADR (European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road) • Seveso III • pharmaceutical products • animal testing • sustainable use of plant protection products (implemented in Italy by the interministerial decree of 22 January 2014) • general product safety (implemented in Italy by Legislative Decree No, 206 of 6 September 2005 known as Consumer Code) Marketing and use of substances and mixtures must be controlled by competent institutions at the national, regional, and local levels. Sites of production, storage, labeling, and packaging as well as sales may be inspected at any time, and specimens and information may be collected. Violations ascertained during such inspections are subject to penalties. Like other Member States, Italy is required to present an annual report on these controls to the EU Commission. Specific rules are related to market authorization for substances and products which are subject to prior authorization such as plant protection products and biocides Laws, rules, regulations, and all official acts concerning toxic substances are published in the Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana, issued daily and accessible in full text format and freely for the last 60 days (http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/). Information concerning European Community Directives enacted into Italian legislation can be found on the website of Parlamento Italiano (Italian Parliament) (http://www. parlamento.it/523?area_tematica 5 30 [Italian only]). REACH and CLP The REACH regulation (regulation n. 1907/2006 published in the European OJ n. L396 of 30.12.2006) went into effect on June 1, 2007. REACH is an acronym standing for Registration, Evaluation and

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Authorisation of Chemicals, and represents a system aimed at ensuring a higher level of protection for human health and environment, first of all transferring the burden of proof to industry. REACH prescribes the obligation for industry to collect relevant information for all chemicals put on the market in quantities $ 1 ton/year; such information has to be forwarded, in the form of a registration, to a central European Agency on Chemicals (ECHA, settled in Helsinki). After May 31, 2018, all the registration deadlines are expired, hence the principle “no registration—no marketing” is immediately applicable for all substances that are present in the EU market. The regulation foresees also specific provisions for the evaluation and for the risk management of chemicals, with the authorization of substances of very high concern (SVHC) and with specific restrictions. The Classification, Labeling and Packaging (CLP) Regulation n. 1272/2008, aims to verify whether a substance or mixture shows properties that lead to a hazardous classification, in order to better communicate hazards. In this respect, CLP sets the criteria for labeling and general packaging standards to ensure the safe supply of hazardous substances and mixtures. In association with REACH, CLP is also the basis for several legislative provisions on the risk management of chemicals. The European Chemical Agency (ECHA) manages all the technical aspects related to the REACH and CLP regulations and cooperates with the EU Commission and the EU Member States. In Italy the Ministry of Health General Directorate for Health Prevention has been appointed as national Competent Authority, and cooperates with other Ministries (Environment and Economic Development) for the aspects related to the political issues, and with the National Institute of Health (ISS) and the National Agency for Environmental Protection (ISPRA) for the technical issues related respectively with human health and the environment; within the ISS a National Center for Chemical Substances (now National Center for Chemicals, Cosmetics and Consumer protection) (CNSC) has been established in order to manage and coordinate the work on the technical aspects of the national obligations related with the REACH regulation. National helpdesk for question related to the REACH Regulation have been established at Ministry of Economic Development while national helpdesk for CLP Regulation is National Centre for Chemicals, cosmetics and consumer protection (CNSC) at National Institute of Health (ISS), As reported above, the Italian Competent Authority for REACH and CLP is the Ministry of Health, DG Health Prevention as established with Parliament law

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n. 46 of 2007. Moreover, national Inter-Ministerial Decree November 22, 2007, O.J. n.12 of 15 January 2008 establishes the cooperation between Competent Authority and other administrations involved, and for this reason a National Technical Coordination Committee has been established at the Ministry of Health with the participation of the Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Economic Development, National Center for Chemicals of the National Institute of Health (ISS), ISPRA and Regions. The REACH Portal makes available to the public data on the activities of the National Technical Coordination Committee (see Databases). The “Permanent Conference for Relation between the State, the Regions and the autonomous Provinces” Agreement of 29 October 2009 concerning “The system of official controls and related guidelines for the enforcement of REACH and CLP Regulations” establishes that the Ministry of Health, DG Health Prevention is the Italian REACH and CLP Enforcing Authority and is responsible for controls to be conducted by a central pool of inspectors. At local level, enforcement plans involve the 21 regional enforcing authorities who act trough existing territorial units represented by Local Health Boards (ASL) and Regional Environmental Agencies (ARPA). The coordinated system of cooperation between center and periphery allow a homogeneous control management. The Italian REACH and CLP Competent Authority is the Italian REACH Enforcing Authority and is responsible for the coordination at national level of the REACH enforcement activities conducted by inspectors. Moreover, the CNSC of the ISS is involved with its experts in the main working groups, workshops and other activities aimed at designing testing strategies for fulfillment of REACH requirements in the toxicological field (e.g., triggers for testing). Plant Protection Products Plant Protection Products (PPP) are mixtures containing one or more active substances, presented in the form in which they are supplied to the user and aimed to: (1) protect plants and plant products from all harmful organisms or to prevent the effects; (2) encourage or regulate the vital processes of plants, with the exclusion of fertilizers; (3) preserve plant products with the exclusion of preservatives governed by special provisions; (4) eliminate unwanted plants; and/or (5) eliminate parts of plants, slow down or prevent undesired growth. In Italy the legislation regulating plant protection products is EU Regulation 1107/2009 concerning the marketing of PPP and the directive 128/2009 concerning the sustainable use, implemented by National Action Plan of 14 August 2012, n. 150.

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The regulation 1107/2009 sets up the criteria for a harmonized system of authorization for marketing the active substances and the plant protection products at the EU level. The Ministry of Health—Directorate General for Food Hygiene and Safety and Nutrition, is the Competent Authority to implement the regulation 1107/2009, therefore it is responsible for authorizing plant protection products in Italy and specifically: • authorizes release on the market and the use of a plant protection product in Italy according to the procedures set by the regulation EU 1107/2009 (national authorization, mutual recognition, provisional authorization, emergency authorization, etc.); • renews or modifies the authorizations already granted; • reexamines, withdraws, or uses its powers to refuse renewal, or withdraws authorizations granted. PPPs products may be put on the market and used only if they have been authorized by the Ministry of Health. The home page of the website of Ministry of Health (Department for Veterinary Public Health, Nutrition and Food Safety) contains information on legislation concerning pesticides and instructions and forms for application of the authorization and licenses (http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/temi/p2_4.jsp? area 5 fitosanitari). See also Ministry database of authorized products and labels. (http://www.fitosanitari.salute.gov.it/fitosanitariwsWeb_new/ FitosanitariServlet) including all authorized PPPs in Italy with a several information The database is in Italian and can be searched by the pesticide name or product type (activity of the active substance). Biocides Biocidal products are defined in Biocide Product Regulation (BPR) 528/2012 as: “any substance or mixture, in the form in which it is supplied to the user, consisting of, containing or generating one or more active substances, with the intention of destroying, deterring, rendering harmless, preventing the action of, or otherwise exerting a controlling effect on, any harmful organism by any means other than mere physical or mechanical action, or any substance or mixture, generated from substances or mixtures which do not themselves fall under the first indent, to be used with the intention of destroying, deterring, rendering harmless, preventing the action of, or otherwise exerting a controlling effect on, any harmful organism by any means other than mere physical or mechanical action. A treated article that has a primary biocidal function shall be considered a biocidal product.” In Italy some of the product types described in the biocide regulation (insecticides, disinfectants, and

repellents) were already covered by a national authorization procedure (Decree n. 392 of 6 October 1998), according to which the abovementioned products can be marketed or utilized only with ministerial authorization. Such national procedures will be gradually repealed as far as the biocide regulation will be progressively implemented, including active substances in the positive list. The final goal of the biocide regulation is the authorization of the products: conditions that must be met for such authorization may be shared within MSs according to the different authorization procedures (national authorization, mutual recognition, union authorization, etc.). The Ministry of Health with the technical cooperation of the ISS, is responsible for the implementation of the set of rules for biocidal products in Italy. From the web pages of the Ministry of Health it is possible to access all key legislation pertaining to biocides, and the basic principles are described in the website http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/temi/p2_4.jsp? lingua 5 italiano&area 5 biocidi In particular, Ministry of Health, General Directorate on medical devices and pharmaceutical service coordinates the activities of the Competent Authority and is responsible for all activities foreseen by the Regulation (BPR). All the technical evaluation activities are performed at the ISS. A National helpdesk has been established at Ministry of Health, Directorate-General for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices as contact point for questions related to the BPR. Food The majority of Food safety legislation is harmonized at the European Union level; therefore the Italians’ food laws follow European Union rules. In Italy food safety is in the responsibility of the Italian Ministry of Health, while food production is in the responsibility of the Italian Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies (Ministero delle Politiche Agricole, Alimentari e Forestali https://www.politicheagricole.it). Other Italian Ministries also have responsibilities, for example, on standards and labeling and trade promotion the Ministry for Productive Activities, or on customs and duties the Ministry of Economy and Finance. The implementation of food safety rules is in the hands of both the Ministry of Health of the central government and the legislative/administrative bodies of the 19 Italian regions and two autonomous provinces. Italy is not a federal state but regions retain the major organizational issues, with remarkable differences between regions in the final application of the rules. • Ministero della Salute, Direzione generale per l’igiene e la sicurezza degli alimenti e la nutrizione—DGSAN

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• Ministry of Health, Directorate General for the Hygiene and Safety of Food and Nutrition (Web: http://www.ministerosalte.it) • Ministero delle Politiche Agricole e Forestali (Ministry of Agriculture) Web: http://www. politicheagricole.it • Food and Agriculture Organization Web: www.fao. org Food Additives Web: http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/ministro/ p4_5_2_4_1.jsp? menu 5 uffCentrali&label 5 uffCentrali&id 5 1157 (Italian only); https://www.iss.it/?p 5 29 (Italian only) The EU legislation defines food additives as “any substance not normally consumed as a food in itself and not normally used as a characteristic ingredient of food, whether or not it has nutritive value.” Food additives are regulated by EU Regulation 1333/2008. This Regulation simplifies the old legislation framework on food additives (EC council directives concerning food additives (94/34/EC), sweeteners (94/35/EC), coloring agents (94/36/EC), and other types of food additives (95/2/EC)) grouping food colors, food preservatives, food sweeteners and other food additives under the same regulation. Food additives are under a system of authorization. The safety of all food additives that are currently authorized in EU has been assessed by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) of the European Commission and/or by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). In the EU list, only additives for which the proposed uses were considered safe are reported. Italy applies EU-harmonized legislation regarding food additives and the Ministry of Health—Directorate General for the Hygiene and Safety of Food and Nutrition (Direzione generale per l’igiene e la sicurezza degli alimenti e la nutrizione—DGSAN) is the national competent authority in this field with the technical/scientific cooperation of the National Institute of Health, Department of Food safety, nutrition and veterinary public health (Istituto Superiore di Sanita`- Dipartimento Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e sanita` pubblica Veterinaria [SANV]). Food flavorings Web: http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/ministro/ p4_5_2_4_1.jsp?menu 5 uffCentrali&label 5 uffCentrali&id 5 1157 (Italian only); https://www. iss.it/?p 5 29 (Italian only) Flavorings are products added to food in order to impart or modify odour and/or taste. EU legislation defines several types of flavorings (flavoring substances, flavoring preparations, thermal process flavorings, flavor precursors). Flavorings and certain food

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ingredients with flavoring properties for use in/on foods follow under Regulation (EC) No. 1334/2008. This Regulation repealed Directive 88/388/EEC and Commission Directive 91/71/EEC from 20 January 2011 onwards. In Italy, the Ministry of Health—Directorate General for the Hygiene and Safety of Food and Nutrition (Direzione generale per l’igiene e la sicurezza degli alimenti e la nutrizione—DGSAN) is the national competent authority in this field with the technical/scientific cooperation of the National Institute of Health, Department of Food safety, nutrition and veterinary public health (Istituto Superiore di Sanita`Dipartimento Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e sanita` pubblica Veterinaria [SANV]). Food Contact Materials Web: http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/temi/p2_6. jsp?id 5 1173&area 5 sicurezzaAlimentare&menu 5 chim (Italian only) https://www.iss.it/?p 5 31 (Italian only) Food contact materials (FCM) are either intended to be brought into contact with food, are already in contact with food, or can reasonably be brought into contact with food or transfer their constituents to the food under normal or foreseeable use. This includes direct or indirect contact. Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 provides a harmonized legal EU framework setting out the general principles of safety and inertness for all Food Contact Materials (FCMs). The safety of FCM is evaluated by the EFSA. In Italy, the Ministry of Health—Directorate General for the Hygiene and Safety of Food and Nutrition (Direzione generale per l’igiene e la sicurezza degli alimenti e la nutrizione—DGSAN) is the national competent authority in this field with the technical/scientific cooperation of the National Institute of Health, Department of Environment and health (Istituto Superiore di Sanita`Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute [DAMSA]) Food Supplements Web:http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/temi/p2_4.jsp? lingua 5 italiano&area 5 Alimenti%20particolari% 20e%20integratori (Italian only); https://www.iss. it/?p 5 29 (Italian only) According to European definition food supplements are “foodstuffs the purpose of which is to supplement the normal diet and which are concentrated sources of nutrients or other substances with a nutritional or physiological function, alone or in combination, marketed in dose form, namely forms such as capsules, pastilles, tablets, pills and other similar forms, sachets of powder, ampoules of liquids, drop dispensing bottles, and other similar forms of liquids and powders designed to be taken in measured small unit quantities.” There is a wide range

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of nutrients and other ingredients that might be present in food supplements including, but not limited to, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, essential fatty acids, fibers, and various plants and herbal extracts. In the EU, food supplements are regulated under Directive 2002/46/EC which lists the vitamins and minerals, as well as the forms of these nutrients, that may be used in the manufacture of food supplements. The use of other substances (such as amino acids, essential fatty acids, fiber and various plants and herbal extracts), maximum and minimum levels of vitamins and minerals, purity criteria or tolerance margins remain subject to the national laws of the EU countries and Articles 34-36 of the Treaty. In order to ensure a high level of protection for consumers and facilitate their choice, the products that will be put on to the market must be demonstrated to be safe and must bear adequate and appropriate labeling. As a first stage, the Directive 2002/46/EC lays out specific rules for vitamins and minerals used as ingredients of food supplements. Food supplements containing vitamins or minerals as well as other ingredients should also be in conformity with the specific rules on vitamins and minerals laid down in the Directive or at national level in the case of lack of European measures. At a later stage specific rules should be laid down concerning nutrients, other than vitamins and minerals, or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect used as ingredients of food supplements, provided that adequate and appropriate scientific data about them become available. Until such specific Community rules are adopted and without prejudice to the provisions of the Treaty, national rules may be applicable concerning nutrients or other substances with nutritional or physiological effect used as ingredients of food supplements, for which no Communityspecific rules have been adopted. The chemical substances used as sources of vitamins and minerals in the manufacture of food supplements should be safe and also available to be used by the human body. For this reason, positive lists of those substances have been established. Such substances have been approved by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en. html), on the basis of the cited criteria, to be used in the manufacture of foods intended for infants and young children, of other foods for particular nutritional uses, and of food supplements. The Legislative decree 169/2004 implemented the Food supplements Directive in Italy with specific rules regarding the daily intake of the nutritional ingredients and the admitted plant extracts. A dietary supplement in Italy must be reported to the Ministry of Health prior to its introduction in

authorized stores for sale (pharmacies, herbalist shops, retailers and supermarkets). On the website of the Ministry of Health, it is possible to consult the guidelines for producing and putting on the Italian market these products, the list of the nourishing ones and of the substances having physiological effects like plant extracts The Ministry of Health—Directorate General for the Hygiene and Safety of Food and Nutrition (Direzione generale per l’igiene e la sicurezza degli alimenti e la nutrizione—DGSAN) is the national competent authority responsible in this field with the technical cooperation of the National Institute of health, Department of Food safety, nutrition and veterinary public health (Istituto Superiore di Sanita`—Dipartimento Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e sanita` pubblica Veterinaria [SANV]). Feed Additives Web: http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/ministro/ p4_5_2_4_1.jsp?lingua 5 italiano&menu 5 uffCentrali&label 5 uffCentrali&id 5 1156 (Italian only), https://www.iss.it/?p 5 29 (Italian only) Typical feed additives include vitamins, trace elements, zootechnical additives (such as anti-blackhead drugs), preservatives, anti-oxidants, etc. Since 18 October 2004, applications for authorizing the placing and use of feed additives in the market, are regulated in the European Union under Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 and in the Commission Regulation (EC) No. 429/2008 of 25 April 2008 on detailed rules for the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the preparation and the presentation of applications and the assessment and the authorization of feed additives. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is responsible for the scientific assessment of feed additives. In Italy most of the competencies for feed safety are assigned at national level to the Ministry of Health—Directorate General for Animal Health and Veterinary Medicines (Direzione Generale della Sanita` Animale e dei Farmaci Veterinari—DGSA) with the technical/scientific cooperation of the National Institute of Health, Department of Food safety, nutrition and veterinary public health (Istituto Superiore di Sanita`—Dipartimento Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e sanita` pubblica veterinaria [SANV]). Cosmetics Production and marketing of cosmetic products are regulated in Italy according to EU legislation: Regulation (EC) N 1223/2009 on cosmetic products which is the main regulatory framework for finished

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cosmetic products when placed on the EU market. It strengthens the safety of cosmetic products and streamlines the framework for all operators in the sector. The Regulation replaces Directive 76/768/EC, adopted in 1976 and substantially revised several times and provides a robust, internationally recognized regime, which reinforces product safety while taking into consideration the latest technological developments, including the possible use of nanomaterials. The previous rules on the ban of animal testing were not modified. The most significant changes introduced by the Cosmetics Regulation include: • Strengthened safety requirements for cosmetic products. Manufacturers need to follow specific requirements in the preparation of a product safety report prior to placing a product on the market. • Introduction of the notion of “responsible person.” Only cosmetic products for which a legal or natural person is designated within the EU as a “responsible person” can be placed on the market. The new Cosmetics Regulation allows the precise identification of the responsible person and clearly outlines their obligations. • Centralized notification of all cosmetic products placed on the EU market. Manufacturers will need to report their products only once—via the EU Cosmetic Products Notification Portal (CPNP; https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/cosmetics/ cpnp_en). • Introduction of reporting of serious undesirable effects (SUE). The responsible person will have an obligation to notify serious undesirable effects to national authorities. The authorities will also collect information coming from users, health professionals, and others. They will be obliged to share the information with other EU countries. More information on reporting of SUE can be found at: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/cosmetics/ market-surveillance_en • New rules for the use of nanomaterials in cosmetic products. Colorants, preservatives and UV-filters, including those that are nanomaterials, must be explicitly authorized. Products containing other nanomaterials not otherwise restricted by the Cosmetics Regulation will be the object of a full safety assessment at EU level if the Commission has concerns. Nanomaterials must be labeled in the list of ingredients with the word “nano” in brackets following the name of the substance, for example, “titanium dioxide (nano).” (https://ec.europa.eu/ growth/sectors/cosmetics/products/ nanomaterials_en)

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Official restrictions and prohibitions on specific ingredients that can be used in cosmetics are mainly regulated through the Annexes that include various lists (list of substances whose use is prohibited in the composition of cosmetic products (Annex II—negative list); lists of ingredients subject to restrictions (Annex III—restricted list); positive lists of cosmetic colorants (Annex IV), preservatives (Annex V) and ultraviolet (UV) filters (Annex VI) that are permitted in cosmetic products). Where substances are subject to a positive list, the inclusion of a new substance on a positive list is preceded by a scientific risk evaluation of the substance by the Scientific Committee of Cosmetics and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers (SCCNFP), an independent group of qualified scientists with significant experience in risk assessment, appointed by the European Commission. The SCCNFP also reviews the positive and prohibited/restricted lists in response to technical progress and/or concerns about the impacts of particular ingredients on safety. However, the final decision on addition (or removal) of substances from the lists is taken by the Commission and the Member States. The responsibility to ensure that cosmetic products are safe for consumer use is placed upon the manufacturer or their authorized agent or by any other person responsible for placing the product on the EU market. The Ministry of Health, Directorate General for Medical Devices and Pharmaceutical Service, is the competent authority for cosmetics in Italy. The website of Ministry of Health provides information concerning Italian implementations of community legislation and relevant documents (http://www.salute. gov.it/portale/temi/p2_4.jsp?lingua 5 italiano&area 5 cosmetici) Ministry of Health is supported by different bodies namely the National Centre for Chemicals, Cosmetics and Consumer protection (CNSC) of the National Institute of Health (ISS) (for technical issues with particular reference to risk assessment), Antisophistication and Health Group (Nuclei Anti-sofisticazione e Sanita`NAS, the Customs Health offices and regional official structures). Detergents Web: http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/temi/p2_6. jsp?lingua 5 italiano&id 5 608&area 5 Sicurezza% 20chimica&menu 5 preparati (Italian only) In Italy detergent legislation is regulated according to EU Regulation (EC) No 648/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on detergents (OJ L 104, 8.4.2004, pp. 1 35). The regulation establishes common rules to enable detergents and surfactants to be sold and used across the

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EU, while providing a high degree of protection to the environment and human health. Key points are as follows: • The legislation harmonizes testing methods to determine the biodegradability (both primary and ultimate) of all surfactants used in detergents. • The tests must be carried out in laboratories that meet internationally recognized standards. • Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring their products satisfy the legislation’s requirements. • Manufacturers must make available files on test results to the relevant authorities and an ingredient datasheet to medical staff, without delay and when requested. • Information on detergents’ packaging must be legible, visible and indelible. This includes contact details for the manufacturer and the datasheet. • Labels on detergents sold for public use must give details of recommended dosages for different washes in a standard washing machine. • National authorities may ban a specific detergent if they consider it is a risk to human or animal health or to the environment. They inform the European Commission and other EU countries of the decision. In 2012, the legislation was amended to harmonize rules on limiting the content of phosphates and other phosphorus compounds in detergents for household laundry and dishwashing machines. At the national level, notification to Dangerous preparation archive (Archivio preparati pericolosi) at ISS is mandatory in order to register all the ingredients of detergents, both

hazardous and not hazardous, in order to prevent dangerous exposures (see Databases). The Italian Competent Authority for detergents is the Ministry of Health, DG Health Prevention.

Miscellaneous resources International Medlars Center. Istituto Superiore di Sanita` Italian National Medlars Center Web: http://www.iss.it/sdoc/ (Italian only) The National Medlars Centre was established at the Istituto Superiore di Sanita` (ISS) in 1978. Before 1998, Italian users who wished to make an online search on files produced or distributed by the NLM, could access the ELHILL or TOXNET computers using a password assigned by the ISS. After the institution by NLM of free websites TOXNET (http://Toxnet.nlm.nih.gov), and PubMed (pubmed.gov), the tasks of the ISS are now more oriented toward disseminating knowledge of NLM files in training courses and distributing information and teaching material conceived for in-depth exploitation of toxicological resources on the Internet. Italian users are very interested in direct searching of toxicological information. An interlibrary loan documentation center was established at the Documentation Unit of the ISS for articles not available in Italy, within the activities of NLM DOCLINE (DOC on LINE) (email: [email protected]). ISS Documentation unit also provides the Italian translation of NLM Medical Subject Headings.

C H A P T E R

20 Japan Takeshi Morita1, Yoshiyuki Shigeta2 and Toshime Igarashi3 1

Chemical Management Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Tokyo, Japan 2Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan 3Division of Cellular & Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan

Introduction Modern toxicology started in academia in the 1970s after the severe health tragedies induced by chemicals in the 1960s in Japan. These included the congenital malformations induced by thalidomide, Minamata disease induced by methyl mercury, Itai-itai disease induced by cadmium, chinoform-induced SMON (subacute myeloopticoneuropathy) disease, and Kanemi oil poisoning case induced by Co-PCB (Coplanar Polychlorinated Biphenyl) or PCDF (Polychlorinated Dibenzo Furan). These events were driving forces in the formation of modern toxicology. The pharmaceutical and chemical industries joined in the pursuit of toxicological research in the 1980s. The GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) system was also introduced in this era. In the 1990s, further development of the GLP system and experiences in industry ensured high-quality testing and results. In addition, regulators were involved in the scientific sector. Their participation induced the development of regulatory sciences including toxicity test guidelines, for example, OECD or ICH (International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use) guidelines, for hazard identification, and subsequently industry recognized the significance of education/training. These raised the level of toxicological sciences in Japan. Subjects such as risk evaluation, mechanistic toxicology and cutting-edge research toxicology including the -omics disciplines are advancing among the academic, regulatory, and industrial sectors from the 2000s. The GHS for hazard communication was also implemented in Japan in the middle of 2000s. In chemical management regulations, risk evaluation instead of hazard evaluation has been employed at last in 2009. Highthroughput toxicity screening, epigenetics, and computational toxicology (e.g., in silico predictions including Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00020-6

QSAR analysis) are some of major topics in toxicology in the 2010s. Food-related chemical safety and cancer incidences in industrial workers are of particularly high interest to the public in recent years. Clinical toxicology including occupational safety and epidemiology, has not been a major focus of toxicology in Japan. However, industrial health safety became a major concern after several industrial health accidents which include mesothelioma caused by asbestos in former workers, their families, and neighborhood in 2005; cholangiocarcinoma caused by 1,2-dichloropropane/dichloromethane in printing plant workers in 2012; and bladder cancer caused by o-toluidine in chemical plant workers in 2015. Low-dose radiation exposure in neighborhoods caused by the serious accident at the nuclear power plant in Fukushima in 2011 is also included in it. The importance of toxicological research for mechanism/mode of action, epidemiological studies, and hazard communications on human health has been recognized through these issues. The success of new progress in toxicology will be expected.

Resources Books Asano N., Hayashi M., Honma M., Morita T., Nakajima M., Omori T., Uno Y. (eds.) (2014) Atlas of Comet Assay Images Tokyo: Scientist Press Co., Ltd. ISBN 978486079076 Education Committee of the Japanese Society of Toxicology (ed.) (2018) Toxicology (3rd edition) (Japanese) Tokyo: Asakura Publishing Co., Ltd. ISBN 9784254340310

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Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Japan Poison Information Center (ed.) (2016) Point of First Response of Acute Poisoning on Occurrence Situation (Japanese) Tokyo: Herusu Shuppan, Co. Inc. ISBN 9784892698941

Naito H. (2007) Encyclopaedias of Dietary Supplements and Poisoning (Japanese) Tokyo: MaruzenJunkudo Bookstores Co., Ltd. ISBN 9784621078402

Japanese Society for Clinical Toxicology (ed.) (2008) Standard Clinical Guidelines of Acute Poisoning (Japanese) Tokyo: Jiho Inc. ISBN 978484073845

Naito H. (2011) Encyclopaedias of Drug Abuse and Poisoning: From Stimulant Drugs to Antitussives (Japanese) Tokyo: MaruzenJunkudo Bookstores Co., Ltd. ISBN 9784621083253

Japanese Society of Toxicologic Pathology (ed.) (2017) New Toxicologic Histopathology (Japanese) Tokyo: Nishimura Co., Ltd. ISBN 9784890134717

Takahashi M., Fukushima S. (eds.) (2013) Ito’s Toxicologic Pathology (Japanese) Tokyo: MaruzenJunkudo Bookstores Co., Ltd. ISBN 9784621086421

Japanese Society of Toxicology (ed.) (2003) Dictionary of Toxicological Terms (Japanese) Tokyo: Jiho Inc. ISBN 4840731381 Kamijo Y., Soma K. (eds.) (2009) Clinical Toxicology (Japanese) Tokyo: Igaku-Shoin Ltd. ISBN 9784260008822 Kobayashi K. (2015) Statistical Analysis for Toxicological Studies 2015 (Japanese) Tokyo: Yakuji Nippo, Ltd. ISBN 9784840812917 Kondo T., Shimada Y., Tauchi H., Hiraoka M., Miura M., Miyagawa K., Miyakoshi J. (eds.) (2016) Radiological Sciences (Japanese) Tokyo: Iryo Kagaku-Sya Ltd. ISBN 9784860034818 Kumagai Y., Himeno S., Watanabe T. (eds.) (2014) Science of Toxicity: From Molecules/Cells to Human Populations (Japanese) Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press ISBN 9784130624107 Mayahara H. (2016) Basic Knowledge of Pharmaceutical GLP and Toxicological Studies (2nd edition) (Japanese) Tokyo: Yakuji Nippo, Ltd. ISBN 9784840813532 Mori H., Yamazaki F. (eds.) (2008) Files of Acute Poisoning Information (4th edition) (Japanese) Tokyo: Hirokawa-Shoten Ltd. ISBN 9784567492966

Watanabe I., Kuno K. (eds.) (2011) Environmental Toxicology (Japanese) Tokyo: Asakura Publishing Co., Ltd. ISBN 9784254400205 Yamazaki H., Ozawa S. (eds.) (2018) Medical Drug Metabolism (Japanese) Tokyo: TECOM, Inc. ISBN 9784863994126

Journals Almost all journals are published as official journals of the professional societies. See Professional Society Section. Below are several institutional journals. Food Safety http://www.fsc.go.jp/visual/kikanshi/k_index.html (Japanese) Food Safety is a public information magazine published quarterly by the Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ). Food Safety Commission Secretariat, Akasaka Park Building 22nd F. Akasaka 5-2-20, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-6122, Japan Phone: 181-3-6234-1166 Fax: 181-3-3584-7390 Foods and Food Ingredients Journal of Japan (FFI Journal) http://www.saneigenffi.co.jp/ffi/index.html (Japanese Abstract) Email: [email protected] Industrial Health (English) http://www.jniosh.go.jp/en/indu_hel/ (English) Industrial Health is an international scientific journal published by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan (JNIOSH). All content is

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peer-reviewed prior to publication, and all published articles are available online for free via the website. Industrial Health covers all aspects of occupational medicine, ergonomics, industrial hygiene, engineering, safety, and policy sciences. The journal helps promote solutions for the control and improvement of working conditions, and for the application of valuable research findings to the actual working environment. Industrial Health is a truly international journal, with papers contributed from all parts of Asia, Oceania, North America, Central and South America, and Europe. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan (JNIOSH), Headquarters, Kiyose District, Umezono 1-4-6, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-0024, Japan Phone: 181-42-491-4512 Fax: 181-42-491-7846 Web: http://www.jniosh.go.jp/en/index.html (English) National Institute for Environmental Studies News http://www.nies.go.jp/kanko/news/index.html (Japanese) National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) will provide information on the activities of the institute and its research results to people who are concerned about environmental issues, such as legislative, administrative, research-oriented people, and those who are interested in environmental issues. National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan Phone: 181-29-850-2827 Fax: 181-29-850-2716 Email: [email protected] Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine (English) http://journal.med.tohoku.ac.jp/ (English) Tohoku University publishes the Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine (TJEM). The TJEM is one of the oldest and the most prestigious periodicals in Japan and the world. It is open to original articles in all branches of medical sciences from authors throughout the world. Tohoku University Medical Press, 2-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan Fax: 181-22-717-8185 Email: [email protected]

Technical reports and other documents Chemicals in the Environment; Report on Environmental Survey and Monitoring of Chemicals in FY1996-2017. http://www.env.go.jp/chemi/kurohon/en/index. html (English) http://www.env.go.jp/chemi/kurohon/index.html (Japanese, English version of the documents are included)

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Chemicals in the Environment by the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) includes three types of surveys, that is, Initial Environmental Survey, Environmental Survey for Exposure Study, and Monitoring Investigation. This report introduces results of survey of residual status of chemical substances in general environment (water quality, bottom sediment, living things, atmosphere, etc.) Initial Environmental Risk Evaluation on Chemicals http://www.env.go.jp/chemi/risk/index.html (Japanese) Initial environmental risk assessment conducts risk characterization of certain chemicals based on human health risk and ecotoxicological risk. Based on scientific knowledge, it is necessary to screen (extract) substances that are assumed to have relatively high environmental risks from among many chemical substances, and then conduct more detailed risk assessment. The MOE has positioned this first step as the initial environmental risk evaluation. Profiles of the Initial Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemicals http://www.env.go.jp/en/chemi/chemicals/ profile_erac/index.html (English) The profile document is a sheet for chemical substance including information on exposure assessment, initial assessment of health and ecological risk, and conclusion. Results of Mutagenicity Tests [Bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) and in vitro chromosomal aberration test] http://anzeninfo.mhlw.go.jp/user/anzen/kag/ sokatutbl.htm (English and Japanese) http://anzeninfo.mhlw.go.jp/user/anzen/kag/ sokatutbl_b.htm (English and Japanese) http://anzeninfo.mhlw.go.jp/user/anzen/kag/ sokatutbl_c.htm (English and Japanese) The Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare (MHLW) selects substances to be investigated from existing chemicals and then carries out Ames test and chromosome aberration test. All tests are conducted in compliance with the OECD and/or Japanese Test Guidelines and with the OECD and/or Japanese GLP. Results of screening assessment and risk assessment under the Chemical Substances Control Law (CSCL) http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/ chemical_management/kasinhou/information/ ra_index.html (Japanese) The purpose of the CSCL is to prevent environmental pollution caused by chemical substances that pose a risk of impairing human health and interfere with the inhabitation and growth of flora and fauna. The

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Japanese government conducts risk assessment in two phases, both before and after placing the substance on the market. Based on the result of risk assessment, the government may take measures to control risks associated with the chemical. Explanation of CSCL: http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/ chemical_management/english/cscl/index.html (English) Search for related information on the evaluation (JCHECK): http://www.safe.nite.go.jp/jcheck/search.action? request_locale 5 en (English) Current situation of regulatory classification of specific chemicals is presented. Risk Assessment Documents https://unit.aist.go.jp/riss/crm/mainmenu/e_1.html (English) The Risk Assessment Documents were prepared by Research Center for Chemical Risk Management, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology. The documents developed based on the evaluation of the available scientific data for the chemicals with known or anticipated risks for human health and/or the environment. They provide the scientific basis for regulatory bodies, industries, and the public in the decision-making process of chemical risk management. Risk Assessment Reports by the Food Safety Commission Japan (FSCJ) http://www.fsc.go.jp/english/evaluationreports/ evaluationreports_index_e2.html (English) http://www.fsc.go.jp/english/evaluationreports/ (English) The reports include the following food-related chemicals, organisms, and others: food additives, pesticides, veterinary medicinal products, chemicals and contaminants, apparatus and containers/packages, prions, natural toxins/mycotoxins, microorganisms and viruses, novel foods, genetically modified foods, feeds/fertilizers, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, and others. Risk Assessment Reports for Industrial Safety http://anzeninfo.mhlw.go.jp/user/anzen/kag/ ankgc09.htm (Japanese) The MHLW selects substances to be investigated for risk evaluation from existing chemical and then, prepares risk assessment reports of them based on their hazard assessment, exposure measurement, and measurement method. Summary of Pesticide Documents and Evaluation Reports

https://www.acis.famic.go.jp/syouroku/index.htm (Japanese) Pesticide Documents prepared by applicants and Evaluation Reports prepared by the Food Safety Commission Japan, Cabinet Office (CAO) are presented. Summary or Reports of Carcinogenicity Studies of Selected Chemicals http://anzeninfo.mhlw.go.jp/user/anzen/kag/ carcino_test.htm (Japanese) http://anzeninfo.mhlw.go.jp/user/anzen/kag/ carcino_digest.htm (Japanese) http://anzeninfo.mhlw.go.jp/user/anzen/kag/ carcino_report.htm (Japanese) The MHLW selects substances to be investigated from among existing chemicals and then, carries out carcinogenicity tests using rodents (mice and rats). The tests are conducted in compliance with the OECD and/or Japanese Test Guidelines and with the OECD and/or Japanese GLP.

Database Chemical Database (WebKis-Plus) http://w-chemdb.nies.go.jp/ (Japanese) This database is a chemical substance database created by adding some files to existing database such as KIS-NET by Kanagawa Prefecture. The database includes substance search, list of chemicals and pesticide database. Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP) http://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/db.html (English) NITE Chemical Risk Information Platform (NITECHRIP) is a database provided free of charge over the Internet and shows comprehensive information on Risk Assessments and Laws & Regulations etc. of chemical substances that can be searched by entering the number, name etc. or provided by a list for each category. Chemical Substance Fact Sheets http://www.env.go.jp/en/chemi/prtr/substances/ factsheets.html (English) http://www.env.go.jp/chemi/communication/ factsheet.html (Japanese) The factsheets aim to promote appropriate management of chemical substances toward reducing environmental risks by assisting businesses and consumers, etc. (who may handle chemical substances) to obtain and understand accurate information about the substances and chemicals. The factsheets listing the chemical substances subject to the “Act on Confirmation, etc. of Release Amounts of

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Specific Chemical Substances in the Environment and Promotion of Improvements to the Management Thereof (PRTR Act)” are to be released sequentially. The factsheets provide the public with simplified and easy-to-understand information on chemical substances subjected to the PRTR Act. Comprehensive Information Search Systems on Food Safety http://www.fsc.go.jp/fsciis/ (Japanese) This database contains information on international organizations concerning food safety, government agencies in and outside the country collected by the FSCJ, including food safety related information, meeting materials, Q&A, evaluation reports, research information, and survey information. GHS Information http://www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/ghs/ghs_index. html (English) http://www.safe.nite.go.jp/ghs/ghs_index.html (Japanese) This site has the following GHS related menus: GHS Classification Results (Excel, HTML), GHS Classification Guidance, GHS Classification Guidance, List of Classification Results (link to CHRIP), Substance Search (link to CHRIP), and Guidance on a Consumer Product Risk Assessment. GHS Classification Results (Excel, HTML): http:// www.safe.nite.go.jp/english/ghs/ghs_download. html (English) List of Chemicals of GHS Classification Results by the Japanese Government: https://www.nite.go.jp/en/ chem/chrip/chrip_search/intSrhSpcLst?_ e_trans 5 &slScNm 5 CI_01_001&bcPtn 5 6 (English) Information System on Safety and Effectiveness for “Health Foods” http://hfnet.nih.go.jp/ (Japanese) This site is operated by the National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition. The main purpose is (1) provision of correct information on food and food ingredients, (2) promotion of a healthy diet, and (3) prevention of health hazards associated with “health food.” Japan Chemicals Collaborative Knowledge Database (J-CHECK) http://www.safe.nite.go.jp/jcheck/search.action? request_locale 5 en (English) J-CHECK is a database developed to provide the information to “Act on the Evaluation of Chemical Substances and Regulation of Their Manufacture, etc. (CSCL)” by the authorities of the law, Ministry of

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Health, Labour, and Welfare, Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry, and Ministry of the Environment. J-CHECK provides the information regarding CSCL, such as the list of CSCL, chemical safety information obtained in the existing chemicals survey program, risk assessment, etc. in cooperation with eChemPortal by OECD. Japan Existing Chemical Data Base (JECDB) http://dra4.nihs.go.jp/mhlw_data/jsp/ SearchPageENG.jsp (English) This database is for existing chemicals with high production volume. Several types of toxicity testing reports are included, for example, in most cases, a single dose toxicity test, a 28-day repeat dose toxicity test, a reproductive/development toxicity test, and mutagenicity tests. Each report consists of the nomenclature of the chemical, abstracts, and summarized data from the studies in English, and toxicity test results in order. All the tests reported were performed in accordance with the chemicals GLP under the Law concerning Examination and Regulation of Manufacture, etc. of Chemical Substances and meet the requirements of the OECD GLP. Poisonous and Deleterious Substances Database http://www.nihs.go.jp/law/dokugeki/eng_dokugeki. html (English) In Japan, specific chemical substances are regulated by the Poisonous and Deleterious Substances Control Law. These chemicals are classified following three categories: poisonous substances, deleterious substances, or specified poisonous substances. PRTR information plaza Japan http://www.env.go.jp/en/chemi/prtr/prtr.html (English) http://www.env.go.jp/chemi/prtr/archive/ target_chemi.html (Japanese) The characteristics of Japanese PRTR (Pollutant Release and Transfer Register) system is to promote voluntary improvement of the management of chemical substances by business operators and to prevent any impediments to the preservation of the environment by taking measures for the confirmation of release amounts, etc. of specific chemical substances in the environment by business operators. The PRTR information plaza provides information related to PRTR, from the overview of the PRTR system to the results of data collected. Results of Eco-toxicity tests of chemicals conducted by MOE in Japan (version March 2015) Explanation: http://www.env.go.jp/chemi/sesaku/01. html (Japanese)

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Test data: http://www.env.go.jp/chemi/sesaku/02e. pdf (English) Test results conducted based on the OECD-GLP standard and the OECD test guidelines are shown. However, because these data have not been evaluated by experts, confirmation of test result is needed if these data are to be used for assessment.

Organizations (government) Food Safety Commission Secretariat Akasaka Park Building 22nd F. Akasaka 5-2-20, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-6122, Japan Phone: 181-3-6234-1166 Fax: 181-3-3584-7390 Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) http://www.fsc.go.jp/english/index.html (English) The FSCJ is a risk assessment organization for science-based risk assessment of food safety risks to human health. The FSCJ is independent from risk management organizations such as the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, and the Consumer Affairs Agency. By recognizing that protecting the health of the people is one of the country’s most important issues, the Commission’s primary goals can be summarized into three main tasks: (1) conducting risk assessment on food in a scientific, independent, and fair manner, and making recommendations to relevant ministries based upon the results from the risk assessment; (2) implementing risk communication among stakeholders such as consumers and food-related business operators; and (3) responding to food-borne accidents and emergencies. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF) http://www.maff.go.jp/e/index.html (English) Food Safety for the Health of Consumers: http://www.maff.go.jp/e/policies/food_safety/ ensuring.html (English) The MAFF is responsible for the safety of domestically produced foods and the safety of feed, whether domestically produced or imported, through risk management-related activities including establishing and implementing good practices in food chain. MAFF prepares risk profiles summarizing scientific and other relevant information on food and feed safety problem. 1-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8950, Japan Phone: 181-3-3502-8111 Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) http://www.meti.go.jp/english/index.html (English)

Chemical Management: http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/ chemical_management/english/index.html (English) The METI is conducting the following measures in line with its establishment of a Chemical Management Policy: (1) implementation of a legislative system on the management of chemical substances that will be emphasized to the international community, (2) proactive participation in plans for international efforts aimed at the management of chemical substances, and (3) gathering and collating scientific knowledge and information regarding risks to ensure enhanced effectiveness of the management of chemical substances. Public Relations Office: 1-3-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8901, Japan Phone: 181-3-3501-1619 Fax: 181-3-3501-6942 Email: [email protected] General METI Inquiries Phone: 181-3-3501-1511 Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare (MHLW) http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/index.html (English) Chemical Safety: http://www.mhlw.go.jp/new-info/kobetu/seikatu/ kagaku/index.html (Japanese) The Office of Chemical Safety, MHLW provides the following information: poisonous and deleterious substances, relations to Chemical Substances Control Law and Pollutant Release and Transfer Register Law, dioxins, endocrine disrupting chemicals, sick houses (indoor air pollution), safety measures for household goods, and nanomaterials. Food Safety Information: http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/policy/healthmedical/food/index.html (English) The administration of food safety is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Food Safety under the Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau, MHLW. The website includes food chemical safety information, for example, positive list system for agricultural chemical residues in food, food additives, containers/packaging/utensils. 1-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8916, Japan Phone: 181-3-5253-1111 Ministry of the Environment (MOE) http://www.env.go.jp/en/index.html (English) Health & Chemicals: http://www.env.go.jp/en/chemi/ (English)

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The following issues are provided: chemicals, endocrine disruptors, dioxins, PRTR, PCBs, POPs, mercury, health and safety, asbestos, and laws Godochosha No. 5, 1-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8975, Japan Phone: 181-3-3581-3351 Email: https//www.env.go.jp/en/moemail/

Organizations (government institutes) Agricultural Chemicals Inspection Station (ACIS) http://www.acis.famic.go.jp/eng/indexeng.htm (English) http://www.acis.famic.go.jp/acis/index.htm (Japanese) The ACIS is a part of Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center (FAMIC). The ACIS inspects qualities of agricultural chemicals and ensures proper and safe use of them. Furthermore, ACIS conducts on-site inspection on pesticide manufacturers, distributors, and end use to prevent the distribution or use of unsuitable pesticides. 2-772 Suzuki-cho, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo 187-0011, Japan Phone: 181-50-3797-1876 Fax: 181-42-385-3361 Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center (FAMIC) http://www.famic.go.jp/english/index.html (English) In close cooperation with the MAFF, FAMIC contributes to the following tasks through inspections and analyses of agricultural materials and food etc.: (1) ensuring the safety of fertilizers, soil improvement materials, agricultural chemicals, animal feeds, and feed additives; and (2) ensuring the quality and proper labeling of agricultural, forestry, and fishery products.

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1-4-6 Umezono, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo 204-0024, Japan Phone: 181-42-491-4512 Fax: 181-42-491-7846 National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) http://www.naro.affrc.go.jp/english/index.html (English) NARO is the core institute in Japan for conducting research and development on agriculture and food. Our overall mission is to contribute to the development of society through innovations in agriculture and food, by promoting pioneering and fundamental R&D. NARO Headquarters: 3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8517, Japan Phone: 181-29-838-8998 National Cancer Center (NCC) https://www.ncc.go.jp/en/index.html (English) The National Cancer Center provides diagnosis, research, training, and the like through cooperation between administrative departments, hospitals, and research institutes. It has thus served a central role in measures to prevent and treat cancer in Japan. The missions are (1) discovering the fundamental causes of cancer and realizing its earliest diagnosis and prevention; (2) developing innovation in medical prevention, diagnosis, and treatment; (3) establishing and making available the most advanced standard of care to all patients; (4) exploring and providing the best “cancer survivorship” for patients; (5) gathering and disseminating comprehensive cancer related information to the community; (6) talent development of all ncc staff members; (7) recommending new initiatives and policy to the government; and (8) contributing to global society in collaboration with international organizations.

Headquarters: Saitama Shintoshin National Government Building, Kensato Building 2-1, Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitamashi, Saitama 330-9731, Japan Phone: 181-50-3797-1830 Fax: 181-48-600-2372

Tsukiji Campus: 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan Phone: 181-3-3542-2511 Kashiwa Campus: 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8577, Japan Phone: 181-4-7133-1111

Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (JNIOSH) http://www.jniosh.go.jp/en/index.html (English)

National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) http://www.nies.go.jp/index-e.html (English)

The JNIOSH conducts comprehensive investigation and research on prevention of disasters at workplaces, maintenance of workers’ health, and diagnosis/prevention of occupational diseases. The aim of JNIOSH is to contribute to the safety and health of workers in the workplace.

Environmental problems have been proliferating from the relatively localized problems, represented by industrial pollution, to global problems. These problems stem from long-term human activities, represented by global warming and ecosystem degradation. Many other environmental issues like management of wastes and hazardous substances have also become

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serious problems. To solve these issues, NIES is making use of the synergies within its institute and paying attention to interdisciplinary collaboration. Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research: http://www.nies.go.jp/risk_health/index-e.html (English) The center was established to promote research on health and environmental risk research. It is generally important to understand precisely and manage appropriately the potential risks from environment such as environmental chemicals to human health and environment. The aim is to contribute to the reduction of health and environmental risk to human health and ecosystems to assure environmental safety. 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan Phone: 181-29-850-2314 Fax: 181-29-851-4732 Email: [email protected] National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) http://www.aist.go.jp/index_en.html (English) The missions of the AIST are to (1) contribute to a sustainable society, (2) contribute to industrial competitiveness, (3) contribute to local industrial development, and (4) contribute to industrial technology policies. Research fields are life science and technology, information technology, materials and manufacturing, environment and energy, geological survey and applied geoscience, and metrology and measurement technology, etc. AIST Tokyo Headquarters: 1-3-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8921, Japan Phone: 181-3-5501-0900 National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN) http://www.nibiohn.go.jp/en/ (English) The NIBIOHN was established in April 2015 by integrating the National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO) and the National Institute of Health and Nutrition (NIHN). The goal of NIBIO is to support the development of innovative pharmaceutical and medical products in Japan, whereas the objective of the NIHN is to help improve the health and wellbeing of the Japanese population through surveys and studies on hygiene, nutrition, and diet. The major business contents are (1) research on basic technologies and drug discovery support; (2) research on biological resources and drug discovery support; (3) promotion of development of pharmaceuticals etc.; (4) research and research on the maintenance and promotion of public health; (5) research and research on nutrition of

the people and other dietary habits of the people; and (6) nutritional and physiological examination on food. National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO): http://www.nibiohn.go.jp/nibio/english/index.html (English) 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0085, Japan Phone: 181-72-641-9811 Fax: 181-72-641-9812 National Institute of Health and Nutrition (NIHN): http://www.nih.go.jp/eiken/english/index.html (English) 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8636 Tokyo, Japan Phone: 181-3-3203-5721 Fax: 181-3-3202-3278 National Institute of Genetics (NIG) https://www.nig.ac.jp/nig/ (English) Missions of the NIG are (1) research, (2) intellectual infrastructure and collaboration research, (3) education and carrier development, and (4) social contribution. The NIG carries out comprehensive genetic research to advance the knowledge of basic and applied genetics as one of the interuniversity institutes. 1111 Yata, Mishima-shi, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan Phone: 181-55-981-6707 National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS) http://www.nihs.go.jp/index.html (English) The NIHS conducts testing, research, and studies toward the proper evaluation of the quality, safety, and efficacy of pharmaceutical products, foods, and the numerous chemicals in the living environment. Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan Phone: 181-44-270-6600 Fax: 181-44-270-6611 National Institute of Public Health (NIPH) https://www.niph.go.jp/index_en.html (English) The mission of the National Institute of Public Health is to carry out education and training of personnel engaging in public health, environmental hygiene, and social welfare, and to conduct research in these areas. 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0197, Japan Phone: 181-48-458-6111 Fax: 181-48-469-1573 National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) http://www.nirs.qst.go.jp/ENG/index.html (English) NIRS has fundamental and clinical radiation research core centers, and a radiotherapy-specialized hospital. NIRS promotes the most influential research

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and development of diagnostics and therapy with radiological applications, and investigations of the adverse effects and the protection of radiation exposure for the human health and the natural environment. Moreover, NIRS provides comprehensive education/training programs on radiation to trainees and professionals. 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan Phone: 181-43-206-3025 Email: [email protected] National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE) http://www.nite.go.jp/index-e.html (English) The NITE is offering a vital contribution to society in the fields of (1) biotechnology including the collection of microorganisms; (2) chemical management including the integration of risk information of chemical substances; (3) accreditation including accreditation under international standards; and (4) consumer product safety including the compilation of safety information of products used in daily life. 2-49-10 Nishihara, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0066, Japan Public Relations Office: Phone: 181-3-3481-6685 Fax: 181-3-3481-1920 New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) http://www.nedo.go.jp/english/index.html (English) NEDO’s activities are industrial technology research and development (R&D), environmental technology R&D, and promote new energy and energy conservation technology. NEDO is also responsible for R&D project planning and formation, project management, and postproject technology evaluation functions. NEDO Kawasaki Head Office: MUZA Kawasaki Central Tower, 1310 Omiya, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 212-8554, Japan Phone: 181-44-520-5100 Fax: 181-44-520-5103 Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) http://www.rerf.or.jp/ (Japanese & English) The RERF is the scientific research institution focused on the study of health effects of radiation in the survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Careful analysis of the accurately recorded cancer incidence and mortality data for the large study population is contributing fundamental risk information for radiation protection standards worldwide.

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Hiroshima Laboratory: 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan Phone: 181-82-261-3131 Fax: 181-82-263-7279 Nagasaki Laboratory: 1-8-6 Nakagawa, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 850-0013, Japan Phone: 181-95-823-1121 Fax: 181-95-825-7202 Risk Analysis Research Center, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics http://www.ism.ac.jp/risk/en/index.html (English) The Institute of Statistical Mathematics: http://www.ism.ac.jp/index_e.html (English) The Risk Analysis Research Center has following two objectives: (1) developing and establishing methodologies for risk evaluation and management across various disciplines, and (2) establishing the Network of Excellence, a network of researchers in multiple disciplines related to risk analysis that share a need for statistical methodologies. To this end, the center will strive to achieve a safe and risk-free society. 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan Phone: 181-50-5533-8500 The Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability (RISS) https://en.aist-riss.jp/ (English) The RISS at the National Institute of AIST is a research organization consisted of three former research units (the Research Center for Chemical Risk Management, the Research Center for Life Cycle Assessment, and the Research Core for Explosion Safety). The RISS is committed to helping with the creation of a safer and more sustainable society through the integration of research results and methods obtained so far in the individual research areas, such as those concerned with the risk and hazard of chemical substances, lifecycle assessments relating to industrial products and consumers’ environmental impact, through the presentation of the guidelines for choosing production and consumption aimed at building a sustainable society, and the policy recommendations based on scientific expertise along with such guidelines that are designed to meet the demands of society. 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan Phone: 181-29-861-8100 Fax: 181-29-861-8422 Email: [email protected]

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Organizations (nongovernment) Biosafety Research Center Foods, Drugs and Pesticides (BSRC, An-pyo Center) https://www.anpyo.or.jp/images/pages/ pdf_other_publications/anpyo_hp_english.pdf (English) BSRC aims to provide accurate and reliable information of chemical safety to be evaluated the risks of chemical substances by authorized specialists. BSRC also conducts research to develop/improve the assay systems more accurately and reliably to identify hazard of chemicals. In addition, as a group of specialists in regulatory science, BSRC supports evaluation and interpretation of the safety study results and conducts education of regulatory scientists for chemical risk assessment. 582-2 Shio-shinden, Iwata-shi, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan Phone: 181-538-58-1266 Fax: 181-538-58-1293 Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA) https://www.ciea.or.jp/en/index.html (English) CIEA seeks to contribute to the health and welfare of humankind through: (1) development of quality humanized animals with a stable reproduction level, and (2) research of human diseases and clarification of their causes using laboratory animals as live measurement standards. 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan Phone: 181-44-201-8510 Fax: 181-44-201-8511 Email: [email protected] Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (CERI) http://www.cerij.or.jp/ceri_en/index_e4.shtml (English) CERI engages in a wide scope of activities related to chemicals, including experiments, testing, analysis, evaluations, and research and development. Our ultimate objective is to further the sound development of industry and enhance people’s lifestyles by upgrading the quality of chemicals and assuring their safety while at the same time emphasizing environmental preservation and the protection of health. CERI Chemical Safety (Hazard) Evaluation Sheet: http://www.cerij.or.jp/evaluation_document/ Chemical_hazard_data_02.html (Japanese) Hazard Assessment Report: http://www.cerij.or.jp/ceri_en/ hazard_assessment_report/yugai_indx_en.htm (English)

Headquarters 1-4-25 Koraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0004, Japan General Affairs Department Phone: 181-3-5804-6131 Fax: 181-3-5804-6139 Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center (FDSC) http://www.fdsc.or.jp/fdsc_en/en_index.html (English) FDSC’s mission is to lead scientific approaches to risk and safety assessments. FDSC is dedicated to improving public health using better predictive measures regarding the evaluation of food, drug, and chemical safety. FDSC contributes to the development and experimental validation of biological and chemical testing systems designed to predict and explain biological responses to chemical exposure of foods, drugs, medical devices, and environmental media. 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano-shi, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan Phone: 181-463-82-4751 Fax: 181-463-82-9627 Japan Advanced Information Centre of Safety and Health (JAISH) http://www.jaish.gr.jp/index.html (Japanese) Through the provision of safety and sanitation information, JAISH will widely raise interest in occupational safety and health (OSH) of the general public and will support safety and health activities of the workplace. 5-35-2 Anzen Eisei Sogo Kaikan, Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014, Japan Phone: 181-3-3452-6841 Japan Chemical Industry Association (JCIA) https://www.nikkakyo.org/ (English) As the leading trade association of the Japanese chemical industry, JCIA seeks to promote the healthy development of the chemical industry through the research and study of production, distribution, and consumption of materials relating to the chemical industry. JCIA also focuses on the research and study of various issues relating to the technology, labor, environment, and chemical safety of industry, and on planning appropriate measures and actions to the economic prosperity of Japan and the betterment of the national standard of living. JCIA is a member of the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA). JCIA BIGDr: https://www.jcia-bigdr.jp/jcia-bigdr/en/top (English) JCIA BIGDr is a chemical risk assessment support portal provided by the Japan Chemical Industry

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Association. BIGDr provides base of information gathering, sharing and dissemination for risk management of chemical products. Sumitomo Fudosan Rokko Building 7 F, 1-4-1 Shinkawa, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0033, Japan Phone: 181-3-3297-2550 Fax: 181-3-3297-2610 Email: [email protected]

Fax: 1 81-3-3520-0141 Email: [email protected] Japan Food Inspection Corporation (JFIC) http://www.jffic.or.jp/en/jffic-english.pdf (English) JFIC contributes to food safety and to improving food hygiene by analysis and inspections. Analysis includes microorganisms, nutrition components, food additives, shellfish toxins, or radioactivity.

Japan Chemical Industry Ecology-Toxicology Information Center (JETOC) http://www.jetoc.or.jp/ (Japanese)

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JETOC aims contribution to (1) securement of workers’ health and safety in the workplace, (2) healthy development of related industries, and (3) improvement of public health and sanitation, by promoting research on chemical safety. Japanese translation version of OECD SIAP (SIDS Initial Assessment Profile)/ITAP (Initial Targeted Assessment Profile) documents: http://www.jetoc.or.jp/safe/siap_top.html (Japanese only) Sumitomo Fudosan Rokko Building 2 F, Shinkawa, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0033, Japan Phone: 181-3-3297-8051 Fax: 181-3-3297-8055

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Japan Crop Protection Association (JCPA) http://www.jcpa.or.jp/ (Japanese) JCPA is the nonprofit organization of Japanese manufacturers, formulators, and distributors of agricultural crop protection products. JCPA provides information of pesticides, including reports of seminars, books, statistics, and toxicity data. Information of pesticides: http://www.jcpa.or.jp/labo/ (Japanese) 2-3-6 Kayabacho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo 1030025, Japan Phone: 181-3-5649-7191 Fax: 181-3-5649-7245 Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR) http://www.jfcr.or.jp/english/index.html (English)

JS Progre Building 3 F 4-1-23 Heiwajima, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-0006, Japan Phone: 181-3-6436-8765 Fax: 181-3-3765-1675 Email: [email protected] Japan Food Research Laboratories (JFRL) http://www.jfrl.or.jp/e/index.html (English) JFRL can develop solutions to resolve clients’ diverse issues through providing accurate analytical data or technical advisory services to domestic and overseas clients. A wide range of analytical services offered by JFRL cover not only food and feed products but also medicines, cosmetics, medical devices, and household chemical products. For the medical and cosmetic fields, JFRL performs compendial tests, stability tests, microbial limits test, biocompatibility tests, and other chemical/mechanical tests based on worldwide representative standards, GMP, GLP, or official related guidelines. 52-1 Motoyoyogicho, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0062, Japan Phone: 181-3-3469-7131 Fax: 181-3-3469-7009 Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association (JISHA) http://www.jisha.or.jp/english/index.html (English) JISHA aims to (1) promote industrial accident prevention efforts undertaken by employers; (2) provide education, technical service, and assistance; (3) collect and disseminate OSH information and documents; and (4) conduct research and surveys. JISHA supports enterprises with their OSH activities, and heeds their voices to realize safe, healthy, and comfortable workplaces across Japan.

JFCR has been leading the researches and treatments of cancer in Japan through the activities integrating basic and clinical researches. You may find many references such as “the first in Japan. . .” or “the largest number in Japan. . .” in the introduction of JFCR. This proves JFCR’s achievements in the field of cancer research and treatment.

Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry and Toxicology (RIAS) http://www.riasbt.or.jp/en/ (English)

3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan Phone: 181-3-3520-0111

RIAS’s aim is to contribute to the development of sciences, promotion of the animal industry, and

Headquarters office: 5-35-2 Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014, Japan Phone: 181-3-3452-6297

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improvement in food hygiene and public health by conducting various examinations, inspections, research and development, and so forth of animal health products (including fishery drugs), human drugs, feeds, feed additives, agricultural chemicals, chemical substances, and livestock products, etc. 3-7-11 Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa Prefecture 252-0132, Japan Phone: 181-42-762-2775 Fax: 181-42-762-7979 The Cosmetology Research Foundation (CRF) http://www.cosmetology.or.jp/en/index.html (English) CRF sees the promotion of research into cosmetology to effectively address the needs of such times as significantly important, not only to the cosmetics industry, but also on a social level. Activities on grants are for (1) investigative research on the theoretical systematization of cosmetology, (2) investigative research in bioscience, (3) international exchange on investigative research, (4) collection and dissemination of various materials related to cosmetology, and (5) services incidental to the abovementioned items and other businesses. Nichito Hatchobori Building 5 fl. Hatchobori 3-11-8, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0032, Japan Phone: 181-3-3206-7721 Fax: 181-3-3206- 7720 Email: [email protected] The Institute of Environmental Toxicology (IET) http://iet.or.jp/ (Japanese) IET was established with the aim “to conduct various tests and research on residual toxicity of agricultural chemicals (e.g., pesticides), to promote the development of low toxicity new pesticides, and to ensure the safety thereof.” IET undertakes and implements various safety evaluation tests such as toxicity of agricultural chemicals, ADME, persistence, water pollution, etc. 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Jyoso-shi, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan Phone: 181-297-27-4501 The Japan Food Chemical Research Foundation (JFCRF) http://www.ffcr.or.jp/en/index.html (English) JFCRF was established to contribute to the safety of food and the maintenance and enhancement of the health of people through various activities. JFCRF supports research activities aimed at developing safety evaluation methodologies for food additives, and at

reducing the use of food additives. The main operations of JFCRF include four activities: (1) support for research on safety evaluation methodologies for food additives listed below, (2) support for research on the development and improvement of food manufacturing technologies to contribute to the reduced use of food additives, (3) promotion of symposia and the like, and (4) collection and disclosure of information. In providing grants, JFCRF openly invites the submission of themes for research projects. 1-11-1 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0828, Japan Phone: 181-6-6333-5680 Fax: 181-6-6333-5491 Email: [email protected]

Universities Asahikawa Medical College http://www.jimu.asahikawa-med.ac.jp/english/index. html (English) 1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi-2-jyo, Asahikawa-shi, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan Phone: 181-166-65-2111 Social Medicine Laboratory: http://www.asahikawa-med.ac.jp/index.php? f 5 facilities_guide 1 kiso_kenko (Japanese) The Laboratory conducts fundamental toxicological experimental research such as health disorders from arsenic or formaldehyde, or the risk of environmental pollution to the immune system of children. Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology: https://www.azabu-u.ac.jp/english/undergraduate/ vm.html (English) 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan Phone: 181-42-754-7111 Fax: 181-42-754-7661 Email: [email protected] Comparative Toxicology Laboratory: https://lab-navi.azabu-u.ac.jp/va-08/ (Japanese) The laboratory examines the mechanisms and conditions of fetal/child developmental disorders, reproductive life shortening, or carcinogenesis, based on the relationship among genes and individuals. Chiba University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences: http://www.p.chiba-u.jp/e/index.html (English)

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Fax: 181-11-706-5190

Inohana Campus: 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan Phone: 181-43-226-2853 Email: [email protected]

Laboratory of Toxicology: http://tox.vetmed.hokudai.ac.jp/en/ (English)

Toxicology and Environmental Health Laboratory: http://www.p.chiba-u.jp/lab/yobou/index.html (Japanese)

Research topics are (1) the clarification of the effect of continued environmental contamination in Africa on humans and animals and (2) the study of the evolution and species differentiation of biological defense systems against chemicals.

The laboratory researches on the effect of metal compounds on human health. Ehime University Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture: http://www.agr.ehime-u.ac.jp/en/ (English) 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan Phone: 181-89-946-9803 Fax: 181-22-757-4020 Email: [email protected] Environmental Metrology Laboratory: http://www.agr.ehime-u.ac.jp/graduate/biologicalenvironment/environmental-conservation/ec09. html (Japanese) The laboratory focuses on monitoring, evaluating, and predicting potential risks of chemical substances to protect human health and ecosystems. Health Sciences University of Hokkaido Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences: http://www.hoku-iryo-u.ac.jp/eng/ (English) 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu-cho, Ishikari-gun, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan Phone: 181-133-23-1211 Email: [email protected] Division of Health and Environmental Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Science & Environmental Toxicology: http://www.hoku-iryo-u.ac.jp/eng/pdf/pharm09.pdf (English) Research topics are (1) mechanisms of heavy metals and organohalogens in marine predators, (2) absorption mechanisms of drugs and environmental contaminants via transporters, (3) nutritional and clinical assessments using trace elements and stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in the scalp hair, and (4) cancer chemoprevention by dietary lipids in vitro and in vivo. Hokkaido University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine: https://www.vetmed.hokudai.ac.jp/en/ (English) Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan Phone: 181-11-716-2111

Iwate Medical University School of Pharmacy: http://www.iwate-med.ac.jp/en/faculties/pharm/ (English) 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan Phone: 181-19-651-5111 Drug Metabolism Laboratory: http://www.iwate-med.ac.jp/education/gakubu_in/ pharm_kouza/yakubututaisha/ (Japanese) The laboratory’s research involves (1) analysis of metabolic processes in liver and intestinal tract of chemical substances such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, food ingredients; and (2) elucidation of the mechanism of influence of pharmaceuticals and other chemical substances on human health. Iwate University Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Agriculture, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine: http://www.agr.iwate-u.ac.jp/engdepartments/ #departments06 (English) 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan Phone: 181-19-621-6103 Comparative Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory: http://www.agr.iwate-u.ac.jp/lab/比載薬理毒性学研 究室/ (Japanese) The laboratory focuses on the pharmacological and toxic effects of exogeneous substances and synthetic chemical substances, and conducts research on the mechanism of action of effects or alterations induced by various substances, and species and strain differences. Josai University School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences: https://www.josai.ac.jp/english/education/medicine. html (English) 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama-ken 350-0295, Japan Phone: 181-49-286-2233 Fax: 181-49-271-7947

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Hygiene Laboratory: https://www.josai.ac.jp/education/pharmacy/ pharm6_dep/laboratory/eiseikagaku.html (Japanese)

The laboratory’s research focuses on water pollution, red tide, and fish/shellfish poisoning to establish good environments for fish and shellfish.

The laboratory researches (1) elucidation of mechanisms on accumulation of xenobiotics in the body and its excretion; (2) elucidation of toxicity mechanism by xenobiotics; (3) reduction of toxicity by xenobiotics, and development of protection method; and (4) elucidation of induction mechanism of lipid metabolism abnormality by xenobiotics.

Kumamoto University Faculty of Science: http://www.sci.kumamoto-u.ac.jp/index.html (English) 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan Phone: 181-96-344-2111 Email: [email protected]

Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine: http://www.vmas.kitasato-u.ac.jp/en/index.php/ laboratories/laboratory-of-toxicology/ (English) Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan Phone: 181-176-23-4371 Fax: 181-176-23-8703

Laboratory of Environment Toxicology and Chemistry: http://accafe.jp/nakata_lab/index.php?ENGLISH% 20FROMT%20PAGE (Japanese)

Laboratory of Toxicology: http://www.vmas.kitasato-u.ac.jp/en/index.php/ laboratories/laboratory-of-toxicology/ (English)

Nagasaki International University Department of Pharmacy: https://www1.niu.ac.jp/english/undergraduate/ pharmacy/ (English) 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch Machi, Sasebo City, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan Phone: 181-956-39-2020 Fax: 181-956-39-3111

The laboratory researches toxicity mechanisms to reduce the potential threat of hazardous chemicals for cardiac disease caused by anticancer drugs, cytotoxicity in acute poisoning, and reproductive disorders in wildlife. Kobe College School of Human Science: http://www.kobe-c.ac.jp/ekc/course_guide/hs.html (English) 4-1 Okadayama, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-8505, Japan Phone: 052-751-2561 Ecotoxicology Laboratory: https://www.kobe-c.ac.jp/courses/human/bio/lab/ Pid 5 17_lab.html#gaiyo (Japanese) The laboratory’s research focuses on exposure experiments, mainly using fish, and field surveys to evaluate the toxic effect of chemical substances on environmental organisms. Kochi University Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Sciences: http://www.kochi-u.ac.jp/agrimar/english/index. html (English) 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku city, Kochi 783-8502, Japan Phone: 181-88-864-5114 Fax: 181-88-864-5200 Email: [email protected] Water Environmental Laboratory: http://www.cc.kochi-u.ac.jp/Byharuo/laques/ (Japanese)

The laboratory conducts surveys and research to clarify the actual situation of contamination, bioaccumulation, secular change, or movement spreading on a global scale for new chemical substances.

Environmental Toxicology Laboratory: https://www1.niu.ac.jp/course/pharmacy/research/ 1085/1122.html (Japanese) The laboratory’s research focuses on water sanitation from the viewpoint of water environment and on indoor air pollution from the viewpoint of an indoor environment. Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical School, Graduate School of Medical sciences: http://www.nagoya-cu.ac.jp/med/english/index. html (English) Kawasumi Campus, Kawasumi, Mizuho-machi, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya-shi, Nogoya 467-8601, Japan Phone: 181-52-853-8077 Fax: 181-52-842-0863 Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology: http://www.med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp/moltox.dir/e/ index.html (English) The laboratory focuses on (1) morphological and molecular analysis of preneoplastic lesions and cytogenesis of carcinomas in rodents, (2) establishment of transgenic rats with high sensitivity to

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carcinogens and use for short-term screening for environmental carcinogenesis, (3) risk evaluation of environmental factors at low doses and search for molecular marker for the risk evaluation, and (4) the search for chemopreventive agents using animal models, currently bovine lactoferrin prevention of colon carcinogenesis. Nagoya University Graduate of Medicine: https://www.med.nagoya-u.ac.jp/medical_E/ (English) 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan Phone: 181-52-741-2111 Fax: 181-52-744-2785 Email: [email protected] Molecular Pharmacology, Laboratory Toxicogenomics: https://www.med.nagoya-u.ac.jp/medical_E/ laboratory/clinical-pharma/mol-pharma/ toxicogenomics/ (English)

of

The focus of our research is drug-induced liver injury, or drug discovery to enhance clinical drug safety. Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Division of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine: http://www.obihiro.ac.jp/english/index.html (English) 2 Sen, Nishi 11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 0808555, Japan Phone: 181-155-49-5216 Fax: 181-155-49-5229 Email: [email protected] Laboratory of Toxicology: http://www.obihiro.ac.jp/Btoxicology/index.html (Japanese) The laboratory contributes to the improvement of animal hygiene, food hygiene, and environmental hygiene through research on hazard assessment and the toxicity mechanisms of chemical substances threatening food safety and human/animal health. Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences: http://www.hsc.okayama-u.ac.jp/mdps/e_index.html (English) 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan Phone: 181-86-251-7923 Fax: 181-86-251-7926 Toxicology Laboratory:

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http://soran.cc.okayama-u.ac.jp/view? l 5 en&u 5 3a4d55c061525aae74506e4da22f6611 (English) The laboratory focuses on (1) QSAR and category approach for risk assessment of chemicals, (2) risk assessment based on Adverse Outcome Pathway and Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment, and (3) development of risk assessment method for indoor environmental chemical substances with airway obstruction as index. Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medical: http://www.osaka-cu.ac.jp/en/academics/faculty/ medicine (English) Global exchange office, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshiku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan: Phone: 181-6-6605-3558 Fax: 181-6-6605-3592 Email: [email protected] Department of Pathology: http://www.med.osaka-cu.ac.jp/pathology/naiyou. html (Japanese) The laboratory’s research focuses on (1) the elucidation of the mechanism of bladder cancer development by organic arsenic compounds, (2) carcinogenic risk assessment of environmental chemical substances, and (3) the development of its evaluation model, based on pathology and molecular biology. Osaka University Graduate School and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences: http://www.phs.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/ (English) Academic Affairs, 1-6 Yamadagaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Phone: 181-6-6879-7037 Email: [email protected] Department of Toxicology and Safety Science: http://www.phs.osaka-u.ac.jp/homepage/b009/# (Japanese) The department research focuses on (1) evaluation of immunotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, genotoxicity, or carcinogenicity of various nanomaterials; (2) development of basic technology for evaluation; (3) investigation of safety biomarkers; and (4) the establishment of safety assessment systems. Setsunan University Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Life Science: https://www.setsunan.ac.jp/english/faculty/ rikogaku/seimei/ (English) Neyagawa Campus, 17-8 Ikedanaka-machi, Neyagawa City, Osaka 572-8508, Japan

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Phone: 181-72-839-9116 Environmental Toxicology Laboratory: http://www.setsunan.ac.jp/Bbio/labo/kimura.html (Japanese) The laboratory aims to reduce the risk of health damage by understanding the defense system of the body and the mechanisms of this failure from various environmental chemical substances. Shinshu University Faculty of Science: http://www.shinshu-u.ac.jp/faculty/science/english/ subject/environ/ (English) Global Education Center, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan Phone: 181-263-37-2429 Fax: 181-263-37-2181 Email: [email protected] Environmental Toxicology Laboratory: http://science.shinshu-u.ac.jp/Bpark/top.htm (Japanese) The laboratory researches on investigation of generation mechanism of freshwater red tide, analysis of biological interaction by chemical substances, and transportation of toxic substances or toxins in ecosystems. Showa University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences: http://www.showa-u.ac.jp/en/education/ pharmacues.html (English) 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan Phone: 181-3-3784-8266 Email: [email protected] Division of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics: http://www10.showa-u.ac.jp/Btoxicol/member.html (Japanese) The research subjects are (1) anticancer drug side effect expression mechanism, (2) oxidative stress generation mechanism by drug, (3) the induction of drug metabolizing enzyme and toxicity development, (4) the search for novel biomarkers of toxicity development, (5) the development of rapid confirmation method of drugs of abuse, and (6) the application of toxicants to pharmaceuticals. Takasaki University of Health and Welfare Faculty of Pharmacy: http://www.takasaki-u.ac.jp/english/undergraduate/ eng_ph/eng_fp/ (English) 37-1 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma 370-0033, Japan

Phone: 181-27-352-1290 Fax: 181-27-353-2055 Drug Toxicology Laboratory: http://www.takasaki-u.ac.jp/p_yaku_labo/yaku-0304/ (Japanese) The laboratory studies the harmful effects of pharmaceuticals. The aim is to establish the safe use of medicines and discover ways to effectively reduce harmful effects by elucidating the cause and the mechanisms of side effects. Teikyo University Faculty of Pharma Sciences: http://www.pharm.teikyo-u.ac.jp/ (English) 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan Phone: 181-3-3964-1211 Email: [email protected] Laboratory of Toxicology: http://www.pharm.teikyo-u.ac.jp/lab2/97dokusei/ index_e.html (English) The laboratory focuses on (1) the cytoskeleton and the centrosome as targets of toxic chemicals, (2) the mechanism of the central nerve system disorder caused by diphenylarsine acid, and (3) epigenetic modification of histone by toxic chemicals. Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences: http://www.pharm.tohoku.ac.jp/index-e.html (English) 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan Phone: 181-22-757-4003 Fax: 181-22-757-4020 Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology: http://www.pharm.tohoku.ac.jp/Bseitai/seitai-index. html (Japanese) The laboratory studies the endogenous defence mechanism against toxicity of environmental pollutants and chemicals or oxidative stress, and the mechanism of the toxicity of environmental pollutants (methyl mercury, pesticides etc.) Tokushima Bunri University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences: http://p.bunri-u.ac.jp/english/ (English) Nishihamahouji 180, Yamashiro-chou, Tokushima-chi, Tokushima-ken 770-8514, Japan Phone: 181-88-602-8000 Fax: 181-88-655-3051 Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory: http://p.bunri-u.ac.jp/english/?p 5 325 (English)

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The laboratory focuses on molecular nutrition and toxicology of metals. The major projects are (1) clarification of molecular mechanisms of metal transport and its roles in metal toxicity, and (2) clarification of molecular mechanisms of arsenic toxicity and metabolism from molecular to clinical and epidemiological studies. Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Faculty of Agriculture: http://www.tuat.ac.jp/en/department/agriculture/ (English) International Affairs Section, International Affairs Office, 3-8-1 Harumi-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 1838538, Japan Phone: 181-42-367-5513 Email: [email protected] Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology: http://web.tuat.ac.jp/Btatlvt/sotsuron.html (Japanese) The laboratory focuses on so-called “experimental pathology,” which elucidates the pathogenesis mechanism associated with exposure to various substances. Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science School of Pharmacy: https://www.toyaku.ac.jp/english-page (English) 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan Phone: 181-42-676-5111 Department of Environmental Health: http://www.ps.toyaku.ac.jp/Byasuyuki/index.html (Japanese) The laboratory’s research focuses on (1) the mechanism of toxicity and hormone defense of harmful metals, (2) elucidation of environmental factors affecting memory formation and mental/neurological diseases, and (3) toxicological evaluation of photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy, to contribute to human disease prevention and health promotion. Tokyo University of Science Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences: http://www.tus.ac.jp/en/fac/yaku/ (English) International Affairs Section, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan Phone: 181-3-5228-8726 Email: [email protected] Environmental Health Laboratory http://www.sut.ac.jp/en/fac/p/index.php?6347 (English) The laboratory focuses on (1) vascular toxicity of metal, (2) synthetic regulation of proteoglycan, and (3) bioorganometallics.

Toyo University Fuculty of Life Science: http://www.toyo.ac.jp/nyushi/en/about/faculty/lsc/ (English) Itakura campus, 1-1-1 Itakura-machi, Oura-gun, Gunma-ken 374-0193, Japan Phone: 181-276-82-9111 Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Laboratory: http://www2.toyo.ac.jp/Bshiizaki/profile.html (Japanese) The laboratory focuses on (1) measurement of environmental samples using yeast reporter assay, (2) inhibition of carcinogenesis and involvement in immune tolerance of dioxin receptor AhR, and (3) detection of DNA damage by chemical carcinogens. University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences: http://www.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/en/mains/faculties/ faculty_med.php (English) 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan Phone: 181-54-264-5102 Fax: 181-54-264-5099 Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology: http://w3pharm.u-shizuoka-ken.ac.jp/eisei/page1. html (Japanese) The laboratory research focuses on (1) the clarification of physiological and toxicological roles of foreign body responsive nuclear receptors, (2) the elucidation of mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury/liver cancer and development of its predictive system, and (3) the development of chemical safety assessment system using in vitro/in silico method (animal experiment alternative method). Yokohama National University College of Engineering Science: http://www.es.ynu.ac.jp/english/index.html (English) International Office, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan Phone: 181-45-339-3183 Fax: 181-45-339-3189 Email: [email protected] Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering: http://italab.ynu.ac.jp/purpose/ (English)

Chemical

The studies focus on the development of alternative methods based on the analysis of the mechanism of toxicological expression of skin sensitization in the use of pharmaceuticals and/or cosmetics. Yokohama University of Pharmacy

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Health drug Department: http://www.hamayaku.jp/healthy/index_en.html (English) 601, Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi 245-0066, Japan Phone: 181-45-859-1300 Fax: 181-45-859-1301 Environmental Sciences Laboratory: http://www.hamayaku.jp/teacher/te_161.html (Japanese) The laboratory focuses on (1) exposure assessment of indoor environmental chemical substances, (2) airway irritation of environmental chemical substances, and (3) individual differences in susceptibility to environmental chemical substances.

Professional societies and their official journals Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science (JALAS) http://jalas.jp/index_e.html (English) Journals: Experimental Animals (English) https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/expanim (English) http://www.immunotox.org/immunotoxletter/index. html (Japanese) The purpose of the JALAS is to contribute to the development of academic research in Japan and the promotion of science and technology by developing and disseminating experimental zoology and related fields through presenting fundamental and applied research on experimental animals, exchanging knowledge, communication, and providing information.

Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society (JEMS) http://www.j-ems.org/en1/home.html (English) Journal: Genes and Environment (English) https://genesenvironment.biomedcentral.com/ (English) http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jemsge (English, direct link to J-STAGE) http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jemsge/-char/ja (Japanese) The mission of the JEMS is to discover how environmental mutagens affect all organisms (including humans) and the environment, and to promote and apply this knowledge to protect human health and our environment. Oral Health Association of Japan, Komagome TS Building, 1-43-9 Komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-0003, Japan Phone: 181-3-3947-8891 Fax: 181-3-3947-8341 Email: [email protected] Japanese Radiation Research Society (JRRS) https://jrrs.org/ (Japanese) Journal: Journal of Radiation Research (English) http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jrr (English) https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jrr/-char/ja (Japanese) The JRRS promotes interdisciplinary radiological science research aimed at elucidating the influence of radiation on the human body and the environment and its mechanism and contributing to the use of this knowledge. Maruto Azabu Building 2 F, 3-2-20 Motoazabu, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0046, Japan Phone: 181-3-5413-4388 Fax: 181-6455-4339 Email: [email protected]

Tokyo RS Building 3 F, 6-26-12 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Phone: 1 81-3-3814-8276 Fax: 1 81-3-3814-3990 Email: [email protected]

Japanese Safety Pharmacology Society (JSPS) http://www.j-sps.org/ (Japanese)

Japanese Cancer Association (JCA) http://www.jca.gr.jp/english/index.html (English) Journal: Cancer Science (English) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13497006 (English)

The purpose of the JSPS is to support the safety assessment of pharmaceuticals from pharmacology as a vision, to develop research in fields related to safety pharmacology testing, and to return research results to society.

The purpose of the JCA shall be to promote cancer research.

Higashi Matsuyama Laboratories, Drug Safety Testing Center Co., Ltd., 88-75 Shingo, Higashi Matsuyama, Saitama 355-0071, Japan Phone: 181-0493-21-7160 Fax: 181-493-21-7161 Email: [email protected]

International Medical Information Center, Shinanomachi-Rengakan, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan Phone: 181-3-5361-7156 Fax: 181-3-3358-1633 Email: [email protected]

Japanese Society for Clinical Toxicology (JSCT) http://jsct-web.umin.jp/ (Japanese only)

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Journal: The Japanese Journal of Clinical Toxicology (Japanese) https://www.herusu-shuppan.co.jp/category/ magazine/chudoku/ (Japanese Title only) The purpose of JCTS is to contribute to the development of poisoning medicine and the prevention of toxic accidents and incidents through (1) investigating the actual condition of poisoning, (2) elucidating the pathology and mechanism of development, (3) developing and disseminating prevention and treatment methods, and (4) interacting with related fields, in order to contribute to the health, medical care, and welfare of the public. Herusu Shuppan, Co. Inc., 2-2-3 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-0001, Japan Web: http://www.jiho.co.jp/mag/tyudoku Phone: 181-3-3384-8123 Fax: 181-3-3383-8627 Email: [email protected] Japanese Society for Hygiene (JSH) http://www.nihon-eisei.org/eng/ (English) Journal: Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine (English) http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/ehpm/-char/en (English) Journal: Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi, (Japanese Journal of Hygiene) (Japanese) https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jjh/ (English) The JSH aims to promote human health through the integration of diverse factors associated with human life and the social and natural environment. 146 Nishioji-cho, Shimodachiuri-dori, Ogawa Higashiiru, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8048, Japan Phone: 181-75-415-3661 Fax: 181-75-415-3662 Email: [email protected] Japanese Society for the Study of Xenobiotics (JSSX) http://www.jssx.org/en/ (English) Journal: Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (English) http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/dmpk/20/6/ _contents (English) JSSX is a society for researchers of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics is the study of the disposition of various chemical substances, especially medical drugs, in the body, focusing on their effectiveness and/or toxicity. The mission and goals of JSSX are to help recover, keep, and increase human health through drug development and proper use of drugs.

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Mainichi Academic Forum, Inc., Palaceside Building, 11-1 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0003, Japan Phone: 181-3-6267-4550 Fax: 181-3-6267-4555 Email: [email protected] Japanese Society of Alternative to Animal Experiments (JSAAE) http://www.asas.or.jp/jsaae_old/e_index.html (English) Journal: Alternatives to Animal Testing and Experimentation (AATEX) http://www.asas.or.jp/jsaae/magazine/index.html (English) The JSAAE is a scientific organization that undertakes research, development, education, and surveillance activities for promoting international acceptance of the “3Rs” as guiding principles for the proper use of animals in scientific testing. The 3Rs are as follows: (1) replacement, which refers to the use of nonanimal methods whenever possible; (2) reduction, which refers to obtaining comparable levels of information from fewer animals; and (3) refinement, which refers to methods for alleviating potential pain, suffering, or distress of animals used in experiments. 5-3-13 Otsuka, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 112-0012, Japan Phone: 181-3-5981-6011 Fax: 181-3-5981-6012 Email: [email protected] Japanese Society of Food Chemistry (JSFC) http://jsfcs.org/ (Japanese only) Journal: Japanese Journal of Food Chemistry http://jsfcs.org/info/kaishi/index.html (Japanese only) The purpose of JSFC is to develop natural and social scientific knowledge on food-related chemicals including specified additives, existing additives, perfumes, residual pesticides, contaminants, containers, packaging, etc. The JSFC conducts research and investigations on chemistry, safety, effectiveness, laws, regulations, statistics, etc. of food-related chemicals. Office of the Japanese Society of Food Chemistry, In the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi 650-8586, Japan Fax: 181-78-974-2623 Email: [email protected] Japanese Society of Immunotoxicology (JSIT) http://www.immunotox.org/english/index.html (English) Journals: ImmunoTox Letter (English and Japanese)

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http://www.immunotox.org/english/ immunotoxletter/index.html (English) http://www.immunotox.org/immunotoxletter/index. html (Japanese) The aims of the JSIT are (1) to foster immunotoxicological research, (2) to provide new information on immunotoxicity and a platform for exchange of opinions among researchers, and (3) to contribute to the development of the research and development of pharmaceuticals, etc. Secretariat: Prof. Takemi Otsuki, Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan Phone: 181-86-464-9998 Fax: 181-86-464-1125 Email: [email protected] Japanese Society of Toxicologic Pathology (JSTP) http://www.japantoxpath.org/en/ (English) Journals: Journal of Toxicologic Pathology (English) https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/tox (English) https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/tox/-char/ja (Japanese) The JSTP aims progressive development of toxic pathology. In order to achieve the objectives, the JSTP conducts the following projects: (1) holding annual academic meetings; (2) publishing institution magazines; (3) training human resources; (4) toxic pathologists’ certification; and (5) other projects necessary for achieving the objectives of the Society. Academy Center, 358-5 Yamabuki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0801, Japan Fax: 181-3-3368-2822 Email: [email protected] Japanese Society of Toxicology (JSOT) http://www.jsot.jp/english/index.html (English) Journal: The Journal of Toxicological Sciences (English) http://www.jtoxsci.org/index.html (English) Journal: Fundamental Toxicological Sciences (English) http://www.fundtoxicolsci.org/index_e.html (English) The JSOT’s aims are the advancement and development of research on toxic fields and it conducts the following projects: (1) holding academic meetings, (2) issuance of journal(s), (3) education and qualification of toxicologists, and (4) other necessary business to achieve the above purpose. Mainichi Academic Forum, Inc., Palaceside Building, 1-1-1 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0003, Japan Phone: 181-3-6267-4550 Fax: 181-3-6267-4555

Email: [email protected] Japanese Society of Veterinary Science (JSVS) http://www.jsvetsci.jp/index.php (Japanese) Journal: The Journal of Society of Veterinary Science (English) http://jsvetsci.jp/jvms/ (English) The JSVS aims to contribute to society by (1) promoting and supporting veterinary medicine research and education, and (2) promoting academic development and the promotion of science and technology of the field. Tokyo RS Building 7 F, 6-26-12 Hongoh, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Phone: 181-3-5803-7761 Fax: 181-3-5803-7762 Japanese Teratology Society (JTS) http://jts.umin.jp/en/index.html (English) Journal: Congenital Anomalies (English) http://jts.umin.jp/en/03anomalies.html (English, Contents only) The purpose of the JST is to contribute to the welfare of humans by trying to advance research on congenital anomalies and disseminate their knowledge. Academic Square Co., Ltd., 2-348-302, Ryogae-machi, Kyoto 612-8082, Japan Phone: 181-75-468-8772 Fax: 181-75-468-8773 Email: [email protected] Japan Pharmacological Society (JPS) http://www.pharmacol.or.jp/en/ (English) Journals: Journal of Pharmacological Sciences (English) https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-ofpharmacological-sciences (English) Journals: Folia Pharmacologica Japonica (Japanese) https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/fpj (English) http://plaza.umin.ac.jp/JPS1927/fpj/index.html (Japanese) The purpose of the JPS is to contribute to the further development of the field of pharmacology through the spread of scientific knowledge on pharmacological theory based on applied research conducted in close coordination with our fellow members as well as other affiliated academic societies throughout the world. Gakkai Center Building, 2-4-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan Phone: 181-3-3814-4828 Fax: 181-3- 3814-4809 Email: [email protected] Japan Society for Biosciences, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry (JSBBA) http://www.jsbba.or.jp/e/ (English)

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Journal: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry (English) http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/bbb (English) The purpose of JSBBA is to contribute to the improvement of the welfare of mankind by contributing to the advancement of science, technology, and culture through the advancement of fundamental and applied research in the field of agricultural chemistry. The JSBBA covers a wide range of bioscience, biotechnology, and agrochemistry, being based on the study of living things in general and agricultural organisms in particular. Gakkai Center Building, 2-4-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan Phone: 181-3-3811-8789 Fax: 181-3-3815-1920 Email: [email protected] Japan Society for Occupational Health (JSOH) http://www.sanei.or.jp/?mode 5 view&cid 5 352 (English) Journal: Journal of Occupational Health http://joh-journal.jp/about/ (English) The JSOH’s aims are the scientific promotion of occupational health, prevention of occupational disease and promotion of worker health, thereby contributing to the development of society and science in Japan. The JSOH will make recommendations of occupational exposure limits for guidance to prevent workers’ health problems due to these environmental factors in the workplace. Kouei Building, 1-29-8 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0022, Japan Phone: 181-3-356-1536 Fax: 181-3-5362-3746 Japan Society of Endocrine Disrupters Research (JSEDR) http://jsedr.org/ (Japanese) News Letter (Japanese) http://jsedr.org/NL.html (Japanese)

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http://www.pharm.or.jp/index_e.html (English) Journals: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin (English) http://bpb.pharm.or.jp/ (English) Journal of Health Science (English) http://jhs.pharm.or.jp/home.htm (English) Yakugaku Zasshi (Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, English & Japanese) http://yakushi.pharm.or.jp/ (English & Japanese) The PSJ promotes the development of pharmaceutical sciences for the purpose of responding to the needs and expectations from society in Japan. 2-12-15 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0002, Japan Phone: 181-3-3406-3321 Fax: 181-3-3498-1835 Society for Risk Analysis Japan (SRAJ) http://www.sra.org/sra-japan/ (English) Journal: Japanese Journal of Risk Analysis (English) https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/sraj (English) https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/sraj/-char/ja (Japanese) Journal: News Letter (Japanese) http://www.sra-japan.jp/cms/newsletter/ (Japanese) The SRAJ interests include risks to human health and the environment, both built and natural. The SRAJ considers threats from physical, chemical, and biological agents and from a variety of human activities as well as natural events. The SRAJ analyzes risks of concern to individuals, to public and private sector organizations, and to society at various geographic scales. International Academic Publishing Co., Ltd., 4-4-19 Takadanobaba, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0075, Japan Phone: 181-3-5389-3013 Fax: 181-3-3368-2822 Email: [email protected]

Poison control centers

The purpose of the JSEDR is to contribute to the advancement and development of science and technology and the improvement of the environment on exogenous endocrine disrupting substances (environmental hormones) and their effects.

There is no standard poison control center in Japan. The Japan Poison Information Center (JPIC) provides information, but it does not have a medical facility.

1-13-10-601 Ebisu, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0013, Japan Phone: 181-3-6277-0095 Fax: 181-3-6277-0118 Email: [email protected]

The main activities of the JPIC are (1) providing poison information for acute poisoning to the general public and medical staff members by telephone and facsimile at anytime, by JPIC website, or by conventional text (book, CD-ROM, or DVD); (2) statistical analysis of acute poisoning in Japan; (3) collecting data

Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (PSJ)

Japan Poison Information Center

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and making poison information database systems; (4) giving instructions to prevent poisonings; and (5) collaborating with related organizations in Japan and other countries. Address: Tsukuba Medical Center, 1-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan Phone: 181-29-856-3566 Fax: 181-29-856-3533 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.j-poison-ic.or.jp/homepage.nsf (English/Japanese)

Legislation The below are legislations on chemical regulations in which toxicology in relation to human health is involved. These are written in Japanese officially. The English version will be a provisional translation. If the weblink for the English version is not presented below, the Japanese Law Translation Database System by Ministry of Justice, Japan might be useful. It may be found at http://www. japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/?re 5 02. Act on Confirmation, etc. of Release Amounts of Specific Chemical Substances in the Environment and Promotion of Improvements to the Management Thereof (Law concerning PRTR) The purpose of this Act is to promote voluntary improvement of the management of chemical substances by business operators and to prevent any impediments to the preservation of the environment by taking measures for the confirmation of release amounts, etc. of specific chemical substances in the environment, measures for the provision of information concerning the properties and handling of specific chemical substances by business operators, and other relevant measures, while giving consideration to the trend for international cooperation on the management of chemical substances pertaining to the preservation of the environment, taking into account scientific knowledge on chemical substances and the condition of the manufacture, use, and other handling of chemical substances, and gaining the understanding of business operators and citizens. Competent authorities are METI, and MOE. Web: http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/ chemical_management/english/files/actPRTR.pdf (English) Web: https://www.env.go.jp/en/chemi/prtr/ regulations/index.html (English) Agricultural Chemicals Regulation Law The purpose of this Law is to improve the quality of agricultural chemicals and to ensure their safe and

proper use by introducing an agricultural chemical registration system to regulate their sale and use, thus contributing to the conservation of our living environment as well as the protection of human health and stable agricultural production. Competent authority is MAFF. Web: http://www.maff.go.jp/j/nouyaku/n_kaisei/ index.html (Japanese) Web: https://www.env.go.jp/en/chemi/pops/ Appendix/05-Laws/agri-chem-laws.pdf (English) Web: http://www8.cao.go.jp/kisei-kaikaku/oto/ otodb/english/houseido/hou/lh_05010.html (Brief version, English) Air Pollution Control Act The purposes of this Act are to protect the health of citizens and to protect the living environment from air pollution by, among other things, controlling emissions, etc. of soot and smoke, volatile organic compounds, and particulates associated with the business activities of factories and workplaces and with the demolition, etc. of buildings, etc., by promoting the implementation of measures against hazardous air pollutants and by setting maximum permissible limits for automobile exhaust; and to protect victims where air pollution has caused harm to human health by providing for the liability of business operators for damages. Competent authority is MOE. Web: http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/ detail/?id 5 2146&re 5 02 (English/Japanese) Web: http://www.env.go.jp/en/coop/pollution.html (English) Basic Environment Act The purpose of this law is to comprehensively and systematically promote policies for environmental conservation to ensure healthy and cultured living for both the present and future generations of the nation as well as to contribute to the welfare of mankind, through articulating the basic principles, clarifying the responsibilities of the State, local governments, corporations, and citizens, and prescribing the basic policy considerations for environmental conservation. Competent authority is MOE. Web: https://www.env.go.jp/en/laws/policy/ basic/index.html (English) Food Safety Basic Act In consideration of the vital importance of precise responses to the development of science and technology, and to the progress of internationalization and other changes in the environment surrounding Japan’s dietary habits, the purpose of this Act is to comprehensively promote policies to ensure food safety by

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establishing basic principles, by clarifying the responsibilities of the national and local governments, and food-related business operators and the roles of consumers, and establishing a basic direction for policy formulation, in order to ensure food safety. Competent authority is CAO. Web: http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/ detail/?id 5 1839&vm 5 04&re 5 02 (English/ Japanese) Web: http://www.fsc.go.jp/english/basic_act/ fs_basic_act.pdf (English) Food Sanitation Act The purpose of this Act is to prevent the sanitation hazards resulting from eating and drinking by enforcing the regulations and other measures necessary, from the viewpoint of public health, to ensure food safety and thereby to protect citizens’ good health. Competent authority is MHLW. Web: http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/ detail/?printID 5 &id 5 12&re 5 02&vm 5 04 (English/Japanese) Web: http://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/hourei/data/ fsa.pdf (English) Web: http://www8.cao.go.jp/kisei-kaikaku/oto/ otodb/english/houseido/hou/lh_02010.html (Brief version, English) Industrial Safety and Health Act The purpose of this Act is to secure, in conjunction with the Labor Standards Act (Act No. 49 of 1947), the safety and health of workers in workplaces, as well as to facilitate the establishment of comfortable working environment, by promoting comprehensive and systematic countermeasures concerning the prevention of industrial accidents, such as taking measures for the establishment of standards for hazard prevention, clarifying the safety and health management responsibility and the promotion of voluntary activities with a view to preventing industrial accidents. Competent authority is MHLW. Web: http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/ detail/?id 5 1926&vm 5 &re 5 (English/Japanese) Web: http://www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/hourei/data/ isha_2.pdf (English/Japanese) Law Concerning the Evaluation of Chemical Substances and Regulation of Their Manufacture, etc. The purpose of this Act is to establish a system for evaluating the properties of new chemical substances before their manufacture or import and for implementing necessary regulations with respect to the manufacture, import, use, etc. of chemical substances, with due consideration to their properties, etc., in order to

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prevent environmental pollution by chemical substances that poses a risk of impairing human health or of interfering with the population and/or growth of flora and fauna. Competent authorities are MHLW, METI, and MOE. Web: http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/ chemical_management/english/cscl/files/laws/ laws_cscl.pdf (English) Web: http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/ detail/?id 5 1957&vm 5 04&re 5 02 (English/ Japanese) Web: http://www8.cao.go.jp/kisei-kaikaku/oto/ otodb/english/houseido/hou/lh_04050.html (Brief version, English) Law for the Control of Household Products containing Harmful Substances The purpose of this Act is to contribute to protecting the health of citizens by imposing necessary controls on household products containing harmful substances from the viewpoint of sanitation. Competent authority is MHLW. Web: http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/ detail/?printID 5 &id 5 1949&re 5 02&vm 5 02 (English/Japanese) Web: http://www8.cao.go.jp/kisei-kaikaku/oto/ otodb/english/houseido/hou/lh_03020.html (Brief version, English) Law on Securing Quality, Efficacy and Safety of Products Including Pharmaceuticals and Medical devices The purpose of this Law is to secure the quality, efficacy, and safety of pharmaceuticals, quasidrugs, cosmetics, medical devices, regenerative medicine products (hereinafter referred to as “pharmaceuticals”), to provide the control required for preventing the occurrence or spread of hazards to public health and hygiene caused by the use of such pharmaceuticals, to take measures against designated substances, and to improve public health and hygiene by taking necessary measures for the promotion of research and development of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and regenerative medicine products which are especially important for medical practice. Competent authority is MHLW. Web: http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/ detail/?vm 5 04&re 5 01&id 5 2766 (English/ Japanese) Web: https://www.pmda.go.jp/english/ (English) Poisonous and Deleterious Substances Control Law The purpose of this Act is to provide necessary control on Poisonous Substances and Deleterious Substances from the viewpoint of health and hygiene. Competent authority is MHLW.

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Web: http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/ detail/?id 5 2595&vm 5 04&re 5 02 (English/ Japanese) Web: http://www8.cao.go.jp/kisei-kaikaku/oto/ otodb/english/houseido/hou/lh_05020.html (Brief version, English) Water Pollution Prevention Act The purpose of this Act is to prevent the pollution of water (including deterioration of the condition of water in ways other than of its quality; the same applies hereinafter) in areas of public waters and in groundwater by regulating effluent discharged by factories and workplaces into areas of public waters and the permeation of effluent underground, and promoting domestic wastewater measures and other related measures, thereby protecting public health and preserving living conditions, and protecting injured parties by providing the liability of businesses for compensating for loss or damage where public health is negatively affected by polluted water or wastewater discharged from factories and workplaces run by those businesses. Competent authority is MOE. Web: http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/ detail/?id 5 2815&vm 5 04&re 5 02 (English/ Japanese) Web: https://www.env.go.jp/en/laws/water/wlaw/ index.html (English) Water Supply Act The purpose of this Act is to supply clean, ample, and inexpensive water, and through water supply this Act shall contribute to the improvement of public health and living environment. Competent authority is MHLW. Web: http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/policy/ health/water_supply/2-1.html (English)

Miscellaneous resources Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) https://www.amed.go.jp/en/index.html (English) Medical R&D in Japan was suffering from the problems of lacking a system that provides sufficiently seamless funding, from basic research to practical application, and lacking a system that adequately implements clinical studies/trials, causing discovery of new drugs to take too long. To deal with these issues, the Japan AMED aims to act as a “control tower” that directs integrated research, from basic research to practical application. And since Japan is projected to become the world’s first ultraaging society, AMED

aims to achieve the world’s healthiest and longestliving people by creating the world’s most advanced medical technologies and services and aims to become a pillar of Japan’s economy by fostering medicine, drugs, and medical devices as strategic industries. Division of General Affairs, Headquarters, 20 F Yomiuri Shimbun Building 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan Phone: 181-3-6870-2200 Fax: 181-3-6870-2241 Email: [email protected] Japan Association of Contract Laboratories for Safety Evaluation (JACL) http://www.jacl.jp/ (Japanese) The JACL is a council with members from nonclinical contract laboratories that have offices in Japan. The JACL holds various lectures and study sessions to respond to worldwide legal trends and technical trends of nonclinical studies and collaborates with each affiliated organization. The JACL conducts qualification examination aimed at improving test techniques and test knowledge for nonclinical laboratory technicians to promote cooperation among members/nonmembers. 3-21-4 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan Phone: 181-3-5818-5916 Email: [email protected] Japan Association of Prefectural and Municipal Public Health Institutes (JAPMPHI) http://www.chieiken.gr.jp/ (Japanese) The Prefectural and Municipal Public Health Institute is a comprehensive inspection and research organization for the safety and health that protects citizens from infectious diseases (food poisoning, influenza, etc.), toxic chemical substances (dioxins etc.), food and drinking water pollution. The JAPMPHI is a network organization of each institute. Email: [email protected] Japan Science and Technology Information Aggregator, Electronic (J-STAGE) http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/ (English) J-STAGE is an electronic journal platform for science and technology information in Japan, developed and managed by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). J-STAGE aims to accelerate the speed of communication and ensure the internationalization of the science and technology information published in Japan. By providing an online publication platform, JSTAGE supports Japanese societies and research organizations, and has published more than 2000 journals, conference proceedings and other academic publications with high speeds at low costs. J-STAGE offers

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support to publishers in the form of the entire publication process, from submission and peer-review process to publishing. J-STAGE users can also access and create their own libraries of information anytime and anywhere with the assistance of J-STAGE. These libraries can be used on multiple devices. Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST): http://www.jst.go.jp/EN/location/index.html (English) Headquarters, Kawaguchi Center Building, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan Phone: 181-48-226-5601 Fax: 181-48-226-5651 J-STAGE, Email: [email protected] Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/aboutus/index2.html (English) The JSPS, or Gakushin for short, is an independent administrative institution, established by way of a national law for contributing to the advancement of science in all fields of the natural and social sciences and the humanities. International Program Department, Overseas Fellowship Division, Kojimachi Business Center Building, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 1020083, Japan Phone: 181-3-3263-9094 Fax: 181-3-3263-1854 Kanagawa Environmental Research Center (KERC) http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/docs/b4f/index.html (Japanese) KERC aims to contribute to preservation of good environment that the prefecture people can live safely and securely through endeavoring to survey research, supervision and guidance, support for environmental learning, etc., in order to realize a society with less burden on the environment. 1-3-39 Shinomiya, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 254-0014, Japan Phone: 181-463-24-3311 Fax: 181-463-24-3300 National Institute of Informatics (NII) https://www.nii.ac.jp/en/ (English) National Institute of Informatics (NII) is an interuniversity research institute corporation and a research organization of information and systems. The mission of this unique national academic research institute is to “create future value” in the new academic field of

informatics. From the basic methodology of informatics to cutting-edge themes such as artificial intelligence, Big Data, the Internet of Things, and information security, NII features in a wide range of research activities. We push forward with fundamental research valued from the long-term view as well as practical studies aimed at resolving current social problems. CiNii: https://support.nii.ac.jp/en (English) CiNii (Scholarly and Academic Information Navigator, pronounced like “sigh-knee”) is a database service which can be searched with academic information of articles, Books, Journals & Dissertations. It is available free of charge for anyone. General Affairs Department, National Institute of Informatics, 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8430, Japan Phone: 181-3-4212-2000 Fax: 181-3-4212-2150 Email: [email protected] Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public (TMIPH) http://www.tokyo-eiken.go.jp/ (Japanese)

Health

TMIPH is a scientific and technological base that protects citizens’ lives and health. TMIPH conducts test examination, survey research, training, analysis and provision of public health information, and supervision and guidance, in order to prepare daily safety and security, and health crisis, such as foods, medicines, drinking water, living environment and infectious diseases. 3-24-1 Hyakuninn-cho, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan Phone: 181-3-3363-3231 Email: [email protected]

International MEDLARS Center Japan Association for International Chemical Information (JAICI) Japan Association for International Chemical Information (JAICI) started the exclusive operation of the STN Tokyo Service Center from 2007 which includes MEDLINE (MEDlars onLINE). Address: Nakai-Building, 6-25-4 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0021, Japan Phone: 181-3-5978-3601 Fax: 181-3-5978-4090 Web: https://www.jaici.or.jp/english/ (English)

C H A P T E R

21 Kenya Harriet Kamendi Kandih Group, LLC, Silver Spring, MD, United States

Introduction Kenya is an equatorial country located on the East Coast of Africa. It has an average area of 581,309 km2 (224,445 sq. miles) and a population of 46 million people with diverse cultural backgrounds. It is one of the most rapidly developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa resulting in a rapidly expanding middle class that is demanding improved quality of life. As such the government has responded by increasing disease surveillance as well as healthcare delivery resourcing. According to the Kenya bureau of statistics, respiratory diseases, malaria, skin conditions, diarrhea, pneumonia, rheumatoid arthritis, urinary tract infections, accidents (to include fractures, and burns), and intestinal worms are the leading facility-based incidences of disease in Kenya (KBS, 2018). The major causes of death include malaria, pneumonia, cancer, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, anemia, road traffic accidents, heart disease, and meningitis. The pathophysiology of this diseases is heavily influenced by environmental factors. Over the last 30 years there has been a concerted effort to transform public health through disease surveillance and research to inform health policy for sustainable health. Increased spending in public health service development is noted in the 2018 economic health survey. The existing model of operations follows the Kenya Health Sector-Wide Approach adapted from the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, built around country ownership, alignment, harmonization, managing for results, and mutual accountability that was introduced in 2005.

include toxicology research. An extensive search of published medical literature (PubMed, CiNHL) revealed over 700 published manuscripts and books reporting mainly on various aspects of toxicology conducted in Kenya over the last 60 years with the majority depicting studies conducted in the early part of the 21st century. Another search in Google Scholar revealed over 10,000 publications that are peer reviewed as well as nonpeer reviewed articles. According to PubMed, the documented practice of Toxicology in Kenya is only as old as the nation since published literature dates back to the late 1950s during the final years of British rule in Kenya. During this period, the number of scholarly peer reviewed publications was at its best very sporadic and very much lacking. The number of peer reviewed publications continued to trickle in after gaining independence in 1963, to the late 1970s. The numbers of articles began to increase in numbers and diversity in the early 1980s and has continued to increase since then. However, there is an existing undocumented practice of toxicology that has existed for centuries (Kigen et al., 2013). This form of toxicology is passed on from generation to generation by word of mouth. It has been used to inform curative dosing of medicinal plants. It is also used by witch doctors to make witchcraft potions that harm rather than cure people. Complementary alternative and traditional medicine has recently been adapted by the government to complement modern pharmaceutical medicine and this has spurred increased toxicology studies in Kenya (Zhao et al., 2017) with some initiatives directly funded by the government (CMTDRKEMRI, 2018).

History of toxicology Education One major role of public health is to determine causes of disease as well as morbidity and mortality. This task is accomplished using biological studies to Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00021-8

The increase in publications coincides with the introduction of the first and only Master of Science

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and PhD degree program in Pharmacology and Toxicology housed at the University of Nairobi. The Master’s degree program was established by the University of Nairobi Senate in 1974 to offer the Master of Science in Public Health, Pharmacology, and Toxicology program in the School of Veterinary Medicine. In 1978 the Department of Public Health, Pharmacology, and Toxicology was established, followed by a program split in 1988 to form two distinct programs, that is, Master of Science in Public Health and a Master of Science in Pharmacology and Toxicology followed by a PhD program in 2013. The programs prepare students to conduct research in drugs, poisonous compounds, and environmental pollutants using recent advances in biotechnology. The departments also serve as universal centers of excellence in veterinary public health, veterinary epidemiology, pharmacology, and toxicology aimed at enhancing evidence-based research for sustainable livestock economics and natural product development. The graduates conduct research focusing mainly on risk assessment in animal and food production, pharmaceutical toxicology, forensic, environmental, and occupational hazards (Olumbe, 2000). They also teach and consult in academic institutions and perform other related duties in government and in the private sector to protect and improve animal and human health and environment. Other programs preparing students for health research include multiple Diplomas, Bachelor’s (11), Master’s (1), and PhD (1) programs offering Environmental Health Sciences incorporating toxicology as a core course of study to prepare future researchers to conduct public health research to inform public policy (CUE, 2018).

Development partners Conduct of research in Kenya is by supported by multiple development partners. The partners participate in capacity building to support crucial research, for example, disease surveillance, morbidity and mortality data collection working under cooperative agreements with the Ministry of Health, individual centers of excellence, as well as nonprofit organizations to support the improvement of health through research activities (Treasury Department, Kenya).

Resources Toxicology and analytical laboratory testing The government of Kenya has multiple major government national laboratories (NEMA, 2018) and

private laboratories located all over the country specializing in conducting microbial, physical, and chemical testing in soil, water, and air. Kenya also uses collaborating international testing laboratory services offered by SGS, an organization headquartered in Switzerland, to provide testing and certification services to support some of the inspections required for product import verification (SGS, 2018; NEMA, 2018). The laboratories also conduct pharmaceutical testing for drugs (including narcotics) and naturally occurring substances.

Data capture and reporting Collection and management of human encounters with unknown hazards and poisons is handled by the Poison Information Centre. The center was established in 1996 at the Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi by the Agrochemicals Association of Kenya in partnership with CropLife Kenya, an industry group representing the top 10 agrochemical companies in the world. Initially CropLife trained doctors to manage pesticide poisoning related issues but later expanded to incorporate all poisons. The poison center was later launched at the same hospital in 2008 and is run by CropLife Kenya, the host hospital, and the Pharmaceutical Board of Kenya. A second National Poison Information and Management Centre, resides at Gertrude’s Children’s Hospital and is responsible for carrying out toxic substance surveillance, with a focus on phytosanitary substances. The Center has an free emergency phone line available 24/7. The center’s data collection and handling is managed using the WHO/INTOX data management system (Pouokam et al., 2016; WHO, 2015). The Agrochemicals Association of Kenya is currently working to implement the Global Harmonized System of classification and labeling of chemicals in Kenya (AAK, 2018).

Toxicology research areas An extensive literature search was conducted in June, July, and November 2018 in MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Google Scholar using key search terms to include: genetic OR drug OR regulatory OR food OR poisoning OR snakebite OR scorpion sting OR pesticide OR organophosphate poisoning OR soil OR water OR air OR occupational OR liver OR kidney OR heart OR dermal OR metal OR pediatric OR envenomation OR toxicity OR intoxication AND toxicology AND kenya. Articles were then screened using titles and abstracts. Although not shown, references were

Further reading

grouped based on toxicology knowledge areas as well as subject matter to identify toxicology work in Kenya. Currently, the peer reviewed published literature reflects risk assessment initiatives including the design or execution or interpretation of descriptive toxicology studies. The studies were then grouped based on (1) environmental (venom, pesticides, water and soil); food (Microbiology, Hygiene); mechanistic (liver, kidney, heart, immune, genetic); occupational health (Act No. 346, 1984); and (2) forensic investigations. All research areas of toxicology were represented in the retrieved abstracts. To summarize, although the study of toxicology is not yet organized into knowledge areas, the practice of toxicology is alive and well and ongoing. Furthermore, a PubMed literature review showed that Kenyan toxicologists are using evidence to inform policy.

References Act no. 346, Pest Control Products (Licensing Of Premises) Regulations, 1984. ,http://kenyalaw.org/lex/sublegview.xql? subleg 5 CAP.%20346.. Center for Traditional Medicine & Drugs Research (CTMDR) within Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI). Retrieved from: ,https://www.kemri.org/index.php/9-pages/305-ctmdr. (on 10/28/2018). GHS Classification and labelling of chemicals in Kenya, 2018. Agricultural Association of Kenya. ,http://agrochem.co.ke/ aak-members-get-prepared-for-global-harmonized-system-ghsof-classification-and-labelling-of-chemicals-implementation/.. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 2018. Economic survey. Retrieved from: ,www.knbs.or.ke. (on 16.10.2018).

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Kigen, G., Rono, H., Kipkore, W., Rotich, J., 2013. Current trends of Traditional Herbal Medicine Practice in Kenya: a review. Afr. J. Pharmacol. Ther. 2 (1), 32 37. 2013. List of designated and gazetted analytical laboratories, National Environmental Management Authority. Retrieved from: ,https://www.nema.go.ke/images/Docs/GazettedLabslist.pdf. (on 16.10.2018). Olumbe, O.K., 2000. Forensic medicine in Kenya: a personal view. East. Afr. Med. J. 77 (1). Pouokam, G.B., Hatem, A.M.A., Randolph, N., Chiara, F., 2016. Toxicovigilance systems and practices in Africa. Toxics. 4 (3), 13. Programmes developed and mounted by Universities in Kenya in accordance with the Universities Act, Commission for Higher Education in Kenya. Retrieved from: ,http://www.cue.or.ke/ index.php/accredited-universities. (on 20.10.2018). SGS, 2018. https://www.sgs.com/en/news/2018/02/sgs-contractrenewed-to-deliver-pvoc-services-to-kenya. World Health Organization, 2015. Improving the availability of poisons centre services in Eastern Africa. Zhao, S., Otieno, F., Akpan, A., Moots, R.J., 2017. Complementary and alternative medicine use in rheumatoid arthritis: considerations for the pharmacological management of elderly patients. Drugs Aging. 34 (4), 255 264. Available from: https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s40266-017-0443-0. Review.

Further reading Analytical toxicology testing, Lancet laboratories. Retrieved from: ,http://lancet.co.ke/services/other/pathology/analytical-chemistry/. (on 16.10.2018). Njeru, L., 2018. Careers: I study poisons and their effect on human beings. Daily Nation. ,https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/ mynetwork/I-study-poisons-and-their-effect-on-human-beings/ 3141096-4343938-3eymvlz/index.html. (retrieved August 2018). List of Kenya Development Partners, 2018. Retrieved from: ,http:// www.treasury.go.ke/public-private-partnership/developmentpartners.html. (on 15.12.2016).

C H A P T E R

22 Malaysia Kok Meng Chan1, Choo Ta Goh2, Jahangir Kamaldin3, Mazrura Sahani1, Noor Amalina Ramle1, Asnida Arifin1 and Salmaan Hussain Inayat-Hussain4 1

Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia 2Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia 3Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia 4Group Health, Safety, Security and Environment, Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS), Persiaran KLCC, Kuala Lumpur City Center (KLCC), Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory, Malaysia

Introduction The development of toxicology in Malaysia has progressed rapidly over the years. This progress was spurred by the booming industries in the sector of agriculture, health care, cosmetic, food, chemical, manufacturing, and energy. Regulations to address the health and environmental risk from these industries are already in place in the country and mostly rely on toxicological information. The increasingly stringent safety requirements of these regulations has intensified the need for credible toxicological information for safety assessment of their products or by-products throughout the life cycle. The toxicological information to meet the safety regulatory requirements can either be data that are already available on scientific databases or international regulatory bodies and if not, toxicity testing should be conducted in accordance to international accepted standards. For example, the registration of pesticides with the Pesticide Board, Department of Agriculture, Malaysia, requires toxicological data that comply with Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) standards, while other quality data and performance data are required under the accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025. Malaysia has joined the Mutual Acceptance of Data system in the assessment of chemicals according to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) principles of GLP. The two governmental agencies that were appointed as the National GLP Compliance Monitoring Authorities (CMA) are National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA), Ministry of Health Malaysia and Department of

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00022-X

Standards Malaysia, Ministry of Energy, Technology, Science, Environment and Climate Change. The NPRA is responsible for areas relating to pharmaceuticals (including vaccines, natural products and biologicals), cosmetics, veterinary medical products, and food additives, while the Department of Standards Malaysia is responsible for pesticides, feed additives, nonpharmaceutical biotechnology products, and industrial chemicals. In order to achieve the GLP compliance program, the Malaysian government has provided support in the form of training and grants to promote awareness, upgrade capacity, and strengthen capabilities among CMAs and test facilities. There are regulations concerning toxicity testing that were discussed with various stakeholders prior to mandatory acceptance by the industries in Malaysia. As an example, the standard that has been accepted by the Industry Standard Committee on Medical Devices (ISC-R) is MS ISO 10993-1: Biological evaluation of medical devices Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process, subsequently enforced by the Malaysian Medical Device Authority under the Medical Devices Act 2012. The standard describes the risk-based approach in determining the type of toxicity testing to be conducted corresponding to the potential risk posed by a medical device upon use. In Malaysia all classes of medical device need to be registered prior to sales. In some countries the medical device class 1, which is categorized as posing the least risk to patients, does not require registration, but the manufacturer by means of self-regulation shall conduct the biocompatibility testing, namely cytotoxicity, sensitization, and irritation performed by an accredited

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laboratory, for example, with ISO/IEC 17025. These tests shall be conducted whenever there is any change to the manufacturing process or starting materials. In order to ensure a harmonized approach in conducting the toxicity test, additional parts of documents under the ISO 10993 standard are published, for example, ISO 10993-3 for the methodology in testing medical devices for genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity and ISO 10993-6 for testing of local effects after implantation. The Department of Environment, Ministry of Energy, Technology, Science, Environment and Climate Change has recently established a New Ambient Air Quality Standard to replace the older Malaysia Ambient Air Quality Guideline that has been used since 1989. The New Ambient Air Quality Standard adopts six air pollutants criteria that include five existing air pollutants which are particulate matter with the size of less than 10 microns (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ground level ozone (O3), and one additional new parameter which is particulate matter with the size of less than 2.5 micron (PM2.5). The air pollutants concentration limit that has started in 2015 will be strengthened in stages and the full implementation of the standard will be in 2020. The worldwide adoption of Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) has led Malaysia to take proactive measures to implement the GHS at the workplace. Therefore the Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Labeling, and Safety Data Sheet of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 2013 (CLASS Regulations) were promulgated to replace the Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Packaging, and Labeling of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 1997 (CPL Regulations). The main objective of CLASS Regulations is to ensure suppliers of hazardous chemicals provide sufficient information on the hazards of chemicals that they supply, so as to mitigate the risk of accidents happening in the workplace. In order to standardize the information of the hazard, the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), Ministry of Human Resources has established the Industry Code of Practice on Chemical Classification and Hazard Communication 2014 (ICOP CHC 2014), which contains a list of chemical substances that have been classified, and guidance on chemical classification and hazard communication. ICOP CHC 2014 was established to complement CLASS regulations, where, besides the list of chemical substances that have been classified, ICOP CHC covers classification criteria and hazard communication elements for substances and mixtures, as well as the aspects of confidential business information. The ICOP CHC 2014 is in accordance with the GHS 3rd revised edition. The department also has set up a chemical information management system (CIMS) for

suppliers to submit their chemical inventory information submission as required under CLASS Regulations 2013. Apart from chemical classification and labeling, DOSH also enforced the Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standard of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000; the focus of these regulations is to manage exposure to chemicals hazardous to health at the workplace. Under these regulations, the chemical health risk assessment (CHRA) and medical surveillance are mandatory requirements for workplaces that involve hazardous chemicals. The role of toxicology in human capital development has been given more emphasis in Malaysia. Many universities in the country have now introduced toxicology subjects at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Governmental agencies such as the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Environment Institute of Malaysia (EiMAS) have also incorporated toxicology modules in some of their competency programs. Toxicological research in Malaysia has diversified from descriptive to mechanism and are conducted mainly by universities and governmental agencies. Some of these universities and agencies do provide services for toxicity testing in addition to conducting research. The toxicity testing services are mainly accredited in accordance to ISO standards and/or OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (OECD-GLP).

Malaysian Society of Toxicology The idea to establish a national society of toxicology arose in 1999 during a discussion between the founding president of Malaysian Society of Toxicology (MySOT), Dr. Salmaan Hussain Inayat-Hussain, and the then Vice President of the International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX), Prof. Dr. Tetsuo Satoh. They brought forward the proposal to establish a national society at the 3rd International Congress of the Asia Pacific Association of Medical Toxicology, which was held in Penang, Malaysia in 2001. The congress attendees, who were mostly medical doctors and pharmacists, had proposed to establish a society of medical toxicology instead of a society of toxicology which is open to all areas of toxicology. However, the mooted proposal did not work out due to certain technicalities. In 2009 Salmaan again revived the proposal at COSTAM Pre-Conference Toxicology Workshop held at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia that had led to the forming of the pro tem committee for the MySOT. MySOT was officially registered on July 12, 2010. The members of MySOT comprise toxicologists and toxicology-enthusiasts in Malaysia. Its goal is to promote awareness and to share knowledge on toxicology within

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Malaysia. In order to achieve this goal, MySOT embarked on various activities including scientific research collaboration and information exchange with the purpose of establishing and maintaining cooperation between governmental organizations, professional bodies, and individuals. MySOT is currently a member society of IUTOX since 2011 and was accepted as a member society of the Asian Society of Toxicology in 2018. MySOT is also a founding member of Asia Quality Assurance Forum, which was established in 2013. MySOT also participates as a member of the WHO Chemical Risk Assessment Network, a global collaborative approach to human health risk assessment.

Resources Journals These journals accept and publish toxicological research findings. Asia-Pacific Journal of Molecular Medicine Asia-Pacific Journal of Molecular Medicine (APJMM) is the official journal of the UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI). The journal is published online and accepts articles about investigations in the field of molecular medicine that advance knowledge in both human biology and pathology at the molecular level. It is the aim of the journal to be a source of information about the findings of molecular medicine in developing nations of the Asia-Pacific region. E-ISSN: 2232-0326 Further information can be obtained from: Managing Director Asia-Pacific Journal of Molecular Medicine (APJMM) c/o Level 8, UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI) UKM Medical Centre Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-91456321/ 1 603-91459239 Fax: 1603-91717185 Email: [email protected] Web: http://spaj.ukm.my/apjmm ASM Science Journal The Academy of Sciences Malaysia publishes a multidisciplinary biannual journal, entitled ASM Science Journal which is cited in Elsevier Scopus. The Journal aims to disseminate advancements in the broad fields of medical, engineering, mathematics, physical sciences, chemical sciences, and life sciences as well as ICT. The Journal’s ultimate aim is to serve research perspectives. Print ISSN: 1823-6782

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Further information can be obtained from: Chief Editor ASM Science Journal Academy of Sciences Malaysia Level 20, West Wing, MATRADE Tower Jalan Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah, Off Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim 50480 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 103-62030633 Fax: 103-62030634 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.akademisains.gov.my/asmsj Bioremediation Science and Technology Research Bioremediation Science and Technology Research is an open access, online-only, peer-reviewed journal publishing research papers, short communications, minireviews, and review articles. BSTR considers scientific papers in basic and applied research that contributes to the improvement and advancement of bioremediation science and technology. E-ISSN: 2289-5892 Further information can be obtained from: HIBISCUS PUBLISHER ENTERPRISE (002267534-V). Lot 343, Jalan 7/16 Kawasan Perindustrian Nilai 7, Inland Port 71800, Negeri Sembilan Malaysia Email: [email protected] Web: http://journal.hibiscuspublisher.com/index. php/BSTR Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology (BJRST) publishes scientific articles in all fields of resource sciences. The journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence from but not limited to Borneo. Acceptance for publication is based on contributions to scientific knowledge, original data, ideas or interpretations, and on their conciseness, scientific accuracy, and clarity E-ISSN: 0128-2972 Print ISSN: 2229-9769 Further information can be obtained from: Chief Editor Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak Malaysia Phone: 1608-2583017/ 1 608-2581176 Fax: 1608-2583160

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Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.bjrst.unimas.my International Journal of Public Health Research International Journal of Public Health Research (IJPHR) will publish original articles only in English covering the entire fields of public health issues such as epidemiology, family health and nutrition, occupational health, environmental health, health promotion, health management, health economics, healthcare policies, and global health issues. E-ISSN: 2232-0245 Print ISSN: 2232-0253 Further information can be obtained from: Chief Editor International Journal of Public Health Research Department of Community Health Unversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-91455901 Fax: 1603-91456670 Email: [email protected] Web: http://spaj.ukm.my/ijphr International Medical Journal Malaysia International Medical Journal Malaysia (IMJM) is the official journal of the Kulliyyah (Faculty) of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia. It serves primarily as a forum for education and intellectual discourse for health professionals, mainly in clinical medicine, but covers diverse issues relating to medical ethics, professionalism, as well as medical developments and research in basic medical sciences. It also serves the unique purpose of highlighting issues and research pertaining to the Muslim world. Contributions to the IMJM reflect its international and multidisciplinary readership and include current thinking across a range of specialties, ethnicities, and societies. E-ISSN: 1823-4631 Further information can be obtained from: Chief Editor International Medical Journal Malaysia (IMJM) Kulliyyah of Medicine International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia Phone: 1609-5704000/ 1 609-5704412 Fax: 1609-5716770 Web: http://iiumedic.net/imjm/v1/

Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology (JOBIMB) publishes research papers, short communications, minireviews, and review articles. The journal covers fields in basic and applied research in biochemistry, microbiology, and biotechnology that contribute to the improvement and advancement in basic knowledge and application in areas of agriculture, medicine, environmental science and engineering, analysis, bioremediation, bioresources, bioprocess, biosensor, bioinformatics, bioengineering, veterinary, food production, molecular biology, genetic engineering and emerging cross multidisciplinary areas in education, halal products, halal science, and synthetic biology. E-ISSN: 2289-5779 Further information can be obtained from: HIBISCUS PUBLISHER ENTERPRISE (002267534-V) Lot 343, Jalan 7/16 Kawasan Perindustrian Nilai 7, Inland Port, 71800, Negeri Sembilan Malaysia Email: [email protected] Web: http://journal.hibiscuspublisher.com/index. php/JOBIMB

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (JBCS) publishes original research articles, short reviews, short communications, case reports, and letters to the editor that cover the areas of fundamental aspects of biomedical and clinical sciences, from preclinical toward translational research and their applications in medicine, dentistry, and healthcare management. JBCS aims to provide a platform for basic science and clinical researchers to communicate and share their research findings for the advancement of technologies in biomedical and clinical sciences by providing maximum access to scholarly communication. E-ISSN: 2550-147X Further information can be obtained from: Chief Editor Institut Perubatan dan Pergigian Termaju (IPPT) Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang Phone: 1604-5622888 Fax: 1604-5622468 Email: [email protected] Web: http://apps.amdi.usm.my/journal/index.php/ jbcs

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Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences (JCHS) is a peer-reviewed journal that accepts manuscripts for publication in all areas of clinical and health sciences. This journal is published twice per year (June and December). The journal endorses the World Association of Medical Editors’ policy statement on geopolitical intrusion on editorial decisions. JCHS also endorses the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors’ (ICMJE) recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing, and publication of scholarly work in medical journals. E-ISSN: 0127-984X Further information can be obtained from: Faculty of Medicine Universiti Teknologi MARA Jalan Hospital 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Malaysia Email: [email protected] Web: http://jchs-medicine.uitm.edu.my/

Journal of Health and Translational Medicine The Journal of Health and Translational Medicine (JUMMEC) was founded in 1996 and is an international journal dealing with all aspects of research in health and translational medicine. When JUMMEC (abbreviation of “Journal of University of Malaya Medical Centre”) was first conceived, it was only publishing research findings that had been conducted in the University of Malaya Medical Centre. Over the next few years, this journal grew in function and rapidly became popular amongst the local universities. It was not long thereafter that this journal began to gain interest from the international research community. In 2012 it was decided that a change in the journal name had to be made in order to reflect the international participation and the international contributions to this journal. However, we have never deviated from our primary aim, which is to facilitate the exchange of ideas, techniques, and information among all members of the medical health practitioners and scientists alike. Topics covered include all aspects of medicine, medical systems, and management; surgical and medicinal procedures; epidemiological studies; surgery and procedures (of all tissues); resuscitation; biomechanics; rehabilitation; basic science of local and systemic response related to the medical sciences; fundamental research of all types provided it is related to medical sciences; cell, protein, and gene-related research; all branches of medicine which may include (but are not limited to) anesthesia, radiology, surgery, orthopedics, ortholaryngiology, etc.

E-ISSN: 2289-392X Print ISSN: 1823-7339 Further information can be obtained from: Journal of Health and Translational Medicine (JUMMEC) The Dean’s Office Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Email: [email protected] Web: http://jummec.um.edu.my Journal of Occupational Safety and Health The Journal of Occupational Safety and Health (JOSH) is devoted to enhancing the knowledge and practice of occupational safety and health (OSH) by widely disseminating research articles and applied studies of the highest quality. JOSH provides a solid base to bridge the issues and concerns related to OSH. JOSH offers scholarly, peer-reviewed articles, including correspondence, regular papers, articles and short reports, announcements, etc. It is intended that this journal should serve the OSH community, practitioners, students, and public while providing vital information for the promotion of workplace health and safety. The OSH journal features articles, papers, and reports of local experiences and research in OSH in Malaysia and the region. Print ISSN 1675-5456 Further information can be obtained from: The Secretariat Journal of Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH, Lot 1, Jalan 15/1 Section 15, 43650 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-87692100/ 1 603-89113800 Fax: 1603-89262900/ 1 603-89264900 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.niosh.com.my/publication/nioshjournal Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia (Malaysian Journal of Health Sciences) Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia (Malaysian Journal of Health Sciences) publishes original articles in Malay and English covering the entire fields of medical and health sciences such as audiology, biochemistry, clinical psychology, dentistry, dietetics, medical imaging, medical radiation, radiotherapy, nutrition, forensic sciences, optometry, pharmacology, pharmacy, physiology, physiotherapy, public health, speech therapy, and sports science. It also covers animal biology

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related to human health, with an emphasis given to natural biology and systematics. E-ISSN: 2289-4535 Print ISSN: 1675-8161 Further information can be obtained from: Chief Editor Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Biomedical Science Program/Center for Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-92897002 Fax: 1603-26929032 Email: [email protected] Web: http://ejournal.ukm.my/jskm Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia (JVM) is the official journal of the Veterinary Association Malaysia. It was published formally as Kajian Veterinar and the Malaysian Veterinary Journal. JVM has progressed from being an internal publication to being recognized as a national veterinary medical and scientific journal. Research papers on various aspects of veterinary medicine, animal science, and research are invited for publication either as full articles or short communications. Review papers and abstracts of articles of local interest are also published from time to time. Print ISSN: 9128-2506 Further information can be obtained from: c/o Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-86093926 Fax: 1603-8947 1971 Email: [email protected] Web: http://jvm.vam.org.my Life sciences, medicine, and biomedicine Life Sciences, Medicine, and Biomedicine is an international, open access multidisciplinary journal that welcomes publication in all areas of life sciences, medicine, and biomedicine. Some related biological sciences may be considered on a case by case basis. Print ISSN: 2600-7207 Further information can be obtained from: Chief Editor Research and Publishing Division WWH Networks Sdn Bhd

7-3-2 Jalan Setia Prima D, U13D Setia Alam, Section U13 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.wwhnetworks.com/journal/index. php/lsmb Malaysian Applied Biology Since 1977 the Malaysian Society of Applied Biology has been publishing a journal entitled Malaysian Applied Biology twice yearly. This journal was previously known as Malaysian Agricultural Research from 1973 to 1976. The editorial board accepts and publishes scientific articles in all fields of biology and applied biology or related scientific field provided it has not been considered for publication elsewhere in other journals. Acceptance for publication is based on contribution to scientific knowledge, original data, ideas, or interpretations and on their conciseness, scientific accuracy, and clarity, as judged by two referees appointed by the Editorial Board. The Journal also publishes occasional review papers by invitation. Print ISSN: 0126-8643 Further information can be obtained from: Chief Editor Malaysian Applied Biology c/o School of Environment & Natural Resource Sciences Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-89213840 Fax: 1603-89253357 Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Web: http://www.mabjournal.com Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences (MyJAS) is an open access peer-reviewed research journal that is published by Penerbit UniSZA. MyJAS is providing a platform for the researchers, academicians, professional, practitioners, and students to impart and share knowledge in the form of empirical and theoretical original articles, review articles, and short communications on the fundamentals, applications, and management of Applied Sciences. The journal aims to advance and disseminate knowledge in all the related areas of agriculture; biotechnology; food technology; animal science; applied mathematics; computer science; information technology; engineering and engineering technology; product design; environmental sciences; environmental management; earth science; astronomy;

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GIS & Remote sensing; medicine; pharmaceutical and health sciences; sport sciences. E-ISSN: 0127-9246 Further information can be obtained from: Editor Institut Penyelidikan Alam Sekitar Pantai Timur Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) Kampus Gong Badak, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Malaysia Phone: 1609-6687949 Email: [email protected] Web: https://journal.unisza.edu.my/myjas Malaysian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Malaysian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (MJBMB) was founded by the Malaysian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (MSBMB) in the year 1997. It was published two times a year prior to 2010. From 2016 onward the journal will be published online three times per year, in April, August, and December. The journal publishes research papers in all areas of biochemistry, biophysics, and molecular biology, which include DNA and RNA biology, gene expression, glycobiology, enzymology, protein structure and function, lipid chemistry, membranes, immunology, plant biochemistry and physiology, microbiology, immunology, natural product chemistry, biomedical science, research methods, and bioinformatics. E-ISSN: 2600-9005 Further information can be obtained from: Managing Editor c/o Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-89466724 Email: [email protected] Web: http://msbmb2010.wixsite.com/mjbmb

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Further information can be obtained from: Chief Editor Malaysian Journal of Emergency Medicine Unit 1.6, Level 1, Enterprise 3B, Technology Park Malaysia (TPM) Jalan Innovasi 1 Lebuhraya Puchong - Sungai Besi 57000 Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Email: [email protected] Web: http://m-jem.com/ Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS) is a peer-reviewed, open access, fully online journal that is published at least six times a year. The journal’s scope encompasses all aspects of medical sciences including biomedical, allied health, clinical, and social sciences. It accepts high-quality papers from basic to translational research especially from low- and middle-income countries, as classified by the United Nations and World Bank, with the aim that published research will benefit the bottom billion population from these countries. Manuscripts submitted from developed or high-income countries to MJMS must contain data and information that will benefit the sociohealth and biomedical sciences of these low- and middle-income countries. The MJMS editorial board consists of internationally regarded clinicians and scientists from low- and middleincome countries. Print ISSN: 1394-195X Further information can be obtained from: Editor Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences Clinical & Biomedical Research Platform Building Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus Kubang Kerian 16150 Kota Bharu Kelantan Malaysia Phone: 1609-7676972 Fax: 1609-7672359 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.mjms.usm.my

Malaysian Journal of Emergency Medicine The Malaysian Journal of Emergency Medicine (M-JEM) is the official journal of the College of Emergency Physician Academy of Medicine Malaysia (CeP AMM). It is published biannually. The articles submitted can either be on traumatology, emergency and critical care ultrasound, toxicology, prehospital care, pediatric emergency medicine, geriatric emergency medicine, palliative care, hyperbaric medicine, disaster medicine, simulation medicine, and administration. E-ISSN: 2289-6147

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences The Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences (MJMHS) is published by the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia. The main aim of the MJMHS is to be a premier journal on all aspects of medicine and health sciences in Malaysia and internationally. The focus of the MJMHS is on results of original scientific research and development, emerging issues,

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and policy analyses pertaining to medical, biomedical, and clinical sciences. Print ISSN: 1675-8544 Further information can be obtained from: Dean’s General Office Level 3, Administration Building Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-89472300 Fax: 1603-89472585 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.medic.upm.edu.my/penyelidikan/ malaysian_journal_of_medicine_and_health_sciences_ mjmhs-8789?L 5 en Malaysian Journal of Pathology The Malaysian Journal of Pathology is the official journal of the College of Pathologists, Academy of Medicine Malaysia. The primary purpose of this journal is to publish the results of study and research in pathology, especially those that have particular relevance to human disease occurring in Malaysia and other countries in this region. The term pathology is interpreted in its broadest sense to include chemical pathology, cytology, experimental pathology, forensic pathology, hematology, histopathology, immunology, medical microbiology, and parasitology. The Journal aims to bring under one cover publications of regional interest embracing the various subspecialties of pathology. It is expected that the articles published would be of value not only to pathologists, but also to medical practitioners in search of a scientific basis for the problems encountered in their practice, and to those with an interest in diseases which occur in the tropics. Print ISSN: 0126-8635 Further information can be obtained from: Chief Editor The Malaysian Journal of Pathology Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.mjpath.org.my Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences is an open access, peer-reviewed international pharmacy journal published by Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia. Established in 2003, it welcomes original, scholarly contributions from all disciplines of pharmacy: pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry; clinical

pharmacy; pharmacology; social and administrative pharmacy; pharmaceutical technology; and pharmacy education. The emphasis is on publishing quality articles from Malaysia and around the world, and making them freely available to academicians, researchers, and pharmacists worldwide. Accepted articles are published as original research articles, short communications, and reviews. E-ISSN: 2180-429X Print ISSN: 1675-7319 Further information can be obtained from: Chief Editor Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang Malaysia Phone: 1604-6533888 Ext. 4425 Fax: 1604-6575714 Email: [email protected] Web: http://web.usm.my/mjps Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine (MJPHM) is the official Journal of Malaysian Public Health Physicians’ Association. This is an open access and peer-reviewed journal founded in 2001 with the main objective of providing a platform for publication of scientific articles in the areas of public health medicine. The Journal is published in two volumes per year. Contributors are welcome to send their articles in all subdisciplines of public health including epidemiology, biostatistics, nutrition, family health, infectious diseases, health services research, gerontology, child health, adolescent health, behavioral medicine, rural health, chronic diseases, health promotion, public health policy and management, health economics, occupational health, and environmental health. E-ISSN: 2590-3829 Print ISSN: 1675-0306 Further information can be obtained from: Chief Editor Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine (MJPHM) International Center for Casemix and Clinical Coding (ITCC) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center (UKMMC) Jalan Yaacob Latiff 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-91456986 Fax: 1603-91456685 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.mjphm.org.my/mjphm

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Malaysian Journal of Science The Malaysian Journal of Science (MJS), established in 1972, is published by the Faculty of Science, University of Malaya. Starting 2017, MJS will published three issues per year (April, August, and December) and covers original research, and includes short communications, as well as, reviews in specialized fields. All papers will be refereed. E-ISSN: 2600-8688 Print ISSN: 1394-3065 Further information can be obtained from: Chief Editor Malaysian Journal of Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Email: [email protected] Web: http://mjs.um.edu.my/index.php/MJS Medical Journal of Malaysia Published since 1890 this journal originated as the Journal of the Straits Medical Association. With the formation of the Malaysian Medical Association (MMA), the Journal became the official organ, supervised by an editorial board. Some of the early Hon. Editors were Mr. H.M. McGladdery (1960 64), Dr. A. A. Sandosham (1965 77), and Prof. Paul C.Y. Chen (1977 87). It is a scientific journal, published quarterly and can be found in medical libraries in many parts of the world. The Journal also enjoys the status of being listed in the Index Medicus, the internationally accepted reference index of medical journals. The editorial columns often reflect the Association’s views and attitudes toward medical problems in the country. The MJM aims to be a peer-reviewed scientific journal of the highest quality. ISSN: 0300-5283 Further information can be obtained from: Medical Journal of Malaysia Malaysian Medical Association 4th Floor, MMA House 124, Jalan Pahang 53000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-40411375 Fax: 1603-40418187 Web: http://www.e-mjm.org Medicine and Health Medicine and Health is an open access journal dedicated to publishing high-quality scientific research in the fields of medicine and allied health sciences.

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The journal welcomes review articles, original research, case reports, and clinical quizzes. The journal publishes manuscripts pertaining to any discipline concerned with medicine, dentistry, surgery, nursing, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, biomedical, public health, epidemiological studies, and medical education. E-ISSN: 2289-5728 Print ISSN: 1823-2140 Further information can be obtained from: Medical Research & Innovation Secretariat Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre Level 15, Pre-Clinical Block, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-91458638/ 1 603-91459499 Fax: 1603-91456634 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.medicineandhealthukm.com Sains Malaysiana Sains Malaysiana is published monthly by Penerbit UKM (12 issues a year). It contains articles on earth sciences, health sciences, life sciences, mathematical sciences, and physical sciences. Articles are published in Malay or English. The primary purpose of this journal is to act as a channel for the publication of research work undertaken at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia as well as other institutions. Print ISSN: 0126-6039 Further information can be obtained from: Chief Editor Sains Malaysiana Fakulti of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-89214917 Fax: 1603-89256086 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ukm.my/jsm Science Letters Science Letters is a single-blind peer-reviewed, open access, and biannually online-published (June and December) international journal for the complete coverage of all topics in science and technology related areas. Science Letters aims to be recognized as an important forum for researchers from academic and private arenas to exchange the latest results from research, especially in science and technology in a broad sense, both original papers and reviews. Print ISSN: 1675-7785

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Further information can be obtained from: Faculty of Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-55441847 Fax: 1603-55444562 Email: [email protected] Web: https://scilett-fsg.uitm.edu.my Tropical Life Sciences Research Tropical Life Sciences Research (TLSR) formerly known as Journal of Bioscience seeks to publish relevant ideas and knowledge addressing vital life sciences issues in the tropical region. The Journal’s scope is interdisciplinary in nature and covers any aspects related to issues on life sciences especially from the field of biochemistry, microbiology, biotechnology and animal, plant, environmental, biomedical, and pharmaceutical sciences. E-ISSN: 2180-4249 Print ISSN: 1985-3718 Further information can be obtained from: Chief Editor Tropical Life Sciences Research School of Biological Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang Malaysia Phone: 1604-6534053 Fax: 1604-6575714 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.tlsr.usm.my

Technical reports and other documents Round table dialogue No. 12: Malaysian network for integrated management of chemicals and hazardous substances for environment and development (MYNICHE) (2005) Mazlin Bin Mokhtar, Ahmad Fariz Mohamed, Nurul Wah (Eds.) ISBN: 983-9444-64-6 Health impact assessment In Malaysia, health impact assessment (HIA) is conducted to identify the potential impact on the health and well-being of the population that needs to be managed for each proposed policy, strategy, plan, or project, prior to its implementation. HIA employs the environmental health risk assessment (EHRA) approach in estimating the likelihood of potential adverse effects from exposure to environmental hazards. HIA is an important component of the

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). In Malaysia, EIA is a statutory requirement for activities under Section 34A of the Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974 for (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 2015 enforced by the Department of Environment. • Guidance Document On Health Impact Assessment (HIA) In Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) http://www.doe.gov.my/eia/wp-content/ uploads/2012/03/HIA-Guidance-Document.pdf Water quality report Malaysia’s water quality is monitored and controlled by the Department of Environment. There are three types of water quality monitoring programs in Malaysia, which are Marine and Water Quality Monitoring, River Water Quality Monitoring, and Groundwater Monitoring. • Marine and Water Quality Monitoring Program • There are 233 monitoring stations for coastal areas and estuaries throughout all the states of Malaysia and 86 stations for island monitoring program. The monitoring program involves in situ measurements of water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, salinity, turbidity, and tar balls, and laboratory analyses of parameters such as Escherichia coli, oil and grease, total suspended solids (SS), arsenic, cadmium, total chromium, copper, lead, and mercury. The frequency of sampling carried out is between four to six times per year. This monitoring activity provides important information not only on the status of marine water quality but also to assist in the management of the recreational waters and marine ecosystem. Web: https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/en/ awam/maklumat-alam-sekitar/air-marin-pulaumarin-2 • River Water Quality Monitoring Program • There are 1064 manual stations located within 143 river basins throughout Malaysia. Water quality data were used to determine the water quality status into clean, slightly polluted, or polluted categories and to classify the rivers in Class I, II, III, IV, or V based on Water Quality Index (WQI) and Interim National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (INWQS) every year. WQI is computed based on six main parameters: biochemical oxygen demand; chemical oxygen demand; ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3N); pH; DO; and SS. Other parameters such as heavy metals and bacteria are measured according to site requirements. Web: https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/en/ awam/maklumat-alam-sekitar/air-sungai

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• Groundwater Quality Monitoring Program • Currently, the groundwater quality monitoring program is carried out at 78 wells in Peninsular Malaysia, 12 wells in Sarawak, and 15 wells in Sabah. The water samples were taken from these monitoring wells and analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides, heavy metals, anions, bacteria (coliform), phenolic compounds, total hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, temperature, conductivity, and DO. Web: https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/en/ awam/maklumat-alam-sekitar/air-tanah Drinking Water Quality Surveillance Program The National Drinking Water Quality Surveillance Program is established to ensure safe and potable water supply throughout Malaysia. The governmental agency that oversees this program is the Engineering Services Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia. There are 90 parameters being measured to determine the drinking water quality as underlined in the Drinking Water Quality Standard. Web: http://kmam.moh.gov.my/index.html Air quality report Air quality in Malaysia is monitored continuously and manually to detect any changes in the ambient air quality status that may cause harm to human health and the environment. The Department of Environment monitors the country’s ambient air quality through a network of 51 stations that are located in residential, traffic, and industrial areas. The ambient air quality measurement in Malaysia is described in terms of the Air Pollutant Index (API). The API is developed in easily understood ranges of values as a means of reporting the quality of air instead of using the actual concentration of air pollutants. This index also reflects its effect on human health ranging from good to hazardous and also can be categorized according to the action criteria as stipulated in the National Haze Action Plan. The Malaysian API system closely follows the Pollutant Standard Index developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The pollutants included in Malaysia’s API are O3, CO, NO2, SO2, and suspended particulate matter less than 10 microns in size (PM10). Although DOE has started to measure the suspended particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in size (PM2.5), the data are not included in the API calculation at the moment. This will be addressed once the New Ambient Air Quality Standard is fully implemented in 2020. Web: https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/en/ awam/maklumat-alam-sekitar/kualiti-udara

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Hazardous chemical management at workplace The Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standard of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000 (USECHH Regulations) is a legal framework to control exposure of chemicals that are hazardous to health at the workplace in Malaysia. All industries that use chemicals hazardous to health are required to perform assessments on chemical risk (known as CHRA), and this assessment can only be conducted by assessors registered with DOSH. When the CHRA indicates that the employee is likely to be exposed to chemicals that are hazardous to health and where the protection of the health of employees is necessary, the employer is required to carry out a health surveillance program. The medical surveillance component of the health surveillance program is carried out by an occupational health doctor as stipulated under the regulations. The purpose of medical surveillance is for the early identification of conditions that could present an increased risk of adverse health effects related to the task being performed. • Manual of Recommended Practice on Assessment of the Health Risks arising from the use of Hazardous Chemicals in the Workplace: 3rd Edition http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/ legislation/guidelines/chemical/2874-01-a-manual-ofrecommended-practice-on-assessment-of-the-healthrisks-arising-from-the-use-of-chemicals-hazardous-tohealth-at-the-workplace-3rd-edition/file • Guidelines on Medical Surveillance http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/ legislation/guidelines/occupational-health-1/65805-guidelines-on-medical-surveillance-2001/file Chemical information management system CIMS was established by Department of Occupational Safety and Health, under the legal provision of Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Labelling and Safety Data Sheet of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 2013. Importers and manufacturers of chemicals that import/manufacture more than 1 ton of chemicals per calendar year shall submit information related to chemicals via CIMS. Web: http://cims.dosh.gov.my/ Industry Code of Practice on Chemicals Classification and Hazard Communication 2014 ICOP contains a list of chemical substances that have been classified, and guidance on chemical classification and hazard communication. This ICOP provides guidance to the principal suppliers on selfclassification of chemicals according to method and classification criteria of GHS (3rd revised edition, 2009).

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Web: http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/legislation/codes-of-practice/chemical-management Malaysian standards • MS ISO 10993-1:2011 (Confirmed:2015), Biological evaluation of medical devices part 1: evaluation and testing within a risk management process (First revision) (ISO 10993-1:2009, COR. 1:2010, IDT) • MS ISO 10993-3:2005, Biological evaluation of medical devices part 3: tests for genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity (ISO 10993-3:2003, IDT) • MS ISO 10993-4:2010 (Confirmed:2015), Biological evaluation of medical devices part 4: selection of tests for interactions with blood (ISO 10993-4:2002, AMD. 1:2006, IDT) • MS ISO 10993-5:2013, Biological evaluation of medical devices part 5: tests for in vitro cytotoxicity (ISO 10993-5:2009, IDT) • MS ISO 10993-9:2013, Biological evaluation of medical devices part 9: framework for identification and quantification of potential degradation products (ISO 10993-9:2009, IDT) • MS ISO 10993-10:2013, Biological evaluation of medical devices part 10: tests for irritation and skin sensitization (ISO 10993-10:2010, IDT) • MS ISO 10993-14:2005 (Confirmed:2015), Biological evaluation of medical devices part 14: identification and quantification of degradation products from ceramics (ISO 10993-14:2001, IDT) • MS ISO 10993-15:2005 (Confirmed:2015), Biological evaluation of medical devices part 15: identification and quantification of degradation products from metals and alloys (ISO 10993-15:2000, IDT) • MS ISO 10993-16:2011 (Confirmed:2015), Biological evaluation of medical devices part 16: toxicokinetic study design for degradation products and leachables (First revision) (ISO 10993-16:2010, IDT) • MS ISO 10993-17:2005 (Confirmed:2011), Biological evaluation of medical devices part 17: establishment of allowable limits for leachable substances (ISO 10993-17:2002, IDT) Phone: 1603-55446111/ 1 603-55446142 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.msonline.gov.my

Governmental organizations Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Web: http://www.moa.gov.my This ministry oversees the Department of Agriculture.

Address: Ministry of Agriculture & Agro-Based Industry Blok 4G1 Wisma Tani, No.28 Persiaran Perdana Presint 4, Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan Persekutuan 62624 Putrajaya Malaysia Phone: 1603-88701200/ 1 603-88701400 Fax: 103-8888 6906 Email: [email protected] Department of Agriculture Web: http://www.doa.gov.my This department enforces the regulation of agrochemicals such as pesticides. Address: Department of Agriculture Level 7-17, Wisma Tani, No. 30, Persiaran Perdana, Presint 4, Federal Government Administrative Centre 62624 Putrajaya Malaysia Phone: 1603-88703042 Fax: 1603-88703044 Email: [email protected] Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-Operation And Consumerism Web: http://www.kpdnhep.gov.my This ministry regulates and enforces the safety standards goods and services in Malaysia through its Consumerism Standards Division. Address: Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-Operation And Consumerism 13, Persiaran Perdana, Presint 2 62623 Putrajaya Malaysia Phone: 1603-80008000 Fax: 1603-80008000 Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change Web: https://www.mestecc.gov.my This ministry oversees the Atomic Energy Licensing Board, Department of Chemistry, Department of Environment and Malaysian Nuclear Agency. Address: Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change Level 1-7, Block C4 & C5, Complex C Federal Government Administrative Centre 62502, Putrajaya Malaysia Tel: 1603-80008000 Fax: 1603-88889070 Email: [email protected] Atomic Energy Licensing Board Web: http://www.aelb.gov.my This agency acts as an enforcement body to implement the Atomic Energy Licensing Act (Act 304).

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Address: Atomic Energy Licensing Board Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Batu 24, Jalan Dengkil 43800 Dengkil, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-89225888 Fax: 1603-8922-3685 Email: [email protected] Department of Chemistry Web: http://www.kimia.gov.my/v3/en/ This department provides comprehensive, modern, high quality and cost effective scientific services (analytical, investigatory, and consultancy). There are various centers under the department such as Center of Analysis for Forensic Science, Center of Analysis for Drinking Water, Food and Environmental Safety, Center of Management for Quality and Research, and Center of Analysis for Industry and Custom Tariff. Address: Department of Chemistry Malaysia, Jalan Sultan, 46661 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-79853000 Fax: 1603-79853092 Email: [email protected] Department of Environment Web: https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/en/ This department has a division on hazardous/toxic substances and implements the Environmental Quality Act 1974 and its associated rules and regulations, which include toxic substances. The Environmental Institute of Malaysia is established under this department. Address: Department of Environment Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change Level 1 - 4, Podium 2 & 3, Wisma Sumber Asli No.25, Persiaran Perdana, Precinct 4 Federal Government Administrative Centre 62574 Putrajaya Malaysia Phone: 1603-88712000/ 1 603-88712200 Fax: 1603-88889987/ 1 603-88891040 Environmental Institute of Malaysia Web: http://www.doe.gov.my/eimasv2/ This institute is established to enhance manpower development programs and to raise public awareness on the importance of environmental conservation. Address: Environment Institute of Malaysia (EiMAS) Department of Environment Kampus Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

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Beg Berkunci No 24 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-89261500/ 1 603-89261368/ 1 603-89261369 Fax: 1603-89261700 Malaysian Nuclear Agency Web: https://www.nuclearmalaysia.gov.my This institute is involved in the research and development related to nuclear technology. Address: Agensi Nuklear Malaysia (Nuklear Malaysia) Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-89112000 Fax: 1603-89112153 Email: [email protected] Ministry of International Trade and Industry Web: http://www.miti.gov.my This ministry oversees the Department of Standards Malaysia. Address: Ministry of International Trade and Industry Menara MITI, No. 7, Jalan Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah 50480 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-80008000 Fax: 1603-62064693 Email: [email protected] Department of Standards Malaysia Web: http://www.jsm.gov.my The Department of Standards Malaysia (Standards Malaysia) is the National Standards Body and the National Accreditation Body, providing confidence to various stakeholders, through credible standardization and accreditation services for global competitiveness. Address: Jabatan Standard Malaysia (Standards Malaysia), Century Square, Level 1 & 2, Block 2300, Jalan Usahawan, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-83180002 Fax: 1603-83193131 Email: [email protected] Ministry of Health Web: http://www.moh.gov.my This ministry oversees the Clinical Research Centre, Food Safety and Quality Division, Institute for Medical Research, Institute for Public Health, Medical Device Authority, and National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency. Address: Ministry of Health, Malaysia Block E1, E6, E7 & E10, Complex E,

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Federal Government Administrative Centre 62590 Putrajaya Malaysia Phone: 1603-80008000 Fax: 1603-88886187 Email: [email protected] Clinical Research Centre Web: http://www.crc.gov.my This center has sophisticated facility and equipment, state-of-the-art technology, and trained human resources to conduct clinical research. Address: Clinical Research Centre, Level 3 Dermatology Block Kuala Lumpur Hospital Jalan Pahang 50586 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. Phone: 1603-26980310 Fax: 1603-26911682 Email: [email protected] Food Safety and Quality Division Web: http://fsq.moh.gov.my This division is established to enforce the Food Safety and Quality Program in Malaysia. Address: Food Safety and Quality Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia Level 4, Menara Prisma No. 26, Jalan Persiaran Perdana, Precinct 3, Federal Government Administrative Center 62675 Putrajaya Malaysia Phone: 1603-88850797 Fax: 1603-88850790 Institute for Medical Research Website: http://www.imr.gov.my The Institute for Medical Research is the biomedical research arm of the Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Research programs of the Institute are aligned with the health research priority areas and health needs of the country. The Herbal Medicine Research Centre in this institute has the Toxicology and Pharmacology Unit, which conducts preclinical studies to determine the toxicological and pharmacological effects of natural products. Address: Institute for Medical Research Jalan Pahang 50588 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-2616 2666 Fax: 1603-2693 9335 Email: [email protected] Institute for Public Health Web: http://www.iku.gov.my/

This institute conducts epidemiological survey research, training and consultation in Malaysia. Address: Institute for Public Health Jalan Bangsar, Federal Hill 50590 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-22979400 Fax: 1603-22823114 Email: [email protected] Medical Device Authority Web: https://www.mdb.gov.my/ This agency is established to ensure that medical devices in Malaysia are of high quality, effective and safe. Address: Medical Device Authority Level 6, Prima 9, Prima Avenue II Block 3547, Persiaran APEC 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-82300300 Fax: 1603-82300200 National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency Web: http://npra.moh.gov.my This agency is established to implement quality control on cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Address: Bahagian Regulatori Farmasi Negara (NPRA) Lot 36, Jalan Universiti 46200 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Malaysia. Phone: 1603-78835400 Fax: 1603-79562924, 1603-79567075 Ministry of Human Resources Web: www.mohr.gov.my This ministry oversees the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) and National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Address: Ministry Of Human Resources Block D3 & D4, Complex D, Federal Government Administrative Centre 62502 Putrajaya Malaysia Phone: 1603-80008000 Fax: 1603-88892381 Email: [email protected] Department of Occupational Safety and Health Web: http://www.dosh.gov.my This government agency is responsible for the administration and enforcement of legislations related to occupational safety and health for Malaysia. Address: Department of Occupational Safety and Health

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Level 5 (Main Counter), Block D4, Complex D, Federal Government Administrative Centre, 62530 Putrajaya Malaysia Phone: 1603-88865343 Fax: 1603-88892443 Email: [email protected] National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Web: http://www.niosh.com.my NIOSH is a center of excellence in Occupational Safety and Health in Malaysia. This institute provides training for competency programs such as Certificate Program for Safety and Health Officer, Chemical Health Risk Assessment and Industrial Hygiene. Address: National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Lot 1, Jalan 15/1, Section 15 43650, Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-87692100 Fax: 1603-89262900 Email: [email protected] Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources Web: http://www.kats.gov.my/ This ministry oversees the Forest Research Institute Malaysia and National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia. Address: Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources Wisma Sumber Asli, No.25 Persiaran Perdana, Presint 4, 62574 Putrajaya Malaysia Phone: 1603-80008000 Fax: 1603-88892672 Email: [email protected] Forest Research Institute Malaysia Web: https://www.frim.gov.my/ This is a statutory body governed under Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources which is involved in research and development and testing services for the forestry and forest products industry. Address: Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) 52109 Kepong, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-62797000 Fax: 1603-62731314 Email: [email protected] National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia Web: http://www.nahrim.gov.my This institute is involved in research and consultancy in aspects of water hydraulics and water environment. This institute also offers services

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based on advanced technologies within the fields of ecology and environmental chemistry. Address: National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources Lot 5377, Jalan Putra Permai, 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-89476400 Fax: 1603-89483044 Email: [email protected]

Government Link Companies Melaka Biotechnology Corporation Web: https://www.melbio.com.my/ Melaka Biotechnology Corporation is a GLC under the Melaka State Government. This corporation has laboratory facilities that conduct testing for food and beverages, water, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and environmental samples. Address: Melaka Biotechnology Corporation Lot 7, MITC City 75450 Ayer Keroh Melaka, Malaysia Phone: 1606-231-3622 Fax: 1606-231-3276 Email: [email protected] National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia Web: http://www.nibm.my National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia (NIBM) is established under the purview of the Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change. This nonprofit organization has the status as Company Limited by Guarantee (CLG). The key role of NIBM is to support and spearhead the commercialization of research and development activities in the area of biotechnology. NIBM oversees several institutes such as AgroBiotechnology Institute Malaysia (ABI), Institute Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (IPharm), and Malaysia Genome Institute (GENOM MALAYSIA). Address: National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia Aras 2, Kompleks Institut Agro-Bioteknologi, Malaysia (ABI), MARDI 43400, Serdang Malaysia Phone: 1603-89495600 Fax: 1603-89408692 Email: [email protected] Agro-Biotechnology Institute Malaysia (ABI) Web: http://www.abi-nibm.my/

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Agro-Biotechnology Institute Malaysia (ABI) conducts research and development in agrobiotechnology. Address: Agro-Biotechnology Institute Malaysia (ABI), National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia (NIBM), c/o MARDI Headquarters, 43400, Serdang Malaysia Phone: 1603-89495600 Fax: 1603-89381026 Email: [email protected] Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (IPharm) Web: http://www.ipharm-nibm.my Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (IPharm) conducts research and development in healthcare biotechnology. Address: Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (IPharm) Block 5-A, Halaman Bukit Gambir, 11700 Penang Malaysia Phone: 1604-6521200 Fax: 1604-6563020 Email: [email protected] Malaysia Genome Institute (GENOM MALAYSIA) Web: http://www.mgi-nibm.my/ Malaysia Genome Institute (GENOM MALAYSIA) is a network-based not-for-profit research organization engaging in discovery research on tropical bioresources through projects on genome sequencing, comparative and functional genomics, and structural biology. Address: Malaysia Genome Institute Jalan Bangi 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-89267446 Fax: 1603-89267972 Email: [email protected] SIRIM Bhd Web: http://www.sirim.my/ SIRIM Bhd, formerly known as the Standard and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM), is a corporate organization under the purview of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. SIRIM is mandated as the machinery for research and technology development, and the national champion of quality. This organization provides training, product safety and quality testing, and quality certification. Address: SIRIM Berhad Customer Service Centre Persiaran Dato’ Menteri, P.O. Box 7035, Section 2, 40700 Shah Alam, Selangor,

Malaysia. Tel: 1603-55446000 Fax: 1603-55446694 Email: [email protected]

Nongovernmental organizations Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. Web: http://www.enviromalaysia.com.my Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. (ASMA) has been at the forefront of environmental monitoring since 1995 when it was awarded a concession by the government of Malaysia to set up a systematic and comprehensive monitoring network for air quality and water quality for the nation and to establish the National Environmental Data Centre. Address: Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. Suite 5.01 A, Mercu PICORP Jalan Astaka U8/84 Bukit Jelutong, 40150 Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-7845-4566 Fax: 1603-7845-3566 Email: [email protected] Centre for Environment, Technology and Development, Malaysia Web: http://cetdem.org.my Founded in 1985, CETDEM is an independent, nonprofit, training, research, consultancy, referral, and development organization. It is committed to improving environmental quality through the appropriate use of technology and sustainable development. Address: CETDEM Office 17, Jalan SS2/53 47300 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-78757767 Fax: 1603-78754039 Email: [email protected] Confederation of Scientific and Technological Associations in Malaysia (COSTAM) Web: http://www.costam.org.my The Confederation of Scientific and Technological Associations in Malaysia (COSTAM) is the national umbrella organization of professional scientific and technological associations. COSTAM organizes scientific and technological conferences, seminars and workshops on issues of national and international interest, including the annual Malaysian Science and Technology Congress and the triennial COSTAMSociety of Free Radical Research Workshop.

Resources

Address: COSTAM Secretariat COSTAM Room, Level 3 Pusat Sains Negara (PSN) Persiaran Bukit Kiara 50662 Bukit Kiara, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-20922370 Fax: 1603-20922346 Email: [email protected] Environmental Management and Research Association of Malaysia (ENSEARCH) Web: https://www.ensearch.org ENSEARCH is a nonprofit association of organizations, professionals, students, and people with interest in learning and promoting effective ways to manage the impacts of human activities on the environment. Address: ENSEARCH No. 30-3, Jalan PJU 5/16 Dataran Sunway, Kota Damansara 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-61569807/ 1 603-615698078 Fax: 1603-6156-9803 Email: [email protected] Malaysian Environmental NGOs Web: http://mengo.org Malaysian Environmental NGOs (MENGO) was formed under the Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA)-supported program for environmental assistance to Malaysia. The objective of the program is to contribute to the strengthening of the MENGOs and facilitate their impact on the decision-making at all levels in Malaysian society. One of the main strategic aims of the program is to support and facilitate a more effective interaction between MENGO and the Government of Malaysia on environmental policies. Address: Malaysian Environmental NGOs No.41, Lorong Burhanuddin Helmi 11 Taman Tun Dr. Ismail 60000 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. Phone: 1603-7731-8361 Fax: 1603-7731-8361 Email: [email protected] Universities Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Web: http://www.ukm.my Faculty of Health Sciences Web: http://www.ukm.my/fsk Address: Faculty of Health Sciences

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Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-92897602 Fax: 1603-26914304 Email: [email protected] Faculty of Medicine Web: https://www.ppukm.ukm.my/fper Phone: 1603-91455019 Fax: 1603-91456646 Email: [email protected] Faculty Pharmacy Web: http://www.ukm.my/farmasi Address: Faculty of Pharmacy Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-92897782 Fax: 1603-26983271 Email: [email protected] Faculty of Science and Technology Web: http://www.ukm.my/fst Address: Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Malaysia Tel: 1603-89215419 Fax: 1603-89256086 Email: [email protected] Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences Web: http://www.ukm.my/fsk Address: Toxicology Laboratory Faculty of Health Sciences Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-92898118 Fax: 1603-26914304 Email: [email protected] Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI) Web: http://www.ukm.my/lestari Address: Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-89214144/ 1 603-89214149 Fax: 1603-89255104 Email: [email protected]

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UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI) Web: http://www.ukm.my/umbi Address: UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI) UKM Medical Centre Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-91459040/ 1 603-91456321 Fax: 1603-91717185 Email: [email protected] Makmal Bioserasi (Biocompatibility Laboratory), Centre for Research and Instrumentation Management (CRIM) Web: http://www.ukm.my/makmal_bioserasi/ Address: Makmal Bioserasi Pusat Pengurusan Penyelidikan dan Instrumentasi (CRIM) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Malaysia Tel: 1603-89214280 Fax: 1603-89214281 Email: [email protected] Universiti Malaya Web: https://www.um.edu.my Faculty of Medicine Web: http://medicine.um.edu.my Address: Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-79676686 Fax: 1 603-79568841 Email: [email protected] Faculty of Science Web: http://fs.um.edu.my Address: Faculty of Science University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-79674201 Fax: 1603-79566343 Email: [email protected] Universiti Sains Malaysia Web: http://www.usm.my School of Health Sciences Web: http://www.ppsk.usm.my/ Address: School of Health Sciences Kampus Kesihatan, Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia

Phone: 1609-7677500 Fax: 1609-7677515 Email: [email protected] School of Medical Sciences Web: http://www.medic.usm.my Address: School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kampus Kesihatan, 16150 Kubang Kerian Kelantan, Malaysia Phone: 1609-7673000 Fax: 1609-7673370 Email: [email protected] School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Web: http://www.pha.usm.my Address: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Penang Malaysia Phone: 1604-6532211 Fax: 1604-6570017 Email: [email protected] Advanced Medical and Dental Institute Web: http://www.amdi.usm.my Address: Institut Perubatan and Pergigian Termaju Universiti Sains Malaysia Bertam 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang Malaysia Tel: 1604-5622888 Fax: 1604-5622468 Email: [email protected] Universiti Putra Malaysia Web: http://www.upm.edu.my Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Web: http://www.medic.upm.edu.my Address: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-89472300 Fax: 1603-89472585 Email: [email protected] Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Web: http://www.vet.upm.edu.my Address: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-86093896 Fax: 1603-86091971 Email: [email protected]

Resources

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Web: http://www.unimas.my Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Web: http://www.fmhs.unimas.my Address: Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak Malaysia Phone: 1608-2581000 Fax: 1608-266-5152 Email: [email protected] Universiti Malaysia Sabah Web: http://www.ums.edu.my Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Web: http://www.ums.edu.my/fpsk Address: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Malaysia Sabah Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia Phone: 16088-320000 Fax: 16088-321377 Email: [email protected] Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Web: http://www.utm.my Faculty of Science Web: https://science.utm.my Address: Faculty of Science Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai, Johor Malaysia Phone: 1607-5534007 Fax: 1607-5566162 Email: [email protected]

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42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-32584300 Fax: 1 603-32584599 Email: [email protected] Faculty of Medicine Web: https://medicine.uitm.edu.my Address: Faculty of Medicine Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor Branch, Jln Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-61265000 Fax: 1603-55442831 Email: [email protected] Faculty of Pharmacy Web: https://pharmacy.uitm.edu.my Address: Faculty of Pharmacy Universiti Teknologi MARA Level 11, FF1 Building 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-32584645 Fax: 1603-32584602 Email: [email protected] Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Web: https://www.umt.edu.my

Universiti Teknologi MARA Web: http://www.uitm.edu.my

Pusat Pengajian Sains Marin dan Sekitaran Web: http://ppsms.umt.edu.my/?lang 5 en Address: Pusat Pengajian Sains Marin dan Sekitaran University Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Malaysia Phone: 1609-6683149 Fax: 1609-6683193 Email: [email protected]

Faculty of Applied Sciences Web: https://fsg.uitm.edu.my/v2/ Address: Faculty of Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-55444555 Fax: 103-55444562 Email: [email protected]

Institute of Marine Biotechnology Web: http://imb.umt.edu.my Address: Institute of Marine Biotechnology Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Malaysia Phone: 1609-6683104 Fax: 1609-6683105 Email: [email protected]

Faculty of Health Sciences Web: https://fsk.uitm.edu.my Address: Faculty of Health Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA Puncak Alam Campus

Institute of Oceanography and Environment Web: http://inos.umt.edu.my Address: Institute of Oceanography and Environment Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu

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Malaysia Phone: 1609-6683195 Fax: 1609-6692166 Email: [email protected] Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Web: https://www.umk.edu.my Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Web: http://fpv.umk.edu.my Address: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University Malaysia Kelantan Locked Bag 36, Pengkalan Chepa 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia Phone: 1609-7717133 Fax: 16097717132 Email: [email protected] Universiti Malaysia Pahang Web: http://www.ump.edu.my Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology Web: http://fist.ump.edu.my Address: Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology Universiti Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang, Pahang Malaysia Phone: 1609-5492765 Fax: 1609-5492766 Email: [email protected] International Islamic University of Malaysia Web: http://www.iium.edu.my Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences Web: http://www.iium.edu.my/kulliyyah/kahs Address: Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah Bandar Indera Mahkota 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia Phone: 1609-5705201 Fax: 1609-5716776 Email: [email protected] Kulliyah of Medicine Web: http://www.iium.edu.my/kulliyyah/kom Address: Kulliyyah of Medicine International Islamic University Malaysia Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah Bandar Indera Mahkota 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia Phone: 1609-5704000 Fax: 1609-5716770 Email: [email protected]

Kulliyah of Pharmacy Web: http://www.iium.edu.my/kulliyyah/kop Address: Kulliyyah of Pharmacy International Islamic University Malaysia P.O Box 141 25710 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia Phone: 1609-5704818 Fax: 1609-5735431 Email: [email protected] Kulliyah of Science Web: http://www.iium.edu.my/kulliyyah/kos Address: Kulliyyah of Science International Islamic University Malaysia P.O. Box 10 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Phone: 1609-5705015 Fax: 1609-5716781 Email: [email protected] Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Web: http://www.utar.edu.my Faculty of Science Web: http://www.utar.edu.my/fs Address: Faculty of Science Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat 31900 Kampar, Perak Malaysia Phone: 1605-4688888 Fax: 1605-4661313 Email: [email protected] International Medical University Malaysia Web: http://www.imu.edu.my/imu/ Address: International Medical University Malaysia No.126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19 57000 Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Phone: 1603-86567228 Fax: 1603-86561018 Monash University Malaysia Web: www.monash.edu.my School of Science Web: https://www.monash.edu.my/science Address: School of Science Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia Phone: 1603-55146000 Fax: 1603-55146184 Email: [email protected]

Resources

Professional bodies Malaysian Association of Environmental Health Web: http://www.maeh4u.org.my Malaysian Institute of Chemistry Web: http://www.ikm.org.my/ Phone: 1603-7728-3272 Fax: 1603-7728-9909 Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Malaysian Pharmaceutical Society Web: http://www.mps.org.my/ Phone: 1603-80791861 Fax: 1603-80700388 Email: [email protected] Malaysian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Web: https://msbmb2010.wixsite.com/msbmb Phone: 1603-59295440 Fax: 1603-56295455 Email: [email protected] Malaysian Society for Environmental Epidemiology Web: http://myseeorgmy.wixsite.com/mysee Malaysian Society for Occupational Safety and Health Web: https://www.msosh.org.my Phone: 1603-79561763 Fax: 1603-79557195 Malaysian Society of Applied Biology Web: http://www.ukm.my/msab Malaysian Society of Pharmacology and Physiology Web: http://mspp.com.my Email: [email protected] Malaysian Society of Toxicology Web: http://mysot.org.my Email: [email protected] Malaysian Society on Toxinology Web: http://mstoxinology.blogspot.com Email: [email protected] Society for Occupational and Environmental Medicine2 Malaysian Medical Association Web: https://soem-mma.org.my Phone: 1 603-40411375 Fax: 1603-40418187 Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

Poison control center National Poison Center Web: http://www.prn.usm.my Contact details: National Poison Centre Universiti Sains Malaysia

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11800 Penang Malaysia Phone: 04-6570099 Fax: 04-6568417 Email: [email protected]

Legislation Legislations of Malaysia that are related directly or indirectly to toxicology and toxicity: Poisons Act 1952 Poison Regulations 1952 Poisons (Psychotropic Substances) Regulations 1989 Web: https://www.pharmacy.gov.my/v2/en/ documents/poisons-act-1952-and-regulations.html Sale of Drugs Act 1952 Sale of Drugs (Certificate of Analysis) Regulations 1997 Control of Drugs and Cosmetics Regulations 1984 Web: https://www.pharmacy.gov.my/v2/en/ documents/sale-drugs-act-1952-and-regulations. html Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 Dangerous Drugs Regulations 1952 Web: https://www.pharmacy.gov.my/v2/en/ documents/dangerous-drugs-act-1952-andregulations.html Medical Device Act 2012 Medical Device Regulations 2012 Web: https://www.mdb.gov.my/mdb/index.php? option 5 com_content&task 5 view&id 5 47&Itemid 5 103 Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation) Act 1953 Web: http://www.moh.gov.my/index.php/ database_stores/store_view/11 Food Act 1983 Food Regulations 1985 Web: http://www.moh.gov.my/index.php/ database_stores/store_view/11 Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 Web: http://www.aelb.gov.my/malay/muatturunbahan-perundangan.html Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 Web: http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/ legislation/acts Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Labelling and Safety Data Sheet of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 2013 Occupational Safety and Health (Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Disease) Regulations 2004

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Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000 Occupational Safety and Health (Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards) Regulations 1996 Web: http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/ legislation/regulations-1/osha-1994-act-154 Factories and Machinery Act 1967 Web: http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/ legislation/acts Factories and Machinery (Mineral Dust) Regulations 1989 Factories and Machinery (Asbestos) Regulations 1986 Factories and Machinery (Leads) Regulations 1984 Web: http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/ legislation/regulations-1/regulations-underfactories-and-machinery-act-1967-act-139 Petroleum (Safety Measure) Act 1984 Web: http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/ legislation/acts Petroleum (Safety Measures) (Transportation of Petroleum by Pipelines) Regulations 1985 Web: http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/ legislation/regulations-1/regulations-under-thepetroleum-safety-measures-act-1984-act-302 Environmental Quality Act 1974 Environment Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 2014 Environment Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005 Web: https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/en/tentang-jas/ perundangan/akta-kaedah-peraturan-arahan-2/akta Pesticide Act 1974 Pesticides (Highly Toxic Pesticides) Regulations 1996 Pesticides (Labelling) Regulations 1984 Web: http://www.doa.gov.my/index.php/pages/ view/518?mid 5 32 Consumer Protection Act 1999 Web: https://www.kpdnkk.gov.my/kpdnkk/ consumer-protection/?lang 5 en Customs Act 1967 Web: http://www.customs.gov.my/en/ip/Pages/ ip_act.aspx Street, Drainage And Building Act 1974 Web: http://www.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/ view/88?mid 5 23 Local Government Act 1976 Web: http://www.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/ view/88?mid 5 23 Town And Country Planning Act 1976 Web: http://jpspn.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/ view/33 Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 Web: http://jpspn.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/ view/33

Road Transport Act 1987 Web: http://www.mot.gov.my/en/lands/landspolicy-act-guidelines/road-transport-policy-actguidelines Civil Aviation Act 1969 Web: http://www.dca.gov.my/sectors-divisions/ legal-advisor/act-2/

Miscellaneous resources Classification Tool for Chemical Mixture The Classification Tool for Chemical Mixture (CATCH) was jointly developed by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. The purpose of CATCH is to assist the chemical industry to classify chemical mixtures, particularly in terms of their health and environmental hazards. Web: https://catch.ukm.my/ Regulatory toxicity testing services Regulatory toxicity testing refers to the testing needed to be performed as required by law which is enforced by regulatory authority. In respect of Malaysian legislation, the requirement may appear in a federal act, ordinance, or regulation or state enactment. Commonly, the specific requirements that leads to the need for testing in order to show compliance are prescribed in the form of a regulation or directive or circular or code of practice that is issued from time to time by the regulatory authority that has been empowered by the federal act. The laboratories that conduct regulatory toxicity testing in Malaysia are accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 or OECD-GLP. The links to the database that provides the directory on accredited laboratories in Malaysia are as follows: • The official website of National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Authority, Ministry of Health. • For laboratories accredited to OECD-GLP, access the following link: https://www.npra.gov.my/index.php/en/listof-glp-compliant-test-facilities-2.html • For laboratories that comply to NPRA’s Requirements for Traditional Products Testing, access the following link: http://npra.moh.gov.my/images/ Guidelines_Central/Lab_QC/ SenaraiMakmalSwasta.pdf • The official website of Department of Standards Malaysia, Ministry of International Trade and Industry. • For laboratories accredited to ISO/IEC 17025, access the following link: http://www.jsm.gov.my/accreditedorganisation-directories

C H A P T E R

23 Mexico Maria E. Gonsebatt1 and Luz Marı´a Del Razo2 1

Department of Medical Genomics and Environmental Toxicology, Biomedical Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico 2Department of Toxicology, Cente for Research and Advanced Studies from the National Polytecnic Institute (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico

Introduction The history of toxicology in Mexico should include, at the outset, reference to the indigenous cultures, which had acquired an intimate knowledge of the medicinal properties of the land’s flora. These early civilizations even cultivated botanical gardens of medicinal plants. The use of medicinal plants by the Aztecs was described by Sahagun in his “General history of the things of the New Spain” and in 1552, the Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis, containing a description of medicinal plants and their uses, was published. Modern toxicology began to take root in Mexico in the early 1970s in several laboratories at different institutes and universities, such as the Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional (IPN) and the Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico (UNAM). Today, research in toxicology, genotoxicology, environmental toxicology, and food toxicology is performed mostly in public universities in Mexico City, such as those mentioned above, but also in various state universities, such as the Universidad Auto´noma de Aguascalientes, Universidad de Durango, Universidad Auto´noma de Nuevo Leo´n, Universidad de San Luis Potosı´, Universidad Auto´noma de Nayarit, Universidad Auto´noma de Quere´taro, and Instituto Tecnolo´gico de Sonora. Toxicology is taught in an assortment of Mexican university faculties, such as chemistry, medicine, veterinary science, and sometimes biology, as a part of the academic curricula. Food toxicology is currently taught within several university departments in the new Food Science and Technology degree programs. There are postgraduate programs in toxicology, environmental toxicology, and environmental management in public

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00023-1

and private superior education institutions. The CONACYT or Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologı´a (National Science and Technology Council) is the agency that funds most of the basic research and the postgraduate programs. CONACYT also joins the Secretariat of Heath (SSA), Environmental Resources (SEMARNAT), and of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food to fund research in specific areas. The Sociedad Mexicana de Toxicologı´a, SOMTOX (Mexican Society of Toxicology) was founded in 1994 by members of the Mexican chapter of the Latin American Society of Toxicology. SOMTOX holds biennial meetings and is associated to the International Union of Toxicology. In 2016 SOMTOX organized the XIV International Congress of Toxicology. Dr. Lilia Albert Palacios was its first president. Genetic toxicologists participate in academic societies such as the Sociedad Mexicana de Gene´tica (Mexican Society of Genetics) and the Sociedad Mexicana de Gene´tica Humana (Mexican Society of Human Genetics). The Mexican Chapter of the SETAC (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry) is under the Mesoamerican Association of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Chemistry (Asociacio´n Mesoamericana de Ecotoxicologı´a y Quı´mica Ambiental, AMEQA). The publication of books in the area has been sponsored mostly by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and by Government Agencies such as the Instituto de Ecologı´a (Ecology Institute) and SEMARNAT, and universities. There are no specialized toxicology journals in Mexico, although chemistry, biology, ecology, and clinical sciences journals publish toxicological research findings. The indexed journal Revista de Contaminacio´n Ambiental, edited by several universities, specializes in environmental pollution research;

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Salud Pu´blica de Mexico is also an indexed journal published by the Instituto Nacional de Salud Pu´blica (National Institute of Public Health) which contains mainly epidemiological studies on health and disease for decision-making.

Useful tool for all those interested in environmental pollution, consequences, and prevention.

Books

A text on human genetics, genetics toxicology, carcinogenesis, environmental pollution.

A text describing environmental aspects of pollution and toxicology. Adame Romero A. (2013) Contaminacio´n ambiental y calentamiento global (Environmental pollution and Global Warming) Trilla, Me´xico Causes and consequences of global warming. Aguilar Pliego J. et al. (eds.) (2015). Cata´lisis y medio ambiente (Catalysis and environment) Academia de Cata´lisis, Me´xico Focus on environmental catalysis. Topics such as CO2 capture and elimination, photocatalysis and radio catalysis for the elimination of pollutants, etc. Albert L.A. (1988) Curso ba´sico de toxicologia ambiental (Basic course on environmental toxicology) Limusa, Noriega, Me´xico An introduction to environmental toxicology. Albert L.A., Jacott M. (2015) Me´xico to´xico: emergencias quı´micas (Toxic Mexico: chemical emergencies) Siglo XXI Editores, Me´xico Provides available information on chemical emergencies in Mexico in context with the actual regulations in Mexico and by international agencies. Anaversa, Tekchem, Drago´n, Ecoltec, and Buenavista del Cobre case studies are presented. Albert L.A., Saldı´var Osorio L. (eds) (1996) La Toxicologia en Me´xico: estado actual y perspectivas (Toxicology in Mexico: actual state and perspectives) SOMTOX, Me´xico Meeting Proceedings. Albert L.A. et al. (eds.) Diccionario de la contaminacio´n (Pollution dictionary) Centro de Ecologı´a y Desarrollo, Me´xico Web: http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvstox/e/fulltext/ diccio/diccio.htm

Arago´n Pina A. (2011) Co´mo son las partı´culas atmosfe´ricas antropoge´nicas y cua´l es su relacio´n con los diversos tipos de fuentes contaminantes? (How are the anthropogenic atmospheric particulate matter and which is its relationship with the different sources?) Universidad Auto´noma de San Luis Potosı´, Instituto de Metalurgia, Facultad de Ingenierı´a, Me´xico Available at: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2561.0409 ?

Adame Romero A. (1993) Contaminacio´n ambiental (Environmental pollution) Trilla, Me´xico

Alvarez Moya C. (2000) Gene´tica, ambiente y salud (Genetic, environment and health) Universidad de Guadalajara, Me´xico

Physicochemical composition, characterization, and toxicological potential of particulate matter in air pollution. Asociacio´n Mexicana de Pediatrı´a (2004) Intoxicaciones (Intoxications) McGraw-Hill Interamericana, Me´xico Aspects of Pediatric Toxicology. Bernal-Gonza´lez M. (2006) Plaguicida en Me´xico: algunos me´todos para determinar plaguicida en agua y matrices biolo´gicas (Pesticides in Mexico: methods for the determination of pesticides in water and biological matrices) Facultad de Quı´mica, PIQAyQA, UNAM Me´xico Describes methodologies for the estimation of pesticide content in water and organisms. Bernardino Herna´ndez H.U. et al. (2014) Los plaguicidas en los Altos de Chiapas: soluciones que matan (Pesticides in Altos de Chiapas: solutions that kill) El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristo´bal de las Casas, Chiapas, Me´xico Bobbio L. et al. (eds.) (2017) Conflictos y concertacio´n: la gestio´n de los residuos en Me´xico, Italia y Francia (Conflict and agreement: waste management in Me´xico, Italy and France) El Colegio de Me´xico, Centro de Estudios Demogra´ficos, Urbanos y Ambientales, Me´xico Web: https://libros.colmex.mx/ficha/?b 5 2725 Law enforcement of environmental protection regulations have improved due to greater information, agreement, and government participation on decisions. The severe conflicts generated by the territorial linked regulations are analyzed in this book.

Books

Botello A.V. et al. (eds.) (1996, 2005, 2014) Golfo de Me´xico, contaminacio´n e impacto ambiental: diagno´stico y tendencias (Gulf of Mexico, pollution and environmental impact: diagnosis and tendencies) Universidad Auto´noma de Campeche, UNAM and Centro de Investigacio´n y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Me´xico More than 150 researchers from different Mexican institutions present their studies, on geological, oceanographic, geomorphologic, ecological, climate aspects, and marine pollution in the Gulf of Mexico. Botello A.V. et al. (eds.) (2014) Pacı´fico mexicano: contaminacio´n e impacto ambiental: diagno´stico y tendencias (Mexican Pacific: pollution and environmental impact: diagnosis and tendencies) Universidad Auto´noma de Campeche, UNAM, Centro de Investigacio´n en Alimentacio´n y Desarrollo, Centro de Investigaciones Biolo´gicas del Noroeste, Centro de Investigacio´n Cientı´fica y de Educacio´n Superior de Ensenada, Me´xico 150 authors from 28 institutions present strategies to mitigate the environmental impact of human activities in the Pacific coast. Brocca H. (2010) Balconeando las drogas (Denouncing drugs) CIDCLI Web: http://cidcli.com/publicaciones/1151balconeando-las-drogas-impreso A text for adolescents. Drugs consumption risks and consequences. Calixto Flores R. et al. (2003) Ecologı´a y medio ambiente (Ecology and environment) Thomson Learning Ibero, Me´xico Describes ecology as a science, the dynamic of ecosystems, ecodevelopment, and health. Calvo Carrillo M.C., Mendoza Martı´nez E. (2012) Toxicologı´a de los alimentos (Food toxicology) McGraw-Hill Interamericana, Me´xico Toxic agents in food, methods for their determination, adverse effects of substances on living organisms, food preservers, current regulations. Carmona Lara M.C., et al. (eds.) (2012). Veinte an˜os de procuracio´n de justicia ambiental en Me´xico: un homenaje a la creacio´n de la Procuradurı´a Federal de Proteccio´n al Ambiente (Twenty years of Environmental Justice Enforcement in Mexico: an homage to the creation of the Federal Enforcement Agency for Environmental Protection) Instituto de Investigaciones Jurı´dicas, UNAM, Me´xico

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Web: http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/libros/libro. htm?l 5 3177 Carrillo Gonza´lez G. (Coord.) (2013) La ecologı´a industrial en Me´xico (Me´xico’s industrial ecology) Divisio´n de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Auto´noma Metropolitana, Me´xico Web: http://bibliotecasibe.ecosur.mx/sibe/book/ 000054114 The theoretical discussion and case studies that have led to the proposal of industrial ecology in the academic and business world. Castillo A., Gonza´lez Gadiano E. (Compiladores) (2010) Educacio´n ambiental y manejo de ecosistemas en Me´xico (Environmental education and ecosystem management in Mexico) SEMARNAT, Instituto Nacional de Ecologı´a, Me´xico Web: http://www.iies.unam.mx/wp-content/ uploads/2016/03/M7_LectCOMP_CastilloGonzalez-Guadiano_2010.pdf Environmental education and management in different scenarios, cultural and economic considerations. Cedillo L.A., Cano Robles F. K. (2012) Ge´nero, ambiente y contaminacio´n por sustancias quı´micas (Gender environment and chemical pollution) SEMARNAT, Instituto de Ecologı´a, Me´xico Web: http://biblioteca.semarnat.gob.mx/janium/ Documentos/Ciga/libros2009/CD001525.pdf Proceedings from 2011 Workshop and Seminar where the gender aspect was discussed in the investigations that study the impact of environmental pollution by toxic chemicals. Cedillo Becerril L. et al. (2012) Inventario nacional de sustancias quı´micas: base 2009 (Mexico’s national inventory of chemical substances: base 2009) SEMARNAT, Instituto Nacional de Ecologı´a, Me´xico Web: http://www.cofepris.gob.mx/Biblioteca% 20Virtual/librosinteres_archivos_/li5Inventario% 20Nacional%20de%20Sustancias%20Qu%C3% ADmicas.%20Base%202009.pdf The inventory of chemical substances produced and imported in Mexico during 2009. Cervantes C., Moreno-Sanchez R. (1999) Contaminacion ambiental por metales pesados: impacto en los seres vivos (Heavy metals environmental pollution: impact on living organisms) A. G. T, Me´xico Describes Heavy metals pollution and its effects in plants.

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Cifuentes J.L., Germa´n Cupul F. (2010) Venenos: armas quı´micas de la naturaleza. (Poisons: nature’s chemical weapons) Fondo de Cultura Econo´mica, Me´xico The chemical composition, effects and beneficial uses of venoms. Cuevas Dı´az M.C. et al (eds.) (2012) Me´todos ecotoxicolo´gicos para la evaluacio´n de suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos (Ecotoxicological methods for the evaluation of hydrocarbon polluted soils) SEMARNAT, Instituto Nacional de Ecologı´a, Universidad Veracruzana, CONACYT, Me´xico Tests and methodologies for the detection, characterization, and quantification of hydrocarbon soil pollution. Curso Toxicologia Ambiental, Economica y Forense (1986) Memorias del curso toxicologia ambiental, economica y forense (Proceedings of the environmental, economic and forensic toxicology course) UNAM, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Divisio´n de Estudios de Posgrado, Me´xico Veterinary toxicology texts. De la Isla Bauer M.L., Herna´ndez Tejeda T. (2015) Atlas fotogra´fico: dan˜o por contaminantes atmosfe´ricos en especies vegetales del Valle de Me´xico (Photographic atlas: environmental pollutants damage in plants species in the Valley of Mexico) Centro Nacional de Investigacio´n Disciplinaria en Conservacio´n y Mejoramiento de Ecosistemas Forestales, INIFAP, (Manual Te´cnico: nu´m. 16), Me´xico Technical Manual. Dura´n Moreno A. et al. (2014) Fundamentos de digestio´n anaerobia de residuos so´lidos orga´nicos urbanos (Fundaments of urban solid waste aerobic digestion) UNAM, Programa Universitario de Medio Ambiente, Me´xico Solid waste definition, legislation, different stages and important factors during anaerobic digestion. Fe´lix-Burgos G., Romero Sevilla L. (1998) Ecologı´a y Salud (Ecology and health) McGraw-Hill Interamericana, Me´xico Environmental health basic course. Ferna´ndez Gama D., Bautista Mejı´a D.M. (2017). Ecologı´a y medio ambiente, 3r ed. (Ecology and environment, 3rd edition)

Pearson Educacio´n de Me´xico, Me´xico Scientific dissemination book Flamand L., Rojas-Bracho L. (eds.) (2015) Co´mo gobernar la contaminacio´n en Me´xico?: alternativas de polı´tica pu´blica ambiental. (How to govern pollution in Mexico?: alternative environmental public policies) Colegio De Me´xico, Me´xico Web: http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1ch779t ?

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Public policies on environmental pollution Garcı´a Barajas L., Ferna´ndez D. (2014) Ecologı´a y medio ambiente (Ecology and environment) Pearson Education, Me´xico Reference text for undergraduate students that follows the national educational programs. Garfias y Ayala J., Barojas Weber A.L. (eds.) (1995) Residuos peligrosos en Me´xico (Hazardous waste in Me´xico) Instituto Nacional de Ecologı´a, Me´xico Web: http://www.rezagos.com/descargas/Mexico% 20Residuos%20Peligrosos.pdf Proceedings from the 1994 Workshop on Hazardous Waste Management. Origin, legislation, management, recycling, treatment, incineration, and final disposal of hazardous waste in Mexico. Gay y Garcı´a C., Cos Gutie´rrez A., Pena C. (eds.) (2015) Reporte mexicano de cambio clima´tico. Vols 1 3 (Mexican report on climate change) Programa de Investigacio´n en Cambio Clima´tico, UNAM, Me´xico Web: http://www.pincc.unam.mx/libro_reportemex/ RMCC_vol1.pdf Reports on Climate Change investigations in Mexico, more than 100 investigators from 65 institutions. Gonza´lez Garrido A.A., Matute E. (2015) Cerebro y drogas (Brain and drugs) Manual Moderno, Me´xico Genetic and neurochemical aspects of drug consumption associated with the changes in human behavior and brain damage. Gordillo Herna´ndez D. (1995) Ecologia y contaminacion ambiental (Ecology and environmental pollution) Interamericana: McGraw-Hill, Me´xico Aspects of environmental pollution that affect ecology.

Books

Grandini Gonza´lez J. et al. (2014) Medicina forense (Forensic medicine) El Manual Moderno, Me´xico Forensic science for medicine students. Echa´niz Pellicer, G., Garibay Bravo, V. and Lo´pez Villegas, M.T. (Coordinators) (2009) Guı´a metodolo´gica para la estimacio´n de emisiones vehiculares en ciudades mexicanas (2009) (Methodological guide for the vehicle emission estimations in Mexican cities) SEMARNAT, Instituto Nacional de Ecologı´a, Me´xico Describes validated methodology to estimate vehicle emissions in Mexico. Handal Silva A. (2009) To´picos selectos de toxicologı´a de la reproduccio´n (Selected topics in reproductive toxicology) Beneme´rita Universidad Auto´noma de Puebla, Me´xico. Reproductive effects of different toxic agents. Herna´ndez-Avila, M. and Palazuelos, E. (1995). Intoxicacio´n por plomo en Me´xico: prevencio´n y control. (Lead intoxication in Me´xico: prevention and control). Instituto Nacional de Salud Pu´blica, Departamento del Distrito Federal, Me´xico. Herna´ndez Cha´vez A. (2014) Farmacologı´a general: una guı´a de estudio (General pharmacology: a study guide) McGraw-Hill Interamericana, Me´xico Basic concepts of pharmacology: pharmacokinetics, metabolism, elimination, placebo concept, self-medication, etc. Ize Lema I. et al. (eds.) (2010) Introduccio´n al ana´lisis de riesgos ambientales, 2nd edition (Introduction to Environmental Risk Analysis) SEMARNAT, Instituto Nacional de Ecologı´a, Me´xico: Web: http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/ con4_uibd.nsf/E50951BDD32362E005257D4D0074F7D1 /$FILE/Introducci%C3%B3nAlAn%C3% A1lisisDeRiesgosAmbientales.pdf Basic concepts of risk analysis. Case scenarios where exposure and exposure effects using biomarkers have been analyzed. Reporte te´cnico del Instituto Nacional de Ecologı´a y Cambio Clima´tico (National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change, Techinical Report) Inventario nacional de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, 1990 2010 (2013) (1990 2010 National inventory of greenhouse effect gases emissions).

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SEMARNAT, Instituto Nacional de Ecologı´a, Coordinacio´n del Programa de Cambio Clima´tico, Me´xico Web: https://www.gob.mx/inecc/acciones-yprogramas/inventario-nacional-de-emisiones-degases-y-compuestos-de-efecto-invernadero National Inventory with the estimation of the anthropogenic gases and compounds emissions and sink absorptions in Mexico. Iturbe Argu¨elles M.R. (2014) Suelos y acuı´feros contaminados: evaluacio´n y limpieza (Polluted soils and aquifers: evaluation and remediation) Editorial Trillas, Me´xico. A specialized text in soil and water pollution with emphasis on hydrocarbon pollution, methods of evaluation, control and remediation. Jaramillo F. et al. (2006) Toxicologı´a ba´sica (Basic toxicology) Universidad Auto´noma de Aguascalientes, Universidad de Guadalajara, UJED, Me´xico Basic Toxicology describing the principles of toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics and mechanisms of toxicity. Jaramillo Jua´rez F. et al. (2009) Toxicologı´a ambiental (Environmental toxicology) Universidad Auto´noma de Aguascalientes, Universidad de Guadalajara, Me´xico Basic toxicological knowledge and the analysis of the contemporary problems. Jaramillo Jua´rez F., Rico´n Sa´nchez A.R. (2012) Estre´s Oxidativo y su impacto en Salud (Oxidative Stress and Health Impact) Universidad Auto´noma de Aguascalientes, Me´xico. Production of free radicals during metabolism or toxic exposures, antioxidant roles and diseases associated with oxidative stress. Jime´nez Cisneros B., Galizia Tundisi J. (Coordinators) (2012) Diagno´stico del agua en las Ame´ricas (Water Diagnostic in the Americas) Red Interamericana de Academias de Ciencias, Foro Consultivo Cientı´fico y Tecnolo´gico, AC / IANAS: Foro Consultivo Cientı´fico y Tecnolo´gico, Me´xico Web: http://www.ianas.org/water/book/ diagnostico_del_agua_en_las_americas.pdf The state, availability, quality, and use of hydrologic resources in 15 American countries.

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Lecona Urrutia A.A. (2014) Ecologı´a y medio ambiente (Ecology and environment) McGraw-Hill Interamericana, Me´xico Pregraduate text with basic concepts in ecology, environmental pollution, and global warming. Legislacio´n de ecologı´a (2014) (Ecology legislation) Ley General del Equilibrio Ecolo´gico y la Proteccio´n al Ambiente Ley Ambiental del Distrito Federal Reglamento de la Ley Ambiental del D.F. Reglamento Interno de la Comisio´n Ambiental Metropolitana Reglamento de la Ley General del Equilibrio Ecolo´gico y la Proteccio´n al Ambiente en materia de Prevencio´n y Control de la Contaminacio´n de la Atmo´sfera Reglamento de la Ley General para la Prevencio´n y Gestio´n Integral de los Residuos Reglamento de la Ley General del Equilibrio Ecolo´gico y la Proteccio´n al Ambiente en Materia de Registro de Emisiones y Transferencia de Contaminantes. Editorial Sista, Me´xico. A compilation of the legislation for the protection of the environment, ecological balance, hazardous waste management, air pollution, etc. Lezama J.L., Graizbord B. (Coordinators) (2010) Medio ambiente (The environment) El Colegio de Me´xico, Me´xico The topic of this volume (1/16) is the environment. Lorı´a Castellanos J., Sa´nchez Villegas M.C.S. (2016) Toxicologı´a clı´nica en urgencias (Clinic toxicology in the intensive care unit). Alfil, Me´xico Main causes of poisoning that occur in the emergency services, offering key indicators for its diagnostic-therapeutic approach. Montiel Falcon H. (2017) El ABC de la toxicologı´a (Toxicology ABC) Alfil, Me´xico An aid for the nonexpert clinician who collaborates in the care of people with possible intoxications Montoya Cabrera M.A. (2002) Toxicologı´a clı´nica (Clinical toxicology) Editorial Me´ndez, Me´xico Basic concepts in toxicology for the clinician. Mora´n Martı´nez J. (2016) Arse´nico: perspectiva epidemiolo´gica ambiental y de salud (Arsenic: epidemiologic, environmental and health perspective) Distribuciones Fontanamara, Me´xico

Describes human arsenic exposure and health effects worldwide. ´ lvarez Bermu´dez J. (Comp) Moral de la Rubia J., A (2009) De la salud a la enfermedad: ha´bitos to´xicos y alimenticios (From health to disease: toxic habits and nutrition) Universidad Auto´noma de Nuevo Leo´n, Me´xico Communications on the effect of smoking, drug consumption and malnutrition. Nu´n˜ez Espinoza J.F. (2015) Ana´lisis de redes sociales del sistema de gestio´n de los residuos so´lidos urbanos en el Valle de Me´xico: estructura social en la gestio´n de los residuos so´lidos urbanos (Social Network analysis participating in urban solid waste management: social structure in urban solid waste management) Colegio de Postgraduados (Postgraduate School), Juan Pablos Editor, Me´xico The social structures arising in solid waste management. Individuals, groups, companies, organizations, governments, countries, etc. are studied and analyzed. (Fundacio´n Pensar Eds.) Pensar Fundation Eds. (2012) Pacto clima´tico global de ciudades: Pacto de la Ciudad de Me´xico: segundo reporte anual 2012 (2012) (Cities Global Climate Pact: Mexico City Pact: second annual report 2012) Secretariado Internacional; Fundacio´n Pensar, Me´xico Second report of the actions of mitigation and adaptation to face climate change reported by cities of the world who signed the Pact. Perez Lucio C. (Coordinator) (1999) Toxicologia laboral (Occupational toxicology) Conferencia Interamericana de Seguridad Social, Me´xico Proceedings of the Interamerican Conference on Social Security. Perez Zapata A., De Leon Rodrı´guez I. (1993) La contaminacion por plomo en Coatzacoalcos: un ejemplo de deterioro ambiental (Lead pollution in Coatzacoalcos: an example of environmental deterioration) Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional, Me´xico Lead pollution in a specific oil area in Mexico. Posadas del Rı´o F.A et al. (2006) Biotransformacio´n de Xenobio´ticos (Biotransformation of Xenobiotics) Universidad Auto´noma de Aguascalientes, Me´xico

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Biotransformation, metabolism, or detoxification of xenobiotics. Chemical changes and biological effects. The book was printed in English. Ramı´rez Romero P., Mendoza Cantu´ A. (2008) Ensayos toxicolo´gicos para la evaluacio´n de sustancias quı´micas en agua y suelo: La experiencia en Me´xico (Toxicological tests for the evaluation of chemicals in water and soil: the Mexican experience) SEMARNAT, Instituto Nacional de Ecologı´a, Me´xico A clear description of validated tests for the evaluation of chemical pollution in water and soil. Rodrı´guez-Arnaiz R. (2003) Las toxinas ambientales y sus efectos gene´ticos, 4a Ed (Environmental toxics and its genetics effects, 4th Edition) Fondo de Cultura Econo´mica, Me´xico. An introduction to genetic damage by environmental mutagens. Rodrı´guez-Arnaiz R. (2004) Metabolismo de las toxinas ambientales (Environmental toxins metabolism) Fondo de Cultura Econo´mica, Me´xico How the metabolism of toxic compounds might translate into hazardous compounds for life on Earth. Rolda´n Reyes E. (2016) Introduccio´n a la toxicologı´a (Introduction to toxicology). UNAM, Me´xico A basic toxicology text. Romero Torres T. et al. (2009) Diagno´stico nacional sobre la situacio´n de los contaminantes orga´nicos persistentes en Me´xico (Assessment on the National Situation of Persistent Organic Pollutants) SEMARNAT; Instituto Nacional de Ecologı´a, Me´xico. Web: http://www.cmic.org.mx/comisiones/ Sectoriales/infraestructurahidraulica/ publicaciones_conagua/RESIDUOS% 20PELIGROSOS/DIAG-NACIO2009.pdf The collections of studies used for the assessment of persistent organic pollutants in Mexico. Rosiles Martinez R., Ocampo Cambero L. (Coordinators) (1978) Memorias del primer curso de actualizacion en toxicologia veterinaria (Memoirs of the first course of actualization in Toxicology) UNAM. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Division de Estudios Superiores, Me´xico

A veterinary toxicology course. Rueda Abad J.C. (coordinadores) (2016) 21 Visiones de la COP21: el Acuerdo de Paris: retos y a´reas de oportunidad para su implementacio´n en Me´xico (21 Opinions on the COP21: The Paris Agreement: challenges and opportunities to implement in Mexico) Programa de Investigacio´n en Cambio Clima´tico, UNAM, Me´xico Sa´nchez Go´mez J. (2003) Manejo de residuos industriales (Industrial waste management) Universidad Auto´noma de Aguascalientes, Me´xico Hazardous waste, pollution, natural resources, sites, permeability, different types of geology, dumping sites. Sa´nchez-Salinas E. et al. (Compilers) (2014) Los plaguicidas en Me´xico: aspectos generales, toxicolo´gicos y ambientales (Pesticides in Mexico: general, toxicologic and environmental aspects) Universidad Auto´noma del Estado de Me´xico, Me´xico 2014 Pesticides in Mexico, their relationship with health, their impacts on the environment and the development of biopesticides as an alternative. Sa´nchez Villegas M.C. (2015) Envenenamiento por animales ponzon˜osos (Poisoning by noxious animals). Universum, Me´xico Clinical experience in poisonings by most common poisonous animals of our country. Reporte Te´cnico de la Semarnat, Flores Martı´nez, A., Rodrı´guez Ortega, C.E. and Gonza´lez Gutie´rrez, M.A. Coordinadores. Technical Report from SEMARNAT, Coordinated by Flores Martı´nez, A., Rodrı´guez Ortega, C.E. and Gonza´lez Gutie´rrez, M.A. (2015) Semarnat. Informe de la Situacio´n del Medio Ambiente en Me´xico. Edicio´n 2015 (2016) (Semarnat. Mexico environmental situation inform. 2015 Edition) Compendio de Estadı´sticas Ambientales. Indicadores Clave, de Desempen˜o Ambiental y de Crecimiento Verde SEMARNAT. Me´xico Web: http://apps1.semarnat.gob.mx/dgeia/ informe15/tema/pdf/Informe15_completo.pdf Compendium of Environmental Statistics, Key Indicators, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth. Skiba Yuri N., Parra Guevara D. (2011) Introduccio´n a los me´todos de dispersio´n y control de contaminantes (Introduction to the methods of dispersion and control of pollutants)

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UNAM, Me´xico The protection of the environment and the mathematical methods to solve them. Among other aspects, this work includes the methods and algorithms developed by the authors. Souza y Machorro M. (2016) Psiquiatrı´a de las Adicciones (Addictions Psychiatry) Fondo de Cultura Econo´mica, Me´xico Addiction control models, in search of interdisciplinary procedures, comprehensive diagnoses and appropriate treatments. Sumano Lo´pez H., Lizarraga Madrigal I. (2001) Farmacologı´a y toxicologı´a aplicada en equinos (Equine applied pharmacology and toxicology) UNAM, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia para Equinos, Me´xico Horse diseases and treatments, pharmacological and toxicological information for veterinary students. Tejado Gallegos M. (2014) La contaminacio´n del suelo por residuos peligrosos y su regulacio´n en Me´xico (Hazardous Waste Soil Pollution and its Regulation in Me´xico) Flores, Me´xico Mexican regulation on hazardous waste, remediation of contaminated soils. Torres Bustillo L.G. et al. (Coordinators) (2012) Remediacio´n de suelos y acuı´feros contaminados: bases teo´ricas y experiencias reales (Polluted Soil and Water Bioremediation: Theoretical Bases and Real Experiencies) Fundacio´n Universitaria de Derecho, Administracio´n y Polı´tica, Me´xico Analysis and communication of research conducted in tropical and subtropical regions focused on the restoration of sites with high levels of pollution. Uriarte Bonilla V.R. (2010) Manual clı´nico de los antidepresivos (2a. Ed.) (Clinical manual for antidepressants) Editorial Alfil, Me´xico A guide for the clinician for the selection of the substances and most useful doses, and adverse or side effects of therapy. Velasco Santos P. (2017) Rı´os de contradiccio´n: contaminacio´n, ecologı´a polı´tica y sujetos rurales en Nativitas, Tlaxcala. Me´xico (Contradictory rivers: pollution, politic ecology and rural subjects in Nativitas, Tlaxcala, Mexico)

Industrial, urban, and small denim laundries have generated a deep contamination of the Atoyac River, the air, and the agricultural lands of the ejidatarios and peasants. The health effects on the inhabitants are discussed using ecological, political, social, and cultural dimensions. Wilkins Ga´miz A. (2007) Toxicologı´a practica para el internista (Practical Toxicology for the Internist) Editorial Alfil, Me´xico Updated information on relevant aspects of poisonings in our environment, as well as the epidemiology of the most frequent intoxications. Publications sponsored by the Panamerican Center of Human Ecology and Health (Centro Panamericano de Ecologı´a Humana y Salud) PAHO, WHO, Me´xico. Aitio A. et al. (1986) Control de calidad en laboratorios de toxicologia ocupacional (Quality control in occupational toxicology laboratories) Centro Panamericano de Ecologı´a Humana y Salud, Me´xico (Spanish translation of the book: “Euro-WHO Quality control in the occupational toxicology laboratory European cooperation on environmental health aspects of the control of chemicals-interim document 4.” Copenhagen Euro-WHO). Albert L.A. (1997) Ejercicios complementarios [para el] curso ba´sico de toxicologia ambiental (Complementary exercises for the basic course on Environmental Toxicology) Centro Panamericano de Ecologia Humana y SaludWHO, Me´xico Exercises for students of Basic toxicology courses. Carreo´n Valencia T. (1995) Manual de procedimiento en la toma de muestras biolo´gicas y ambientales para determinar niveles de contaminantes (Procedure manual for biological and environmental sampling to determine levels of pollutants) Centro Panamericano de Ecologı´a Humana y Salud Divisio´n de Salud y Ambiente, Me´xico A description of the requirements to perform and obtain biological and environmental samples to determine levels of pollutants. de Fernicola G.G.N. (1985) Cursos de toxicologia a nivel de grado y de posgrado en america latina (Pregraduate and Postgraduate Toxicology Courses in Latin America. A compilation) Centro Panamericano de Ecologia Humana y Salud, Me´xico

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Books

A description of the toxicology courses, graduate and postgraduate studies in Latin America. Listado de Plaguicidas Restringidos y Prohibidos en Paises de la Region de Las Americas (1989) (List of restricted and prohibited pesticides in the Americas region) Centro de Ecologia Humano, Centro Panamericano de Ecologı´a Humana y Salud Programa de Salud Ambiental, PAHO, Me´xico Secretarı´a de Salubridad y Asistencia (1973) Apuntes sobre intoxicaciones (Notes on intoxications) Consejo nacional de prevencio´n de accidentes, Me´xico Valle Vega P. (1986, 1991) Toxicologı´a de alimentos (Food Toxicology) Centro Panamericano de Ecologı´a Humana y Salud, Programa de Salud Ambiental Coedicio´n con: PAHO y la Organizacio´n Mundial de la Salud, Me´xico Vega G.S. (1985) Aspectos especı´ficos de la toxicologı´a de algunos contaminantes (Specific aspects of some pollutants toxicology) Centro Panamericano de Ecologı´a Humana y Salud, PAHO, WHO, Me´xico Epidemiologic evaluation of the risks by environmental chemical agents. Manuals Secretaria de Salud Direccion General de Salud Ambiental (1993). Manual de toxicologı´a (Toxicology manual). Secretaria de Salud, Direccio´n General de Salud Ambiental, Secretaria de Salud, Direccio´n de Control de Riesgos Ambientales, Me´xico. A manual describing emergencies, poisonings and treatments. Secretarı´a del Trabajo y Previsio´n Social (1990) Instructivo relativo a las condiciones de seguridad e higiene para el almacenamiento, transporte y manejo de sustancias corrosivas, irritantes y to´xicas en los centros de trabajo (Instructions for the security and hygienic conditions for the storage, transport and handling of hazardous substances) Secretarı´a del Trabajo y Previsio´n Social, Me´xico. Lazaro-Chavez Mancilla E. (1985) Sustancias desinfectantes y drogas de utilidad en las piscifactorias: manual de usos (Disinfectant substances and useful drugs in fisheries) Publications of the National Ecology and Climate Change Institute, Me´xico.

To access online publications (in Spanish): Web: https://www.gob.mx/inecc/es/archivo/ documentos?utf8 5 %E2%9C%93&idiom 5 es&style 5 th&order 5 DESC&filter_id 5 &filter_origin 5 archive&tags 5 &category 5 Publicaciones%2C. Bases para una polı´tica nacional de residuos peligrosos (2001) (Basis for a national policy for hazardous waste) Updated information for the discussion of the country’s problem on hazardous waste disposal policy. Ca´rdenas B. et al. (2003) Tratamiento biolo´gico de compuestos orga´nicos vola´tiles de fuentes fijas (Biological treatment of volatile organic compound from stationary sources). General description of air pollution in Mexico and of the Mexican legislation. General methods for the treatment of the air polluted with volatile organic compounds (VOC). Biofiltration as a methodology for the effective reduction of VOC emission. Fernandez A. et al. (2004) Sustancias to´xicas persistentes (Persistent toxic substances) INE, Semarnat, IMP A detailed analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POP). Presents a useful analysis for the discussion of a national diagnosis on these compounds. Ferna´ndez L. et al. (2006) Manual de te´cnicas de ana´lisis de suelos contaminados (Technical manual for the analysis of polluted soils) Compilation of the methodologies for the analysis of soils for the follow up of remediation and characterization of polluted soils. Gutie´rrez Avedoy V. (Coordinator) (2006) Diagno´stico ba´sico para la gestio´n integral de residuos (Basic diagnostic for an integral waste management) Important information for the necessary policy and instrument design in the search for solutions for an integral waste management program. Instituto Nacional de Ecologı´a (2006) Inventario nacional de emisiones de gases efecto invernadero (National inventory of greenhouse gases emissions) Statistics which complement Mexico’s third communication to UN on climate change. Instituto Nacional de Ecologı´a (2004) Introduccio´n al ana´lisis de riesgos ambientales (Introduction to environmental risk analysis) A manual providing basic concepts and tools for analysis and decision-making regarding environmental risks.

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Rosas I. et al. (2003) Microbiologı´a ambiental (Environmental microbiology) Description of the bacterial and other unicellular microorganisms present in the environment.

Publications by the Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources. To access online documents, both in Spanish and English (International Agreements) Web: https://www.gob.mx/semarnat#369

Toledo A. (2003) Agua, hombre y paisaje (Water, man and landscape). The challenge to understand and analyze the landscape we inhabit. A new discipline that understands the creativity of the natural systems. Velasco E., Bernabe´ M. (2004) Emisiones bioge´nicas (Biogenic emissions) A material for beginners as well as for those already familiarized with biogenic emissions. Volke Sepu´lveda T. et al. (2005) Suelos contaminados por metales y metaloides: muestreo y alternativas para su remediacio´n (Metal and metalloid contaminated soils: methods and bioremediation alternatives) Inorganic pollutants more frequently found in the contaminated sites in Mexico. Sampling methodologies to characterize the sites and technical information to plan, develop and select bioremediation strategies. Volke Sepu´lveda T., Velasco Trejo J.A. (2003) Tecnologı´as de remediacio´n para suelos contaminados (Remediation technologies for soil pollution) A revision of the main technologies for soil remediation. Zuk M.M. et al. (2006) Introduccio´n a la evaluacio´n de los impactos de las termoele´ctricas de Me´xico (Introduction to the impact evaluation of thermoelectricity in Mexico) The relationship between the generation of electricity, pollution emissions, and their impact on air quality and population health. Legislation on Natural Protected Areas (National Ecology and Climate Change Institute) A´reas naturales protegidas de Me´xico con decretos estatales (2003) (Mexico’s natural protected areas with state decrees) Volumes 1 and 2 Compilation of 173 decrees, agreements, declarations of protected areas in 22 states.

and

A´reas naturales protegidas de Me´xico con decretos federales (2003) (Mexico’s natural protected areas with federal legislation) Compilation of the 218 secretarial decrees and agreements.

Journals Toxicology and environmental pollution Revista internacional de contaminacio´n ambiental (International Journal of Environmental Pollution) Edited by the UNAM, Auto´noma de Tlaxcala (Autonomous University of Tlaxcala) and Veracruzana (Veracruz University), this journal publishes original peer-reviewed genetic toxicology, environmental pollution, and toxicological research and reviews. Web: http://www.revistascca.unam.mx/rica/index. php/rica

Specialty journals-health and medical sciences Archives of Medical Research Edited by Elsevier Science, publishes original peerreviewed medical research grouped in three main categories: biomedical, clinical, and epidemiological. Web: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/archives-ofmedical-research/ Archivos de Cardiologı´a de Mexico (Archives of Cardiology of Mexico) Edited by the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologı´a (National Institute of Cardiology). Publishes clinical and experimental cardiovascular research. Web: https://biblat.unam.mx/es/revista/archivos-decardiologia-de-mexico Gaceta Me´dica de Me´xico (Mexico’s Medical Gazette) Official publication of the Academia Nacional de Medicina (National Academy of Medicine). Publishes clinical, epidemiological, historical, and review articles. Web: http://gacetamedicademexico.com/ Investigacio´n en Educacio´n Me´dica (Research of Medical Education) Edited by Elsevier and UNAM, Mexican peerreviewed journal, publishes research paper as well as reviews and critical essays in the area of health sciences education in Mexico and Latin America. Web: http://riem.facmed.unam.mx Revista Ciencia (Science Journal) Edited by the Academia Mexicana Nacional de Ciencias (Mexican National Academy of Science).

Journals

Publishes members’ works with general scientific and humanistic interest. Web: http://www.revistaciencia.amc.edu.mx Revista de Investigacio´n Clı´nica (Journal of Clinical Research) Edited by the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Me´dicas y Nutricio´n (National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition) and publishes clinical, biomedical, and epidemiological research. Web: http://clinicalandtranslationalinvestigation.com Revista del Instituto Nacional de Cancerologı´a (Journal of Mexico’s National Cancer Institute) Edited by the Instituto Nacional de Cancerologı´a (Mexico’s National Cancer Institute) and publishes clinical, epidemiological, and basic research on cancer Web: http://www.incan.salud.gob.mx Revista de la Facultad de Salud Pu´blica y Nutricio´n (Journal of the Faculty of Public Health and Nutrition) Edited by the Universidad Auto´noma de Nuevo Leo´n (Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon). Publishes epidemiological, clinical, and nutritional research. Web: http://respyn.uanl.mx/index.php/respyn Salud Mental (Mental Health) Edited by the Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria (National Psychiatry Institute), publishes clinical, basic, and epidemiological research related to the neuropsychiatric area. Web: http://imss.gob.mx/salud-en-linea/salud-mental

Biological and chemical sciences Acta Bota´nica Mexicana (Mexican Botanic Proceedings) Edited by the Instituto de Ecologı´a (Ecology Institute). The objective of this journal is to disseminate the results of research carried out in different disciplines of botany, with an emphasis on the plants of Mexico Web: http://abm.ojs.inecol.mx/index.php/abm/ issue/archive Acta Zoolo´gica Mexicana (Mexican Zoologic Proceedings) Edited by the Instituto de Ecologı´a (Ecology Institute). Publishes original scientific research about terrestrial fauna in the fields of behavior, ecology, physiology, genetics, morphology, systematics, and zoogeography. Web: http://www1.inecol.edu.mx/azm/ Agrociencia (AgroScience) Edited by Colegio de Posgraduados (Postgraduate School).

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Bilingual journal whose main objective is the publication and diffusion of agricultural, animal and forestry sciences research results from Mexican and foreign scientists. Web: http://www.colpos.mx/agrocien/agrociencia.htm BIOCYT Biologı´a, Ciencia y Tecnologı´a (BIOCYT Biology, Science, Technology) Edited by the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, (School of Higher Studies Iztacala) and UNAM. Its objectives are to disseminate new knowledge generated in various disciplines of natural sciences and technology. Web: http://www.iztacala.unam.mx/biocyt/ Bioquimia Edited by the Asociacio´n Mexicana de Bioquı´mica Clı´nica (Mexican Association of Clinical Biochemistry). Publishes original clinical laboratory research. Web: https://biblat.unam.mx/en/revista/bioquimia Ciencias Marinas (Marine Sciences) Edited by the Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (Institute of Marine Science) at UNAM Publishes original research on all the areas of Marine Sciences. Web: http://cienciasmarinas.com.mx/index.php/ cmarinas Ciencia y Tecnologı´a Alimentaria (Food Science and Technology) Edited by the Sociedad Mexicana de Nutricio´n y Tecnologı´a Alimentaria (Mexican Society of Nutrition and Food Technology). Publishes original research on subjects related to food science and technology. Web: http://cita.uprm.edu Derecho Ambiental y Ecologı´a (Environmental Law and Ecology) Edited by the Centro de Estudios Jurı´dicos y Ambientales (Center for Legal and Environmental Studies). Publishes articles on environment law and ecology. Web: http://www.ceja.org.mx/ Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios (Ecosystems and Agricultural Resources). Edited by the Universidad Jua´rez Auto´noma de Tabasco (Autonomous Juarez Tabasco University) since 2014. Publishes results of original scientific research related to environmental sciences, use and conservation of natural resources, animal science, ecology, wildlife, and agricultural production. Web: http://era.ujat.mx/index.php/rera

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Educacio´n Quı´mica (Chemistry Education) Quarterly international journal published by Elsevier and the Facultad de Quı´mica (School of Chemistry) at UNAM. It is an academic, refereed, electronic, open access journal whose main objective is to fill the significant gap in the communication and expression among students, teachers, and researchers in science education and in chemistry education. Web: http://educacionquimica.info. Hidrobiolo´gica (Hydrobiologica) Edited by the Universidad Auto´noma Metropolitana (Metropolitan Autonomous University). Publishes original research on hydrobiology, biology, and ecology of aquatic systems. Web: http://hidrobiologica.izt.uam.mx/index.php/ revHidro Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society Edited by the Sociedad Mexicana de Quı´mica (Mexican Chemical Society). Publishes original contributions of research in all areas of the theory and practice of chemistry in its broadest context, as well as critical reviews Web: https://biblat.unam.mx/es/revista/journal-ofthe-mexican-chemical-society Laborat Acta Edited by Laborat Acta. Publishes experimental data and laboratory methodologies. Web: https://biblat.unam.mx/es/revista/laborat-acta Micologı´a Aplicada International (Applied Mycology International) Edited by the Institute of Applied Neotropical Mycology, the College of Postgraduates, and the Institute de Recherche pour le Deve´loppement. It seeks to promote the exchange of information with the scientific community and publishes original articles of applied mycology. Web: http://micaplint.com Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad (Mexican Journal of Biodiversity) Edited by the Instituto de Biologı´a, (Biology Institute), UNAM. Publishes original work on systematics, biogeography, ecology, and evolution of American taxons. Web: http://www.revista.ib.unam.mx/index.php/ bio/ Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Farmace´uticas (Journal of Mexican Pharmaceutics Sciences)

Edited by the Asociacio´n Farmace´utica Mexicana (Mexican Pharmaceutics Association). Publishes scientific research, original technical information, and bibliographic research with interest for the pharmaceutical community. Web: http://afmac.org.mx Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologı´a Postcosecha (Iberoamerican Journal Postharvest Technology) Asociacio´n Iberoamericana de Tecnologı´a Postcosecha, S.C., Me´xico (Iberoamerican Association Postharvest Technology, Mexico). Publishes scientific research, original technical information and reviews on issues related to the postharvest processes of fruits and vegetables and developed by research groups in Ibero-American countries. Web: http://publicaciones.poscosecha.com/es/ poscosecha/401-revista-iberoamericana-detecnologia-postcosecha.html Revista Avances en Investigacio´n Agropecuaria (Advances in Agricultural Research Journal) Edited by the Universidad de Colima (University of Colima). Publishes original peer-reviewed scientific research on agricultural, livestock, forestry, aquaculture and fishing production processes, with interest in the maintenance of a fair balance between conservation, the growing demand for food, consumer demands, and the profitability of primary activity, with the emphasis on tropical environments. Web: http://ww.ucol.mx/revaia/portal/index.php Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente (Chapingo Journal of Forestry and Environment Sciences Series) Edited by the Universidad Auto´noma de Chapingo (Autonomous University of Chapingo). Publishes original and technological research regarding forest sciences and the environment. Web: https://chapingo.mx/revistas/forestales/ Tip Revista Especializada en Ciencias Quı´mico-Biolo´gicas (Tip Specialized Journal in Chemical-Biological Sciences) Edited by the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, (School of Higher Studies Zaragoza), UNAM. Biannual publication for scientific dissemination of chemical biological sciences. Web: http://revistas.unam.mx/index.php/tip

Organizations

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General

Web: http://www.ceja.org.mx

Revista Ciencia y Desarrollo (Science and Development Magazine) Edited by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologı´a, CONACYT (National Council of Science and Technology) mainly intended for science and technology communication. Web: http://www.cienciaydesarrollo.mx/

Promotes the study, development and application of the environmental legislation

Gaceta Ecolo´gica (Ecological Gazette) Edited by the Instituto Nacional de Ecologı´a (National Ecology Institute) with analysis of environmental subjects and environmental legislation. Web: https://biblat.unam.mx/es/revista/gacetaecologica

Organizations Nongovernmental organizations Asociacio´n Mexicana de Higiene Industrial (Mexican Association of Occupational Hygiene) Nonprofit organization that trains and certifies industries. Holds annual meetings and participates in international events. Asturias 22, ´ lamos, 03400, Col. A Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico., Web: http://www.amhi.org.mx Asociacio´n Nacional de la Industria Quı´mica (National Association for the Chemical Industry) Insurgentes Sur 85, Col. Jua´rez, 06600, Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico, Phone: (55) 5230-5142 Web: http://www.aniq.org.mx Represents more than 95% of the private production of chemicals in Mexico with approximately 220 companies of different sizes. Ca´mara Nacional de la Industria Farmace´utica (National Chamber of the Pharmaceutical Industry) Av. Cuauhte´moc 1481, Col. Santa Cruz Atoyac, 03310, Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico. Phone: 55 5688 9477. Web: www.canifarma.org.mx Centro de Estudios Jurı´dicos y Ambientales (Center for Judicial and Environmental Studies) Av. Universidad 700-401, Colonia del Valle, 03650, Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico.

Cultura Ecolo´gica A.C., CEAC (Ecological Culture) Magdalena 22-404, Colonia Del Valle, 03100, Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico. Web: http://www.culturaecologica.org.mx/web3/ Develops toxicological and environmental legislation data bases (local and national). Federacio´n Nacional de Salud en el Trabajo, FeNasTAC (National Federation of Occupational Health) Aquiles Elorduy 271, Col. Electricistas, 02060, Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico, Web: http://www.fenastac.org Nonprofit organization that promotes research and training on Occupational Health. Organizes annual meetings to communicate and update information on Occupational Health. Fundacio´n Mexicana para la Salud (Mexican Health Foundation) Perife´rico Sur No. 4809, Col. El Arenal Tepepan, Deleg. Tlalpan, 14610, Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico, Web: http://www.funsalud.org.mx Its mission is to contribute to scientific and technological knowledge and the study of health policies by promoting research and the development of highly qualified human resources and technologies. Organizacio´n Panamericana para la Salud en Me´xico (Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in Mexico) ´ vila Camacho 191, Piso 3, Of. 305, Blvd. Manuel A Col. Los Morales Polanco, 11510, Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico, Web: http://www.mex.ops-oms.org Red Mesoamericana de Recursos Bio´ticos (Measoamerican Network of Biotic Resources) Av. Universidad # 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Me´xico. Web: http://www.redmeso.net International network of universities from CentralSouth Me´xico, Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama´ for teaching and research.

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Poison control centers RETOMEX (http://www.retomex.org.mx) is a net of Poison Centers in Mexico, created in 2000, and coordinated by the Head Clinicians in charge of the Poison Centers at the different public and private hospitals and clinics in the country.

Scientific societies Academia Mexicana de Ciencias (Mexican Academy of Sciences) Cipreses s/n, km 23.5 de la carretera federal Me´xico Cuernavaca, Colonia San Andre´s Totoltepec, Tlalpan, 14400, Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico. Phone: 55 58 49 49 05 Contact: [email protected]; [email protected] Web: http://www.amc.unam.mx/ Academia Nacional de Medicina (National Academy of Medicine) Bloque “B” de la Unidad de Congresos del Centro Me´dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Av. Cuauhte´moc 330, Col. Doctores, 06725, Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico. Phone: 55 5519 8432 and 55 5519 8679 Contact: [email protected] Web: https://www.anmm.org.mx/ Academia Mexicana de Quı´mica Orga´nica (Mexican Academy of Organic Chemistry) Universidad Auto´noma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Campus Cuernavaca. Av. Universidad 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Me´xico. Contact: [email protected] Web: http://www.amqo.org/ Sociedad Mexicana de Bioquı´mica A.C. (Mexican Society of Biochemistry) Carretera. Federal Me´xico Cuernavaca Km. 23.5, Colonia San Andre´s Totoltepec, Delegacio´n Tlalpan, 14400, Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico. Phone: 55 56225742 Fax: 55 56225742 Web: http://smb.org.mx Sociedad Mexicana de Toxicologı´a, A.C (Mexican Society of Toxicology) Departamento de Toxicologı´a,

Centro de Investigacio´n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional. Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico. Contact: [email protected] Web: http://www.somtox.com.mx Asociacio´n Mesoamericana de Ecotoxicologı´a y Quı´mica Ambiental, SETAC-Me´xico (Mesoamerican Association of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Chemistry) Contact: [email protected] Phone: 55 5804-6493 Fax: 55 5804-4738 Web: http://www.ameqa.org/AMEQA/Bienvenidos. html Sociedad Quı´mica de Me´xico A.C. (Mexican Chemical Society) Barranca del Muerto 26, Col. Cre´dito Constructor, 03940, Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico. Phone: 55 5662 6837 Web: http://www.sqm.org.mx/

Toxicology laboratories Centro de Investigacio´n y Asistencia en Tecnologı´a y Disen˜o del Estado de Jalisco, A.C (CIATEJ) (Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco A.C.) 800 Normalistas Ave Colinas de La Normal 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Me´xico Phone: 33 3345 52 00 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ciatej.mx Laboratorio de Toxicologı´a del Centro de Investigacio´n Biome´dica del Oriente (Toxicology Laboratory of the Center for Biomedical Research) Calle 19 Sur No. 4717, C. P. 72340, Puebla, Puebla, Me´xico. Tel. (22) 439410 y (22) 400959 Responsable (Responsible): Dr. Juan Manuel Gallardo Montoya Email: [email protected] Web: http://labtox.blogspot.com Laboratorio de Toxicologı´a Clı´nica y Ambiental (Clinical and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory) Departamento de Farmacologı´a y Toxicologı´a Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Auto´noma de Nuevo Leo´n Ave. Gonzalitos 235 Norte, Primer Piso Col. Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leo´n, Me´xico.

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Legislation and regulations

Phone: (52 8) 348-6883; 348-6936 Fax: (52 8) 348-7763 Email: [email protected] Responsable (Responsible): Dra. Lourdes Garza Ocan˜as: Laboratorio de Toxicologı´a (Toxicology Laboratory) Centro Regional de Informacio´n y Atencio´n Toxicolo´gica CRIAT Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara Cruz Verde de Guadalajara Av. Los Angeles esq. Analco Unidad Administrativa Reforma, Col. Las Conchas, 44460, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Me´xico Responsable (Responsible): Dr. Gildardo David Flores Robles Tel: (333) 6691338, (333) 6691320 al 25 Ext. 1338 Email: [email protected]; sangildardo@yahoo. com.mx Laboratorio de Investigacio´n y Servicio en Toxicologı´a (Research and Service Laboratory in Toxicology) Centro de Investigacio´n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Departamento de Toxicologı´a, Av. IPN 2508 esq. Ticoma´n, Colonia Zacatenco, 07360 Ciudad de Me´xico. Mexico. Email: [email protected] Tel (55) 57 47 38 00 ext.5461 Web: http://www.cinvestav.mx/toxicologia/; http://toxicologia.cinvestav.mx/Servicios Departamento de Toxicologı´a Ambiental (Environmental Toxicology Department) Universidad Auto´noma de San Luis Potosı´. Avenida Venustiano Carranza 2405, Colonia Centro, 78210, San Luis Potosı´, San Luis Potosı´, Me´xico Responsable (Responsible): Dr. Fernando Dı´az Barriga: Email: [email protected] Tel.: 52 444 8262354 Fax: 52 444 8262354 Laboratorio de Toxicologı´a Toxicology Laboratory)

Preclı´nica

(Preclinical

Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biolo´gicas del Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional, Departamento de Farmacia Laboratorio de Toxicologı´a Preclı´nica Av Wilfrido Massieu, Zacatenco, 07738 Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico. Tel.: 53 968929 (directo)/ 57 296300 ext. 52398 Responsable (Responsible): Dr. Germa´n Chamorro Cevallos Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ipn.mx

Laboratorio de Patologı´a Clı´nica (Clinical Pathology Laboratory) Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacio´n Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra Av. Me´xico Xochimilco #289 Colonia: Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan Ciudad de Me´xico, Me´xico Responsable (Responsible): Dr. Rene Martin Tellez Gastelum Tel: 5999 1000, Ext: 16108, 16106 Email: [email protected] Servicios para la Investigacio´n Research and Industry)

(Service

Units

for

Facultad de Quı´mica de la Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria. Ciudad de Me´xico. Web: https://quimica.unam.mx/investigacion/ servicios-para-la-investigacion/ Specialized analytical units with specialized equipment for research and industry. Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo a la Investigacio´n y a la Industria (USAII) (Research and Industry Service Unit) Responsible: Dra. Marı´a del Pilar Can˜izares Macias, Tel: 55-5623-3820 Email: [email protected] Unidad de Investigacio´n Preclı´nica (UNIPREC) (Preclinical Research Unit) Responsable (Responsible): M.Sc. Isabel Gracia Mora Phone: 55-562-25347 and 25375 Unidad de Servicios para la Industria de Alimentos (USIA) (Food Industry Service Unit) Responsable (Responsible): Miquel Gimeno SecoPhone: 55-562-25333 Email: [email protected]

Legislation and regulations These General Laws are effective after their publication at the Diario Oficial de la Federacio´n, where people can have access to the texts (which is why the date of publication is given). Diario Oficial de la Federacio´n Web site: http:// www.dof.gob.mx/ General Law of Health (Ley General de Salud, Diario Oficial de la Federacio´n, February 7, 1984). General law for the ecologic equilibrium and environmental protection (Ley general para el equilibrio ecolo´gico y la proteccio´n ambiental, Diario Oficial de la Federacio´n, January 28, 1988).

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Law of national waters (Ley de aguas nacionales, Diario Oficial de la Federacio´n, December 1, 1992). As a service to subscribers this information can also be accessed at: Web: http://www.legismex.com.mx/cms/index.php/ que-es-legismex.html The below regulations as well as many others can be consulted at: Web: https://www.gob.mx/semarnat NOM-001-Semarnat-1996 Regulation for the concentration limits of pollutants in residual waters discharges (Establece los lı´mites ma´ximos permisibles de contaminantes en las descargas de aguas residuales en aguas y bienes nacionales). General law for the prevention and integral management of waste (Ley General para la prevencio´n y gestio´n integral de residuos, Diario Oficial de la Federacio´n, October 8, 2003).

Education/schools In various Mexican university faculties, such as chemistry, medicine, and veterinary colleges, and some biology, the discipline of toxicology is studied within the normal curriculum and also as monographic courses. Lately, several private and public institutions offer college degrees in Environmental Sciences such as the Centro de Investigacio´n en Ecosistemas de la Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico (Center of Research on Ecosystem at the National Autonomous University of Mexico) (www. oikos.unam.mx/licenciatura/index.html). The Instituto Tecnolo´gico de Sonora (Technological Institute of Sonora) offers a degree in Environmental Engineering (www.itson.mx/OfertaAcademica/ica.html), and the Universidad del Estado de Me´xico (Mexico State University) offers a college degree in Environmental Sciences at the Faculty of Urban and Regional Planning (www.uaemex.mx/pestud/licenciaturas/ CAmbientales.html). Food toxicology is currently taught at several university departments within the new Food Science and Technology degree programs. Different university faculties and professional societies provide monographic courses and specialization programs for postgraduates. Some specific postgraduate programs are: • Postgraduate program on Toxicology at the Department of Toxicology, at the Centro de Investigacio´n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, CINVESTAV, (Center for Research and Advanced Studies from the National Polytechnic Institute) (www.cinvestav.mx/toxicologia).

• Postgraduate programs at the Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico (UNAM) (www.posgrado. unam.mx/programas/alfabetico.html) in Biomedical Sciences, Biological Sciences; Chemical and Biochemical Sciences; Animal Production and Health; Medical, Dental, and Health Sciences; or Environmental Engineering have a broad range of orientations including toxicological, environmental and health sciences. • The Programa Multidisciplinario de Posgrado de Ciencias Ambientales de la Universidad Auto´noma de San Luis Potosı´ (Multidisciplinary Program of Postgraduate in Environmental Sciences at the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosı´) (www. uaslp.mx). • The Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales de la Universidad Auto´noma del Estado de Me´xico (Postgraduate studies in Environmental Sciences at the University of Mexico State) (www.uaemex.mx/ pestud/mae_doc/ciencias%20ambientales/index. html). • The Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales from the Beneme´rita Universidad Auto´noma de Puebla (Postgraduate studies in Environmental Sciences at the Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla) (www.csambientales.buap.mx/posgrados/index. html) • Posgrado en Medio Ambiente y Geologı´a que imparte la Universidad Auto´noma del Estado de Hidalgo. (Postgraduate studies of Environmental Sciences and Geology at the Autonomous University of Higalgo State) (http:// universidadesdemexico.mx/universidades/ universidad-autonoma-del-estado-de-hidalgo). Environmental toxicology and restoration is an area of interest in several postgraduate programs in science and engineering. Most of the programs in toxicology, environmental sciences, and related areas offered by the different educational institutions can be accessed at: http:// www.universia.net.mx/

Acknowledgements The author appreciates the help of Lic. Lucia Brito in the elaboration of this chapter.

Further reading de la Cruz, M., 1964. ManuscritoAzteca de 1552, segu´n traduccio´n latina de Juan Badiano. Versio´n Espan˜ola con estudios y comentarios por diversos autores (encabezados por Efren C. del Pozo) Libellus de Medicinalibus Indo-rum Herbis. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Me´xico. del Pozo, E.C., 1948. Aztec pharmacology. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 94.

C H A P T E R

24 The Netherlands Yuri Bruinen de Bruin1 and Maryam Zare Jeddi2 1

European Commission Joint Research Centre, Knowledge for Security & Migration, Ispra, Italy 2Wageningen University and Research, Division of Toxicology, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Short history of toxicology in the Netherlands The first developments (1800 1950) Before World War II, toxicological research in The Netherlands was dispersed over several institutions. The first lecturer in toxicology was the physician A.W. M. van Hasselt (1814 1902), who taught toxicology at the State Military Training Hospital. In 1848 he published a book entitled De noodzakelijkheid van algemeen toezigt op het gebruik van vergiften (The Need to Regulate the Use of Venoms). Although Van Hasselt contributed significantly to the training and practical skills of physicians, he did not succeed in establishing continuity in the practice of toxicology. The first professor of toxicology at Leiden University was the pharmacist E.A. van der Burg, who was appointed in 1877. His major accomplishment was the application of the emerging discipline of analytical chemistry in the confirmation of criminal poisoning. He established his name in the famous mass murder case of Goeie Mie (“good Mie”) of Leiden in 1881 82. She poisoned at least 100 people, 27 of whom died, with the arsenic compound orpiment. This was confirmed by Van der Burg’s analysis of exhumed bodies by means of the arsenic mirror method developed by Marsh some years before. Van der Burg and his successors continued to play a central role in forensic toxicology until the 1950s when the Central Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, now the Netherlands Forensic Institute, was founded.

Post 1950 Toxicology as a biomedical discipline emerged in The Netherlands after World War II. This process was invigorated on the one hand by the need to develop Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00024-3

antidotes against chemical warfare agents, and on the other by the emergence of the chemical industry in The Netherlands and the need to protect the workforce and general population. The result was a prosperous growth of all aspects of toxicology in the Dutch universities, and industrial and governmental institutions. Among others, four people can be identified who have been instrumental in this development: Ernst M. Cohen (biological toxicology, TNO and Leiden University), Herman van Genderen (biological toxicology, RIVM and University of Utrecht), Ad N.P. van Heijst (clinical toxicology, RIVM and Utrecht University Hospital), and Reinier L. Zielhuis (occupational and environmental toxicology, University of Amsterdam) were pioneers, each in his own field. The result was a flourishing toxicology community in The Netherlands, in which all aspects of the discipline were covered, ranging from molecular to public health aspects.

1979: Establishment of the foundation of the Netherlands society of toxicology, training and accreditation Toxicologists soon outnumbered the other professions in the Netherlands Society of Physiology and Pharmacology, necessitating the foundation of the Netherlands Society of Toxicology (NVT: Nederlandse Vereniging voor Toxicologie) in 1979. Within 10 years, the NVT, with a membership of 750, became the fourth largest toxicology society in the world, after the United States, Japan, and United Kingdom. In the 1980s the NVT was the first European society to develop a system of postdoctoral training and accreditation, which formed the model for the European registration of Eurotox Registered Toxicologists.

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2018: Current situation of toxicology in the Netherlands

Sdu Uitgevers ISBN- 9789012400725

At present, toxicology is practiced in a broad sense with the aim to protect man and its environment. Major subfields of toxicology consist of nutrition toxicology, medicinal toxicology, occupational toxicology, genetic toxicology, environmental toxicology, teratology and reproductive toxicology, toxicological pathology, forensic toxicology, toxicology and risk assessment, and in vitro toxicology. A very recent development in toxicology is toxicogenomics research. In this process, the effect of toxins on the levels of thousands of genes can be determined simultaneously with advanced techniques. A major advantage of this technique is the saving of laboratory animals as well as providing mechanistic insight into the effects of substances. It is the hope of many scientists that the latter technique in combination with other in vitro techniques will ultimately drastically reduce the use of laboratory animals. The education and registration of toxicologists remain an important area of the Netherlands Society of Toxicology, which actively encourages education in toxicology at all universities. Recognition and registration will take place after fulfilling a successful education plan. A detailed “Concilicum Toxicologicum” specifies all requirements to qualify for registration. In general,

Chemische feitelijkheden actuele encyclopedie over molekulen, mensen, materialen en milieu single papers (Chemical Facts Updated Encyclopedia about molecules, people, materials and the environment) (r 2012) KNCV, Den Haag

1. The Association recognizes toxicologists who meet certain standards of competence and keeps a register of them. 2. The accreditation and registration of toxicologists shall involve bodies which have, inter alia, the task of: (a) establishing the requirements to be met for recognition and registration as a toxicologist; (b) the recognition and registration of toxicologists in accordance with the requirements laid down; (c) the handling of appeals against the decisions on recognition and registration. 3. The task, working methods, and composition of these bodies are specified in the internal regulations. Every 5 years the registration has to be renewed. A registration committee and an independent committee of appeal have been established.

Resources Books Chemiekaarten: gegevens voor veilig werken met chemicalien) (Data System Concerning Chemicals and Safe Working Conditions), 33rd Edition (2018)

Copius Peereboom J.W. (ed.) (1994) Basisboek Milieu en Gezondheid (Textbook on Environment and Health) Boom: Amsterdam ISBN 9789053520482 Duijst W.L.J.M., Das C. (2011) Handboek forensische en penitentiaire geneeskunde (Handbook Forensic and Penitentiary Medicine) Maklu, Apeldoorn, Antwerpen ISBN 978-90-466-0450-2. Henderson P.Th., Borm P.J.A., Kant I.J. (1995) Basisboek Arbeidstoxicologie: risico-inventarisatie enevaluatie (Textbook on Occupational Toxicology: Risk Assessment and Evaluation) Kerkebosch bv: Zeist, ISBN 90-6720-156-1 Henderson P.Th., Van Bladeren P.J., Vermeulen N.P.E. (1992) Biotransformatie en toxicokinetiek (Biotransformation and Toxicokinetics) Pudoc: Wageningen ISBN 90-220-1036-8 Koeman J.H. (2001) Algemene inleiding in de toxicologie (General Introduction to Toxicology), 3rd Edition Backhuys Publishers ISBN 90 5782 0714 Koen van Deun (2006) Toxicologie van huis tuin en keuken: kennismaking met de schadelijke & nuttige stoffen in ons leven (Toxicology of Home Garden and Kitchen: Getting to know the Harmful and Useful Substances in our Lives) Campinia Media ISBN 9035612051 Nationale MAC lijst (National TLV values) (1999) Ministerie Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid SDU: Den Haag ISBN: 9012088356 van Leeuwen C.J., Hermens J.L.M. (1995) Risk Assessment of Chemicals: An Introduction Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht/Boston/ London ISBN 0-7923-3740-9 (update in preparation)

Resources

Van Loveren H., Vos J.G. (1991) Toxicologie van het immuunsysteem (Toxicology of the Immune System) Pudoc: Wageningen ISBN 90-220-1035-X

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Tijdschrift voor sociale gezondheidszorg Biweekly journal of social health care. Web: https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/journals/ tsg-tijdschrift-voor-sociale-gezondheidszorg(f8437019812e-434e-9cbd-7dc30b39a021).html (Dutch only)

Technical reports and other documents Journals and magazines Although no journals concentrate exclusively on toxicology, relevant articles may be found in the following:

Chemikaarten (Chemical maps) Safety information on chemical substances. Web: https://www.sdu.nl/chemiekaarten-online.html (Dutch only)

Chemie magazine Magazine on topics related to chemistry. Web: https://www.vnci.nl/chemie-magazine (Dutch only)

Gezondheidsraad (Health Council) Reports related to publish health issues. Web: https://www.gezondheidsraad.nl/nl/ publicaties/adviezen (Dutch)

Chemisch2Weekblad Magazine for professionals in chemistry, life sciences, laboratory, and process technology. Web: http://www.c2w.nl/ (Dutch only)

Databases

Natuurwetenschap & Techniek wetenschapsmagazine Magazine about nature sciences and technology. Web: https://newscientist.nl/nieuws/naar-hetnieuwe-natuurwetenschap-techniekwetenschapsmagazine (Dutch only) Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde Journal of Medicine) Web: http://www.ntvg.nl/ (Dutch only)

(Netherlands

Pharmaceutische weekblad Weekly magazine for pharmacists. Web: http://www.pw.nl/ (Dutch only) TCDD Nieuwsbrief (Toxicology newsletter of the Dutch Society of Toxicology) Members only. Web: https://toxicologie.nl/en/tcdd-newsletter/ Tijdschrift Kanker Journal about cancer research and therapy. KBU Uitgevers B.V.: Oisterwijk Web: http://www.missmag.nl/tijdschrift-kanker/ Tijdschrift voor Bedrijfs en verzekeringsgeneeskunde Magazine to promote the science of professional insurance medicine covering scientific and monitoring research. Bohn, Stafleu & Van Loghum: Houten ISSN 0929-600X Web: https://link.springer.com/journal/12498 Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde Veterinary journal. Web: https://www.knmvd.nl/actueel/Tijdschriftvoor-Diergeneeskunde (Dutch only)

REACH database on Registered Chemicals on the European Market Web: https://echa.europa.eu/home EFSA’s OpenFoodTox database Collection of data on individual substances, with a summary of human health and—depending on the relevant legislation and intended uses—animal health and ecological hazard assessments. Web: https:// dwh.efsa.europa.eu/bi/asp/Main.aspx?rwtrep 5 400 OECD e-chemportal A global portal to information on chemical substances. http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/risk-assessment/ echemportalglobalportaltoinformationonchemical substances.htm

Organizations—government Biosafety Clearing-House Information exchange mechanism on biosafety. Web: https://www.ggo-vergunningverlening.nl/ vergunningendatabase (Dutch) Postal address: P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands Phone: 131-(0)30-2742793 Email: [email protected] Bureau REACH Performs national legal tasks with respect to the EU REACH legislation. Web: https://www.chemischestoffengoedgeregeld.nl/ content/wat-rol-bureau-reach (Dutch) Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority Monitors food and consumer products to safeguard public health and animal health and welfare.

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Web: https://english.nvwa.nl/ (English) Web: https://www.nvwa.nl/ (Dutch) Postal address: Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands Phone: 131 8 82 23 33 33 InfoMil Information center for the environment with content relevant to authorities and target groups. Web: https://rwsenvironment.eu/ (English) Web: http://www.infomil.nl/ (Dutch) Postal addresses: Rijkswaterstaat directie Leefomgeving, locatie Rijswijk Lange Kleiweg 34, 2288 GK Rijswijk, Postbus 2232, 3500 GE Utrecht Phone: 131 70 336 66 00 Rijkswaterstaat directie Leefomgeving, locatie Utrecht, Griffioenlaan 2, 3526 LA Utrecht Postbus 2232, 3500 GE Utrecht, The Netherlands Phone: 131 88 797 29 48 Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality Nature and food quality policy making on food production and restoration. Web: https://www.government.nl/ministries/ ministry-of-agriculture-nature-and-food-quality (English) Postal address: Bezuidenhoutseweg 73, 2594 AC The Hague, The Netherlands Phone: 131 77 465 67 67 Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (VWS) Promotion of health, social infrastructure, and sport. Web: https://www.government.nl/ministries/ ministry-of-health-welfare-and-sport (English) Postal address: P.O. Box 20350, 2500 EJ Den Haag, The Netherlands Phone: 131-(0)70-3407911 Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management Improving quality of life, access, and mobility in a clean, safe, and sustainable environment. Web: https://www.government.nl/ministries/ ministry-of-infrastructure-and-water-management (English) Postal address: Rijnstraat 8, 2515 XP The Hague, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)70 456 00 00 Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment Foster a socially and economically vigorous position for the Netherlands in Europe, with work and income security for everyone. Web: https://www.government.nl/ministries/ ministry-of-social-affairs-and-employment (English)

Postal address: Parnassusplein 5, 2511 VX The Hague, The Netherlands Phone: 131-(0)70-3334444 Ministry of Education, Culture and Science Creation of a smart, skilled, and creative environment in the Netherlands. Web: https://www.government.nl/ministries/ ministry-of-education-culture-and-science (English) Postal address: Rijnstraat 50, 2515 XP The Hague, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)70 412 34 56 Rijkswaterstaat Rijkswaterstaat is responsible for the design, construction, management, and maintenance of the main infrastructure facilities in the Netherlands. This includes the main road network, the main waterway network, and water systems. Web: https://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/english/index. aspx (English) Contact webform: https://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/ formulieren/contact-rijkswaterstaat-english.aspx Municipality Healthservice Promotion of public health care. Web: https://www.ggdghorkennisnet.nl (Dutch only) Contact webform: https://www.ggdghorkennisnet.nl/ contact National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Research public and environmental health via a “center for infectious diseases,” and divisions on “public health,” “nutrition, medicines, and consumer safety,” and “environmental safety.” Web: https://www.rivm.nl/en (English) Postal address: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands Phone: 131 30 2749111 Email: [email protected] Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Advises the Dutch government on a wide variety of environmental issues from a scientific base built on knowledge and expertise. Web: http://www.pbl.nl/en (English) Postal address: Bezuidenhoutseweg 30, 2594 AV The Hague, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)70 328 8700 Email: [email protected] Netherlands Forensic Institute One of the world’s leading forensic laboratories providing services for the purpose of crime solving. Web: https://www.forensicinstitute.nl (English)

Resources

Postal address: Laan van Ypenburg 6, 2497 GB The Hague, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0) 70 888 66 66 Webcontact form: https://www.forensicinstitute.nl/ contact Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) Performs academically excellent, multidisciplinary fundamental and frontier applied marine research addressing important scientific and societal questions pertinent to the functioning of oceans and seas. Web: https://www.nioz.nl/en (English) Postal address: Landsdiep 4, 1797 SZ ‘t Horntje (Texel), The Netherlands. Phone: 131 (0)222 369 300 The Health Council of the Netherlands gezondheidsraad Advisory body for Ministers and Parliament in the field of public health. Web: https://www.gezondheidsraad.nl/en/home (English) Postal address: PO Box 16052, 2500 BB The Hague, The Netherlands Phone: 131 70 3407520 Email: [email protected] The State Inspectorate of Health Protects the interests of citizens with regard to accessibility, affordability, and quality of health care in the Netherlands. Web: https://www.nza.nl/english (English) Postal address: Newtonlaan 1-41, 3584 BX Utrecht, The Netherlands Phone: 131 30 296 81 11 Email: [email protected]

Organizations—nongovernment IVAM Environmental Research UVA BV Research agency in the field of sustainability Web: https://www.nemokennislink.nl/organisaties/ ivam-uva-bv/ (English) Web: http://www.ivam.uva.nl/nl/index.htm (Dutch) Postal address: Plantage Muidergracht 14, 1018 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Phone: 131 20 5255080 Email: [email protected] KNAW, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Promotes quality in science and scholarship and strives to ensure that Dutch scholars and scientists contribute to cultural, social, and economic progress. Web: https://www.knaw.nl/en/homepage (English) Postal address: Het Trippenhuis, Kloveniersburgwal 29, NL-1011 JV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Phone: 131 20 551 0700 Email: [email protected] KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre Performs highly innovative mycological research that contributes to the discovery and understanding of fungi, its biodiversity, and potential solutions to societal challenges. Web: http://www.westerdijkinstitute.nl/ (English) Postal address: Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)30 21 22 600 Email: [email protected] Hubrecht Institute Pioneering developmental and stem cell biology. Web: https://www.hubrecht.eu (English) Postal address: Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)30 2121800 Email: [email protected] NIZO Development and applications of innovations for the global food industry and related markets. Web: https://www.nizo.com (English only) Postal address: P.O. Box 20, 6710 BA Ede, The Netherlands Phone: 131-(0)318-659511 Email: [email protected] NWO, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO is committed to a strong science system in the Netherlands, in the belief that scientific research contributes to our prosperity and well-being. Web: https://www.nwo.nl/en (English) Postal address: P.O. Box 93138, 2509 AC Den Haag, The Netherlands Phone: 131-(0)70-3440640 Email: [email protected] Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation Sanquin ensures a safe and efficient blood supply in The Netherlands. https://www.sanquin.nl/en (English) Postal address: P.O. Box 9892, 1006 AN Amsterdam, The Netherlands Phone: 131 20 512 30 00 Webform contact: https://www.sanquin.nl/en/giveblood/contact/4201605/ TNO Innovation for life The Netherlands’ Organization for applied scientific research https://www.tno.nl/en (English) Phone: 131 88 866 00 00 Webform contact: https://www.tno.nl/en/about-tno/ contact/tno-infodesk/

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ZonMw The Netherlands’ Organization for Health Research and Development. Web: https://www.zonmw.nl/en (English) Postal address: P.O. Box 93 245, 2509 AE Den Haag, The Netherlands Phone: 131-(0)70-3495111 Email: [email protected]

Universities and hospitals Academic Medical Center (AMC) Integrated academic hospital and medical center performing medical health research. The AMC complex houses the university hospital and the medical faculty of the University of Amsterdam, as well as the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience and the medical department of the Royal Tropical Institute. Web: https://www.amc.nl/web/home.htm (Dutch only) Postal address: Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands Webform contact: https://www.amc.nl/web/ik-hebeen-afspraak-1/mijn-afspraak-in-het-amc/contactamc-english.htm Amsterdam University Research in areas including dentistry, economics and business, humanities, law, medicine, science, and social and behavioral sciences. Web: http://www.uva.nl/en/home (English) Postal address: P.O. Box 19268, 1000 GG Amsterdam, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)20 525 1400 Delft University of Technology Multidisciplinary research via research centers Web: https://www.tudelft.nl/en/research (English) Web: https://www.tudelft.nl/onderzoek (Dutch) Postal address: P.O. Box 5, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)15 27 89111 Email: [email protected] TUDelft, Department of Biotechnology The Department of Biotechnology addresses the potential of industrial biotechnology for sustainable production of fuels, chemicals, materials, food, and feed. Based on new insights, selects, designs, and tests new biobased catalysts, microorganisms, and processes. Web: https://www.tudelft.nl/en/faculty-of-appliedsciences/about-faculty/departments/ biotechnology/ (English only)

Web: https://www.tudelft.nl/tnw/over-faculteit/ afdelingen/biotechnology/ (Dutch) Postal address: Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands Phone: 131 15 2786990 Email: [email protected] Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) is a research university specializing in engineering science and technology. Web: https://www.tue.nl/en/university/about-theuniversity/profile-tue (English) Web: https://www.tue.nl (Dutch) Postal address: P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)40 247 9111 Eramus MC Conducting ground-breaking work, pushing boundaries, and leading the way in research, education, and health care. Web: https://www.erasmusmc.nl/overerasmusmc/? lang 5 en (English) Web: https://www.erasmusmc.nl/overerasmusmc (Dutch) Postal address: P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (010) 704 0 704 (hospital) NIHES The Netherlands Institute for Health Sciences Improvement of scientific research on determinants of diseases and health, the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare and services, and the theory and methods of health sciences. Web: https://www.nihes.com/about-nihes (English only) Postal address: PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)10 703 8450 Fax: 131 (0)10 704 4680 Email: [email protected] FUGON, The Netherlands Federation for Innovative Drug Research (FIGON) Promoting innovative drug research in the Netherlands. Web: http://figon.nl/en/About-figon (English) Web: http://figon.nl/nl/Over-figon (Dutch) Postal address: Kuipersweg 2T, 3449 JA Woerden, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)348 489 300 Email: [email protected] Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR) The Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR) is a center of excellence for multidisciplinary research on drug discovery and development.

Resources

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Web: https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/science/ drug-research (English only) Postal address: P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands Phone: 131 71 527 4341

Web: https://www.uu.nl/en (English) Web: https://www.uu.nl (Dutch) Postal address: P.O. Box 80125, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)30 2533550

Leiden University Medical Center Health care-oriented research and education Web: https://www.lumc.nl/over-het-lumc/ organisatie-en-missie/? setlanguage 5 English&setcountry 5 en (English) Web: https://www.lumc.nl/over-het-lumc/ organisatie-en-missie/? setlanguage 5 Dutch&setcountry 5 nl (Dutch) Postal address: P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands Phone: 131 71 526 91 11 Email: [email protected]

Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences IRAS, the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, is an interfaculty research institute within the faculties of Veterinary Medicine, Medicine, and Sciences of Utrecht University. IRAS performs research in environment and occupational health, toxicology, and public health and food safety. Web: http://www.iras.uu.nl (English only) Postal address: Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands Phone: 131 30 253 40 48 Email: [email protected]

Maastricht University The university stands out for its innovative education model, international character, and multidisciplinary approach to research and education. #Web: https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl (English) Web: https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl (Dutch) Postal address: P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands Phone: 131-(0)43-3882222

University of Groningen Research in multidisciplinary areas via research schools and institutes with special focus on the research themes healthy aging, energy, and sustainable society. Web: https://www.rug.nl (English) Web: http://www.rug.nl (Dutch) Postal address: P.O. Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands Phone: 131-(0)50-3639111 Email: [email protected]

Radboud University Nijmegen Innovative and fundamental multidisciplinary research via independent research institutes. Web: https://www.ru.nl/english (English) Web: http://www.ru.nl (Dutch) Postal address: Comeniuslaan 4, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands Phone: 131 24 361 61 61 Email: [email protected] SENSE Research School SENSE Research School is a joint venture of nine Universities for integrated environmental and sustainability research and multidisciplinary PhD training. Web: http://www.sense.nl (English only) Postal address: De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)317 - 4 82525 Webcontact form: http://www.sense.nl/contactform Utrecht University Utrecht University is an international research university of the highest quality and the alma mater of many leading names, academics, and scientists who have made an important contribution to the quality of society.

Wageningen University and Research Centre An internationally leading education and research organization exploring the potential of nature to improve the quality of life. Web: https://www.wur.nl/en.htm (English) Web: https://www.wur.nl/nl.htm (Dutch) Postal address: P.O. Box 9101, 6700 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0) 317 480100 RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety Research into food quality, health, and the safety of food and animal feed. Web: https://www.wur.nl/en/Research-Results/ Research-Institutes/rikilt.htm (English) Web: https://www.wur.nl/nl/Onderzoek-Resultaten/ Onderzoeksinstituten/RIKILT.htm (Dutch) Postal address: P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)317 48 02 56 Van Hall Instituut University department specializing in agriculture, food technology, and environmental and animal sciences. Web: http://www.vhluniversity.com/about-vhl.aspx (English)

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Web: https://www.hvhl.nl (Dutch) Postal address: P.O. Box 1528, 8901 BV Leeuwarden, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)58 284 61 00 Email: [email protected] VLAG Research into food technology, nutrition, and health. Web: https://www.vlaggraduateschool.nl/en.htm (English only) Postal address: Bodenummer 184, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Phone: 131-(0)317-485108/485751 Email: [email protected] Vrije Universiteit van Amsterdam Research into multidisciplinary areas via research schools and institutes. Web: https://www.vu.nl/en/index.aspx (English) Web: https://www.vu.nl/nl/ (Dutch) Postal address: De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Phone: 131 20 598 9898 Fax: 131 20 59 89899 Email: [email protected]

Enterprise/industry Akzo Nobel A leading global paints and coatings company and major producer of specialty chemicals. Web: https://www.akzonobel.com/en (English) Postal address: Velperweg 76, 6824 BM Arnhem, The Netherlands Phone: 131 26 366 4433 Contact: https://www.akzonobel.com/en/about-us/ our-locations Biomedical Research Primate Centre Vital research that contributes to the identification and development of new medicines. Web: http://www.bprc.nl/en (English) Postal address: P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands Phone: 131 15 284 25 00 Email: [email protected] DSM Royal DSM is a global science-based company active in health, nutrition, and materials with solutions that nourish, protect, and improve performance. Web: http://www.dsm.com/corporate/about.html (English) Postal address: Het Overloon 1, 6411 TE Heerlen, The Netherlands Phone: 131-(0)45-5782951

Email: [email protected] Contact webform: http://www.dsm.com/corporate/ generic/contact-general/contact-form.html KIWA NV Certification and research with strong emphasis on water and energy, construction and infrastructure, mobility, feed and food, safety, environmental care, and personal care. Web: https://www.kiwa.com/en (English) Postal address: Sir Winston Churchill-laan 273, 2288 EA Rijswijk, P.O. Box 70, 2280 AB Rijswijk, Phone: 131 (0)88 998 44 00 Contact webform: https://www.kiwa.com/en/ contact/ Email: [email protected] CHARLES RIVER New drug, substance, and plant protection and biocidal product development. Web: https://www.criver.com/about-us (English only) Postal address: P.O. Box 3476, 5203 DL’s, Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands Contact webform: https://www.criver.com/contact-us Philips Research in electrical engineering, physics, chemistry, mathematics, mechanics, information technology, and software. Web: https://www.philips.co.uk/?locale_code 5 en_us &remember_locale 5 en_gb (English) https://www.philips.nl/a-w/homepage-test.html (Dutch) Postal address: Boschdijk 525, 5621 JG Eindhoven, The Netherlands Phone: 0900 202 11 77 Contact webform: https://www.philips.nl/content/ B2C/nl_NL/consumenten-ondersteuning/supportcontact-form.html Proctor & Gamble Research in consumer product and food chemical safety. Web: http://www.pg.co.uk (English) Web: https://www.pg.com/nl_NL/index.shtml (Dutch) Postal address: Watermanweg 100, 3067 GG Rotterdam, The Netherlands Phone: 131-(0)10-2863100 Fax: 131 (0)10 2863130 Email: [email protected] Shell Shell plays a key role in the energy supply. Web: http://www.shell.com/home/Framework? siteId5home (English) Web: https://www.shell.nl (Dutch)

Resources

Postal address: Carel van Bylandtlaan 16, 2596 HR The Hague, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0) 70 377 9111 Solvay Pharmaceuticals Solvay is an advanced materials and specialty chemicals company, committed to developing chemistry that addresses key societal challenges. Web: https://www.solvay.com/en (English) Postal address: Solvay Vlaardingen Burgemeester van Lierplein 75, 3134 ZB Vlaardingen, The Netherlands Phone 131 107 137000 Fax 131 107 137001 Solvay Moerdijk Postal address: Energieweg 1, 4791 RN Klundert, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0) 168 385260 Solvay Herten Postal address: Schepersweg 1, 6049 CV Herten Phone: 131 (0)475 384888 Fax 131 (0) 475 384804 Unilever Vlaardingen R&D is the research center for Unilever’s foods and refreshment brands, and in addition the development center for Dressings brands and Food Solutions. It also houses the regional development center for home care and beauty and personal care. Web: https://www.unilever.com/about/innovation/ our-r-and-d-locations/vlaardingen-the-netherlands (English) Web: http://www.unilever.nl (Dutch) Postal address: PO Box 760 3000, DK Rotterdam, The Netherlands Contact webform: https://www.unilever.nl/contact/ contact-form/

Professional societies Association of the Dutch Chemical Industry Web: https://www.vnci.nl/english (English) Web: http://www.vnci.nl (Dutch) Postal address: P.O. Box 443, 2260 AK Leidschendam, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)70 3378787 Email: [email protected] Dutch Cosmetics Association (NCV) Association of manufacturers and importers of cosmetics, or products for personal care. Web: https://www.ncv-cosmetica.nl/english (English) Web: https://www.ncv-cosmetica.nl (Dutch)

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Postal address: P.O. Box 914, 3700 AX Zeist, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)30 6049480 Email: [email protected] Dutch Society of Soap and Detergent Producers Association of manufacturers and importers of washing and detergent products. Web: http://www.nvz.nl/internet/pages/index.php (Dutch only) Postal address: P.O. Box 914, 3700 AX Zeist, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)30 6921880 Email: [email protected] Dutch Society of Pathology Scientific organization for clinical, animal, and experimental pathology. Web: http://www.pathology.nl (Dutch only) Postal address: Postbus 557, 2300 AN Leiden, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)71-5191080 Email: [email protected] Royal Netherlands Chemical Society (KNCV) Professional organization for chemists and chemical engineers in The Netherlands. Web: https://en.kncv.nl (English) Web: https://www.kncv.nl/ (Dutch) Postal address: Loire 150, 2491 AK The Hague, The Netherlands Webcontact form: https://en.kncv.nl/kncv/contact-us The Netherlands Society of Toxicology (NVT) Promotion of science and applications in the field of toxicology, such as occupational toxicology, genetics, environment, teratology and reproduction, pathology, and risk assessment. Web: https://toxicologie.nl/en (English) Web: http://www.toxicologie.nl (Dutch) Postal address: RIVM, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands Phone: 131-30-2744351 or 131-6-22109168 Email: [email protected]

Poison control centers National Poisons Information Centre (NVIC) Rapid health risk assessments of exposure to xenobiotic compounds. Web: https://www.umcutrecht.nl/nl/Subsites/ Nationaal-Vergiftigingen-Informatie-Centrum(NVIC)/Nationaal-Vergiftigingen-InformatieCentrum-(NVIC) (Dutch) Postal address: Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Phone: 131 (0) 88 75 555 55 Email: [email protected]

Legislation

Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority Monitors food and consumer products to safeguard public health and animal health and welfare. Web: https://english.nvwa.nl (English) Web: https://www.nvwa.nl (Dutch)

ARBO Information on safety and health at work. Web: https://www.arboportaal.nl (Dutch)

Miscellaneous resources

Dutch legislation Web: http://wetten.overheid.nl (Dutch only) Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality Development of policy in the fields of agriculture, nature, and food quality. Web: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/ministeries/ ministerie-van-landbouw-natuur-envoedselkwaliteit (Dutch) Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Development of policy on economic affairs and climate. Web: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/ministeries/ ministerie-van-economische-zaken-en-klimaat (Dutch) Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science Development of policy on education, culture, and science. Web: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/ministeries/ ministerie-van-onderwijs-cultuur-en-wetenschap (Dutch) Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs Coordination of the Dutch government’s foreign policy. Web: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/ministeries/ ministerie-van-buitenlandse-zaken (Dutch)

National Initiatives ConsExpo, Human Exposure to Consumer Products Tool to mathematically predict human exposure to consumer products. Web: https://www.rivm.nl/en/Topics/C/ Consumer_exposure_to_chemical_substances (English) Postgraduate Education in Toxicology Cooperative program between six Dutch universities offering a yearly Postgraduate Education in Toxicology. Web: http://www.toxcourses.nl (English only) Risks of Substances Information on chemicals and chemical groups, legislation, and substances from consumer products. Web: https://rvs.rivm.nl (Dutch only) REACH and CLP in the Netherlands Information on the European REACH and CLP Regulations and its implementation in The Netherlands. Web: https://www.chemischestoffengoedgeregeld.nl/ (Dutch only)

Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport Development of policy in the fields of health care, social care, and sports. Web: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/ministeries/ ministerie-van-volksgezondheid-welzijn-en-sport (Dutch)

Substance Manager Risk management tool of chemicals for small and medium-sized enterprises Web: https://stoffenmanager.nl (English)

Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Development of policy on infrastructural matters and water. Web: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/ministeries/ ministerie-van-infrastructuur-en-waterstaat (Dutch)

Certifying and advisory boards

Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment Development of policy on social affairs and employment. Web: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/ministeries/ ministerie-van-sociale-zaken-en-werkgelegenheid (Dutch) European Legislation Web: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html (English) Web: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html? locale 5 nl (Dutch)

Dutch Board for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides (Ctgb) Web: https://english.ctgb.nl/ (English) Postal address: Ctgb, P.O. box 8030, 6710 AA Ede, The Netherlands Phone: 131 (0)317 471 810 Fax: 131 (0)317 471 899 Email: E [email protected] Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety (DECOS) Assessing substances to which employees are exposed at their respective workplaces in terms of the substances’ toxic properties and effects on health.

Resources

Web: https://www.gezondheidsraad.nl/en/aboutus/the-council/permanent-committees/dutchexpert-committee-on-occupational-safety (English) Postal address: The Health Council, PO Box 16052, 2500 BB The Hague, The Netherlands Phone: 1 31 70 340 75 20 Email: [email protected] Committee for the evaluation of human medicines Independent authority regulating and communicating the quality, functioning, and safety of medicines. Web: https://www.cbg-meb.nl/ (Dutch) Postal address: College ter Beoordeling van Geneesmiddelen, Graadt van Roggenweg 500, 3531 AH Utrecht, The Netherlands. Phone: 139 (0)88 224 8000

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Contact webform: https://fd8.formdesk.com/college terbeoordelingvangenees/stel-uw-vraag-aan-CBG/ Registration Committee for Veterinary Drugs The MEB Agency, Veterinary Medicinal Products Unit, coordinates the applications for marketing authorization for veterinary medicines and requests evaluations from internal experts and specialist institutes on the basis of the accompanying dossier. Web: https://english.cbg-meb.nl/veterinary/ marketing-authorisation-veterinary-medicinalproducts (English) Postal address: Medicines Evaluation Board, Graadt van Roggenweg 500, 3531 AH Utrecht, The Netherlands. Phone: 131 (0) 88 224 8000 Web contact form: https://fd8.formdesk.com/ collegeterbeoordelingvangenees/submit-your-question

C H A P T E R

25 New Zealand Diana Montenegro The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

New Zealand, or Aotearoa1 as it is known in Te Reo M¯aori, is characterized by beautiful landscapes, pristine waters, and a unique natural world, and thus it is known worldwide as a green and clean country. Around the 1200s the first M¯aori arrived; they practiced hunting, fishing, and agriculture, always with a respectful connection to their environment. Europeans migrated to New Zealand from the 1840s on, sharing with the M¯aori traditions and resources. Water is an essential resource for life and in New Zealand water is found in abundance, which allowed people to develop social and economic activities. However, as the population grew more urban areas were developed, impacting the water resource through the release of sewage and recreational and industrial waste (Cowie, 1968). In 1953 governmental and nongovernmental entities met to create the Water Pollution Act2 to address water pollution concerns. The New Zealand economy is predominantly based on tourism and exports of meat, dairy, wool, and other agricultural products. The increase in agricultural productivity has negatively impacted not only some water bodies, but also some soils, for example increasing levels of phosphate fertilizer that contain cadmium. In 1990 the fertilizer industry in New Zealand implemented a limit for levels of cadmium in fertilizers. In 2006 the Cadmium Working Group was formed to estimate the accumulation caused by agriculture and to evaluate the probability, magnitude, and significance of any subsequent risk. They indicated that cadmium in soils could be categorized as an emerging concern, as phosphate fertilizer usage was expected to remain, or increase (Cadmium Working Group, 2008).

One water resource in potential danger is groundwater, which in some regions of New Zealand is the main water supply for drinking (Close and Humphries, 2016). Pesticides used in agriculture and industries have ended up in groundwater, impacting some areas of the country, though generally the concentration detected has been low. The most recent survey by Close and Humphries (2016) indicated that the level of pesticides detected were similar to the levels reported in the past. However, some pesticides not previously detected were found, although mostly in low levels that are acceptable values for pesticides in the Drinking Water Standards for New Zealand.3 The exceptions were dieldrin and terbuthylazine in some of the areas studied. Although water quality guidelines are available and national monitoring programs exist to assess contaminants in the water, the Ministry for the Environment and Stats NZ (2017) recognized that there is a lack of information at the national scale about biological components in the ecosystem, such as in wetlands. They added that they were aware that the wetlands have declined but they do not have accurate information about how much they have declined, which is crucial to a better understanding of the health of the wetland ecosystem. Marine water pollution has also been reported in New Zealand. Auckland is the most populous city in New Zealand; the ARC (2010) reported that one third of the total population had settled there. This population growth is directly associated with an increase in the contaminants released into the water. Several studies have reported high levels of organic contaminants and metals in both water and sediments. Despite the fact that chemical monitoring programmes allow for the collection of important environmental data for

1

M¯aori name for New Zealand.

2

Water Pollution Act 1953, No 104, Wellington, Government, Printer, 1953. % Maximum acceptable value (MAV), revised in 2008 for Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand.

3

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00025-5

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further management decisions, these need to be reinforced by the incorporation of both organisms in freshwater and marine monitoring programs to clearly understand the detrimental effects on them. Certainly, organisms have been incorporated into some monitoring programs but not on the scale they need to be. Reed et al. (2010) stated if these were incorporated into monitoring programs, it would improve not only national but also international management decisions. In addition, more enviromental toxicology studies and ecotoxicology studies are needed in order to understand the negative effects of chemicals on native species in New Zealand waters. Thus environmental toxicology and ecotoxicological studies still need to be developed, strengthened, and incorporated into future studies. Although New Zealand is not a heavily industrialized country, the population is expected to keep growing, meaning agriculture will intensify and urbanization will continue to have an impact on more water bodies (Ministry for the Environment & Stats NZ, 2017). Water is crucial for living and needs to be protected. New Zealanders have a commitment to protect their environment, not only to maintain the green and clean country motto, but also for future generations. M¯aori believe that there is a connection between humans and the environment and consider that the privileges offered by nature come with the responsibility to look after it for future generations. This practice is expressed as kaitiakitanga,4 the practice of the protection and management of the environment based on the M¯aori worldview. Fortunately, the government is increasingly aware of this connection for New Zealanders, and scientists have created some plans to fill the gap between an understanding of the Ma¯ ori universe and Western knowledge (Ministry for the Environment & Stats NZ, 2015). There is no doubt that economic growth is important, but it needs to be achieved through sustainable management and the participation of scientists, industry, and governmental entities is crucial. Scientists need to create multidisciplinary teams to contribute to an understanding of the complexity of ecosystems and the finite capacity of limited resources. Environmental toxicologists and ecotoxicologists need to work together with other entities to really understand the potential risk of chemicals in the environment. Industries should be required to use resources in accordance with their limitations. Government entities, on the other hand, need to update environmental regulations. Brandon (2013) noted that there is work to be done in regulating contaminated sites more effectively, because it was earlier believed that established procedures for protecting the environment, managing waste, 4

Anthropological perspective of M¯aori about the nature.

controlling pollution, and future projections about these issues were sufficient in most developed countries, including New Zealand. Environmental toxicology and ecotoxicology are still developing in New Zealand but there are a number of public institutions and postgraduate studies at some universities including the University of Otago, the University of Auckland, and Victoria University of Wellington associated with clinical and forensic toxicology.

References Auckland Regional Council, 2010. State of the Auckland Region 2009. Auckland Regional Council Technical Report ISBN 978-1877540-45-5. Auckland, New Zealand. Brandon, E., 2013. Global Approaches to Site Contamination Law. Springer. Cadmium Working Group, 2008. Report One: Cadmium in New Zealand Agriculture. Retrieved from Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry website: http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/rural-nz/sustainable-resource-use/land-management/cadmium-in-nz/reportone/. Close, M.E., Humphries, B., 2016. The 2014 national survey of pesticides in groundwater in New Zealand. J. Hydrol. (N. Z.) 55 (2), 73. Cowie, C.A., 1968. Water pollution control in New Zealand. In United States. Department of the Interior, United States. Department of State. Water for Peace: Planning and Developing Water Programs, vol. 8. U.S. Government Printing Office. Ministry for the Environment & Stats NZ, 2015. New Zealand’s Environmental Reporting Series: Environment Aotearoa 2015. Retrieved from Ministry for the Environment and Stats NZ website: http://www.mfe.govt.nz and www.stats.govt.nz. Ministry for the Environment & Stats NZ, 2017. New Zealand’s Environmental Reporting Series: Our Fresh Water 2017. Retrieved from Ministry for the Environment and Stats NZ website: http:// www.mfe.govt.nz and www.stats.govt.nz. Reed, J., Lyons, B., Thompson, B., Bean, T., 2010. Biological Indicators of Contamination in Auckland’s Estuaries: An Initial Assessment. Cefas and NorthTec for Auckland Council. Auckland Council Technical Report 2011/003.

Books Dalefield, R., 2015. Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand. Elsevier Science. Eason, C.T., Wickstrom, M., 2001. Vertebrate pesticide toxicology manual (poisons). Depart. Conserv. Tech. Series 23, 122. Hansford, D., 2016. Protecting Paradise: 1080 and the Fight to Save New Zealand’s Wildlife. Potton & Burton. Jenkins, B.R., 2018. Water Management in New Zealand’s Canterbury Region. Springer. Joy, M., 2015. Polluted Inheritance: New Zealand’s Freshwater CrisisBridget Williams Books. McQueen, F.M.F., 2000. The Quiet Forest: The Case Against Aerial 1080. Tross Publishing. Moore, T.A., 2005. Metal Contaminants in New Zealand: Sources, Treatments, and Effects on Ecology and Human Health. Resolutionz Press. Watts, M., 1994. The Poisoning of New Zealand. Auckland Institute of Technology Press.

Government Agencies

Journals Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand) Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research New Zealand Journal of Ecology New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research New Zealand Medical Journal

Databases Interactive Clinical Pharmacology This resource was designed to broaden the understanding of concepts and principles in Clinical Pharmacology. http://www.icp.org.nz/

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Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ERS) This is a Crown Research Institute that focuses on relating scientific research to people and communities. They are comprised of the largest group of forensic, social, radiation, environmental, and infectious disease experts and epidemiologists in New Zealand. https://www.esr.cri.nz/ Head office, Porirua 34 Kenepuru Drive Kenepuru Porirua 5022 PO Box 50348, Porirua 5240 New Zealand 1 64 4 914 0700

Landcare Research Toxinz This is an online poison information database created by the New Zealand National Poisons Centre at the University of Otago. It contains over 200,000 listed chemical products, pharmaceuticals, plants, and hazardous organisms. http://www.toxinz.com

Government Agencies AgResearch This is one of New Zealand’s largest Crown Research Institutes focused on helping the pastoral sector through scientific investigations and development. Their competences range from seeds to pest control, high food standards, and farming methods. https://www.agresearch.co.nz/ Corporate office, Hamilton 5th Floor, Tower Block Ruakura Research Centre 10 Bisley Road Hamilton 3214 Private Bag 3123 Waikato Mail Centre Hamilton 3240 New Zealand 1 64 7 834 6600

This is a Crown Research Institute owned by the New Zealand Government. https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/ Head office, Lincoln 54 Gerald Street Lincoln 7608 PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640 New Zealand 1 64 3 321 9999

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) https://www.niwa.co.nz/ Head Office, Auckland 41 Market Place Viaduct Harbour Auckland 1010 New Zealand 1 64 9 375 2050

Plant and Food Research https://www.plantandfood.co.nz/ Head office, Auckland 120 Mt Albert Road Sandringham Auckland 1025 New Zealand 1 64 9 925 7000

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Scion This is a Crown Research Institute focused on research, science, and technology development for forestry, wood products, wood-derivate, and other biomaterials. https://www.scionresearch.com/ Head Office, Rotorua Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park 49 Sala Street Rotorua 3010 Private Bag 3020 Rotorua 3046 New Zealand 1 64 7 343 5899

primarily against nuclear weapons, deforestation, climate change, and the release of genetically engineered organisms and toxins. https://www.greenpeace.org/new-zealand/ 11 Akiraho Street Mt Eden, Auckland New Zealand 1 64-9-630 6317

Medical Council of New Zealand https://www.mcnz.org.nz/

New Zealand Medical Association Non-Government Organizations Cawthron Institute This is the largest independent science institute in New Zealand, offering a wide range of services contributing to environmental protection and supporting primary industries. http://www.cawthron.org.nz/ Head Office, Nelson 98 Halifax Street East Nelson 7010 Private Bag 2 Nelson 7042 New Zealand 1 64 3 548 2319

Environment Institute of Australia and New Zealand (EIANZ) This is a nonprofit organization formed by environmental specialists from Australia and New Zealand. In New Zealand there are a wide variety of events and support for young professionals in their career development. The New Zealand division has branches in the major centers of Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch. https://www.eianz.org/chapters-divisions/newzealand-2/ 42 Orangi Kaupapa Rd Northland, Wellington New Zealand 1 64 9887 6972

Greenpeace New Zealand This is one of New Zealand’s largest environmental organizations, founded in 1972. Their campaigns are

www.nzma.org.nz/ Level 5, 26 The Terrace Wellington New Zealand (04) 472 4741 | Fax: (04) 471 0838

Universities The University of Auckland School of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology This was established in 1978 and located in the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences at the University of Auckland’s Grafton Campus. School of Chemical Sciences, Forensic Science This has been taught since 1996 at the University of Auckland, and is one of the longest established programs in Australasia. https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en.html The University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Victoria Street West Auckland 1142 New Zealand Phone: 164 9 923 7467

The University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology https://www.otago.ac.nz/ Otago Medical School Division of Health Sciences PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054 New Zealand

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Poison Control Centers

Victoria University of Wellington School of Biological Sciences, Forensic science https://www.victoria.ac.nz/ Kelburn Wellington 6012 New Zealand

Professional Societies New Zealand Ecological Society (NZES) https://newzealandecology.org/ New Zealand Freshwater Sciences Society (NZFSS) https://freshwater.science.org.nz/ New Zealand Marine Sciences Society (NZMSS) http://nzmss.org/ New Zealand Occupational Hygiene Society http://nzohs.org.nz/

The Australian and New Zealand Society of Occupational Medicine (ANZSOM) https://anzsom.org.nz/ The Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society (ANZFSS) The ANZFSS was created in 1971 with the main propose to facilitate the networking of scientists, police, criminalists, pathologists, and members of the legal profession, related to forensic sciences. http://anzfss.org/nz/ The Royal Society of New Zealand Te Aparangi ¯ https://royalsociety.org.nz/

Poison Control Centers National Poison Centre https://poisons.co.nz/ Poison and hazardous chemical information center in New Zealand, available 24/7. 0800 POISON/0800 764 766,

C H A P T E R

26 Norway Birgitte Lindeman Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway

Background narrative Norway is a Scandinavian country with approximately 5.3 million inhabitants and an extensive coastline along the North Atlantic Ocean. Norway’s outlying possessions are Svalbard and Jan Mayen in the Arctic Ocean and Bouvet and Peter Islands in the South Atlantic. Norway also has claims in Antarctica. For geographic and historic reasons, Norway gives high priority to the management of natural resources and the environment in the polar areas. Furthermore, due to a high dependence both on petroleum and gas production as well as fishing and aquaculture, extensive programs for environmental monitoring of pollution along the Norwegian coast and on the Norwegian continental shelf have been established. The increasing awareness of environmental pollution issues during the last part of the 20th century led to the establishment of the Ministry of the Environment in 1972 and shortly thereafter of the Pollution Control Authority (now named The Norwegian Environment Agency). The current Ministry of Climate and Environment is generally responsible for most aspects of environmental protection covering water, air, noise, and waste, as well as nature reserves. The Ministry is responsible also for the coordination of local planning under the Building and Planning Act. Planning is regarded as a local responsibility under this act, with guidance from the Ministry. The Ministry of Climate and Environment currently has seven subordinate institutions (Enova, The Directorate for Cultural Heritage, The Norwegian Environment Agency, The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre, Svalbard environmental protection fund, The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, The Norwegian Polar Institute). The Norwegian Environment Agency’s central tasks and responsibility are managing Norwegian nature and preventing pollution. The Agency also sets

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00026-7

emission standards and controls industrial activities. Chemical safety is an important activity covered by the Agency. Due to the EFTA/EU Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA Agreement), Norway regulates the use of chemicals largely in the same way as the EU countries; decisions in the EU system are of direct relevance as to how Norway develops its legislation concerning chemicals. The same applies to the regulation of chemicals in food. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority is the national competent authority for pesticides, food additives, and other chemicals in food, but adhere to EU regulation. Along with the increasing interest for toxicology in the 1970s, toxicology as a distinct field of science entered a period of expansion and consolidation. In response to the need for competence in toxicological sciences, the Norwegian research council initiated a 3-year research and educational program in toxicology in 1979, involving 18 students with background in medicine, dental medicine, veterinary medicine, biology, biochemistry, biophysics, and agricultural sciences. At the same time, there was a great increase in education and research activities at universities and institutions working within environmental health and occupational health. In the last 5 years the situation in Norway has changed, teaching and research in human toxicology is under pressure at several universities and university colleges. A scientific Council for Human Toxicology (chaired by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health) has been established to monitor the situation and make suggestions for improvements. The University in Oslo has established a lecture course in Regulatory Toxicology to meet the national need for toxicological risk assessment competence. As there are only a few pharmaceutical companies with research departments in Norway, most toxicological scientists are employed in research institutions and universities.

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The Norwegian Society of Pharmacology and Toxicology (NSFT) is the national professional society for both toxicologists as well as pharmacologists. In 2017 NSFT had approximately 210 members in the Section of toxicology. Presently (2018) there are approximately 80 Norwegian toxicologists registered in The European Register of Toxicologists.

Core documents

Report from Norwegian Institute of Public Health 2016: Barn, miljø og helse. Risiko- og helsefremmende faktorer. The report describes children’s health and environment in Norway with focus on risk and health-promoting factors. The report is in Norwegian only. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Report 2016 (www.fhi.no).

Organizations—government

Books and technical reports

Links to all governmental ministries are found at http://government.no

Most of the toxicological textbooks used at Universities and University Colleges have been published abroad. Among the textbook used are: In Environmental Toxicology: Casarett & Doulls Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 2018, 9th ed. ISBN: 978-1-259-86374-5. McGrawHill In Toxicants in ecosystems and humans: effects: Smart R.C., Hodgson E. Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, Wiley. In General toxicology: Timbrell J.A. Principles of biochemical toxicology, 4th Edition, Taylor Francis. In Regulatory toxicology: van Leeuwen C.J., Vermeire T.G. Risk assessment of chemicals: an introduction, 2nd Edition. Springer.

• The Ministry of Agriculture and Food

Journals and newsletters In Norway, there are no special journals in the field of toxicology. One of the reasons for not having journals in Norwegian is the fact that the Nordic (Scandinavian) countries cooperate in publishing journals together. For example, the Nordic Association for the Publication of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (BCPT), of which the NSFT is a member, publishes the journal BCPT. There are several special reports concerning different aspects of toxicology, such as criteria documents regarding individual chemicals, classification, and labeling of chemical substances for toxic effects, biomarkers, etc. • Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association (Norwegian only: http://www.tidsskriftet.no) The journal publishes papers on toxicological issues written in Norwegian, but the journal’s editorial policy is medical science in general. Scientific articles have summaries written in English.

Reviews and other key papers Bremnes N.B., Thomsen C. Interlaboratory Comparison on POPs in Food 2017. Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Report November 2017. Available at www.fhi.no/en

Address: P.O.Box 8007 Dep, N-0030 OSLO Visiting address: Teatergt. 9 (R6) Tel: (147) 22 24 90 90 Email: [email protected] • Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries Address: P.O.Box 8090 Dep, NO-0032 OSLO Visiting address: Kongens gate 8 Tel: (147) 22 24 90 90 Email: [email protected] • Directorate of Fisheries (Norwegian: http://www.fiskeridir.no; click on “English” to see English version) The Directorate of Fisheries serves as the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries’ advisory and executive body in matters pertaining to fishing and the management of aquaculture. Address: P.O.Box 185 Sentrum, NO-5804 BERGEN Visiting address: Strandgt. 229 Tel: (147) 55 23 80 00 Email: [email protected] • Ministry of Foreign Affairs Address: P.O.Box 8114 Dep, N-0032 OSLO Visiting address: 7. juni-plassen/Victoria Terrasse Tel: (147) 22 24 90 90 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) (Norwegian: http://www.norad.no; click on “English” to see English version) The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) is a directorate under the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). Norad’s most important task is to contribute in the international cooperation to fight poverty. Address: P.O.Box 8034 Dep, NO-0030 OSLO Visiting address: Bygdøy alle´ 2 Tel: (147) 23 98 00 00 Email: [email protected]

Organizations—government

• Ministry of Climate and Environment Address: P.O.Box 8013 Dep, NO-0030 OSLO Visiting address: Kongens gate 20 Tel: (147) 22 24 90 90 Email: [email protected] • Ministry of Health and Care Services Address: P.O.Box 8011 Dep, NO-0030 OSLO Visiting address: Teatergt. 9 Tel: (147) 22 24 90 90 Email: [email protected] • Directorate of Health (Norwegian: http://www.shdir.no; Click on “English” to see English version) The Directorate for Health is an integral part of the central administration of health and social affairs in Norway, and is organized under the Ministry of Health and care services. Address: P.O.Box 7000 St. Olavs plass, NO-0130 OSLO Visiting address: Universitetsgata 2 Tel: (147) 810 200 50 Email: [email protected] • The Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation Address: P.O.Box 8112 Dep, NO-0030 OSLO Visiting address: Akersgt. 59 Tel: (147) 22 24 90 90 Email: [email protected] • Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs Address: P.O.Box 8019 Dep, NO-0030 Oslo Visiting address: Akersgt. 64 Tel: (147) 22 24 90 90 Email: [email protected] • Ministry of Transport and Communications Address: P.O.Box 8010 Dep, NO-0030 Oslo Visiting address: Akersgt. 59 (R5) Tel: (147) 22 24 90 90 Email: [email protected] • Help with Regulations on Health, Safety and the Environment (Regelhjelp.no) (English: http://www.regelhjelp.no/no/ Engelsk/English/; Norwegian: http://www. regelhjelp.no/no/) This website has compiled regulatory information on a number of areas within Health, Environment, and Safety. • National Institute of Occupational Health (English: http://www.stami.no/en/; Norwegian: http://www.stami.no) The National Institute of Occupational Health is a research institute contributing to the increased

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knowledge and practical applications of occupational health. The Institute is organized under the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs as an integrated part of the national system for protection of workers. • NOA (National surveillance system for work environment and occupational health) (Norwegian: https://stami.no/avdeling/noa/) NOA is the national surveillance system for work environment and occupational health in Norway, and is a department at the National Institute of Occupational Health. NOA’s mains task is to coordinate, systematize, and disseminate knowledge about the working environment and health to government authorities and other users. Address: P.O.Box 8149 Dep, NO-0033 OSLO Visiting address: Gydas vei 8 Tel: (147) 23 19 51 00 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Board of Health Supervision (Norwegian: http://www.helsetilsynet.no; click on “In English” to see English version) The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision is an independent supervision authority, with responsibility for general supervision of health and social services in the country. Address: P.O.Box 8128 Dep, NO-0032 OSLO Visiting address: Møllergt. 24 Tel: (147) 21 52 99 00 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) (English: https://www.ffi.no/en; Norwegian: http://www.ffi.no) The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment is responsible for defence-related research in Norway. Address: P.O.Box 25, NO-2027 KJELLER Visiting address: Instituttveien 20 Tel: (147) 63 80 70 00 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Environment Agency (Norwegian: http://www.miljodirektoratet.no/no/; click on English to see English version). The Norwegian Environment Agency (Miljødirektoratet) is a government agency under the Ministry of Climate and Environment. The agency’s primary responsibilities are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, manage Norwegian nature, and prevent pollution. The Norwegian Nature Inspectorate (SNO) is a part of the Norwegian Environment Agency with headquarters in Trondheim.

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• The Product Register (English: http://www.miljodirektoratet.no/en/ Areas-of-activity1/Chemicals/The-ProductRegister/; Norwegian: http://www. miljodirektoratet.no/no/Tema/Kjemikalier/ Produktregisteret/) The Product Register is the Norwegian authorities’ central register of hazardous substances and chemical products that are on the market in Norway. The information is used by the authorities monitor chemicals, perform risk analyses related to chemical substances, and to deal with acute situations. The Product Register was established in 1981 by the Norwegian parliament and is now administered by the Norwegian Environment Agency. Email: [email protected] Address: P.O.Box 5672 Torgarden, 7485 TRONDHEIM Visiting address: Brattørkaia 15 (Trondheim), Grensesvingen 7 (Oslo) Tel: (147) 03400 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Norwegian: http://www.mattilsynet.no; click on Language to see English version.) The Norwegian Food Safety Authority is a governmental body with responsibility for food and drinking water safety and also the promotion of plant, fish, and animal health. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority also performs duties relating to cosmetics and pesticides, and inspects animal health personnel. Address: Felles postmottak, P.O.Box 383, NO-2381 BRUMUNDDAL Visiting address: Ulleva˚lsveien 76, Oslo Tel: (147) 22 40 00 00 Email: [email protected] • The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) (Norwegian: http://www.vkm.no; click on “English” to see English version) VKM is appointed by and financed by the Ministry of Health and Care Services. VKM is an independent body that performs independent risk assessment for the Norwegian Food Safety Authority and the Norwegian Environment Agency. VKM’s Scientific Panels comprise about 100 independent experts with broad interdisciplinary competencies. VKM is the Norwegian Focal Point for the European Food Safety Authority, EFSA. Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Industrial Safety and Security Organisation

(Norwegian: http://nso.no/; click on “Om NSO”: English to see English version) The main purpose of the Norwegian Industrial Safety and Security Organisation (NSO) is to organize and control own protection (emergency preparedness) in operations governed by the regulations relating to emergency preparedness requirements. Address: P.O.Box 5468 Majorstuen, NO-0305 OSLO Visiting address: Essendropsgate 6 Tel: (147) 23 08 85 30 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO) (Norwegian: https://www.nibio.no/; click on “English version” to see English version) NIBIO is a national R&D institute under the Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food. The main areas of competence are linked to food quality and safety, agriculture and rural development, environmental protection, and natural resources management. ˚S Address: P.O.Box 115, NO-1431 A Visiting address: Fr. A. Dahlsvei 20 Tel: (147) 406 04 100 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) (Norwegian: http://www.fhi.no; click on “English website” to see English version.) NIPH is placed directly under the Ministry of Health and Care Services and is a national competence institution for research-based knowledge of public health and the health and care services. NIPH shall provide knowledge of infectious disease control, physical and mental health, environmental factors (including substance abuse, nutrition and other factors that affects health status and inequality), health-promoting and preventive measures in the population, and global health. The Institute has several departments engaged in environmental medicine and toxicology. The Norwegian Poisons Information Centre is a part of NIPH. Employees are located in Oslo and Bergen. Address: Postboks 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo; Postboks 973 Sentrum, 5808 Bergen Visiting address (Oslo): Lovisenberggt. 8 Tel: (147) 21 07 70 00 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority (Norwegian: http://www.arbeidstilsynet.no; click on “Select language” to see English version.) The Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority is a governmental agency under the Ministry of Labour

Organizations—government

and Social Affairs, focused on occupational safety and health. Address: P.O.Box 4720 Torgarden, NO-7468 TRONDHEIM Visiting address: Stenersgt. 1d, Oslo Tel: (147) 73 19 97 00 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Mapping Authority (Norwegian: http://www.kartverket.no; click on English to see English version) The Norwegian Mapping Authority is responsible for providing nationwide geographic information and services to private and public users. It also serves as the central government’s professional body in the area of maps and geodata and handles the administrative tasks associated with this. Address: P.O.Box 600 Sentrum, NO-3507 HØNEFOSS Visiting address: Kartverksveien 21 Tel: (147) 32 11 81 00 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Maritime Directorate (Norwegian: https://www.sdir.no; click on Norsk to see English version) Address: P.O.Box 2222, NO-5509 HAUGESUND Visiting address: Smedasundet 50A Tel: (147) 52 74 50 00 Email: [email protected]

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Address: P.O.Box 5091 Majorstuen, NO-0301 OSLO Visiting address: Middelthunsgate 29 Tel: (147) 22 95 95 95 Email: [email protected] • Petroleum Safety Authority Norway (PSA) (Norwegian: http://www.ptil.no/; click on flag to see English version) The Petroleum Safety Authority Norway is an independent regulatory body under the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. The PSA have the regulatory responsibility for safety, emergency preparedness and the working environment in the petroleum activities. Address: P.O.Box 599, NO-4003 STAVANGER Visiting address: Professor Olav Hanssens vei 10 Tel: (147) 51 87 32 00 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Polar Institute (Norwegian: http://www.npolar.no; click on English to see English version) The Norwegian Polar Institute is Norway’s central institution for research, environmental monitoring, and mapping of the Polar Regions. The Institute’s activities are concentrated on environmental management needs at both poles. Address: Framsenteret, P.O.Box 6606 Langnes, NO-9296 Tromsø Visiting address: Hjalmar Johansens gate 14 Tel: (147) 77 75 05 00 Email: [email protected]

• Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA) (Norwegian: https://www.dsa.no/; click on In English for English version https://www.dsa.no/en/) Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA) is the national authority and expert body in matters concerning nuclear security, radiation use, natural radiation, and radioactive contamination in the environment. DSA carries out assignments on behalf of the Ministry of Health and Care Services, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Ministry of Climate and Environment.

• Institute of Marine Research (English: http://www.imr.no/en; Norwegian: http://www.imr.no) The Institute of Marine Research is a national consultative research institute which is owned by the Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs. The Institute performs research and provides advisory services in the fields of marine ecosystems and aquaculture.

Address: P. O. Box 329 Skøyen, NO-0213 Oslo Visiting address: Grini næringspark 13, 1361 Østera˚s Tel: (147) 67 16 25 00 Email: [email protected]

Address: P.O.Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 BERGEN Visiting address: Nordnesgt. 50 Tel: (147) 55 23 85 00 Email: [email protected]

• Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (Norwegian: http://www.nve.no; click on English to see English version.) The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) is subordinated to the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, and is responsible for the administration of Norway’s water and energy resources.

• Norwegian Veterinary Institute (English: https://www.vetinst.no/en; Norwegian: http://www.vetinst.no) The Norwegian Veterinary Institute is a national research institute in the fields of animal health, fish health, and food safety, whose primary function is supply of independent research-based advisory support to the governing authorities.

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Address: P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 OSLO Visiting address: Ulleva˚lsveien 68 Tel: (147) 23 21 60 00 Email: [email protected] • The Artic Council (English: https://arctic-council.org/index.php/en/) The Arctic Council is the leading intergovernmental forum promoting cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the Arctic States, Arctic indigenous communities, and other Arctic inhabitants on common Arctic issues, in particular on issues of sustainable development and environmental protection in the Arctic. The following countries are members of the Arctic Council: Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, the Russian Federation, Sweden, and the United States. The work of the Council is primarily carried out in six Working Groups, including the Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP; https://arctic-council. org/index.php/en/acap-home) and the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP; https://www.amap.no/) Contact address: Fram Centre, Postboks 6606 Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway Email: [email protected]

Organizations—nongovernment • The Bellona Foundation (English: http://www.bellona.org; Norwegian: http://www.bellona.no) The Bellona Foundation is a multidisciplinary international environmental NGO based in Oslo. Bellona works with questions related to the clean-up of the Cold War legacy in Russia, the safety of the oil and gas industry in Russia and Europe, and fighting global warming. Address: P.O.Box 2141 Gru¨nerløkka, NO-0505 OSLO Visiting address: Vulkan 11 Tel: (147) 23 23 46 00 Email: [email protected] • The Standardization Organizations in Norway (Norwegian: http://www.standard.no; click on “English” to see English version) Standards Norway (SN), The Norwegian Electrotechnical Committee (NEK), and The Norwegian Post and Telecommunication Auth. (PT) are the three standards writing bodies in Norway.

Universities • The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) (English: https://www.nmbu.no/en; Norwegian: https://www.nmbu.no/) The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) is focused on higher education and research within environmental- and biosciences. NMBU focuses specifically on biology, food, environment, land use, and natural resource management. ˚S Address: P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 A ˚ Visiting address: Campus As: Universitetstunet 3 Tel: (147) 64 96 50 00 Email: [email protected] • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine educates veterinary surgeons and veterinary nurses, and carries out extensive research in veterinary medicine and related biomedical fields. Address: P.O. Box 8146 Dep, NO-0033 OSLO Visiting address: Campus Adamstuen: Ulleva˚lsveien 72, Oslo Tel: (147) 67 23 00 00 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) (English: https://www.ntnu.edu/; Norwegian: http://www.ntnu.no) The main toxicology unit at NTNU is the Environmental Toxicology group in the Department of Biology. NTNU has a 2 years international masters program in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Address: NTNU, NO-7491 TRONDHEIM Visiting address: Gløshaugen/Dragvoll Tel: (147) 73 59 50 00 Email: [email protected] • University of Bergen (English: http://www.uib.no/en; Norwegian: http://www.uib.no) Address: P.O.Box 7800, NO-5020 BERGEN Visiting address: Nyga˚rdshøyden/Haukeland Tel: (147) 55 58 00 00 Email: [email protected] • University of Oslo (UiO) (English: http://www.uio.no/english; Norwegian: http://www.uio.no) The University of Oslo is Norway’s largest and oldest institution of higher education.

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Legislation

The main toxicology unit at UiO is at the Department of Biosciences (section AQUA), but there is also toxicology research and lecturing at the School of Pharmacy. Address: P.O.Box 1072 Blindern, NO-0316 OSLO Visiting address: Problemv. 7 Tel: (147) 22 85 50 50 Email: [email protected] • Centre for Development and the Environment (English: http://www.sum.uio.no/english/) The Centre for Development and the Environment (Senter for utvikling og miljø, SUM), is primarily a research institution, established by the University of Oslo in 1990 in response to the report of the Brundtland Commission: Our Common Future. Address: P.O.Box 1116 Blindern, NO-0317 OSLO Visiting address: Sognsveien 68 Tel: (147) 22 85 89 00 Email: [email protected] • University of Tromsø (English: https://en.uit.no/startsida; Norwegian: https://uit.no/startsida) Arctic research is one of the University’s highest priorities. The Roald Amundsen Centre for Arctic Research is an umbrella organization for all those involved in Arctic research at the University, irrespective of faculty affiliation. The main objective of the Centre is to enhance Arctic research at the University of Tromsø.

Professional societies • The Norwegian Medical Association (NMA) (Norwegian: http://www.legeforeningen.no; click on “In English” to see English version) Address: 1152 Sentrum, NO-0107 OSLO Tel: (147) 23 10 90 00 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Biochemical Society (Norwegian: http://www.biokjemisk.com) Address: Tom Kristensen, General Secretary, IBV— University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 OSLO Tel: (147) 22 85 66 29 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Society of Pharmacology and Toxicology (NSFT) (Norwegian: http://www.nsft.net) The NSFT is the main organization for toxicology in Norway. It includes two specialty sections: one

for toxicology and one for basic pharmacology and clinical pharmacy. NSFT is responsible for the Norwegian committee for European Registered Toxicologists. Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Society for Pharmacoepidemiology (DURG Norway) (English: https://farmakoepinorge.wordpress. com/english/; Norwegian: https:// farmakoepinorge.wordpress.com/)

Poison control centers • Norwegian Poisons Information Centre (Norwegian: https://helsenorge.no/ Giftinformasjon; click on “Information in English” for English version) Address: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O.Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 OSLO Visiting address: Sandakerveien 24 C, 0450 OSLO Tel: (147) 22 59 13 00 Email: [email protected]

Legislation • Act relating to the Prevention of Fire, Explosion and Accidents involving Hazardous Substances and the Fire Services The Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection (DSB) (English: https://www.dsb.no/menyartikler/ english/) • Acts and regulations provided by the Ministry of Climate and Environment (English: http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ md/Documents-and-publications/Acts-andregulations.html?id 5 271041) • Regulations on Environmental Impact Assessment • Pollution Control Act • Environmental Information Act • Svalbard Environmental Protection Act • Product control act • Wildlife Act (http://www.ub.uio.no/ujur/ ulovdata/lov-19810529-038-eng.pdf) • Environmental Treaties and Resource Indicators (English: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/entri/) ENTRI is an online service for accessing multilateral environmental treaty data and country profiles.

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• Acts and regulations administered by the Labour Inspection Authority (English: https://www.arbeidstilsynet.no/en/) • Working Environment Act (Arbeidsmiljøloven) • Regulations relating to systematic health, environmental and safety activities in enterprises

Online databases and tools • Luftkvalitet.info (Norwegian only: http://luftkvalitet.info/home. aspx) The website is delivered by the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) and provides data to the public on urban air quality. • Matportalen (Norwegian: http://matportalen.no; click on “Information in English” (page bottom) to see English version) Matportalen, a “food portal,” provides consumeroriented information on food safety. The information is usually published in Norwegian, but some articles are in English. Email: [email protected] • SPIN database—Substances in preparations in the Nordic countries (English: http://spin2000.net/) SPIN is a database on the use of Substances in Products in the Nordic Countries. It is a public accessible database, which can be used free of charge. SPIN contains information on the chemicals that are used in the Nordic countries. The information includes quantities, industries in which it is used (NACE and national) and the function it is used for (USE Category). The database is based on data from the Product Registries of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. • State of the Environment Norway (English: http://www.environment.no; Norwegian: http://www.miljostatus.no) State of the Environment Norway provides updated information about the state and development of the environment. The Ministry of Climate and Environment has assigned the production of State of the Environment Norway to the environmental authorities. The Norwegian Environment Agency has the overall editorial responsibility and several environmental institutes contribute with data.

Miscellaneous resources • Fridtjof Nansen Institute (English only: http://www.fni.no) The Fridtjof Nansen Institute is an independent foundation engaged in research on international environmental, energy, and resource management politics. Address: P.O.Box 326, NO-1326 LYSAKER Visiting address: Fridtjof Nansens vei 17 Tel: (147) 671119 00 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) (Norwegian: http://www.nilu.no; click on “English” to see English version) The NILU is an independent research institute that conducts environmental research with an emphasis on the sources of airborne pollution, atmospheric transport, transformation, and deposition. NILU is also involved in the assessment of the effects of pollution on ecosystems, human health, and materials. A main priority for NILU is to provide scientific facts on the quantitative relationships between these factors, and at the same time make the results available in a user-friendly manner for decision-makers. Address: P.O.Box 100, NO-2027 KJELLER Visiting address: Instituttveien 18 Tel: (147) 63 89 80 00 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) (Norwegian: http://www.nina.no; click on “English” to see English version) The Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) is Norway’s leading institution for applied ecological research. NINA is responsible for longterm strategic research and commissioned applied research to facilitate the implementation of international conventions, decision-support systems, and management tools, as well as to enhance public awareness and promote conflict resolution. Address: P.O.Box 5685 Torgarden, N-7485 Trondheim Visiting address: Høgskoleringen 9 Tel: (147) 73 80 14 00 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) (English: https://www.niva.no/en; Norwegian: http://www.niva.no) The Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) is Norway’s leading multidisciplinary research institute in the field of use and protection

Miscellaneous resources

of water bodies and water quality, in fresh and marine waters. Address: Gaustadalle´en 21, NO-0349 OSLO Visiting address: Gaustadalle´en 21 Tel: (147) 22 18 51 00 Email: [email protected] • Nordic Institute of Dental Materials (English: http://www.niom.no) The Nordic Institute of Dental Materials is under the auspices of the Nordic Council of Ministers. The institutes main goal is to ensure that dental biomaterials used in the Nordic countries are safe to use and that they last as long as possible. Address: Sognsveien 70 A, N-0855 OSLO Visiting address: Sognsveien 70 A Tel: (147) 67 51 22 00 Email: [email protected] • The Fram Centre (English: https://framsenteret.no/english/; Norwegian: https://framsenteret.no/) FRAM—High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, is based in Tromsø. The FRAM Centre consist of 21 institutions that contribute to Norway’s management of the environment and natural resources in the north. Address: P.O.Box 6606 Langnes, NO-9296 TROMSØ Visiting address: Hjalmar Johansensgt. 14 Tel: (147) 77 75 02 00 Email: [email protected] • UNEP/GRID-Arendal (English: http://www.grida.no) GRID-Arendal is an official United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) center. The mission of GRID-Arendal is to provide environmental information, communications, and capacity building services for information management and assessment. GRID-Arendal provides analysis and supports communication on issues such as climate change, environment and poverty, environment and security, the urban environment, and sustainable development through education. Address: GRID-Arendal, ARENDAL

P.O.Box

183,

N-4802

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Visiting address: Teaterplassen 3 Tel: (147) 47 64 45 55 Email: [email protected] • Det Norske Veritas (DNV) (English: http://www.dnv.com; Norwegian: http://www.dnv.no) DNV is an independent foundation with the objective of safeguarding life, property, and the environment and is a provider of services for managing risk. Address: P.O.Box 300, NO-1322 HØVIK Visiting address: Veritasveien 1 Tel: (147) 67 57 99 00 Email: [email protected] • Norwegian Environmental Education Network (English: http://sustain.no; Norwegian: http:// miljolare.no) The network has been established in order to facilitate cooperation between schools, environmental authorities, research institutions, and NGOs. Sustain.no is a resource for promoting training in sustainable development at all levels. • Research Council of Norway (Norwegian: http://www.forskningsradet.no; click on “English” to see English version) The mandate of the Council is to promote and support basic and applied research in all areas of science, technology, medicine, and the humanities. Important goals include raising the general level of the understanding of research in society as a whole and supporting innovation in all sectors and branches of industry. The Research Council of Norway is a strategic body which identifies areas of special effort, allocates research funds, and evaluates the resulting research. The Council is the principal research policy adviser to the government, and it acts as a meeting place and network-builder for Norwegian research. Address: P.O.Box 564, NO-1327 LYSAKER Visiting address: Drammensveien 288, 0283 OSLO Tel: (147) 22 03 70 00 Email: [email protected]

C H A P T E R

27 Peru Monica G. Arana-Puse1 and Fanny L. Casado2 1

Institute of Omics and Applied Biotechnology (ICOBA), Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, San Miguel, Peru 2 Department of Engineering and Institute of Omics and Applied Biotechnology (ICOBA), Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, San Miguel, Peru

Introduction The large biodiversity of Peru presents many opportunities and challenges regarding proper characterization of plant and animal toxins from organisms living in the Pacific Ocean, coastal deserts such as the Sechura and Nasca, the Andes mountain range and the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. In addition, there are naturally occurring sources of heavy metals in the terrain that raise concerns of exposure to populations in rural areas. Manmade activities such as illegal mining activities, lead in paint and combustibles commercialized until 2004, agricultural overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, urban particulate pollution from aging cars, and improperly disposed residues from urban waste, fisheries, and the metalmechanic industry represent hotspots of concern regarding occupational and population-wide exposures. The country has a relatively young Ministry of Environment that is making sustained progress to coordinate efforts with the Ministries of Health, Production, and local governments to regulate activities and fund academic and industrial research to prevent and treat exposures in humans and the environment. A search done using the keyword “toxicology” on the national repository of academic production shows that by July 2018 most of the theses were produced from programs at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, which offers an undergraduate and a graduate degree in Toxicology.

ISBN: 978-9972-634-84-0 http://www.repositorio.cedro.org.pe/bitstream/ CEDRO/201/3/El_problema_de_las_Drogas.%C3% BAltima%20ver.pdf Book: Salud pu´blica en el Peru´ del siglo XX: paradigmas, discursos y polı´ticas (Public health in Peru of the twentieth-century: paradigms, discourses and policies) ISBN: 978-9972-832-89-5 http://ira.pucp.edu.pe/biblioteca/wp-content/ uploads/sites/4/2017/02/Salud-publica-en-el-perudel-siglo-XX.pdf Ciencia e Investigacio´n (Science and Research) Online ISSN: 1609-9044; Print ISSN: 1561-0861 http://revistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe/index. php/farma Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Peru´ (Journal of Veterinary Investigations of Peru) Online ISSN: 1682-3419; Print ISSN: 1609-9117 http://revistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe/index. php/veterinaria Revista de la Sociedad Peruana de Medicina Interna (Journal of the Peruvian Society of Internal Medicine) Online ISSN: 1609-7173 http://www.scielo.org.pe/pdf/rspmi/v20n1/ a07v20n1.pdf

Books and specialized scientific journals

Revista de la Sociedad Peruana de Quı´mica (Journal of the Peruvian Society of Chemistry) Print ISSN: 1810-634X http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script 5 sci_ serial&pid 5 1810-634X&lng 5 es

Book: El problema de las drogas en el Peru´—2015 (Book: The drug problem in Peru—2015)

Revista de Quı´mica (Journal of Chemistry) Online ISSN: 2518-2803; Print ISSN: 1012-3946

Resources

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00027-9

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Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/quimica/ article/view/4590 Revista Peruana de Biologı´a (Peruvian Journal of Biology) Online ISSN: 1727-9933; Print ISSN: 1561-0837 http://revistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe/index. php/rpb/index Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pu´blica (Peruvian Journal of Experimental Medicine and Public Health) Online ISSN: 1726-4642; Print ISSN: 1726-4634 http://www.rpmesp.ins.gob.pe/index.php/ rpmesp

Technical reports USDA Foreign Agricultural Service Global Agricultural Information Network Regulations and norms for the importation of food and agricultural products—Narrative Report of FAIRS Country 2016 http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/IR_Standards/ Import_Regulation/FoodandAgricultural ImportRegulationsandStandardsNarrative LimaPeru1262017.pdf Report Highlights: Updated sections: Pesticides and other pollutants; Biotechnological Products and Contacts of the Agency. The FAIRS Report is based on Peruvian regulations for the importation of food products. This report helps US exporters understand and comply with local import requirements and, consequently, facilitate trade between the United States and Peru. Instituto Transnacional (Transnational Institute) Primer: Reform of the Drug Law in Peru: basic guide (Reforma de la Ley de drogas en Peru´: Guı´a ba´sica) https://www.tni.org/es/publicacion/reforma-de-laley-de-drogas-en-peru-guia-basica#2 Direccio´n General de Epidemiologı´a—Peru (General Directorate of Epidemiology) Memoria de Gestio´n—2015—(Management Report—2015) http://www.dge.gob.pe/portal/docs/vigilancia/ boletines/2015/39.pdf Direccio´n General de Epidemiologı´a—Peru (General Directorate of Epidemiology) Tendencia de las intoxicaciones agudas por plaguicidas 2016 2017 (Trends of acute pesticide poisoning 2016 2017) http://www.dge.gob.pe/portal/docs/vigilancia/sala/ 2017/SE18/plaguicidas.pdf

Electronic resources Instituto Nacional de Estadı´stica e Informa´tica—INEI (National Institute of Statistics and Informatics) Estadı´sticas Ambientales (Environmental Statistics) https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/ boletines/estadisticas-ambientales.pdf Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologı´a e Innovacio´n Tecnolo´gica (CONCYTEC) (National Council of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation) ALICIA: Repositorio nacional digital de la produccio´n cientı´fica-tecnolo´gica (ALICIA: National digital repository of scientific and technological production) https://alicia.concytec.gob.pe/vufind/Search/Results? lookfor 5 toxicologia&type 5 AllFields&limit 5 20 &sort 5 relevance Instituto Nacional de Calidad (INACAL) (National Institute of Quality) Directorio de laboratorios de ensayos acreditados (Directory of accredited testing laboratorios) http://www.inacal.gob.pe/inacal/files/acreditacion/ LE/Directorio%20de%20Acreditados/Rev_449_ Directorio_LE_Acreditados_11_Marzo_2016.pdf

Government organizations and public agencies Ministerio del Ambiente (Ministry of the Environment) http://www.minam.gob.pe/ Address: Avenida Javier Prado Oeste 820, San Isidro, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-611-6000 Regulates sustainable use, conservation of natural resources, and environmental quality for the benefit of people and the environment in a normative, effective, decentralized, and articulated manner with participation of public and private organizations and civil society, within the framework of green growth and environmental governance. • Sistema Nacional de Informacio´n Ambiental (National System of Environmental Information) http://sinia.minam.gob.pe/ Direccio´n de Informacio´n e Investigacio´n Ambiental (Directorate of Information and Environmental Research) Address: Calle Los Nogales 236, San Isidro, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-611-6000 extension 2023 It constitutes a network of technological, institutional, and human resources integrated to facilitate the systematization, access, and distribution of environmental information, as well as its use and exchange

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to support decision-making processes and effective environmental management. • Entidad de Fiscalizacio´n Ambiental (EFA—OEFA) (Environmental Control Entity) https://www.oefa.gob.pe/ Address: Avenida Faustino Sa´nchez Carrio´n 603, 607, 615, Jesu´s Marı´a, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-204-9900 Public entity of national, regional, or local scope to enforce actions of environmental control, in a broad sense. Ministerio de Agricultura e Irrigacio´n (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation) www.minagri.gob.pe Address: Avenida La Universidad 200, La Molina, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-209-8600/ 1 511-209-8800 • Autoridad Nacional del Agua (ANA) (National Water Authority) http://www.ana.gob.pe/ Address: Calle Diecisiete 355, Urbanizacio´n El Palomar, San Isidro, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-224-3298 Governing body and the highest normative technical authority of the National Management System of Water Resources, which is a part of the National Environmental Management System. • Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria (SENASA) (National Agrarian Health Service) https://www.senasa.gob.pe/senasa/ Address: Avenida La Molina 1915, La Molina, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-313-3300 Official Authority in matters of agrarian health, quality of supplies, organic production, and agricultural food safety. • Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA) (National Institute of Natural Resources) http://www.minagri.gob.pe/portal/especial-ivcenagro/210-especiales/resultados-al-2008/1981instituto-nacional-de-recursos-naturales-inrena Address: Avenida Alameda del Corregidor 155, La Molina Phone: 1511-209-8600 Decentralized public organization that promotes the sustainable use of renewable natural resources, the conservation of wild biological diversity, and the sustainable management of the rural environment.

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Ministerio de la Produccio´n (Ministry of Production) https://www.produce.gob.pe/ Address: Calle Uno Oeste 060, Urbanizacio´n Co´rpac, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-616-2222 extension 2462 • Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES) (National Agency of Fisheries Health) http://www.sanipes.gob.pe/web/index.php/es/ acerca-de-sanipes/nosotros Address: Avenida Domingo Orue´ 165, piso 6, Surquillo, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-213-8570 It guarantees health and safety throughout the productive chain of fishing and aquaculture activities to protect life and public health, intervene through effective and timely surveillance, control, certification, and sanitary certification. • Instituto Tecnolo´gico de la Produccio´n (ITP) (Technological Institute of Production) https://www.itp.gob.pe/contacto/ Address: Avenida Repu´blica de Panama´ 3418, piso 5, Urbanizacio´n Limatambo, San Isidro, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-577-0116 and 1511-577-0118 With exclusive competency in the technical, regulatory, and surveillance aspects regarding the safety of food and fishery and aquaculture, through the direction of the National Fisheries Health Service—SANIPES Ministerio de Salud (Ministry of Health) http://www.minsa.gob.pe/ Address: Avenida Salaverry 801, Jesu´s Marı´a, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-315-6600 • Direccio´n General de Salud Ambiental e Inocuidad Alimentaria (DIGESA) (General Directorate of Environmental Health and Food Safety) http://www.digesa.minsa.gob.pe Address: Las Amapolas 350, Urbanizacio´n San Eugenio, Lince, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-631-4430 National agency responsible for the technical aspects of regulatory surveillance, super vigilance of physical, chemical, and biological external factors to the person and inspection in environmental health matters including: 1. water quality for human consumption, water for population and recreational use (beaches and pools), sanitary characteristics of supply systems and water sources for human consumption, water for population and recreational use; air (noise);

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2. toys and stationery; 3. solid waste management from health facilities, medical support services, and those generated in health campaigns; 4. cemeteries; crematoriums; transfer of corpses and human remains; exhumation, burial and cremation. In addition, it has responsibilities in matters of food safety including: 1. food and beverages intended for human consumption; 2. domestic or foreign additives produced industrially, with the exception of fish and aquaculture feeds; as well as other matters of competency established in the current regulations in accordance with national and international standards. It has the competency to grant, recognize rights, certifications, bring technical opinions, authorizations, permits and registrations within the framework of its competencies. It exercises the functions of the national environmental health authority and food safety. It is the last administrative instance in terms of its competency. • Direccio´n General de Medicamentos, Insumos y Drogas (DIGEMID) (General Directorate of Medicines, Medical Supplies and Drugs) http://www.digemid.minsa.gob.pe/ Address: Avenida Parque de las Leyendas 240, San Miguel, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-631-4300 Normative technical institution that guarantees access to safe, effective, and high-quality medicines, and rational use within the country. • Instituto Nacional de Salud (National Institute of Health) http://www.portal.ins.gob.pe/es/acerca-de-ins/ ins-c1/acerca-del-ins/identidad Address: Calle Ca´pac Yupanqui 1400, Jesus Marı´a, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-748-1111 Executive public institute dedicated to investigating priority health issues and proposing health-related technological advancement. • Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Proteccio´n del Ambiente para la Salud (CENSOPAS) (National Center of Occupational Health and Protection of the Environment for Health) http://www.portal.ins.gob.pe/es/censopas/ censopas-c1/centro-nacional-de-salud-ocupacionaly-proteccion-del-ambiente-para-la-salud/ informacion-general-censopas

Responsible for carrying out evaluations, investigations, and recommendations for the prevention of disease and damage to health due to economic activities that may affect the workers and the community. • Centro Nacional de Productos Biolo´gicos (CNPB) (National Centre of Biological Products) http://www.portal.ins.gob.pe/es/cnpb It produces immunoserums that are used for the treatment of spider and snake bites. It also produces the rabies vaccine for human and veterinary use, goat brucellosis vaccines and anthrax vaccine (carbuncle) for veterinary use, diagnostic reagents (for tuberculosis and plague), diagnostic serums (salmonella and cholerae), and diagnostic antigens for brucellosis. • Centro Nacional de Informacio´n de Medicamentos (CENADIM) (National Center for Information on Medicines) http://bvcenadim.digemid.minsa.gob.pe/ Address: Avenida Parque de las Leyendas 240, Urbanizacio´n Pando, San Miguel, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-631-4300 extension 6708 Ministerio Pu´blico—Fiscalı´a de la Nacio´n (Public Ministry—Office of the Public Prosecutor) Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forences (Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences) https://www.mpfn.gob.pe/ Address: Avenida Abancay cuadra 5 s/n, Cercado de Lima, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-625-5555 It performs expert reports, forensic investigations, and technical-scientific opinions of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences. It also advises attorneys and prosecutors in the specialty to support justice administration. Ministerio del Trabajo (Ministry of Labor) http://www2.trabajo.gob.pe/home/snil/listado-snil/ Address: Avenida Salaverry 655, Jesu´s Marı´a, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-630-6000 and 1511-630-6030 It promotes decent and productive employment, as well as compliance with labor and fundamental rights of the population by strengthening social dialogue, and the employability and protection of vulnerable groups within the framework of an institutional management model focused on the citizen. Superintendencia Nacional de Aduanas y de Administracio´n Tributaria (SUNAT) (National Superintendency of Customs and Tax Administration) http://www.sunat.gob.pe/

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Address: Avenida Garcilaso de la Vega 1472, Cercado de Lima, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-315-0730 and 0801-12-100 (free) This specialized technical agency with legal status under public law enjoys functional, technical, economic, financial, budgetary, and administrative autonomy. It regulates and enforces customs and taxes paperwork and collection.

Nongovernment organizations Centro de Informacio´n y Educacio´n para la Prevencio´n del Abuso de Drogas (CEDRO) (Center for Information and Education for the Prevention of Drug Abuse) Web: http://www.cedro.org.pe/ Address: Avenida Roca y Bolon˜a 271, Miraflores, Lima, Peru Fax.: 1511-446-0751; 1511-446-6682; 1511-446-7046; 1511-447-0748 Private institution whose purpose is to promote education and information in the different aspects of drug abuse by highlighting its causes and consequences. It works to reduce the vulnerability of the population, to confront drug-related issues including reduction of consumption, trafficking and abuse, and creates awareness in society. Pan-American Health Organization—Peruvian Office https://www.paho.org/per/ Address: Calle Los Pinos 251, Urbanizacio´n Camacho, La Molina, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-319-5700 The Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO), founded in 1902, is the oldest international public health agency in the world. It provides technical cooperation and mobilizes partnerships to improve health and quality of life in the countries of the Americas. PAHO is the specialized health agency of the Inter-American System and acts as the Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization (WHO). Together with WHO, PAHO is a member of the United Nations system.

Public and not-for-profit testing laboratories Laboratorio Quı´mico Toxicolo´gico—CENSOPAS—Instituto Nacional de Salud (Toxicological Chemical Laboratory—CENSOPAS— National Institute of Health) http://www.portal.ins.gob.pe/en/censopas/censopasc4/laboratorio-quimico-toxicologico Address: Calle Ca´pac Yupanqui 1400, Jesus Marı´a, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-748-1111

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This reference laboratory is in charge of carrying out evaluations, investigations, and recommendations for the prevention of disease and health damage due to economic activities that may affect the workers and the community. Provides specialized medical and psychological evaluation services for occupational and environmental exposure, as well as the assessment of occupational and environmental risks (physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial). Centro de Informacio´n, Control Toxicolo´gico y Apoyo a la Gestio´n Ambiental (CICOTOX)—Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquı´mica—Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Center for Information, Toxicological Control and Support to Environmental Management—Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry—National University of San Marcos) [email protected] Address: Jiro´n Puno 1002, Cercado de Lina, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-328-7398; 1511-619-7000 extension 4814; 0800-1-3040 (free) Fax: 1511-328-4740 The main objective of this center is to provide adequate, fast, and permanent service to health personnel and the community in general, in aspects related to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of poisoning by chemical substances. Evaluates the health risks of environmental pollutants, food, drugs of abuse, medical drugs, and others. Performs work and actions aimed at reducing the number of poisonings. Laboratorio de Toxicologı´a y Quı´mica Legal (LATOQUIL)—Ministerio Pu´blico—Fiscalı´a de la Nacio´n (Laboratory of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry— Public Ministry—Office of the Public Prosecutor) https://www.mpfn.gob.pe/iml/latoquil/ Address: Avenida Abancay Cdra 5 s/n, Cercado de Lima, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-625-5555/0800-00-205 (free) Its purpose is to perform tests and analytical tests on material test objects, such as biological samples and physical evidence, to determine the characteristics to certify them as means of proof or provide valuable information in the investigation and determination of the cause of death or some criminal act. It also performs sampling, survey, technical consultations, and expert opinions upon request. Unidad de Toxicologı´a Clı´nica (UNITOX)—Departamento de Emergencia—Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen (Clinical Toxicology Unit—Emergency Department— Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen National Hospital) [email protected]

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Address: Avenida Grau 800, La Victoria, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-324-2983 extensions 4034; 4035; 4037 Nonprofit health service created in 2004 committed to improve patients’ lives by helping them to overcome their addictive illness to different psychoactive substances and alcohol. Centro de Salud de Atencio´n Me´dica y Toxicolo´gica “Dr Rau´l Romero Torres”—Direccio´n Regional de Salud de Piura (Diresa—Piura)—Ministerio de Salud del Peru´ (Health Center for Medical and Toxicological Care “Dr Rau´l Romero Torres”—Regional Health Office of Piura—Ministry of Health of Peru) [email protected] [email protected] Address: Asentamiento Humano Tacala, Mz M Lote 1, Castilla, Piura, Peru

Universities offering toxicology-related programs Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos http://www.unmsm.edu.pe/ Address: Calle Germa´n Ame´zaga N 375—Edificio Jorge Basadre, Ciudad Universitaria, Cercado de Lima, Lima Peru Phone: 1511-619-7000 • Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquı´mica (Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry) http://farmacia.unmsm.edu.pe/index.php/ toxicologia/ Address: Jiro´n Puno 1002, Cercado de Lima, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-619-7000 extension 4826 Offers undergraduate and Master of Science in Toxicology Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia https://www.cayetano.edu.pe/cayetano/en/about-us • Escuela de Post Grado (Post Graduate School) Address: Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Urbanizacio´n Ingenierı´a, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru Phone: 1511-319-0000 extension 210207; 15116197700 extension 3437 Offers Master of Science in Epidemiology and a Diploma in Environmental Toxicology

Legislation Agrochemicals • Ley de Promocio´n del Manejo Integrado para el Control de Plagas. DECRETO LEY N 26744 (Law for the Promotion of Integrated Management of Pest Control)

https://docs.peru.justia.com/federales/leyes/ 26744-jan-11-1997.pdf • Ley General de Aguas. DECRETO LEY No 17752 % (General Law of Waters) http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/Sicr/Comisiones/ 2004/Ambiente_2004.nsf/Documentosweb/ 8C45B66E6815D2DE05256F320055052B/$FILE/ DL17752.pdf • Modificacio´n al Reglamento de la Ley General de Aguas. DECRETO SUPREMO No 007-83-SA % the General (Modification to the Bylaws from Law of Waters) http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/Sicr/Comisiones/ 2004/Ambiente_2004.nsf/Documentosweb/ C280BDBA4083E4A705256F320055046E/$FILE/ DS007-83-sa.pdf • Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento del Sistema Nacional de Plaguicidas de Uso Agrı´cola. DECRETO SUPREMO No 001-2015-MINAGRI % (Supreme Decree approving the Regulation of the National System of Pesticides for Agricultural Use) http://busquedas.elperuano.pe/normaslegales/ decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-delsistema-nacion-decreto-supremo-n-001-2015minagri-1194460-1/ Consumer products, raw materials, and drugs • Ley de Inocuidad de los Alimentos. DECRETO LEY N 1062 (Food Safety Law) http://www.digesa.minsa.gob.pe/compial/ archivos/dl_1062-2.pdf • Ley que fortalece la inocuidad de los alimentos industrializados y productos pesqueros y acuı´colas. DECRETO LEY N 1290 (Law to strengthen the safety of processed foods, fishery and aquaculture products) https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/normaslegales/ decreto-legislativo-que-fortalece-la-inocuidad-de-losalimen-decreto-legislativo-n-1290-1468465-5/ • Modificacio´n del Reglamento para el Registro, Control, y Vigilancia Sanitaria de productos farmace´uticos, dispositivos me´dicos y productos sanitarios. DECRETO SUPREMO No 016-2017-SA % (Modification to the Bylaws for Registration, Control, and Sanitary Surveillance of pharmaceutical products, medical devices and medical devices) http://busquedas.elperuano.pe/normaslegales/ modifican-reglamento-para-el-registro-control-yvigilancia-decreto-supremo-n-016-2017-sa-1529748-9/ • Ley de Control de Insumos Quı´micos y Productos Fiscalizados. DECRETO LEY N 28305 (Law for the Control of Chemical Supplies and Controlled Products)

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http://www.minam.gob.pe/wp-content/ uploads/2017/04/Ley-N%C2%B0-28305.pdf • Modificacio´n del Reglamento de la Ley de Control de Insumos Quı´micos y Productos Fiscalizados. DECRETO SUPREMO N 084-2006-PCM (Modification to the Bylaws for the Control of Chemical Supplies and Fiscalized Products) http://www2.produce.gob.pe/RepositorioAPS/ 2/jer/NORMDECRETOS/ds084-2006-pcm.pdf • Ley de Represio´n del Tra´fico Ilı´cito de Drogas. DECRETO LEY No 22095 % (Law for the Repression of Illicit Drug Trafficking) http://www.cicad.oas.org/ fortalecimiento_institucional/legislations/PDF/PE/ decreto_ley_22095.pdf • Norma Te´cnica sobre Prevencio´n y Tratamiento de Accidentes por Animales Ponzon˜osos (Technical Guidance for the Prevention and Treatment of Accidents by Poisoneous Animals) http://www.essalud.gob.pe/downloads/guias_emergencia_epidemiologica/normas_animales_ponzonosos.pdf Environment • Ley de Gestio´n Integral de Residuos So´lidos. DECRETO LEY N 1278

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(Law for the Integral Management of Solid Waste) http://www.minam.gob.pe/disposiciones/ decreto-legislativo-n-1278/ • Reglamento de la Ley de Gestio´n Integral de Residuos So´lidos—DECRETO SUPREMO N 0142017-MINAM (Bylaws of the Law for Integral Management of Solid Waste) http://www.minam.gob.pe/disposiciones/ decreto-supremo-n-014-2017-minam/ Labor • Ley de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo—DECRETO LEY No 29783 % (Occupational Health and Safety Law) http://www.trabajo.gob.pe/archivos/file/SNIL/ normas/2011-08-20_29783_1669.pdf • Modificacio´n del Reglamento de la Ley de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo, DECRETO SUPREMO No 016-2016-TR % of the Bylaws of the Occupational (Modification Health and Safety Law) https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/normaslegales/ modifican-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29783-leyde-seguridad-decreto-supremo-n-016-2016-tr1466666-6/

C H A P T E R

28 Poland Marek Banasik1, Todd Stedeford2 and Marek Murias3 1

Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (IPHEP), Warsaw, Poland 2Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., United States 3Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

Introduction The foundations of toxicology in Poland date back to the first academic lectures in this field in 1783 86. The lectures were given at the Main Crown School (established in 1364 as the Studium Generale and presently called the Jagiellonian University) in Cracow (Krako´w) by a physician and pharmacist named Jan Szaster (1746 93). Another important figure was Jo´zef Sawiczewski (1762 1825), who lectured on toxicology to students of pharmacy at the former Krako´w University (Jagiellonian University). Further developments in the field of toxicology in Poland were slowed down due to political reasons. Poland’s independence as a State was compromised by its partitioning among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795, which ultimately dissolved the State. In addition, the minimal amount of industrialization and lack of scientific laboratories didn’t favor the development of toxicology. After Poland regained its independence in 1918, the teaching of toxicology together with forensic medicine took place as part of medical and pharmaceutical education. Outside Warsaw (Warszawa) the teaching of toxicology was restricted to the methods of detection and identification of chemicals causing poisoning in people. Toxicological analysis was the most often practiced toxicology activity in Poland. This speciality was represented mostly by toxicological chemistry and forensic departments of pharmaceutical university faculties that worked on the needs of forensic medicine. Laboratory analyses outside academic centers were mostly performed by pharmacists. The development of experimental methods and testing equipment for toxicological analyses were more often conducted by specialist institutions, such as the National Institute of Hygiene

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00028-0

(http://www.pzh.gov.pl), the Institute of Forensic Research (currently The Prof. Dr. Jan Sehn Institute of Forensic Research; http://www.ies.krakow.pl), as well as university departments of forensic medicine. After World War II, Poland underwent intensive industrialization that resulted in new problems, especially in the field of industrial toxicology. Unfortunately, after the war there was a lack of laboratory space, laboratory equipment, and most importantly independent scientists, as the majority of researchers had been killed by German and Soviet invaders or had fled the country. As a result, the redevelopment of Poland progressed unguided by scientific influence, and the importance of basic research became an absent priority. However, with the increasing use of chemicals in agriculture, especially plant protection chemicals, fertilizers, and veterinary medicines, a revival in the need for toxicological research began with the Ministry of Health (present name; http://www.mz.gov.pl), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (present name; http://www.minrol.gov.pl), Ministry of Economy (present name; http://www.mgip.gov.pl), Ministry of Justice (http:// www.ms.gov.pl), and Ministry of National Defence (http://www.wp.mil.pl) founding their own research units. Institutes for occupational medicine and safety were established in Lublin (http://www.imw.lublin.pl), Ło´d´z (http://www.imp.lodz.pl), Sosnowiec (http:// www.imp.sosnowiec.pl), and Warszawa (http://www. ciop.pl). An additional developmental stimulus came from strong cooperation between toxicology research institutions and industry in the 1970s. Toxicology research is undertaken largely at medical colleges and governmental medical institutions, such as the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM;

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http://www.imp.lodz.pl) in Ło´d´z established in 1954. Its scientific division deals mostly with industrial toxicology and occupational pathology. In 1975 NIOM became a World Health Organization Collaborating Center in Occupational Health (http://www.whoocchealthccs.org). Nowadays it provides background research and expertise to the Ministry of Health and serves as an advisory body to the Ministry of the Environment (http://www.mos.gov.pl) and various governmental agencies, as well as to local administrations, trade unions, and industry. Also, NIOM organizes numerous courses for toxicologists. In Poland intoxications are mainly caused by ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, drugs, drugs of abuse, and so-called new psychoactive substances (NPS). The intoxications caused by carbon monoxide and mushrooms occur seasonally (winter and autumn, respectively). Intoxications caused by pesticides, heavy metals, or other factors are rare. As a response to the growing problem of poisonings, numerous centers for clinical toxicology were created. They are supported by clinical as well as forensic toxicological laboratories. The first organization of Polish toxicologists was the Toxicological Section of the Polish Pharmacological Society (PPS; http://www.ptf.info.pl/) formed in 1966. The main toxicological interests of PPS were acute and chronic poisonings, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of medicines, drug addiction, clinical research of medicine poisonings, and toxicological evaluation of new medicines. In the course of time, the scope of research and toxicological problems began to exceed the interests of the Toxicological Section of PPS. Therefore on March 8, 1978 the Polish Society of Toxicology (PST) was established. PST is an interdisciplinary scientific society working under the aegis of the Polish Academy of Sciences (http://www.pan.pl). It comprises 11 regional sections gathering over 300 members—persons working in experimental and practical toxicology. PST is a member of the Federation of European Toxicologists and European Societies of Toxicology (EUROTOX; http://www.eurotox.com) and the International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX; http://www.iutox.org). The scientific meetings are organized by PST every 3 years; moreover, yearly meetings of forensic toxicologists are organized. In Poland toxicologists are recruited mostly from pharmacists, physicians, chemists, veterinarians, and graduates of medical diagnostics. After the collapse of communism and the recovery of Poland’s full independence in 1989, research in toxicology began to flourish. The information that follows in the resources section is reflective of Poland’s commitment to toxicological research and continued growth.

Resources Books written by Polish authors Ball S. (1998) ˙ Food Toxicology without Secrets (Toksykologia zywno´ sci bez tajemnic) Oficyna Wydawnicza Medyk: Warszawa ISBN: 83-87340-55-3 Biziuk M. (ed.) (2001) Pesticides: Occurrence, Analysis and Disposal (Pestycydy wyste˛powanie oznaczanie i unieszkodliwianie) Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Techniczne Warszawa ISBN: 83-204-2663-4 Bogdanik T. (ed.) (1988) Clinical Toxicology (Toksykologia kliniczna) Pa´nstwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich: Warszawa ISBN: 83-200-1326-7 Brandys J. (ed.) (1999) Toxicology—Select Problems (Toksykologia—wybrane zagadnienia) ´ Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego: Krako´w ISBN: 83-233-1267-2 Brodecki Z. (ed.) (2005) Environmental Protection (Ochrona s´rodowiska) Wydawnictwo Prawnicze LexisNexis, Warszawa ISBN: 83-7334-389-X Chomiczewski K., Kocik J., Szkoda M.T. (2002) Bioterrorism—Principles of Medical Procedure (Bioterroryzm—zasady poste˛powania lekarskiego) Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL: Warszawa ISBN: 83-200-2684-9 Gajewski P. (ed.) (2017) Szczeklik’s Internal Medicine (Interna Szczeklika 2017) ´ chapter: Klimaszk D. and Kołacinski Z.: Zatrucia (Intoxications) Medycyna Praktyczna Krako´w ISBN: 978-83-7430-517-4 Gubała W. (1997) Toxicology of Alcohol—Select Problems (Toksykologia alkoholu—wybrane zagadnienia) Wydawnictwo Instytutu Ekspertyz Sa˛dowych: Krako´w ISBN: 83-87425-05-2 Hanke J., Piotrowski J.K. (1984) Biochemical Principles of Toxicology (Biochemiczne podstawy toksykologii) ´ Panstwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich: Warszawa ISBN: 83-200-0745-3

Resources

Jakubowski M. et al. (1994) Dictionary of Toxicological Terms—Polish Definitions and Their English Counterparts (Słownik termino´w stosowanych w toksykologii—definicje polskie i odpowiedniki angielskie) Wydawnictwo i Drukarnia “Secesja”: Krako´w ISBN: 83-86077-32-8 ´ Jasinska-Zubelewicz E.J. (1996) Ergonomics—Industrial and Environmental Toxicology— Choice of Texts (Ergonomia—toksykologia przemysłowa i s´rodowiskowa—wybo´r teksto´w), 2nd Edition (improved) Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej: Warszawa ISBN: 83-86569-56-5 Kowalska T., Sajewicz M., Sherma J. (2018) Chromatographic Techniques in the Forensic Analysis of Designer Drugs—1st Edition CRC Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN 978-11-3803-328-3 ´ Łebkowska M., Załeska-Radziwiłł M., Słomczynska B. (2004) Environmental Toxicology—Laboratory Exercises— Collective Work (Toksykologia s´rodowiska—´cwiczenia laboratoryjne—praca zbiorowa), 2nd Edition Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej: Warszawa ISBN: 83-7207-102-0 Mazur E. (1999) Dictionary of Ecology and Environmental Protection (Słownik ekologii i ochrony s´rodowiska), 2nd Edition ´ Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego: Szczecin ISBN: 83-85798-74-9 Nikonorow M., Urbanek-Karłowska B. (1987) ˙ Food Toxicology (Toksykologia zywno´ sci), 2nd Edition (improved and updated) Pa´nstwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich: Warszawa ISBN: 83-200-1108-6 Pacha J. (ed.) (2009) Clinical Toxicology (Zarys Toksykologii Klinicznej) ´ Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego Krako´w ISBN: 978-83-233-2717-2 Piotrowski J.K. (ed.) (2006) Principles of Toxicology—Compendium for College Students— Collective Work (Podstawy toksykologii -kompendium dla studento´w szko´ł wy˙zszych—praca zbiorowa) Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne: Warszawa ISBN: 83-204-3122-0 Piotrowski J.K., Byczkowska Z. (eds.) (1993) Toxicometry and Organ Toxicology (Toksykometria i toksykologia narza˛dowa)

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Vol. 1 of Industrial Toxicology (Toksykologia przemysłowa), Indulski J.A., Piotrowski J.K. (eds.) Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra med. J. Nofera: Ło´d´z ISBN: 83-86052-007 ´ Senczuk W. (ed.) (2002) Toxicology—Textbook for Students, Physicians, and Pharmacists (Toksykologia—podre˛cznik dla studento´w, lekarzy i farmaceuto´w), 4th Edition Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL: Warszawa ISBN: 83-200-2648-2 ´ Senczuk W. (ed.) (2005) Contemporary Toxicology (Toksykologia wspo´łczesna) Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL: Warszawa ISBN: 83-200-3128-1 Starek A. (2007) Organ Toxicology (Toksykologia narzadowa) Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL: Warszawa ISBN: 83-200-3314-4 Szukalski B. (1997) Drugs of Abuse—Methods of Analysis (Metody analizy s´rodko´w uzalezniaja˛cych) Instytut Psychiatrii I Neurologii ISBN: 83-85705-29-5 Szukalski B. (2005) Narcotics (Narkotyki) Instytut Psychiatrii I Neurologii Warszawa ISBN: 83-85705-73-2 Strzałko J., Mossor-Pietraszewska T. (eds.) (2003) Compendium of Knowledge about Ecology (Kompendium wiedzy o ekologii), 3rd Edition Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN: Warszawa ISBN: 83-01-13589-1 Szumska M., Tyrpirn´ K. (2011) Biomonitoring of Xenobiotics—Selected Problems (Biomonitoring ksenobiotyko´w— wybrane zagadnienia) MedPharm Polska ISBN: 978-83-62283-78-1 Tra˛bka-Kostka E., Woron´ J. (2006) Interactions of Drugs in Clinical Practice (Interakcje leko´w w praktyce klinicznej) Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL Warszawa ISBN: 978-83-200-3636-7 Wasielewski M., Dawydow W. (2008) ´ Safety in Chemical Laboratory (Bezpieczenstwo w pracowni chemicznej) Wydawnictwo Naukowo-techniczne Warszawa ISBN: 978-83-204-3433-0

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Zawilska J., Wojcieszak J., Andrzejczak D. (2016) Desinger Drugs and OTC Medicines—the new players on the market of psychoactive substances. (Dopalacze I leki OTC— nowi gracze na scenie zwia˛zko´w psychoaktywnych) Polska Akademia Nauk, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi Warszawa ISBN: 978-83-63305-32-1 Zwo´zdziak J. (ed.) (2002) Man, Environment, Threat (Człowiek, s´rodowisko, zagrozenie) Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej: Wrocław ISBN: 83-7085-632-2

Journals Acta Biochimica Polonica (1954 ) Polish Academy of Sciences Committee of Biochemistry and Biophysics (Komitet Biochemii i Biofizyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk): Warszawa ISSN: 0001-527X Email: [email protected] Web: https://ojs.ptbioch.edu.pl/index.php/abp/ A quarterly journal of the Polish Biochemical Society (http://www.ptbioch.edu.pl) and the Committee of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences covering enzymology and metabolism, membranes and bioenergetics, gene structure and expression, protein, nucleic acid, and carbohydrate structure and metabolism. It publishes research articles, short communications, review articles, and book reviews. This journal is supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica—Drug Research (1990 ) Polish Pharmaceutical Society: Warszawa ISSN: 0001-6837 Web: http://www.actapoloniaepharmaceutica.pl/#/pl http://www.actapoloniaepharmaceutica.pl/#/en A bimonthly journal that publishes peer-reviewed articles on all pharmaceutical topics. It is a continuation of “Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica” (ISSN: 00016837; 1937 39 and 1947 89). Acta Toxicologica (2003 07) Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Publishing House: Ło´d´z ISSN: 1731-6383 Web: http://agro.icm.edu.pl/agro/element/bwmeta1. element.agro-journal-53984130-a42e-41d3-b101f6abcd3baa01 http://agro.icm.edu.pl/agro/ element/bwmeta1.element.agro-journal-53984130a42e-41d3-b101-f6abcd3baa01 A biyearly journal of the Polish Society of Toxicology. It is a continuation of “Acta Poloniae Toxicologica”

(ISSN: 1230-6967; 1993 2002). This is the only journal published in Poland and the whole of Central Europe devoted entirely to the field of toxicology. The major research topics of the journal are experimental and clinical toxicology, ecotoxicology, metabolism of xenobiotics, and toxicological analytics. This journal was financially supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. The last issue of the journal was published in 2007. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine (AAEM) (1994 ) Institute of Agricultural Medicine: Lublin ISSN: 1232-1966 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.aaem.pl AAEM is published semiannually. It publishes peerreviewed articles on the following research topics: diseases associated with agriculture, forestry, and the food-industry; health effects of chemical pollutants; work-related accidents; problems of occupational hygiene; occupational disease prevention; methods of monitoring biohazards; and occupational and nonoccupational environmental factors of importance for human health and disease. Bromatology and Toxicological Chemistry (Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna) (1968 ) Polish Pharmaceutical Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Farmaceutyczne): Warszawa ISSN: 0365-9445 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.bromatologiaichemiatoksykologiczna. pl/#/pl http://www.bromatologiaichemiatoksyko logiczna.pl/#/en A quarterly journal, in Polish with English versions of the abstracts, devoted to problems of health and environmental protection. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health (1994 ) Nofer Institiute of Occupational Medicine and Polish Association of Occupational Medicine: Ło´d´z ISSN: 1232-1087 Email: [email protected] Web: http://ijomeh.eu/ First published under the title “Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine” (ISSN: 0860-6536; 1988 90), and then as “Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health” (ISSN: 0867-8383; 1991 93). This quarterly journal publishes peer-reviewed articles addressing a variety of issues including, but not limited to, the following: occupational and environmental health policy, toxicology and mutagenesis, epidemiology, carcinogenesis, etc.

Resources

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (JOSE) (1995 ) Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute: Warszawa ISSN: 1080-3548 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tose20/current A peer-reviewed quarterly journal that publishes articles on a broad range of issues relating to occupational safety and ergonomics, including hazardous chemical, physical, and biological agents; new technologies for collective and individual protection; criteria and requirements of occupational safety and ergonomics and quality; studies of human psychophysical abilities; etc. Volumes 1 and 2 were published under the same title and ISSN by Ablex Publishing Corporation (Norwood, NJ, USA). Occupational Medicine (Medycyna Pracy) (1950 ) Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. Prof. J. Nofera i Polskie Towarzystwo Medycyny Pracy): Ło´d´z ISSN: 0465-5893 Email: [email protected] Web: http://medpr.imp.lodz.pl/ http://medpr.imp. lodz.pl/en This bimonthly journal, published in Polish with English versions of the abstracts, is primarily addressed to occupational physicians and industrial hygienists. It covers the following topics: occupational pathology; physical, chemical, and biological hazards; toxicology and mutagenesis; health policy; management and organization of healthcare; and epidemiology. Polish Journal of Ecology (1998 ) Institute of Ecology Publishing Office (Oficyna Wydawnicza Instytutu Ekologii): Dziekano´w Le´sny ISSN: 1505-2249 Email: [email protected] Web: https://miiz.waw.pl/pl/wydawnictwa/polishjournal-of-ecology https://miiz.waw.pl/en/ wydawnictwa/polish-journal-of-ecology A quarterly journal that until 1997 appeared under the title “Ekologia Polska” (ISSN: 0420-9036; 1953 97). It is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original scientific papers dealing with all aspects of ecology, both fundamental and applied, physiological ecology, ecology of population, community, landscape, as well as global ecology. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies (1992 ) HARD: Olsztyn ISSN: 1230-1485 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.pjoes.com

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A bimonthly peer-reviewed journal that publishes original papers and critical reviews on a wide range of topics, including the following: environmental pollution research, environmental engineering, determination of harmful substances, analytical methods, circulation of pollutants, hazards to human health and safety, land reclamation, etc.

Organizations (government) Government Institutions Central Statistical Office al. Niepodległo´sci 208 00-925 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-608-3000 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.stat.gov.pl http://stat.gov.pl/en/ Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development ul. Wspo´lna 30 00-930 Warszawa Phone: 148-222-500-118 Fax: 148-22-623-2750/ 1 48-22-623-2751 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.gov.pl/rolnictwo/ General Veterinary Inspectorate ul. Wspo´lna 30 00-930 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-62-31-717 Fax: 148-22-623-1408 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.wetgiw.gov.pl https://www.wetgiw.gov.pl/english/index Ministry of Development ˙ 3/5 pl. Trzech Krzyzy 00-507 Warszawa Phone: 148-222-500-123 Web: https://www.gov.pl/web/rozwoj/ Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection ul. Konwaliowa 7 03-194 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-811-0011 Fax: 148-22-811-0011 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.clor.waw.pl National Centre for Nuclear Research Radioisotope Centre POLATOM ´ ul. Andrzeja Sołtana 7; 05-400 Otwock-Swierk Phone: 148-222-731-700 Fax: 148-227-180-350 Web: https://www.polatom.pl/ https://www. polatom.pl/en

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National Centre for Nuclear Research ´ ul. Andrzeja Sołtana 7; 05-400 Otwock-Swierk Phone: 148-222-731-001 Fax: 148-227-793-481 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.ncbj.gov.pl/centrumdoskonalosci-manhaz https://www.ncbj.gov.pl/en “MANHAZ” Management of Health and Environmental Hazards ´ ul. Andrzeja Sołtana 7; 05-400 Otwock-Swierk Phone: 148-222-731-001 Fax: 148-227-793-481 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.ncbj.gov.pl/centrum-doskonaloscimanhaz https://www.ncbj.gov.pl/en/manhazexcellence-centre Pharmaceutical Research Institute ul. Rydygiera 8 01-793 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-456-3900 Fax: 148-22-456-3838 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ifarm.eu http://www.ifarm.eu/index_en.php Ministry of Health ul. Miodowa 15 00-952 Warszawa Phone: 148-222-500-146 Web: https://www.gov.pl/zdrowie Bureau for Chemical Substances ul. Dowborczyko´w 30/34 90-019 Ło´d´z Phone: 148-422-538-400/401 Fax: 148-422-538-444 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.chemikalia.gov.pl https://www. chemikalia.gov.pl/home.html Chief Sanitary Inspectorate ul. Targowa 65 03-729 Warszawa Phone: 148-225-361-300 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.gis.gov.pl Health Care Information Systems Centre ul. Stanisława. Dubois 5A 00-184 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-597-0927 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.csioz.gov.pl Institute of Agricultural Medicine

ul. Jaczewskiego 2 20-090 Lublin Phone: 148-81-718-4400 Fax: 148-81-747-8646 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.imw.lublin.pl Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health ul. Ko´scielna 13 41-200 Sosnowiec Phone: 148-32-634-1282 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.imp.sosnowiec.pl National Bureau for Drug Prevention ul. Dereniowa 52/54 02-776 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-641-1501 Fax: 148-22-641-1565 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.kbpn.gov.pl/portal https://www.kbpn.gov.pl/portal?id 5 75967 National Food and Nutrition Institute ´ ul. Powsinska 61/63 02-903 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-842-2171 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.izz.waw.pl http://www.izz.waw. pl/en/ National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene ul. Chocimska 24 00-791 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-542-1400 Fax: 148-22-849-3513/48-22-849-7484 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.pzh.gov.pl http://www.pzh.gov.pl/en/ National Medicines Institute ul. Chełmska 30/34 00-725 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-851-4369/48-22-851-4496 Fax: 148-22-841-0652 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.nil.gov.pl/ Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine ´ Teresy od Dziecia˛tka Jezus 8 ul. Sw. 91-348 Ło´d´z Phone: 148-42-631-4502 Fax: 148-42-656-8331 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.imp.lodz.pl http://www.imp.lodz.pl/home_en/

Resources

Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices, and Biocides Al. Jerozolimskie 181C 02-222 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-492-1100 Fax: 148-22-492-1109 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.urpl.gov.pl http://www.urpl.gov.pl/en Chief Pharmaceutical Inspectorate ul. Senatorska 12 00-082 Warszawa Phone: 148-226-359-966 Fax: 148-228-310-244 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.gif.gov.pl http://www.gif.gov.pl/en The State Agency for the Prevention of Alcohol-Related Problems Al. Jerozolimskie 155 02-326 Warszawa Phone: 148-222-506-325 Fax: 148-222-506-360 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.parpa.pl http://parpamail.nazwa.pl/parpa_en/ Ministry of Justice Al. Ujazdowskie 11 00-950 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-521-2888 Web: http://www.ms.gov.pl https://www.ms.gov.pl/en/about-the-ministryof-justice/ The Prof. Dr. Jan Sehn Institute of Forensic Research ul. Westerplatte 9 31-033 Krako´w Phone: 148-126-185-700 Fax: 148-12-422-3850 Email: [email protected] Web: http://ies.krakow.pl/ Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy ul. Nowogrodzka 1/3/5 00-513 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-250-0108 Web: https://www.mpips.gov.pl/ https://www.mpips.gov.pl/en/ Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute ul. Czerniakowska 16 00-701 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-623-3698 Fax: 148-22-623-3693

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Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ciop.pl http://www.ciop.pl/en Ministry of National Defence Al. Niepodległo´sci 218 00-911 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-250-0150 Web: https://www.gov.pl/web/obrona-narodowa Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry ul. gen. A. Chru´sciela “Montera” 105 00-910 Warszawa Phone: 148-261-814-120 Fax: 148-225-169-990 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.wichir.waw.pl Military Institute of Medicine ul. Szasero´w 128 04-141 Warszawa Phone: 148-261-817-666 Web: http://www.wim.mil.pl The General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology ul. Kozielska 4 01-163 Warszawa Phone: 148-261-853-101 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.wihe.waw.pl Ministry of the Environment ul. Wawelska 52/54 00-922 Warszawa Phone: 148-223-692-900 Web: http://www.mos.gov.pl https://www.mos.gov.pl/en Environmental Information Centre ul. Wawelska 52/54 00-922 Warszawa Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ekoportal.pl Forest Research Institute ul. Braci Le´snej 3 Se˛kocin Stary 05-090 Raszyn Phone: 148-22-715-0300/48-22-715-0301 Fax: 148-22-720-0397 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ibles.pl http://www.ibles.pl/en/web/guest/home Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas ul. S. Kossutha 6 40-844 Katowice Phone: 148-32-254-60-31 Fax: 148-32-254-17-17

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Email: [email protected] Web: https://ietu.pl/ https://ietu.pl/en Institute of Environmental Protection ul. Krucza 5/11d 00-548 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-37-50-525 Fax: 148-22-37-50-501 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ios.edu.pl Institute of Meteorology and Water Management—National Research Institute ul. Podle´sna 61 01-673 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-569-4100 Fax: 148-22-834-1801 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.imgw.pl http://www.imgw.pl/en Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control ul. Wawelska 52/54 00-922 Warszawa Phone: 148-223-692-472 Email: [email protected] Web: http://ippc.mos.gov.pl/ippc/ http://ippc.mos.gov.pl/ippc/?id 5 245 National Atomic Energy Agency ul. Bonifraterska 17 00-203 Warszawa Phone: 148-226-282-722 Fax: 148-226-213-786 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.paa.gov.pl Polish Geological Institute ul. Rakowiecka 4 00-975 Warszawa Phone: 148-224-592-000 Fax: 148-224-592-001 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.pgi.gov.pl https://www.pgi.gov.pl/en/ State Inspectorate for Environmental Protection ul. Wawelska 52/54 00-922 Warszawa Phone: 148-223-692-226 Fax: 148-228-250-465 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.gios.gov.pl/pl/ http://www.gios.gov.pl/en/ The National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management ul. Konstruktorska 3a

02-673 Warszawa Phone: 148-224-590-000, 148-224-590-001 Fax: 148-224-590-101 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.nfosigw.gov.pl http://www.nfosigw.gov.pl/en/ Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS) Pałac Kultury i Nauki pl. Defilad 1 P.O. Box 24 00-901 Warszawa Phone: 148-221-826-000 Fax: 148-221-827-050 Email: [email protected] Web: https://institution.pan.pl/ Centre for Ecological Research PAS ul. M. Konopnickiej 1 Dziekano´w Le´sny 05-092 Łomianki Phone: 148-22-751-3046 Fax: 148-22-751-3100 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.cbe-pan.pl Institute of Environmental Engineering PAS ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 34 41-819 Zabrze Phone: 148-32-271-6481 Fax: 148-32-271-74-70 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ipis.zabrze.pl http://ipis.pan.pl/en/ Institute of Nature Conservation PAS al. A. Mickiewicza 33 31-120 Krako´w Phone: 148-126-322-221 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.iop.krakow.pl Institute of Pharmacology PAS ul. Sme˛tna 12 31-343 Krako´w Phone: 148-126-623-220, 148-126-374-022 Fax: 148-12-637-4500 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl http://if-pan.krakow.pl/en/ European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology PAS ul. Tylna 3 90-364 Ło´d´z Phone: 148-42-681-7007 Fax: 148-42-681-3069 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.erce.unesco.lodz.pl/

Resources

Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute PAS ul. J. Wybickiego 7A 31-261 Krako´w Phone: 148-12-632-3300 Fax: 148-12-632-3524 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.min-pan.krakow.pl http://www.min-pan.krakow.pl/en/ Institute of Agricultural and Forest Environment PAS ul. Bukowska 19 60-809 Poznan´ Phone: 148-61-847-5601 Fax: 148-61-847-3668 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.isrl.poznan.pl/pl/ http://www.isrl.poznan.pl/en/

Organizations (nongovernment) Institute for Sustainable Development Foundation ul. L. Nabielaka 15/1 00-743 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-851-0402 Fax: 148-22 851-0400 Web: http://www.ine-isd.org.pl http://www.ine-isd.org.pl/english/ An independent nongovernmental and nonprofit organization, whose main target of activity is implementation and dissemination of the sustainable development concept in Poland. It focuses on economic, legal, social, and political issues in connection with environmental protection; it collaborates with the Polish parliament, with state administrations as well as local governments and nongovernmental ecological movements. Klon/Jawor Association (Stowarzyszenie Klon/Jawor) ul. Szpitalna 5/5 00-031 Warszawa Phone: 148 22-828-9128 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.klon.org.pl http://www.klon.org.pl/english A nongovernmental organization that supports the Polish voluntary sector by collecting and disseminating information. The Association administrates the portal “ngo.pl—Portal of NonGovernment Organizations” (ngo.pl—Portal Organizacji Pozarza˛dowych; http:// www.ngo.pl). League of Nature Conservation (Liga Ochrony Przyrody) Zarza˛d Gło´wny (Head Office) ul. Tamka 37/2

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00-355 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-828-8171 Fax: 148-22-828-6580 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.lop.org.pl An independent organization, established in 1928, that promotes the protection of nature. Polish Association of Cosmetic and Detergent Industry ´ ul. Chałubinskiego 8 00-613 Warszawa Phone: 148-226-255-782 Email: [email protected] Web: https://kosmetyki-detergenty.pl/ https://kosmetyki-detergenty.pl/en/ A public interest organization that promotes, develops, and protects the business of the cosmetics and home care industry in Poland. Polish Chamber of Chemical Industry ´ ul. Sniadeckich 17 00-654 Warszawa Phone: 148-228-287-506, 148-228-287-507 Fax: 148-222-034-378 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.pipc.org.pl http://www.pipc.org.pl/en Represents chemical companies towards domestic and foreign government and nongovernment organizations. The Chamber is authorized to represent the chemical industry on an international forum. Polish Chamber of Pharmaceutical Industry and Medical Devices POLFARMED ul. Łucka 2/4/6 00-845 Warszawa Phone: 148-226-545-351, 148-226-545-352 Fax: 148-226-545-420 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.polfarmed.pl Voluntary and self-governing organization of enterprises operating in the fields of production of medicinal products, medical devices, as well as introducing medicaments and medical devices in the territory of Poland and operating in the fields of manufacturing raw materials, appliances for their production, and servicing of medical devices. Polish Ecology Chamber ul. Warszawska 3 40-009 Katowice Phone: 148-322-535-155, 148-501-052-979 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.pie.pl

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A voluntary, self-governing organization of enterprises operating in the field of environmental protection in Poland. Environmental Partnership Foundation Rondo Mogilskie 1/226 31-516 Krako´w Phone: 148-124-302-443, 148-124-302-465 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.fpds.pl/pl http://www.fpds.pl/en Partnership that helps the public sector and civil society groups implement sustainable development in specific regions, promote the development of sustainable tourism, support local authorities with establishing initiatives aimed at reducing greenhouse gases, etc. Foundation for Energy Efficiency ul. Rymera 3/4 40-048 Katowice Phone: 148-322-035-114 Fax: 148-322-035-114 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.fewe.pl http://fewe.pl/en/ An independent nongovernmental and not-for-profit organization. Undertakes the mission of promoting the efficient use of energy and environment-friendly energy production. Initiates and participates in drafting policy goals in the field of efficient energy use. Polish Green Network ´ ul. Raszynska 32/44 02-026 Warszawa Phone: 148-228-920-086 Fax: 148-228-920-614 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.zielonasiec.pl http://www.zielonasiec.pl/en/ Promotes sustainable development through a variety of activities, including coordinating the work of regional information centers; participating in creating laws, politics, strategies, and programs; carrying out public monitoring of management of public funds and access to information; and organizing seminars, workshops, and conferences. Waste Prevention Association 3R Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.otzo.most.org.pl A registered nongovernmental and nonprofit environmental organization. Promotes clean production methodology, waste reduction at source, and environmentfriendly waste management, including segregation and recycling, as well as rational utilization of “historical” waste.

Universities AGH University of Science and Technology al. Mickiewicza 30 30-059 Krako´w Phone: 148-126-172-222; 148-126-173-333 Web: http://www.agh.edu.pl/ https://www.agh.edu.pl/en/ Chair of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecology ´ (Zespo´ł Biotechnologii Srodowiskowej I Ekologii)— https://skos.agh.edu.pl/jednostka/akademia-gorniczohutnicza-im-stanislawa-staszica-w-krakowie/wydzialgeodezji-gorniczej-i-inzynierii-srodowiska/katedrageoinformacji-fotogrametrii-i-teledetekcji-srodowiska/ zespol-biotechnologii-srodowiskowej-i-ekologii-482.html Laboratory of Environmental Sciences (Katedra ´ Nauk o Srodowisku)—http://home.agh.edu.pl/Bknos; http://home.agh.edu.pl/Bknos/homeang.html Department of Environmental Protection (Katedra ´ Ochrony Srodowiska)—http://www.ochrsrod.agh.edu. pl/ University of Life Sciences in Lublin ul. Akademicka 13 20-950 Lublin Phone: 148-814-456-622; 148-814-456-677 Fax: 148-815-333-549 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.up.lublin.pl/ http://www.up.lublin.pl/english Chair of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry ´ (Katedra Chemii Rolnej i Srodowiskowej)—http:// www.up.lublin.pl/3783/?id 5 100 Chair of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry (Katedra ˙ Biochemii i Chemii Zywno´ sci)—http://www.up. lublin.pl/struktura-organizacyjna/?id 5 86 Chair of Biochemistry and Toxicology (Katedra Biochemii i Toksykologii)—http://www.up.lublin.pl/ struktura-organizacyjna/?id 5 88 Department of Analysis and Evaluation of Food ˙ Quality (Katedra Analizy i Oceny Jako´sci Zywno´ sci)— http://www.up.lublin.pl/struktura-organizacyjna/? id 5 404 ´ University of Technology Gdansk ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12 ´ 80-233 Gdansk Phone: 148-583-471-100 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.pg.gda.pl https://pg.edu.pl/welcome?p_l_id 5 52858455&p_ v_l_s_g_id 5 0& Centre of Excellence in Environmental Analysis and Monitoring—http://www.pg.gda.pl/chem/ CEEAM/

Resources

Jagiellonian University in Krako´w ul. Gołe˛bia 24 31-007 Krako´w Phone: 148-126-631-401 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.uj.edu.pl http://www.en.uj.edu.pl/en Chair of Toxicology and Environmental Diseases ´ (Katedra Toksykologii i Choro´b Srodowiskowych)— http://www.toksy-alergo.cm-uj.krakow.pl/indexfw. php Department of Environmental Chemistry (Zakład ´ Chemii Srodowiska)—http://www.chemia.uj.edu.pl/ wydzial/zaklady/zchs Ecotoxicology and Stress Ecology Group (Zespo´ł Ekotoksykologii i Ekologii Stresu)—http://149.156.165.8/ ecotox/; http://149.156.165.8/ecotox/ecotox_ENG/index. htm Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz ul. J.K. Chodkiewicza 30 85-064 Bydgoszcz Phone: 148-523-419-100 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ukw.edu.pl https://www.ukw.edu.pl/strona/english Department of Physiology and Toxicology (Zakład Fizjologii i Toksykologii)—https://mikotoksyny.ukw.edu.pl//jednostka/katedra-fizjologiitoksykologii/ Kielce University of Technology ´ al. Tysia˛clecia Panstwa Polskiego 7 25-314 Kielce Phone: 148-413-424-444 Fax: 148-413-442-997 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.tu.kielce.pl http://international.tu.kielce.pl/ Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Geomatics ´ ˙ and Energy (Wydział Inzynierii Srodowiska, Geomatyki i Energetyki)—http://wisgie.tu.kielce.pl/ Koszalin University of Technology ´ ul. Sniadeckich 2 75-453 Koszalin Phone: 148-943-478-500; 148-943-425-963 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.tu.koszalin.pl https://www.tu.koszalin.pl/eng Department of Toxicology and Bioanalytics (Zakład Toksykologii i Bioanalityki)—https://usosweb.tu.koszalin.pl/kontroler.php?_action 5 katalog2/jednostki/ pokazJednostke&kod 5 0522000000

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Maria Curie Skłodowska University in Lublin pl. M. Curie Skłodowskiej 5 20-031 Lublin Phone: 148-815-375-100 Fax: 148-815-333-669 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.umcs.pl https://www.umcs.pl/en/ Department of Biology and Biotechnology (Wydział Biologii i Biotechnologii)—https://www.umcs.pl/pl/ biologia-i-biotechnologia.htm Department of Chemistry (Wydział Chemii)— https://www.umcs.pl/pl/chemii,42.htm Medical University of Bialystok ´ ul. J. Kilinskiego 1 15-089 Białystok Phone: 148-857-485-415 Fax: 148-857-485-416 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.umb.edu.pl https://www.umb.edu.pl/en/index.php Department of Bromatology (Zakład Bromatologii)— https://www.umb.edu.pl/wf/zaklad-bromatologii Department of Toxicology (Zakład Toksykologii)— https://www.umb.edu.pl/wf/zaklad-toksykologii ´ Medical University of Gdansk ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a ´ 80-210 Gdansk Phone: 148-583-491-111 Email: [email protected] Web: https://gumed.edu.pl/ https://mug.edu.pl/ Chair and Department of Bromatology (Katedra i Zakład Bromatologii)—http://www.informator.gumed. edu.pl/112 Chair and Department of Toxicology (Katedra i Zakład Toksykologii)—http://www.informator.gumed. edu.pl/122 Department of Environmental Toxicology (Zakład ´ Toksykologii Srodowiska)—http://www.informator. gumed.edu.pl/259 Medical University of Lublin Al. Racławickie 1 20-059 Lublin Phone: 148-814-485-000 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.umlub.pl/ https://www.umlub.pl/en/ Chair and Department of Food and Nutrition (Katedra ˙ ˙ i Zakład Zywno´ sci i Zywienia)—http://www.umlub.pl/ uczelnia/struktura-organizacyjna/szczegoly,190.html

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Chair and Department of Toxicology (Katedra i Zakład Toksykologii)—http://www.umlub.pl/uczelnia/struktura-organizacyjna/szczegoly,189.html Chair of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics (Katedra Farmakologii z farmakodynamika˛)—http:// www.umlub.pl/uczelnia/struktura-organizacyjna/ szczegoly,184.html Medical University of Lodz al. Ko´sciuszki 4 90-419 Ło´d´z Phone: 148-422-425-881 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.umed.lodz.pl http://en.umed.pl/ Department of Toxicology (Zakład Toksykologii)— http://farmacja.umed.pl/zaklad-toksykologii/ Chair of Bromatology (Katedra Bromatologii)— http://farmacja.umed.pl/zaklad-bromatologii/ Medical University of Silesia in Katowice ul. Poniatowskiego 15 40-055 Katowice Phone: 148-322-083-600 Email: [email protected] Web: https://sum.edu.pl/ https://sum.edu.pl/en

Web: http://www.umk.pl https://www.umk.pl/en/ Chair and Department of Bromatology (Katedra i Zakład Bromatologii)—https://www.wf.cm.umk.pl/ kizbr/ Chair and Department of Toxicology and Bromatology (Katedra i Zakład Toksykologii I Bromatologii)—https://www.wf.cm.umk.pl/kiztoks/ Department of Ecology and Environmental ´ Protection (Zakład Ekologii i Ochrony Srodowiska)— https://www.wl.cm.umk.pl/zaklad-ekologii-i-ochrony-srodowiska/ Pomeranian Medical University ul. Rybacka 1 70-204 Szczecin Phone: 148-914-800-700 Fax: 148-914-800-705 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.pum.edu.pl/ https://www.pum.edu.pl/english/programs-inenglish-language Department of Forensic Medicine (Zakład Medycyny Sa˛dowej)—https://www.pum.edu.pl/wydzialy/wydzial-lekarski/zaklad-medycyny-sadowej

Department of Toxicology and Bioanalysys (Katedra i Zakład Toksykologii I Bioanalizy)—http://biotoks. sum.edu.pl/ Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (Katedra i Zakład Medycyny sa˛dowej I Toksykologii Sa˛dowo-Lekarskiej)—http://medycynasadowa.sum. edu.pl/

Poznan´ University of Medical Sciences ul. Fredry 10 61-701 Poznan´ Phone: 148-618-546-000 Fax: 148-618-520-455 Email: [email protected] Web: http://ump.edu.pl/ http://www.ump.edu.pl/en

Medical University of Warsaw ˙ ul. Zwirki i Wigury 61 02-091 Warszawa Phone: 148-225-720-101 Fax: 148-225-720-161 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.wum.edu.pl/ https://www.wum.edu.pl/en

Department of Bromatology (Katedra i Zakład Bromatologii)—http://www.kzb.ump.edu.pl/stronaglowna/ Department of Health Sciences (Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu)—http://wnoz.ump.edu.pl/wydzial/jednostki-wydzialowe Department of Toxicology (Katedra I Zakład Toksykologii)—http://www.toksykologia.amp.edu.pl/

Department of Bromatology (Zakład Bromatologii)— http://bromatologia.wum.edu.pl/ Department of Toxicology (Katedra Toksykologii)— http://toksykologia.wum.edu.pl/ Department of Environmental Health Sciences ´ (Zakład Badania Srodowiska)—http://zbs.wum.edu.pl/

The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Al. Racławickie 14 20-950 Lublin Phone: 148-814-454-101 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.kul.pl/ http://www.kul.pl/kul,21.html

Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun´ ul. Gagarina 11 87-100 Torun´ Phone: 148-566-114-010 Fax: 148-566-542-944 Email: [email protected]

Department of Environmental Protection and ´ Landscape (Katedra Ochrony Srodowiska Przyrodniczego i krajobrazu)—http://www.kul.pl/katedra-ochrony-srodowiska-przyrodniczego-i-krajobrazu,art_303.html

Resources

Silesian University of Technology ul. Akademicka 2A 44-100 Gliwice Phone: 148-322-371-255 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.polsl.pl/Strony/Witamy.aspx https://www.polsl.pl/en/Pages/Welcome.aspx Environmental Biotechnology Department (Katedra ´ Biotechnologii Srodowiskowej)—http://kbs.ise.polsl. pl/wp2/ West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin Al. Piasto´w 17 70-310 Szczecin Phone: 148-914-494-111 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.zut.edu.pl/uczelnia/aktualnosci. html http://www.zut.edu.pl/index.php?id 5 7237 Institute of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environmental Engineering (Instytut Technologii ´ ˙ Chemicznej Nieorganicznej i Inzynierii Srodowiska)— http://wtiich.zut.edu.pl/strona-pracownikow/start/ nauka-i-badania/jednostki-wtiich/instytutykatedry/ instytut-technologii-chemicznej-nieorganicznej-i-inzynierii-srodowiska.html Institute of Chemical Engineering and ˙ Environmental Protection Processes (Instytut Inzynierii ´ Chemicznej i Proceso´w Ochrony Srodowiska)—http:// iichipos.zut.edu.pl/ ´ University of Gdansk ´ ˙ nskiego ul. J. Bazy 8 ´ 80-309 Gdansk Phone: 148-585-232-400 Email: [email protected] Web: https://ug.edu.pl/ https://en.ug.edu.pl/ Department of Environmental Analysis (Katedra ´ Analizy Srodowiska)—https://ug.edu.pl/uniwersytet/ struktura_ug/wydzial_chemii/katedra_analizy_ srodowiska Department of Environmental Chemistry and Radiochemistry (Katedra Chemii i Radiochemii ´ Srodowiska)—https://ug.edu.pl/uniwersytet/struktura_ ug/wydzial_chemii/katedra_chemii_i_radiochemii_ srodowiska Departament of Environmental Technology (Katedra ´ Technologii Srodowiska)—https://chemia.ug.edu. pl/wydzial/katedry/ katedra_technologii_srodowiska

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Departament of Physical Geography and Environmental Shaping (Katedra Geografii Fizycznej ´ i Kształtowania Srodowiska)—https://ug.edu.pl/ uniwersytet/struktura_ug/wydzial_oceanografii_i_ geografii/instytut_geografii/katedra_geografii_fizycznej_ i_ksztaltowania_srodowiska Departament of Environmental Analysis (Katedra ´ Analizy Srodowiska)—https://ug.edu.pl/uniwersytet/struktura_ug/wydzial_chemii/katedra_analizy_ srodowiska Department of Marine Chemistry and Marine Environmental Protection (Zakład Chemii Morza i ´ Ochrony Srodowiska Morskiego)—https://ug.edu.pl/ uniwersytet/struktura_ug/wydzial_oceanografii_i_ geografii/instytut_oceanografii/zaklad_chemii_morza_i_ ochrony_srodowiska_morskiego University of Lodz ul. G. Narutowicza 68 90-136 Ło´d´z Phone: 148-426-354-237 Fax: 1 48-426-655-771 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.uni.lodz.pl https://iso.uni.lodz.pl/ Institute of Ecology and Environmental Protection ´ (Instytut Ekologii i Ochrony Srodowiska)—http:// www.uni.lodz.pl/jednostka/szczegoly/instytut-ekologiii-ochrony-srodowiska Department of Environmental Chemistry (Katedra ´ Chemii Srodowiska)—http://www.uni.lodz.pl/jednostka/szczegoly/katedra-chemii-srodowiska University of Silesia in Katowice ul. Bankowa 12 40-007 Katowice Phone: 148-323-592-222 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.us.edu.pl http://english.us.edu.pl/ Chair of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology (Katedra Fizjologii Zwierza˛t i Ekotoksykologii)— http://www.wbios.us.edu.pl/katedra-fizjologii-zwierzati-ekotoksykologii.html Chair of Botany and Nature Protection (Katedra Botaniki i Ochrony Przyrody)—http://www.wbios.us. edu.pl/katedra-botaniki-i-ochrony-przyrody.html University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn ul. M. Oczapowskiego 2 10-719 Olsztyn Phone: 148-895-234-913

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Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.uwm.edu.pl http://www.uwm.edu.pl/en Chair of Botany and Nature Protection (Katedra Botaniki i Ochrony Przyrody)—http://www.uwm. edu.pl/botanika/ Chair of Environment Protection Engineering ´ ˙ (Katedra Inzynierii Ochrony Srodowiska) Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment Protection (Katedra Chemii Rolnej i Ochrony ´ Srodowiska)—http://www.uwm.edu.pl/kacherol/ Department of Environmental Chemistry (Katedra ´ Chemii Srodowiska)—http://www.uwm.edu.pl/ kchemsr/ Department of Forestry and Ecology of Forest (Katedra Le´snictwa i Ekologii Lasu)—http://www. uwm.edu.pl/kliel/ Department of Environmental Biotechnology ´ (Katedra Biotechnologii w Ochronie Srodowiska)— http://wnos.uwm.edu.pl/kbos2/ Chair of Agroecosystems (Katedra Agroekosystemo´w)—http://www.uwm.edu.pl/ wksir/systemy/ Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Katedra Farmakologii I Toksykologii)—http://wl. uwm.edu.pl/kfit Department of Forensic Medicine (Katedra Medycyny Sa˛dowej)—http://wl.uwm.edu.pl/kms University of Wrocław pl. Uniwersytecki 1 50-137 Wrocław Phone: 148-713-752-215 Fax: 148-71-344-3421 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.uni.wroc.pl https://uni.wroc.pl/en/ Department of Ecology, Biogeochemistry, and Environmental Protection (Katedra Ekologii, ´ Biogeochemii i Ochrony Srodowiska)—https://uni. wroc.pl/struktura-uczelni/jednostka/?j_id 5 114154 Warsaw University of Life Sciences ul. Nowoursynowska 166 02-787 Warszawa Phone: 148-225-931-000 Fax: 148-225-931-087 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.sggw.waw.pl http://www.sggw.pl/en/ Department of Forest Protection (Katedra Ochrony Lasu)—http://wl.sggw.pl/faculty/structure/ochrona Department of Environmental Protection (Katedra ´ Ochrony Srodowiska)—http://kos.sggw.pl/pl/

Department of Environmental Improvement ´ (Katedra Kształtowania Srodowiska)—http://kks. wbis.sggw.pl/ Department of Veterinary Medicine (Instytut Medycyny Weterynaryjnej Wdział Medycyny Wterynaryjnej)—http://wmw.sggw.pl/ Warsaw University of Technology pl. Politechniki 1 00-661 Warszawa Phone: 148-222-347-211 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.pw.edu.pl https://www.pw.edu.pl/engpw Department o Environmental Protection and Shaping (Katedra Ochrony i Kształtowania ´ Srodowiska)—http://www.is.pw.edu.pl/index.php/ pl/katedra-ochrony-i-ksztaltowania-srodowiska Department of Biology (Zakład Biologii)—https:// www.is.pw.edu.pl/index.php/pl/zaklad-biologii Department of Information Technology and Environmental Quality Research (Zakład Informatyki i ´ Bada´n Jako´sci Srodowiska)—http://www.is.pw.edu.pl/ index.php/pl/studenci/13-jednostki-naukowo-dydaktyczne/24-zaklad-informatyki-i-badan-jakosci-srodowiska Wrocław Medical University ul. L. Pasteura 1 50-367 Wrocław Phone: 148-717-841-001 Fax: 148-717-840-109 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.umed.wroc.pl https://www.en.umed.wroc.pl/ Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine (Katedra i Zakład Medycyny Sa˛dowej)—https://www. lekarski.umed.wroc.pl/medycyna-sadowa Chair and Department of Bromatology and Dietetics (Katedra i Zakład Bromatologii i Dietetyki)—https:// www.farmacja.umed.wroc.pl/bromatologia Chair and Department of Toxicology (Katedra i Zakład Toksykologii)—https://www.farmacja.umed. wroc.pl/toksykologia Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences ul. C. K. Norwida 25 50-375 Wrocław Phone: 148-713-205-020 Fax: 148-713-205-404 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.upwr.edu.pl/ https://www.upwr.edu.pl/en/ Institute of Shaping and Environmental Protection ´ (Instytut Kształtowania I Ochrony Srodowiska)— http://miks.ar.wroc.pl/ikios/ikios.htm

Resources

Department of Pharmacology, and Toxicology (Katedra Farmakologii i Toksykologii)—http://www.wet.upwr. edu.pl/katedra-farmakologii-i-toksykologii.html Department of Botany and Plant Ecology (Katedra Botaniki i Ekologii Ro´slin)—https://www.upwr.edu.pl/ uczelnia/9646/katedra_botaniki_i_ekologii_roslin.html Institute of Soil Sciences and Environmental Protection ´ (Insytut Nauk o Glebie i Ochronie Srodowiska)—http:// www.org.up.wroc.pl/igosr/english/index_en.html Wrocław University of Science and Technology ´ ˙ Wyspianskiego Wybrzeze 27 50-370 Wrocław Phone: 148-713-202-905 Email: [email protected] Web: http://pwr.edu.pl/ http://pwr.edu.pl/en/ Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Research (Laboratorium Toksykologii i Badan´ ´ Srodowiskowych)—http://wis.pwr.edu.pl/wspolpraca/oferta-zakladow/zaklad-biologii-sanitarnej-i-ekotechniki/laboratoria/laboratorium-toksykologii-ibadan-srodowiskowych

Professional societies Polish Society of Toxicology (Polskie Towarzystwo Toksykologiczne) ul. Banacha 1 02-097 Warszawa Phone: 148-22-5720760 Email: [email protected] Web: http://old.imp.lodz.pl/nowy_pttox/ cele_zadania.htm (this is an outdated website prepared by the previous Management of the Society). Created in 1978 the Society’s aims and objectives are as follows: organizing and supporting all activities in furtherance of toxicological research; associating all toxicologists; disseminating cutting-edge scientific achievements in toxicological research; informing the public about current toxicological problems, and representing Polish toxicology nationally and abroad. The Society comprises 10 regional sections gathering over 300 members. The Society is a member of EUROTOX (http:// www.eurotox.com) and IUTOX (http://www.iutox. org). PST runs The Polish Registry of Toxicologists, according to regulations provided by EUROTOX. Polish Association of Industrial Hygienists (Polskie Towarzystwo Higienisto´w Przemysłowych) ul. s´ w.Teresy od Dziecia˛tka Jezus 8 91-348 Ło´d´z Phone: 148-426-314-701

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Fax: 148-426-314-702 Email: [email protected] Web: http://old.imp.lodz.pl/pthp/pthp.htm A professional and scientific organization registered in 1992. Its objectives include promoting progress in the area of occupational hygiene, upgrading the professional and scientific qualifications of its members, supporting research work, and developing appropriate forms of training and postgraduate education. The Association has over 300 members. Polish Association of Occupational Medicine (Polskie Towarzystwo Medycyny Pracy) ´ Teresy od Dziecia˛tka Jezus 8 ul. Sw. 91-348 Ło´d´z Phone: 148-426-314-502 Email: [email protected] Web: http://ptmp.org.pl/ Established in 1969, the Association promotes development of occupational medicine in Poland. It copublishes with the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (http://www.imp.lodz.pl) the “International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health” (ISSN: 1232-1087) and “Medycyna Pracy” (ISSN: 0465-5893). The Association has over 1800 members. Polish Association of Public Health (Polskie Towarzystwo Zdrowia Publicznego) Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego ul. Bartla 5 51-618 Wrocław Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ptzp.org/en/ Established in 1993, the Association promotes progress in the area of public health in Poland. The Association comprises seven regional sections. Polish Biochemical Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne) Instytut Biologii Do´swiadczalnej im. M. Nenckiego Skr. poczt. 38 ul. L. Pasteura 3 02-093 Warszawa Phone: 148-225-892-499 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ptbioch.edu.pl Founded in 1958, the Society promotes and supports all aspects of biochemistry in Poland by holding national and international scientific conferences, symposia, meetings, etc.; publishing scientific journals, books, and monographs; and maintaining close links with related societies in Poland and abroad. It copublishes with the Committee of Biochemistry and

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Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences “Acta Biochimica Polonica” (ISSN: 0001-527X) and publishes “Poste˛py Biochemii” (ISSN: 0032-5422). The Society has about 1200 members. Polish Chemical Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne) ul. Freta 16 00-227 Warszawa Phone: 148-228-311-304 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ptchem.pl/home/ Established in 1919, the Society aims to promote chemical sciences and spread chemical knowledge in society through a host of activities, including the following: organizing meetings, sessions, and conferences of chemists; organizing public lectures and scientific courses; and publishing journals connected with the Society’s activities (e.g., “Polish Journal of Chemistry,” ISSN: 0137-5083). Polish Medical Association (Polskie Towarzystwo Lekarskie) Al. Ujazdowskie 22/2 00-478 Warszawa Phone: 148-226-288-699, 148-226-272-988 Email: [email protected] Web: http://ptl.org.pl Established in 1951, the Society organizes continuing education for physicians and promotes the maintenance of the highest professional standards in the field. The Association comprises 43 regional sections and has about 22,000 members. It publishes “Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski” (ISSN: 1426-9686), “Przegla˛d Lekarski” (ISSN: 0033-2240), and “Wiadomo´sci Lekarskie” (ISSN: 0043-5147). Polish Medical Society of Radiology (Polskie Lekarskie Towarzystwo Radiologiczne) ´ ul. Bukowinska 24A 02-703 Warszawa Phone: 148-124-247-494 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.polradiologia.org (click “PLTR”) With its origin dating back to 1925, the Society has a history of providing an atmosphere for professional exchange among radiologists through meetings, scientific publications, and continuing education. The Society publishes “Polish Journal of Radiology” (ISSN: 1733-134X). Polish Pharmaceutical Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Farmaceutyczne) ul. Długa 16 00-238 Warszawa Phone: 148-228-311-542 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ptfarm.pl

Established in 1947, the Society promotes the development of pharmaceutical sciences in Poland. It publishes “Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica—Drug Research” (ISSN: 0001-6837), “Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna” (ISSN: 0365-9445), and “Farmacja Polska” (ISSN: 00148261). The Society has about 7000 members. Polish Pharmacological Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Farmakologiczne) ul. Banacha 1B 02-097 Warszawa Phone: 148-221-166-160 Fax: 148-221-166-202 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ptf.info.pl/en/ The Society was established in 1965 and promotes the development of pharmacology and toxicology in Poland. Polish Society of Environmental Medicine (Polskie ´ Towarzystwo Medycyny Srodowiskowej) Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health ul. Ko´scielna 13 41-200 Sosnowiec Phone: 148-322-660-885 The Society promotes progress in environmental medicine and environmental health in Poland. It copublishes with the Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health (http://www.imp.sosno´ wiec.pl) “Medycyna Srodowiskowa” (ISSN: 0465-5893). Polish Society of Veterinary Sciences (Polskie Towarzystwo Nauk Weterynaryjnych) ul. Nowoursynowska 159c 02-776 Warszawa Phone: 148-225-931-606 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ptnw.pl The Society was founded in 1952 and directs activities toward developing and propagating veterinary sciences in Poland; motivating scientific research; encouraging and supporting educational and specialization programs; and representing Polish veterinary sciences internationally. The Society copublishes “Medycyna Weterynaryjna” (ISSN: 0025-8628).

Poison control centers ´ Gdansk Department of Acute Poisonings (Zakład Toksykologii Klinicznej) ´ Medical University of Gdansk ul. Kartuski 4/6 ´ 80-104 Gdansk

Resources

Phone: 148-583-491-292 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.informator.gumed.edu.pl/360 Krako´w Department of Toxicology (Oddział Toksykologii) The University Hospital in Cracow ul. Kopernika 36 31-501 Krako´w Phone: 148-124-119-999, 148-124-248-902 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.oit.cm.uj.edu.pl/ http://www.su.krakow.pl/oddzial-toksykologii Lublin Department of Clinical Toxicology and Cardiology (Kliniczny Oddział ToksykologicznoKardiologiczny) Provincial Specialist Hospital in Lublin SPZOZ Al. Kra´snicka 100 20-718 Lublin Phone: 148-815-374-171 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.szpital.lublin.pl/index.php/ oddzialy/16-o-szpitalu-i-przychodni/oddzialy/ 75-oddzial-toksykologiczno-kardiologiczny www.toksykologia-lublin.pl Ło´dz´ Department of Clinical Toxicology Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine ul. s´ w.Teresy od Dziecia˛tka Jezus 8 91-348 Ło´d´z Phone: 148-426-314-753 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.imp.lodz.pl/home_pl/ o_instytucie/structure/klinika_toksykologii/ oddzial_toksyk/ Poznan´ Department of Toxicology with Toxicological Information Center (Oddział Toksykologii z O´srodkiem Informacji Toksykologicznej im. dr ´ Wandy Błenskiej) ´ Independent Public Health Care Institution PoznanJez_yce Franciszek Raszeja Memorial Hospital in Poznan´ ul. A. Mickiewicza 2 60-834 Poznan´ Phone: 148-618-476-946, 148-612-245-265 Web: http://www.raszeja.poznan.pl/oddzialy/ oddzial-toksykologiczny Rzeszo´w Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care with Centre for Acute Poisonings (Oddział Anestezjologii i Intensywnej Terapii z O´srodkiem Ostrych Zatru´c) Clinical Provincial Hospital No. 2 in Rzeszo´w ul. Lwowska 60

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35-301 Rzeszo´w Phone: 148-178-664-860 Web: http://www.szpital2.rzeszow.pl/oddzialy/ oddzial-intensywnej-terapii-rzeszow.html Sosnowiec Regional Centre for Clinical Toxicology (Regionalny O´srodek Toksykologii Klinicznej) Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health ul. Ko´scielna 13 41-200 Sosnowiec Phone: 148-326-341-250 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.imp.sosnowiec.pl/gate.html? name 5 Content&pa 5 showpage&pid 5 79 Tarno´w Department of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology, and Acute Poisonings (Oddział Choro´b Wewne˛trznych, Gastroenterologii i Ostrych Zatru´c) St. Łukasz Provincial Hospital SPZOZ in Tarno´w ul. Lwowska 178A 33-100 Tarno´w Phone: 148-146-315-000 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.lukasz.med.pl/oddzialyspecjalistyczne/chorob-wewnetrznych-i-ostrychzatruc/ Warszawa Department of Internal Diseases with Sub-Department of Toxicology (Oddział Choro´b Wewne˛trznych Pododdział Toksykologii) Praski Hospital SPZOZ al. Solidarno´sci 67 03-401 Warszawa Phone: 148-228-185-061 ext. 1240 Web: http://www.szpitalpraski.pl/oddzialy/oddzialchorob-wewnetrznych/pododdzial-toksykologii/ Wrocław Department of Toxicology and Internal Diseases (Oddział Toksykologii i Choro´b Wewne˛trznych) Lower Silesian Specialist Tadeusz Marciniak Memorial Hospital—Centre of Rescue Medicine ul. Fieldorfa 2 54-049 Wrocław Phone: 148-713-064-831 Web: http://www.szpital-marciniak.wroclaw.pl/p,168, oddzial-toksykologii-i-chorob-wewnetrznych

Legislation Governmental Centre for Legislation (Rza˛dowe Centrum Legislacji) Web: http://www.rcl.gov.pl

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This is the editorial office of the following journals: “Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland” (Dziennik Ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej; ISSN: 0867-3411) and the Official Journal of the Republic of Poland “Monitor Polski” (ISSN: 0209-214X). Law Library of Congress Web: http://www.loc.gov/law/guide/poland.html The World Law Guide: Legislation Poland Web: http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/eur/ lxwepol.htm World Legal Information Institute: Poland Web: http://www.worldlii.org/catalog/2250.html

Miscellaneous resources AIRCLIM-NET Web: http://www.airclim-net.eu/ Polish thematic network for problems of air pollution and climate change. It has been established to cluster scientific and research potential active in the field of air pollution and climate change in order to strengthen the position of research work in the development of the European Research Area (http://ec. europa.eu/research/era/index_en.html). Baltic Sea Network on Occupational Health and Safety: Poland Web: http://www.balticseaosh.net/participants/ poland/ The Baltic Sea Network is an expert information network. Its purpose is to strengthen peer-to-peer networking and collaboration of expert institutions and respective bodies in occupational health and safety, between and within countries in the Baltic Sea region. Clinical Toxicology Internet Service (Internetowy Serwis Toksykologii Klinicznej) Web: http://ratunek24.pl/objects/osrodki-informacjitoksykologicznej An interactive, region-specific directory of toxicologists in Poland. ekoinfo.pl—Environmental Protection Information Service ´ (ekoinfo.pl—Serwis Informacyjny Ochrony Srodowiska) Web: http://www.ekoinfo.pl eko-net.pl—Service for Specialists of Environmental Protection (eko-net.pl—Serwis dla Specjalisto´w Ochrony ´ Srodowiska) Web: http://www.eko-net.pl A site designed to provide professional advice to environmental managers in Polish companies and public administration aimed at facilitating the access to

information needed by those running a business with respect to law and good practices and preventing negative impacts on the environment. European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) Web: http://www.eapcct.org A website of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) Web: http://ec.europa.eu/echa An Agency established to aid countries with the implementation of the regulations concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH; http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/reach/reach_intro.htm). European Ecological Natura 2000 Network Web: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ natura2000/index_en.htm A website prepared with financial support of the European Union in the framework of the Poland and Hungary: Assistance for Restructuring their Economies (PHARE) Twinning Project “Implementation of the European Ecological Natura 2000 Network in Poland.” European Environment Information and Observation Network (EIONET) Web: http://www.eionet.europa.eu A partnership network of the European Environment Agency (EEA; http://www.eea.europa.eu) and its members and participating countries. The network supports the collection and organization of data and the development and dissemination of information concerning Europe’s environmental information. EIONET: Poland Web: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/countries/poland Information Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (National Focal Point) (Krajowe Biuro Do Spraw Przeciwdziałania Narkomanii) Web: http://www.kbpn.gov.pl/portal?id 5 113378 The Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection ´ (Gło´wny Inspektorat Ochrony Srodowiska) is the Polish National Focal Point of the EEA and the EIONET in Poland (http://www.gios.gov.pl/en/). State of the Environment Reporting Information System (SERIS): Poland Web: https://www.eionet.europa.eu/countries/ eionet-countries An open-access database with recent publications (1995 onwards) on the state of the environment in Poland.

Resources

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Health Market (Rynek Medyczny) Web: http://www.rynekmedyczny.pl

UNEP/GRID Warsaw Web: http://www.gridw.pl

A multilingual, open access, interactive directory of Polish healthcare providers.

Established in 1991 pursuant to the official agreement signed between the Director of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP; http:// www.unep.org) and the Ministry of the Environment of the Republic of Poland, UNEP/GRID (Global Resource Information Database) is a specialized center in charge of collecting and processing environmental information concerning Poland and Central and Eastern Europe.

INFOBAZA—National Information Service of Databases and Software for Science (INFOBAZA—Krajowy Informator o Bazach Danych i Oprogramowaniu dla Nauki) Web: https://www.infobazy.gda.pl/ Catalog of Journals (Katalog Czasopism Kulturalnych) A search engine for locating Polish scientific databases and computer programs. Journals Showcase Web: http://witryna.czasopism.pl Matters of Science—Bulletin of the Minister of Science and Higher Education (Sprawy Nauki—Biuletyn Ministra ˙ Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyzszego) Web: http://www.sprawynauki.waw.pl ngo.pl—Portal of NonGovernment Organizations (ngo.pl— Portal Organizacji Pozarza˛dowych) Web: http://www.ngo.pl A compilation of resources available to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), including a database of NGOs, the Polish voluntary sector, statistics and reports, and European Union funds in Poland. It is administered by Klon/Jawor Association (http://www.klon.org.pl). Science and Scholarship in Poland (Nauka w Polsce) Web: http://www.naukawpolsce.pl An open access service providing information on the achievements of over 60,000 Polish scientists and scholars, their discoveries and inventions, and their inquiries into man, nature, and space. It reports on the life of Polish universities and research institutes as well as the most interesting events in the field both in Poland and worldwide. The Central Medical Library (Gło´wna Biblioteka Lekarska im. Stanisława Konopki) Web: http://www.gbl.waw.pl An online gateway providing access to resources of the Central Medical Library. The Library, established in 1945, collects Polish medical and related literature as well as important titles of world medical literature. The National Library (Biblioteka Narodowa) Web: http://www.bn.org.pl The Researcher’s Mobility Portal—Poland Web: https://www.euraxess.pl/ A collection of online resources intended to aid researchers planning on conducting research in Poland.

The Polish Accreditation Committee (Polska Komisja Akredytacyjna) Web: http://www.pka.edu.pl/en/ Provides standards and guidelines for quality assurance in the Polish higher education area.

Online databases Convention on Biological Diversity Web: https://www.cbd.int/ The main goal of this service is to ensure the mechanism of efficient exchange of information on biological diversity in Poland between involved persons and institutions. Genetically Modified Organisms (Ministerstwo ´ Srodowiska—Organizmy genetycznie zmodyfikowane) Web: http://gmo.mos.gov.pl ´ Polish Geological Institute (Panstwowy Geologiczny) Web: https://www.pgi.gov.pl/en/

Insytut

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Poland (IPPC Poland) Web: http://ippc.mos.gov.pl/preview/pl/ippcps_index.html Internet Database of Treaties (Internetowa Baza Traktatowa) Web: https://traktaty.msz.gov.pl/english-version A site managed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland that contains lists and texts of all international treaties for which Poland is or was a party since January 1, 1950. Internet System of Legal Acts (Internetowy System Akto´w Prawnych) Web: http://isip.sejm.gov.pl An information resource managed by the Polish parliament, which contains bibliographic descriptions of all legislation since 1919.

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Occupational Safety and Health Online (BHP Online) Web: http://www.ciop.pl/7501.html An access site for several databases managed by the Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute. National Center for Emission Balancing and Management (Krajowy O´srodek Bilansowania i Zarza˛dzania Emisjami Web: http://www.kobize.pl/ Environmental Impact Assessment System of The General Directorate for Environmental Protection—(System ´ Ocen Oddziaływania na Srodowisko Generalnej Dyrekcji ´ Ochrony Srodowiska) Web: https://www.gdos.gov.pl/oos; http://bazaoos. gdos.gov.pl/web/guest/home A publicly accessible list of data on documents containing information on the environment and its protection. Polish Science (Nauka Polska) Web: http://nauka-polska.pl

Science founding agencies National Science Centre—NSC (Narodowe Centrum Nauki—NCN) Web: https://www.ncn.gov.pl/?language 5 en NSC is a governmental agency, supervised by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. NSC was established in 2011 in order to support basic research in Poland. The budget available for NSC is over h285 million per year, NSC funds projects in life sciences as well as arts, humanities and social sciences, and physical sciences and engineering. The NSC has developed 11 types of funding schemes dedicated to researchers at different stages of their career from early stage, called Miniatura, to top level, called Maestro. The National Centre for Research and Development— NCRD (Narodowe Centrum Badan´ i Rozwoju—NCBiR) Web: https://www.ncbr.gov.pl/en/

A searchable database of life science journals indexed by Index Copernicus.

NCRD is a govermental agency established to carry out tasks within the state policies on science, innovation, and technology. NCRD aims to increase the competitiveness of the Polish industry. The main purpose of NCRD is to strengthen the collaboration between business and academia, which leads to more effective commercialization of research carried out by these two sectors. The NCRD is funded from the State Treasury and EU funds.

Public Information Bulletin (Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej) Web: http://www.bip.gov.pl

Foundation for Polish Science (Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej) Web: http://www.fnp.org.pl

A searchable database of Polish science. Polish Scientific Journal Database (Baza Polskiech Czasopism Naukowych) Web: http://psjd.icm.edu.pl/

An easy access portal to important public information. The National Library of Poland (Biblioteka Narodowa) Web: https://www.bn.org.pl/ WebOPAC catalog of the National Library in Warsaw, Poland.

An independent, self-financing nonprofit organization established in 1991 as a result of the system transformation in Poland. The Foundation’s mission is to provide assistance and support to the scientific community in Poland.

C H A P T E R

29 Portugal Fernando Remia˜o, Jorge Soares and Fe´lix Carvalho UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

Overview

iMED-UL, and CIIMAR are among the most active national research centers investigating in this area.

The Portuguese Republic is located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The North Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of the national territory. It is the most western country of mainland Europe, with a total area of around 92,000 km2 and a population of approximately 11 million inhabitants. Lisbon is the capital city. Historically, one of the most eminent Portuguese toxicologists of the late 19th century and beginning of the 20th century was the chemist Anto´nio Joaquim Ferreira da Silva (1853 1923). Originally from the northern city of Oporto and lecturer at the Polytechnic School, he published several papers in Analytical Chemistry and dedicated most of his work to Toxicology, contributing to the discovery of cocaine’s and physostigmine’s characteristic reactions and to the refinement of the reagent used in the analytical detection of morphine and codeine that became known as the Lafon and Ferreira da Silva reagent. Traditionally, in Portugal the Faculties of Pharmacy are the University Institutions that include Toxicology disciplines in their curricula at the graduate and postgraduate levels, with the emphasis on the fundamental, mechanistic, regulatory and environmental aspects. Therefore, Toxicological Sciences are tacitly linked to Pharmacists and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Nowadays, in Portugal Toxicology is experiencing great development, both educationally and scientifically. Beyond recent MSc and PhD Toxicology-related courses, scientific research in this area is expanding, as witnessed by the increasing number of scientific publications, participation at national and international scientific meetings and by the formation of a Toxicology Section within the Portuguese Society of Pharmacology. UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, i3S, CNC, Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00029-2

Organizations (Government) Portugal is a democratic republic, with the Constitution as the supreme law of the country. The Constitution states the different roles of the organs of sovereignty (President, Parliament, Government and Courts) and political power. The Government is responsible for the general policy of the country, in addition to the legislative (propose and enforce laws) and administrative (for instance, how the public money will be allocated) functions. The Government is divided into several Ministries, which in turn are responsible for specific subjects. Only Ministries and Government Agencies (indirectly administrated by a Ministry) related in some extent with Toxicology and environmental issues are addressed in this summary. Portuguese Government Web: https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc22 Ministry for Agriculture Address: Prac¸a do Come´rcio, 1499-010 Lisboa Phone: 1351 213 234 600 Web: https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc22/area-degoverno/agricultura Agencies depending on this Ministry: Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development Address: Avenida Afonso Costa, 3, 1949-002 Lisboa Phone: 1351 218 442 200 Web: http://www.dgadr.gov.pt/ Directorate-General of Food and Veterinary Address: Campo Grande, 50, 1700-093 Lisboa

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Phone: 1351 213 239 500 Web: http://www.dgv.min-agricultura.pt/ Institute for Conservation of Nature and Forestry Address: Avenida da Repu´blica, 16, 1050-191 Lisboa Phone: 1351 213 507 900 Web: http://www.icnf.pt/ Ministry for Environment and Climatic Action Address: Rua de «O Se´culo», 51, 1200-433 Lisboa Phone: 1351 213 231 500 Web: https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc22/area-degoverno/ambiente-e-acao-climatica Ministry for Health Address: Avenida Joa˜o Criso´stomo, 9, 1049-062 Lisboa Phone: 1351 213 305 000 Web: https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc22/area-degoverno/saude Agencies depending on this Ministry: General Directorate for Intervention on Addictive Behaviors and Dependencies SICAD Address: Parque de Sau´de Pulido Valente Alameda das Linhas de Torres, 117 (Edifı´cio SICAD), 1750147 Lisboa Phone: 1351 211 119 000 Web: http://www.sicad.pt/PT/Paginas/default.aspx National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge INSA Addresses: Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa Centro de Sau´de Pu´blica Dr. Gonc¸alves Ferreira Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto Centro de Estudos de Vetores e Doenc¸as Infeciosas Doutor Francisco Cambournac Avenida da ´ guas de Moura Liberdade, 5, 2965-575 A Phones: 1 351 217 519 200 (Lisboa) 1 351 223 401 100 (Porto) ´ guas de Moura) 1 351 265 938 290 (A Web: http://www.insa.pt/ National Authority of Medicines and Health Products, I.P. INFARMED Address: Parque de Sau´de de Lisboa Avenida do Brasil, 53, 1749-004 Lisboa Phone: 1351 217 987 100 Web: http://www.infarmed.pt/ Poison Control Center CIAV Address: Instituto Nacional de Emergeˆncia Me´dica, Rua Almirante Barroso, 36, 1000-013 Lisboa Phone: 1351 213 303 271 Emergency phone number: 1351 808 250 143 Web: https://www.inem.pt/category/servicos/centrode-informacao-antivenenos/

Ministry of Justice Address: Prac¸a do Come´rcio, 1149-019 Lisboa Phone: 1351 213 222 300 Web: https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc22/area-degoverno/justica Agencies depending on this Ministry: Laboratory of Scientific Police Address: Novo Edifı´cio-Sede da Polı´cia Judicia´ria, Rua Gomes Freire 1169-007 Lisboa Phone: 1351 211 967 000 Web: https://www.policiajudiciaria.pt/lpc/ National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, I.P. Address: Polo das Cieˆncias de Sau´de (Polo III) Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra (Headquarter) Phone: 1351 239 854 220 (Headquarter) Web: http://www.inmlcf.mj.pt/ Ministry for Infrastructures and Housing Address: Avenida Barbosa du Bocage, 5, Piso 2, 1049039 Lisboa Phone: 1 351 210 426 200 Web: https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc22/area-degoverno/infraestruturas-e-habitacao Ministry for Planning Address: Rua Prof. Gomes Teixeira, 2, Piso 6, 1399-022 Lisboa Phone: 1351 213 927 600 Web: https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc22/area-degoverno/planeamento Ministry for Seas Address: Avenida Dr. Alfredo Magalha˜es Ramalho, 1, 1495-165 Alge´s Phone: 1351 213 234 600 Web: https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc22/area-degoverno/mar Agency depending on this Ministry: Directorate-General for Natural Resources, Safety and Maritime Services Address: Avenida Brası´lia, 1449-030 Lisboa Phone: 1351 213 035 700 Web: https://www.dgrm.mm.gov.pt/pt/ Ministry for Science, Technology and Higher Education Address: Pala´cio das Laranjeiras, Estrada das Laranjeiras, 205, 1649-018 Lisboa Phone: 1351 217 231 000 Web: https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc22/ area-de-governo/ciencia-tecnologia-e-ensinosuperior

Organizations (Government)

Agencies depending on this Ministry: Foundation for Science and Technology Address: Avenida D. Carlos I, 126, 1249-074 Lisboa Phone: 1351 213 924 300 Web: https://www.fct.pt/ Directorate-General for Higher Education ´ vila, 137, 1069-016 Lisboa Address: Avenida Duque D’A Phone: 1351 213 126 000 Web: http://www.dges.gov.pt/pt Associated Laboratory REQUIMTE Chemical and Technology Network (hosting two research units: LAQV and UCIBIO) Addresses: Faculdade de Cieˆncias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto Phones: 1 351 212 948 575 (Caparica) 1 351 226 069 420 (Porto) Web: http://www.requimte.pt/laqv/ http://www.requimte.pt/ucibio/ Associated Laboratory CNC Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology Address: Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, Po´lo I, Piso 1, 3004-504 Coimbra Phone: 1351 239 820 190 Web: http://www.cnbc.pt/ Associated Laboratory CIIMAR Center of Marine and Environmental Research Address: Rua Alfredo Cunha (sob a Biblioteca Florbela Espanca), 4450 Matosinhos Phone: 1351 229 392 409 Web: http://www.cmia-matosinhos.net/ciimar.php Research Institute for Medicines iMed.UL Address: Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa Phone: 1351 217 946 400 Web: http://imed.ulisboa.pt/ Organizations (Nongovernment) There are several nongovernment organizations that may be consulted in the following link: Web: http://onga.apambiente.pt/ongapublico/ Public Universities (all supplied contacts are for the respective directories) University Institute of Lisboa ISCTE Address: Avenida das Forc¸as Armadas, 1649-026 Lisboa Phone: 1351 217 903 000 Web: https://www.iscte-iul.pt/

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Offers a MSc related to the environment and sustainability. University of Ac¸ores Addresses: Rua da Ma˜e de Deus, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada (Campus de Ponta Delgada) ´ vila Pico da Urze, 9700-042 Rua Capita˜o Joa˜o d’A ´ Angra do Heroısmo (Campus de Angra do Heroı´smo) Rua Prof. Doutor Frederico Machado, 4, 9901-862 Horta (Campus da Horta) Phones: 1 351 296 650 000 (Campus de Ponta Delgada) 1 351 295 402 200 (Campus de Angra do Heroı´smo) 1 351 292 200 400 (Campus da Horta) Web: http://www.uac.pt/ Offers some courses in environmental and health sciences. University of Algarve Address: Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro Phones: 1351 289 800 100 / 1351 289 800 900 Web: https://www.ualg.pt/ Offers some courses in environmental and health sciences. University of Aveiro Address: Campus Universita´rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro Phone: 1 351 234 370 606 Web: https://www.ua.pt/ Offers some courses in environmental and health sciences, and a MSc in Toxicology and Ecotoxicology. University of Beira Interior Address: Convento de Sto. Anto´nio, 6201-001 Covilha˜ Phone: 1351 275 319 700 Web: http://www.ubi.pt/ Offers some courses in health sciences. University of Coimbra Address: Pac¸o das Escolas, 3004-531 Coimbra Phones: 1351 239 859 810 / 1351 239 859 820 / 1351 239 859 840 / 1351 239 859 890 Web: https://www.uc.pt/ Offers some courses in environmental and health sciences, and a postgraduate/MSc in Forensic Anthropology. University of E´vora Address: Largo dos Colegiais, 2, Apartado 94, 7002-554 E´vora Phone: 1351 266 740 800 Web: http://www.uevora.pt/

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Offers some courses in environmental and health sciences. University of Lisboa Address: Alameda da Universidade, 1649-004 Lisboa Phones: 1351 217 967 624 / 1351 210 113 400 Web: https://www.ulisboa.pt/ Offers some courses in environmental and health sciences. 1. Department of Toxicological and Bromatological Sciences Address: Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, Edifı´cio F, Sala 105, 1649-003 Lisboa Phone: 1351 217 946 400 Web: http://www.ff.ul.pt/ctb/ 2. Laboratory of Pharmacotoxicology of FMV-UL Address: Avenida da Universidade Te´cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa Phone: 1351 213 652 800 Web: http://www.fmv.ulisboa.pt/pt/servicos/diagnostico/laboratorio-de-farmacologia-e-toxicologia University of Madeira Address: Cole´gio dos Jesuı´tas, Rua dos Ferreiros, 9000039 Funchal Phone: 1351 291 209 400 Web: https://www.uma.pt/ Offers some courses in environmental and health sciences. University of Minho Address: Largo do Pac¸o, 4704-553 Braga Phones: 1351 253 601 100 / 1351 253 601 109 Web: https://www.uminho.pt/ Offers some courses in environmental and health sciences. University of NOVA de Lisboa Address: Campus de Campolide 1099-085 Lisboa Phone: 1351 213 715 600 Web: http://www.unl.pt/ Offers some courses in environmental and health sciences. University of Porto Address: Prac¸a Gomes Teixeira 4099-002 Porto Phone: 1351 220 408 000 Web: https://sigarra.up.pt/up/pt/web_base. gera_pagina?p_pagina 5 home Offers some courses in environmental and health sciences; also a MSc/PhD in Environmental Contamination and Toxicology; a MSc in Analytical, Clinical and Forensic Toxicology; a MSc in Forensic Sciences; and a PhD in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology.

1. Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health i3S Address: Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto Phone: 1351 220 408 800 Web: https://www.i3s.up.pt/ 2. Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research CIIMAR (with several research teams in broad areas like Ecotoxicology, Environmental Health, Coastal and Marine Environmental Toxicology and Applied Toxicology) Address: Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixo˜es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos Phone: 1351 223 401 800 Web: https://www2.ciimar.up.pt/ 3. Laboratory of Toxicology, Biologic Sciences Department, FFUP Address: Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Edifı´cio 3, Piso 4, 4050-313 Porto Phone: 1351 220 428 500 Web: http://www.ff.up.pt/toxicologia/ or http:// www.toxicologia.eu University of Tra´s-Os-Montes e Alto Douro Address: Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real Phone: 1351 259 350 000 Web: https://www.utad.pt/ Offers some courses in environmental and health sciences.

Professional and Scientific Societies Medical Society Address: Avenida Almirante Gago Coutinho, 151, 1749-084 Lisboa (Headquarter) Phone: 1351 218 427 100 (Headquarter) Web: https://ordemdosmedicos.pt/ Pharmaceutical Society Address: Rua da Sociedade Farmaceˆutica, 18, 1169-075 Lisboa (Headquarter) Phone: 1351 213 191 370 (Headquarter) Web: https://www.ordemfarmaceuticos.pt/pt/ Portuguese Pharmacological Society SPF (Toxicology Section) Address: Avenida da Repu´blica, 34, Piso 1, 1050-193 Lisboa Phone: n/a Web: http://www.spfarmacologia.pt/index.php/ seccoes/seccao-toxicologia

Miscellaneous Resources

Portuguese Association for the Study of Drugs and Dependencies APEDD Address: n/a Phone: n/a Web: http://www.adictologia.com/ Portuguese Association of Forensic Sciences APCF Address: Rua Central da Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra Phone: 1351 224 157 216 Web: http://apcforenses.org/ Portuguese Toxicology Association AP Tox Address: n/a Phones: 1351 933 289 564 / 1351 961 540 987 Web: http://www.aptox.pt/

Miscellaneous Resources Books Cieˆncias Forenses ao Servic¸o da Justic¸a (ISBN: 978-989693-039-4) Neurocieˆncias (ISBN: 978-972-757-693-7) O Que Sa˜o Cieˆncias Forenses? (ISBN: 978-989-693-055-4) Terapeˆutica Medicamentosa e suas Bases Farmacolo´gicas, 6a % ed. (ISBN: 978-972-006-029-7) Toxicologia Fundamental (ISBN: 978-989-752-286-4) Toxicologia Forense (ISBN: 978-989-693-045-5)

Databases European Chemical Agency ECHA Web: https://echa.europa.eu/home Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals — REACH (a service provided by the

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Enterprise Europe Network that in Portugal is headed by IAPMEI). Web: https://www.een-portugal.pt/info/polserv/ servicos/Paginas/REACH.aspx Medicines database Infomed Web: http://app7.infarmed.pt/infomed/pesquisa.php Therapeutic Index (Prontua´rio Terapeˆutico) Web: http://app10.infarmed.pt/prontuario/index.php

Journals Acta Farmaceˆutica Portuguesa Web: http://www.ofporto.org Acta Me´dica Portuguesa Web: http://www.actamedicaportuguesa.com/ Adictologia Web: http://www.adictologia.com/revista Dependeˆncias Web: https://dependencias.pt/

Toxicology Risk Communication Monographs Web: https://remiao.wixsite.com/toxicologia/sobre-4

Massive Open Online Course MOOC platform on Toxicology (under the project Learning Toxicology through Open Educational Resources) Web: https://toxoer.com/ (Project) http://moodle.toxoer.com/ (MOOC platform)

C H A P T E R

30 Russia B.A. Kurlyandskiy, Kh. Kh. Khamidulina and K.K. Sidorov Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances, Moscow, Russia

History and current state of toxicology in Russia The history of toxicology in Russia is believed to date back to the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Toxicological studies were pursued more intensively at the Medical Surgical (Military Medical) Academy in St. Petersburg during the 19th century. As in other countries, the science of toxicology in Russia had its origin in forensic medicine and pharmacology. During the early 20th century the growth of the chemical and military industries greatly contributed to the development of toxicology. Military toxicology advanced in parallel with military chemistry in the wake of World War I and for decades thereafter. It played an important role in the development of all the branches of classical toxicology: theoretical (fundamental principles), prophylactic, and chemical. The most authoritative school in military toxicology emerged in today’s St. Petersburg (formerly Petrograd and Leningrad). Later two other prominent schools in military toxicology were founded in Moscow and in Kiev. The expansion of industrial toxicology dates from the 1920s. In 1923 in Moscow the Research Institute of Occupational Diseases (now Research Institute of Occupational Health) was founded. Years later similar institutes were established in Kharkov (1923), Leningrad (1924), Baku (1924), Donetsk (1925), Sverdlovsk (now Ekaterinburg) (1925), and others. Thanks to a wide range of research activities, for the first time basic principles for regulation of industrial poisons were formulated. The founders of Russian

industrial toxicology were N.V. Lazarev (1895 1974) and N.S. Pravdin (1882 1954). By the end of the 1960s basic principles of studying exposures to chemicals became clearly defined. During that period monographs summarizing the outcome of various studies were published by outstanding Soviet toxicologists. A new stage in the history of toxicology was the rapid development of clinical and pharmacological toxicology. A specialized center for treatment of acute poisonings was opened under the auspices of the N.V. Sklifosovskiy Research Emergency Aid Institute in Moscow in 1963. E.A. Luzhnikov was a leader in the formation of the center. Around the same period, in Leningrad a similar center was established at the Military Medical Academy and on the basis of a military field hospital and a municipal emergency care center. Currently Russia has more than 46 poison centers. The modern history of Russian toxicology is characterized by a number of important theoretical generalizations. Among them is the idea of common mechanisms of toxic actions of chemicals based on common biological concepts concerning the universal responses of living organisms to toxic exposures. Another important achievement of Russian toxicology was the principle of natural detoxification which emerged from biochemical toxicology. Natural detoxification was considered the basis of adaptation and compensation mechanisms exhibited by organisms exposed to chemicals. The emergence of extensive pesticide use in the 1960s and 1970s dictated increased investigations into

 This is a reprint of the 4th edition chapter. A variety of reasons have precluded the editors from acquiring a 5th edition revision from its authors or others who may have been qualified to update the material. While the preponderance of the information presented is likely still valid, some may no longer be correct. URLs and email addresses, in particular, are often subject to change. Overall, though, the editors felt there was a significant benefit to making the chapter available.

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00030-9

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the toxicology of these chemicals. Since the mid-1960s and up to now, chronic effects, such as carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity, have been intensively studied. During the last two decades environmental toxicology and risk assessment have emerged as new and rapidly developing areas of toxicology. In recent years priority has been given to the toxicology of acute poisonings, drug toxicology, food toxicology, prophylactic toxicology, behavioral toxicology, toxicology of reproductive and endocrine systems, and genetic, reproductive, and developmental toxicology.

State Registration of chemical and biological substances in the Russian Federation One of the major forms of activities in the field of protection of human health and the environment consists in collecting information sufficient for securing safety in the production and use of chemical substances. For this purpose obligatory state registration of potentially hazardous chemical and biological substances was implemented in Russia by the Government’s Act N869 of November 12, 1992. The necessity of this procedure was highlighted subsequently in Federal Law N52 of 1999 and in the Government’s Act N554 of 2000. In accordance with these Government Acts all industrial chemicals, including ingredients in mixtures, which are manufactured in Russia or imported for use in production and daily life, must be registered. If the substance is well-known and has necessary hygienic and ecological standards, this chemical is registered on a permanent basis. The designation of a state registration number and issuing a state certificate to a substance confirm the adequacy and quality of information necessary to judge its hazardous properties and recommended safety measures. If at the time of registration a minimum information is available but it allows to consider the hazard of the compound insignificant, the state registration is valid for a 3-year term with a special note in the registration certificate. In this case the applicant is officially notified of the reasons for temporary registration. In Russia the denial of registration means that toxicological and hygienic data on a given substance are insufficient for its safe production and use and therefore the substance should be further studied, otherwise its production and use shall be prohibited. Since 2004 state registration certificates have been issued by the Federal Service for surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, based on toxicological and hygienic expertise carried out by the Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances (RRPHCBS).

The RRPHCBS is a scientific and practical health establishment. In the course of the expertise RRPHCBS develops and issues to the applicant the “Information card” of potentially hazardous chemical and biological substances which contains sufficient data about the substances needed for their safe handling. The “Information card” is the most comprehensive and systematized inventory of data on all known physical and chemical, toxicological, environmental, and other properties of hazardous substances. The development of a clear set of characteristics, necessary for state registration, made it possible to set up and put into operation a computerized information system: “Hazardous substances.” This database has 270 fields and is widely used by the sanitary and epidemiological surveillance bodies, enterprises and companies, manufacturers, and consumers of chemical products.

Resources Books Note: Books published in Russia can be obtained at request through the Russian State Library. Web: http://www.RSL.ru. To visit the English Web page, click on “English version.” Akhmadulina L.G. (2006) Biology and ecology basic principles “RIOR,” M Alekseyeva T.I. (ed.) Anthropoecology in Central Asia Nauchnyi Mir Badyugin I.S. (2006), Luzhnikov E.A. (ed.) Extremity toxicology. Practical guidance “GEOTAR-Media” M Barsegyants L.O. (2005) Medico-forensic physical evidences. Blood, discharges, hair Meditsina: Moscow Chernyshov A.K., Lubis B.A., Gusev V.K. (ed.), Kurlyandskiy B.A., Yegorov B.F. (2004) Hazard Indicators of Substances and Materials, Vols. 1 4 I.D. Sytin Foundation: Moscow Chirko V.V., Dyomina M.V. (2002) Essays on Clinical Drug Addiction Treatment: Drug Addiction and Toxicomania: Clinical Picture, Course of the Disease, Therapy Medpraktika: Moscow Collection of Abstracts. 2nd Congress of Toxicologists of Russia. Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances (2003) Ministry of Health of Russia: Moscow

Resources

Department of the Research Institute of Industrial Enzymes Sanitary-Epidemiological Regulation of Industrial Microorganisms Russian Academy of Sciences: Chernogolovka (2003) Ellenhorn M.J., Barceloux D.G. (2003) (Translated into Russian) Medical Toxicology. Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning Meditsina: Moscow Federal Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance (2004) Guidelines for Risk Assessment of Population’s Health at Exposure to Environmental Pollutants RF Ministry of Health: Moscow Fedorovskaya N.M. (2004) Indirect electrochemical detoxication. Blood and plasma oxidation in the treatment of surgical endotoxicosis Text-book (training books series for postgraduates) Meditsina: Moscow Filov V.A. (Editor-Compiler) (2004), Filov V.A., Ivin B. A., Musiychuk Y.I. (eds.) Harmful Substances in the Environment. Oxygencontaining organic compounds. (Reference and Encyclopedic Edition). Parts I, II, III Professional: St. Petersburg Galperin M.V. (2006) General Ecology Text-book for high vocational education. Forum-Infra: Moscow Gofman A.G. (2003) Clinical Drug Addiction Treatment Miklosh: Moscow Guskova T.A. (2003) Toxicology of Medicinal Preparations Russkiy Vrach: Moscow Ilyin V.I. (2005) Ecology of Humans. Series of lectures Perspectiva: Moscow Izmerov N.F., Denisov E.I. (eds.) Occupational Risk to Workers’ Health Guidance. Trovant: Moscow Kurlyandskiy B.A., Filov V.A. (eds.) (2002) General Toxicology Meditsina: Moscow Kutsenko S.A. (2004) Basic Principles of Toxicology, Scientific and Methodological Edition Foliant: St. Petersburg

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Kutsenko S.A. (ed.) (2004) Examination tests in military toxicology, radiobiology and medical protection Foliant: St. Petersburg Kutsenko S.A. (ed.) (2004) Military Toxicology, Radiobiology and Medical Protection Foliant: St. Petersburg Kvesitadze G.I. (2005) Metabolism of Anthropogenic Toxicants in Higher Plants Nauka: Moscow Ling L.J. et al. (2005) Toxicology Secrets (Translated into Russian) Binom: Moscow Loshadkin N.A., Kurlyandskiy B.A., Bezhenar G.V., Daryina L.V. (2006) (Kurlyandskiy B.A., ed.) Military Toxicology Curriculum literature for medical universities. Meditsina: Moscow Luck E., Yager M. (2003) Chemische Lebensmittelkonservierung: Stoffe, Wirkung, Methodes (Translated into Russian) GIORD: St. Petersburg Lykov I.N., Shestakova G.A. (2006) Man-made systems and environmental risk Textbook for universities. Globus: Moscow Marinchenko A.V. (2006) Ecology Textbook for universities. Dashkov i K : Moscow Medical and Biological Problems Related to Destruction of Chemical Weapons Abstracts of the International Workshop, Volgograd, 26 28 August 2003 Volgograd (2003) Murashova A.A. (2005) Ecoeconomic and information tools in the management system for the use of nature in the region Dalnauka: Vladivostok Onishchenko G.G., Novikov S.N., Rakhmanin et al. (2002), Rakhmanin Y.A., Onishchenko G.G. (eds.) Basic principles of risk assessment to population’s health at exposure to chemicals polluting the environment A.N. Sysin Research Institute for Human Ecology and Environmental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Pletnyova T.V. (ed.) (2005) Toxicological Chemistry

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Textbook for higher schools. GEOTAR-MEDIA: Moscow Pyatnitskaya I.N., Naydyonova N.G. (2002) Juvenile Drug Addiction Treatment Guidelines for physicians. Meditsina: Moscow Sanotskiy I.V. (ed.) (2004) Selenium Compounds and Health Moscow Shabanov P.D. (2003) Drug Addiction Treatment: Practical Guide for Physicians GEOTAR-MED: Moscow Shkodich P.Ye., Zheltobryukhov V.F., Klauchek V.V. (2004) Ecologo-Hygienic Aspects of Utilization of Chemical Weapons Publishing House of the Volgograd State University: Volgograd Sivolap Yu.P., Savchenkov V.A. (2004) Abuse of Opioids and Opioid Dependence Meditsina: Moscow Spigel A.S. (2004) Conclusive Medicine: Perspectives for Homotoxicology Arnebia: Moscow Trakhtenberg I.M., Tychinin V.A., Sova Rye, et al. (2001), Trakhtenberg I.M. (ed.) Main Physiological Standard Indicators in Humans Guidelines for toxicologists. Avitsenna: Kiev

Medicine of Labor and Industrial Ecology Moscow Fax: 7(495)366-05-83 Email: [email protected] Toxicological Review Moscow Web: www.rpohbv.ru

Regulatory documents Addendum 1. ΓH 2.1.6.1765-03 to Hygienic norms No ΓH 2.1.6.1338-03. Federal Center for the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance, Ministry of Health of RF. Moscow, 2004 Addendum 1 ΓH 2.2.5.1827-03 to Hygienic Norms No ΓH 2.2.5.1313-03: Federal Center for the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance, Ministry of Health of RF, Moscow, 2004 Hygienic Norms ΓH 1.2.1323-03 for concentrations of pesticides in the environment media (Inventory). Federal Center for the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance, Ministry of Health of RF, Moscow, 2003 Hygienic Norms ΓH 2.1.5.1315-03: Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs) of chemical substances in water of water bodies used for drinking, domestic and recreation purposes, Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances, Ministry of Health of RF. Moscow, 2003

Trushkina L.Yu., Trushkin A.G., Demyanova L.M. (2006) Hygiene and Ecology of Humans, 4th Edition Textbook for high vocational schools. TK Velbi: Moscow

Hygienic Norms ΓH 2.1.5.1316-03: Tentative Permissible Exposure Levels (TPELs) of Chemicals in water of water bodies used for drinking, domestic and recreation purposes, Moscow, 2008

Tsygankov B.D. (ed.) (2002) Emergent State in Drug Addiction Treatment Medpraktika: Moscow

Hygienic Norms No ΓH 2.1.5.1373-03 for Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs) of chemicals in water used for drinking, domestic and recreation purposes in zones where protective measures are taken in relation to chemical weapons storage and destruction facilities. Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, 2003

Yufit S.S. (2002) Poisons Around Us. Challenge to the Mankind Classic Stil: Moscow

Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Moscow Web: http://www.folium.ru/ru/journals/ekf/ editorial.htm

Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs) of Pollutants in the Air of Residential Settings. Hygienic Norms No ΓH 2.1.6.1338-03: Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances, Ministry of Health of RF, Moscow, 2003

Hygiene and Sanitary Moscow Web: www.medlit.ru/medrus/gigien.htm

Tentative Safe Exposure Levels (TSELs) of Pollutants in the Air of Residential Settings. Hygienic Norms No ΓH 2.1.6.2309.7, Moscow, 2008

Journals

Resources

Hygienic Norms ΓH 2.1.6.1181-02: Emergency Exposure Limits of Toxic Agents in the Air of Residential Settings. Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, 2003 Hygienic Norms No ΓH 2.1.6.1372-03 for Tentative Safe Exposure Levels (TSELs) of Pollutants in the Air of Residential Settings in Areas where Protective Measures are Provided in relation to Chemical Weapons Storage and Destruction Facilities. Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, 2003 Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs) of Harmful Substances in Workplace Air. Hygienic Norms No ΓH 2.2.5.1313-03. Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances, Ministry of Health of RF, Moscow, 2003 Tentative Safe Exposure Levels (TSELs) of Harmful Substances in Workplace Air. Hygienic Norms No ΓH 2.2.5.1314-03. Moscow, 2008 Hygienic Norms No ΓH 2.2.5.1371-03: Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs) of Chemicals in Workplace Air at Installations of Storing and Destruction of Chemical Weapons. Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, 2003 Hygienic Norms ΓH 2.2.5.1374-03 for Maximum Allowable Levels (MALs) of Contamination of Production Equipment by Harmful Substances at Installations for Storing and Destruction of Chemical Weapons. Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, 2003

Methodological documents Guidance for hygienic assessment of factors in workplace and labor processes. Criteria and classification for working conditions. P 2.2.2006-05 Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Rospotrbnadzor M. (2005) Guidance for assessment of occupational risk to workers’ health. Organizational and methodological basic principles. Assessment criteria. P 2.2.1766-05 Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Rospotrbnadzor M. (2005)

Databases Biochemistry Biochemistry of xenobiotics Owner: VINITI, Moscow Fax: 7-(495)-943-0060 Email: [email protected]

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Outcome of screening of chemical compounds for pesticide activity Owner: Limited liability company “Biokhiminformatika” Fax: 7-(495)-155-7514 Email: [email protected] Ecotoxicology International safety data sheets of chemicals Owner: A.N. Sysin Research Institute for Human Ecology and Environmental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Fax: 7(495)-245-0314/247-0428 Email: [email protected] Maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) and interim standards (TSEL, TPL, TPC) for substances in water, air, soil (Russian and foreign standards) Owner: A.N. Sysin Research Institute for Human Ecology and Environmental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Fax: 7(495)-245-0314/247-0428 Email: [email protected] Measurements of heavy metals concentrations geochemical contamination of soil in Moscow Owner: Karfidova YeA, Moscow Phone: 7(499)-372-9120 Email: [email protected]

at

Monitoring of contaminants’ releases to water bodies Owner: State Committee for the Environment Protection of the Kaluga Region, Kaluga Fax: 7(4842)-53-3154 Email: [email protected] Pesticides Owner: Novgorod Region Federal State-Owned Enterprise of Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance, Velikiy Novgorod Fax: 7(8162)-17-1434 Email: [email protected] Reference Handbook on Hazardous Substances (Electronic version) Owner: State Committee for the Protection of the Environment of the Perm Region Fax: 7(3422)-90-1888 Email: [email protected] Watertox. Ecological and hygienic properties environmental pollutants (toxicity and hazard of substances) Owner: A.N. Sysin Research Institute for Human Ecology and Environmental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Fax: 7(495)-245-0314/247-0428 Email: [email protected]

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Industrial wastes Programme “Determination of hazard classes of industrial wastes” Owner: Scientific and Production Enterprise “Logus,” Krasnogorsk, Moscow Region Fax: 7(495)-562-0118 Email: [email protected] State Report Toxic Wastes Owner: Natural Resources and Environment Protection Department of the Murmansk Region, RF Ministry of Natural Resources Fax: 7(8152)-25-0915 Email: lomakine@taiga,mur.mansk.ru Pollutants Comprehensive List of Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs) and Tentative Safe Exposure Levels (TSELs) of Pollutants in the Air of Residential Settings Owner: Scientific and Production Enterprise “Logus” Fax: 7(495)-562-0118 Email: [email protected] Concentration of contaminants in ground deposits in the Black Sea (BDCHMORG) Owner: Federal State-owned Research Institute “AzNIIRKH”: Rostov-on-Don Fax: 7(8632)-62-0505 Email: [email protected]/[email protected] Concentration of contaminants in ground deposits in the Azov Sea (BDAZMORG) Owner: Federal State-owned Research Institute “AzNIIRKH”: Rostov-on-Don Fax: 7(8632)-62-0505 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Concentrations of contaminants in the water of the Azov Sea (BDAZMORW) Owner: Federal State-owned Research Institute “AzNIIRKH”: Rostov-on Don Fax: 7(8632)-62-0505 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Concentration of contaminants in the water of the Black Sea (BDCHMORW) Owner: Federal State-owned Research Institute “AzNIIRKH”: Rostov-on-Don Fax: 7(8632)-62-0505 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Monitoring of Contamination Sources of the Environment Owner: Natural Resources and the Environment Protection Department, Republic of Northern Ossetia and Alania Fax: 7(8672)-74-8048 Email: [email protected]

Particularly Hazardous Pollutions of the Sea Floor Owner: Research Institute of Biotechnical Systems, St. Petersburg Fax: 7(812)-277-1319 Email: [email protected] Programme “Toxicity” Owner: Scientific and Production Enterprise “Logus” Fax: 7(495)-562-0118 Email: [email protected] Pollution of the Environment Anomalies of Toxic Chemical Elements on the Territory of St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region Owner: Regional Geoecological Center, Branch of the State-owned Enterprise “‘Nevskgeologia,” St. Petersburg Fax: 7(812)-541-5700 Email: [email protected] Concentration of “heavy metals” in soils of St. Petersburg Owner: Regional Geoecological Center Division of the State-Owned Enterprise “Nevskgeologia,” St. Petersburg Fax: 7(812)-540-5700 Email: [email protected] Program BOILERS “Estimation of gross emissions of pollutants from boiler units” Owner: Scientific and Production Enterprise “Logus” Fax: 7(495)-562-0118 Email: [email protected] Program BUILDING MATERIALS “Estimation of emissions from non-organic sources in the industry of building materials” Owner: Scientific and Production Enterprise “Logus” Fax: 7(495)-562-0118 Email: [email protected] Program “DIESELS.” Estimation of gross emissions of harmful substances from stationary diesel sources Owner: Scientific and Production Enterprise “Logus” Fax: 7(495)-562-0118 Email: [email protected] Standards for Contamination of the Environment by Enterprises Owner: Natural Resources and the Environment Protection Department for the North-Ossetia and Alania Republic, RF Ministry of Natural Resources, Vladikavkaz Fax: 7(8672)-74-8048 Email: [email protected] Testing of soils and grounds for the Presence of Organic Toxicants on the Territory of St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region

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Resources

Owner: Regional Geoecological Center-Division of the State-owned Enterprise “Nevskgeologia,” St. Petersburg Fax: 7(812)-540-5700 Email: [email protected] Toxic substances and physical and chemical characteristics of transboundary sources of air pollution in seas in Russia (sea aerosol, surface microlevel, and surface water) Owner: State Institute of Oceanography Fax: 7(495)-246-7288 Email: [email protected] Protection of the Environment

Information retrieval system “Hazardous Substances” Owner: Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances, Rospotrebnadzor Fax: 7(495)-633-16-84 Email: [email protected]

Government agencies Russian Federation Ministry of Agriculture 1/11, Orlikov per., 107 139 Moscow Fax: 7(495)-207-8362 Web: www.mcx.ru

Consolidated List of Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs) of harmful substances in water Owner: Scientific and Production Enterprise “Logus” Fax: 7(495)-562-0118 Email: [email protected]

Federal Agency on Fishery 12, Rozhdestvenskiy bulvar, 107996 Phone: 7(495)-628-2320 Fax: 7(495)-628-19-04 Web: www.fishcom.ru

Ecology and Protection of the Environment in Russia Owner: State Public Scientific and Technical Library Fax: 7(495)-921-9862/925-0750 Email: [email protected]

Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance 1/11, Orlikov per., 107 139 Moscow Fax: 7(495)-607-51-11 Web: http://fsups.ru

Ecology and Protection of the Nature in Western Siberia Owner: State Public Scientific and Technical Library, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk Fax: 7(3832)-66-2585/32-1637 Email: [email protected]

Russian Federation Ministry of Health Development 3, Rakhmanovskiy per., 127 994 Moscow Phone: 7(495)-928-4453 Web: www.mzsrrf.ru

Toxicology Concentrations of metals in biomedia Owner: Federal State-owned Scientific Establishment “Toxicology Institute,” St. Petersburg Fax: 7(812)-567-5566

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Social

Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being 18/20, Vadkovskiy per., 127 994 Moscow Fax: 7(499)-973-1802 Web: www.gsen.ru

Concentration of PCB in maternal breast milk of feeding mothers and other biological media Owner: Federal State-owned Scientific Establishment “Toxicology Institute,” St. Petersburg Fax: 7(812)-567-5566

Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances 18/20, Vadkovskiy per., 127 994 Moscow Phone/Fax: 7(495)-633-1684 Email: [email protected] Web: www.rpohv.ru

Concentration of PCBs in soils in different districts of St. Petersburg and Leningrad region Owner: Federal State-owned Scientific Establishment “Toxicology Institute,” St. Petersburg Fax: 7(812)-567-5566

Russian Federation Ministry of Industry and Trade 7, Kitaygorodskiy pr., 109 074 Moscow Phone: 7(495)-710 -5500 Fax: 7(495)-710-5722 Web: www.minprom.gov.ru

Concentrations of PCB in water of the Neva River, its tributaries and Gulf of Finland in different areas of St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region Owner: Federal State-owned Scientific Establishment “Toxicology Institute,” St. Petersburg Fax: 7(812)-567-5566

Federal Agency on Technical Regulation and Metrology 9, Leninskiy pr., 119 991 Moscow Phone: 7(495)-236-0300 Fax: 7(495)-236-6231 Email: [email protected] Web: www.gost.ru

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Federal Service of Hydrometeorology and Monitoring of the Environment 12, Novovagankovskiy per, 123 995 Moscow Phone: 7(495)-252-1368/1486 Fax: 7(495)-252-5504 Email: [email protected] Web: www.meteorf.ru. Russian Federation Ministry of Natural Resources 4/6, Bolshaya Gruzinskaya, 123 242 Moscow Phone: 7(495)-254-4800 Fax: 7(495)-254-4319 Email: [email protected] Web: www.mnr.gov.ru Federal Supervisory of Natural Resources Management Service 4/6, Bolshaya Gruzinskaya, 123 995 Moscow Phone: 7(495)-254-1600 Web: www.control.mnr.gov.ru

economic, and social problems at global, national, and local levels; public awareness raising on issues of the environment; and sustainable development. EcoAccord collaborates with a wide range of stakeholders from Russia and New Independent States on the territory of the former USSR as well as from all over the world. Eco-Accord takes an active part in international processes, “Environment for Europe,” “Environment and Health,” cooperation for the environment, and sustainable development in the AsiaPacific Region. It promotes the implementation of international conventions and agreements on chemical management and safety in Russia. Special attention is drawn to the implementation of WSSD decisions and recommendations. P.O. Box 43, 129090 Moscow Phone: 7(495)-514-3748 Email: [email protected] Web: www.ecoaccord.org/english/index.htm ECO-Defense

Organizations (Nongovernmental) All-Russian Society of Nature Protection It was founded in 1924 in the former USSR. In 1991 it was reorganized into a public organization of the Russian Federation. Its major goal is to ensure the environmental safety of the population and the sound use of nature. Its main activities are aimed at encouraging the solutions to scientific and practical nature-protection measures, public monitoring of the observance of nature-protection legislation, and participation in the law-making process; organization of public club-like environmental movements in different environmental fields and in different regions of Russia; and awareness raising of ecological issues among the population at large. In particular, it contributed to the development of the Federal Law “Protection of Lake Baikal.” It is one of the cofounders of the newspaper “Green World” published since 1991. 3, Bogoyavlenskiy per. Building 3, 109 012, Moscow Phone: 7(495)-624-7765 Fax: 7(495)-621-2812 Email: [email protected] Web: http://voop.ru ECO-Accord, Center for the Environment and Sustainable Development ECO-Accord was established in 1992 as a nongovernmental and noncommercial organization of the RF citizens. Its main goal is to promote the process of transition to sustainable development by searching for new approaches and solutions of environmental,

ECO-Defense is an ecological public organization that was created in 1990. It is a member of the Social and Ecological Union; at present it has its subdivisions in Moscow, Kaliningrad, Voronezh, and Ekaterinburg. Its goal is to contribute to the solution of ecological problems; to provide the population with ecological information and to promote the right to know; to encourage the involvement of citizens in ecological campaigns aimed at the protection of the environment; and to enhance education of children and adults in ecology. ECO-Defense is particularly active in preventing the pollution of the Baltic Sea. ECO-Defense edits a number of periodicals. Moscow Office: 70/2-5, Nizhegorodskaya str., 109052, Moscow Phone: 7(495)-278-4642 Email: accord@[email protected] Web: www.ecodefense.ru Moscow Office: email: [email protected] Green Cross. Russian National Organization Russian Green Cross is a public organization, created in 1994, and has representation in 23 RF subjects. It is one of the most influential ecology-protection movements in the country. Its goal is improving the health of the environment and setting up safe conditions for humans. It promotes ecological education of the population, encourages the conservation of forest and animal reservations, and organizes events for cleaning up soil and water bodies in different Russian regions. It initiates the convocation of ecological forums and round tables.

Resources

3, Krasina street, 123056, Moscow Phone: 7(495)-252-2130 Fax: 7(495)-254-6102 Email: [email protected] Web: http://rpvita.ru/partners/grcross Greenpeace (Russian Branch of the international organization) A Greenpeace office in Russia was established in 1989 and in 1992 it was given the name of Greenpeace Russia. In 2001 a Greenpeace subdivision was opened in St. Petersburg. Greenpeace Russia seeks to protect biodiversity; prevent the pollution of oceans, land, air, and freshwater; end all nuclear threats, promotes peace and nonviolence; conducts campaigns for the use of renewable energy sources, elimination of toxic chemicals, against the release of genetically modified organisms to the environment. 6, str. Novaya Bashilovka, 127 994, Moscow Phone/Fax: 7(495)-626-5045 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/en/about Guild of Ecologists, Ecology in Russian Regions: Moscow and Moscow Region The Guild of Ecologists is a noncommercial association unifying reliable ecological companies and organizations giving priority to the conservation of the environment, health, and human well-being. The main target of the Guild is to defend the interests of ecologists, to encourage high-quality ecological services, and to promote best ecological technologies and initiatives. It closely cooperates with the Government of Moscow City. It actively participates in home events dedicated to chemicals and waste management, clean air in workplaces and residential settings. It publishes a journal “Ecological Review of the Moscow Region.” 15, Street Novyi Arbat, suite 626,119019 Moscow Phone/Fax: 7(495)-291-5261 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ecoguild.ru; http://ecoguild.narod. ru/mosobl/ International Social and Ecological Union This organization was set up about 50 years ago. Officially established in Russia in 1988, it unifies activists of the ecological movement in Russia and ensures links between them and experts in different branches of science, jurists, bodies responsible for the protection of the environment, mass-media, and public organizations in foreign countries. Its main goal is conservation of the environment and ensuring its safety. Its scope covers a great number of fields including climate changes, urban ecology, conservation of unique natural ecosystems and recovery of affected territories;

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biological safety, chemical disarmament, contribution to the law-making process and monitoring of lawabidance in ecology; and human health. The Union is a founder of a number of experts’ centers, initiates different programs, and supports initiatives of its members. Among its programs there is a program “Chemical Pollution and Chemical Safety.” P.O. 211, 119019 Moscow Phone: 7(494)-963-5420 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.seu.ru/about/ Russian National Division of the World Wide Fund for Nature The Russian representation of WWF was opened in 1994 and in 2004 it received the status of the WWF Russian National Organization. Its priority objectives are the development and conservation of especially protected natural zones in Russia (national parks, animal, and plant reservations, etc.); conservation of rare species of animals and plants; creation of economic tools to conserve biological diversity; promotion of nature-protection legislation; and support of education in nature protection. 19, str. Nikoloyamskaya, building 3, 109240 Moscow Phone: 7(495)-727-0939 Fax: 7(495)-727-0938 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.wwf.ru/ UNEP National Committee for Russia (UNEPCOM) UNEP National Committee for Russia (UNEPCOM) was created in 1994. Its founders were the Russian Academy of Sciences, RF Foreign Office, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Union of Journalists of Russia, and other stakeholders. UNEPCOM ensures interaction between UNEP and the civil society of Russia, contributes to the implementation of UN international agreements and programs in Russia, and promotes WSSD recommendations for environmental protection and sustainable development in Russia. Str. Novyi Arbat, building 1, Suite 1819, 119 019 Moscow Phone: 7(495)-293-5584 Fax: 7(495)-203-6049 Email: [email protected] Web: www.unepcom.ru

Universities In Russia, the teaching of basic principles of toxicology and its specialties has been traditionally conducted within a medical school curriculum. Thus particular

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fields within toxicology may fall under various departments or “chairs,” for example, chairs of pharmacology (general principles of toxicology); chairs of general hygiene (methodological principles of toxicometry and hygienic regulation); chairs of nutrition (food toxicology); chairs of communal hygiene (toxicology of chemicals contaminating water, atmospheric air, and soil); chairs of military and emergency medicine. Recently, chairs of toxicology and related disciplines also have been established in a number of medical universities. Among these are the following. Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa 3, Lenin str., 450 000, Yfa, Republic of Bashkorostan Web: http://www.bsmu.anrb.ru/common Irkutsk State Medical University 1, str. Krasnogo Vosstaniya, 664 003 Irkursk Email: [email protected] Novosibirsk State Medical University 52, Krasniy prospekt, 830 091, Novosibirsk Web: http://ru.medin.nsc.ru Perm State Medical Academy 39, str. Kuybysheva, 814 090, Perm Web: http://www/psma.ru I.M. Sechenov Russian State Medical Academy, Moscow 8, Str. Trubetskkaya, building 2, 119 992 Moscow Web: http://www.mma.ru Russian State Medical University 1, str. Ostrovityaniva, 117 997, Moscow Web: http://www.rsmu.ru Ural State Medical Academy, Ekaterinburg 3, str. Repina, 620 219 Ekaterinburg Web: www.usma.ru Postgraduate education of physicians specializing in toxicology is conducted via internships, residentships, and postgraduate courses, through thematic specializations (e.g., in clinical toxicology, industrial toxicology, etc.). Russian academic institutions which provide indepth postgraduate education in different branches of medicine, including toxicology, include: Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy 10/1 street Minina and Pozharskogo, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod Web: www.n-nov.mednet.com Russian Academy of Advanced Medical Studies, Moscow 2/1, str. Barrikadnaya, 123 836 Moscow Web: http://www.rmapo.ru Russian Military Medical Academy, Saint-Petersburg 8, str. Lebedeva, 194 044 Saint-Petersburg Web: http://www.vmeda.spb.ru/

Saint Petersburg Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education 41, str. Kirochnaya, 191 015 Saint Petersburg Web: http://www.maps.spb.ru; www.mapo.spb.ru

Professional societies Russian Toxicology Society Email: [email protected] Web: rpohbv,ru

Key research centers All-Russian Research and Testing Institute of Medical Equipment 3, ul. Kasatkina, 129 301 Moscow Fax: 7(495)-187-3734 Email: [email protected] A.N. Sysin Research Institute for Human Ecology and Environmental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences 10/15, Pogodinskaya ul., 119992 Moscow Fax: 7(495)-245-0314 Email: [email protected] Ekaterinburg Medical Scientific Center for Health Promotion and Prophylaxis of Industrial Workers Ekaterinburg Web: www.ymrc.ru Federal State-owned Scientific Establishment “Toxicology Institute” 1, Bekhtereva street, 192019 Saint-Petersburg Web: www.toxicology.ru F.F. Erisman Federal Research Center of Hygiene 2, ul. Semashko, 141 000 Mytishch, Moscow Region Fax: 7(495)-582-9294 Email: pesticide@yandex,ru Hygiene Research Institute of Novosibirsk 7, ul. Parkhomenko, 630 108 Novosibirsk Phone/Fax: 7(383)-343-3401 Email: [email protected] Institute of Occupational Health Moscow Web: http://www.niimt.ru National Research Center of Drug Addiction Moscow Email: [email protected] Web: www.nrca.ru North-West Scientific Center for Hygiene and Public Health St. Petersburg Web: www.sznc.sp.ru/contacts/

Resources

Research Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Pathology of Nizhniy Novgorod 20, ul. Semashko, 603 950 Nizhniy Novgorod Fax: 7(831)-236-3593 Email: [email protected] Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology of Ufa 94, ul. Stepana Kuvykina. 450106, Ufa Fax: 7(3472)-55-5684 Email: [email protected] Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene of St. Petersburg 8, ul. Mira, 197101 St. Petersburg Phone/Fax: 7(812)-233-2612 Email: [email protected]

Blagoveshchensk 3rd Municipal Hospital Toxicological Department 1, per. Uralova., 675 000 Blagoveshchensk Cheboksary City Hospital of Emergency Medical Care Republican Center for Acute Poisonings Treatment 47, Moskovskiy prospect 428017 Cheboksary Chelyabinsk City Toxicological Center City Clinical Hospital No 3 287, Prospekt Pobedy 454 021 Chelyabinsk Regional Toxicological Center Regional Clinical Hospital no 3 Ul. Voroovskogo, ‘Medgorodok’, 454 076 Chelyabinsk

Saratov Research Institute of Rural Hygiene 1 A, Zarechnaya ul., District 16, 410 022 Saratov Fax: (8452)-92-7890 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Scientific Research Disinfectology Institute Moscow Web: http://www.niid.ru

Chita Poisonings Treatment Center City Clinical Hospital No 1 8, ul. Lenina, 672 010 Chita

State Establishment “Nutrition Institute” Russian Academy of Medical Sciences 2/14 Ustyinskiy per., 109240 Moscow Phone/Fax: 7(495)-698-5379 Email: [email protected]

Ekaterinburg City Toxicological and Psychiatric Center City Clinical Hospital No 14 15B, ul. 22nd Partsyezda 620 039 Ekaterinburg

State Research Center “Institute of Biophysics” 46, Zhivopisnaya ul., 123 182 Moscow Phone: 7(495) 190 56 51 Email: [email protected]

Regional Center for Poisonings Treatment Regional Association “Psychiatry” Building 10, 8th kilometre Siberian tract, 620 030 Ekaterniburg

Toxicology Information and Advisory Center 3, Sukharevskaya str., building 7, 129090 Moscow Web: http://www.rtiac.narod.ru Poison Information/Control Centers

Irkutsk Regional Center for Acute Poisonings Treatment Health Care Establishment 9, ul. Zhukova, 664 022 Irkutsk

State-owned Institution “Toxicology Information Advisory Center” RF Ministry of Health and Social Development 3, Sukharevskaya str., Building 7, 120090 Moscow Phone/Fax: 7(495)-921-6885 Web: http://www.rtiac.narod.ru Astrakhan Acute Poisonings Treatment Department, Research and Practical Medical Complex “Ecological Medicine,” Joint-Stock Company “Astrakhangazprom.” 1, Kubanskaya ul., 414 057 Astrakhan Barnaul City Clinical Hospital No 3 Altai Territory Toxicological Center 29, ul. Titova, 656 023 Barnaul

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Kazan City Center for Acute Poisonings City Clinical Hospital No 1 5, ul. Kalinina, 420 043 Kazan Kemerovo Regional Center for Acute Poisonings Treatment M.A. Podgorbunskiy City Clinical Hospital No 3 22, ul. Ostrovskogo, 650099 Kemerovo Khabarovsk Territory Toxicological Center Clinical Hospital No 10 1, Ulchskiy pereulok, 680 000 Khabarovsk Krasnoyarsk Toxicology Division City Hospital of Emergency Medical Care 17, ul. Kurchatova, 660062 Krasnoyarsk

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Kurgan Toxico-Therapeutic Division City Clinical Hospital of Emergency Medical Care 63, ul. Kirova, 640001 Kurgan

Penza Acute Poisonings Division G.A. Zakharyin Central City Hospital No 6 7, ul. Stasova, 440071 Penza

Kursk Regional Center for Acute Poisonings Treatment and Efferent Therapy City Hospital of Emergency Medical Care 4, ul. Pirogova, 305 035 Kursk

Perm Toxicological Division M.A. Tverye Medico-Sanitary Unit No 9 2, ul. Bratyev Ignatovykh, 614 990 Perm

Kysil Republican Toxicological Base Republican Hospital 4, ul. Gagarina, 667 000 Kysil, Republic of Tyva Lipetsk Toxicological Center Regional Clinical Hospital No 1 6a, ul. Moscovskaya, 398 055 Lipetsk Makhachkala Toxicological room Republican Association of Emergency Medical Care 3, ul. Pirogova, 367 003 Makhachkala

Rostov-on-Don Regional Center for Acute Poisonings Treatment City Hospital of Emergency Medical Care No 2 88/35, ul. Bodraya, 344 068 Rostov-on-Don Samara Poisonings Treatment Center M.I. Kalinin Regional Clinical Hospital 159, ul. Tashkentskaya, 443 002 Samara Smolensk Division of Hemodialysis and Acute Poisonings Clinical Hospital No 1 40, ul. Frunze, 214 001 Smolensk

Moscow Children’s City Toxicological Center N.F. Filatov Children’s City Hospital No 13 15, ul. Sadovo-Kudrinskaya, Building 6, 103 001 Moscow

St. Petersburg Poisonings Treatment Center I.I. Dzhanelidze Resarch Institute of Emergency Medical Care St. Petersburg Web: www.emergency.spb.ru

Moscow Center for Treatment of Acute Poisonings N.V. Sklifosovskiy Research Institute of Emergency Medical Care. 3, Sukharevskaya pl. Building 7, 129 010 Moscow

Tambov Toxicological and Therapeutic Division City Hospital No 3 234/365, ul. Karla Marxa, 392 020 Tambov

Toxicological Department A.A. Ostroumov City Clinical Hospital No 33 7, ul. Stromynka, 107014 Moscow

Tomsk Toxicology Division Regional Clinical Hospital 96, ul. Ivana Chernykh, 634 063 Tomsk

Nizhniy Novgorod Poisonings Treatment Center City Clinical Hospital No 33 54, prospect Lenina, 603 076 Nizhniy Novgorod Novosibirsk Regional Acute Poisonings Treatment Center City Clinical Hospital No 34 18, ul. Titova, 630 054 Novosibirsk Omsk Acute Poisonings Treatment Center City Clinical Hospital No 1 9, ul. Perelyota, 644 112 Omsk Orenburg Division of Resuscitation of Acute Poisonings City Clinical Hospital of Emergency Medical Care No 1 23, pr. Gagarina, 460 021 Orenburg

Tula Poisonings Treatment Center N.A. Semashko City Hospital of Emergency Medical Care 13, ul. Pervomayskaya, 300 008 Tula Tyumen Acute Poisonings Division Regional Clinical Hospital 55, ul. Kotovskogo, 625 023 Tyumen Ulyanovsk Poisonings Treatment Center City Hospital of Emergency Medical Care 30a, ul. Ryleyeva, 432 700 Ulyanovsk Ufa Poisonings Treatment Center City Clinical Hospital No 21 3, ul. Lesnoy Proyezd, 450 076 Ufa

Resources

Vladivostok Poisonings Treatment Center City Clinical Hospital of Emergency Medical Care No 2 57, Russkaya ul., 690 105 Vladivostok Volgograd City Toxicological Center Drug Addiction Rehabilitation Center 16, ul. Bureyskaya, 400 081 Volgograd Voronezh Division of Acute Poisonings Treatment Regional Clinical Hospital 151, Moskovskiy pr. 394 082 Voronezh

Hygiene and epidemiological centers having toxicological divisions in their structure Federal Center Federal Hygiene and Epidemiological Center 19a, Varshavskoye Shosse, 117105 Moscow Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.fcgsen.ru Federal Hygiene and Epidemiological Center for the Railway Transport 8, building 2, Perviy Basmanniy per., 107066 Moscow Altai Territory Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Altai Territory Fax: 7(3852)-26-6075 Email: Barnaul [email protected] Amur Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Amur Region 30, ul. Pervomayskaya, 675 002 Blagoveshchenks Fax: 7(4162)-52-5624 Email: [email protected] Arkhangelsk Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Arkhangelsk Region 164, building 1, Troitskiy proyezd, 163 045 Arkhangelsk Fax: 7(8182)-27-6483 Email: [email protected] Astrakhan Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Astrakhan Region 89, ul. Kirova, 414 057 Astrakhan Fax: 7(8512)-34-1494 Email: [email protected]

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Belgorod Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Belgorod Region 48, ul. Gubkina, 308 036 Belgorod Fax: 7(4722)-51-6253 Email: [email protected] Bryansk Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Bryansk Region 72, Pr. Lenina, 241 000 Bryansk Fax: 7(4832)-74-0508 Email: [email protected] Chelyabinsk Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Chelyabinsk Region 147, ul. Svobody, 454 091 Chelyabinsk Fax: 7(351)-237-9058 Email: [email protected] Irkutsk Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Irkutsk Region 51, ul. Trilissera, 664 047 Irkutsk Fax: 7(3952)-22-8204 Email: [email protected] Ivanov Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Ivanov Region 12, ul. Voronina, 153 035 Ivanovo Fax: 7(4932)-23-0606 Email: [email protected] Kabardino-Balkarian Republic Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic 33, ul. Baysultanova, 360 017 Nalchik Fax: 7(8662)-74-2828 Email: [email protected] Kaliningrad Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Kaliningrad Region 5, ul. Polkovnika Ivannikova, 236 040 Kaliningrad Fax: 7(4012)-46-3481 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ocgsen.kaliningrad.ru Kaluga Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Kaluga Region 181 ul. Barrikadnaya, 248 018 Kaluga Fax: 7(4842)-57-4675 Email: [email protected]

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Kemerovo Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Kemerovo Region 8, ul. Nogradskaya, 650 025, Kemerovo Fax: 7(3842)-25-1736 Email: [email protected] Kostroma Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Kostroma Region 23, ul. Sverdlova, 156 000 Kostroma Fax: 7(4942)-31-2313 Email: [email protected] Krasnodar Territory Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Krasnodar Territory Krasnodar Web: www.cgekuban.ru/contacts Krasnoyarsk Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Krasnoyarsk Region 38, ul. Sopochnaya, 660 100 Krasnoyarsk Fax: 7(3912)-43-7940 Email: [email protected] Kursk Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Kursk Region 3, ul. Pochtovaya, 305 000 Kursk Fax: 7(4712)-51-1236 Email: [email protected] Leningrad Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Leningrad Region 7, ul. Olminskogo, 192 029 St. Petersburg Fax: 7(812)-265-0006 Email: [email protected] Web: cgsninlo.spb.ru Lipetsk Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Lipetsk Region 80a, ul. Oktyabrskaya, 398 001 Lipetsk Fax: 7(4742)-77-0413 Email: [email protected] Maritime Territory (Kray) Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Maritime Territory 36, ul. Utkinskaya, 690 091 Vladivostok Fax: 7(4232)-40-2185 Email: [email protected] Web: www.pkcgsen.ru, click on ‘Оbрaщeние грaҗдaн’

Moscow Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the City of Moscow Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.mossanepid.ru Moscow Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Moscow Region 2, ul. N.A. Semashko, 141014 Mytishchi Fax: 7(495)-586-1268 Email: [email protected] Murmansk Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Murmansk Region 11, ul. Kommuny, 183038 Murmansk Fax: 7(8152)-47-3425 Email: [email protected] Novgorod Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Novgorod Region Web: http://www.novgsen.natm.ru, click on Novosibirsk Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Novosibirsk Region 84, ul. Frunze, 630099 Novosibirsk Fax: 7(3832)-224-5838 Email: [email protected] Omsk Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Omsk Region 42a, ul. 27 Severnaya, 644116 Omsk Fax: 7(3812)-68-0977 Email: [email protected] Orenburg Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Orenburg Region 48, ul. Kirova, 460 000 Orenburg Fax: 7(3522)-77-2923 Email: [email protected] Pskov Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Pskov Region 21, ul. Gogolya, 180000 Pskov Email: [email protected] Republic of Bashkortostan Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Republic of Bashkortostan 7, ul. Shafiyeva, 450054 Ufa Fax: 7(3472)-37-4248 Email: [email protected]

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Republic of Chuvashia Hygiene and Epidemiological Center in the Republic of Chuvashia 17, ul. Gladkova, 428 020 Cheboksary Fax: 7(8352)-21-2916 Email: [email protected]

Samara Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Samara Region 1, proyezd Georgia Mitireva, 443 079 Samara Fax: 7(846)-260-3799 Email: [email protected]

Republic of Daghestan Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Republic. of Daghestan 174, ul. Kazbekova, 367 005 Makhachkala Fax: 7(8722)-64-4868 Email: [email protected]

St. Petersburg Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the city of St. Petersburg 1, ul. Malaya Sadovaya, 191 023 St. Petersburg Fax: 7(812)-571-1447 Email: [email protected]

Republic of Karelia Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Republic. of Karelia 12, ul. Pirogova, 185002 Petrozavodsk Fax: 7(8142)-56-0189 Email: [email protected] Republic of Komi Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Komi Republic 3/3, ul. Dmitrova, 167000 Syktyvkar Fax: 7(8212)-43-0537 Email: [email protected] Republic of Mariy-El Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Republic of Mariy-El 121, ul. Mashinostroiteley, 424 007 Ioshkar Ola Fax: 7(8362)-68-1930 Email: [email protected] Republic of North Ossetia-Alania Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania 26a, ul. Nikolayeva, 362 021 Vladikavkaz Fax: 7(8672)-76-8900 Email: [email protected] Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) 60.2, ul. Petra Alekseyeva, 677 005 Yakutsk Fax: 7(4112)-22-5791 Email: [email protected]

Sakhalin Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Sakhalin Region 45, ul. Khabarovskaya, 693000 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Fax: 7(4242)-42-2222 Email: [email protected] Saratov Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Saratov Region 69, ul. Bolshaya Gornaya, 410031 Saratov Fax: 7(8452)-28-8038 Email: [email protected] Smolensk Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Smolensk Region 12, Tulskiy per., 214013 Smolensk Fax: 7(4812)-66-2494 Email: [email protected] Stavropol Territory (Kray) Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Stavropol Territory 4, ul. Fadeyeva, 355008 Stavropol Fax: 7(8652)-94-6854 Email: [email protected] Sverdlovsk Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Sverdlovsk Region 4, pereulok Otdelniy, 620078 Ekaterinburg Fax: 7(343)-374-4703 Email: [email protected]

Republic of Tatarstan Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Republic of Tatarstan 18, ul. Ippodromnaya, 420 049 Kazan Fax: 7(8432)-77-2373 Email: [email protected]

Tver Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Tver Region 13, ul. Darvina, 170034 Tver Fax: 7(4822)-42-3546 Email: [email protected]

Rostov Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Rostov Region Web: www.donses.ru/about/about6.shtml

Tula Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Tula Region 114, ul. Oboronnaya, 300 045 Tula

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Fax: 7(4872)-21-6131 Email: [email protected] Tyumen Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Tyumen Region 57, ul. Kholodilnaya, 625000 Tyumen Fax: 7(3452)-20-5006 Email: [email protected] Vladimir Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in Vladimir Region 5, ul. Tokoreva, 600005 Vladimir Fax: 7(4922)-23-7896 Email: [email protected] Volgograd Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Volgograd Region 13, ul. Angarskaya, 400049 Volgograd Fax: 7(8442)-37-2674 Email: [email protected] Voronezh Region Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Voronezh Region 21, ul. Kosmonavtov, 394 038 Voronezh Fax: 7(4732)-63-6228 Email: [email protected] Yamalo-Nenets Autonome Area Hygiene and Epidemiological Center in the YamaloNenets Area 10, ul. Titova, 626 608 Salekhard Yaroslavl Region Hygiene and Epidemiological Center in the Yaroslavl Region 4, ul. Chkalova, 150024 Yaroslavl Fax: 7(4852)-73-29-52 Email: [email protected]

Federal Law concerning Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Entities (declaration and expertise of hazardous production facilities, hazard classification of chemicals) 1999.07.21, No 116 Federal Law concerning the Protection of Atmospheric Air, No 109. 2002.07.24, (state registration of harmful substances (contaminants), registration testing of harmful substances (contaminants), which exert or can exert harmful exposure to humans and the environment; authorization to release harmful substances (contaminants) to the atmospheric air and to exert a certain harmful physical impact on the atmospheric air) Federal Law concerning the Protection of Consumers’ Rights, (with further addenda and modifications). No 2300- 1992.02.07 Federal Law concerning the Protection of the Environment, No 7, 2002.01.10 Federal Law concerning Quality and Safety of Food Products, No 29, 2000.01.02 Federal Law concerning Ratification of ILO Convention 162 on Labor Protection in the handling of Asbestos, No 50, 2000.04.08 Federal Law concerning Technical Regulation, No 184, 2002.12.27 (under revision) Federal Law concerning Industry and Consumption wastes. No 89, 06.24. 1998 Federal Law on Sanitary and Epidemiological Well-being of the Population, No 52, 1999.03.30 (state registration of potentially hazardous chemical and biological substances, as well as other certain products; sanitary and epidemiological requirements for chemicals harmful to humans and for some other certain products) Federal Law concerning Safe Handling of Pesticides and Agrochemicals, No 109, 1997.07.19

Legislation concerning chemical safety Note: Up-to-date information about RF Laws can be obtained at the Company “ConsultantPlus.” Web: http://www.consultant.ru/english or at the company “Garant.” This company can also provide English translation of RF laws. Web: http://www.garant.ru/english. Federal Law concerning Entering Addenda and Modifications to the Federal Law concerning Technical Regulation of Production and Traffic of Ethanol and Alcohol Products. No 18, 1999.01.07

RF Basic Legislative Principles for the Protection of Population’s Health. New version of 2005.03.07 Federal Law No 197, 2001.12.26.: RF Labor Code

IFCS Russian focal point Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights and Human Well-being, RF Ministry of Health and Social Development Email: [email protected] Web: www.rpohbv.ru

C H A P T E R

31 Saudi Arabia K.M. Alharthy, H.N. Althurwi and F.F. Albaqami Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia

Introduction Saudi Arabia is the largest country in middle east with a total area of about 2.15 million square kilometers. According to general authority for statistics in Saudi Arabia, in 2018 the total population of Saudi Arabia was estimated at 33 million with a population growth rate of 2.55% which makes it among the highest population growth countries in the world (General Authority for Statistics in Saudi Arabia, 2018). Saudi Arabia holds 16.2% of the world’s proven petroleum reserves, and its economy relies mainly on the oil industry, as the second largest exporter of petroleum in the world (Hasanov et al., 2017). As a consequence, Saudi Arabia inevitably contributes to the detrimental environmental effects associated with oil drilling (Abu Khamsin, 1997). For instance, Saudi Arabia has witnessed one of the largest oil spills in history during the gulf war in 1991 (Tawfiq and Olsen, 1993). Environmental damages due to the oil spill along with other factors such as increased urbanization, desalination, increasing private transportation, and high standards of living have led to increases in the pollution rate of air, water, and ground in the past decades (Riffat et al., 2016; Kadi, 2009; Kennedy et al., 2008; Abou-Korin, 2011). As a result, Saudi Arabia’s largest cities such as Riyadh, Jubail, and Dammam were ranked among the most polluted cities in the world (WHO, 2018). Nevertheless, the government of Saudi Arabia puts the environmental and health issues among their priorities as is clearly shown by the establishment of many agencies and ministries that specialize in setting policies and regulations for the control of human and environmental concerns. For instance, the general authority of meteorology and

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00031-0

environmental protection (GAMEP) was established in 1981 as the central authority responsible for protecting the environment in the country and dealing with environmental disaster (Almazroui et al., 2017; GAMEP, 2018). The interest in toxicology started in Saudi Arabia with the establishment of the first pharmacy college at King Saud University in 1959 where toxicology was one of the subjects studied (Alhamoudi and Alnattah, 2018; KSU, 2018a). In 1978, the first drug and poisons information center (DPIC) was established to serve as a resource to manage poison cases and offer drug related information from well-trained experts. This center was able to manage about 9500 poison cases in the central region over the period of 1990 2000 (KSU, 2018b). Due to urbanization and increased use of chemicals, the Ministry of Health developed a national plan to increase public awareness about health risks from chemicals and biologic agents. This plan has led to the establishment of the first regional poison control center (PCC) in the eastern province in 1984 (MOH, 2018). Nowadays, there are around 27 pharmacy college where the teaching of toxicology is considered one of the basic components of all colleges’ curricula. In addition, Saudi Arabia has about 18 hospital, three academic, and one national DPIC centers distributed all over the country (KSU, 2018b; SFDA, 2018a; TaibahU, 2018; SFDA, 2018b). In a similar manner, the interest in research in the toxicology field has increased over the last few decades and recently, the Life Sciences and Environment Research Institute has been established to promote and support innovations and research activities that address the environmental problems in Saudi Arabia.

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Resources Societies Saudi Society for Environmental Sciences Address: P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia Fax: 1966 12 6952758 Email: [email protected] Saudi Society of Marine Sciences Address: P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia Phone: 1966 12 6952043 Fax: 1966 12 6401747 Email: [email protected]

The National Drug and Poison Information Center

King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital Address: King Khaled Road, Umm Al Hamam Al Gharbi, Riyadh 12329 Phone: 1966114821234 / EXT. 4823 Security Forces Hospital Address: Salah Ad Din Al Ayyubi Rd, Riyadh 12625 Phone: 1966118023161 1966118023155 Al Yamamah Hospital Address: Al Imam Ash Shafii, Al Manar, Riyadh 14222 Phone: 1966 11 4914444 / EXT. 1161 King Fahad Medical City Address: As Sulimaniyah, 6481, Riyadh 12231 Phone: 1966 11 2889999 Email: [email protected] King Fahad Specialist Hospital Address: 3187 An Naziyah, Buraydah 52366 Phone: 1966 16 3252000 / EXT. 4220 2216

Address: Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA), Northern Ring Branch Rd, An Nafal, Riyadh 13312 Web Site: https://dpic.sfda.gov.sa Phone: 1966112038222 Fax: 1966112057627 Email: [email protected]

Al Rass General Hospital Address: Bin Sina St, King Khalid District, Ar Rass 58876 Phone: 1966 16 3339996 / EXT. 3284

The National Drug and Poison Information Center (NDPIC) belongs to the drug sector of SFDA. Its mission is to provide healthcare providers, the public, or industry with comprehensive, objective, unbiased, and evidence-based information. NDPIC is the main national drug and poison center that links, guides, and supervises other national DPICs. These centers are located inside public hospitals that generally fall under the Saudi Health Ministry umbrella.

Eastern Region Saad Specialist Hospital Address: Prince Faisal Bin Fahad Road, Al-Aqrabiyya, Eastern Region, Khobar, Saudi Arabia Phone: 1966 13 8826666 / EXT. 2952

Hospitals’ Drug and Poisons Information Centers

King Saud Hospital Address: As Salhiyah, Unayzah 56437 Phone: 1966 16 3645000 / EXT. 1197

Maternity and Children’s Hospital Address: Al Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib Street, Al Muraikabat, Dammam 32253 Phone: 1966 13 8426666 / EXT. 63531 Mouwasat Hospital Address: Imam Al Termithy Street, Uhud, Dammam 32263 Phone: 1966 13 8200000 / EXT. 2392

King Abdulaziz Medical City Address: 2682 Ar Rimayah, Riyadh 14611 Phone: 1966118011111/ EXT. 12555 Email: [email protected]

King Fahad Hospital Address: Al Salmaniyah South, Unnamed Road, Al Hofuf 36441 Phone: 1966 13 5750000 / EXT. 1790

King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center Address: Zahrawi St, Al Maather, Riyadh 12713 Phone: 196611 464 7272 / EXT. 27604

Southern Region King Khalid Hospital Address: King Abdulaziz Road, Najran 66262 Phone: 1966 17 5224116 / EXT. 5544

Prince Sultan Military Medical City Address: Makkah Al Mukarramah Rd, As Sulimaniyah As Sulimaniyah, Riyadh 12233 Phone: 196611477 7714 / EXT. 25245 40385

King Fahad Hospital Address: 140, Jazan 82666 Phone: 1966 17 3250717 / EXT. 63272

Poison Control Centers

Western Region Maternity and Children’s Hospital Address: Al Mashair, Mecca 24246 Phone: 1966 12 5530400 / EXT. 6311 King Abdulaziz Hospital Address: Az Zahir, 22421, Mecca 24231 Phone: 1966 12 5442400 / EXT. 8089 Hera General Hospital Address: Al Buhayrat, Makkah 24227 4876 Phone: 1966 12 5203535 / EXT. 4400 Ohoud Hospital Address: As Salam, Medina 42354 Phone: 1966 14 8300016 / EXT. 2732 King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center Address: Ar Rawdah, Jeddah 23433 Phone: 1966 12 6677777 / EXT. 61722 King Fahad Hospital Address: 8231 Al Mustashfa Al Am Al Andalus, Jeddah 23325 3447 Phone: 1966 12 6606111 / EXT. 4562 Maternity and Children’s Hospital Address: Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah Road, AlHamra’a, Jeddah 23324 Phone: 1966 12 6652600 / EXT. 2190 Al Amal Complex Address: 4406 Alnaim District, Jeddah 23622 Phone: 1966 12 6544293 / EXT. 1155 Mental Health Hospital Address: Taif 6476 2936 Al Hadaq Shihar, Taif 26513 Phone: 1966 12 7466555 / EXT. 564 King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital Address: 26521 Qurwa, Taif 26521 Phone: 1966 12 7310660 / EXT. 2044

Poison Control Centers There are nine control centers of toxins and medical forensic chemistry in Saudi Arabia. They are governed by the Saudi Health Ministry and distributed in different regions. The first center of this kind, Dammam PCC, was established in 1984. The mission of PCC is to contribute to the reduction of the spread of drug abuse and prevent the negative impacts of toxins on public health. Laboratories and facilities of PCCs are capable of providing therapeutic, analytical, diagnostic, and preventative services related to toxins. Each center contains different departments such as emergency toxicology, therapeutic drug mentoring, drugs of abuse screening, forensic toxicology, chemistry, and occupational

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environmental toxicology. An online system, called Online Toxicology Analysis Requests and Results (OTARR), was invented to unify labor policies in poison control centers in the Kingdom, improve the quality and efficiency of services for poison control centers, facilitate the process and follow-up requests, reduce the duty cycle for the application, provide beneficiaries with complete and accurate information, handle automated registration and documentation of all work procedures and results, report the results of the analysis in a smooth, safe, and accurate manner, improve the level of patient care, provide access to a unified database of integrated toxins and psychotropic substances, improve methods of communication with beneficiaries, reduce the time, effort, and cost, ensure the confidentiality of information, and contribute to the education. These PPCs are: Dammam Poison Control Center Address: Dammam Regional Poison Control Center, Ghirnatah, Dammam 32245 Phone: 1966 13 8155646/ EXT 280, 281, 282 or 283 FAX: 1966 13 8155743 Email: [email protected] Madina Poison Control Center Address: Al Jamiah, 42351 Phone: 1966 14 8462564/ EXT 111, 888, 222 or 333 Fax: 1966 14 8462564/444 Email: [email protected] Makkah Poison Control Center Address: 290, Hadda 25321 Phone: 1966 12 4321519 Jazan Poison Control Center Address: Jizan 82731 Phone: 1966 17 3241552/ EXT 301, 304, 306 or 309 Fax: 1966 17 3212301 Email: [email protected] Jeddah Poison Control Center Address: Jeddah 22421, Al mahjr district Phone: 1966 12 6374900 Fax: 1966 12 6379400/ EXT 100 Email: [email protected] Qaseem Poison Control Center Address: 3187 An Naziyah, Buraydah 52366 Phone: 1966 16 3244860/ EXT 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106 or 107 Fax: 1966 16 3250891 Email: [email protected] Riyadh Poison Control Center Address: Kaab Ibn Al Harith, Ar Rawdah, Riyadh 13211 Phone: 1966 11 2324180/ EXT 101, 102, 105, or 108 Fax: 1966 11 2324180/ EXT 106 Email: [email protected]

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Aser Poison Control Center Address: Al Mahalah, 6922, Abha 62561 Phone: 1966 17 2272450/ EXT 100 Fax: 1966 17 2270477 Email: [email protected] Tabuk Poison Control Center Address: 9094 King Abdulaziz Rd, Annahdhah, Tabuk 47915 Phone: 1966 14 4249237 Fax: 1966 14 4219352 Email: [email protected]

Poison control committees • Standardization and examine children’s toys committee • Commission random drug testing for employees of sectors committee • Amendments on the list of health fitness committee • Poisons and chemistry legitimacy advisory committee • Amendment illegal drugs with the Food and Drug Administration advisory committee • The establishment of unit’s toxins therapeutic areas and provincial health committee • Chemical Safety Committee in conjunction with the Programme on Chemical Safety General Administration of Preventive Medicine • Committee to determine how the sampling and analysis of the necessary quantities of the problem with the General Directorate for Combating Drugs • Committee for the development of poison centers and forensic chemistry

The General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection Address: King Abdulaziz Rd, Riyadh 12625 Phone: 1966112919567 Fax: 1966112919568 Email: [email protected] PME is a national agency that is responsible for maintaining and preserving the environment by implementing the proper methods of waste disposal for both domestic and industrial wastes. It also established a national plan to combat marine pollution and harmful substances. Its environmental protection sector is associated with seven different departments which are public administration and environmental standards; public administration for inspection and audit irregularities and sanctions; environmental laboratories; response to environmental incidents administration; public administration for the safety of chemicals and hazardous wastes; public administration for nuclear safety and radioactive

waste; and general directorate for health, environment, and safety. PME has a direct line (988) to receive claims, inquiries, or requests from the public about environmental accidents, crises, or pollution. In addition, PME is responsible for weather monitoring, and communicates with other government agencies and the public by sending alarms or instructions in order to prepare for potential environmental disasters.

Toxicology education of Saudi Arabia In Saudi Arabia toxicology is integrated in either the pharmacology or pharmaceutical sciences department of the college of pharmacy in almost all public or private universities. Basic principles of toxicology, clinical, forensic, environmental, and molecular toxicology courses are provided for bachelor’s, pharm D, master’s, and PhD degree seekers. The College of Pharmacy in King Saud University is the first and only institution that provides master’s and PhD degrees in toxicology. Recently, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology started to provide master’s and PhD degrees in environmental and marine sciences, in addition to postdoctoral opportunities for those interested in environmental and marine sciences research. Advanced research facilities are available in most of these academic institutions that conduct different toxicological research that serves their community, nation, and toxicology fields. Due to the importance of toxicological research and drug information services, some institutions have established specialized centers that are integrated with their relevant government or private agencies to ensure the quality of their mission and vision. These institutions are the following: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division Address: 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Phone: 1966 12 808 0900 Email: [email protected] Clean Combustion Research Center Address: 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Email: [email protected] Red Sea Research Center King Saud University Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Address: College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 12371 Phone: 1966 1 4670000 Email: [email protected]

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Books

King Saud Drug and Poison Information center Phone: 1966 11 4677352 King Abdulaziz University Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Address: King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252 Phone: 1966 12 4600000/ Ext 21066 Email: [email protected] King Khaled Abha University Pharmacology Department Address: Guraiger, Abha 62529 Phone: 1966 17 2417774 Email: [email protected] UM Alqura University Address: Al Abdeyah, Al Awali, Makkah 24381 Phone: 1966 12 5270000 Email: [email protected] Taif University Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Address: Al Hawiyah, At Taif 26571 Phone: 1966 12 7272020 Email: [email protected] Qassim University Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Address: 4711 Buraydah 52571 Phone: 1 966 16 3802267 Email: [email protected] Taibah University Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Address: University of Taibah Campus, As Salam Rd, As Salam Tayba, Medina 42353 Phone: 1966 014 861 8888 Email: [email protected] Taibah Drug and Poison Information Unit Email: [email protected] Taibah Poison research and study center Najran University Pharmacology Department Address: King Abdulaziz Rd, Najran Phone: 1966 17 5428241 Email: [email protected] Jazan University Pharmacology Department Address: Al Maarefah Rd, Jizan Phone: 1966 17 3342662 Email: [email protected] Jazan Environmental Research Center Phone: 1966 173400068 Email: [email protected]

Jazan Drug and Poison Information Center Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Address: lkharj Public Library, Sa’ad Ibn Mu’adh, Al-Kharj Phone: 1966 11 5886031 Email: [email protected] Jouf University Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Address: Airport road, Sakakah 72388 Phone: 1966 14 6252338 Email: [email protected] Hail University Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Address: Hail 55476 Damam University Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Address: 2835 King Faisal Road, Dammam 34212 Phone: 1966 13 3331010 Email: [email protected] University of Tabuk Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Address: Tabuk 71491 Phone: 1966 14 4224262 Email: [email protected]

Scientific journals Saudi Scientific Journals Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal Saudi Journal of Biological sciences

Books Investigation on drug and poison: related problems in Eastern province (1989) Hussein Al-Freihi Investigation on environmental impact of Jeddah Desalination Plant (MSc thesis) (1998) Mansour Ahmad Alghamdi Investigation on environmental impact of Jeddah Oil Refinery (MSc thesis) (1998) Ibrahim Ismail Shabbaj (‫ اﻝﺱﻡﻭﻡ ﻭاﻝﻡﺏﻱﺩاﺕ اﻝﺡﺵﺭﻱﺓ‬Toxicology and pesticides) 2nd edition (1983) Saleh Alkhwater (in Arabic) Guide to the management of poisonings (1986) Abdulaziz A. Siddique, Abdulrahman Ageel, Adam Lee Cafege

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Environmental Concerns and Policies in Saudi Arabia. In Energy and Environment in Saudi Arabia: Concerns & Opportunities (2014) Taher, N. and Hajjar, B.

References Abou-Korin, A.A., 2011. Impacts of Rapid Urbanisation in the Arab World: the Case of Dammam Metropolitan Area, Saudi Arabia. In: Proceedings of 5th International Conference and Workshop on Built Environment in Developing Countries (ICBEDC 2011), Penang, Malaysia. pp. 6 7. Abu Khamsin, S.A., 1997. Environmental Regulations for Drilling Operations in Saudi Arabia. SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference. Bahrain: Society of Petroleum Engineers. Alhamoudi, A., Alnattah, A., 2018. Pharmacy education in Saudi Arabia: the past, the present, and the future. Curr. Pharm. Teach. Learn. [Internet] 10 (1), 54 60. Available from: http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877129716303069. Almazroui, M., Mashat, A., Assiri, M.E., Butt, M.J., 2017. Application of landsat data for urban growth monitoring in Jeddah. Earth. Syst. Environ. [Internet] 1 (2), 25. Available from: https://doi. org/10.1007/s41748-017-0028-4. GAMEP, Environmental Affairs [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2018 Aug 1]. Available from: ,www.pme.gov.sa/en.. General Authority for Statistics in Saudi Arabia [Internet]. Population statistics in Saudi Arabia. 2018 [cited 2018 Aug 1]. Available from: ,www.stats.gov.sa/en.. Hasanov, F., Bulut, C., Suleymanov, E., 2017. Review of energygrowth nexus: a panel analysis for ten Eurasian oil exporting countries. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. [Internet] 73, 369 386. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ pii/S136403211730151X. Kadi, M.W., 2009. “Soil Pollution Hazardous to Environment”: a case study on the chemical composition and correlation to automobile traffic of the roadside soil of Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. J Hazard Mater [Internet] 168 (2), 1280 1283. Available from: http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389409003896. Kennedy, C., Cuddihy, J., Engel-Yan, J., 2008. The Changing Metabolism of Cities. J. Ind. Ecol. [Internet] 11 (2), 43 59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1162/jie.2007.1107. KSU,. About the Department [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2018a Aug 1]. Available from: ,http://www.pharmacy.ksu.edu.sa/en/node/ 1763.. KSU, About the DPIC [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2018b Aug 1]. Available from: ,http://www.pharmacy.ksu.edu.sa/ar/node/1270.. MOH, About PCC [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2018 Aug 1]. Available from: ,www.moh.gov.sa/en/Sectors/PCCs/DMM/PCC_Information.. Riffat, S., Powell, R., Aydin, D., 2016. Future cities and environmental sustainability. Futur. Cities Environ. [Internet] 2 (1), 1. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40984-016-0014-2. SFDA, Hospital DPIC Centers [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2018a Aug 1]. Available from: ,www.sfda.gov.sa/ar/drug/about/sector_departments/toxicinfo_dept/Pages/toxicinfo_dept-listAR.aspx.. SFDA, NDPIC [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2018b Aug 1]. Available from: http://www.dpic.sfda.gov.sa. TaibahU, DPIU [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2018 Aug 1]. Available from: ,www.taibahu.edu.sa/Pages/EN/Sector/SectorPage.aspx? ID 5 52&PageId 5 22.. Tawfiq, N., Olsen, D.A., 1993. Saudi Arabia’s response to the 1991 Gulf oil spill. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet] 27, 333 345. Available from: http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0025326X9390041H. WHO, WHO Global Ambient Air Quality Database (update 2018) [Internet]. Air pollution. 2018 [cited 2018 Aug 1]. Available from: ,www.who.int/airpollution/data/cities/en/..

Samples of toxicological publications related to Saudi Arabia Abbas, B., Al-Qarawi, A.A., Al-Hawas, A., 2002. The ethnoveterinary knowledge and practice of traditional healers in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. J. Arid. Environ. 50 (3), 367 379. Abu-Elzein, E.M.E., Hassanien, M.M., Al-Afaleq, A.I., Abd-Elhadi, M. A., Housawi, F.M.I., 1990. Isolation of peste des petits ruminants from goats in Saudi Arabia. Veterinary Rec. 127 (12), 309 310. Afifi, S.H., Al-Thobiati, S., Hazaa, M.S., 2000. Bacteriological and histopathological studies on Aeromonas hydrophila infection of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from fish farms in Saudi Arabia. Assiut Veterinary Med. J. 42 (84), 195 205. AI-Saleh, I.A., Coate, L., 1995. Lead exposure in Saudi Arabia from the use of traditional cosmetics and medical remedies. Environ. Geochem. Health 17 (1), 29 31. Alabdula’aly, A.I., Al-Rehaili, A.M., Al-Zarah, A.I., Khan, M.A., 2010. Assessment of nitrate concentration in groundwater in Saudi Arabia. Environ. Monit. Assess. 161 (1-4), 1 9. Al-Ahmary, K.M., 2009. Selenium content in selected foods from the Saudi Arabia market and estimation of the daily intake. Arab. J. Chem. 2 (2), 95 99. Al-Akel, A.S., Shamsi, M.J.K., 1996. Hexavalent chromium: toxicity and impact on carbohydrate metabolism and haematological parameters of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) from Saudi Arabia. Aquat. Sci. 58 (1), 24 30. Al-Ashban, R.M., Aslam, M., Shah, A.H., 2004. Kohl (surma): a toxic traditional eye cosmetic study in Saudi Arabia. Public Health 118 (4), 292 298. Al-Ghamdi, A.A., 1990. Survey of honeybee diseases, pests and predators in Saudi Arabia. Survey of honeybee diseases, pests and predators in Saudi Arabia. Al-Ghamdi, M.S., Al-Mustafa, Z.H., El-Morsy, F., Al-Faky, A., Haider, I., Essa, H., 2000. Residues of tetracycline compounds in poultry products in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Public Health 114 (4), 300 304. Al-Homaid, N., Sadiq, M., Khan, M.H., 1990. Some desert plants of Saudi Arabia and their relation to soil characteristics. J. Arid. Environ. 18 (1), 43 49. Ali, M.H., Al-Qahtani, K.M., 2012. Assessment of some heavy metals in vegetables, cereals and fruits in Saudi Arabian markets. Egypt. J. Aquat. Res. 38 (1), 31 37. Al Jassir, M.S., Shaker, A., Khaliq, M.A., 2005. Deposition of heavy metals on green leafy vegerables sold on roadsides of Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Bull. Environ. contamination Toxicol. 75 (5), 1020 1027. Al-Julaifi, M.Z., Al-Falih, A.M., 2001. Detection of trichothecenes in animal feeds and foodstuffs during the years 1997 to 2000 in Saudi Arabia. J. food Prot. 64 (10), 1603 1606. Al-Othman, A.M., Al-Othman, Z.A., El-Desoky, G.E., Aboul-Soud, M.A., Habila, M.A., Giesy, J.P., 2013. Lead in drinking water and human blood in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Arab. J. Geosci. 6 (8), 3103 3109. Al-Othman, Z.A., Yilmaz, E., Sumayli, H.M., Soylak, M., 2012. Evaluation of trace metals in tea samples from Jeddah and Jazan, Saudi Arabia by atomic absorption spectrometry. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 89 (6), 1216 1219. Al-Saleh, I., 1998. Sources of lead in Saudi Arabia: a review. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. Off. Organ. Int. Soc. Environ. Toxicol. Cancer 17 (1), 17 35. Al-Saleh, I., Al-Doush, I., Faris, R., 1997. Selenium levels in breast milk and cow’s milk: a preliminary report from Saudi Arabia. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. Off. Organ. Int. Soc. Environ. Toxicol. Cancer 16 (1), 41 46. Al-Saleh, I., Echeverria-Quevedo, A., Al-Dgaither, S., Faris, R., 1998. Residue levels of organochlorinated insecticides in breast milk: a

Samples of toxicological publications related to Saudi Arabia

preliminary report from Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. Off. Organ. Int. Soc. Environ. Toxicol. Cancer 17 (1), 37 50. Al-Saleh, I., Al-Doush, I., Echeverria-Quevedo, A., 1999a. Residues of pesticides in grains locally grown in Saudi Arabia. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 63 (4), 451 459. Al-Saleh, I.A., Al-Jaloud, A., Al-Doush, I., El-Din, G., 1999b. The distribution of selenium levels in Saudi dairy farms: a preliminary report from Al-Kharj. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. Off. Organ. Int. Soc. Environ. Toxicol. Cancer 18 (1), 37 46. Al-Sarar, A.S., Abo Bakr, Y., Al-Erimah, G.S., Hussein, H.I., Bayoumi, A.E., 2009. Hematological and biochemical alterations in occupationally pesticides-exposed workers of Riyadh municipality, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Res. J. Env. Toxicol. 3 (4), 179 185. Alturiqi, A.S., Albedair, L.A., 2012. Evaluation of some heavy metals in certain fish, meat and meat products in Saudi Arabian markets. Egypt. J. Aquat. Res. 38 (1), 45 49. Al-Wabel, N.A., 2008. Mineral contents of milk of cattle, camels, goats and sheep in the central region of Saudi Arabia. Asian J. Biochem. 3 (6), 373 375. Alwakeel, S.S., Al-Humaidi, E.A.H., 2008. Microbial growth and chemical analysis of mineral contents in bottled fruit juices and drinks in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Res. J. Microbiol. 3, 319 325. Aly, N.S., Mostafa, M.M., 2010. Intestinal parasitic infection among children in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Aust. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. 4 (9), 4200 4204. Arishi, H., Ageel, A., Rahman, M.A., Hazmi, A.A., Arishi, A.R., Ayoola, B., et al., 2000. Outbreak of Rift Valley fever-Saudi Arabia, AugustOctober, 2000. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 49 (40), 905 908. Ashraf, M.W., Salam, A., 2012. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables and fruits produced in Saudi Arabia. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 88 (4), 543 547. Ashraf, W., 2006. Levels of selected heavy metals in tuna fish. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 31 (1A), 89. Ashraf, W., Mian, A.A., 2008. Levels of selected heavy metals in black tea varieties consumed in Saudi Arabia. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 81 (1), 101 104. Asiri, Y.A., 2011. Emerging frontiers of pharmacy education in Saudi Arabia: the metamorphosis in the last fifty years. Saudi Pharm. J. 19 (1), 1 8. Bejarano, A.C., Michel, J., 2010. Large-scale risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in shoreline sediments from Saudi Arabia: environmental legacy after twelve years of the Gulf war oil spill. Environ. Pollut. 158 (5), 1561 1569. Bell Jr, S.D., Mccomb, D.E., Murray, E.S., Chang, S.M., Snyder, J.C., Feng, M., 1959. Adenoviruses isolated from Saudi Arabia. I. Epidemiologic features. Am. J. Tropical Med. Hyg. 8 (4), 492 500. Bokhari, F.M., 2007. Mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi in Arabic coffee beans in Saudi Arabia. Adv. Biol. Res. 1, 56 66. Brocato, J., Sun, H., Shamy, M., Kluz, T., Alghamdi, M.A., Khoder, M.I., et al., 2014. Particulate matter from Saudi Arabia induces genes involved in inflammation, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part. A 77 (13), 751 766. Carpenter, K.E., Krupp, F., Jones, D.A., Zajonz, U., 1997. FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of Kuwait, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of Kuwait, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. Chaudhary, S.A., Akram, M., 1987. Weeds of Saudi Arabia and the Arabian Peninsula. Weeds of Saudi Arabia and the Arabian Peninsula. Chaudhary, S.A., Zawawi, M.A., 1983. A manual of weeds of central and eastern Saudi Arabia. A manual of weeds of central and eastern Saudi Arabia. Chumbley, L.C., 1980. Medical and applied zoology in Saudi Arabia: Onchocerciasis in Saudi Arabia. Fauna Saudi Arabia 2, 412 418.

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Dlabola, J., 1980. Insects of Saudi Arabia. Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha (Part 2). Fauna Saudi Arabia. 2, 74 94. El-Ansary, A.K., Bacha, A.B., Al-Ayahdi, L.Y., 2011. Relationship between chronic lead toxicity and plasma neurotransmitters in autistic patients from Saudi Arabia. Clin. Biochem. 44 (13), 1116 1120. El-Desoky, G.E., Aboul-Soud, M.A., Al-Othman, Z.A., Habila, M., Giesy, J.P., 2014. Seasonal concentrations of lead in outdoor and indoor dust and blood of children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Environ. Geochem. Health 36 (3), 583 593. El-Mubarak, A.H., Rushdi, A.I., Al-Mutlaq, K.F., Bazeyad, A.Y., Simonich, S.L., Simoneit, B.R., 2014. Identification and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air particulate matter of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 21 (1), 558 567. Evans, M.I., Symens, P., Pilcher, C.W.T., 1993. Short-term damage to coastal bird populations in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait following the 1991 Gulf War marine pollution. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 27, 157 161. Fernando, M.M., 1989. The parasitic burden of the frog Rana ridibunda Pallas, from Saudi Arabia. A preliminary list of parasitic helminths. Herpetol. J. 1 (9), 415 417. Greathead, D.J., 1980. Insects of Saudi Arabia. Diptera Fam. Bombyliidae. Fauna Saudi Arabia 2, 291 337. Hafiz, M.A., Shalabi, A.F., Akhal, I.A., 1980. Chemical composition of 15 varieties of dates grown in Saudi Arabia. In Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on the Biological Aspects of Saudi Arabia. University of Riyadh. Hannan, M.A., El-Yazigi, A., Paul, M., Gibson, D.P., Phillips, R.L., 1986. Genotoxicity of ‘shamma’, a chewing material suspected of causing oral cancer in Saudi Arabia. Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. 169 (1-2), 41 46. Hussein, H.S., Al-Asgah, N.A., Al-Khalifa, M.S., Diab, F.M., 1991. The blood parasites of indigenous livestock in Saudi Arabia. Arab. Gulf J. Sci. Res. 9 (3), 143 160. Ismail, M., Memish, Z.A., 2003. Venomous snakes of Saudi Arabia and the Middle East: a keynote for travellers. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 21 (2), 164 169. Khodeir, M., Shamy, M., Alghamdi, M., Zhong, M., Sun, H., Costa, M., et al., 2012. Source apportionment and elemental composition of PM2. 5 and PM10 in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 3 (3), 331 340. Larsen, T.B., 1984. Butterflies of Saudi Arabia and its neighbours. Stacey International. Lewis, D.J., Buttiker, W., 1980. Insects of Saudi Arabia: Diptera: Fam. Psychodidae, Subfam. Phlebotominae. Fauna Saudi Arabia 2, 252 285. Mahboob, S., Al-Balawi, H.A., Al-Misned, F., Al-Quraishy, S., Ahmad, Z., 2014. Tissue metal distribution and risk assessment for important fish species from Saudi Arabia. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 92 (1), 61 66. Mahdi, A.H., Taha, S.A., Al Rifai, M.R., 1983. Epidemiology of accidental home poisoning in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). J. Epidemiol. Community Health 37 (4), 291 295. Moazzam, M., Al Saigul, A.M., Naguib, M., Al Alfi, M.A., 2009. Pattern acute poisoning Al-Qassim region: a surveillance report from Saudi Arabia, 1999 2003. Osman, K.A., Al-Doghairi, M.A., Al-Rehiayani, S., Helal, M.I., 2007. Mineral contents and physicochemical properties of natural honey produced in Al-Qassim region. Saudi Arabia. J. Food Agriculture Environ. 5 (3/4), 142. Osman, K.A., Al-Humaid, A.I., Al-Rehiayani, S.M., Al-Redhaiman, K.N., 2011. Estimated daily intake of pesticide residues exposure by vegetables grown in greenhouses in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. Food Control. 22 (6), 947 953. Pan, K., Lee, O.O., Qian, P.Y., Wang, W.X., 2011. Sponges and sediments as monitoring tools of metal contamination in the eastern coast of the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 62 (5), 1140 1146. Rathore, H.S., Nollet, L.M. (Eds.), 2012. Pesticides: Evaluation of Environmental Pollution. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

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Rushdi, A.I., Al-Mutlaq, K., Simoneit, B.R., 2005. Sources of organic compounds in fine soil and sand particles during winter in the metropolitan area of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 49 (4), 457 470. Sadig, M., Alam, I., 1989. Metal concentrations in pearl oyster, Pinctada radiata, collected from Saudi Arabian coast of the Arabian Gulf. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 42 (1), 111 118. Sadiq, M., Zaidi, T.H., 1985. Metal concentrations in the sediments from the Arabian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 34 (1), 565 571. Saleh, M.M.E., Alheji, M., 2003. Biological control of red palm weevil with entomopathogenic nematodes in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Egypt. J. Biol. Pest. Control. 13 (1/2), 55 59. Samour, J.H., Naldo, J., 2002. Diagnosis and therapeutic management of lead toxicosis in falcons in Saudi Arabia. J. Avian Med. Surg. 16 (1), 16 20. Sauer, T.C., Michel, J., Hayes, M.O., Aurand, D.V., 1998. Hydrocarbon characterization and weathering of oiled intertidal sediments along the Saudi Arabian Coast two years after the Gulf War oil spill. Environ. Int. 24 (1-2), 43 60. Shaik, A.P., Sultana, S.A., Alsaeed, A.H., 2014. Lead exposure: a summary of global studies and the need for new studies from Saudi Arabia. Disease markers, 2014. Shaltout, A.A., Boman, J., Shehadeh, Z.F., Dhaif-allah, R., Hemeda, O.M., Morsy, M.M., 2015. Spectroscopic investigation of PM2. 5 collected at industrial, residential and traffic sites in Taif, Saudi Arabia. J. Aerosol Sci. 79, 97 108.

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Sharawy, S.M., Alshammari, A.M., 2009. Checklist of poisonous plants and animals in Aja Mountain, Ha’il Region, Saudi Arabia. Aust. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. 3 (3), 2217 2225. Sun, H., Shamy, M., Kluz, T., Mun˜oz, A.B., Zhong, M., Laulicht, F., et al., 2012. Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis of human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to airborne particulate matter collected from Saudi Arabia. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 265 (2), 147 157. Tadmouri, G.O., Tadmouri, N.B., 2002. Biomedical research in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1982-2000). Saudi Med. J. 23 (1), 20 24. Vidyasagar, P.S.P.V., Mohammed, H., Abozuhairah, R.A., AlMohanna, O.E., Al-Saihati, A.A., 2000. Impact of mass pheromone trapping on red palm weevil: adult population and infestation level in date palm gardens of Saudi Arabia. Planter 76 (891), 347 355. Walker, D.H., Pittaway, A.R., Walker, A.J., 1987. Insects of eastern Arabia. Insects of eastern Arabia. Wiltshire, E.P., 1980. Insects of Saudi Arabia. Lepidoptera: Fam. Cossidae, Limacodidae, Sesiidae, Lasiocampidae, Sphingidae, Notodontidae, Geometridae, Lymantriidae, Nolidae, Arctiidae, Agaristidae, Noctuidae, Ctenuchidae. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 2, pp.179 240. Zabin, S.A., Foaad, M.A., Al-Ghamdi, A.Y., 2008. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metals and fluoride in some water wells in the Al-Baha Region, Saudi Arabia. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 14 (6), 1306 1317.

Acknowledgment

PME

Acknowledgment Author and coauthors thank the Saudi Food and Drug Authority for providing images of its laboratories’ facilities.

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Acknowledgment

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C H A P T E R

32 Serbia, Republic of ´ ´c1, Aleksandra Buha Ðorðevi´c1 and Vesna Matovi´c1, Danijela Ðuki´c-Cosi Stefan Mandi´c-Rajˇcevi´c2 1

Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatovi´c,” Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia 2School of Public Health and Health Management, Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

The history of toxicology in Serbia The 20th century was essential for the development of modern toxicology in Serbia, although the earliest regulation concerning the handling of poisons dates back to 1837 when Prince Miloˇs Obrenovi´c issued a decree prohibiting the uncontrolled sale of medicines and poisons followed by “The law for pharmacies and pharmacists: drugs and poisons storage and sale” in 1865. This was of great importance and help for the first Serbian pharmacists and physicians educated in Vienna and Budapest, since the distribution and sale of the substances without therapeutic effects, or even toxic ones, was thereby forbidden. Thus the beginnings of toxicology in Serbia were closely related to both pharmacy, medicine, and chemistry. The same Serbian ruler recognized the need for the State Chemical Laboratory. An anecdote portrays how the Prince arrived at the idea of establishing the State Chemical Laboratory. As a rich man, he owned many horses, and occasionally, horses died without showing any signs of illness. Since he was often in Vienna, he shared this problem with some of his eminent friends and they advised him to send the horse’s organs for a laboratory analysis in Vienna. The result obtained showed that his horse was poisoned with glue used for shoe manufacturing. That finding indicated that his shoemaker was poisoning his horses. It is not known what happened to the shoemaker, but allegedly after that, Prince Miloˇs decided to establish the State Chemical Laboratory “in which forensic expertise and mineral water analyses would be carried out.” This laboratory was very important for the development of toxicology in Serbia. For example, Pavle Ili´c, the first

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00032-2

Serbian state pharmacist and later the first Serbian state chemist in this laboratory, carried out the Marsh test to confirm an arsenic poisoning in 1866. Many years later, in 1927 the laboratory was divided into three departments: toxicological, pharmaceutical, and technical, and after World War II, the former toxicological department became a part of the Medical Faculty, as the Toxicology Department of the Forensic Medicine Institute.

Toxicological education in Serbia Although elite Serbian scientists from the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century recognized the necessity for formal toxicological education, it was not until 1946 that the Institute of Toxicology (today the Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatovi´c”) was established at the Faculty of Pharmacy. Actually, the toxicology course was within the program of the Pharmaceutical Department of the Faculty of Medicine founded in 1939, but World War II delayed its realization. The first professor of Toxicological Chemistry was Momˇcilo Mokranjac (son of a famous Serbian composer, Stevan Mokranjac) who graduated at Faculte´ des Sciences in Paris and defended his doctoral dissertation at the Pasteur Institute with the distinguished scientist Gabriel Bertrand as a mentor. His further toxicological education was supervised by the famous Kohn Abrest. Coming back to Belgrade, he was appointed as a chemist in the toxicological division of the State Chemical Laboratory. During many years of his fruitful scientific research, he laid the foundations of toxicology in Serbia in accordance with the French school’s

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toxicological teaching which was well established and respected at that time. In 1949 he published “Toxicological Chemistry,” the first book written in Serbian that covered not only toxicity, but also the analytics of different poisonous substances. As a dedicated and fruitful researcher, he was elected a correspondent member of L’Acade´mie de Pharmacie de Paris and was rewarded with Lavoisier’s medal. His field of research, the interaction between heavy metals and bioelements, was continued and expanded by Danilo Soldatovi´c, his associate and successor. Professor Soldatovi´c, who was the Head of the Institute of Toxicological Chemistry for many years, diligently worked to modernize toxicology in our region. In the early 1970s he initiated the formation of the first Poison Control Center in the region. Unfortunately, despite his great efforts, the Center was not established, and several more years passed before it was opened at the Military Medical Academy. In 2006 Danilo Soldatovic became a corresponding member of L’Acade´mie Nationale de Me´dicine (France) for his scientific achievements, especially in the field of interactions between toxic metals and bioelements. Thanks to these two great names of Serbian toxicology and many other professors and associates of this Department, the Faculty of Pharmacy became the leader in toxicology education and today still provides the widest education in this field. The Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatovi´c” establishes and maintains close scientific and professional cooperation with many institutions both national and international in order to exchange and improve the knowledge of the harmful effects of chemical agents on humans and the environment, as well as on their analytics, mode of action, prevention, and treatment. Another important milestone in the development of toxicology in Serbia was the establishment of the Society of Toxicology. The Yugoslav Society of Toxicology was established in 1969, and the first Congress of Toxicology was organized in Herceg Novi, Montenegro (Yugoslavia) in October 1974. Since then, this society has organized eight more congresses with international participation and succeeded in publishing a quarterly, international, peer-reviewed journal “The Archives of Toxicology, Kinetics and Xenobiotic Metabolism” from 1993 until 2002. In the following years, the primary mission of the Society was to promote and advance the National Protection Program concerning potentially hazardous chemical substances. Although Yugoslavia split up into its constituent states in 1991, it was not until 2010 that the Serbian Society of Toxicology was registered as a national union of toxicologists, dealing with the public health challenges in terms of the various fields of toxicology including clinical toxicology, forensic toxicology, environmental

toxicology, and occupational toxicology. In the same year, the Serbian Society of Toxicology joined both EUROTOX (Federation of European Toxicologists and European Societies of Toxicology) and IUTOX (International Union of Toxicology). In the following years, congresses of toxicology were regularly organized every 4 years and gathered eminent international and national scientists. Furthermore, two international courses were organized in Belgrade under the auspices of EUROTOX: the Basic Toxicology Course in 2011 and then the EUROTOX Specialized Toxicology Course “Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity” in 2015. Although a rather small society, the Serbian Society of Toxicology was successful in being selected as an organizer of an IUTOX congress, the 10th Congress of Toxicology in Developing Countries (CTDC10). The joint CTDC10 and 12th Congress of the Serbian Society of Toxicology was held in Belgrade in 2018 and gathered more than 400 participants from 57 countries worldwide. The President of the Serbian Society of Toxicology, Prof. Vesna Matovi´c who has been the official representative of the Serbian Society of Toxicology in EUROTOX for many years became a member of the EUROTOX Registration Subcommittee in 2015 with the further honor of being on the Executive Committee since 2016. In addition, Prof. Slavica Vuˇcini´c, the Head of the National Poison Control Center at the Military Medical Academy, is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Prof. Biljana Antonijevi´c is a member of the DDT Expert Group established under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. She is also the Head of the Center for Toxicological Risk Assessment which joined the WHO risk assessment network in 2017. Many other Serbian toxicologists are members of international organizations, bodies, agencies, and have an active role in the international scientific community.

Modern toxicology education Universities in Serbia offer different education/ training programs in various fields of toxicology, ecotoxicology, and environmental risk/safety assessment at the undergraduate and postgraduate level. However, the Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatovi´c” at the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy is the department of toxicology with the longest tradition of almost 80 years and is still the main center for education and training in toxicology and health risk assessment. In addition to the obligatory courses—toxicology with analytics and clinical toxicological analysis—within undergraduate studies, various elective courses were introduced:

Universities and faculties teaching toxicology in Serbia

acute drug poisoning with analytics, human health risk assessment, substances of abuse with analytics, free radicals and antioxidants laboratory analyses, ecotoxicology, toxicology in practice, and chemical carcinogens. Beside undergraduate studies, the Department organizes doctoral studies in toxicology, a healthcare specialization in Toxicological chemistry, and specialist academic studies in toxicological risk assessment. The health specialization studies (3-year studies), approved by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia, started at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade in the 1960s with the aim of educating specialists in toxicological chemistry for the needs of the healthcare system. In addition to these studies, an academic specialization in the form of a 1-year training program was introduced in 2013, with an emphasis on regulatory toxicology and environmental and human health risk assessment. The Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, organizes 1-year postgraduate subspecializations in occupational toxicology and clinical toxicology. More details about courses and programs in the field of toxicology in Serbia can be found at each university’s website.

Universities and faculties teaching toxicology in Serbia University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy Address: Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia Phone: 1 381 11 3951 250 Web: http://www.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/en/ (English) Web: http://www.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs (Serbian) The Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatovi´c” carries out education and research in different fields of toxicology and health risk assessment, but also provides assistance to public authorities through consulting and training. Faculty of Medicine Address: Dr Suboti´ca 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia Phone: ( 1 381) 11 36 36 300 Fax: ( 1 381) 11 268 40 53 Web: http://www.mfub.bg.ac.rs/eng/home/ (English) Web: http://www.mfub.bg.ac.rs/ (Serbian) Faculty of Agriculture Address: Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun, Serbia Phone: 1 381 11 441-3166 Web: http://www.agrif.bg.ac.rs/Pocetna (English) Web: http://www.agrif.bg.ac.rs/ (Serbian)

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Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Address: Bulevar osloboðenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia Phone: 1 381 11 3615 436 Web: http://www.vet.bg.ac.rs/en (English) Web: http://www.vet.bg.ac.rs/ (Serbian)

University of Defence in Belgrade Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy ˇ Address: Pavla Juriˇsi´ca-Sturma 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia Phone: 1 381 11 360 30 70 Web: http://www.uo.mod.gov.rs/en/contact#. W8P5ventvIU (English) Web: http://www.uo.mod.gov.rs/ (Serbian)

University of Novi Sad Faculty of Medicine Address: Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21137 Novi Sad, Serbia Phone: 1 381 21 420-677 Web: https://www.uns.ac.rs/index.php/en/novisad/medicinski (English) Web: https://www.uns.ac.rs/index.php/rs/novi-sad2/medicinski (Serbian)

University of Niˇs Faculty of Medicine—Department of Pharmacy Address: Bulevar dr Zorana Ðinði´ca 182, 11180 Niˇs, Serbia Phone: 1 381 18 42-38-770 Web: https://www.medfak.ni.ac.rs/index.php/en/ (English) Web: https://www.medfak.ni.ac.rs/index.php/sr/ (Serbian)

University of Kragujevac Faculty of Medical Sciences—Department of Pharmacy Address: Svetozara Markovi´ca 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia Phone: 1 381 34 306 800 Web: https://medf.kg.ac.rs/index_en.php (English) Web: https://medf.kg.ac.rs/ (Serbian)

University Business Academy in Novi Sad (private) Faculty of Pharmacy Address: Trg mladenaca 5, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia Phone: 1 381 21 210 1922 Website: https://www.faculty-pharmacy.com

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Resources Books The first book of toxicology in Serbian entitled “Fundamentals of Toxicology” was published in 1930. It was written by a German pharmacologist Prof. Arnold Holste, Director of the Institute of Pharmacology at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade. The second book in the field of toxicology entitled “Toxicological Chemistry,” written by Prof. Momˇcilo St. Mokranjac in 1949, included not only toxicity of various chemicals but also their analytics, and was intended for the use of students of pharmacy, as a handbook for pharmacists, and as a reference book for poison analysts. The subsequent Professor of Toxicology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Danilo Soldatovic, contributed to the field with the books “Toxicology of Pesticides with Analytics” (1980) and “Manual on some important poisons” (1997). Today, most Serbian universities recommend the use of recognized international toxicological textbooks for undergraduate and postgraduate courses. However, there are several books on toxicology and its different fields published in Serbian. ´ ci´c M. (2012) Antonijevi´c B., Curˇ Toksikoloˇska procena rizika (Toxicological Risk Assessment) Belgrade: University of Belgrade—Faculty of Pharmacy ISBN: 978-86-8026389-2 ´ Cupi´ c V. (2010) Antidoti u veterinarskoj medicine (Antidotes in Veterinary Medicine) Belgrade: University of Belgrade—Faculty of Veterinary Medicine ISBN: 978-86-6021-026-7 ´ Cupi´ c V. (2015) Najˇceˇsc´a trovanja u veterinarskoj medicine (The most common poisonings in veterinary medicine) Belgrade: University of Belgrade—Faculty of Veterinary Medicine ISBN: 978-86-910653-2-4 ´ Cupi´ c V., Ivanovi´c S. (2017) Bojni otrovi (Chemical warfare agents) Belgrade: University of Belgrade—Faculty of Veterinary Medicine ISBN: 978-86-910653-3-1 ´ c D. (2009) Ðuki´c M., Ðuki´c-Cosi´ Sredstva koja izazivaju zavisnost s analitikom (Substances of Abuse with Analytics) Belgrade: University of Belgrade—Faculty of Pharmacy ISBN: 978-86-80263-65-6

Jokanovi´c M. (2010) Toksikologija (Toxicology) ISBN: 978-86-914075-0-6 ˇ Joksovi´c D., Segrt Z., Vuˇcini´c S. (2006) Akutna trovanja hemijskim materijama (Acute chemical poisoning) Belgrade: Poison Control Centre, Medical Military Academy ISBN: 86-7272-007-5 Matovi´c V. (2010) Toksikologija metala (Toxicology of Metals) Belgrade: University of Belgrade—Faculty of Pharmacy ISBN: 978-86-83615-22-3 Matovi´c V., Buha A., Bulat Z. (2013) Akutna trovanja lekovima (Acute Drug Poisonings) Belgrade: University of Belgrade—Faculty of Pharmacy ISBN: 978-86-6273-010-7 Teodorovi´c I., Kaiˇsarevi´c S. (2015) Ekotoksikologija (Ecotoxicology) Novi Sad: University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Deparmtment of Biology and Ecology ISBN: 978-86-7031-145-9 Vitorovi´c S., Miloˇsevi´c M. (2002) Osnovi toksikologije sa elementima ekotoksikologije (Basics of toxicology with elements of ecotoxicology) ISBN: 86-83979-00-8

Journals Arhiv za farmaciju (Archives for Pharmacy) National journal Journal of the Pharmaceutical Association of Serbia. The purposes of the Association are improving professional and scientific work in pharmacy, providing professional information and education for pharmacists, and promoting the ethical, responsible, and competent professional activities of the members. Address: Bulevar Vojvode Misica 25, 11000 Belgrade Phone/Fax: 1 381 11 2648 385; 1 381 11 2648 386 Website: http://www.farmacija.org Email: [email protected] Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo (Serbian Archives of Medicine) International Journal Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo (Serbian Archives of Medicine) is the Journal of the Serbian

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Medical Society, founded in 1872. It publishes articles by members of the Serbian Medical Society, subscribers, and members of other associations of medical and related fields. The Journal publishes: original articles, communications, case reports, review articles, current topics, articles on the history of medicine, articles for practitioners, articles related to the language of medicine, articles on medical ethics (clinical ethics, publication ethics, regulatory standards in medicine), congress and scientific meeting reports, professional news, book reviews, texts for “In memory of. . .”, that is, In memoriam and Promemoria columns, as well as comments and letters to the editorial board. Impact Factor (2017): 0.300 ISSN: 0370-8179 Published since: 1872 Phone: 1 381 11 3245149 Website: www.srpskiarhiv.rs Email: [email protected] Vojnosanitetski pregled (Military Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal of Serbia) International Journal Vojnosanitetski pregled (VSP) is a leading medical journal for physicians and pharmacists of the Serbian Army. The Journal is published monthly. Papers published in the Vojnosanitetski pregled are indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, Index Medicus (Medline), Excerpta Medica (EMBASE), EBSCO, Biomedicina Serbica. Contents are published in Giornale di Medicine Militare and Revista de Medicina Militara. Reviews of original papers and abstracts of contents are published in International Review of the Armed Forces Medical Services. The first issue of Vojnosanitetski pregled was published in September 1944. The Journal follows the tradition of Vojnosanitetski glasnik published between 1930 and 1941. Impact Factor (2017): 0.405 ISSN: 0042-8450 Published since: 1944 Phone: 1 381 11 3609311 Fax: 1 381 11 2669689 Website: http://www.vma.mod.gov.rs/vsp Email: [email protected]

Medical data National journal Publisher: MOST ART d.o.o Address: KSC PINKI, Gradski park 2/III, 11080 Zemun, Belgrade

Phone: 1 381 62 216412, 1 381 64 1116412 Website: http://www.md-medicaldata.com Email: [email protected]

Relevant national legislation The Republic of Serbia is a candidate country for membership of the European Union. In the process of becoming a member, all laws, rulebooks, and lists should and will be developed according the European Union legislation. Nevertheless, local legislation is still not completely synchronized with that of the European Union and is being updated regularly.

Laws Law on Chemicals, (Official Gazette No 36/09, 88/10, 92/11 and 93/12). Law on Biocidal Products (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 36/09, 88/10, 92/11 and 25/15). Law on Environmental Protection (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 135/04, 36/09, 43/11 and 14/16). Law on Waste Management (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 36/09, 88/10 and 14/16). Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 135/04 and 36/09). Law on Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 135/04 and 88/10). Law on Integrated Prevention and Control of The Environment Pollution (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 135/04 and 25/15). Law on Air Protection (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 36/09 and 10/13). Law on Soil Protection (“Official Gazette of the RS” No 112/15). Law on Waters (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 30/ 10, 93/12 and 101/16). Law on Environmental Protection (“Official Gazette of the RS” No 36/09, 88/10 and 14/16). Law on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (“Official Gazette of the RS” No 36/09).

Rulebooks Rulebook on manner of conduction of chemicals safety assessment and content of chemicals safety report (“Official Gazette of the RS”, No 37/11). Rulebook on criteria for identification of substances such as PBT and vPvB (“Official Gazette of the RS”, No 23/10). Rulebook on content of Safety Data Sheet (“Official Gazette of the RS”, No 100/11).

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Rulebook on Bans and Restrictions of Production, Placing on the Market and Use of Chemicals (“Official Gazette of the RS”, No 90/13). Rulebook on Methods for Testing of Chemicals’ Hazardous Properties (“Official Gazette of the RS”, No 117/13). Rulebook on the list of hazardous substances and their amounts and criteria for determining the type of documents produced by the operator of Seveso installation or establishment (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 41/10 and 51/15).

Ministries Ministry of Environmental Protection Address: Omladinskih brigada 1, Belgrade Phone: 1 381 11 3131357 Fax: 1 381 11 3131394 Website: http://www.ekologija.gov.rs Email: [email protected] REACH Helpdesk Ministry of Environmental Protection Address: Omladinskih brigada 1, Belgrade Phone: 1 381 11 7155 225 Fax: 1 381 11 3132 574 Email: [email protected] Ministry of Health Address: Nemanjina 22-26, Belgrade Phone: 1 381 11 3616251, 1 381 11 3614890 Fax: 1 381 11 2656548 Website: http://www.zdravlje.gov.rs Email: [email protected] Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Resources Address: Nemanjina 22-26, Belgrade Phone: 1 381 11 2607960, 1 381 11 3612197 Fax: 1 381 11 2607961 Website: http://www.mpzzs.gov.rs Email: [email protected] Ministry of European Integration Address: Nemanjina 22-26, Beograde Phone: 1 381 11 3061100, 1 381 11 3061102, 1 381 11 3061103 Fax: 1 381 11 3061110 Website: http://www.mei.gov.rs Email: [email protected]

Governmental agencies Serbian Environmental Protection Agency Address: Ruˇze Jovanovi´ca 27a, Belgrade Phone: 1 381 11 6356770; 1 381 11 6356778

Website: http://www.sepa.gov.rs Email: [email protected] Plant Protection Directorate Address: Omladinskih brigada 1, Belgrade Phone: 1 381 11 3117729 Fax: 1 381 11 3117729 Website: http://www.uzb.minpolj.gov.rs Email: [email protected]

Nongovernmental organizations and professional societies Serbian Society of Toxicology Address: Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade Website: http://www.setox.rs Email: [email protected] ALHem—Safer Chemical Alternative ALHem is an organization that aims to promote sustainable development, especially the safe management of chemicals. The main task of ALHem is to provide knowledge to the industry and legal entities that are placing chemicals or the products that contain them on the market and are responsible for the safe management of chemicals. Address: Ivice Devˇci´ca 20, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia Phone: 1 381 11 4081096 Web: http://www.alhem.rs/en/o-alhem/ko-je-alhem/ (English) Web: http://www.alhem.rs/ (Serbian) Email: [email protected]

Databases Open Data Portal (Serbian) The Serbian Open Data Portal contains datasets provided by various governmental agencies. These datasets are freely available, accessible, and readable by various software programs. Among the available categories, health, environment, and public safety could be of interest to toxicologists. Website: https://data.gov.rs/sr/datasets/

Serbian Healthcare Fund—Obligatory Healthcare Insurance Database of registered pharmaceutical products Address: Jovana Marinkovica 2, Belgrade Phone: 1 381 11 2053830 Fax: 1 381 11 2645042

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Email: [email protected] Website: https://www.rfzo.rs/index.php/ osiguranalica/lekovi-info/pretraga-liste-lekova

Centers

Address: Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia Phone: 1 381 11 3951 250 Website: http://www.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/o-fakultetu/ 266/centar-za-toksikolo%C5%A1ku-procenu-rizika/ (Serbian) Email: [email protected]

National Poison Control Center The National Poison Control Center (NPCC) offers medical preventive and therapeutic services to the victims of chemical poisoning. It also deals with the detection and identification of toxic agents in biological material, water, soil, and air. The Center consists of: >The Clinic for Emergency and Clinical Toxicology (the only specialized institution in the country for the treatment of acute poisoning, working round the clock). The Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology (covers a wide array of subclinical toxicology and pharmacology branches aimed at resolving toxicology problems in clinical practice). In cases of mass poisoning, the Mobile Toxicological Unit, composed of the NPCC’s staff members, is activated. MMA’s Information Office: 1 381 11 266 11 22, 1 381 11 266 27 55 Head of the Center: Prof. Slavica Vuˇcini´c, M.D., Ph.D. Phone: 1 381 11 367 21 87 Head Nurse: 1 381 11 360 90 40 Website: http://www.vma.mod.gov.rs/eng/ specialties/centers/national-poison-control-center Email: [email protected]

Toxicological Risk Assessment Center in Serbia The Toxicological Risk Assessment Center (TRAC) at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade was established in 2013. This center promotes public/ chemical safety and regulatory initiatives, and trains professionals on human health risk assessment by organizing seminars, workshops, and consultancy. TRAC conducts training in the fields of REACH implementation, safety assessment of plant protection products, biocides, and cosmetics. TRAC is open for true collaboration across the scientific community and with regulatory and industry players (pharmaceutical, chemical industry). In 2017 the Center became a member of the World Health Organization’s Chemical Risk Assessment Network (https://www. who.int/ipcs/network/en/). Head of the Center: Prof. Biljana Antonijevi´c (Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade)

Institutes Institute of Public Health of Serbia “Dr. Milan Jovanovi´c Batut” he Institute of Public Health of Serbia “Dr Milan Jovanovi´c Batut” was established at the Republic level and represents an expert institution for Public Health, which provides advice, support, and guidance for the Serbian government and all departments for public health and conducts independent research on issues related to public health in Serbia. Address: Dr. Subotica 5, Belgrade Phone: 1 381 11 2684566 Fax: 1 381 11 2685735 Website: http://www.batut.org.rs/ Email: [email protected] Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina Address: Futoˇska 121, Novi Sad Phone: 1 381 21 4897800 Fax: 1 381 21 6613989 Website: http://izjzv.org.rs/ Email: [email protected] Institute of Public Health—Belgrade Address: Bulevar despota Stefana 54a, Belgrade Phone: 1 381 11 2078600; 1 381 11 3237351 Website: http://www.zdravlje.org.rs/ Email: [email protected] Institute of Public Health—Niˇs Address: Bulevar Dr Zorana Ðinði´ca, Niˇs Phone: 1 381 18 4226384; 1 381 18 4226448 Fax: 1 381 18 4225974 Website: http://www.izjz-nis.org.rs Email: [email protected]

Acute poisonings Military Medical Academy National Poison Control Center Phone: 1 381 11 367 21 87 Head Nurse: 1 381 11 360 90 40 Website: http://www.vma.mod.gov.rs/eng/ specialties/centers/national-poison-control-center Email: [email protected]

454 University Children’s Hospital “Tirˇsova” Below the age of 14 Address: Tirˇsova 10, Belgrade Phone: 1 381 11 2060600 Fax: 1 381 11 2684672 Website: http://tirsova.rs Email: [email protected]

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Institute for the Healthcare of Mothers and Children ˇ c” “Dr. Vukan Cupi´ Below the age of 14 Address: Radoja Dakica 8, Belgrade Phone: 1 381 11 3108 108 Fax: 1 381 11 2697 232 Website: http://www.imd.org.rs Email: [email protected]

C H A P T E R

33 Singapore R. Ponampalam Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore

Introduction Singapore is a small urban island nation which has a total population of 5.61 million as of 2016 (Yearbook of Statistics Singapore, 2017). The economy comprises a spectrum of industries—mainly high-end electronics, semiconductor manufacturing, oil refining, and petrochemical industries—which all contribute to the wide variety of chemicals that are transported across the island and its borders on a daily basis. Despite its urban structure, Singapore has a variety of venomous land and sea creatures which account for its diverse natural toxins. The cultural diversity and multiethnic and cosmopolitan mix of the population brings along with it a multitude of traditional remedies which also contribute to its diverse chemical exposures.

Poisonings in Singapore Studies done in Singapore at the beginning of this millennium (Ponampalam and Anantharaman, 2002, 2003) amongst local medical practitioners estimated the workload for poisoning in Singapore to be approximately 8000 cases annually with an additional 48,000 cases from adverse drug reactions to all varieties of medications and chemicals. Further studies to determine the demographics of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) was conducted over a 3-year period (Ponampalam et al., 2009) starting in 2001. A total of 9212 cases of toxic exposures were seen, which constituted 0.94% of total ED attendances. The poison exposure rate was 1.7 per 1000 people, and the estimated case fatality rate was 0.8 per 1000 ED attendances for poisoning. The mean age of patients was 29 years and the majority were male (63.3%). Nonaccidental injuries constituted 60% of the cohort. Alcohol was the most common substance involved (26%), but paracetamol (acetaminophen) was Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00033-4

the most common pharmaceutical agent (33%). Although poisoning accounts for only 1% of the total ED attendance, a sizable proportion were hospitalized (36.1%) with a significant proportion requiring intensive care management (4.7%). It was also noted that a third of those admitted stayed for less than 24 hours, suggesting that a short-stay ward in the ED might be a cost-effective strategy to consider. To facilitate the management of poisonings and adverse drug reactions the Drug & Poison Information Center (DPIC) was started as a pilot project spanning from 2004 to 2008 (Ponampalam, 2005). Over this period of 4 years, there were 15,227 calls to the DPIC. Most calls were from physicians (79.3%) with the rest coming from pharmacists, members of the public, civil defense officers, and central narcotics bureau officers. The patients’ ages ranged from 1 month to 95 years of age with a mean age of 21.1 years. Most toxic exposures occurred at home (69%) and were nonintentional (67.4%). The most common agents were analgesics (13.3%), antidepressants and sedatives (10.5%), industrial chemicals (8.7%), and bites and stings (8.3%). The DPIC proved to be cost-effective (Ponampalam and Loh, 2010) and was appreciated by the end users (Ngo et al., 2009) but due to funding issues and lack of cost recovery, the project was discontinued. The current clinical practice model of toxicology in Singapore is hospital based with specialists trained in toxicology providing consultations to their respective institutional physicians. This is supported by other specialists in drug information, forensic, occupational, environmental, defense, and research scientists from diverse institutions including government, university, and private organizations. To enhance networking and collaborations with these various specialists, the Toxicology Society of Singapore was established in 2011. With the recognition of clinical toxicology as a subspecialty of emergency medicine, the section of toxicology was formed in 2015 under the Academy of Medicine Singapore.

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References Ngo, S.Y.A., Caroline, T., Ponampalam, R., 2009. Singapore Drug and Poison Information Service: user satisfaction after three years. SGH Proc. 18 (1), 12 16. Ponampalam, R., 2005. A Centralized Drug and Poison Information Center. SGH Proc. 14 (3), 180 185. Ponampalam, R., Anantharaman, V., 2002. Determining the extent of adverse drug reactions and poisonings encountered by physicians in Singapore. SGH Proc. 11 (1), 17 25. Ponampalam, R., Anantharaman, V., 2003. The need for drug and poison information the Singapore physicians’ perspective. Singapore Med. J. 44 (5), 231 242. Ponampalam, R., Loh, C.S., 2010. Cost Benefits of the Drug and Poison Information Center (DPIC) in preventing unnecessary hospitalization: the Singapore experience. Hong Kong J. Emerg. Med. 17 (1), 45 53. Ponampalam, R., Tan, H.H., Ng, K.C., Lee, W.Y., Tan, S.C., 2009. Demographics of toxic exposures presenting to three public hospital emergency departments in Singapore 2001 2003. Int. J. Emerg. Med. 2 (1), 25 31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12245008-0080-9. Published online 2009 February 4. PMCID: PMC2672975. Yearbook of Statistics Singapore, 2017. 5th Edition. Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade & Industry, Republic of Singapore. ISSN: 0583-3655.

Resources Books “A Clinical Approach to Medicine.” Second Edition. Editors Yong Yau ONG, Keng Thye WOO, Han Seong NG, Patrick TAN & Ong Teng TANG. World Scientific 2005. Chapter in book. Management of Poisoning. Ponampalam R, Anantharaman V. A Colour Guide to Dangerous Animals/Venom & Toxin Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore. Gopalakrishnakone, P. Singapore University Press, c1990. ISBN 9971691507. A Colour Guide to Dangerous Plants by Yeow Chin Wee. Singapore University Press, 1990. ISBN 9971691523. Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism. P Gopalakrishnakone; Mahdi Balali-Mood; Lyndon Llewellyn; Bal Ram Singh. New York: Springer Reference, [2015]. ISBN 9789400758681, 9400758685. Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa. P. Gopalakrishnakone, Abul Faiz, Ravindra Fernando, Christeine Ariaranee Gnanathasan, Abdulrazaq Garba Habib, Chen-Chang Yang. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. ISBN 9789400763852, 9400763859, 9789400763869, 9400763867. Evolution of Venomous Animals and Their Toxins. P. Gopalakrishnakone. Dordrecht: Springer 2017. ISBN 978-94-007-6459-0. Hazmat Medical Life Support: A Basic Provider Manual. ISBN: 978-981-4583-15-2. World Scientific. 2014. By (authors): Hock Heng Tan (Changi General Hospital, Singapore), Mark Leong (Singapore General Hospital, Singapore), R Ponampalam (Singapore General

Hospital, Singapore), Chun Yue Lee (Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore), Jimmy Goh (Changi General Hospital, Singapore). Management of Poisoning. Ministry of Health Clinical Practice Guidelines Dec/2011. ISBN 978-981-08-99042. Editors R Ponampalam, Ng Kee Chong. https:// www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/ healthprofessionalsportal/pharmacists/guidelines/ cpg_pharmacy/ cpgpharmacy_management_poisoning.html Marine and Freshwater Toxins. P. Gopalakrishnakone, editor-in-chief; Vidal Haddad Jr., Aurelia Tubaro, Euikyung Kim, William R. Kem. Dordrecht: Springer Reference, [2016] r2016. ISBN 9789400764187, 9400764189, 9400764200, 9789400764200. Plant Toxins. P. Gopalakrishnakone; Ce´lia R. Carlini; Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun. Dordrecht: Springer Science 1 Business Media, 2015 . ISBN 9789400767287, 9400767285. Progress in Venom and Toxin Research: Proceedings of the First Asia-Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins, held in Singapore, June 24 27, 1987. Gopalakrishnakone; C K Tan. Recent Advances in Toxinology Research, Volume 1. P. Gopalakrishnakone, Choon Kim Tan. Recent Advances in Toxinology Research, National University of Singapore. Venom & Toxin Research Group, ISBN 9971622858, 9789971622855. Scorpion Venoms. P Gopalakrishnakone; Lourival Domingos Possani; Elisabeth F Schwartz; Ricardo C Rodrı´guez de la Vega. Dordrecht: Springer Reference, [2015]. ISBN 9789400764033, 9400764030. Sea Snake Toxinology, edited by P. Gopalakrishnakone. National University of Singapore. Venom & Toxin Research Group. Singapore University Press, c1994. ISBN 9971691930. Snake Bites and their Treatment. P. Gopalakrishnakone. Singapore University Press, r1990. Snake Venoms. P. Gopalakrishnakone, editor-in-chief; Hidetoshi Inagaki, Carl-Wilhelm Vogel, Ashis K. Mukherjee, Tarek R. Rahmy. Dordrecht: Springer, [2017] r2017. ISBN 9400764111, 9789400764118, 9789400764095, 940076409X. Snakes of Medical Importance: Asia-Pacific Region, editors, P. Gopalakrishnakone, L.M. Chou. Published by Venom and Toxin Research Group, National University of Singapore and International Society on Toxinology (Asia Pacific Section), c1990. ISBN 9971622173. Spider Venom. P. Gopalakrishnakone, Gerardo Corzo, Maria Elena de Lima, Elia Diego-Garcı´a. Dordrecht: Springer Reference, [2016]. ISBN 9789400763883, 9400763883. Toxins and Drug Discovery. P. Gopalakrishnakone, Lourdes J. Cruz, Sulan Luo. Dordrecht,

Resources

Netherlands: Springer, [2017]. ISBN 9789400764514, 9400764510, 9789400764538, 9400764537. Venom Genomics and Proteomics. P. Gopalakrishnakone, Juan J. Calvete. Dordrecht: Springer Reference, [2016]. ISBN 9789400764156, 9400764154.

Journals Annals of Medicine: http://www.annals.edu.sg/ HSA Adverse Drug Reactions Newsletter: http://www.hsa. gov.sg/content/hsa/en/Health_Products_ Regulation/Safety_Information_and_Product_ Recalls/Adverse_Drug_Reaction_News_Bulletin.html Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare: http://journals. sagepub.com/home/psh Singapore Medical Journal: http://www.smj.org.sg/

Government and nongovernmental agencies Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore Web: http://www.ava.gov.sg/ Address: Agri-Food & Veterinary Authorities (Headquarters), JEM Office Tower, 52 Jurong Gateway Road, #14-01, Singapore 608550 Phone: 65 68052992 Fax: 65 63341831 Email: https://csp.ava.gov.sg/feedback Central Narcotics Bureau Web: http://www.cnb.gov.sg/ Address: Blk B, Police Cantonment Complex, 393 New Bridge Road, Singapore 088763 Phone: 1800-3256666 Fax: 65 62273978 Email: [email protected] Health Promotion Board Web: https://www.hpb.gov.sg/ Address: 3 Second Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168937 Phone: 65 6435 3500 Fax: 65 6438 3848 Email: [email protected] Feedback: https://www.hpb.gov.sg/feedback Health Sciences Authority Web: http://www.hsa.gov.sg/content/hsa/en.html Address: 11 Outram Road, Singapore 169078. Phone: 65 62130838 Fax: 65 62130749 Email: [email protected] Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources Web: https://www.mewr.gov.sg/ Address: 40 Scotts Road, #24-00, Environment Building, Singapore 228231 Phone: 65 67319000

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Fax: (65) 6731 9456 Email: [email protected] Ministry of Health Web: https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/ home.html Address: College of Medicine Building, 16 College Road, Singapore 169854 Phone: 65 6325 9220 Fax: 65 6224 1677 Email: https://crms.moh.gov.sg/mohfeedback.aspx Singapore General Hospital Web: http://www.sgh.com.sg/ Address: Outram Road, Singapore 169608 Phone: 65 62223322 Fax: 65 62249221 Email: International Medical Services: [email protected] Emergency Toxicology branch, Department of Emergency Medicine Web: https://www.sgh.com.sg/Clinical-DepartmentsCenters/Emergency-Medicine/Pages/overview.aspx Email: [email protected] Hyperbaric and Diving Medicine Centre Web: https://www.sgh.com.sg/Clinical-DepartmentsCenters/Hyperbaric-Diving-Medicine-Centre/ Pages/hyperbaric-diving-medicine-centre.aspx Changi General Hospital Toxicology Clinics Web: http://www.cgh.com.sg Address: 2 Simei Street 3 Singapore 529889 Phone: 65 67880933 Fax: 65 67880933 Email: https://www.cgh.com.sg/contactus/Pages/ emailcontacts.aspx Joint Environmental and Occupational Toxicology Clinics Phone: 65 6850 3333 Ministry of Manpower Web: http://www.mom.gov.sg/ Address: 18 Havelock Road, Singapore 059764 Phone: 65 63171111 Email: http://www.mom.gov.sg/contact-us Workplace Safety and Health Web: http://www.mom.gov.sg/workplace-safety-andhealth Workplace Safety and Health Council Web: https://www.wshc.sg/wps/portal/!ut/p/a1/ jY89D4IwEIZ_iwMrd3yIxq0xRqIYB1ChiwGDBYO 0aSv9-yKTg6K3vZfnyd0LFFKgbd7VLNc1b_ PmlWlwjva-75IYt-swcZC4OwyTmefEq6AHsu_ A8uj95-OXIfjLPwEdQ4YPBmDkxAYoa3gx 1M1IW3hzBlSW11KW0n7Ifl1pLdTCQguNMbZR 1cVWrA9CWSi41J_ViisN6ZsB4n5I8TZtuohMnt 1CTtU!/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/

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National Environment Agency Web: http://www.nea.gov.sg/ Address: 40 Scotts Road, #13 - 00 Environment Building, Singapore 228231 Phone: 65 62255632 Email: https://www.nea.gov.sg/corporate-functions/ feedback

Singapore Government Ministries: http://app.sgdi. gov.sg/listing_others.asp?t_category 5 HOSPITAL

Professional societies

National Safety Council of Singapore Web: http://www.nscs.wsh.sg/www/ Address: 122 Telok Kurau Road, Singapore 423806 Phone: 65 64407390 Email: http://www.nscs.wsh.sg/www/index.php/ contact-us

Academy of Medicine Singapore, College of Emergency Physicians Web: http://ams.edu.sg/colleges/emergencyphysicians/home Address: 81 Kim Keat Road, Singapore 328836 Phone: 65 65937805 Fax: 65 65937880

Singapore Civil Defense Force (SCDF) Web: https://www.scdf.gov.sg/ Address: 91 Ubi Ave 4, Singapore 408827 Phone: 1800 2865555 (Hotline 995) Email: [email protected]

Academy of Medicine Singapore, Section of Clinical Toxicologists Web: http://ams.edu.sg/colleges/emergencyphysicians/sections-chapters

Agency for Science Technology and Research (A STAR) Web: https://www.a-star.edu.sg/language/en-SG/Home Address: 1 Fusionopolis Way, #20-10 Connexis North Tower, Singapore 138632 Phone: 65 68266111 Email: [email protected]

Singhealth Academy Institute of Medical Simulation: Hazmat Medical Life Support (HMLS) Programme Basic Provider Course Web: https://www.singhealthacademy.edu.sg/Pages/ HAZMAT.aspx. Email: [email protected]

DSO (Defense Science Organization) National Laboratories Web: https://www.dso.org.sg/ Address: 12 Science Park Drive, Singapore 118225 Phone: 65 67762255 Fax: 65 67759011 Email: [email protected] Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute (DMERI) Web: https://www.dso.org.sg/research/dmeri Defense Science and Technology Agency Web: http://www.dsta.gov.sg/ Address: 71 Science Park Drive, Singapore 118253 Phone: 65 68195333 Fax: 65 68195564 Email: [email protected] Wild Life Reserves Singapore Web: https://www.wrs.com.sg/en.html Address: 80 Mandai Lake Rd, Singapore 729826 Phone: 65 62693411 Email: https://www.wrs.com.sg/en/contact-us.html National Parks Board (Singapore Botanical Gardens) Web: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/, https://www. nparks.gov.sg/sbg Address: 1 Cluny Rd, Singapore 259569 Phone: 65 64719961 Email: [email protected]

The Society for Emergency Medicine in Singapore (SEMS) Web: http://semsonline.wordpress.com Toxicology Society Singapore (TSS) Web: http://www.toxsg.org/ Email: http://www.toxsg.org/contact-us/ Singapore Medical Association Web: http://www.sma.org.sg/index.html Address: 2 College Road, Level 2, Alumni Medical Centre, Singapore 169850 Phone: 65 6223 1264 Fax: 65 6224 7827 Email: [email protected] Singapore Medical Council: Web: http://www.healthprofessionals.gov.sg/ content/hprof/smc/en.html Address: 16 College Road #01-01, College of Medicine Building, Singapore 169854 Fax: 65 62582134 Email: [email protected] Pharmaceutical Society of Singapore Web: https://www.pss.org.sg/about-pss Address: 2 College Road, Alumni Medical Center, Singapore 169850 Email: [email protected] Singapore Pharmacy Council: Web: http://www.healthprofessionals.gov.sg/ content/hprof/spc/en.html

Resources

Address: 16 College Road #01-01, College of Medicine Building, Singapore 169854 Phone: 65 64785068 Fax: 65 64785069 Email: [email protected] Singapore Association of Pharmaceutical Industries (SAPI) Web: http://www.sapi.org.sg/ Address: #02-13A/14 Manhattan House, Singapore 169876 Phone: 65 67380966 Fax: 65 67380977 Email: [email protected] Singapore Nurses Association Web: http://www.sna.org.sg/ Address: SNA House, 77 Maude Road, Singapore 208353 Phone: 65 6392 0770 Fax: 65 6392 7877 Email: [email protected] Singapore Dental Association Web: http://sda.org.sg/ Address: 2 College Road, Level 2 Alumni Association, Singapore 169850 Phone: 65 62202588 Fax: 65 62247967 Email: http://sda.org.sg/general-feedback-andcomments/ Singapore Institution of Safety Officers Web: https://www.siso.org.sg/ Address: Blk 167 Jalan Bukit Merah, #02-13, Connection One, Tower 5, Singapore 150167 Phone: 65 67775185 Fax: 65 67776896 Email: [email protected] Singapore Veterinary Association Web: https://sva.org.sg/ Address: 18 Maxwell Rd, Singapore 069110, Phone: 65 62206068 Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine Web: http://society-tcms.org/home.html Address: Blk 333 Kreta Ayer Road #01-12/13 Singapore 080333 Phone: 65 63230898/65 62252246 Email: [email protected] Venom and Toxin Research Programme Web: http://www.nuhs.edu.sg/research/ programmatic-research/som-registeredprogrammes/venom-and-toxin-researchprogramme.html Address: Department of Anatomy and Venom And Toxin Programme (VTRP), National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597

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Phone: 65 65163207 Fax: 65 67787643 Email: [email protected] Occupational and Environmental Health Society Web: http://www.oehs.org.sg/ Address: The Occupational and Diving Medical Center, Block 531, Upper Cross Street, #02-64, Hong Lim Complex, Singapore 059764 Email: [email protected] Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Web: http://www.tll.org.sg Address: 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604 Phone: 65 68727000 Fax: 65 68727007 Email: [email protected]

Universities National University of Singapore (NUS) Web: http://www.nus.edu.sg/ Address: 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077 Phone: 65 65166666 Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine Web: https://nusmedicine.nus.edu.sg/ Address: 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228 Phone: 65 67723737 Faculty of Science, Pharmacy Web: http://www.pharmacy.nus.edu.sg/ Address: Block S4A, Level 3, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 Phone: 65 65162648 Email: [email protected] Duke NUS Graduate Medical School Web: https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/ Address: 8 College Road, Singapore 169857 Phone: 65 65167666 Email: [email protected] Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Web: http://www.lkcmedicine.ntu.edu.sg/Pages/ Home.aspx Address: 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232 Phone: 65 65138572 Email: [email protected] Singapore College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Web: http://www.singaporetcm.edu.sg/en/ Address: 640 Lorong 4 Toa Payoh, Singapore 319522 Phone: 65 62503088 Fax: 65 63569901 Email: [email protected]

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Legislation and regulations related to medicines and poisons in Singapore Singapore Statutes Online: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/ Agri- Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore: http:// www.ava.gov.sg/legislation Sale of Food Act: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/SFA1973 Central Narcotics Bureau: https://www.cnb.gov.sg/ drug-information/misuse-of-drugs-act Misuse of Drugs Act: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MDA1973 Health Sciences Authority (HSA) Regulation of Therapeutic Health Products under the Health Products Act: http:// www.hsa.gov.sg/content/hsa/en/Health_ Products_Regulation/Useful_Information_ for_Applicants/Legislation.html Medicines Act: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MA1975 Poisons Act: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PA1938 Medicines (Advertisement and Sale Act): https://sso.agc. gov.sg/Act/MASA1955 Sale of Drugs Act: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/SDA1914 Tobacco (Control of Advertisement and Sale Act): https:// sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/TCASA1993 Health Products Act: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/HPA2007 Health Sciences Authority (HSA) Legislation related to Traditional Medicines: http://www.hsa.gov.sg/ content/hsa/en/Health_Products_Regulation/ Complementary_Health_Products/TM.html Ministry of Health Legislation related to Biosafety: https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/ biosafety/about-bata.html Biological Agents and Toxins Act: https://sso.agc.gov. sg/Act/BATA2005 Ministry of Health Legislation related to Infectious Diseases: https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/ moh_web/home/legislation/legislation_and_ guidelines/infectious_diseasesact.html Infectious Diseases Act: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ IDA1976 National Environmental Agency Administered Legislation: https://www.nea.gov.sg/corporate-functions/ resources/legislation Environmental Public Health Act: https://sso.agc.gov. sg/Act/EPHA1987

https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/95?DocType 5 Act &ViewType 5 Sl&PageIndex 5 0&PageSize 5 20&SortBy 5 Number&SortOrder 5 ASC &RefinePhrase 5 System.String%5B% 5D&RefineWithin 5 System.String%5B%5D National Environmental Agency (Hazardous Substances): https://www.nea.gov.sg/ourservices/pollution-control/chemical-safety/ hazardous-substances Environmental Protection and Management Act (EPMA) and Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) Regulations: https://sso.agc. gov.sg/Act/EPMA1999 Environmental Protection and Management (Ozone Depleting Substances) Regulations: https://sso.agc. gov.sg/SL/EPMA1999-RG9 National Environmental Agency (Toxic Industrial Waste): https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/pollutioncontrol/hazardous-waste/toxic-waste-control/toxicindustrial-waste Environmental Public Health Act and Environmental Public Health (Toxic Industrial Waste) Regulations: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL/EPHA1987-RG11 Environmental Pollution Control Act: https://sso.agc. gov.sg/Act-Rev/EPMA1999/Published/20021231? DocDate 5 20001230 National Environmental Agency: https://www.nea.gov. sg/our-services/radiation-safety/regulatory/ summary-of-radiation-protection-(amendment)-act2014 Radiation Protection Act: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ RPA2007 Chemical Weapons (Prohibition) Act: https://sso.agc.gov. sg/Act/CWPA2000 Penal Code: Penalty for attempting to commit suicide: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PC1871#pr309Road Traffic Act (Driving while under the influence of alcohol or drug): https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ RTA1961#pr67 Workplace Safety and Health Act: https://sso.agc.gov. sg/Act/WSHA2006 Work Injury Compensation Act: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/ Act/WICA1975

C H A P T E R

34 South Africa Mary Gulumian1, Tarryn Lee Botha2 and Victor Wepener2 1

National Institute for Occupational Health and Haematology and Molecular Medicine Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 2Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa

Introduction Toxicology is now recognized by the South African Council of Science Professionals (SACNASP) as a distinct discipline. However, it is not yet presented as a specific qualification and still forms part of individual modules in syllabi of different degree programs at South African universities. These degree programs fall in a number of scientific disciplines including forensic medicine, pharmacology, marine and veterinary sciences, environmental health, environmental toxicology, and occupational hygiene. The level of toxicology taught in these syllabi may be basic and biased towards that particular subdiscipline. There is an increasing awareness for these tertiary institutions to introduce or incorporate toxicology into new or existing undergraduate and postgraduate degree programs. Toxicology needs to develop into a discipline in its own right and create opportunities to study and obtain higher degrees in one or more of the many subdisciplines of toxicology. The presence of toxicants in the environment, workplace, and food products is increasingly being recognized in South Africa. The widespread use of fossil fuels in South Africa as well as significant industrial activity has led to increased indoor and outdoor air pollution (Pretorius et al., 2015) with increased levels of harmful particulate matter (Pretorius et al., 2017). There has not only been a steady increase of site-specific contamination of water resources, soils and sediments in the vicinity of industrial and mining activities (Wepener et al., 2018), but also throughout the large river basins of South Africa (Ashton and Dabrowski 2011, Jordaan et al., 2016). South Africa is also the largest user of pesticides in sub-Saharan Africa (Dabrowski et al., 2014, Dalvie et al., 2009) and rivers, wetlands, and

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00034-6

wildlife have been shown to be contaminated (AnsaraRoss et al., 2012). Although the use, practice, and trade in traditional medicines is widespread in South Africa, the toxicity of medicinal plants is poorly documented with the toxicity to humans and livestock of only a limited number of these herbal remedies having been investigated (Ndhlala et al., 2013; Gulumian et al., 2018). There remains a severe shortage of adequately trained professionals to carry out the much needed basic and applied research: toxicology testing and risk assessment of the toxic substances associated with industrial, mining, and other activities including nanotechnology (Savolainen and Gulumian, 2015; Utembe et al., 2015). With the advent of REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of CHemicals), the European Union’s chemicals legislation, the need for toxicologists and ecotoxicologists will steeply increase in the next few years. Against this background and with the support of the International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX), the Toxicology Society of South Africa (TOXSA) was established in 2001 in Stellenbosch by some 100 interested scientists to promote and advance the study and application of toxicology in South Africa. TOXSA was admitted as a full national member society of IUTOX in 2004, having complied with all criteria of membership. TOXSA hosted the 7th Congress of Toxicology in Developing Countries in South Africa in 2009. TOXSA also formed part of the First Conference of Biomedical and Natural Sciences and Therapeutics in October 2018 alongside several other societies to form the first multidisciplinary conference of its kind in South Africa. Through the efforts of TOXSA, Toxicological Sciences has been accepted as a recognized discipline with SACNASP in an effort to drive the field forward.

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Internationally the Society of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology (SETAC) plays a major role in representing the particular interests of environmental toxicologists and ecotoxicologists. In 2003 the first African Branch of SETAC Europe was formed and in 2010 the SETAC Africa geographical unit was approved by SETAC World Council. The South African Branch of SETAC Africa was formed in 2018 and aims to promote environmental toxicology developments through different local forums, for example, local societies such as the Southern African Society for Aquatic Sciences, Zoological Society of Southern Africa, Water Institute of South Africa, etc. There has been increased recognition that exposure and effects of pollutants in humans and the environmental is inexorably linked. As a result, the Department of Science and Technology has for example created an integrated multidisciplinary platform to assess the risks posed by nanotechnology to human health and safety, as well as the environment. Use of the risk assessment paradigm is widely recognized as a tool to link exposure and effect in human and ecological toxicology. The Department of Science and Technology has once again played a proactive role in assisting with the development of a postgraduate training program in risk assessment in conjunction with academia and the National Institute for Occupational Health. As technology has advanced so have the techniques used for toxicology in South Africa (Johari et al., 2019). Behavioral toxicology has emerged as an early warning sign of the whole organism as well as in vitro assessments where cell migration is measured as an end point effect. The quantification of these parameters allows for statistical comparisons of distance moved, movement speed, acceleration and frequency of movement, or durations spent moving.

References Ansara-Ross, T.M., Wepener, V., van den Brink, P.J., Ross, M., 2012. Pesticides in South African fresh waters. Afr. J. Aquat. Sci. 37 (1), 1 16. Ashton P.J., Dabrowski J.M., 2011. An overview of the surface water quality in the Olifants River catchment. WRC Report KV 293/11. Water Research Commission, Pretoria. Dabrowski, J.M., Shadung, J.M., Wepener, V., 2014. Prioritizing agricultural pesticides used in South Africa based on their environmental mobility and potential human health effects. Environ. Int. 62, 31 40. Dalvie, M.A., Africa, A., London, L., 2009. Change in the quantity and acute toxicity of pesticides sold in South African crop sectors, 1994 1999. Environ. Int. 35 (4), 683 687. Gulumian, M., Yahaya, E.S., Steenkamp, V., 2018. African herbal remedies with antioxidant activity: a potential resource base for wound treatment. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2018, Article ID 4089541, 58 pages. Review Article. Johari, S.A., Rasmussen, K., Gulumian, M., Ghazi-Khansari, M., Tetarazako, N., Kashiwada, S., et al., 2019. Introducing a new

standardized nanomaterial environmental toxicity screening testing procedure, ISO/TS 20787: aquatic toxicity assessment of manufactured nanomaterials in saltwater lakes using Artemia sp. nauplii. Toxicol. Mech. Methods 29 (2), 95 109. Jordaan, W., Wepener, V., Huizenga, J.M., 2016. The major and trace element chemistry of fish and lake water within major South African catchments. Water SA 42 (1), 112 128. Ndhlala, A.R., Ncube, B., Okem, A., Mulaudzi, R.B., van Staden, J., 2013. Toxicology of some important medicinal plants in southern Africa. Food Chem. Toxicol. 62, 609 621. Pretorius, I., Piketh, S., Burger, R., Neomagus, H., 2015. A perspective on South African coal fired power station emissions. J. Energy South. Afr. 26 (3), 27 40. Pretorius, I., Piketh, S., Burger, R., 2017. Emissions management and health exposure: should all power stations be treated equal? Air Qual. Atmos. Health 10, 509 520. Savolainen, K., Gulumian, M., 2015. Nanotechnology emerging research and implications for health and policy. In: Fan, A.M., Alexeef, G.V., Khan, E.M. (Eds.), Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Principles and Applications, 2015. Pan Stanford Publishing Pty Ltd., pp. 978 981. , Chapter 17. Utembe, W., Faustman, E.M., Matatiele, P., Gulumian, M., 2015. Hazards identified and the need for health risk assessment in the South African mining industry. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 34, 1212 1221. Wepener, V., Smit, N.J., Malherbe, C.W., 2018. Water resources in South Africa. In: King, N.D., Retief, F.P., Strydom, H.A. (Eds.), Environmental Management in South Africa. Juta Law, Johannesburg.

Resources While most scientific work on toxicology and its allied disciplines is routinely published in international peerreviewed journals, a substantial part of work emanating from these disciplines is published in local South African journals. Material published locally and internationally can be accessed via the appropriate websites on the Internet. Scientific work that may be of relevance to toxicology is also published in books by international publishing houses as well as by local publishers. It seems that toxicological subjects investigated in the country concentrate mainly on issues pertaining to the environment where strong core institutes and research units, which have been established over the years, have mostly investigated the effects of metals, pesticides, and other pollutants on the ecosystem but also have occasionally studied the effects of these pollutants on humans. Most recently, nanotechnology has become a major concern and therefore a number of universities have embarked on projects to investigate their applications and also to assess their risk to humans and the environment.

Books Books on nutrition, medicinal and poisonous plants, pesticides, water research, environmental management, mycotoxins, and animal poisons have been published by local and international publishers.

Resources

• Animal Poisons du Preez L., Carruthers V.C. (2017) Frogs of Southern Africa: A Complete Guide Penguin Random House South Africa ISBN: 9781775845447 Contact: Prof Louis du Preez Phone: 127(0)182992372 Email: [email protected] Dippenaar-Schoeman A.S. (2002) The Spider Guide of Southern Africa ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute (CD-ROM series 2.1.2002) ISBN: 1-86849249-4 Contact: Dr. A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman Phone: 127(0)12-329-3269 Fax: 127(0)12-329-3278 Email: [email protected]

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Email: [email protected] Web: www.briza.co.za. Contact: Postal address: P O Box 56569, Arcadia 0007, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-329-3896 van Wyk B.-E., van Oudtshoorn B., Gericke N. (1997) Medicinal Plants of South Africa Briza Publications: South Africa ISBN: 1875093095 Email: [email protected] Web: www.briza.co.za Postal address: P O Box 56569, Arcadia 0007, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-329-3896.

• Medicinal and Poisonings Plants

Von Ahlefeldt D., Crouch N.R., Nichols G. et al. (2003) Medicinal Plants Traded on South Africa’s Eastern Seaboard Porcupine Press: Johannesburg Ethekwini Parks Department and University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban ISBN: 0-620-31569-5 Web: http://www.sanbi.org

Kellerman T.S., Coetzer J.A.W., Naude T.W., Botha C.J. (2005) Plant Poisonings and Mycotoxicosis of Livestock in Southern Africa, 2nd Edition Oxford University Press: Southern Africa ISBN: 978-0 19-57613-4

Watt J.M., Breyer-Brandwijk M.G. (1962) The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. Being an Account of Their Medicinal and Other Uses, Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Effects and Toxicology in Man and Animal, 2nd Edition E & S Livingstone: Edinburgh

Kellerman T.S., Naude T.W., Fourie N. (1996) The Distribution, Diagnoses and Estimated Economic Impact of Plant Poisonings and Mycotoxicoses in South Africa ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute: South Africa ISBN: 0030-2465 Web: http://www.arc.agric.za/home.asp? pid5373&toolid565&itemid5843

• Mycotoxins

Visser J., Chapman D.S. (1978) Snakes and Snakebite Venomous Snakes and Management of Snakebite in Southern Africa Purnell and Sons: Cape Town, South Africa

van Wyk B.-E., Gericke N. (2000) People’s Plants, 2000 Briza Publications: South AfricaISBN: 1875093-19-2 Email: [email protected] Web: www.briza.co.za Postal address: P O Box 56569, Arcadia 0007, South Africa Tel: 127(0)12-329-3896. van Wyk B.-E., van Heerden F., van Oudtshoorn B. (2002) Poisonous Plants of South Africa Briza Publications: South Africa ISBN: 187509303

Bryden W.L., Marasas W.F.O. (2000) Fumonisins Occurrence, Toxicology, Metabolism and Risk Assessment Fusarium. Paul E Nelson Memorial Symposium APS Press: St Paul, Minnesota Crous P.W., Phillips A.J.L., Baxter A.P. (2000) Phytopathogenic Fungi from South Africa University of Stellenbosch Printers, Department of Plant Pathology Press: South Africa Marasas W.F.O. (2000) Fumonisin Toxicosis in Pigs Piva G (ed.) Proceedings of the 5th International Feed Production Conference, Piacenza, Italy Marasas WFO (2001) Fusarium In: Hui Y.H., Smith R.A., Spoerke D.G. (eds.) Foodborne Disease Handbook. Vol 3, Plant Toxicants, 2nd Edition, Revised and Expanded Marcel Dekker: New York

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Marasas W.F.O., Miller J.D., Riley R.T., Visconti A. (eds.) (2000) Fumonsin B1. Environmental Health Criteria 219 World Health Organization: Geneva Marasas W.F.O., Miller J.D., Riley R.T., Visconti A. (2001) Fumonisins Occurrence, Toxicology, Metabolism and Risk Assessment In: Summerell R.A., Leslie J.F., Backhouse D., Bryden W.L., Burgess L.W. (eds.) Fusarium. Paul E Nelson Memorial Symposium APS Press: St Paul, Minnesota Marasas W.F.O., Vismer H.F. (2003) Food for Thought about Mycotoxins, Organic and Genetically Modified Foods In: Credland P.F., Armitage D.M., Bell C.H., Cogan P. M., Highly E. (eds.) Advances in Stored Product Protection. Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, York, UK, 22 26 July 2002 CABI Publishing: Oxon, UK Viljoen J.H., Marasas W.F.O. (2003) A Review of Proposed Maximum Tolerated Levels for Fumonisins in Maize and Maize Products In: Credland P.F., Armitage D.M., Bell C.H., Cogan P. M., Highly E. (eds.) Advances in Stored Product Protection. Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, York, UK, 22 26 July 2002 CABI Publishing: Oxon, UK • Nutrition Faber M., Laurie S., Venter S. (2006) Home-gardens to Address Vitamin A Deficiency in South Africa: A Food-based Approach ARC-Roodeplaat Vegetable & Ornamental Plant Institute ISBN: 1-86849-314-8 Web: http://www.arc.agric.za/home.asp? PID51&ToolID565&ItemID53125 • Pesticides Ngowi A.V.N., Wesseling C., London L. (2006) Pesticide Health Impacts in Developing Countries In: Pimental D. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Pest Management Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York Web: http://dekker.com London L., Rother H.A. (2002) Hazard Labelling In: Pimental D. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Pest Management Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York Web: http://dekker.com

London L., Rother H.A. (2003) Failing Laws: Assumptions and Realities for Women in South African Agriculture In: Jacobs M. (ed.) Silent Invaders. Pesticides, Livelihoods and Women’s Health Zed Books, in association with the Pesticides Action Network UK: London Leslie A.J., Taplin L.E. (2000) Chapter 21. Recent Developments in Osmoregulation of Crocodilians In: Grigg G.C., Seebacher F., Franklin C.E. (eds.) Crocodilian Biology and Evolution Surrey Beatty and Sons: Chipping Norton, Australia Lubke R.A., Avis A.M., Steinke T.D., Boucher C. (1997) Chapter 13. Coastal Vegetation In: Cowling R.M., Richardson D.M. (eds.) The Vegetation of South Africa Oxford University Press • Environmental Management Various chapters In: King N.D., Retief F.P., Strydom H.A. (eds.) Environmental Management in South Africa Juta Law, Cape Town. • Nanotechnology Matatiele P., Sanabria N., Vetten M., Gulumian M. (2018) Chapter 2. Nanoscience, nanotechnology, nanomaterials and nanotoxicology in South Africa. In: Netshitenzhe J., Shakinovsky T., Mance M., Paikin S. (eds) Beyond Imagination Mapungubwe Institute for Strategic Reflection (MISTRA) Musee N., Sikhwivhilu L., Gulumian M. (2012) Chapter 8. Relevance of nanotechnology to Africa: Synthesis, Applications and Safety. In: Gurib-Fakim A., Eloff K. (eds.) Chemistry for sustainable development for Africa. Springer-Verlag

Journals The Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) in South Africa encourages research productivity by rewarding quality research output at public higher education institutions. Research output is defined as textual output that is original and peer-reviewed and is published in the DHET list of accredited journals. This list consists of six journal databases including, IBSS, Scopus, etc.

Resources

• African Journal of Aquatic Science ISSN: 1608-5914; EISSN: 1727-9364 Published quarterly in association with Southern African Society of Aquatic Scientists, the journal serves as a reference source for those interested in understanding the valuable aquatic resources of Africa. Amongst the topics covered in this journal are ecology, conservation, biomonitoring, management, water quality, ecotoxicology, biological interactions, physical properties, and human impacts on aquatic systems. This journal is an ISI listed journal. Web: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/taas20 Address: NISC, 4 Speke Street, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa Postal address: PO Box 377, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa Phone: 127(0)46 622 9698 Fax: 127(0)46 622 9550 E-mail: [email protected] • African Entomology ISSN: 1021-3589 This journal publishes biannually on all aspects relating to entomology and is published in association in Entomological Society of Southern Africa. Web: http://www.entsocsa.co.za/index.htm Postal address: P.O. Box 13162, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa Email: [email protected] • African Zoology ISSN: 1562-7020; E-ISSN: 2224-073X African Zoology is the official journal of the Zoological Society of Southern Africa. It is published online and can be accessed on the Internet at http://www.journals.co.za/ej/ejour_afzoo.html. https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tafz20 Address: NISC, 4 Speke Street, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa Postal address: PO Box 377, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa Phone: 127(0)46 622 9698 Fax: 127(0)46 622 9550 E-mail: [email protected] • Bothalia ISSN: 0006-8241; EISSN: 2311-9284 Bothalia is listed on the ISI journal list and published semiannually by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). It is devoted to botanical science, and covers taxonomy, ecology, anatomy, and cytology. Web: https://abcjournal.org/index.php/abc

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Postal address: AOSIS Publishing, Postnet Suite 110, Private Bag X 19, Durbanville, 7551, South Africa Phone: 127 (0)21-975-2602 Email: [email protected] • Journal of the South African Veterinary Association ISSN: 1019-9128; E-ISSN: 2224-9435 The Journal of the South African Veterinary Association publishes reviews on various topics, clinical and nonclinical articles, research articles, and short communications as well as case reports and letters. It is included on the ISI Journal list. Web: https://jsava.co.za/index.php/jsava Postal address: AOSIS Publishing, Postnet Suite 110, Private Bag X 19, Durbanville, 7551, South Africa Phone: 127 (0)21-975-2602 Email: [email protected] • Koedoe ISSN: 0075-6458; EISSN 2071-0771 Koedoe, the journal publishes original content articles on topics relating to conservation science and policy managementrelated issues. The research published within this journal ranges from large National Parks to smaller conservation areas in order to facilitate integrated and shared learning. It is published semiannually by the South African National Parks of S.A. The journal is on the list of DHET-accredited journals. Web: http://www.scielo.org.za/revistas/koedoe/ iaboutj.htm Postal address: AOSIS Publishing, Postnet Suite 110, Private Bag X 19, Durbanville, 7551, South Africa Phone: 127(0)21-975-2602 Email: [email protected] • Occupational Health South Africa ISSN: 1024-6274; E-ISSN: 2226-6097 Occupational Health South Africa is the official journal of the Mining Medical and Other Health Care Professionals Association, South African Society of Occupational Health Nursing Practitioners (SASOHN), South African Society of Occupational Medicine (SASOM), and Southern African Institute for Occupational Hygiene (SAIOH). It is published bimonthly and the journal is on the approved accredited journal list of DE. Web: http://www.occhealth.co.za/ Email: [email protected] • Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research ISSN: 0030-2465; EISSN: 2219-0635 The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research is published quarterly by the Agricultural Research

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Council and the University of Pretoria. The journal is ISI listed and publishes papers reporting on original research covering all aspects of veterinary science

Phone: 11 (212) 633-3730 Fax: 11 (212) 462-1974 Email: https://www.elsevier.com/support

Web: https://ojvr.org/index.php/ojvr Postal address: AOSIS Publishing, Postnet Suite 110, Private Bag X 19, Durbanville, 7551, South Africa Phone: 127(0)21-975-2602 Email: [email protected]

• South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition

• Ostrich ISSN: 0030-6525, EISSN: 1727-947X This journal is published semiannually by the National Inquiry Services Centre (NISC) in association with BirdLife South Africa. Ostrich is listed on the ISI journal list and publishes papers in the general field of ornithology in sub-Saharan Africa and its islands on subjects related to the behavior, biology, breeding, ecology, migrations, and movements and systematics of birds Web: https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tost20/ current Address: Isdell House, 17 Hume Road, Dunkeld West 2196, Johannesburg, South Africa Postal Address: Private Bag X16, Pinegowrie, 2123 Tel: 127 (0)11-789-1122 Fax: 127 (0)11-789-5188 Email: [email protected] • South African Journal of Animal Science ISSN 0375-1589; EISSN 2221-4062 This journal publishes scientific research on livestock, wild animals, as well as aquatic species covering topics relating to nutrition, genetics and physiology. This journal is ISI listed and is published electronically by NISC SA triennially at approximately 3 4-month intervals. Web: https://www.sasas.co.za/resources/sa-journalanimal-science/ Postal address: P.O. Box 13884, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-420-5017 Email: [email protected] • South African Journal of Botany ISSN: 0254-6299 The South African Journal of Botany is an ISI-listed journal and the official journal of the South African Association of Botanists and publishes papers in any field of Botany (classification, biodiversity, morphology, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, biotechnology, and ethnobotany). Web: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/southafrican-journal-of-botany. Address: Elsevier, 6th Floor, 360 Park Ave, New York, NY, 10010, United States

ISSN: 1607-0658; EISSN: 2221-1268 The South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition is published quarterly and is the official joint publication of the Association for Dietetics in South Africa, the Nutrition Society of South Africa, and the South African Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. It is a peer-reviewed scientific journal and is published quarterly. It is one of the accredited journals by DHET. Web: http://www.sajcn.co.za/index.php/SAJCN Address: 123 Amcor Road, Lyttelton Manor, Centurion, 0157 Postal address: South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, p/a Medpharm Publications, PO Box 14804 Phone: 127 (0)83 459 5580 Email: [email protected] • South African Journal of Science ISSN 0038-2353; EISSN: 1996-7489 The South African Journal of Science publishes work of a multidisciplinary nature, specifically scientific research which can be understood by both specialists and nonspecialists. This journal is published bimonthly and is the official publication of the Academy of Science of South Africa. It is an ISI listed journal. Web: https://www.sajs.co.za/ Address: 1st Floor Block A, The Woods, 41 De Havilland Crescent, Persequor Park Meiring Naude´ Road, Lynnwood 0020, Pretoria, South Africa Postal address: PO Box 72135, Lynwood Ridge 0040, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-349-6616 • African Journal of Wildlife Research ISSN: 2410-7220; EISSN: 2410-8200 Previously known as the South African Journal of Wildlife Research, the journal is published biannually by the Southern African Wildlife Management Association and it is listed on the ISI journal list. Web: http://sawma.co.za/ Postal address: P O Box 217, Bloubergstrand 7436, South Africa Phone: 127(0)21-554 1297 • South African Medical Journal ISSN 0038-2469 The South African Medical Journal is published by the South African Medical Association, which represents most medical professionals in South Africa. It can be

Technical reports

accessed at the http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/ samj/about/contact website. It is on the DE accredited journal list. Postal address: Private Bag X1, Pinelands, 7430, South Africa Phone: 127(0)21-532-1281 • Water SA ISSN: 1816-7950 Water SA is published quarterly by the Water Research Commission (WRC). It contains original research articles and review articles on all aspects of water science, technology, and engineering. It can be accessed on the Internet at http://www.wrc.org.za/ publications_watersa.htm. Postal address: Private Bag X03, Gezina 0031, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-330-0340

Technical reports and other documents A number of governmental and nongovernmental organizations as well as tertiary education institutions publish technical reports on subjects that are of relevance to toxicology. All universities have electronic depositories for postgraduate research theses and therefore toxicological-related work emanating from postgraduate studies may be downloaded from the particular university’s website listed under each university. We have used the WRC as an example. All forms of documentation that have direct bearing on toxicology can be found at the websites listed in the following sections.

Technical reports Water Research Commission The vision of the WRC is to have highly informed water decision-making through science and technology at all levels, in all stakeholder groups and innovative water solutions through research and development for South Africa, Africa, and the world. All research products funded through the WRC is available online. These include electronic versions of research reports, online atlases, software, etc. Web: http://www.wrc.org.za/ Postal address: Private Bag X03, Gezina 0031, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-761-9300 Email: [email protected]

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The following are examples of reports on toxicological research that are available from WRC: • Toxicity tests Mensah P.K., Mgaba N., Griffin N., Odume O.N., Palmer C.G. (2016) Generation of new ecotoxicity data for salts using indigenous South African freshwater macroinvertebrates: updating the National Salts Toxicity database. WRC Report KV 353/15. Pearson H., Shaddock B.F., Mulder P.F.S., Cloete Y.C. (2015) Development of research support to enable the issuing of aquatic-based water use licences: guideline document. WRC Report KV 347/15. Cloete Y., Shaddock B. (2011) The identification of a suitable culture organism to establish a bio-assay for evaluating sediment toxicity. WRC Report KV 289/11. Chapman A.A., Venter E.A., Pearson H. (2011) Aquatic toxicity testing in South Africa: guideline for the accreditation of routine aquatic toxicity testing laboratories. WRC Report TT 504/11. Griffin N.J., Muller W.J., Gordon A.K. (2011) Implementation of ecological hazard assessment of industrial waste discharge: a comparison of toxicity test methods. WRC Report KV 276/11. Rall V.E., Engelbrecht J.S., Musgrave H., Rall L.J., Williams D.B.G., Simelane R. (2010) Development of protocols for acute fish toxicity bioassays, using suitable indigenous freshwater fish species. WRC Report 1313/2/10. Palmer C.G., Muller W.J., Davies-Coleman H.D. (2004) Applied aquatic Ecotoxicology: sublethal methods, whole effluent testing and communication. WRC Report 1245/1/04. • Emerging contaminants Downing T.G. (2007) A model for environmental regulation of microcystin production by microcystis. WRC Report 1401/1/07. Genthe B., Steyn M. (2008) Health risk assessment protocol for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). WRC Report KV 206/08. Osunmakinde C.S., Tshabalala O.S., Dube S., Nindi M.M. (2013) Verification and validation of analytical methods for testing the levels of PPHCP (pharmaceutical & personal health care products) in treated drinking water and sewage. WRC Report 2094/01/13. Wepener V., Mamba B., Musee N. (2013) Framework document for a WRC research programme on engineered nanomaterials. WRC Report TT 549/12.

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Bouman H., Minaar K., Bezuidenhout C., Verster C. (2018) Microplastics in freshwater water environments. WRC Report 2610/01/18. • Environmental monitoring of toxicants Weyl O.L.F., Barrow S., Bellingan T., Dalu T., Ellender B.R., Esler K., Impson D., Gouws J., Jordaan M., Villet M., Wasserman R.J., Woodford D.J. (2016) Monitoring of invertebrate and fish recovery following river rehabilitation using rotenone in the Rondegat River. WRC Report 2261/01/16. Wepener V., Dlamini P., O’Brien G.C., Malherbe W. (2015) Development of a Relative Risk Assessment Framework to Assess Multiple Stressors in the Klip River System. WRC Report 2204/1/15. Smit N.J., Wepener V., Vlok W., Wagenaar G.M., van Vuren J.H.J. (2013) Conservation of tigerfish, Hydrocynus vittatus, in the Kruger National Park with the emphasis on establishing the suitability of the water quantity and quality requirements for the Olifants and Luvuvhu rivers. WRC Report TT 549/12.

Department of Science and Technology (2011) A National Biotechnology Strategy for South Africa Web: https://www.dst.gov.za/index.php/resourcecenter/strategies-and-reports?start 5 80

Databases • Agricultural Geo-Referenced Information System Provides orientation atlas, natural resource atlas, demographic atlas, and georeferences information systems Web: https://www.daff.gov.za/daffweb3/links/ related-links • Biodiversity GIS (BGIS): Highlighting the Hotspots This is a unit within SANBI. It manages spatial biodiversity planning information and promotes the use of this information by making it freely available at this website: http://bgis.sanbi.org/. • Cochrane South Africa is a nonprofit organization that formulates reviews on healthcare practices. Web: https://southafrica.cochrane.org/about-us

Governmental strategies, guidelines, action plans, and reports There are important governmental strategies, guidelines, and action plans developed with the intention of controlling the impact and toxicity of different compounds on the environment. These may have an impact on the ecology and on human health. National Health Department (2018) Draft Regulations for Hazardous Chemical Agents Web: https://www.gov.za/documents Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (2011) National Water Management Strategy Web: https://www.environment.gov.za/documents/ strategicdocuments Department of Water and Sanitation (2013) National Water Resources Strategy. Water for an Equitable and Sustainable Future. Web: http://www.dwa.gov.za/Documents/RSP.aspx The Department of Trade and Industry (2017) The Green Economy Sector in South Africa Web: http://www.thedti.gov.za/publications.jsp? year 5 &subthemeid 5 Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (2010) Pesticide Management Policy Web: https://www.daff.gov.za/daffweb3/ResourceCentre

• National Air Quality Information System (NAQIS) For South Africa, this gives a multiphased approach on the development of the national air quality information system in South Africa which will be developed by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT). Web: http://www.saaqis.org.za/ • The Resource Quality Information Services RQIS is a directorate of the Department of Water and Sanitation that provides national water resource managers with aquatic resource data, technical information, guidelines, and procedures that support the strategic and operational requirements for assessment and protection of water resource quality. Functioning aquatic ecosystems and an adequate supply of usable water are fundamental to the survival and development of any nation, and particularly so for water-stressed countries like South Africa. It is within RQIS that the national monitoring programs are housed (e.g., National Toxicity Monitoring Programme, National Aquatic Ecosystem Health Monitoring Programme, National Chemical Monitoring Programme). Web: http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/ • National Inquiry Services Centre (NISC SA) This center was established in 1995 in Grahamstown in May 1995. NISC SA provides local and global

Organizations—government

information for Africa, about Africa, and by Africans. By so doing, it launches African publishing and research into the world arena. It provides the following databases of relevance: NISC Bibliographic databases Web: http://www.nisc.co.za/databases African HealthLine Web: http://www.nisc.com/factsheets/qaha.asp African Journals OnLine (AJOL) Web: https://www.ajol.info/index.php

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transformation of the sector through innovative, inclusive and sustainable policies, legislation and programs. Web: https://www.daff.gov.za Postal address: Private Bag x250, Pretoria, 0001 Address: 20 Beatrix Street, Arcadia, Pretoria 0002, South Africa Phone: 1 27 (0)12-319-6000 • Department of Higher Education and Training

Has information about popular southern African plants such as plants of southern Africa:

This government department deals with all matters related to tertiary education in South Africa. It is responsible for approving undergraduate and postgraduate degree programs and there is a focus on ensuring that social relevant teaching and learning programs are developed. Department of Education and Training, among its many other functions, evaluates research output by accrediting locally published scientific journals as well as international journals to reward researchers who publish in these and other journals that are listed on the ISI journal lists.

South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI)

Web: http://www.dhet.gov.za

This provides information sources on southern Africa’s biodiversity and can be accessed at http:// www.sanbi.org. Databases on their website that are of interest to toxicology include

Postal address: Private Bag X174, Pretoria, 0001 Address: 123 Francis Baard Street, Pretoria, 0001 Phone: 127(0)12-312-5911 Fax: 127(0)12-325-6260

SANBI carries out analyses of genomes relevant to South African health research and biotechnology. Web: http://www.sanbi.ac.za

• Department of Environmental Affairs

• Plants of Southern Africa This is an online checklist covering all southern African plants. Web: http://posa.sanbi.org/ PlantZAfrica Web: http://www.plantzafrica.com/

Organizations—government • South African Agency for Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA) The South Africa Agency for Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA) is a business unit of the National Research Foundation (NRF). The aim of this department is to ensure that scientific research findings are innovatively transferred into beneficial innovation and entrepreneurial opportunities. Web: http://www.saasta.ac.za Postal address: Box 1758, Pretoria, South Africa, 0001 Address: Didacta Building, 211 Nana Sita Street, Pretoria, South Africa Phone: 127 (0)12 392-9300 Email: [email protected] • Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is united in advancing food security and

This government department follows the constitutional right for all citizens to have an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being which includes all future generations to come. The department has several lead programs with a variety of projects relating to environmental management, conservation and sustainability. Web: http://www.environment.gov.za/ Postal address: Private Bag X447, Pretoria 0001, South Africa Address: Environment House, 473 Steve Biko, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0083, South Africa Phone: 127(0)86-111-2468 Email: [email protected] Lead programs, with several projects within each program, of this Department include: Working for or on programs/expanded public works program Biodiversity and conservation Sustainable development: green economy/climate change/air quality/strategic environmental assessment for the square kilometer array Chemicals and waste

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Oceans and coasts: blue economy/Operation Phakisa/ marine Mediation/law enforcement/Environmental Management Inspectorate Gender mainstreaming/land degradation (effective environmental improvement interventions) Web: https://www.environment.gov.za/ projectsprogrammes • Department of Tourism To promote and support the growth and development of an equitable, competitive, and sustainable tourism sector, enhancing its contribution to national priorities. Web: https://www.tourism.gov.za Postal address: Private Bag X424, Pretoria 0001 Address: 17 Trevenna Street, Tourism House, Sunnyside, Pretoria 0001 Phone: 127(0)12-444-6000 Fax: 127 (0)12-444-7000 Email: [email protected] Lead projects in this department include: Green Tourism Incentive Programme (GTIP) Web: https://www.tourism.gov.za/CurrentProjects/ Green_Tourism_Incentive_Programme/Pages/ Green_Tourism_Incentive_Programme.aspx Responsible Tourism Web: https://www.tourism.gov.za/CurrentProjects/ ResponsibleTourism/Pages/Information.aspx • Department of Health The Department of Health aims to improve access to health care for all and also to improve the quality of care at all levels of the health system. Web: http://www.health.gov.za/ Postal address: Private Bag X828, Pretoria, 0001 Address: Civitas Building, Cnr Thabo Sehume and Struben Streets, Pretoria Phone: 127(0)12-395-8086 Fax: 127(0)12-395-9165 Email: [email protected] • Department of Science and Innovation. The mission of this Department includes the facilitation of the National System of Innovation for communities, researchers, industry, and government. Web: http://www.dst.gov.za/ Postal address: Postal Address: Private Bag X894, Pretoria 0001 Address: DST Building (Building no. 53), (CSIR South Gate Entrance), Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria 0001

Phone: 127(0)12-843-6300. Email: [email protected] • Department of Water and Sanitation The Department of Water and Sanitation is responsible for providing access to clean water and dignified sanitation to all South Africans. The department also strives to ensure sustainable economic and social development by effective and efficient water resource management. Web: http://www.dwa.gov.za/ Postal address: Private Bag X313, Pretoria 0001, South Africa Address: Sedibeng Building, 10th Floor, R1029, 185 Francis Baard Street, Pretoria, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-336-7500 Fax: 127(0)12-328-4254 Email: [email protected]

Organizations—nongovernment • AVCASA The Association of Veterinary and Crop Association of South Africa (AVCASA) was established in 1958 to represent companies involved in the crop protection and animal health products industry in South Africa. Over the years it has changed identity several times. From early 2003, the AVCASA represents three affiliate associations, namely, South African Animal Health Association (SAAHA; http://www.saaha.co.za), and CropLife SA (www.croplife.co.za). AVCASA promotes the interests of its members by providing guidelines for the classification, labeling, responsible handling, and storage of products, occupational hazards, and personal protection, as well as the disposal of waste and empty containers. It also serves the farmer by providing guidelines for the safe storage and responsible use of crop protection and animal health products on the farm, stressing the personal protection of farm workers and by offering training programs in responsible product handling and usage. Web: http://www.avcasa.co.za/ Postal address: PO Box 1995, Halfway House, 1685, South Africa Address: 310 Lougardia Building, C/o Hendrik Verwoerd & Embankment Road, Centurion, 0157 Phone: 127 (0)87 980 5163 Fax: 127 (0)87 980 5164 Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Organizations—nongovernment

• Biotechnology Innovation Centres (BRICs) The National Biotechnology Strategy was released by the Department of Science and Technology in 2001 in order to develop the South African biotechnology industry to the extent that it can begin to address national needs and become established within the global biotech industry. Centers were established around the country to develop an active and sustainable biotechnology sector in South Africa. New projects have a strong focus on different areas of health biotechnology: diagnostics, drug discovery and development, vaccines and bioprocess technologies, and nutraceuticals from Biotech processes. The Innovation Centre is based in Pretoria. Web: http://www.theinnovationhub.com/ Postal address: P.O. Box 1 Mark Shuttleworth Street, The Innovation Hub, Tshwane, 0087 Address: Innovation Centre, Mark Shuttleworth Street, The Innovation Hub, Tshwane, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-844-0000 Fax: 127(0)12-844-1107 Email: [email protected] Westcape Biotech (Pty) Ltd is based in Cape Town. Web: http://westcapebiotech.com/ Postal address: P O Box 136, Koelenhof, 7605, South Africa Address: Portion 26 of Farm 27, R304, Koelenhof, Stellenbosch, 7605 Phone: 127(0)21-865-2531 Fax: 127(0)21-865-2734 E-mail: [email protected] African Clinical Research Organisation (ACRO)is based in Pretoria. Through collaboration between LIFElab (the commercial arm of the East Coast Biotechnology Innovation Centre) and Batswadi Pharmaceuticals (a black-empowered company, with a focus on biotechnology) the ACRO was established in 2007. Web: http://www.acro.co.za/ Postal address: P O Box 688, Cramerview, 2060 Address: Phase III, 2nd Floor Offices, Centurion Science Park 1011 Pretorius Ave Lyttelton Manor, Centurion, 0157 Phone: 127(0)11-470-2800 Fax: 127(0)11470-2810 Email: [email protected] PlantBio, the National Innovation Centre for Plant Biotechnology, which was based in Hayfields, has since been absorbed as part of the Technology Innovation Agency. Web: https://www.tia.org.za/ Address: TIA House, 83 Lois Avenue, Menlyn, Pretoria

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Phone: 127 (0)12-472-2700 Email: [email protected] • Biosafety South Africa Biosafety South Africa is a national technology platform in service of the country’s biotech regulators, researchers, technology developers, and public. They have a mandate to enable safe, sustainable, and compliant research, development, production, use, and application of biotechnology, in particular GMOs. Biosafety South Africa is an initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and funded entirely from public sources. Web: http://biosafety.org.za/ Postal address: 105 Wentworth Building, Somerset Links Office Park, De Beers Avenue, Somerset West, 713, South Africa Phone: 127 (0)21 850 0531 Fax: 127 (0)21 850 0885 Email: [email protected] • The Medicines Control Council (South African Health Products Regulatory Authority) The SAHPRA operates through external experts who are members of the Council. Committee structures comprise the African Traditional Medicines Committee, Veterinary Clinical Committee, Biological Committee, Clinical Trials Committee, Pharmacovigilance Committee, Complimentary Medicines Committee, Analytical Committee, Clinical Committee, Pharmaceutical/ Bioavailability Committee and the Scheduling Committee. The experts evaluate data sets submitted by the pharmaceutical industry for purposes of registration. The Council, in considering whether a medicine is suitable for use for its intended purpose, assesses its relative risk against the benefits. The Medicines and Related Substances Control Act 101 of 1965 defines a medicine. Web: https://www.sahpra.org.za/ Phone: 127(0)12-395-8000 Address: Civitas Building, 42 Thabo Sehume Stree, Pretoria Postal address: South African Health Products, Regulatory Authority, Private Bag X828, Pretoria, 0001 • The National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) Web: http://www.nhls.ac.za/ Postal address: Private Bag X8, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2131 Address: 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa Phone: 127(0)11-386-6000 Fax: 127(0)11-386-6620 Email: [email protected]

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The NHLS has two specialized divisions that conduct research of relevance to toxicology: • National Institute for Occupational Health (NIOH) supports the development and provision of occupational health services in South Africa. It houses the Department of Toxicology and Biochemistry which conducts research on the health effects of the exposures of biological systems and human populations to occupational and environmental contaminants within a risk assessment framework. Web: http://www.nioh.ac.za/. Postal address: P.O. Box 4788, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa Address: 25 Hospital Street, Constitution Hill 2001, Johannesburg, South Africa Phone: 127(0)11-712-6400 Fax: 127(0)11-712-6545/127(01)11-712-6532 E-mail: [email protected] • The National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) is one of the major global role players in infectious disease intelligence. Web: http://www.nicd.ac.za/ Postal address: Private Bag X8, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2131 Address: 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa Phone: 127(0)11-386-6400 Fax: 127(0)11-882-0596 Email: [email protected] • The Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa NECSA is a public company in terms of the Nuclear Energy Act, 1999 and is wholly owned by the State. Among its other functions, it undertakes and promotes research and development in the field of nuclear energy and radiation sciences and technology. Apart from its main operations at Pelindaba, NECSA also operates the Vaalputs radioactive waste-disposal facility. It also provides a 24-hour emergency service for nuclear-related accidents throughout Africa. It is used (among other things) to produce radioisotopes that are used to fight diseases and to accurately measure critical process parameters such as levels of radioactivity, mass, density, and quality and thus helps to keep the wheels of industry turning. NECSA is accredited by the International Atomic Energy Agency as a regional designated center, servicing the rest of Africa in radioactive waste management. The Corporation has been given the responsibility of developing a low-cost radioactive waste-disposal facility—known as the Borehole Nuclear Waste Disposal System—to be used for the disposal of radioactive waste from hospitals on the continent.

Web: http://www.necsa.co.za/ Postal address: P.O. Box 582, Pretoria 0001, South Africa Address: Elias Motsoaledi Street Extension (Church Street West), R104 Pelindaba, Madibeng Municipality, North West Province, 0240 Phone: 127(0)12-305-4911 Fax: 127(0)12-305-3111 Email: [email protected] • The Safety in Mines Research Advisory Committee SIMRAC was established in terms of Section 29 (9) (a) of the Minerals Act (Act 50 of 1991) with the principal objective of advising the Mine Health and Safety Council on the determination of the safety risk on mines and the need for research into safety on mines based on the safety risk. Web: http://mhsc.org.za/site/ Postal address: Mine Health and Safety Council, Private Bag X11, Wendywood, 2144, South Africa Address: Mine Health and Safety Council, 145 Western Service Road, Western Woods Office Park, B7, Maple Place, Woodmead, Gauteng, South Africa Phone: 127(0)11-070-4200 Email: [email protected]

Science councils Science councils are generally regarded as a variety of public sector, nonprofit, research and development organizations that were established by statutes. They are dependent to some degree on public funding. In South Africa there are currently seven science councils of which four are of relevance to toxicology. • The Agricultural Research Council (ARC) (http:// www.arc.agric.za) Based in Pretoria, the ARC is a statutory parastatal body formed in terms of the Agricultural Research Act, 1990 (Act 89 of 1990). Its mission states that it is committed to the promotion of agriculture and related sectors through research, technology development, and technology transfer, in order to optimize the role of agriculture in respect of national growth and development in the Republic of South Africa. The ARC has 15 research institutes under its control which in turn are divided into three categories: specialist institutes, plant science institutes, and animal science institutes. Of these the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute is of importance as it houses the Department of Toxicology. Web: http://www.arc.agric.za/Pages/Home.aspx Physical address: 1134 Park Street, Hatfield, Pretoria Address: P O Box 8783, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa

Organizations—nongovernment

Phone: 127(0)12-427-9700 Fax: 127(0)12-342-3948 Email: [email protected] Toxicological diagnostics screens samples for toxic substances, verifies analytical results, advises clients, investigates unknown causes of livestock poisoning, and interprets laboratory results in a meaningful manner to clients. Animal bio-laboratory houses cattle, sheep, and small animals (mice, rats, guinea pigs) for animal experiments and toxicity testing. Research laboratories investigate mechanisms for controlling poisoning of livestock by poisonous plants. • The Council for Mineral Technology (MINTEK) Conducts research on mineralogical examination of ores, refining technologies, and the manufacture of end-products.

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as translating these into new companies or supporting the competitiveness of the existing industries. The unit also generates knowledge and tools that address specific needs in the health and related biotechnology sectors. These include the development of point-of-care diagnostics, high-throughput screening platform and bioassays, synthetic biology, and proteomics. The unit has strong translational biomedical research that has significant impact on how drugs are identified in the medical and pharmaceutical industry. CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment addresses pressing environmental and natural resource issues at local and national scales and beyond, such as climate change, biodiversity loss, ocean acidification, invasive alien species, regional water resources, air pollution, and land degradation. The industrial spectrum of this area of work includes mining and forestry-based biorefining.

Postal address: Private Bag X3015, Randburg 2125, South Africa Address: 200 Malibongwe Drive, Randburg, Johannesburg, South Africa Phone: 127(0)11-709-4111 Fax: 127(0)11-793-2413 Email: [email protected]

Web: https://www.csir.co.za/natural-resourcesand-environmentCSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing undertakes research and development in materials science and manufacturing for aerospace, automotive, bio-based buildings, energy, health, and micromanufacturing. Centre for Integrated Waste Management provides practical, cost-effective, and innovative approaches to dealing with waste.

• The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)

Web: https://www.csir.co.za/integrated-wastemanagement

Was established in 1945 and presently is the largest community and industry-directed scientific and technological research, development and implementation organization in Africa. It conducts contract research, and provides, among other services, specialist consulting, education and training, and global science and technology links. Numerous focus areas provide these services, a number of which specialize in toxicology.

• The Council for Geosciences (CGS)

Web: http://www.mintek.co.za/

Web: http://www.csir.co.za/ Address: Meiring Naude´ Road, Brummeria, Pretoria, South Africa Postal address: P O Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-841-2000/2911 Fax: 127(0)12-349 1153 Email: [email protected] The CSIR has several different operating units which can be found at https://www.csir.co.za/organisational-structure. Within CSIR, there are five sections that conduct work relevant to toxicology. CSIR Biosciences has strong competencies in process and product development in agroprocessing, bioprocessing, and biomanufacturing. These capabilities are positioned to support the creation of novel industries in biotechnology-based services and products, as well

Although formed in 1912 the Geoscience Act, Act 100 of 1993, established the CGS in its present form. The CGS is mandated to provide for the promotion of research and the extension of knowledge in the field of geoscience as well as the provision of specialized geoscientific services. This includes environmental management and rehabilitation and requires resource assessment and pollution investigations. Web: http://www.geoscience.org.za Postal address: Private Bag X112, Pretoria 0001, South Africa Address: 280 Pretoria Street, Siverton, Pretoria, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-841-1911 There are a number of institutions that originated in the Science councils but now operate independently, for example, the National Research Foundation and the South African Bureau of Standards. • The National Research Foundation (NRF) The NRF is a research and science development agency that funds research, the development of high-end

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human capacity and critical research infrastructure to promote knowledge production across all disciplinary fields. The goal of the NRF is to create innovative funding instruments, advance research career development, increase public science engagement, and to establish leading-edge research platforms that will transform the scientific landscape and inspire a representative research community to aspire to global competitiveness. The NRF promotes South African research interests across the country and internationally and, together with research institutions, business, industry, and international partners, builds bridges between research communities for mutual benefit. The NRF is responsible for a number national research facilities, for example, Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory near Krugersdorp in Gauteng; the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (Grahamstown); the National Accelerator Centre in Faure, Western Cape, the South African Astronomical Observatory in Cape Town; and the National Zoological Gardens (Pretoria). In addition it hosts the South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) which serves as a national platform for detecting, translating, and predicting environmental change through scientifically designed observation systems and research. SAEON also captures and makes long-term datasets freely accessible, and runs an education outreach program. SAEON has six nodes dispersed geographically across the country. Web: http://www.nrf.ac.za/ Postal Address: P O Box 2600, Pretoria 0001, South Africa Address: NRF Building, South Gate, CSIR Complex, Meiring Naude´ Road, Brummeria, Pretoria, South Africa Phone: 127-12-481-4000/4001 Fax: 127-12-349-1179 Email: [email protected] • The South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) The South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) provides numerous services including compliance with National Standards, certification of products, and services to assure quality and safety. The SABS is a member of the International Organisation for Standardisation and the International Electrotechnical Commission and is closely involved in the activities of the SADC and the Pacific Area Standards Congress. Web: https://www.sabs.co.za/ Postal address: Private Bag X191, Pretoria 0001, South Africa Address: 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, Pretoria Phone: 127(0)12-428-7911 Email: [email protected]

• South African Medical Research Council (MRC) The South African Medical Research Council (MRC) was established in 1969. Its mandate, among others, is to strengthen and develop institutional research capacity and also provide scientifically based information on health status in South Africa. It therefore funds university-based centers, units, and groups—a number of which conduct research on topics of importance in toxicology. Web: http://www.mrc.ac.za/ Postal address: P O Box 19070, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa Address: 1 Duiker St, Klipkop, Cape Town, 7501, South Africa Phone: 127(0)21-938-0911 Fax: 127(0)21-938-0200 Email: [email protected] The MRC currently has an Intramural Research Unit with the following research divisions: Alcohol, Tobacco, and other drugs; Biostatistics; Burden of Disease; Centre of Tuberculosis; Cochrane South Africa; Environment and Health; Gender and Health; Health Systems; HIV Prevention; Noncommunicable diseases; and Violence, Injury, and Peace. Web: http://www.mrc.ac.za/research/intramuralresearch-units The Extramural Research Unit has the following research divisions within it: Antiviral Gene Therapy; Bioinformatics Capacity Development; Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance; Child and Adolescent Lung Health; Developmental Pathways for Health; Drug Discovery and Development; Health Services to Systems; Herbal Drugs; HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment; Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease; Immunology of Infectious Disease; Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies; Microbial Water Quality Monitoring; Molecular Mycobacteriology; Precision Gnomic Medicine; Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens; Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders; Rural Public Health and Health Transition; and Stem Cell Research Therapy. Web: http://www.mrc.ac.za/research/extramuralresearch-units Three centers, namely cancer centers, HIV/TB centers, and malaria centers with subunits exist countrywide and details of each can be accessed at http:// www.mrc.ac.za/research/centres. • The South African Institute for Environmental Health (SAIEH) SAIEH aims to promote science and the practice of environmental health. Web: http://www.saieh.co.za/

Organizations—nongovernment

Postal address: Private Bag X37, Greyville 4023, South Africa Address: 68 Newport Avenue, Glenashley, Durban, 4051 Phone: 127-(0)83-307-9082 Email: [email protected] • The South African National Accreditation System (SANAS) SANAS is recognized by the South African Government as the single National Accreditation Body that gives formal recognition that Laboratories, Certification Bodies, Inspection Bodies, Proficiency Testing Scheme Providers, and Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) test facilities are competent to carry out specific tasks.

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Phone: 127(0)12-761-9300 Email: [email protected]

Universities South African universities do not offer programs in toxicology at graduate (MSc, PhD, or National Diploma) levels but many of them offer it as a subject in environmental health. Others offer postgraduate programs that include toxicology in their curricula. • Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) It is situated in Cape Town and is a result of a merger between the Cape and Peninsula Technikons. Web: http://www.cput.ac.za/.

Web: http://www.sanas.co.za. Address: Libertas Office Park, cnr Libertas and Highway Street, Equestria, 0184, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-740-8400

For general information: 127(0)021-959-6121, Email: [email protected]

• The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI)

In the Faculty of Applied Sciences situated in the Bellville Campus, it offers courses and postgraduate programs in Environmental Health

SANBI was established in 2004 with the intention that it will be the leading institution in biodiversity science in Africa, facilitating conservation, sustainable use of living resources, and human well-being. It provides a number of services, amongst which MEDBASE, the National Medicinal Plants Database for South Africa, is a system of databases holding holistic data on the 300 most important traditional medicinal plants of southern Africa. Several other infobases are listed under Resources on their website. Web: https://www.sanbi.org/ Postal address: Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0001, South Africa Address: 2 Cussonia Ave, Brummeria, Pretoria Phone: 127(0)12-843-5000 Fax: 127(0)12-804-3211 Email: [email protected] • The Water Research Commission (WRC) WRC operates in terms of the Water Research Act (Act 34 of 1971). Its mandate is to support water research and development as well as the building of a sustainable water research capacity in South Africa. It funds a number of projects of which water and health are relevant to toxicology. Web: http://www.wrc.org.za/ Address: Lynnwood Bridge Office Park, Bloukrans Building, 4 Daventry Street, Lynnwood Manor, Pretoria, 0081

It is spread over five different campus sites.

(http://info.cput.ac.za/prospectus/qual.php? q594&d58) which include the National Diploma (http://info.cput.ac.za/prospectus/qual.php? q594&f53), Baccalaureus Technologiae (http://info. cput.ac.za/prospectus/qual.php?q595&f53), Magister Technologiae (Research-based Degree or Course-driven Degree) (http://info.cput.ac.za/prospectus/qual.php? q5102&f53), and Doctor Technologiae Environmental Health (Course Aim) (http://info. cput.ac.za/prospectus/qual.php?q5103&f53). Postal address: P.O. Box 1906, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa Address: Symphony Way, (off Moderdam Road), Bellville Phone: 127(0)21-460-6911 Fax: 127(0)21-460-3698 or Tel. Faculty Office: 127(0)21-959-6569 Fax: 127(0)21-959-6118 Email: [email protected] • Central University of Technology (CUT) This was previously the Technikon Free State. It was opened on January 1, 1981. The first schools or academic sections were Engineering, Management, and Art and Design. Web: http://www.cut.ac.za/web/academics Later the Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences was added. It consists of two Schools, namely the School of Health Technology and the School for

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Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, offering National Diploma programs and BTech, Master’s, and doctorate degrees.

Web: http://www.nmmu.ac.za/default.asp?bhcp51 Web: http://www.nmmu.ac.za/default.asp? id5181&bhcp51

Web: http://www.cut.ac.za/web/academics/ faculties/hea/homepage.

Postal address: P.O. Box 77000, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa Phone: 127(0)41-504-2121/2111 Fax: 127(0)41-504-2854

Postal address: Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa Phone: 127-(0)51-507-3911 Fax: 127-(0)51-507-3199 • Durban University of Technology (DUT) This university is the result of a merger between the ML Sultan Technikon and Technikon Natal. Web: http://www.dut.ac.za/ Phone: 127(0)31-204-2696 Fax: 127(0)31-204-2038 It is spread over seven different campus sites. It offers postgraduates a program on environmental health in the Department of Environmental Health located on Mansfield Road. Web: http://www.dut.ac.za/department.aspx? id564&fid54# Phone: 127(0)31-204 2111 Fax: 127(0)31-202-3405 • Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT) This establishment is situated on the outskirts of Durban. Web: http://www.mantec.ac.za/ Postal address: P.O. Box 12363, Jacobs 4026, South Africa Address: Mangosuthu Highway, Umlazi, KwaZuluNatal, South Africa Phone: 127(0)31-907-7111 Fax: 127(0)31-907-2892 It houses the Department of Environmental Health in the Faculty of Natural Sciences and it offers a National Diploma course in environmental health. Web: http://www.mantec.ac.za/envirohealth.html

• Rhodes University (RU) It is situated in Grahamstown. Its Faculty of Science in the Department of Environmental Sciences offers postgraduate degrees, BSc, BEcon, BJourn, and BA, as well as an undergraduate program (BSc) in environmental sciences. Web: http://www.ru.ac.za/ Web: http://www.scifac.ru.ac.za/scisub.htm Web: http://campus.ru.ac.za/? action5category&category545/ Web: http://campus.ru.ac.za/index.php? action5category&category51419 Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa Phone: 127(0)46-603-7002 Fax: 127(0)46-622-9319 In addition, the Faculty of Science houses the Institute for Water Research and the Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality. Web: http://www.ru.ac.za/institutes/iwr/ Web: http://www.ru.ac.za/institutes/iwr/ucewq/ index.html Postal address: Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa Phone: 127(0)46-622-4014 Fax: 127(0)46-622-9427 Finally, in the Faculty of Pharmacy is the Biopharmaceutics Research Institute which conducts contractual research in drug testing and development.

Phone: 127(0)31-907-7242 Fax: 127(0)31-907-7242

Web: http://www.ru.ac.za/academic/departments/ pharmacy/

• Nelson Mandela University (NMU)

Postal address: Biopharmaceutics Research Institute, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6139, South Africa Phone: 127(0)46-603-8189 Fax: 127-(0)46-636-1205

This university was opened on January 1, 2005, the result of a merger of the Port Elizabeth Technikon, the University of Port Elizabeth, and the Port Elizabeth campus of Vista University. In its Faculty of Health Sciences it offers National Diploma programs, undergraduate (Baccalaureus Technologiae, BTech) and postgraduate degrees (Magister Technologiae (MTech) and Doctor Technologiae (DTech)) in Environmental Health.

• North-West University (NWU) The coming together of three tertiary institutions in 2004 to form the North-West University (NWU) was a strong symbolic act of reconciliation and nation building—and a highly effective one. The transition to the

Organizations—nongovernment

unified NWU has been hailed as one of the most successful and stable higher education mergers in South Africa. Each year since the merger, the NWU has produced a healthy financial surplus, improved student pass rates, increased research output, and risen in the corporate governance rankings for South African universities. Web: http://www.nwu.ac.za In its Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences there are three research entities that directly deal with environmental issues. The Centre for Environmental Management (CEM) provides consulting and training courses on environmental management. In the Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management (UESM) there are a number of research groups that focus on environmental toxicology, that is, Water Research Group, Persistent Organic Pollutants research group, Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, and the Climate Research group. The National Aquatic Bioassay Facility, an automated state of the art aquatic housing and exposure system, is housed in the UESM. The Centre for Water Sciences and Management focuses on surface and groundwater pollution associated with mining activities. Web: http://natural-sciences.nwu.ac.za A new professional undergraduate degree program in occupational hygiene was introduced in 2017 in the Faculty of Health Sciences, which also provides postgraduate training at MSc (structured and researchbased) and PhD level in occupational hygiene. In its School of Pharmacy it houses the DST Platform for Preclinical Drug Development which provides services in this field. Web: http://health-sciences.nwu.ac.za Postal address: Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa Phone: 127 (0)18-299-1111/2222 Fax: 127-(0)18-299-2799 • Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) This university is situated in Pretoria but has other campuses in other parts of the country. In its Faculty of Science it houses the Department of Environmental Health which offers postgraduate programs (Bachelor’s Degree in Technology, Master’s Degree in Technology and Doctorate in Technology) in Environmental Health. In the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences the toxicology of medicinal plants has been incorporated into the quality, safety, and efficacy of phytomedicine. Research pertaining to this group can be accessed at https://www.tut.ac.za/rni/research/rr/prof-viljoen. Web: http://www.tut.ac.za Postal address: Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa

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Phone: 127 (0)12-382-5911 Fax: 127 (0)12-382-5114 • University of Cape Town (UCT) The University of Cape Town is situated in Cape Town and is South Africa’s oldest university. Web: http://www.uct.ac.za/ In the Faculty of Science the Department of Environmental and Geographical Science focuses on issues relating to environmental change and human environment interactions. It offers undergraduate and graduate (MSc and PhD) programs in environmental and geographical science. Web: http://www.egs.uct.ac.za/ Postal address: Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa Address: Shell Environmental and Geographical Science Building, South Lane, Upper Campus, University of Cape Town Phone: 127(0)21-650-2873/4 Fax: 127(0)21-650-3456 Email: [email protected] The Environmental Evaluation Unit is an independent, self-funded consulting, research, and training unit. It undertakes work throughout South Africa and the SADC countries, and provides expertise to leading private and public corporations, research institutions, planning and development organizations, state departments, local authorities, and communities. Web: http://www.egs.uct.ac.za/eeu/index.html Physical address: University of Cape Town, Upper Campus, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa Phone: 127(0)21-650-2866 Fax: 127(0)21-650-3791 Email: [email protected] The Freshwater Research Unit is also based in the Faculty of Science where much of the research in this unit centers on the conservation and management of South African rivers, although some work is also done on wetlands and coastal lakes. Web: http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/zoology/fru/ introtofru.html Postal address: Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting cc, P.O. Box 13280, Mowbray 7705, Cape Town, South Africa Address: Freshwater Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa Phone: 127(0)21-650-3635/3633

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Fax: 127(0)21-650-3301 Email: [email protected]

carries out contract research on a wide variety of water-related topics.

In the Health Sciences Faculty, the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health provides postgraduate Diplomas as well MScs and PhDs in occupational health.

Web: http://www.uovs.ac.za/faculties/index.php? FCode504&DCode5109

Web: http://www.uct.ac.za/faculties/health/ research/oehru/study/ Postal Address: Faculty of Health Sciences, Private Bag, Observatory 7935 Address: Faculty Office, Barnard Fuller Building, Anzio Road, Observatory Cape Town Phone: 127(0)21-406-6346 Fax: 127(0)21-447-8955 Email: [email protected]. • University of the Free State (UFS) This is another of South Africa’s old universities, based in Bloemfontein. Web: http://www.uovs.ac.za/ Postal address: P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa Phone: 127(0)51-401-9111 Email: [email protected]

Postal address: Institute for Groundwater Studies, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa Phone: 127(0)51-401-2394 Email: [email protected] The Department of Plant Sciences consists of the divisions of Botany, Genetics, Plant Breeding, and Plant Pathology and provides undergraduate and postgraduate programs. Web: http://www.uovs.ac.za/faculties/index.php? FCode504&DCode5114 Postal address: Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Phone: 127 (0)51-401-2818/2466/2514 Fax: 127(0)51-444-5945 Email: [email protected]

In the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences the CEM provides an MSc program.

The Department of Zoology and Entomology provides an overview on poisonous and dangerous animals and also those that deal with environmental problems.

Web: http://www.uovs.ac.za/faculties/index.php? FCode 5 04&DCode 5 106

Web: http://www.uovs.ac.za/faculties/index.php? FCode504&DCode5119

Postal address: University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa Phone: 127(0)51-401-2863 Fax: 127(0)51-401-2629 Email: [email protected]

Postal address: Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa Phone: 127 (0)51-401-2427 Email: [email protected]

The Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology was awarded the status of a MIRCEN (Microbiological Resources Centre) by UNESCO in 1996.

In the Faculty of Health Sciences, the Department of Chemical Pathology offers training to qualified medical practitioners to become registered chemical pathologists or clinical pathologists. Candidates with a baccalareus degree in the natural sciences are offered the BMedSc (Hon) degree leading to the MMedSc in chemical pathology.

Web: http://www.uovs.ac.za/faculties/index.php? FCode504&DCode5112 Postal address: Department of Microbial-Biochemical and Food Biotechnology University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa Address: Department of Microbial-Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Microbial-Biochemical and Food Biotechnology Building, University of the Free State Mandela Avenue, Bloemfontein, South Africa Phone: 127-(0)51-4012396 Fax: 127-(0)51-4443219 Email: [email protected]

Postal address: Department of Chemical Pathology G3, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa Phone: 127(01)51-405-3023 Fax: 127 (0) 51 4442749 E-mail: [email protected]

The Institute for Groundwater Studies was founded in 1974 and provides postgraduate programs and

In the Department of Community Health is the Provincial Occupational Health Unit of the Free State

Web: http://www.uovs.ac.za/faculties/index.php? FCode508&DCode5026

Organizations—nongovernment

that provides an occupational health and safety support service to the facilities in the Free State Province. Web: http://www.uovs.ac.za/faculties/index.php? FCode508&DCode5027

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Postal address: University of Johannesburg, P O Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa Phone: 127(0)11-489-2637 Fax: 127(0011-489-2191 In the Faculty of Health Sciences, the Department of Environmental Health provides a national diploma in environmental health.

Postal address: P.O. Box 339 (G52), University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Phone: 127(0)51-405-3136 Fax: 127(0)51-448-9278 Email: [email protected]

Web: http://www.uj.ac.za/health/index.asp? page5detail&id5454. Web: http://www.uj.ac.za/environmental/

The Department of Forensic Medicine provides forensic training for undergraduate and postgraduate medical, nursing, and law students at the University of the Free State.

The Department of Zoology offers Ecotoxicology, which studies the effects of chemicals in the natural ecosystem, provides undergraduate and postgraduate programs.

Web: http://www.uovs.ac.za/faculties/index.php? FCode508&DCode5032

Web: http://www.uj.ac.za/zoology/index.asp? page5detail&id51401

Postal address: Department of Forensic Medicine, UFS, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Phone: 127(0)51-405-3132 Fax: 127(0)51-444-0464 Email: [email protected] The National Control for Biological Products Unit functions as the biological test laboratory of the Medicines Control Council. Web: http://www.uovs.ac.za/faculties/index.php? FCode508&DCode5036 Postal address: NCL (G49), UFS, Faculty of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa Phone: 127(0)51-401-2450 Fax: 127(0)51-401-3404 Email: [email protected] The Department of Pharmacology promotes the rational use of drugs in humans and protects humans against poisonous substances through teaching, research, and service. Web: http://www.uovs.ac.za/faculties/index.php? FCode508&DCode5047 Postal address: Department of Pharmacology (G6), University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa Phone: 127(0)51-401-3134/3090 Email: [email protected] • University of Johannesburg (UJ) This university was created by the merger between the Rand Afrikaans University and the Wits Technikon in Johannesburg. It is spread over five different campus sites. Web: http://www.uj.ac.za/index.asp

• University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) This unites two major educational institutions in KwaZulu-Natal—the University of Natal and the University of Durban-Westville. It is spread over five different campus sites. Web: http://www.ukzn.ac.za/ CEM and Centre for Environment, Agriculture, and Development (CEAD) are based in the Faculty of Environmental Sciences (http://www.ukzn.ac.za/ department/default.asp?dept5saesunp) and offer undergraduate and postgraduate programs on environmental assessment, hydrology, atmospheric science, air pollution, coastal geomorphology, and wetland ecology. Web: http://www.geography.ukzn.ac.za/cem/ Postal address: Centre for Environmental Management, School of Environmental Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZuluNatal, Durban 4041, South Africa Phone: 127(0)31-260-2653 Fax: 127(0)31-260-1391 Email: [email protected] The Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health is based in the Department of Community Health and provides National Diploma programs to postgraduates and an MSc in occupational and environmental health. Web: http://www.ukzn.ac.za/coeh/HomePage1.aspx Postal address: Private Bag 7, Congella 4013, South Africa Address: Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Family and Public Health Medicine, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences Phone: 127(0)-31-260-4471 Fax: 127(0)-31-260-4663 Email: [email protected]

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34. South Africa

Forensic Medicine provides undergraduate teaching within the Faculty of Medicine as well as a Master of Medicine course for training specialist forensic pathologists. Web: http://www.ukzn.ac.za/department/default. asp?dept5forensicund Postal address: Private Bag 7 Congella 4013, Durban, South Africa Address: University of Natal, Medical University Campus, Umbilo Road, Durban Phone: 127(0)31-260-4265 Fax: 127(0)31-260-4384 Email: [email protected] • University of Limpopo (UL) This university was borne of a merger between the Medical University of Southern Africa (MEDUNSA) and the University of the North. It is spread over two different campus sites. Web: www.ul.ac.za. Postal address: P O Box 189, Medunsa, Gauteng, 0204, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-521-4111 In its National School of Public Health and in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health located in the Medunsa campus, courses are offered in occupational and environmental health. Web: http://www.medunsa.ac.za/faculties/medicine/ pharmacol.htm Postal address: National School of Public Health at Medunsa, P.O. Box 215, Medunsa, 0204, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-521-4613 Fax: 127(0)12-560-0172 Email: [email protected] In the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, courses in pharmacokinetics are offered. Web: http://www.medunsa.ac.za/faculties/nsph/ nsph_depart/mainframe_depart.htm Postal address: P O Box 225, Medunsa 0204, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-521-4145 Fax: 127(0)12-521-4121 • University of Pretoria (UP) Web: http://www.up.ac.za/ Postal address: University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hillcrest, Pretoria 0002, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-420-4111/3111 Fax: 127(0)12-420-4555

In the Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, the studies of medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary medicine and the pathology, pharmacology, toxicological, and veterinary public health of economically important diseases of livestock are conducted at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Web: http://www.up.ac.za/academic/veterinary/ depts_paracl_research.htm Postal address: University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-529-8000 Fax: 127(0)12-529-8300 The Department of Paraclinical Sciences offers a 3year masters coursework degree in MMedVet Toxicology. The first year focuses solely on research methodology while the second year is exclusively based on veterinary toxicology. Web: https://www.up.ac.za/yearbooks/2018/ programmes/view/08251142 Enterprises University of Pretoria (Pty) Ltd offers a program in Forensic Toxicology. The course aims to apply chemistry and toxicology as an application in the investigation of crime. Address: 140 Lunnon Rd, Hillcrest, Pretoria, 0083 Postal: Private Bag X41, Hatfield, 0028 Telephone number: 127(0) 12 434 2500 Fax number: 127(0) 12 434 2505 Web site: www.enterprises.up.ac.za E-mail address: [email protected] • University of Stellenbosch This is located in Stellenbosch, the country’s oldest town. It is spread over three different campus sites. Web: http://www.sun.ac.za/index.asp. In its Department of Botany and Zoology, situated in the Stellenbosch Campus, the Ecotoxicology Research Group offers postgraduate programs (MSc and PhD) in ecotoxicology. Web: http://academic.sun.ac.za/botzoo/ecotox/ index.htm#ops Physical address: Room 2033, Science (“Natuurwetenskappe”) Building, Stellenbosch Campus Postal address: Department of Botany an Zoology, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa Phone: 127(0)21-808-3236 Fax: 127(0)21-808-2405 Email: [email protected]

Organizations—nongovernment

• University of Venda (UV) University of Venda was established in 1982 and is situated in Thohoyandou, in the Vhembe district of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Web: http://www.univen.ac.za/ Postal address: University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Limpopo Province, South Africa Address: University of Venda, University Road, Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa Phone: 127(0)15-962-8000 Fax: 127(0)15-962-4749 Email: [email protected] In its School of Environmental Sciences, undergraduate programs on environmental sciences are offered. Web: http://www.univen.ac.za/environ/environ.php Postal address: University of Venda, School of Environmental Sciences, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa Phone: 127(0)15-962-8580 Fax: 127(0)15-962-8597/4749 Email: [email protected] • University of the Witwatersrand (WITS) It is spread over three different campus sites in Johannesburg.

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Address: Vanderbijlpark Campus (Main Campus), Andries Potgietr Blvrd, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa Phone: 127(0)16-950-9000 Fax: 127(0)16-950-9772 Environmental Health and Pollution, in the Engineering Faculty, concentrates on research on aspects of the development of suitable absorbents for the removal of trace amounts of heavy metals from polluted waters. Web: http://www.vut.ac.za/metadot/index.pl? iid52771&isa5Category&op5show • Walter Sisulu University This university is situated in the Eastern Cape and is the result of a merger between the Border Technikon, Eastern Cape Technikon, and the University of Transkei. Web: http://www.wsu.ac.za/default.htm The Faculty of Science and Engineering offers undergraduate programs in environmental studies. Web: http://www.wsu.ac.za/faculties/faculties.htm Postal address: Walter Sisulu University, P.O. Box 1421, East London, 5200 Phone: 127(0)45-838-2998 Email: [email protected]

Web: http://web.wits.ac.za/

Professional societies

Phone: 127(0)11-717-1000 Fax: 127(0)11-717-1065

• Association of Societies for Occupational Safety and Health (ASOSH)

In its Faculty of Science, the School of Animal, Plant, and Environmental Sciences (http://www.wits. ac.za/apes/research.html) in the West Campus houses a number of centers and research groups including the Centre for Water in the Environment where they offer postgraduate programs on the subject

This is the association of 11 societies—the Chemical and Allied Industries’ Association (CAIA), the Institute of Safety Management, National Occupational Safety Association, the Mine Ventilation Society of South Africa (MVS of SA), the Safety First Association, the SAIEH, the South African Radiation Protection Society (SARPS), the Southern African Protective Equipment Marketing Association, SASOHN, SASOM, and SAIOH; four supporting company members (IRCA, 3 M SA, South Africa RAI, and Transnet); one individual member; and two ex-officio members. Its main mission is to further cooperation and understanding and promotion of occupational health, safety, and environmental health matters in southern Africa.

Web: http://www.wits.ac.za/Centres/CWE/ Phone: 127(0)11-717-6419/6424 Fax: 127(0)11-717-6499 Email: [email protected] • Vaal University of Technology (VUT) This establishment gained the status of University in 2004. Web: http://www.vut.ac.za/metadot/index.pl? id52865&isa5Category&op5show Postal address: Vaal University of Technology, International Relations Department, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa

Web: http://www.asosh.org/ Postal address: Association of Societies for Occupational Safety and Health (ASOSH) P.O. Box 14402, Clubview 0014, South Africa Phone/Fax: 127(0)12-654-8349 Email: [email protected]

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34. South Africa

• Association of Veterinary and Crop Associations of South Africa (AFCASA)

South Africa and promoting and upholding the status of the profession of chemistry.

This was established in 1958 to represent companies involved in the crop protection and animal health products industry in South Africa. From the beginning of 2003, AVCASA represents its three affiliate associations, namely SAAHA (South African Animal Health Association; www.saaha.co.za), CropLife SA (www. croplife.co.za) and Agricultural Chemical Distribution Association of South Africa (ACDASA; www.acdasa. co.za). It provides its members as well as farmers, guidelines for the classification, labeling, responsible handling and storage of products, occupational hazards, and personal protection, as well as the disposal of waste and empty containers.

Web: http://www.saci.co.za/

Web: http://www.avcasa.co.za/about.html Postal address: PO Box 1995, Halfway House, 1685, South Africa Address: 310 Lougardia Building, C/o Hendrik Verwoerd & Embankment Road, Centurion, 0157 Phone: 127 (0)87-980-5163 Fax: 127 (0)87-980-5164 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] • Chemical and Allied Industries’ Association (CAIA) This was established in 1993 and since 1994 the CAIA launched Responsible Care in South Africa to respond to public concerns about the manufacture, storage, transport, use, and disposal of chemicals. Web: http://www.caia.co.za/ Address: Rosebank Office Park, 181 Jan Smuts Ave, Rosebank, Johannesburg, 2121 Postal address: PO Box 872, Parklands,2121, Republic of South Africa Phone: 127 (0)11-327-6547

Postal address: South African Chemical Institute, The Secretary, P.O. Box 407, WITS 2050, South Africa Address: Humphrey Raikes Building room 500 Wits Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa Phone: 127(0)11-717-6705 Fax: 127(0)86-766-9041 • South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions (SACNASP) Its objectives are to promote the practice of natural science professions in South Africa, exercise control over the standard of professional conduct of professional natural scientists, monitor the standard of education and training of natural scientists and to recognize education and training which is a prerequisite for registration in terms of the Act. Web: http://www.sarnap.org.za/ Postal address: Private Bag x540, Silverton, 0127, Gauteng Province, South Africa Address: Management Enterprise Building, Mark Shuttleworth Street, Innovation Hub, Pretoria, 0087, Gauteng Province, South Africa Phone: 127(0)12-748-6500 Fax: 127(0)86-206-0427 Email: [email protected] • South African Institute of Environmental Health (SAIEH) Web: http://www.saieh.co.za/

• Responsible Container Management Association of Southern Africa (RPMASA)

This organization was established to advance and promote the science and practice of environmental health as well as to promote the basic training and comprehensive specialized advanced education of environmental health professionals in addition to environmental research.

This is the southern African organization for industrial packaging with links to various international organizations. It has the backing of industry’s commitment to the public to continuously improve its health, safety, and environmental practice and performance as one of its main purposes.

Web: http://www.saieh.co.za/ Postal address: Private Bag X37, Greyville 4023, South Africa Address: 68 Newport Avenue, Glenashley, Durban, 4051 Phone: 127(0)83-307-9082 Email: [email protected]

Web: http://rpmasa.org.za/

• Southern African Institute for Occupational Hygiene (SAIOH)

Phone: 127(0)87-722-1636 Fax: 127(0)86 606 2494 Email: [email protected] • South African Chemical Institute (SACI) This was established in 1912 with the aim of advancing the science and practice of chemistry in

It advances the discipline of occupational hygiene. Web: http://www.saioh.co.za Address: The Business Centre: Broadacres, Willow Wood Office Park, Cnr Cedar Road and 3rd Street, Broadacres, Sandton, 2021

Organizations—nongovernment

Postal address: SAIOH, P.O. Box 50772, Ranjesfontein, Midrand, 1683, South Africa Phone: 127(0)76-672-4916 Email: [email protected] • South African Association of Physicists in Medicine and Biology (SAAPMB) The Association encompasses a number of different fields such as medical physics, nuclear medicine, radiation oncology, radiobiology, medical physics, and health informatics. Its emphasis is on the interaction of physics with the human body. While the Association has a number of independent members it also acts as an umbrella organization for three related societies, namely the South African Medical Physics Society, SARPS, and the SARS. Web: https://www.saapmb.net/ Email: [email protected] • South African Pharmacology Society (SAPHS) It was founded in 1966 with its first congress held in 1967. While the Society always played a central role in promoting the science of basic and clinical pharmacology in general, it enjoys support from academic, industrial, and professional practice spheres. Its objectives are to foster, promote, encourage, develop, and support interest, teaching, and research in basic and clinical pharmacology. Web: http://www.sapharmacol.co.za/ Address: SA Soc Basic & Clin Pharmacol, Room 316, Building G23, Potchefstroom Campus, North West University, South Africa Postal address: P.O. Box 16, Pharmacology, NorthWest University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa Phone: 127(0)18-299-2240 Email: [email protected] • Southern African Society of Aquatic Scientists (SASAqS) SASAqS is a learned society established in 1964 as the Limnological Society of South Africa. It is concerned with the research, management, and conservation of inland waters throughout southern Africa. Web: http://www.riv.co.za/sasaqs/ Email: [email protected]/ Wynand. [email protected]

483

• Toxicology Society of South Africa (TOXSA) It was established in 2001 by a group of interested scientists. The aims of the Society are to promote and advance the study and application of toxicology in all its aspects in South Africa. Web: http://www.toxsa.co.za Postal address: Toxicology Society of South Africa, P O Box 4788, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa Prof Mary Gulumian Phone: 127(0)11-712-6428 Fax: 127(0)11-712-6532 Email: [email protected]

Poison control centers • Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital Poisons Information Service Web: http://www.afritox.co.za/WhoWeAre.aspx Postal address: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa Phone: 127(0)21-658-5111 Email: [email protected]/ [email protected] • Poisons Information Centre, Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State Web: https://www.ufs.ac.za/health/departmentsand-divisions/pharmacology-home Phone: 127(0)51-401-3739 Emergency phone: 127(0)51-444-2134 Fax: 127(0)86-579-5154 Email: [email protected] • Poison Information Centre, is located at Tygerberg Hospital within the Department of Pharmacology Provides an all-hours Pharmacology/Toxicology Consultation Service to healthcare professionals (at all levels), industry, and the lay public. Although the service primarily provides in the needs of the Western Cape Province and neighboring regions, demands to meet national requirements have been increasing steadily over the past years. A similar cross-border tendency is evident, and service interaction with other countries on the African continent continues to escalate.

• Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Southern Africa chapter of SETAC Africa

Web: https://www.sun.ac.za/english/faculty/ healthsciences/Clinical%20Pharmacology/Poison% 20Information%20Centre/Pages/Contact-us.aspx

Prof Victor Wepener Phone: 127(0)18-299-2385 Fax: 127(0)18-299-2370 Email: [email protected]

Address: Tygerberg Poison Information Centre, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa

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34. South Africa

Postal address: P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa Emergency contact: 127(0)861-555-777 Phone: 127(0)21-938-6084 Email: [email protected]

Legislation Various Acts are promulgated by different governmental departments pertaining to toxicology. In addition, a great number of Bills, Regulations, and Guidelines are also published within these Acts that can be accessed on their respective websites. • Environment Conservation Amendment Act, 2003 Substitution of section 20 of Act 73 of 1989, as substituted by section 9 of Act 79 of 1992 Web: https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/ .../legislations/nema_amendment_act50_0.pdf • Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act No. 36, 1947 Web: https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/.../ remedies_stockremedies_act36_of1947.pdf Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act 54, 1972 Controls the sale, manufacture and importation of foodstuffs, cosmetics and disinfectants; and provides for incidental matters. Web: https://www.gov.za/.../foodstuffs-cosmeticsand-disinfectants-act-2-jun-1972-0000 • Genetically Modified Organisms Act, 1997 It applies to (a) the genetic modification of organisms; (b) the development, production, release, use, and application of genetically modified organisms (including viruses and bacteriophages); and (c) the use of gene therapy. Web: https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/ Act15of1997.pdf • Hazardous Substances Act, 1973 It provides for the control of substances which may cause injury, ill-health, or death of human beings by reason of their toxic, corrosive, irritant, strongly sensitizing, or flammable nature or the generation of pressure thereby in certain circumstances, and for the control of certain electronic products. Web: https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/Act% 2015%20of%201973.pdf • Higher Education Act 101, 1997 This Act regulates higher education. Its purpose is to provide for the establishment, composition, and

functions of a Council on Higher Education; to provide for the establishment, governance, and funding of public higher education institutions; to provide for the appointment and functions of an independent assessor; to provide for the registration of private higher education institutions; to provide for quality assurance and quality promotion in higher education; to provide for transitional arrangements and the repeal of certain laws and to provide for matters connected therewith. Web: https://www.gov.za/documents/highereducation-act • Marine Pollution Act, 1981 It provides for the protection of the marine environment from pollution by oil and other harmful substances, and for that purpose to provide for the prevention and combating of pollution of the sea by oil and other harmful substances; to determine liability in certain respects for loss or damage caused by the discharge of oil from ships, tankers, and offshore installations and to provide for matters connected therewith. Web: https://www.gov.za/documents/preventionand-combating-pollution-sea-oil-act-20-mar-20151108 • Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act, 1997 Amendment of section 1 of Act 101 of 1965, as amended by section 1 of Act 65 of 1974, section 1 of Act 17 of 1979, section 1 of Act 20 of 1981 and section 1 of Act 94 of 1991 and includes generic substitution of drugs. Web: https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/a90-97. pdf • Mine Health and Safety Act, 1996 It provides for the protection of the health and safety of employees and other persons at mines and, for that purpose, to promote a culture of health and safety; to provide for the enforcement of health and safety measures and to provide for appropriate systems of employee, employer, and state participation in health and safety matters. Web: www.kznhealth.gov.za/occhealth/17242.pdf • National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 It is to reform the law regulating air quality in order to protect the environment by providing reasonable measures for the prevention of pollution and ecological degradation and for securing ecologically sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social development; to provide for national norms and

Organizations—nongovernment

standards regulating air quality monitoring, management, and control by all spheres of government. Web: https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/ default/files/.../nema_amendment_act39.pdf • National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 The objectives of this Act are within the framework of the National Environmental Management Act, to provide for the management and conservation of biological diversity within the Republic and the use of indigenous biological resources in a sustainable manner. Web: https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/ default/files/legislations/nema_amendment_act10. pdfp://www.environment.gov.za/PolLeg/ Legislation/2006Nov2/NEMBA.pdf • National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act 57, 2003 The objectives of the Act are to provide, within the framework of national legislation, including the National Environmental Management Act, for the declaration and management of protected areas. Web: https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/ default/files/.../nema_amendment_act57.pdf

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• Occupational Health and Safety Amended Act, 1993 It provides for the health and safety of persons at work and for the health and safety of persons in connection with the use of plant and machinery and for the protection of persons other than persons at work against hazards to health and safety arising out of or in connection with the activities of persons at work. Web: http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/ legislation/acts/occupational-health-and-safety/ amendments/Amended%20Act%20-% 20Occupational%20Health%20and%20Safety.pdf • Traditional Health Practitioners Act, 2004 The purpose is to (a) establish the Interim Traditional Health Practitioners Council of South Africa; (b) provide for the registration, training, and practices of traditional health practitioners in the Republic; and (c) serve and protect the interests of members of the public who use the services of traditional health practitioners. Web: http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/num_act/ thpa2004335.pdf • Miscellaneous resources

It ensures that the nation’s water resources are protected, used, developed, conserved, managed, and controlled.

Africa Stockpiles Programme Highlights the need for the urgent cleanup of stockpiles of obsolete pesticides and the prevention of further accumulation in African countries; requires a coordinated, multistakeholder approach.

Web: www.dwa.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/ nw_act/NWA.pdf

Web: https://www.thegef.org/news/africa-stockpilesprogramme.

• National Water Act, 1998

C H A P T E R

35 Korea, Republic of Jongwoon Kim1, Hyun Kil Shin2, Jang-Sik Choi3, Seokjoo Yoon4 and Tae Hyun Yoon3,5 1

Chemical Safety Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea 2Toxicoinformatics Group, Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea 3Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 4 Molecular Toxicology Research Group, Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea 5Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Introduction Toxicity is defined as undesired effects of chemicals. Toxicological studies of chemicals have been developed along with the history of human use of chemicals. Since diverse chemicals have been deployed everywhere, it seems almost impossible to live without them in our daily lives. In Korean society, there were recent tragedies caused by “the undesired effects of chemicals.” PHMG (polyhexamethylene guanidine) and PGH (oligo(2-(2ethoxy)ethoxyethyl guanidine)), primarily developed as a biocide for carpets, were used as a biocide for residential humidifiers that resulted in several hundred people, who inhaled PHMG and PGH through the humidifier, dying of complications from lung damage. Further, thousands of people suffered from the after effects of those biocides. Since the humidifier biocides were released in 1994, and more than 0.6 million products were annually sold until 2011, it is estimated that millions of people were exposed to the humidifier biocides. These undesired effects of a chemical used daily caused serious chemophobia among the public and societal damage owing to the innumerable side effects of chemicals. However, since an uncountable number of chemicals are produced and used these days, it is impossible to perform toxicological tests and risk assessments for every chemical. Therefore in Korean society it becomes extremely important to develop and conduct systematic toxicological studies to assure decent human life free from the vague terrors of chemicals. The year 2018

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00035-8

marked the 30-year anniversary of the GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) in toxicology certification process in Korea. The toxicological research level in Korea has been significantly improved through diverse toxicologyrelevant research from government agencies and universities. Now, based on research outcomes and toxicological data accumulated over decades, a major task to be tackled in the Korean toxicology community is providing rigorous safety-related information resources to the public, so that the public chemophobia in Korea for daily-use chemicals can be minimized. In Korea, as shown in Table 35.1, chemicals have been managed and controlled mainly by 17 regulations introduced by seven ministries. The industrial chemicals are regulated mostly under the Toxic Chemicals Control Law (TSCL) by the Ministry of Environment. In 2015 the ministry reformed the TSCL to enhance the protection level of human health and the environment with two new regulations: (1) Act on Registration, Evaluation, etc. of Chemicals (ARECS, also known as K-REACH); and (2) Chemical Control Act. More recently, the ministry newly introduced the “Act on Safety Management of Consumer Chemical Products and Biocidal Products” (also known as K-BPR) which entered into force on January 1, 2019. In this chapter on the Republic of Korea (a.k.a. South Korea), we have collected and listed various information resources in toxicology available in Korea, such as government (e.g., ministries, agencies, and research institutes) and nongovernment organizations (e.g., universities, company, and communities), toxicology-related

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488 TABLE 35.1

35. Korea, Republic of

Major chemical regulations in Korea.

Ministry

Target product

Regulation

Ministry of Environment

• Industrial chemicals

• Act on Registration, Evaluation, etc. of Chemicals • Chemical Control Act • Act on Safety Management of Consumer Chemical Products and Biocidal Products

Ministry of Employment and Labor • Industrial chemicals

• Occupational Safety and Health Act

Ministry of Health and Welfare

• Pharmaceuticals

• Act on the Promotion of Korean Medicine and Pharmaceuticals

Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs

• • • •

• • • •

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport

• Explosives in ships

• Ship Act

Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy

• Hazard substances in consumer products • High pressure gas

• • • •

Ministry of Food and Drug Safety

• • • •

• Act on Testing and Inspection in the Food and Drug Industry • Pharmaceutical Affairs Act • Cosmetics Act

Agrochemicals Plant protection products Fertilizer Livestock and fish feed

Drugs Food additives Cosmetics Pharmaceuticals

databases and technical reports, peer reviewed and highly cited journal articles, reviews with a citation number over 100, and toxicology-related professional societies and their official journals. We believe that these lists of toxicology information resources in Korea may not be complete yet and will need continuous updates in the future. However, it is worth highlighting that this chapter on the toxicology information resources of Korea will provide an introduction to various activities in the Korean toxicological community to many researchers around the world.

Toxicology in Korea History of the Korean Society of Toxicology and Korean Environmental Mutagen Society Origin Korean Environmental Mutagen Society (KEMS) and Korean Society of Toxicology (KSOT) were established in 1977 and 1985. KSOT/KEMS were merged as a scientific society under the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. KSOT/KEMS focus on research that encompasses the whole areas of toxicology—molecular, biochemical, genetic, environmental, forensic—and related disciplines including carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, and teratogenesis.

Agrochemicals Control Act Pesticide Control Act Fertilizer Control Act Control of Livestock and Fish Feed Act

Electrical Appliances and Consumer Products Safety Control Act High-pressure Gas Safety Control Act Quality Control and Safety Management of Industrial Products Act Act on the Control of the Manufacture, Export and Import, etc. of Specific Chemicals and Chemical Agents for the Prohibition of Chemical and Biological Weapons

Mission The mission of KSOT/KEMS is to perform research on safety and toxicity issues that are directly connected to the life and property of the public and to seek out resolutions for the issues. Moreover, KSOT/KEMS contributes to advance toxicology relevant academic activity through interactions with domestic and international research groups. KSOT/KEMS shall promote the following activities: 1. Conduction of annual symposium regularly 2. Hosting international workshops 3. Opening specialized education program for toxicology 4. Holding annual toxicology expert certification tests 5. Publication of Korean toxicological journal titled “Toxicological Research” (four times per year) Publications (journal) Toxicological Research is an official journal of KSOT. Articles published in this journal are indexed in the Web of Science ESCI, Scopus, and PubMed Central, as well as other major scientific databases including Google Scholar. The journal is devoted to the very rapid dissemination of timely and significant experimental results in diverse fields of toxicological research. Research area: (1) mechanistic toxicology, (2) biochemical and pharmacological effects of toxic agents,

Resources

(3) nanotoxicology, (4) human risk assessment, (5) epidemiology, (6) carcinogenicity and mutagenesis, (7) drug metabolism, (8) descriptive toxicology, (9) biomarkers of toxicity, (10) novel toxicological methods, (11) environmental toxicology, (12) cellular and molecular toxicology, (13) developmental and reproductive toxicology, (14) computational and predictive toxicology, (15) translational sciences, and (16) regulatory toxicology Members (number of people): Publisher (1), Editor-inChief (1), Editor (3), Associate Editors (13), Advisory Board members (3), Editorial board members (21), and Manuscript Editor (1) International activities KSOT/KEMS is a member country of the International Union of Toxicology, Asiatox (The Asian Society of Toxicology), the International Association of Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Societies, and the Asian Association of Environmental Mutagen Societies. For more details, contact the Korean Society of Toxicology Headquarters at BrownStone Seoul, Bldg 101. Rm 101, 464, Cheongapa-ro, Jung-gu, Seoul 05410, Republic of Korea (http://www.ksot.co.kr/ [English]).

Resources Government organizations (ministries) Ministry of Science and ICT Web: https://english.msit.go.kr/english/main/main.do (English) Web: https://www.msit.go.kr/web/main/main.do (Korean) “The Ministry of Science and ICT currently focuses efforts on accelerating innovation across the whole society through building an environment that promotes autonomous and audacious research, securing source technologies and growth engines, and converging science and technology with ICT.” Mailing Address: Government Complex-Gwacheon, 47, Gwanmun-ro, Gwacheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 13809, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-1335, 82-2-2110-2152 Fax: 82-2-2110-0671 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Web: http://mfds.go.kr/eng/index.do (English) Web: http://mfds.go.kr/index.do (Korean) “The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, formerly also known as the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA), is responsible for promoting the public health by ensuring the safety and efficiency of foods, pharmaceuticals, medical devices and cosmetics as well as supporting the development of the food and pharmaceutical industries.”

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Mailing Address: 187, Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheonju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-43-719-1564 Ministry of Health and Welfare Web: http://www.mohw.go.kr/eng/index.jsp (English) Web: http://www.mohw.go.kr/react/index.jsp (Korean) “The main roles of the Ministry of Health and Welfare include the health care and quarantine, compulsory administration, pharmacist administration, health insurance, basic living insurance, welfare support, social security and social service policies, and population policy to cope with low birth rate and aging child welfare.” Mailing Address: 13, Doum 4-ro, Sejong-si 30113, Republic of Korea Ministry of Employment and Labor Web: http://www.moel.go.kr/english/main.jsp (English) Web: http://www.moel.go.kr/index.do (Korean) “The Ministry of Employment and Labor is responsible for establishing and coordinating the employment and labor policies, employment insurance, vocational skills development raining, equal employment, work-family balance, labor standards, workers’ welfare, industrial relations adjustment, cooperation between labor and management, occupational safety and health, industrial accident compensation insurance, and other affairs.” Mailing Address: Government complex Sejong, 422, Hannuri-daero, Sejong-si, 30117, Republic of Korea Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Web: http://www.mafra.go.kr/english/index.do (English) Web: http://www.mafra.go.kr/mafra/index.do (Korean) “The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs has established three core agricultural administrative pillars: income increase for farmers, welfare enhancement for rural areas, and agricultural competitiveness improvement.” Mailing Address: 94 Dasom 2-ro, Government Complex-Sejong, Sejong-si 339-012, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-6196-9110 Fax: 82-44-868-0846 Ministry of Environment Web: http://eng.me.go.kr/eng/web/main.do (English) Web: http://www.me.go.kr/home/web/main.do (Korean)

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“The tasks of the Ministry of Environment include enactment and amendment of environmental laws and regulations; introduction of environmental institutions; building up framework structure for environmental administration; drafting and implementation of mid-long term comprehensive measures for environmental conservation; setting up standards for regulations; providing administrative and financial support for environmental management to local governments; interKorean environmental cooperation; and environmental cooperation with other countries.” Mailing address: Government Complex-Sejong, 11, Doum 6-Ro, Sejong-si, 30103, Republic of Korea

Government organizations (agencies and research institutes) National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation Web: http://www.nifds.go.kr/en/index.do (English) Web: http://www.nifds.go.kr/index.do (Korean) “National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation is a leading institute for the science-based safety evaluation of food and drugs. The core roles of the ministry are as follows: realization of health improvement ‘Bio-health Review and Approval’; scientific risk assessment to secure the safety of food and drugs; global-level testing of food and drugs; RandD for solve the current issues of the safety of food and drugs.” Mailing address: 187, Osongsaengmyeong 2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Hengdoek-gu, Cheonju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-1577-1255 Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency Web: http://english.kosha.or.kr/english/main.do (English) Web: http://www.kosha.or.kr/main.do?chk 5 1 (Korean) “The Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency was founded with an aim to build a safer and healthier working environment for all. KOSHA strives to prevent occupational accidents and diseases, promote workers safety and health, and encourage enterprises to launch accident prevention activities. The main tasks of the agency are to provide up-to-date technical support for better occupational safety and health; to support specialized technology for occupational accident prevention; to conduct safety and health check; KOSHA 18001 certification, etc.” Mailing address: 400, Jongga-ro, Jung-gu, Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-52-7030-933 Email: [email protected] Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT)

Web: https://www.kitox.re.kr/kitox_eng/main.php (English) Web: https://www.kitox.re.kr/home/main.php (Korean) KIT is a government-funded research institute to evaluate the safety of medicine, bio-related products and chemicals such as agricultural pesticides, food additives, cosmetics, and nanoparticles. Established in 1980, KIT has played a leading role in improving advanced technology and building the research framework for the safety assessment in Korea ranging from the test for general toxicology to that for environmental toxicology. KIT, with a history of 37 years regarding the construction of systems and the accumulation of technology for national safety assessment, has become an internationally certified institute for safety assessment. KIT obtained GLP certification from the Ministry of Health and Welfare (1988), the Ministry of Environment (1998), and the Ministry Agriculture and Forestry (2002), as well as from the Japan’s Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (1990), followed by OECD GLP inspection in 2000 and US FDA inspection in 2005 and 2012. Specifically, KIT conducted many studies according to Korea Good Laboratory Practice regulations, the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Toxic Substances Control Act, and Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act GLP regulations. In addition, KIT serves as a core infrastructure in the biotechnology industry. KIT’s animal care and use program provides for the proper care and maintenance of all laboratory animals, which are paramount for the accomplishment of our research mission. The program also ensures that research activities with laboratory animals are finely designed, properly performed, and carefully evaluated under the law and the regulation for animal use. KIT consists of three campuses: Daejeon (Headquarter), Jeonbuk (Department of Inhalation Research, established in 2010), and Gyeongnam. (Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, established in 2012) Research groups in KIT are composed of, 1. Department of CRO business (a) general toxicology, (b) carcinogenicity study, (c) nonhuman primate toxicology, (d) reproductive toxicology, (e) genetic toxicology, (f) immunotoxicology, (g) pharmacology, (h) pharmaco and toxicokinetics, (i) toxicologic pathology, (j) toxicogenomics, (k) inhalation toxicology. 2. Department of Predictive Toxicology The mission of the department is to improve chemical toxicity prediction in humans through the development of a platform based on the

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convergence of BT and IT technologies. Due to the paradigm shift in toxicology, the department has a pivotal role in KIT. To augment the prediction power, the department has three core technologies. a. Molecular toxicology: development of toxicity evaluation system based on molecular mechanism to predict the human toxicity with biomarkers, 2D and 3D cell culture study, or zebrafish. b. In silico toxicology: use of computational tools such as molecular modeling, machine learning, and next-generation sequencing analysis. c. Stem cell: development of the alternative cell models for hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity from human pluripotent stem cells. These technologies would provide more accurate prediction outcomes on drug and chemical toxicities with better understanding of their mechanism. Mailing addresses: Headquarter: 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea Jeonbuk campus: 30 Baekhak 1-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea Gyeongnam campus: 17 Jeigok-gil, Munsan-eup, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52834, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-42-610-8204 (Headquarter) Fax: 82-42-610-8085 (Headquarter) Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Chemical Safety Research Center Web: https://english.krict.re.kr/eng/main (English) Web: https://www.krict.re.kr/ (Korean) “Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) was Established in 1976 for RandD of chemical technology in Korea, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) has fueled the growth of Korea’s chemical industry. KRICT is focusing on the development of worldclass key technologies to contribute to the national economy and to bring happiness for nation people. The four key research fields pursued by the institute are development of ecofriendly chemical process technology, development of high value-added green chemical materials, acquisition of new substance pipelines for disease treatment, and development of green convergence chemical technology to act as future growth engines. With a commitment to improve the chemical industry, KRICT has established the green management philosophy to undertake research in these areas. As a part of achieving the philosophy, KRICT established Chemical Safety Research Center in 2013 to contribute to the following research topics: i) Development of technology for human health risk assessment and risk reduction, ii) Chemical safety information research, iii) Evaluation of antiviral efficacy and measurement of diagnostic sensitivity.”

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Mailing address: 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-42-860-7118 Fax: 82-42-861-7022 Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) Web: https://www.kriss.re.kr/eng/main/main.html (English) Web: https://www.kriss.re.kr/index.do (Korean) “Korea Research Institute of Standards and Sciences (KRISS), a government-funded research institute, has provided the foundation for the advancement of science and technology through the establishment of national measurement standards, R&D of measurement technologies, and dissemination of national measurement standards. KRISS has contributed to stronger development of national SandT, higher national industrial competitiveness and a better quality of life for the people. The main roles of KRISS are as follows: i) Establishment of national measurement standards for convenience and safety in the society; ii) Research on measurement technologies that lead the science and technology development; and iii) Improvement in measurement capabilities in industries. In 2014, KRISS established a National Center for Nanosafety Metrology (http://safenano.re.kr/), which develop and provide reference nanomaterials, characterization and assay protocols for nanomaterials and etc.” Mailing address: 267, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-42-868-5114 Fax: 82-42-868-5252 Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) Web: https://www.kaeri.re.kr/english/ (English) Web: https://www.kaeri.re.kr/index.jsp (Korean) “The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) was established in 1959 as the sole professional researchoriented institute for nuclear power in South Korea, and has rapidly built a reputation for research and development in various fields. In 1995, KAERI designed and constructed the nation’s first multipurpose research reactor, HANARO based on the Canadian MAPLE design. KAERI is dedicated to finding a wide range of uses for atomic energy. KAERI has made significant contributions to the nation’s nuclear technology development. After Korea achieved self-reliance in nuclear core technologies, KAERI have transferred highly developed technologies to local industries for practical applications.” Mailing address: 111, Daedeok-daero 989 Beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-42-868-2000 Fax: 82-42-862-8465

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Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) Web: https://www.kribb.re.kr/eng/main/main.jsp (English) Web: https://www.kribb.re.kr/main/main.jsp (Korean) “Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) is established in 1985. It is dedicated to biotechnology research across a broad span of expertise, from basic studies for the fundamental understanding of life phenomena to applied studies such as drug discovery, novel biomaterials, integrated biotechnology and bioinformation. Its accomplishments include the advancement of welfare and medical technology, an increase in food production, a cleaner environment and new bio-materials and energy sources.” Mailing address: 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-42-860-4114 Fax: 82-42-861-1759 National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS) Web: http://www.naas.go.kr/english/ (English) Web: http://www.naas.go.kr/ (Korean) “National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS) under Rural Development Administration (RDA) established in 1962 as a matrix of encouragement model of industry has main roles as follows: i) Generation of new income by applying rural resources and maintaining a healthy agricultural ecosystem; ii) Crop protection and technical development on practical uses of biological resources; iii) Development of production techniques for sale agricultural products; iv) Automation (robotics) of farm production and development of post-harvest technologies, etc.” Mailing address: 166, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, lseomyeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-63-238-2000 Fax: 82-63-238-3811 National Institute of Environmental Research Web: http://www.nier.go.kr/NIER/eng/index.do (English) Web: http://www.nier.go.kr/NIER/index.jsp (Korean) “As a result of rapid industrialization and urbanization in the 1970s, environmental pollution emerged as a serious social problem in Korea. In response to the various environmental challenges of the time, the National Environmental Protection Institute (NEPI) was established by the Korean government in July 1978. In 2005, NEPI was expanded and renamed as the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) with more researchers, research infrastructure and equipment. NIER

has been consolidating its position as a leading government-run research institute dedicated to environmental studies by streamlining its organization and reinforcing its research capacity. NIER remain committed to better fulfilling its role as a governmentrun environmental research institute whose work is vital to the development and implementation of Korea’s environmental policies and pollution prevention programs. The main five environmental research projects of NIER are as follows: i) Adapt to climate change and build a low-carbon society; ii) Facilitate risk-based environmental management; iii) Create a sustainable society where resources are effectively recycled, iv) Develop methods for restoring and protecting ecosystems; and v) Improve the quality of air, water and soil.” Mailing address: Hwangyong-ro 42, Seogu. Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea Phone: 032-560-7114 National Institute of Chemical Safety Web: http://nics.me.go.kr/eng/main.do (English) Web: http://nics.me.go.kr/main.do (Korean) “National Institute of Chemical Safety (NICS) is a specialized institution affiliated with the ministry of environment that prevents and responds to chemical accidents. NICS was established to provide professional staff and equipment in case of chemical accident or terrorism, risk prediction assessment due to the chemical release, scientific technology and information on prevention, response and restoration of chemical accidents. NICS supports the Ministry of Environment, Regional Environmental Agency, and Joint Inter-Agency around South Korea.” Mailing address: 90, Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34111, Republic of Korea Phone: 042-605-7000 KTR (Korea Testing and Research Institute) Web: http://ktr.or.kr/eng/main/index.do (English) Web: http://ktr.or.kr/main/index.do (Korean) “KTR is a testing and certification institute in South Korea which performs integration testing, certification, and technical consulting for all fields of the industry. The Institute is known as an international recognized testing body (ISO/IEC 17025), a national recognized inspection institute for certifying ISO/IEC 17020, an international product recognition body (ISO/IEC Guide 65), and a national certification body (NCB) by International Commission on the Rules for the Approval of Electrical Equipment (IECEE). In addition, KTR performs not only national certifications such as KC and KS, but also the international certification works such as CE, GOST-R, EAC, JIS, IECEE-CB, FCC, NSF, PSE, and Energy Star which are issued by the abroad main exporting countries, for example Europe, Russia, Japan, and the U.S.A., through construction of business partnership with 30

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foreign countries and 130 foreign institutes. Based on this, KTR performs Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH) of Europe, China, Japan, etc. Moreover, KTR does supportive business for enterprises such as KOLAS/KAS officially recognized training, enterprise product development, failure cause analysis, associate business of industry, academy, and research, etc.” Mailing address: 98, Gyoyugwon-ro, Gwacheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea Fax: 82-2-2634-1008 KCL (Korea Conformity Laboratories) Web: http://www.kcl.re.kr/site/main/index002 (English) Web: http://www.kcl.re.kr (Korean) “Established through the merger of Korea Institute of Construction Materials (KICM) and Korea Environment & Merchandise Testing Institute (KEMTI) on July 2010 and currently affiliated with Korean Agency for Technology of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL) upholds the highest standards in testing and certification industries in Korea. Based on the extensive experience and technological expertise we accumulated over the past half-century, KCL is committed to testing, inspection and certification of construction materials, consumer products, energy and environmental products, setting new standards in consumer safety and helping companies gain competitive advantages in the global market. KCL Provides testing, assessment and certification solutions for construction and civil engineering materials, consumer products and medical appliances and in environmental, logistics and green industries while undertaking R&D projects, promoting technological innovation, maintaining global performance to expedite exports, protect consumers and contribute to industrial development and the nation’s economic growth. “ Mailing address: 199, Gasan digital 1-ro, Geumcheongu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-2102-2500

Databases National Chemicals Information System Web: http://ncis.nier.go.kr/en/main.do (English) Web: http://ncis.nier.go.kr/main.do (Korean) Data on phase-in substances subject to registration, toxic substances, restricted substances, prohibited substances, and substances requiring preparation for accidents. National Dangerous Substance Information System Web: http://hazmat.mpss.kfi.or.kr/index.do (Korean)

Data on national dangerous substance information, GHS, and related regulations. Korea Information System for Chemical Safety Management Web: http://kischem.nier.go.kr/kischem2/wsp/ main/main.jsp (Korean) Data on substance information, chemical safety information, chemical and marine environment management, international maritime dangerous goods codes, and accident response manuals. Chemical Material Database Web: http://msds.kosha.or.kr/ (Korean) Data on material safety data sheets. Agricultural chemical safety database Web: http://pis.rda.go.kr/spcltyinfo/agchmSafeInfo/ phchemChartr.do (Korean) Data on chemical properties and safety information for plant protection products. Toxicity information DB Web: http://nifds.go.kr/toxinfo/Tcd.action (Korean) Data on toxicity and poison information of chemical products (cigarettes, cosmetics, plant protection products, pharmaceuticals, consumer chemical products, etc.). Structural Appropriateness Activity Related Material Information Status Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/3072938/ fileData.do?lang 5 en (English) Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/3072938/ fileData.do?lang 5 ko (Korean) Data on physical and toxicological information including calculated properties and toxicity values based on the chemical structure of substances. The Food and Drug Association Safety Assessment Comprehensive Information Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/15020624/ openapi.do?lang 5 en (English) Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/15020624/ openapi.do (Korean) Data on the comprehensive information (the toxicity, pharmacogenetic, residual chemical, etc.) managed in the Food and Drug Association. Domestic Toxic Gas Retailing Information Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/15001644/ fileData.do (English) Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/15001644/ fileData.do?lang 5 ko (Korean) Data on the information offering about toxic gas for preventing large gas accidents.

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Chemical Substance Information Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/15029194/ openapi.do (English) Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/15029194/ openapi.do?lang 5 ko (Korean) Open API data on hazard information of chemical substances. Toxic GHS Information Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/15029195/ openapi.do?lang 5 en (English) Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/15029195/ openapi.do?lang 5 ko (Korean)

Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/3075277/ fileData.do?lang 5 ko (Korean) Data on pesticide residues at golf courses with sampling site, sample collection date, and detection concentration. Room Radon (Rn) DB Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/3038415/ fileData.do (English) Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/3038415/ fileData.do?lang 5 ko (Korean) Data on national indoor radon information at housing, public buildings, and multiuse facilities.

Open API data on classification information of harmful information of materials designated as toxic substances by the Ministry of Environment.

National Level Environmental Health Monitoring Study Web: http://www.nier.go.kr/NIER/kor/openapi/ getEcoHealth.do?menuNo 5 14018 (Korean)

Chemical Safety Source Information on Chemical Substance Discharge and Transfer Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/15024756/ openapi.do?lang 5 en (English) Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/15024756/ openapi.do (Korean)

Data on national level environmental health study data.

Open API data on toxic chemical release and transfer in Korea to protect the health and environment of the people from chemical emissions and to induce the business to reduce the voluntary emission of chemical substances prescribed by the Presidential Decree.

Data warehouse on persistent organic pollutants in East Asian countries.

Nanomaterial Information Reference Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/15000984/ openapi.do (English) Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/15000984/ openapi.do?lang 5 ko (Korean) Data on the material (group) classification, particle size, shape, physicoproperties, aggregation/flocculation, surface treatment, manufacturing method, measuring instrument, surface-modified material, surface modification method, main function, etc. Air Pollution Statistical Service Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/15000583/ openapi.do?lang 5 en (English) Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/15000583/ openapi.do (Korean)

Warehouse of Persistent Organic Pollutants in East Asian Countries Web: https://www.pops-asia.org/login.do (English)

KRICT Chemical Management System Web: http://krict-cms.krict.re.kr/c_product_list.do (Korean) Data on chemical management measures, chemical properties, material safety data sheets, and chemical regulation information managed by KRICT PRTR Information System Web: http://icis.me.go.kr/prtr/english.do (English) Web: http://icis.me.go.kr/prtr/main.do (Korean) PRTR (Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers) system to collect and disseminate information on environmental releases and transfers of chemical substances from industries and other facilities Korea Information System for Chemical Safety Management Web: http://kischem.nier.go.kr/ (Korean) Data on chemical information, hazards, and chemical regulations Chemistry Safety Clearing-house Web: https://csc.me.go.kr/ (Korean)

Monitoring data on major air pollutants (carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter [PM2.5 and PM10]) in South Korea; the pollution statistical information reference by period.

S NANO Database for Nanosafety Web: http://portal.s2nano.org (English)

Survey of Pesticide Residues at Golf Courses Web: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/3075277/ fileData.do (English)

S2 NANO is a research community for the safe and sustainable (ecofriendly) development of nanosciences and nanotechnologies. S2 NANO provides information

Data on chemical accidents 2

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(e.g., S2 NANO nanosafety knowledgebase and database) to the various stakeholders. To overcome current issues in nanosafety data, such as small, unbalanced, and heterogeneous datasets with many missing values, we have collected a comprehensive nanosafety database (S2 NANO) from experiments as well as literature mining (33,393 rows of raw data were collected). These data were further processed and 16 quality screened datasets were curated. Data were gap-filled with nano read-across methods and their data quality/ completeness was assessed based on Pchem score. Using these curated datasets, 13 prediction models were developed with different algorithms (LR, SVM, RF, ANN) and validated internally and externally. These comprehensive database, curated datasets, and nanosafety prediction models were implemented in an S2NANO portal with user-friendly interfaces for future applications in safety by design and regulation compliance.

Technical reports Technical reports and other related documents published as outcomes of Korean government funded research projects were listed below, which were searched from the Korean National Digital Science Library (http://www.ndsl.kr) for the years of 2011 2017: National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, “Study on Safety Management by Risk Assessment and Analytical Method of Pesticide Residues in Foods—2017,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2017) Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, “Construction of Chemical Data Platform System,” Ministry of Science and ICT, (2017) Hanyang University, “Development of ‘User-friendly Nanosafety Prediction System,’” Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, (2017) Yonsei University, “Development of Poison Information DB Contents,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2016) Korean Women’s Federation for Consumer, “Research for the Product information DB program of toxicity,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2016) Chungbuk National University, “Development of Detoxification system against Marin Toxic Peptides,” Ministry of Science and ICT, (2016) Chonnam National University, “Evaluation of In Vivo and In Vitro Teratogenicity, Nephrotoxicity, and Toxic Mechanism of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid,” National Research Foundation of Korea, (2016) Pohang University of Science and Technology, “National Investigation for the Exposure

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Assessment of New POPs in Multimedia,” Ministry of Environment, (2016) National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, “Study on Safety Management by Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Foods—2015,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2015) Ajou University, “Establishment of Rapid Screening Method for Unknown Pollutants to Cope with Environmental Pollution and Accidents,” Ministry of Environment, (2015) Kyung Hee University, “Integrated Analysis of Associated Toxicities in Multiple Organ and the Construction of Predictive Model,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2015) Korea Institute of Toxicology, “Center for Development of Toxicological Evaluation System Based on the Multi-Organ Interaction,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2015) Yeungnam University, “Research on Validation and Evaluation of Alternative Test Methods,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2015) Chung-ang University, “Consortium for Alternative Method for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2015) Korea University, “Development of Toxicological Biomarkers and Prediction and of Multi-organ Toxicity Using Omics,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2015) CHA University, “Identification of the Biomarkers of the Traditional Natural Products by Multi-omics Technologies,” Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, (2015) Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, “Nano-materials Safety and Characterization Techniques,” Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, (2015) Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, “Development of Nano-materials Safety and Characterization Techniques,” Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, (2015) University of Seoul, “Nano Sediment Ecotoxicity Evaluation Using Chironomus riparius Transcriptome Analysis,” National Research Foundation of Korea, (2015) Equisnzaroo, “Software Program Development to Predict Safety Properties for Specialized Functional Materials,” Defense Acquisition Program Administration, (2015) Korea Institute of Toxicology, “Development of Risk Assessment Managing Technique for Hazardous Chemicals,” Ministry of Science and ICT, (2014) University of Seoul, “Studies on Comparative Toxicity of Carbon Based Nanomaterials Using OMICS Technology,” National Institute of Environment, (2014)

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National Institute of Environmental Research, “Study on the Technique of Consumer Risk Assessment,” Ministry of Environment, (2014) Gachon University, “Development of Poison Information DB Contents,” Ministry of Food and Drug safety, (2014) Dongguk University, “Development of System Skin Toxicology-based Alternative Methods for the Advancement of Animal Welfare,” Korea Health Industry Development Institute, (2014) Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, “Establishment of Foundation on Exposure Assessment for Products Containing Manufactured Nanomaterials,” National Institute of Environmental Research, (2014) Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, “Development of Safety Measurement Technique for Nano-bio Materials,” Ministry of Science and ICT, (2014) Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, “Study on Safety Management by Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Foods,” National institute of Food and Drug Safety evaluation, (2013) Gachon University, “Development of Poison Information DB Contents,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (2013) Yonsei University, “Development of Toxicity Profiles and Database System for Hazardous Constituents in Tobacco Products and Smoke,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (2013) Korean Women’s Federation for Consumer, “Research for the Product Information DB Program of Toxicity,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (2013) Ewha Womans University, “Study on Risk Profiling of Hazardous Substances and Food Additives for Establishing Health Based Guidance Values,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2013) Chung-Nam National University, “Effect of Epigenomics by Tobacco Substance,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2013) Dankook University, “Influence of Genetic Polymorphism on Internal Exposure of Hazardous Materials,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2013) Seoul National University, “New Toxicity Monitoring of Broad Spectrum Anticancer Agent Methotrexate Using Integrative Metabolomics,” Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology, (2013) Hanyang University, “Development of Integrated Web Based Tool Kit for Prediction of Environmental Hazardous Chemicals (VOCs etc.),” Ministry of Environment, (2013) Jeon-Buk National University, “Toxicokinetic study of nanomaterials,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2013)

KonKuk University, “Study on the Permitted Substances for Use in Environment-friendly Organic Agro-materials,” Rural Development Administration, (2013) Korea Food and Drug Administration, “Study of the Establishment of Health-Based Guidance Values for Food Contaminants (I),” Korea Food and Drug Administration, (2012) Korea Food and Drug Administration, “Safety Evaluation and Analysis Method on Pesticide Residues in Foods—2012,” Korea Food and Drug Administration, (2012) Korea Food and Drug Administration, “Pharmacoepidemiological Study for Drug Safety Information Analysis,” Korea Food and Drug Administration, (2012) Chonnam National University, “A Study of the Development of Scientific Evidence for Pesticide Residue Limits,” The Korean Society of Environmental Agriculture, (2012) Korea CRO association, “Study for Improvement of Test Guidelines for Chemical Hazard Assessment on Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology to Prepare for Act on Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemicals in Korea,” Ministry of Environment, (2012) Busan National University, “Studies on Development of Screening Systems for Prediction and Evaluation of Target Organ Toxicity,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2012) Dongguk University, “Assessment of Nano TiO2 Hazardous Effects on UV-induced Photodamage and DNA Repair as well as Screening of Potential Molecular Targets via OMICs Approaches in In Vivo Mimic 3D Skin Culture and gtp Delta Transgenic Mice Models,” Ministry of Science and Technology, (2012) Chonbuk National University, “The Standardization of Bioassay Methods for Developing a New Biochemical Pesticide and Their Management System Construction,” Rural Development Administration, (2012) Gachon University, “Establishment of Poison Information System,” Korea Food and Drug Administration, (2012) Korea University, “Case Analysis of Risk Management for Hazard Chemicals,” Korea Food and Drug Administration, (2012) Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, “Ontology-based Traditional Korean Medicine Knowledge Framework,” Ministry of Science and Technology, (2011) Kyung Hee University, “Fundamental Study of Drug Metabolism,” Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2011)

Resources

Sungkyunkwan University, “Development of Gquadruplex Binding Antitumor Agents that Inhibit the Expression of Oncogenes,” Ministry of Science and Technology, (2011) Wonkwang University, “VestibuloCochlear Research Center,” Ministry of Education and Science Technology, (2011) Dongguk University, “Study on the Development of Toxicity Evaluation Technology for the Environmental Mutagenic Heavy Metals via the Discovery of Novel Molecular Biomarkers Using DNA Repair Network-focused Toxicogenomics,” Ministry of Environment, (2011) Hanyang University, “Development of Ecotoxicity Test Guideline and Establishment of Risk Assessment for Aquatic Ecosystem with Korean Amphibian Embryos,” Ministry of Environment, (2011) Kyung Hee University, “Exposure Assessment of Nanoproduct (photocatalytic TiO2) and Development of DB System,” Ministry of Environment, (2011) Sungkyunkwan University, “Pharmacogenomic Study for Providing Information for the Safe Use of Drugs,” Korea Food and Drug Administration, (2011)

Reviews Peer reviewed and highly cited ( . 100) reviews on toxicology and related research work in Korea were listed below, which were searched with keywords of “CU 5 Korea AND SU 5 toxicology” from Web of Science: Molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive activities of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals: down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS through suppression of NF-kappa B activation, Surh, YJ; Chun, KS; Cha, HH; Han, SS; Keum, YS; Park, KK; Lee, SS, MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS (2001) 480, 243 268. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0027-5107(01)00183-X Resveratrol: A review of preclinical studies for human cancer prevention, Athar, M (Athar, Mohammad); Back, JH; Tang, X; Kim, KH; Kopelovich, L; Bickers, DR; Kim, AL, TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY, (2007) 224(3), 274 283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.025 A protective role of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) in inflammatory disorders, Kim, J; Cha, YN; Surh, YJ MUTATION RESEARCHFUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS (2010), 690 (1 2) 12 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. mrfmmm.2010.09.007

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Chemoprevention by isothiocyanates and their underlying molecular signaling mechanisms, Keum, YS; Jeong, WS; Kong, ANT, MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS (2004) 555(1 2) 191 202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. mrfmmm.2004.05.024 The copepod Tigriopus: A promising marine model organism for ecotoxicology and environmental genomics, Raisuddin, S.; Kwok, KWH; Leung, KMY; Schlenk, D; Lee, JS, AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY, (2007) 83(3) 161 173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. aquatox.2007.04.005 Molecular basis of chemoprevention by resveratrol: NFkappa B and AP-1 as potential targets, Kundu, JK; Surh, YJ, MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS (2004) 555(1 2) 65-80. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.05.019 Toxicological characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Developmental toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity, Choi, SM; Yoo, SD; Lee, BM, JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART B-CRITICAL REVIEWS (2004) 7(1) 1 32. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10937400490253229 Compromised MAPK signaling in human diseases: an update, Kim, EK; Choi, EJ, ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY, (2015) 89(6) 867 882. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00204-015-1472-2 Chemopreventive potential of epigallocatechin gallate and genistein: evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies, Park, OJ; Surh, YJ, TOXICOLOGY LETTERS (2004), 150(1), 43 56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.06.001 Anti-genotoxicity of galangin as a cancer chemopreventive agent candidate, Heo, MY; Sohn, SJ; Au, WW, MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH, (2001) 488(2), 135 150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5742(01)00054-0 Capsaicin in hot chili pepper: Carcinogen, cocarcinogen or anticarcinogen? Surh, YJ; Lee, SS FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY, (1996), 34 (3), 313 316. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(95) 00108-5 Silver nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity and apoptosis in cultured cells and animal tissues, Kim, S; Ryu, DY, JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY(2013), 33(2), 78 89. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2792 Microalgae—A promising tool for heavy metal remediation, Kumar, KS; Dahms, HU; Won, EJ; Lee, JS; Shin, KH, ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY (2015) 113, 329 352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.019

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Maternal and fetal exposure to bisphenol A in Korea, Lee, YJ; Ryu, HY; Kim, HY; Min, CS; Lee, JH; Kim, E.; Nam, BH; Park, JH; Jung, JY; Jang, DD; Park, EY; Lee, KH; Ma, JY; Won, HS; Im, MW; Leem, JH; Hong, YC; Yoon, HS, REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY, (2008) 25(4), 413 419. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.05.058 Breaking the relay in deregulated cellular signal transduction as a rationale for chemoprevention with anti-inflammatory phytochemicals, Kundu, JK; Surh, YJ, MUTATION RESEARCHFUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS, (2005) 591 (1 2), 123 146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. mrfmmm.2005.04.019 Ecotoxicology, ecophysiology, and mechanistic studies with rotifers, Dahms, HU; Hagiwara, A; Lee, JS, AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY, (2011) 101(1), 1 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.09.006

Journal articles Peer reviewed and highly cited ( . 100) journal articles on toxicology and related research work in Korea were listed below, which were searched from Web of Science with keywords of “CU 5 Korea AND SU 5 toxicology”: Evaluation of the toxic impact of silver nanoparticles on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), Chae, YJ; Pham, CH; Lee, J; Bae, E; Yi, J; Gu, MB, AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (2009) 94(4) 320 327. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.07.019 Chlorogenic acid exhibits anti-obesity property and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-inducedobese mice, Cho, AS; Jeon, SM; Kim, MJ; Yeo, J; Seo, KI; Choi, MS; Lee, MK, FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY (2010) 48(3) 937 943. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.01.003. Acute toxicity and pharmacokinetics of 13 nm-sized PEGcoated gold nanoparticles, Cho, WS; Cho, MJ; Jeong, J; Choi, M; Cho, HY; Han, BS; Kim, SH; Kim, HO; Lim, YT; Chung, BH; Jeong, J, TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY (2009), 236(1) 16 24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.12.023 Comparative absorption, distribution, and excretion of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles after repeated oral administration, Cho, WS; Kang, BC; Lee, JK; Jeong, J; Che, JH; Seok, SH, PARTICLE AND FIBER TOXICOLOGY (2013) 10(9). https:// doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-10-9 Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis by silver nanoparticles in the liver of adult zebrafish, Choi, JE; Kim, S; Ahn, JH; Youn, P; Kang, JS; Park, K; Yi, J; Ryu, DY, AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (2010) 100(2) 151 159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.12.012.

Oxidative stress-dependent toxicity of silver nanoparticles in human hepatoma cells, Kim, S; Choi, JE; Choi, J; Chung, KH; Park, K; Yi, J; Ryu, DY, TOXICOLOGY IN VITRO (2009) 23(6), 1076 1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2009.06.001 Twenty-eight-day oral toxicity, genotoxicity, and gender-related tissue distribution of silver nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley rats, Kim, YS; Kim, JS; Cho, HS; Rha, DS; Kim, JM; Park, JD; Choi, BS; Lim, R; Chang, HK; Chung, YH; Kwon, IH; Jeong, J; Han, BS; Yu, IJ, INHALATION TOXICOLOGY, (2008), 20(6), 575 583. https://doi. org/10.1080/08958370701874663 Subchronic oral toxicity of silver nanoparticles, Kim, YS; Song, MY; Park, JD; Song, KS; Ryu, HR; Chung, YH; Chang, HK; Lee, JH; Oh, KH; Kelman, BJ; Hwang, IK; Yu, IJ, PARTICLE AND FIBER TOXICOLOGY (2010), 7, 20. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/1743-8977-7-20 Targeting NRF2 signaling for cancer chemoprevention, Kwak, MK; Kensler, TW, TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY (2010) 244(1) 66 76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.08.028 Clinical significance of preoperative neutrophillymphocyte versus platelet-lymphocyte ratio in patients with operable colorectal cancer, Kwon, HC; Kim, SH; Oh, SY; Lee, S; Lee, JH; Choi, HJ; Park, KJ; Roh, MS; Kim, SG; Kim, HJ; Lee, JH, BIOMARKERS (2012) 17(3) 216 222. https://doi.org/10.3109/ 1354750X.2012.656705 Toxicity and bioavailability of copper nanoparticles to the terrestrial plants mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum): Plant agar test for water-insoluble nanoparticles, Lee, WM; An, YJ; Yoon, H; Kweon, HS, ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY (2008) 27(9) 1915 1921. https://doi.org/10.1897/07-481.1. Endocrine disruption potentials of organophosphate flame retardants and related mechanisms in H295R and MVLN cell lines and in zebrafish, Liu, X; Ji, K; Choi, K, AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (2012) 114, 173 181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. aquatox.2012.02.019 Repeated-dose toxicity and inflammatory responses in mice by oral administration of silver nanoparticles, Park, EJ; Bae, E; Yi, J; Kim, Y; Choi, K; Lee, SH; Yoon, J; Lee, BC; Park, K, ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY (2010) 30(2) 162 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2010.05.004 Oxidative stress induced by cerium oxide nanoparticles in cultured BEAS-2B cells, Park, EJ; Choi, J; Park, YK; Park, K, TOXICOLOGY (2008) 245(1 2) 90 100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.022 Oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory responses induced by silica nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro, Park, EJ;

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Park, K, TOXICOLOGY LETTERS (2009) 184(1) 18 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.10.012. Oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in cultured BEAS-2B cells, Park, EJ; Yi, J; Chung, YH; Ryu, DY; Choi, J; Park, K, TOXICOLOGY LETTERS (2008) 180(3) 222 229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.869 Silver nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity by a Trojanhorse type mechanism, Park, EJ; Yi, J; Kim, Y; Choi, K; Park, K, TOXICOLOGY IN VITRO, (2010), 24(3) 872 878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2009.12.001 Silver nanoparticles induce oxidative cell damage in human liver cells through inhibition of reduced glutathione and induction of mitochondria-involved apoptosis, Piao, MJ; Kang, KA; Lee, IK; Kim, HS; Kim, S; Choi, JY; Choi, J; Hyun, JW, TOXICOLOGY LETTERS (2011) 201(1) 92 100. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.12.010. Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles, Sung, JH; Ji, JH; Park, JD; Yoon, JU; Kim, DS; Jeon, KS; Song, MY; Jeong, J; Han, BS; Han, JH; Chung, YH; Chang, HK; Lee, JH; Cho, MH; Kelman, BJ; Yu, IJ, TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2009) 108(2), 452 461. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfn246 Zinc oxide nanoparticle induced autophagic cell death and mitochondrial damage via reactive oxygen species generation, Yu, KN; Yoon, TJ; MinaiTehrani, A; Kim, JE; Park, SJ; Jeong, MS; Ha, SW; Lee, JK; Kim, JS; Cho, MH, TOXICOLOGY IN VITRO (2013) 27(4) 1187 1195. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.02.010

S2 NANO also provide expert systems (e.g., measurement and predictive model toolboxes for nanomaterials) that help you to make decisions on the environment, human health, and safety aspects of nanomaterials, as well as contributing to developing and commercializing safe, sustainable nanotechnology and nanoproducts.

Nongovernment organizations

BMDRC is a research center developing ComputerAided Molecular Design (CAMD) technologies including S/Ws; drug design; material design; absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) toxicity prediction; PK prediction; environmental toxicology; and cosmetic material design. It operates several levels of CAMD training courses for industry and academic researchers.

Safe & Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization: S2 NANO Web: http://www.s2nano.org (English) Email: [email protected] S2 NANO is a research community for the safe and sustainable (ecofriendly) development of nanosciences and nanotechnologies. S2 NANO aims to make significant contributions to the sustainable prosperity of mankind through nanotechnology. For the development and commercialization of nanoscience and technology, we strongly believe that the safety and sustainability aspects of consumers, researchers, workers, and ultimately human health/safety/environment. S2 NANO provides the necessary information (e.g., 2 S NANO nanosafety knowledge base and database) to the various stakeholders (such as professional groups who participate in nanoscience/technology research and development as well as nanoproducts distributors, businesses, consumers, etc.) and hosts the forum to share the information.

TO21 Co. Ltd. Web: http://eng.to21.co.kr (English) Web: http://www.to21.co.kr (Korean) Mailing address: 55, Seocho-daero 77-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06611, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-6005-1200 Fax: 82-2-6005-1299 TO21 is a green technology company providing overall chemical management services, such as regulatory affairs, risk assessment, emission management, etc., to care for the environment and enhance the quality of human life. Bioinformatics and Molecular Design Research Center (BMDRC) Web: http://www.bmdrc.org/website/eng_index.php (English) Web: http://www.bmdrc.org/website/ (Korean) Mailing address: B138A, Yonsei Engineering research complex, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-393-9550 Fax: 82-393-9554 ADMET prediction software (PreADMET): https:// preadmet.bmdrc.kr

Biotoxtech Co. Ltd. Web: http://eng.biotoxtech.com (English) Web: https://www.biotoxtech.com (Korean) Mailing address: 53, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-43-210-7777 Fax: 82-43-210-7778 Biotoxtech is a publicly held pharmaceutical company principally engaged in providing nonclinical drug trials and contract research services. The company conducts safety evaluation research, such as general toxicity studies, carcinogenicity studies, local toxicity studies, reproductive and developmental studies,

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genotoxicity studies, immunotoxicity studies, safety pharmacology, ecotoxicology studies, histopathology/ clinical pathology, and juvenile animal toxicity. Chemtopia Web: http://chemtopia.net/eng/index/index.asp (English) Web: http://chemtopia.net/index/index.asp (Korean) Mailing address: 48, Digital-ro 33-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-826-9100 Fax: 82-2-877-0674 Chemtopia is a consulting company providing chemical safety and health audit services and IT-based chemical management services. Croen Web: http://www.croen.co.kr/eng/ (English) Web: http://croen.co.kr/website/index.php (Korean) Mailing address: 107, Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-31-278-5361 Fax: 82-31-259-7993 Croen is an international contract research organization (CRO) conducting studies such as residue analysis, ecotoxicity studies, general toxicity studies, genetic toxicity studies, efficacy studies, pathology studies, and safety pharmacology studies. SK Biopharmaceuticals Web: https://www.skbp.com/eng.do (English) Web: https://www.skbp.com/kor.do (Korean) Mailing address: 221 Pangyoyeok-ro, Sampyeongdong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do Phone: 82-31-8093-0114 SK Biopharmaceuticals is a global company that develops new drugs in support of innovations in the medical field. SK Biopharmaceuticals is conducting basic research for the development of innovative new drugs at the Bio Science Research Institute in Pangyo Techno-valley, Gyeonggi Province. Further, SK Life Science Inc. in Fair Lawn, New Jersey, USA, is pursuing global clinical development and direct marketing. In addition, SK Bio-pharm Tech. Company, Ltd. in Shanghai, China is striving to secure opportunities for strategic alliances in the development of new drugs. Dongjin Institute of Technology Web: http://www.ditlabs.co.kr/html_en/ (English) Web: http://www.ditlabs.co.kr (Korean) Mailing address: 61, Charyong-ro 48beon-gil, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-55-293-5440 Fax: 82-55-293-6980

Dongjin Institute of Technology is a safety inspection agency providing three main services such as sanitation, food testing and certification, environmental testing and certification (water quality analysis), and creative customer service (legal information). ChemOn Web: http://www.chemon.co.kr/eng/ (English) Web: http://www.chemon.co.kr/website/index.php (Korean) Mailing address: 240, Nampyeong-ro, Yangji-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-31-329-9900 Fax: 82-31-329-9901 Chemon is a CRO conducting drug safety testing, primate testing, and clinical and histopathology testing for the development of new substances and drugs. NeoEnBiz Web: http://neoenbiz.koreasme.com (English) Web: http://www.neoenbiz.com (Korean) Mailing address: 261, Doyak-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-32-718-9400 Fax: 82-32-718-9409 NeoEnBiz is a safety inspection agency consulting on environmental analysis and conducting the ecotoxicological test, exposure test for the evaluation of the hazardous materials, and environmental chemical analysis test. RiskCom Web: http://www.riskcom.co.kr (Korean) Mailing address: 250, Hagui-ro, Dongan-gu, Anyangsi, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-31-596-6925 Fax: 82-31-596-6927 RiskCom is a safety inspection agency conducting product and food safety assessment and developing environmental information systems and ecofriendly products to foster public health and environmental safety. Safe Chemicals Web: http://www.safechemicals.net/index_eng.htm (English) Web: http://www.safechemicals.net/korean/ (Korean) Mailing address: 15-1, Gukhoe-daero 70-gil, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-780-0251 Fax: 82-2-780-0252 Safe Chemicals is a consulting company in Korea undertaking chemical EHS consultancy which

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includes the services for the worldwide product registration of industrial use chemicals, agricultural chemicals, and biocides and the services for chemicals compliance checks of Korean laws and regulations, documentation and submission for chemicals registration, and notification to Korean regulatory authorities.

Zerotox Laboratory in the department studies aquatic toxicity, soil toxicity, and environmental risk assessment to protect human and ecosystem health.

Universities

The Environmental System Toxicology laboratory in the School of Environmental Engineering conducts research to understand the molecular mechanism of environmental chemicals-induced toxicity for the protection of human and ecosystem health.

Few universities include “toxicology” in name of their departments or laboratories. However, many universities with departments, schools, or faculties of medicine or pharmaceutical sciences have toxicologyrelated departments. Seoul National University (Department of Environmental Health and Department of Food and Nutrition) Web: http://envtox.snu.ac.kr (Korean) Web: http://foodnutrition.snu.ac.kr/food_toxicity (Korean) Web: http://cfst.snu.ac.kr (Korean) Mailing address: 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Phone/Fax (Environmental health): 82-2-880-2819/ 82-2-745-9104 Phone/Fax (Food and Nutrition): 82-2-880-5707 Phone/Fax (Center for Food Safety and Toxicology): 82-2-880-4919/82-2-883-4919 The Department of Environmental Health conducts a study on the mechanisms and effects of environmental pollutants on human and other ecosystems. The Department of Food and Nutrition conducts research and delivers teaching to develops methods to assess the harmful elements from food. The Center for Food Safety and Toxicology is an agriculture research center supported by the Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Korea. The ultimate goal of the center is to characterize microbiological and chemical risk factors for food and agrofishery products at a molecular level and to develop novel and fundamental methods to control the risk factors. Konkuk University (Department of Environmental Health Science) Web: http://ehs.konkuk.ac.kr (Korean) Web: http://zerotox.konkuk.ac.kr/ (Korean) Mailing address: 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-450-3755 The Department of Environmental Health Science conducts research and teaches courses to promote and develop the safe and effective use of drugs.

University of Seoul (School of Environmental Engineering) Web: http://envitox.uos.ac.kr (Korean) Mailing address: 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-6490-5493

Korea University (Department of Food Bioscience and Technology) Web: https://kutox.korea.ac.kr (Korean) Mailing address: 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-3290-3477 The Food Biochemistry and Toxicology laboratory in the Department of Food Bioscience and Technology conducts research on the safety of glucose produced in food processing and the mechanism of oxidative stress pathways and intracellular signaling necessary for the prevention and treatment of various diseases (diabetic complications, arteriosclerosis, skin aging, liver disease, cataract, Alzheimer’s, etc.). Sungkyunkwan University (Division of Toxicology) Web: http://www.humantox.com (Korean) Mailing address: 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Korea Phone: 82-31-290-7748 The Sungkyunkwan University Toxicology laboratory in the Department of the Division of Toxicology conducts research on toxicogenomics, toxicoproteomics, and toxic metabolomics to develop biomarker indices, toxic mechanisms, and diagnostic kits. University of Science and Technology Web: https://www.ust.ac.kr (Korean) Mailing address: 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-42-864-5551 Fax: 82-42-864-5554 The University of Science and Technology delivers teaching in human and environmental toxicology to develop new toxicity assessment technology and to fuse pharmacological and toxicity assessment. Pusan National University (Department of Pharmacy) Web: https://pharmacy.pusan.ac.kr (Korean)

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Mailing address: 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-51-510-1683 The Department of Pharmacy at Pusan National University conducts research and delivers teaching to investigate toxicity mechanisms of drugs and chemicals and to identify pathogenesis and metastasis of cancer. Chung-Ang University (Department of Food Science and Technology) Web: http://www.food-contaminant.com/index_e.asp (English) Web: http://www.food-contaminant.com (Korean) Mailing address: 4726, Seodong-daero, Daedeokmyeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-31-670-3290 The Food Toxicology laboratory in the Department of Food Science and Technology conducts research on the rapid detection and analytical methods for food hazards, biomarker research, and its application technology for the toxicity and bioactivity of food-derived substances, and monitoring, risk assessment, and reduction of food hazards. Ewha Womans University (Department of Pharmacy) Web: http://cms.ewha.ac.kr/user/pharmind/ (Korean) Mailing address: 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-3277-3067 The Department of Pharmacy at Ewha Womans University conducts research and teaching programs in toxicogenomics, molecular toxicology, biochemical toxicology, a test of cytotoxicity, organ toxicity, endocrine disrupter study, in vitro methods in toxicology, genetic toxicology, toxicity testing, and environmental and public health toxicology. Kyung Hee University (Department of Biology) Web: http://biology.khu.ac.kr/ (Korean) Mailing address: 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-961-0244 Fax: 82-2-961-9155 The Department of Biology at Kyung Hee University conducts research and delivers teaching to investigate the toxic effects and mechanisms of pollutants with dioxins on various species and ecosystem. Hoseo University (Department of Biotechnology and Hoseo University Toxicological Research Center) Web: http://biotech.hoseo.ac.kr (Korean) Web: http://glp.hoseo.ac.kr/index.php (Korean)

Mailing address: 20, Hoseo-ro 79 beon-gil, Baebang-eup, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea Phone (Biotechnology): 82-41-640-6114 Phone/Fax (Toxicological Research Center): 82-41-6406114/82-41-540-9879 The Department of Biotechnology at Hoseo University conducts research and delivers teaching for genetic toxicity evaluation of biologically active substances derived from natural plants. The toxicological research center provides a testing service for chemical substance certification. Kangwon National University (Department of Pharmacy) Web: http://pharmacy.kangwon.ac.kr (Korean) Mailing address: 1, Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-33-250-6910 Fax: 82-33-259-5631 The Department of Pharmacy at Kangwon National University conducts research and teaching programs for investigating mechanisms of environmental toxic substances. Donga University (Department of Medicinal Biotechnology) Web: http://medicinal.donga.ac.kr (Korean) Mailing address: 37, Nakdong-daero 550beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-51-200-7561 The Department of Medicinal Biotechnology at Donga University delivers teaching for toxicology. Jeju National University (Faculty of Biotechnology) Web: http://tox.jejunu.ac.kr (Korean) Mailing address: 102, Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-64-754-3340 Fax: 82-64-756-3351 The Faculty of Biotechnology at Jeju National University conducts research and teaching programs for the safety evaluation of hazard chemicals and biomaterials used in several industries and biomedical research. Incheon National University (Division of life sciences) Web: http://life.inu.ac.kr (Korean) Mailing address: 119, Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-32-835-8240 Fax: 82-32-836-0763 The Division of Life Sciences at Incheon National University delivers teaching to examine the effects of toxic substances on the human nervous system, liver, kidneys, and reproductive system.

Resources

Dongguk University (Department of Life Sciences) Web: http://www.dongguk.edu (Korean) Web: https://durib.dongguk.edu (Korean) Mailing address: 32, Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-31-961-5618 Dongguk University Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science conducts research to develop technologies in the fields of life science (biotechnology, medicine, and pharmacy).

Professional societies and their official journals Korean Society of Toxicology Web: http://www.ksot.co.kr/ (English) Web: http://www.toxmut.or.kr (Korean) Mailing address: BrownStone Seoul, Bldg 101.Rm 1801, 464, Cheongapa-ro, Jung-gu, Seoul 05410, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-888-3248 Fax: 82-2-888-3249 Email: [email protected] Journal: Toxicological Research (http://www. toxicolres.org) Korean Chemical Society Web: http://new.kcsnet.or.kr/mainpage_eng (English) Web: http://new.kcsnet.or.kr/ (Korean) Mailing address: 4 F, 119 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02856, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-953-2095 Fax: 82-2-953-2093 Email: [email protected] Journals: Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/12295949) Journal of the Korean Chemical Society (http://journal.kcsnet.or.kr/main/j_search/j_finaledit. htm? qpage 5 j_searchandspage 5 b_jkcsanddpage 5 fd) Chemistry, an Asian journal (https://onlinelibrary. wiley.com/journal/1861471x) Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry (https:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/21935815) Physical Chemistry (http://www.rsc.org/journals-books-databases/aboutjournals/PCCP/#boards-staff) The Korean Society of Environmental Health and Toxicology Web: http://www.koseht.org/ (Korean) Mailing address: 331, Dongmak-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04156, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-743-3745 Email: [email protected]

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Journal: Environmental Health and Toxicology (https://www.e-eht.org/) The Korean Society of Toxicogenomics and Toxicoproteomics Web: http://tox.or.kr/ (Korean) Executive office: Room 1319, Medical sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22, Soonchunhyang-ro, Sinchang-myeon, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31538, Republic of Korea (Phone: 82-41-530-1355) Editorial office: Room 239, School of medicine, Kyunghee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea (Phone: 82-2-961-0279) Journal: Molecular and Cellular Toxicology (https:// link.springer.com/journal/13273) The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology Web: https://www.ksap.or.kr:8180/eng/ (English) Web: http://www.ksap.or.kr/ (Korean) Mailing address: Room 805, The Korean federation of science and technology B/D, 22, 7-gil, Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06130, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-565-2167 Fax: 82-2-554-4378 Email: [email protected] Journal: Biomolecules and Therapeutics (http://www. biomolther.org/main.html) Korean Institute of Hazardous Materials Web: http://kihm.or.kr/modules/doc/index.php? doc 5 intro (Korean) Mailing address: A446, Engineering hall 1, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-313-9375 Fax: 82-2-312-6401 Email: [email protected] Journal: Korean Journal of Hazardous Materials The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Web: http://www.psk.or.kr/ (Korean and English) Mailing address: 194, Hyoryeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06708, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-584-3257 Fax: 82-2-521-1781 Email: [email protected] Journal: Archives of Pharmacal Research (https://link. springer.com/journal/12272) The Korean Society of Pesticide Science Web: http://www.kjps.or.kr/modules/doc/index. php?doc 5 intro/ (Korean) Mailing address: Room 309, 3rd floor, Nongminhoigwan, 92, Suseong-ro, Paldal-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16432, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-31-296-4088 Fax: 82-70-8809-4087

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Journal: The Korean Society of Pesticide Science (http://kspsjournal.or.kr/) The Korean Society of Pharmacology Web: http://www.kosphar.org/ (Korean) Web: http://www.kosphar.org/eng/ (English) Mailing address: 208 Hyumil Tower Officetel, 87, Seognmisan-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 121-846, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-326-0370 Fax: 82-2-326-0371 Email: [email protected] Journal: The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology (http://www.kjpp.net/) The Korean Society of Toxicological Pathology Web: https://www.ksotp.or.kr/ (Korean) Mailing address: Hoseo university, 20, Hoseo-ro 79beon-gil, Baebang-eup, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31499, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-10-9343-6834 Email: [email protected] Korean Association for Laboratory Animal Science Web: http://www.kalas.or.kr/ (Korean) Web: http://www.kalas.or.kr/index_eng.html (English) Mailing address: 223, 71, Ihwajang-gil, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-2-364-1909 Fax: 82-2-584-1909 Email: [email protected] Journal: Laboratory Animal Research (http:// submission.kalas.or.kr/) Korean Society for Alternative to Animal Experiments

Web: http://www.ksaae.org/ (Korean) Mailing address: College of veterinary, Chungbuk national university, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-43-261-3624 Email: [email protected] Journal: Journal of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (http://www.ksaae.org/html/sub04-01.asp) The Korean Society for Veterinary Science Web: http://www.ksvs.or.kr/index.do (Korean) Mailing address: 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea Phone: 82-10-9343-6834 Fax: 82-505-300-6834 Email: [email protected] Journal: Korean Journal of Veterinary Research (http://www. kjvr.org/index.do) Journal of Veterinary Research (http://www.vetsci. org/main.html) The Korean Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Web: http://www.kspst.or.kr/ (Korean) Web: http://www.kspst.or.kr/eng/sub01/sub01.html (English) Mailing address: Room 805, The Korean federation of science and technology B/D, 22, 7-gil, Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06130, Republic of Korea Journal: Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation (https://link.springer.com/journal/40005)

C H A P T E R

36 Spain Guillermo Repetto1, Ana del Peso2, Raquel Rojas1, Sara Maisanaba1 and Manuel Repetto3 1

Area of Toxicology, University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain 2National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Sevilla, Spain 3Colegio Oficial de Quı´micos, Sevilla, Spain

Introduction The most frequently consulted toxicological textbook in the world during the Middle Ages was written by Maimonides in 1198. He was born in Co´rdoba (Spain) and was the most influential figure in medieval Jewish philosophy. Maimonides wrote a number of medical texts, including “The poisons and their antidotes,” explaining poisoning symptoms, antidotes, and prevention. In 1677 Antonio de Trilla, a physician from Toledo published the book “Treaty of the three types of poisons: mineral, plants and animals”; and Antonio Ximenez de Lorite, from Sevilla, published in 1790 the first study in Spanish that refers to health problems caused by air pollution from factories. Mateo Orfila, the founder of modern toxicology, was born at Mahon (Minorca), studied Medicine, and immediately became a private lecturer on Chemistry in Paris. In 1819 he was appointed professor of Medical Jurisprudence, and 4 years later he succeeded Vauquelin as professor of chemistry in the Faculty of Medicine in the French capital. In 1830 he was nominated Dean of that Faculty, a high medical honor in France. He published several books including “The Treaty of Poisons or General Toxicology” (1814), with experimental observations on the symptoms of poisoning, explaining the kinetics and organ tropism of poisons, their physiological action, and the means of detecting them. Few branches of science can be said to have reached such a pinnacle due to the labor of a single individual. Other interesting historical publications in Spain were the “Compendium of General and Special Toxicology” by Pedro Mata (1875), a book dedicated to

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00036-X

Orfila, or the “General Toxicology” by Perez-Argiles (1943). Judicial toxicological analyses were first ordered by the judges to members of the National Forensic Medicine Body, or to Professors of Legal Medicine or Pharmacy. The organization, now known as the National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, was established in 1887 to perform the requested studies. About 200 forensic toxicologists are now working in the Institute’s four centers with other forensic professionals. The National Institute for Health and Safety at Work (INSHT) was created in 1970. It is composed of four territorial departments and 40 provincial offices, and is involved, with the Autonomic Communities, in the protection of worker health and the prevention and control of occupational exposures. The first meeting of Spanish toxicologists was organized in 1971 and mainly focused on forensic toxicology. Since then, a biannual meeting was convened, leading to the foundation in 1980 of the Spanish Association of Toxicology (AETOX), just in time to organize in 1987, an International Meeting on the Bicentenary of Orfila near his birthplace (Minorca). The AETOX is now a society of approximately 400 members from academia, government, and industry. It holds, apart from the general biannual meeting, other workshops organized by the sections of the society (Alternative Methods, Clinical Toxicology, Environmental Toxicology, Food Safety, Forensic Toxicology, Veterinary and Toxicology). The Spanish Society of Environmental Health (SESA) was founded in 1964, with more than 400 members, a part of the larger Spanish Society of Public Health and Administration (SESPAS), with 4000

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members. They are mainly civil servants of the general and regional administrations. A very important milestone in the Spanish academic system occurred in 1996; “Toxicology” was identified as an independent area of knowledge within the universities, representing its recognition as a scientific and professional discipline. Since then, the number of professors of toxicology teaching in many university degrees (medicine, veterinary, pharmacy, biochemistry, environmental sciences, human nutrition, criminology, or biomedicine) has increased considerably, with more than 120 positions occupied throughout the country. However, in Spain, there are not degrees in toxicology, nor recognition of a medical specialty in clinical toxicology. The relevance and complexity of regulatory activities moved the administration to create in 1997 the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Health Products (AGEMED) for the authorization of medicines, and in 2001 the present Agency of Consumption, Food Safety, and Nutrition (AECOSAN). More than 100 toxicologists are working on the industry and in regulatory compliance. Following the premises of EUROTOX, a Register of Spanish Toxicologists was established in 2000. More than 80 professionals in basic and applied toxicology have been registered, demonstrating at least 5 years of experience and a high level of professional competence and ethical conduct. In 2004 the Spanish Committee of the International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX) was formed, under the umbrella of the International Council of Scientific Unions. This committee is a collaboration between Spain’s public administration and scientific societies and has a global impact due to the influence of IUTOX. One of the tasks initiated by the committee was the creation in 2006 of the Ibero-American Network of Toxicology and Chemical Safety (RITSQ). Finally, in 2010 the Spanish Foundation of Clinical Toxicology (FETOC) was stablished with more than 40 members working in emergency and internal medicine services or in the eight toxicology units of the public hospitals.

Further reading de la Pen˜a de Torres, E., 2014a. Historia de la Asociacio´n Espan˜ola de Toxicologı´a. Rev. Toxicol. 31, 1 8. Available from: http://rev. aetox.es/wp/wp-content/uploads/hemeroteca/vol31-1/6672383-1-PB.pdf. de la Pen˜a de Torres, E., 2014b. Actividades de promocio´n y difusio´n de alternativas en Espan˜a. Rev. Toxicol. 31, 115 120. Web: http://rev.aetox.es/wp/wp-content/uploads/hemeroteca/vol312/666-2541-1-PB.pdf. Repetto, G., Maisanaba, S., Rojas, R., Soriano, M.D., Martı´nez Salazar, R., Anta, M.E., et al., 2018a. Legislacio´n Internacional en

Toxicologı´a. El REACH. In: Repetto, M. (Ed.), Toxicologı´a de Postgrado. Ed. Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Quı´micos. CD-ROM, Sevilla. Web: https://mastertox.es/ Repetto, M., Acosta, H., Aular, Y., Barrios, C., Carmona, G., Co´rdoba, D., et al., 2018b. Tendencias en Formacio´n en Toxicologı´a. In: Repetto, M., (Ed.), Toxicologı´a de Postgrado. Ed. Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Quı´micos. CD-ROM, Sevilla. Web: https://mastertox.es/ Repetto, G., Castan˜o, A., Gonza´lez Mun˜oz, M.J., del Peso, A., Repetto, M., Repetto, M.R., et al., 2019. Bu´squeda e Interpretacio´n de la Informacio´n Toxicolo´gica. In: Repetto, M. (Ed.), Ampliacio´n de Toxicologı´a de Postgrado. Ed. Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Quı´micos. CD-ROM, Sevilla. Web: https://mastertox.es/

Resources Books Many Spanish authors routinely submit their original research articles in toxicology to international journals and books that are referenced in the appropriate sections in this book. In addition, there are some Spanish journals and books that describe original research in toxicology and environmental and occupational safety and health. There is a broad audience in many Spanish-speaking countries for these publications. Agudo J. (2004) El control de contaminacio´n. Te´cnicas jurı´dicas de proteccio´n medioambiental (Pollution control. Legal techniques of environmental protection) Madrid: Editorial Montecorvo SA This book describes the current legislation to control pollution. Alastuey M.C. (2004) El delito de contaminacio´n ambiental: Artı´culo 325.1 del co´digo penal (The crime of environmental contamination) Albolote: Editorial Comares S.L. This book deals with the legal prosecution of those responsible for pollution. Arago´n P. (2005) Contaminacio´n atmosfe´rica: manual de laboratorio (Atmospheric pollution: laboratory handbook) Valencia: Universidad Polite´cnica de Valencia A laboratory handbook on atmospheric pollution. Azpeitia P., Rosado A. (2004) Revisio´n de me´todos de ana´lisis de contaminantes prioritarios en suelos (Review of analytical methods of contaminants in soil) Madrid: Instituto Geolo´gico y Minero de Espan˜a. A review of analytical techniques in contaminated soil.

Resources

Ballesteros E., Jurado R., San Andres M.I. (2000) Toxicologı´a Animal Originada por Plantas, Flora Silvestre Espan˜ola (Animal Toxicology from the Spanish flora) Madrid: Editorial Complutense Animal poisoning due to plants. Bataller Sifre R. (2004) Toxicologı´a Clı´nica (Clinical Toxicology) Valencia: Universitat de Vale`ncia. A book on different aspects of clinical toxicology. Baucells J., Vernet J. (2004) La prevencio´n y el control integrados de la contaminacio´n (The integrated pollution prevention and control) Madrid: Marcial Pons Contains information on prevention and integrated control of contamination. Bello J., Lo´pez de Cerain A. (2001) Fundamentos de Ciencia Toxicolo´gica (The Foundation of Toxicological Science) Madrid: Dı´az de Santos A textbook for undergraduate students. Blanco Pampin J., Salguero Villadiego M. (2012) Practical Manual of Forensic Histopathology. Nova. A book in English reviewing the histopathology of forensic and toxic injuries. Cabrera R. (2001) Manual Toxicolo´gico de Productos Fitosanitarios para uso Sanitario (Toxicological Workbook of non-agriculture pesticides) Madrid: Consejerı´a de Salud A book about the toxicology of biocides. Calomarde J. (2017) Expediente informativo de Producto Cosme´tico: Evaluacio´n de la seguridad (The dossier of cosmetic products: safety evaluation). Safeincos A book on the safety evaluation of cosmetics Capo´ M. (2002) Principios de Ecotoxicologı´a (Principles of Ecotoxi-cology) Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana A review on the basis of ecotoxicology. Carren˜o F., Rodrı´guez I. (2006) Elaboracio´n y estructuracio´n de una base de datos cartogra´fica de la contaminacio´n marina provocada por el Prestige y su integracio´n en un sistema de informacio´n geogra´fico (Preparation and structure of a cartographic database of the marine contamination produced by the

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Prestige and integration in a geographic information system) Madrid: Editorial Dykinson Database constructed with data from the disaster of the contamination caused by the leakage of petrol from a ship. Compan˜o R., Rios A. (2002) Garantı´a de Calidad en los laboratorios analı´ticos (Quality assurance in analytical laboratories) Madrid: Sı´ntesis A practical review on the implementation of quality control and assurance systems in analytical process. Direccio´n General de Calidad y Evaluacio´n Ambiental (2006) Prevencio´n y control integrados de la contaminacio´n (IPPC): documento de referencia de mejores te´cnicas disponibles en la industria de procesos de metales fe´rreos (Prevention and integrated control of contamination: the iron industry) Madrid: S.G.T. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente A review on the control procedures applicable to the iron industry to reduce pollution. Dome`nech X. (2000) Quı´mica atmosfe´rica: origen y efectos de la contaminacio´n (Atmospheric chemistry: origin and effects of contamination) Madrid: Miraguano Ediciones A book reviewing the sources and adverse effects of atmospheric pollutants. Dome`nech X. (2000) Quimica del Suelo, el Impacto de los Contaminantes (Chemistry of Soil and Impact of contaminants) Madrid: Miraguano Ediciones A book reviewing the adverse effects caused by soil pollutants. Dome`nech X. (2000) Quı´mica atmosfe´rica: origen y efectos de la contaminacio´n (Atmospheric chemistry: origen and effects of contamination. Madrid. Miraguano Ediciones. A book reviewing the sources and adverse effects of atmospheric pollutants. de Moreno M.D. (2003) Toxicologia Ambiental: Evaluacion de Riesgo para la Salud Humana (Environmental Toxicology: Human Risk Assessment) Madrid: McGraw-Hill/Interamericana de Espan˜a, S.A. This book describes the strategies for the assessment of human risks from environmental exposure.

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de la Pen˜a E., Gomez Campoy E. (2000) Evaluacio´n Toxicolo´gica de los Plaguicidas y la Sanidad Ambiental (Toxicological Evaluation of Pesticides and Environmental Safety) Murcia: Monografı´a SESA/AET SESA, AET, RAMCM, CSyC, CFRM. This is a compilation of strategies used for testing the toxicity of pesticides. de la Pen˜a E., Go´mez Campoy E. (2005) Toxicologı´a Ambiental: Seguridad Quı´mica (Environmental Toxicology: Chemical Safety) Murcia: AETOX, SESA, Consejeria de Sanidad. Comunidad Auto´noma de la Regio´n de Murcia. CSIC (CD-ROM) An update on the basis and procedures used in chemical safety. de Posada Vela D.I., Navas Reyes J.L., Machuca Sa´nchez C.D. (2018) Prevencio´n de riesgos en industrias quı´micas (Risk prevention in chemical industries) Editorial Sı´ntesis, S. A A book on risk chemical prevention Fernandez Sola J., Nogue Xarau S. (2011) Sensibilidad Quimica y Ambiental Multiple. Sobrevivir en un entorno toxico Editorial Viena A book on chemical sensitivity Garcı´a-Villanova R.J. (2016) Subproductos de desinfeccio´n cloracio´n del agua (Precursores, formacio´n, toxicologı´a y epidemiologı´a). Editorial Amarante A book about the subproducts produced due to the clorination of water Gelpi E. (2001) Advances in Mass Spectrometry 15 Barcelona: Wiley This volume comprises the proceedings of the 15th International Mass Spectrometry Conference held in Barcelona. Gestal J.J., Smyth E., Figueiras A., Montes A. (2004) Recollida e limpeza do fuel do Prestige. Avaliacio´n da exposicio´n e danos a´ sau´de en voluntarios e traballadores (Cleaning of Fuel from the Prestige. Exposure Evaluation and Health Effects in Volunteers and Workers) Sau´de Pu´blica: Santiago de Compostela, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela A study of the human health effects due to the cleaning procedures applied in the petrol leakage from the Prestige ship.

Gisbert-Calabuig J.A. (2004) Medicina Legal y Toxicologia, 6th Edition (Legal Medicine and Toxicology) Barcelona: Masson An extensive text and reference book for forensic science students. Guitart R. (2014) To´xicos. Los Enemigos de la vida (Toxic compounds. The Enemies of life) Edicions Uab A review of toxic compounds Henao F. (2017) Riesgos quı´micos (Toxic risks) Ecoe Edi A review on chemical risks Herna´ndez I., Gil A., Delgado M., Bolu´mar F. (2005) Manual de Epidemiologı´a y Salud Pu´blica (Manual of Epidemiology and Public Health) Madrid: Panamericana A textbook for students of public health. Jos Gallego A.M. (2008) Estudiando toxicologı´a a trave´s de preguntas objetivas (tipo test) (Studying toxicology through questionsTest) Universidad de Sevilla A collection of test questions Laborda R. (2001) Evaluacio´n de la exposicio´n a agentes quı´micos en el trabajo: manual pra´ctico (Exposure Assessment to Chemical Agents at Work: Practical Manual) Valencia: Be`rnia A laboratory handbook for the evaluation of the ocupational exposure to chemicals. Lo´pez de Cerain A., Bello J. (2000) Toxicologı´a: guı´a de pra´cticas (Toxicology: A Guide of Practical Teaching) Pamplona: Universidad de Navarra A textbook describing practical procedures for training in toxicology. Mun˜oz-Quiro´s Caballero J.M., Giner Alberola S. (2016) Manual de medicina y toxicologı´a forense (2a ed) (Manual % of forensic medicine and toxicology) Universitat Alacan A text on forensic toxicology Net Castell A., Marruecos S. (2017) Intoxicaciones agudas graves (Severe acute poisoning) Ars Medica

Resources

A book about acute poisonings. Nogue´ S., Munne´ P., Nicola´s J.M. (2003) Intoxicaciones agudas. Protocolos de Tratamiento (Acute poisonings. Protocol treatments) Barcelona. Morales i Torres editores S.L. A very detailed book containing established protocols used for the treatment of acute poisonings in the Clinic Hospital of Barcelona.

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Published as a textbook in a short course for postgraduate students of toxicology. Repetto M. (2018) Toxicologı´a de Postgrado (Postgrade Toxicology), 10th Edition Ed. Professional Association of Chemists. Sevilla. CDROM. Published as a textbook in a course to obtain the title of Expert in Toxicology.

Nogue S., Sanz P. (2001) Atlas de Toxicologia Clı´nica y Laboral (Atlas of Clinical and Occupational Toxicology) Barcelona: Universidad Politecnica de Catalun˜a

Repetto M. (2019) Ampliacio´n de Toxicologı´a de Postgrado, 8th Ed. (Advanced Post grade in Toxicology). Professional Association of Chemists. Sevilla. CD-ROM.

A book about clinical and occupational effects of toxicants.

Published as a textbook in a course to obtain the title of Master in Toxicology

Oliva Navarro J., Garre Garcı´a A., Garcı´a Villalba E.P., Rodrı´guez Abellan M. (2018) Toxicologı´a Clı´nica en Medicina Interna (Clinical Toxicology in Medicine) Independently published

Repetto M. et al. (1995) Toxicologı´a Avanzada (Advanced Toxicology) Dı´az de Santos: Madrid

A book on clinical toxicology. Pe´rez M., Soler F. (2005) Toxicologı´a Clı´nica de Pequen˜os Animales (Clinical Toxicology of Small Animals) Madrid: Consulta de Difusio´n Veterinaria 98 Pla A. (2016) Manual de Toxicologı´a (Toxicology Manual) AVICAM A manual of toxicology REMA (Red Espan˜ola de Me´todos Alternativos) (2005) Curso-Taller de Reduccio´n, Refinamiento y Reemplazo de animales en Investigacio´n, Desarrollo y Docencia (Course on Reduction, Refinement and Replacement of Animals in Research, Development and Education) Madrid: Red Espan˜ola de Me´todos Alternativos (REMA) (CD-ROM) This publication is targeted for scientists using animals in research, education, and testing. There are many possibilities to reduce, refine, or replace their use. Repetto M. (2001) Evolucio´n, estado actual, retos y tendencias de la Toxicologı´a comenzar el milenio (Evolution, Present Situation and Trends of the Toxicology at the Start of the Millennium) ´ rea de Toxicologı´a, Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla: A (CD-ROM)

This collective work is an examination of several toxicological subjects, from ancient to the modern, based on extensive research of the literature. Repetto M., Camea´n A.M. (2006) Toxicologı´a Alimentaria (Food Toxicology) Madrid: Dı´az de Santos Web: https://books.google.es/books?id 5 SbUticc NWoMC&printsec 5 frontcover&dq 5 toxicologia 1 alimentaria&hl 5 es&sa 5 X&ved 5 0ahUKEwiWo5j xsdTeAhXBjqQKHQWIAcgQ6AEISzAF#v 5 onepage&q&f 5 false This multiauthor book is an extensive review of the different areas related to food toxicology, including analytical procedures, distribution and kinetics, effects of chemicals, risk assessment, treatment of poisonings, etc. Repetto M., Repetto G. (2009) Toxicologı´a Fundamental, 4th Edition (Fundamental Toxicology) Dı´az de Santos: Madrid Web: https://books.google.es/ books?id 5 WheuVgivN6wC&printsec 5 frontcover& hl 5 es&source 5 gbs_ge_summary_r&cad 5 0#v 5 onepage&q&f 5 false This is a multidisciplinary text in which, from biological, chemical, anatomical, and physiological knowledge, physiopathological processes of toxic origin are explained. Several chapters are also dedicated to the basis of toxicological analysis and the treatment of the poisoned. Repetto G., del Peso A., Salguero M., Repetto M. (1999) Inventory of the Spanish Institutions and Scientists Involved in Alternatives to the use of Laboratory Animals (Refinement, Reduction or Replacement)

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Revista de Toxicologı´a 16: 50 127 Web: http://busca-tox.com/05pub/99%20Inventario% 20Espa%C3%B1ol%20sobre%20alternativas% 20Repetto%201999.pdf

Soler F. (2004) Plantas To´xicas para el Ovino II (Toxic Plants for the Ovine II) Revista OVIOS: Monografı´a Marzo

Database on groups working on the development of alternative methods in Spain.

Valledor A. (1994) Envenenamiento por animales (Poisoning due to Animals) Diaz de Santos: Madrid

Repetto M., Sanz P. (1995) Glosario de te´rminos usados en Toxicologı´a (Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology) Doble Cero: Sevilla This is the Spanish version of the IUPAC glossary, including most of the words used in toxicology (Duffus et al 1993), including over 1000 terms. Web: http://busca-tox.com Rodriguez F. (2014) Diccionario de la droga. Vocabulario general y argot (Dictionary of the Drug. General Vocabulary and Slang) Arco/Libros A diccionary on drug terms Rodrı´guez Perea E. (2017) Comunicacio´n de riesgo y estudio de caso. Los polı´gonos quı´micos espan˜oles (Risk communication and case study. The Spanish chemical polygons) Dircom A book on risk communication San Andre´s M.I. (2000) Toxicologı´a Animal originada por Plantas (Toxicology of Animals due to Plants) Madrid: Editorial Complutense The effects of plant toxins on animals are reviewed. Sogorb M.A., Este´vez J., Vilanova E. (2018) Casos Pra´cticos de Evaluacio´n de Riesgo Toxicolo´gico y Ecotoxicolo´gico (Practical Cases of Toxicological and Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment) Alicante. UMH This book is a compilation of practical cases in human and environmental risk assessment Sogorb M.A., Vilanova E. (2004) Te´cnicas analı´ticas de contaminantes quı´micos: aplicaciones toxicolo´gicas, medioambientales y alimentarias (Analytical Techniques of Chemical Pollutants: Toxicological, Environmental and Food Applications) Madrid: Dı´az de Santos This book covers many different applications for the analytical quantification of chemicals. Soler F. (2003) Plantas To´xicas para el Ovino I (Toxic Plants for the Ovine I) Revista OVIOS: Monografı´a Nov

A review of the habits and characteristics of animals (vertebrates and invertebrates) of the entire world, whose behavior produces poisoning and also of the preventive and therapeutic actions applicable in each case. Valverde J.L., Perez De-Gregorio J.J. (2002) Manual de Toxicologı´a Medioambiental Forense (Manual of Environmental Forensic Toxicology) Madrid: Editorial Universitaria Ramon Areces A review of the legislation and the procedures used for the investigation of cases of environmental pollution. Velasco Martin A. (2014) Compendio de Toxicologia (Compendium of Toxicology) Universidad de Valladolid. Secretariado de Publicaciones An interesting toxicological compendium. Vera D.J. (2005) Actividades molestas, insalubres, nocivas y peligrosas: normativa de evaluacio´n del impacto ambiental y prevencio´n y control de la contaminacio´n (Regulations for the Environmental Impact Evaluation and Prevention and Control of Contamination) Madrid: Ed. Tecnos Procedures for environmental impact studies and the integrated prevention of pollution.

Journals Adicciones (Addictions) Madrid: Socidrogaalcohol Society Presents papers on aspects of research, symptoms, or epidemiology regarding abuse of drugs or alcohol. Web: http://socidrogalcohol.psiquiatria.com/adicciones/ Alimentaria. Revista de tecnologı´a e higiene de los alimentos (Foodstuffs. Journal of technology and safety of foods) (1963 ) Madrid: Servicio de Informa´tica y Documentatio´n Alimenticia Web: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/revista? codigo 5 39 Ambienta: La revista del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (The Journal of the Ministry of Environment)

Resources

Madrid: Ministerio del Medio Ambiente Web: http://www.revistaambienta.es/

Web: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/revista? codigo 5 1547

Archivos de prevencio´n de riesgos laborales (Archives of Occupational Risks Prevention) Barcelona: Societat Catalana de Seguretat i Medicina del Treball (SCSMT) Web: http://www.archivosdeprevencion.com/

Medicina Clı´nica (Clinical Medicine) Barcelona: Elsevier Web: http://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-medicinaclinica-2

Ciencia Forense: Revista Aragonesa de Medicina Legal (Forensic Science. Journal from Arago´n) Zaragoza: Fernando el Cato´lico Web: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/revista? codigo 5 1509 Conductas Adictivas (Addictives Behaviors) Journal about addictive behaviors. Web: http://www.conductasadictivas.org/ Cuadernos de Medicina Forense (Journal of Forensic Medicine) Sevilla: Asociacio´n Andaluza de Me´dicos Forenses Web: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?pid 5 11357606&script 5 sci_serial Dialnet. A portal for scientific publications in Spanish Web: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/ Ecosistemas: Revista cientı´fica y te´cnica de ecologı´a y medio ambiente (Ecosystem: Scientific and Technical Journal of Ecology and Environment) Madrid: Asociacio´n Espan˜ola de Ecologı´a Terrestre Web: http://www.revistaecosistemas.net/ El Farmaceutico (The Pharmacist) (1966 ) Madrid: Real e Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Farmaceuticos Web: http://www.elfarmaceutico.es Food Science and Technology International (Published since 1960 as Revista de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos) Valencia: SAGE Publications Web: http://journals.sagepub.com/home/fst Grasas y aceites (Fats and Oils) Sevilla: Instituto de la Grasa A journal about edible fats of any origin. Web: http://grasasyaceites.revistas.csic.es/index.php/ grasasyaceites/ Ingenierı´a Quı´mica (Chemical Engineering) Madrid: Alcio´n Chemical engineering and environment. Web: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/revista? codigo 5 2761 Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry Pamplona: Universidad de Navarra. Springer Web: https://link.springer.com/journal/13105 Mapfre Seguridad (MAPFRE Safety) (1980 ) Fundacio´n MAPFRE: Madrid

511

Panorama del Medicamento (Panorama of Medicines) (1976 ) Madrid: Real e Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Farmace´uticos Web: http://www.portalfarma.com/ Quimica e Industria (Chemistry and Industry) (1954 ) Madrid: Asociacio´n Nacional Quı´micos Web: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/revista? codigo 5 2834 Red de Revistas Cientı´ficas Espan˜olas (Spanish Network of Spanish Scientific Journals) Web: http://www.redalyc.org/) Revisiones en Ca´ncer (Cancer Reviews) Madrid: Aran Web: http://www.grupoaran.com/ Revista Espan˜ola de Drogodependencias (Spanish Journal of Drug Addictions) Asociacio´n Espan˜ola de Estudio en Drogodependencias: AESED Web: http://www.aesed.com Revista Espan˜ola de Medicina Legal (Spanish Journal of Legal Medicine) Asociacio´n Nacional de Me´dicos Forenses. Elsevier Web: http://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revistaespanola-medicina-legal-285 Revista Espan˜ola de Salud Pu´blica (Spanish Journal of Public Health) Madrid Direccio´n General de Salud Pu´blica Web: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/revista? codigo 5 1888 Revista de Salud Ambiental (Journal of Environmental Health) Valencia: Sociedad Espan˜ola de Sanidad Ambiental Web: http://www.sanidadambiental.com Revista de Toxicologı´a (Journal of Toxicology) Valencia: Asociacio´n Espan˜ola de Toxicologı´a Web: http://rev.aetox.es/wp/ RET: Revista de Toxicomanı´as (Journal of Drug Addiction) Barcelona: Cat-Barcelona Web: http://www.cat-barcelona.com/ret/ Salud y Drogas (Health and Drugs) Elche: Instituto de Investigaciones en Drogodependencias Web: http://www.haaj.org/es

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Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (Health and Safety at Work) (1977 ) Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene del Trabajo Web: http://www.insht.es/portal/site/Insht/ menuitem.1f1a3bc79ab34c578c2e8884060961ca/? vgnextoid 5 f2d5cf0a42e36110VgnVCM100000dc0 ca8c0RCRD&vgnextchannel 5 9f164a7f8a651110VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD Tecno ambiente: Revista profesional de tecnologı´a y equipamiento de ingenierı´a ambiental (Professional Journal of Technology and Equipment in Environmental Engineering) Madrid: TIASA Web: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/revista? codigo 5 1407 Trastornos Adictivos (Addictive Alterations) Madrid: Elsevier A journal about alterations in addictive people. Web: http://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-trastornosadictivos-182

Technical reports and other documents A few representative technical reports have been selected and the links to several collections are included. Calitox Quality indicators for urgent patient assistance in acute poisonings. Web: http://www.fetoc.es/asistencia/Calitox_stc_2006. pdf Chemical Products Chemical products: basic guide on labeling and safety data sheets. Tarancon et al., 2002 Sevilla. Junta de Andalucı´a. A very complete compilation of the criteria used for labeling of chemicals and for the preparation of safety cards. Web: https://www.repositoriosalud.es/handle/ 10668/1251 Productos quı´micos: guı´a ba´sica de etiquetado y fichas de datos de seguridad. 3a ed. corr. y ampl. Taranco´n % ´a de Salud, 2004 Estrada M. Sevilla: Consejerı Web: https://www.repositoriosalud.es/bitstream/ 10668/1243/5/ProductosQuimicos_3ed_2004.pdf Procesos de registros—anotaciones sanitarias en proteccio´n de la salud Bas Izquierdo A., Cuesta Bertomeu I., Gallego Quevedo M.T., Gracia J.M., Guitart del Prado M.M.,

Linares Miguel A. et al. Sevilla: Consejerı´a de Salud; 2018 Web: https://www.repositoriosalud.es/bitstream/ 10668/2915/1/ProcesosDeRegistros_2018_2ed.pdf Guı´a de servicios de sanidad ambiental. Sevilla: Consejerı´a de Salud, 2002 Web: https://www.repositoriosalud.es/bitstream/ 10668/1232/5/GuiaServiciosSanidadAmbiental_ 2002.pdf Manual de procesos en proteccio´n. 2a ed. % Sevilla: Consejerı´a de Salud y Bienestar Social; 2013 Web: https://www.repositoriosalud.es/bitstream/ 10668/1055/1/ManualProcesos_2ed_2013.pdf Productos quı´micos: peligrosidad y control del riesgo sanitario. Taranco´n Estrada M., Gallego Quevedo M.T., Marchena Ferna´ndez F.J. Sevilla: Consejerı´a de Salud, 2003 Web: https://www.repositoriosalud.es/bitstream/ 10668/1244/5/ProductosQuimicosPeligrosidad_ 2003.pdf Diccionario de acro´nimos para las Ciencias de la Salud (Dictionary of Acronyms for Health Sciences) Illera M. (1994) Madrid: Fundacio´n Welcome Publications of the Ministry of Health and Consumer Issues The information about many publications by the Ministry of Health and Consumer Issues can be found in the following link. Web: http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ Publications of the Ministry of the Agriculture Many publications of the Spanish Ministry of the Agriculture are included in the following link. Web: https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ Publications of the National Institute of Health and Safety at Work Web: http://www.insht.es/ Technical Guides for the Evaluation and Prevention of Risks National Institute of Health and Safety at Work More than 300 illustrative Technical Guides (not binding) designed to interpret the rules which arise from the Prevention of Risks at Work Act. Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemical Agents, which have been adopted by the National Institute for Health and Safety at Work (Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, INSHT)

513

Resources

Databases Antidotes network among hospitals (Red de Antı´dotos entre hospitales de colaboracio´n entre SEFH y SCFC) Web: https://redantidotos.org/ Acute poisoning. Protocols of treatment of the Clı´nic Hospital, Barcelona Nogue´ S., Munne´ P., Nicola´s J.M. (2010) Web: http://www.fetoc.es/asistencia/Intoxicaciones% 20Agudas%20Protocolos%202010.pdf A very up-dated and complete collection of detailed protocols of poisoning treatment. Biological agents Web: http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/ saludAmbLaboral/agenBiologicos/home.htm Chemical products information Web: http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/ saludAmbLaboral/prodQuimicos/home.htm CISIC-Databases Bibliographic databases of the Agency of Scientific Research (CSIC) Web: http://www.csic.es/bases-de-datos CheckTheMedss Web: http://www.diagnosmd.com/ Web application to help the professional to review and optimize pharmacotherapy and increase patient safety Data base of Medicines—CGCOF. Web: https://www.portalfarma.com/Profesionales/ medicamentos/medicamentos-productossanitarios/Paginas/default.aspx Information about the human pharmaceutical products authorized in Spain. DIAGNOS MD. Web: http://www.diagnosmd.com/. Diagnos is a very useful computerized system developed in 1998 as a tool to assist in the differential clinical diagnostics of the different types of disease. Includes a special part dedicated to poisonings from general chemicals (200), pharmaceuticals (500), and plants (3000), and adverse interactions. The recommended treatment is also included. Dialnet Web: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/ Supplies information and alerts about the content of journals published in Spanish, Doctoral Thesis, etc. DIGITAL.CSIC Web: http://digital.csic.es/ Repository of Spanish publications.

Directory of Chemical Companies and Products. Spanish Chemical Industry Federation. Web: https://www.industriaquimica.es/empresas A database with information of the products produced by Spanish chemical companies. Documentation and Information of the National Plan on Drugs. Ministry of Health and Consumer Issues. Web: http://www.pnsd.mscbs.gob.es/ EPER- Espan˜a. Spanish Pollutant Emissions and Sources Register. Web: http://www.prtr-es.es/ Includes the emission maps from the different areas of Spain. FCAQ- Chemical Safety Cards Web: https://www.insst.es/fisq FISQ- Chemical Information Cards Web: https://www.insst.es/fisq Health and the Environment Web: http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/ saludAmbLaboral/home.htm Hispagua. Spanish Water Information System. Web: http://hispagua.cedex.es/ A database about water quality. InfoCarQuim- Information on Carcinogens Web: http://infocarquim.inssbt.es/Forms/About.aspx Institutional Repository of Health of Andalusia Web: https://www.repositoriosalud.es/ Inventory of the Spanish Institutions and Scientists Involved in Alternatives to the use of Laboratory Animals (Refinement, Reduction, or Replacement) Web: http://busca-tox.com/05pub/99%20Inventario% 20Espa%C3%B1ol%20sobre%20alternativas% 20Repetto%201999.pdf Database on groups working on the development of alternative methods in Spain. LEP—Occupational Limit Values—VLBs Web: https://www.insst.es/valores-limites-deexposicion Official list of biological limit values approved in Spain for monitoring occupational exposure to chemical compounds. Online information center on Human Pharmaceuticals Web: https://cima.aemps.es/cima/publico/home.html Online information center on Pharmaceuticals for Animals Web: https://cimavet.aemps.es/cimavet/ medicamentos.do

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Pesticides Web: http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/ saludAmbLaboral/fitosan/home.htm Pharmacosurvey Web: https://www.notificaram.es/Pages/CCAA. aspx#no-back-button Portal on Chemical Risk Web: https://www.insst.es/subhome-riesgo-quimico Portal on dangerous situations at work—BaseQuin Web: http://stp.inssbt.es/stp/busqueda/basequim Registry of Clinical Studies Web: https://reec.aemps.es/reec/public/web.html Register of nonagricultural pesticides or biocides. Web: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/ productos.do?tipo 5 biocidas The official database of the biocides authorized in Spain by the Ministry of Health and Consumer Issues, with information about the risks, uses, and producers. Register of Plant Protection Products—Pesticides. Web: https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/agricultura/ temas/SANIDAD-vegetal/productos-fitosanitarios/ registro/menu.asp The official database of the pesticides and other Plant Protection Products authorized in Spain by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, with information about the risks, uses, and producers. Registry of Rare Diseases Web: https://registroraras.isciii.es/Comun/Inicio.aspx Cases of rare diseases. Instituto de Salud Carlos III Registry of Toxicologists—Spain. Web: http://www.aetox.es/registro-espanol-detoxicologos/ The Spanish registry of toxicologists includes more than 50 professionals specialized in basic and applied toxicology. The list is included in the Register of EUROTOX. The 80 registered toxicologists possess a high level of professional competence and ethical conduct. RISCTOX. Toxic risks for workers Web: https://istas.net/risctox Toxicological data provided to workers of about 1000 products of industrial use, including exposure levels and human and environmental adverse effects. RiskQuim- Chemical Classification and labelling—CLP Web: http://riskquim.inssbt.es/riskquim/clp/

SciELO—Spain—Scientific Electronic Library Online Web: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php The objective of the site is to implement an electronic virtual library, providing full access to a collection of serial titles, a collection of issues from individual serial titles, as well as to the full text of articles. SINAC—Information System on Water of Human Consumption Ministry of Health and Consumer Issues Web: http://sinac.msssi.es/ Network with information about the quality of tap water. SIRIPQ—Information and Rapid Interchange System on chemical products. Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare. Web: http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/ saludAmbLaboral/prodQuimicos/ sustPreparatorias/rednacVigi/siripq.htm Network for the surveillance and control of the use of chemicals and to the prevention of the risks derived from the exposure to substances. SISAL—Information System on Occupational Health. Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare. Web: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/ saludAmbLaboral/saludLaboral/sisal.htm Network for the surveillance, control, and prevention of the risks derived from the occupational exposure to chemicals. Spanish legislation. Journal of the Official Gazzete. Web: https://www.boe.es/legislacion/legislacion. php?lang 5 es The complete Spanish legislation to be searched. Spanish legislation on Hazardous Substances, Chemical and Occupational Safety and Health. Web: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/ saludAmbLaboral/prodQuimicos/legislacion.htm The Spanish legislation classified according to the different areas. Swimming pool water treatment products. Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare Web: http://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/ saludPublica/saludAmbLaboral/calidadAguas/ piscinas/product_empr_req.htm The official database of products used in swimming pools authorized in Spain, with information about the risks, uses, and producers.

515

Resources

Table of concentrations of xenobiotics in human biological fluids as reference for the toxicological diagnostic Web: http://busca-tox.com/

Fisheries Web: https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/pesca/temas/ default.aspx

Reference values useful for the interpretation of the concentrations present in blood or urine.

Food Web: https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/alimentacion/ temas/default.aspx, http://www.alimentacion. es/es/

ToXicologia.net. Web: http://www.fetoc.es/toxicologianet/index.htm An interesting database and self-learning system mainly focused on clinical toxicology. Virtual Library on Health in Spain. Web: http://bvsalud.isciii.es/ Represents an instrument to spread scientific knowledge that arises from national and international public organizations’ concern to offer quality-assured scientific information through the Internet. Water quality. Ministry of Health and Consumer Issues. Web: http://www.mscbs.gob.es/en/ciudadanos/ saludAmbLaboral/calidadAguas/home.htm A database about water quality.

Organizations (government) Spain is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy, with legislative power being held by the Parliament. Executive power is nominally exercised by the cabinet led by the President of the Government. The country is divided into 17 counties, administered by locally elected governments and parliaments, with considerable autonomy in environmental matters. The following presents a summary of legislation concerning pollution, hazardous toxic waste, pesticides, additives, and product control in Spain. In this section are listed the various authorities with addresses. The most relevant centers related to toxicology and environmental and occupational safety and health are included. Administration of the State Web: http://administracion.gob.es/ Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Paseo de Infanta Isabel 1, 28071 Madrid Web: https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ Main activities: Agriculture Web: https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/agricultura/ temas/default.aspx

Ministry of Defense P. de la Castellana 109, 28071 Madrid Web: http://www.defensa.gob.es/ Institute of Toxicology of the Defense (ITOXDEF) Web: http://www.defensa.gob.es/itoxdef/ Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport C/Alcala´ 36, 28071 Madrid Web: https://www.mecd.gob.es/portada-mecd/ Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities C/Albacete 5, 28027 Madrid Web: http://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/ From the centers of this Ministry, the following are cited: Statal Agency of Research Web: http://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site/ MICINN/menuitem.8d78849a34f1cd2 8d0c9d910026041a0/?vgnextoid 5 664cfb7e04195510VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD Agency for the protection of Health in Sprts (AEPSAD) Web: https://aepsad.mecd.gob.es/ Agency of Scientific Research (CSIC). It is the bigger public institution for basic research in Spain, with the main following centers: Web: http://www.csic.es/ Center of Biologic Researches CIB Web: http://www.cib.csic.es/ Center Mediterranean of Environmental and Marine Research CMIMA Web: http://www.cmima.csic.es/ Center of Soil Science and Applied Biology—CEBAS Web: http://www.cebas.csic.es/ Center of Scientific Research Isla de la Cartuja (CIC) Web: http://www.ciccartuja.es/inicio/ Center for Research and Development CID Web: http://www.cid.csic.es/

Cattle raising

Don˜ana Biological Station Web: http://www.ebd.csic.es/

Web: https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/ganaderia/ temas/default.aspx

Experimental Station of Zaidin EEZ Web: http://www.eez.csic.es/

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Institute of Agro chemistry and Food Technology— IATA Web: http://www.iata.csic.es Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal IATS Web: http://www.iats.csic.es/ Institute of Chemical Research IIQ Web: https://www.iiq.us-csic.es/ Institute of Chemical and Environmental Research of Barcelona IIQAB Web: http://www.iiqab.csic.es/ Institute of edible oils (Instituto de la Grasa) Web: http://www.ig.csic.es/ Institute of Marine Sciences—ICM. Web: http://www.icm.csic.es/ Institute of Marine Sciences in Andalusia Web: http://www.icman.csic.es/ Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona Web: http://www.ibmb.csic.es/ Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer—IBMCC Web: http://www.cicancer.org/ Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca—IRNASA Web: http://www.irnasa.csic.es/ Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville—IRNAS Web: http://www.irnase.csic.es/ Institute of Neurobiology Cajal—INRC Web: http://www.cajal.csic.es/indexe.htm Institute of Neurosciences Web: http://in.umh-csic.es/ Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “Lo´pez Neyra” Web: http://www.ipb.csic.es/ Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology—IFT Web: http://www.ift.csic.es/ Institute of Sustainable Agriculture—IAS Web: http://www.ias.csic.es/ Institute of Vegetal Biochemistry and Photosynthesis—IBVF Web: https://www.ibvf.us-csic.es/ Institute of Health Carlos III C/Sinesio Delgado 4-6, 28029 Madrid Web: http://www.isciii.es/ A big institution formed by several centers:

National Center of Environmental Health (CNSA) Institute of Research on Rare Diseases National Center of Epidemiology National School of Health National School of Occupational Medicine National Institute of Research and Agrarian and Food Technology—INIA Web: http://www.inia.es/. With several centers: Center of Research on Animal Health CISA Web: http://cisa.agripa.org/ Center of Forestry Research—CIFOR Web: http://cifor.agripa.org/ Center of Phytogenetic Resources—CRF Web: http://crf.agripa.org/ Department of the Environment—INIA Web: http://dptomedioambienteinia.agripa.org/ Center for Research on Energy, Environment and Technology—CIEMAT Web: http://www.ciemat.es/ Institute Geological and Mining Web: http://www.igme.es/ Ministry for the Ecological Transition Plaza de San Juan de la Cruz, s/n 28071 Madrid Web: https://www.miteco.gob.es/ National Center on Environmental Education— CENEAM Web: https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/ceneam/ Ministry of Health, Consumption, and Social Welfare Po del Prado 18-20, 28071 Madrid % Web: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/ With the following activities: Environmental and Occupational Health Web: http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/ saludAmbLaboral/home.htm Occupational health Web: http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/ saludAmbLaboral/saludLaboral/home.htm Agency for the Evaluation of Medical Technology— AETS Web: http://www.isciii.es/ISCIII/ Agency of Pharmaceuticals and Medical Products (AEMPS) Parque Empresarial Las Mercedes—Edificio 8, C./ Campezo 1, 28022 Madrid Web: https://www.aemps.gob.es/

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Resources

Created in 1997 for the authorization and control of medicines. National Plan on Drugs C/Recoletos, 22, 28001 Madrid Web: http://www.pnsd.mscbs.gob.es/ Agency of Consumption, Food Safety, and Nutrition (AECOSAN) Web: http://www.aecosan.msssi.gob.es/. With several centers: Center for Research and Quality Control—CICC Web: http://www.aecosan.msssi.gob.es/ AECOSAN/web/laboratorios/seccion/CIC.htm Center for Information and Documentation on Consumption Web: http://aplicaciones.consumo-inc.es/cidoc/ default.aspx CAN—National Food Center Web: http://www.aecosan.msssi.gob.es/ AECOSAN/web/laboratorios/seccion/CNA.htm LNRBM—National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins Web: http://www.aecosan.msssi.gob.es/AECOSAN/ web/laboratorios/subseccion/LNRBM.htm Ministry of Home Affairs C/Rafael Calvo, no 33, Madrid % Web: http://www.interior.gob.es/ General Direction on Civil Protection and Emergencies Web: http://www.proteccioncivil.org/index.html Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Tourism Po% de la Castellana 160, 28071 Madrid Web: https://www.mincotur.gob.es/ Ministry of Justice San Bernardo 45, 28015 Madrid Web: http://www.mjusticia.gob.es/ National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences—INTCF. Web: https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/cs/Satellite/ Portal/es/ministerio/organismos-ministeriojusticia/instituto-nacional Mainly focused on forensic toxicology, but also collaborates on clinical toxicology and carries out toxicity studies. It has a toxicological information service. With four centers: Department of Madrid. c/Luis Cabrera 9, 28002 Madrid Department of Barcelona. c/Merce´ 1, 08002 Barcelona Department of Sevilla. Avda. Doctor Fedriani, s/n 41009 Sevilla

Delegation of La Laguna. Campus de Ciencias de la Salud. La Cuesta 38320, La Laguna Institutes of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences Web: http://www.mjusticia.gob.es/cs/Satellite/ Portal/es/ministerio/organismos-ministeriojusticia/medicina-legal-ciencias Ministry of Labor, Migration, and Social Security Agustı´n de Bethencourt 4, 28071 Madrid Web: http://www.mitramiss.gob.es/ National Institute for Health and Safety at Work INSHT Torrelaguna 73, 28027 Madrid Web: http://www.insht.es/portal/site/Insht/ Created in 1982 it is composed of four territorial departments and 40 provincial offices; it is involved, with the Autonomic Communities, in the protection of the health of the workers and the prevention and control of occupational exposure. Ministry Responsible for Public Works Paseo de la Castellana 67, Madrid Web: https://www.fomento.gob.es/ Center on Studies and Experimentation on Public Works -CEDEX C/Alfonso XII 3, 28014 Madrid Web: http://www.cedex.es/

Organizations (nongovernment) Certified and accredited laboratories There are more than 30 laboratories with Good Laboratory Practices certifications, 36 accredited for toxicity and ecotoxicity testing, and 25 accredited for toxicological and forensic analysis, particularly under UNE-EN ISO/IEC 17025. Web: https://www.enac.es/ Industrial associations AFAQUIM—Spanish Association of the Fine Chemical Manufactures Web: http://www.afaquim.org/ Farmaindustria—Spanish Association of the Pharmaceutical Industry Web: http://www.farmaindustria.es/ FEIQUE—Spanish Chemical Industry Federation Web: https://www.feique.org/ FENIN—Spanish Federation of Companies of Health Technology Web: http://www.fenin.es/ FEPEMA—Management of pesticides waste and others Web: http://femepa.org/web/femepa/asociaciones/

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ISTAS—Sindicate Institute of Work, Environment and Health Web: http://www.istas.net/

Andalucı´a International University Web: http://www.unia.es/

STANPA—Spanish Association of Perfumery and Cosmetic Web: https://www.stanpa.com/

Barcelona University Web: http://www.ub.edu/en/. Experimental and Analytical Toxicology.

Other organizations

Barcelona Autonomous University Web: http://www.uab.es/english/default.htm

Center of Environmental Education—CEMACAM Web: https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/ceneam/ programas-de-educacion-ambiental/programas-deotras-entidades/cemacam_torreguil.aspx Sustainability Development—CONAMA Foundation Web: http://www.conama.org/

Universities In various Spanish university faculties, such as pharmacy, medicine, and veterinary colleges, and some of chemistry and biology, the discipline of toxicology is studied within the normal curriculum and also as monographic courses. In Spain there are no degrees in toxicology, nor recognition of a medical speciality in clinical toxicology. Food toxicology is currently taught at several university departments within the new Food Science and Technology degree programs. Different university faculties and professional societies provide monographic courses and specialization programs for postgraduates. Environmental sciences is also very much in demand. Postgraduate studies lead to a doctorate in the discipline of the student’s basic degree, for example, medicine, chemistry, pharmacy, biology, and food chemistry. There is no “doctor in toxicology” degree. However, there are titles of “Expert in Toxicology” and “Master in Toxicology.” Web: http://www.crue.org/Universidades/SitePages/ universidades.aspx This section pertains exclusively to institutions offering officially approved courses related to the disciplines of toxicology and those offering postgraduate specialization courses in toxicology. Alcala de Henares University Web: http://www.uah.es/. Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Toxicology

Balearic Islands University Web: http://www.uib.es/en/ Basque Country University Web: http://www.ehu.es/ Burgos University Web: http://www.ubu.es/ Ca´diz University Web: http://www.uca.es/ Cardenal Herrera Oria University CEU Web: http://www.uch.ceu.es/ Catalonia Polytechnic University Web: http://www.upc.edu/eng/ Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology INTEXTER Co´rdoba University Web: http://www.uco.es/ Distance Education National University UNED. Web: http://www.uned.es/ Extremadura University. Toxicology Unit Web: http://www.unex.es/ Granada University Web: http://www.ugr.es/. Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology Huelva University Web: http://www.uhu.es/ Jaen University Web: http://www.ujaen.es/. Environmental Toxicology and Public Health La laguna University Web: http://www.ull.es/ Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University Web: http://www.ulpgc.es/

Alicante University Web: http://www.ua.es/

Leon University Web: http://www.unileon.es/. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Alfonso X el Sabio University Web: http://www.uax.es/

Lleida University Web: http://www.udl.es/

Almerı´a University Web: http://www.ual.es/

Madrid Autonomous University Web: http://www.uam.es/

Resources

Madrid Complutense University Web: http://www.ucm.es/. Department of Biomedicine and Health Legislation. Department of Toxicology and Health Legislation Miguel Hernandez University Web: http://www.umh.es/. Division of Toxicology and Chemical Safety. Murcia University Web: http://www.um.es/. Group of Toxicology Navarra University Web: http://www.unav.es/. Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Toxicology Pablo de Olavide, de Sevilla, University Web: http://www.upo.es/. Area of Toxicology Pompeu Fabra University Web: http://www.upf.es/ Rovira i Virgili University Web: http://www.urv.net/

Environmental toxicology and risk evaluation for health and the environment Since 2015. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Web: https://www.urjc.es/estudios/titulos-propios/ 1277-toxicologia-ambiental-y-evaluacion-deriesgos#profesorado Master in Toxicology and risk assessment Online. Since 2016. University of Valencia Web: http://www.formacionpostgrado.com/ toxicologia-evaluacion-riesgos/ Master’s Degree in Environmental Pollution, Toxicology and Health Master in Environmental Pollution and Toxicology University of the Vasque Country Web: https://www.ehu.eus/es/web/master/mastercontaminacion-toxicologia-ambientales

Professional societies These bodies provide a focal point for toxicology, environmental and occupational safety, and health professionals in Spain. They arrange meetings and publish journals and books to keep scientists up to date with changes in methods, techniques, and advances in the subject, allowing for continuing professional development.

Salamanca University Web: http://www.usal.es/ Santiago de Compostela University Web: http://www.usc.es/. Department of Pathology and Forensic Sciences Sevilla University Web: http://www.us.es/. Area of Toxicology

AEFI—Spanish Association of Industrial Pharmacists Web: http://www.aefi.org/

Valencia University. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology, and Legal Medicine Web: http://www.uv.es/ Valladolid University Web: http://www.uva.es/ Vigo University Web: http://www.uvigo.es/. Toxicology Zaragoza University Web: http://wzar.unizar.es/

Association

AETOX—Spanish Association of Toxicology Web: http://www.aetox.com With professionals of different disciplines working in the diverse areas of toxicology, a national meeting is held every 2 years and a journal is edited. The working sections are Alternative Methods, Clinical Toxicology, Environmental Toxicology, Food Safety, Forensic Toxicology, Education, Veterinary Toxicology, and Experimental Research. ASEICA—Spanish Association of Research in Cancer Web: http://www.onco.net/aseica/

Master degrees: International Master in Toxicology (Mastertox) and International Expert in Toxicology (Expertox) Online. Since 2000. Professional Chemists. Sevilla Web: http://mastertox.es/

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FETOC—Spanish Foundation of Clinical Toxicology Web: http://www.fetoc.es/ of

Master in Environmental Pollution, Toxicology and Health Since 2016. University of Valencia Web: http://www.uv.es/master-contaminacion-ambiental

Formed by the doctors who work in the different hospitals in Spain and who have intensive care units for poisoned patients. RITSQ—Ibero-American Network of Toxicology and Chemical Safety Web: http://ritsq.org

520 REMA—Spanish Network for Alternative Methods Web: http://www.remanet.net

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the

Development

of

CADIME—Andalusian Center of Documentation and Information on Pharmaceuticals Web: http://www.cadime.es/

SEBBM—Spanish Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Web: https://www.sebbm.es/

CEVIME-MIEZ—Vasque Center of Information on Medicines Web: http://www.osakidetza.euskadi.eus/r85pkfarm02/es/contenidos/informacion/cevime/ es_cevime/cevime.html

SEBC—Spanish Society of Cellular Biology Web: http://www.sebc.es/ SECAL—Spanish Society of the Science of Laboratory Animals Web: http://www.secal.es/ SECCFF—Spanish Society of Physiological Sciences Web: http://www.secf.es/ SEE—Spanish Society of Epidemiology Web: https://www.seepidemiologia.es/ SEF—Spanish Society of Pharmacology Web: http://www.socesfar.com/ SEMA—Spanish Society of Environmental Mutagenesis Web: http://www.mutagenesisambiental.com/ SEMICYUC—Sociedad Espan˜ola de Medicina Intensiva y Unidades Coronarias Web: http://www.semicyuc.org/ SEQC—Spanish Society of Cosmetic Chemists Web: http://www.e-seqc.org/ SESA—Spanish Society of Environmental Health Web: http://www.sanidadambiental.com/ Founded in 1964. SESPAS—Spanish Society of Public Health and Administration Web: http://www.sespas.es/ An integration of several societies with more than 4000 members mainly from the central, regional, and local administrations.

Database on Medicines. Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Farmace´uticos Web: https://www.portalfarma.com/Profesionales/ medicamentos/medicamentos-productossanitarios/Paginas/default.aspx National Plan on Drugs. Ministry of Health, and Consumer Issues Web: http://www.pnsd.mscbs.gob.es Complete national program against addictive drugs. Unit of Clinical Toxicology Serve d’ Urge`ncies, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona C/Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona Web: http://www.hospitalclinic.org/ Unit of Clinical Toxicology Clinic Hospital Zaragoza Lozano Blesa Avda. San Juan Bosco 15, 50009 Zaragoza Web: http://www.hcu-lblesa.es/ Unit of Clinical Toxicology Hospital Rio Ortega Avda. Santa Teresa, s/n, Valladolid Web: https://www.icscyl.com/formacion/ Unit of Clinical Toxicology Hospital Son Dureta, Palma de Mallorca Web: http://www.hsd.es/

SICTA—Iberoamerican Society of Contamination and Environmental Toxicology Web: http://www.ehu.es/sicta/english/2. htm#HASIERA

Veterinary and Forensic Toxicology Service University of Murcia Phone: 968-36-4317/7022 Web: http://www.um.es/grupos/grupo-toxicologia/ servtoxicologia.php

Poison control and information centers

Legislation

Poison and information centers provide advice to medical professionals and members of the public about the risk and treatment of the exposure to chemicals.

In Spain, a number of laws dealing with chemical compounds provide the legal authority for control and intervention by public institutions. It is necessary to carry out a risk assessment on the notified substances to identify possible toxicological and ecotoxicological effects and the potential for human and environmental exposure. Although handling of chemical compounds is regulated by national legislation, Spanish legislation must be harmonized with legislation in the European

Toxicological Information Service, National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences. Tel 91 562 04 20 Web: http://www.mjusticia.gob.es/cs/Satellite/ Portal/es/ministerio/organismos-ministeriojusticia/instituto-nacional/servicio-informacion

Resources

Union, and guidelines of the European Union have bindingly to be adopted by national regulation. Specific legislation has been developed for different categories of substances. The major categories are industrial chemicals, pesticides, food additives, feed additives, and biocides. The most relevant laws and regulations dealing with chemical compounds are described here or can be accessed on the Web: http:// www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/saludAmbLaboral/ prodQuimicos/legislacion.htm. Dangerous substances The Spanish legislation on chemicals is adapted to the EU Regulation 1907/2006 with the regulatory framework for the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH) through the Law 8/2010, establishing the penalty system provided for in the Regulations (EC) concerning REACH and on the classification, labeling, and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP). The aim is to improve the protection of human health and the environment through the better and earlier identification of the properties of chemical substances. At the same time, innovative capability and competitiveness of the EU chemicals industry should be enhanced. REACH gives greater responsibility to industry to manage the risks from chemicals and to provide safety information on the substances. Manufacturers and importers are required to gather information on the properties of their substances, which will help to manage them safely, and to register the information in a central database in which consumers and professionals can find hazard information. Accident hazards The Directive 2012/18/UE on the control of major accident hazards involving dangerous substances (Seveso) is mainly implemented in the Spanish Royal Decrees 840/2015 and1070/2012. Product safety The Directive 2001/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on general product safety is implemented in the Spanish Decree 1801/ 2003. Human pharmaceuticals The Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use is presently included in the Spanish Law 29/2006. Veterinary pharmaceuticals The regulation (EC) No 726/2004 laying down Community procedures for the authorization and supervision of medicinal products for human and veterinary use and establishing a European Medicines Agency is implemented in the Spanish Royal Decree 1345/2007.

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Cosmetics The Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 on cosmetic products is complemented with the Spanish Royal Decree 85/2018. Biocides (nonagricultural pesticides) The Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 concerning the making available on the market and use of biocidal products is complemented with the Royal Decree 1054/2002. Pesticides The Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market is complemented with the Royal Decrees 1311/2012 and 971/2014. Food additives The Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives is complemented with the Royal Decree 1465/2009. Feed additives The Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council on additives for use in animal nutrition was translated to the Spanish Royal Decree 893/2005. Toys safety The Council Directive 88/378/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning the safety of toys is included in Royal Decree 1205/2011. Animal protection The Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes is at the present included in the Royal Decree 53/2013. Good laboratory practices The Directive 2004/10/EC on the harmonization of laws, regulations, and administrative provisions relating to the application of the principles of good laboratory practice and the verification of their applications for tests on chemical substances is included in Royal Decrees 822/1993, 1369/2000, and 2043/1994 and the Order PRE/3249/2007. Worker protection Council Directive 98/24/EC on the protection of the health and safety of workers from the risks related to chemical agents at work was translated into the Royal Decree 374/2001. It includes the admissible exposure levels in the working atmosphere. Carcinogens The Directive 2004/37/EC on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to

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carcinogens or mutagens at work was translated into Royal Decree 598/2015. Water The Council Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption, was included into the Royal Decree 140/2003, and the Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy into the Royal Decree 1/2001. Pollution control The Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) was included in the Spanish RD 815/2013. Waste The Directive 2008/98 on waste and repealing certain Directives was included in the Spanish Law 22/2011. Emissions For example, the Regulation (EC) No 166/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 January 2006 concerning the establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register is related to the Spanish RD 508/2007. Ionizing radiation Council Directive 97/43/Euratom on health protection of individuals against the dangers of ionizing radiation in relation to medical exposure, and repealing Directive 84/466/Euratom are related to Royal Decree 815/2001. Electromagnetic fields The Directive 2013/35/EU on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (20th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) is related to the Spanish Royal Decree 299/2016. Noise The Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise—Declaration by the Commission in the Conciliation Committee on the Directive relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise—is included in the Spanish Law 37/2003. The Directive 2003/10/CE on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (noise) was translated in the RD 286/2006.

Doping The Resolution of the Council and of the representatives of the Governments of the Member States, meeting within the Council on a code of conduct against doping in sport in 1992 and other regulations recommended by the Mundial Agency against Doping and the UNESCO are followed in Spain within the Law 10/1990 of the sport, and the Organic Law 3/2013 of the protection of health in the sport. Illicit drugs The Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on drug precursors and the 111/2005 on their control are regulated through the Spanish Law 4/2009 and the RD 129/2017 and 2015/1011.

Miscellaneous resources 3Erres. List of Alternatives to Animals Web: http://www.rediris.es/list/info/3erres.es Forum in Spanish about the development, validation, and acceptance of alternative methods to animal use. Buscaalternativas.com Find alternatives to laboratory animals. Web: http://buscaalternativas.com Bibliotoxi Virtual library on toxicology. Web: http://busca-tox.com/bibliotoxi.htm BUSCATOX Searching for toxicological information: a practical learning project. Web: http://busca-tox.com Toxicologists of the 21st century have to be able to search and use with efficiency the exponentially growing toxicological information. Most of the data are now freely available on the Internet. A specific practical project was developed for established toxicologists and for students of toxicology. The system facilitates the differentiation among the various types of sources of toxicological information, their localization, interpretation, and use in diverse toxicological areas (regulatory, occupational, clinical, experimental, environmental, etc.). Chemical Products Ministry of Health and Consumer Issues Web: http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/ saludAmbLaboral/prodQuimicos/home.htm

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Acknowledgements

Main information about the legislation and resources dedicated to assure the adequate classification, labeling, and use of chemicals. Ecosalud The impact of the environment on health. Web: http://www.rediris.es/list/info/ecosalud.es.html

National Plan on Drugs Web: http://www.pnsd.mscbs.gob.es/ Newspaper of Food Safety—Consumaseguridad.com Web: http://www.consumaseguridad.com/ Prevention World Web: http://www.prevention-world.com/

Emecas List of atmospheric pollutants and health. Web: http://www.rediris.es/list/info/emecas.es.html

Products, software, news, legislation, and articles about occupational prevention activities.

Endocrine Disruptors University of Granada (Disruptores Endocrinos, Universidad de Granada) Web: http://disruptor.ugr.es/

SCIRI- Food alert coordinated network Web: http://www.aecosan.msssi.gob.es/AECOSAN/ web/seguridad_alimentaria/seccion/ alertas_alimentarias.htm

Integrate Prevention Web: http://www.prevencionintegral.com/ News, legislation, and articles about occupational prevention activities. National Network for the Vigilance, Inspection, and Control of Chemical Products. Ministry of Health and Consumer Issues Web: http://www.mscbs.gob.es/en/ciudadanos/ saludAmbLaboral/prodQuimicos/ sustPreparatorias/rednacVigi/home.htm Network for the surveillance and control of the use of chemicals and to the prevention of the risks derived from the exposure to substances. Includes a bulletin with information, the programs in collaboration with the European Union (NONS, SENSE, EUREX, EUROCAD, ECLIPS, CLEEN) and the different regions (MISACO), a toxic surveillance system with reports from poisonings and accidents, and the alert network for rapid interchange of information. It is formed by SIRIPQ for rapid interchange of information about chemical products and SPQP for epidemiological surveillance.

Coordinated by AECOSAN and in contact with the european alert network RASFF and others such as INFOSAN Spanish National Research Network Web: http://www.rediris.es/ Toxicol—List of Toxicology Web: http://www.rediris.es/list/info/toxicol.html http://www.rediris.es/list/info/toxicol.html Forum in Spanish about news and developments in toxicology. Virtual Health Library Web: http://bvs.isciii.es/i/index.php

Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by the grant Proyecto Puente, Consejerı´a de Economı´a y Conocimiento de la Junta de Andalucı´a 2017 (GR).

C H A P T E R

37 Sweden Lars Wiklund RegSafe-Regulatory Safety Sciences, Stocksund, Sweden

Introduction In Sweden, toxicology, ecotoxicology, health, and environmental risk assessment are disciplines at various universities and colleges and also at research institutions connected to central authorities and in clinics for environmental and occupational medicine. Toxicology in Sweden is concentrated in the Stockholm-Uppsala area. The main center for education and training in toxicology and health risk assessment is the Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, while Uppsala University offers Sweden’s most extensive education within ecotoxicology.

Historical notes in Swedish toxicology1 1663: The earliest regulations regarding the handling of poisons were announced via medical legislation. In 1663 the “Kungl. Maj:t” (Swedish Government) issued a charter for Collegium mediocorum, resulting in the public recognition of certain physicians in Stockholm. 1707: Johan Linder, MD (1678 1724), later raised to the nobility Lindestolpe, published the first Swedish monograph in toxicology: De Venesis (“About poisons”). Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742 86), a chemist and a pharmacist, was the discoverer of many chemical substances, and was most notably said to have discovered oxygen and chlorine. Like many other chemists of his time, Scheele often worked under difficult and even

dangerous conditions. Also, he had a habit of tasting chemicals that he found. It appears that this, together with frequent exposure to poisonous chemicals, was the cause of his premature death at the age of 43. At the end of his life he showed symptoms resembling mercury poisoning. 1773: Carl Peter Thunberg, a student and successor of Carl von Linne´ (1707 78), sends a letter from his journey to Japan to the Swedish Academy of Sciences, describing poisoning with white lead, accidentally contaminating food. 1810: Karolinska Institutet (KI) was founded. A letter from King Karl XIII to the Collegium Medicum authorized the immediate establishment of a “college for the corps of field surgeons.” The name Medico Chirurgiska Institutet was established in 1811 and Carolinska was added in 1822. In 1811 Jo¨ns Jacob Berzelius (1779 1848) became one of KI’s first professors and laid the foundation for the Institute’s natural-scientific orientation. In 1895 Alfred Nobel (1833 96) appointed Karolinska Institutet to award the annual Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 1845: NJ Berlin (1812 91), the last student of Jo¨ns Jacob Berzelius, published a book with the title: “Anvisning till de allma¨nnaste gifters uppta¨ckande pa˚ kemisk va¨g—Fo¨r La¨kare och Apotekare” (Instructions for the chemical detection of the most general poisons—For physicians and pharmacists). 1850: On behalf of “Kungl. Maj:t” (Swedish Government), the “Sundhetskollegium” (something like: “the Health teaching-staff”) give a proposal for a poison regulation (“giftlagstiftning”).



This is a reprint of the 4th edition chapter. A variety of reasons have precluded the editors from acquiring a 5th edition revision from its authors or others who may have been qualified to update the material. While the preponderance of the information presented is likely still valid, some may no longer be correct. URLs and email addresses, in particular, are often subject to change. Overall, though, the editors felt there was a significant benefit to making the chapter available. 1

Parts of the historical notes cited from: Holmstedt B., Malmfors T., Svensk Fo¨rening fo¨r Toxikologi, 1969 94, Historiska a˚terblickar, ¨ -rapport 1982: 26. Stockholm, Maj 1994 and Lemne M, Bergendorff A, Toxikologi—Utbildning, forskning, testning, UHA

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00037-1

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1872: “Kungl. Maj:t” (Swedish Government) decides that a position for forensic chemistry should be established, followed by changes in regulations for investigations of poisons at the postmortem examination of corpses. The first holder of this position was Nils Peter Hamberg (1815 1902). The position was later gradually developed to “Statens ra¨ttskemiska laboratorium” (Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Chemistry). 1876: Ordinance regarding the care and the selling of arsenic and other poisonous substances and products is published in “Svensk fo¨rfattningssamling” (Swedish Code of Statutes). 1889: The Riksdag (Swedish Parliament) approve a law on occupational risks. The first labor inspectors are appointed. 1900 19: Possible arsenic poisoning from paints and wallpaper in houses. Development of new analytical methods indicating arsenic in blood, urine, and spinal fluid, and the presence of organic arsenic. 1906: In the “Giftstadga” (regulation on poisons) the poisons are divided into two classes: poisons of first degree and poisons of second degree. 1930: Erik MP Widmark (1889 1945) publishes a method for the quantification of alcohol in blood. His research on the absorption, distribution, and elimination of ethanol in the body was very influential on forensic alcohol analysis and toxicology, and paved the way for innovative traffic safety legislation that stipulated punishable limits of alcohol in the blood of a person driving a car. 1930 39: Carl Gustav Santesson (1862 1939), professor in pharmacology at Karolinska Institutet, is studying the mechanisms of action of arrow poisons and hallucinogenic natural products. 1939 41: “Statens institute fo¨r folkha¨lsa” (Swedish Institute for Public Health) was established. Important findings regarding metal toxicity were published. The institute was closed in 1971. 1943: A new “Giftstadga” (Poison Control Act) was launched. 1958: Karl Borg, at the National Veterinary Institute (Statens Veterina¨rmedicinska Anstalt, SVA) demonstrates high levels of methyl mercury from pesticidetreated seeds in seed-eating birds.

Toxicology becomes organized Toxicology in Sweden received an organized form in the 1960s. In 1963 the Poison Board (Giftna¨mnden) was established, and was later replaced with the Products Control Board (Produktkontrollna¨mnden), that became the Swedish Chemicals Agency (KemI) in 1986. In 1964 the medical research council established a research group in toxicology, which was later reorganized to the department of toxicology at Karolinska

Institutet. The European Society of Toxicology had its annual conference in Stockholm in 1965: “Experimental studies and clinical experience. The assessment of risk.” The scientific community in Sweden has for long time provided important contributions for improved awareness of chemical risks and environmental protection. Swedish scientists, for instance, focused attention on the health hazards from organic mercury compounds used in agriculture several years before the Minimata poisonings in Japan brought those problems to the attention of the rest of the world. In 1966 PCBs were identified for the first time in wild animals in the Baltic, and later also in humans, by the scientist So¨ren Jensen, Stockholm University. In 1971 the first legal step to restrict PCB use in Sweden was taken (the Act on PCB), and legislation and bans were soon followed in many other countries. The Swedish Ordinance on PCB was revised in 1989 and a final time limit for the use of existing PCBs was set to January 1, 1995. Other Swedish milestones include the establishment of the Swedish Society of Toxicology (SFT) in 1969, although it was not formally formed until 1977/78. Prof. Bo Holmstedt was the first president of SFT (1978 79) and was later elected as its first honorary member. The SFT attracts individuals from many areas of toxicology, and the number of members in SFT is currently approximately 400. Karolinska Institutet began special education in toxicology in 1973. In 1976 this education was expanded to a Master’s training program in toxicology, at that time the first cohesive toxicology educational program in Europe. Among the initiators of this unique toxicology program (“Toxikologutbildningen”) were Prof Bo Holmstedt, Prof Sten Orrenius, Ass. Prof Torbjo¨rn Malmfors, and Dr Anders Bergendorff, all later elected as honorary members of SFT. Bo Holmstedt (1918 2001) was a prominent toxicologist both nationally and internationally, well-known in the toxicology community for his outstanding research, engagement in education, contributions to toxicological organizations, and as a leading authority in toxicological evaluation. He became Sweden’s first professor of toxicology in 1964, and in 1974 he was elected to the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences. He held several international leading positions, the most prestigious being President of the International Union of Toxicology, IUTOX (1983 86). Sten Orrenius has been on the staff of the Karolinska Institutet in various positions since 1967 (Professor of Forensic Medicine, Professor of Toxicology, and Director of the [IMM]). He was also Dean of the medical school 1980 87, and member of the Karolinska Institutet Nobel Assembly 1971 2002. He holds honorary memberships in several international societies, and is also a member of the Royal

Toxicology becomes organized

Swedish Academy of Sciences. Sten Orrenius was president of SFT 1979 81. Torbjo¨rn Malmfors, Malmfors Consulting AB, received his PhD at Karolinska Institutet in 1965. Torbjo¨rn Malmfors has been instrumental in many international and national toxicological educational activities with a particular focus on risk assessment. A major educational initiative he started in 1985 is the Risk Assessment Summer School, a program of the IUTOX, with Torbjo¨rn Malmfors as the course director. Other successful educational initiatives include BTox, a toxicology education program in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and STox in Slovenia. Torbjo¨rn Malmfors has been active in various toxicological societies, for example, President of SFT (1983 86), Secretary General of the Federation of European Societies of Toxicology, and Treasurer of IUTOX. Anders Bergendorff, from the start of the master’s training program in toxicology at Karolinska Institutet in 1976 up to his retirement in 2003, served as the Director of Studies, and he has been the prominent person for this united and broad education in toxicology. Over the years Anders Bergendorff has successfully managed the program, and also introduced renewals and developments in order to maintain and improve the high quality. Anders Bergendorff was the secretary of SFT 1983 88. The contributions and commitment to the educational activities from all these initiators of the first toxicology program at KI have been exceedingly important for promoting the competence, knowledge, and development of toxicology in Sweden. In 1986 the Swedish Chemicals Agency was formed and in 1993 the Eurotox conference: “Use of mechanistic information in risk assessment” was held in Uppsala. Today the science of toxicology and ecotoxicology as well as health and environmental risk/safety assessments are natural parts of the Swedish society, for example, at universities, governmental and nongovernmental organizations, industries, etc. In 1999 and 2005 the Swedish Parliament adopted 16 national environmental quality objectives. The environmental quality objectives create a transparent and stable framework for environmental programs and initiatives, and serve to guide such efforts at various levels in society. “A nontoxic environment,” one of these objectives, aims to reduce health and environmental risks associated with the manufacture and use of chemical substances. The Swedish Chemicals Agency is the responsible agency for this objective.

Journals Arbete och Ha¨lsa ISSN: 0346-7821

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Web: http://www.medicine.gu.se/avdelningar/ samhallsmedicin_folkhalsa/amm/aoh (Swedish) Arbete och Ha¨lsa is a scientific report series previously published by the National Institute for Working Life. As this Institute was closed down in 2007, Arbete och Ha¨lsa was transferred to the Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine at Go¨teborg University. The series publishes scientific original works, dissertations, criteria documents, and literature surveys. Part of this scientific series contains the criteria documents of the Nordic Expert Group and the Criteria Group of the Swedish National Institute for Working Life. In Sweden there are no special journals in the field of toxicology. One of the reasons for not having journals strictly in Swedish is the fact that the Nordic (Scandinavian) countries cooperate in publishing journals, for example, Pharmacology and Toxicology (ISSN: 0901-9928) and Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health (ISSN: 0355-3140) (http://www. sjweh.fi/index.php).

Databases Several databases are provided, produced, or administrated by different Swedish regulatory agencies. The Swedish Chemicals Agency (KemI) provides databases with information on chemical substances, toxicology and risk assessment, as well as regulatory information about chemicals (Riskline, N-Class, SPIN etc.). The library of Karolinska Institutet provides many databases related to medicine and toxicology, some with Swedish origin, for example, SweMed. Information about the databases is found under each of the organizations providing databases.

Organizations (government) Ministries Each ministry is responsible for a number of central government agencies. It is these agencies that are responsible for the day-to-day operations of public administration. The Government establishes objectives, guidelines, and the allocation of resources for the agencies’ activities, but it does not decide how the agencies are to apply a law or interfere with decisions made in different matters. Only agencies with relevance on toxicology and environmental issues are included in this overview. Ministry of Agriculture (Jordbruksdepartementet) Postal address: SE-103 33 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Fredsgatan 8, Stockholm Phone: 46-8-405-10-00

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Web: http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/2064; jsessionid 5 a5ZxPZiopFVc (English) Web: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/1473 (Swedish)

Web: http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/8281; jsessionida 5 F8NValR9UW5 (English) Web: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/8270 (Swedish)

Agencies for which the Ministry of Agriculture, is principal:

Agencies for which the Ministry of Employment is principal:

The Swedish Board of Agriculture (Jordbruksverket) Swedish National Food Administration (Livsmedelsverket) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, SLU) National Veterinary Institute (Statens veterina¨rmedicinska anstalt, SVA)

National Institute for Working Life (Arbetslivsinstitutet) (The National Institute for Working Life was closed in 2007) Swedish Work Environment Authority (Arbet smiljo¨verket)

Ministry of Culture (Kulturdepartementet) Postal address: SE-103 33 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Drottninggatan 16, Stockholm Phone (switchboard): 46-8-405-10-00 Web: http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/8371 (English) Web: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/8339 (Swedish) Agency for which the Ministry of Culture is principal: The Swedish Museum of Natural History Ministry of Defense (Fo¨rsvarsdepartementet) Postal address: SE-103 33 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Jakobsgatan 9, Stockholm Phone (switchboard): 46-8-405-10-00 Web: http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/2060 (English) Web: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/495 (Swedish) Agencies for which the Ministry of Defense is principal: Swedish Defense Research Agency, FOI, (Totalfo¨rsvarets forskningsinstitut) Swedish Rescue Services Agency (Ra¨ddningsverket) Ministry of Education and Research (Utbildningsdepartementet) Postal address: SE-103 33 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Drottninggatan 16, Stockholm Phone (switchboard): 46-8-405-10-00 Web: http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/2063 (English) Web: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/1454 (Swedish) Agency for which the Ministry of Education and Research is principal: The Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsra˚det) Ministry of Employment (Arbetsmarknadsdeparte-mentet) Postal address: SE-103 33 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Jakobsgatan 26, Stockholm Phone: 46-8-405-10-00

Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications (Na¨ringsdepartementet) Postal address: SE-103 33 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Jakobsgatan 26, Stockholm Phone: 46-8-405-10-00 Web: http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/2067 (English) Web: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/1470 (Swedish) Agency for which the Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications is principal: VINNOVA, the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems (Verket fo¨r innovationssystem) Ministry of the Environment (Miljo¨departementet) Postal address: SE-103 33 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Tegelbacken 2, Stockholm Phone (switchboard): 46-8-405-10-00 Web: http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/2066; jsessionid 5 a24XKpf2tE65 (English) Web: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/1471 (Swedish) Agency for which the Ministry of Environment is principal: FORMAS, the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences, and Spatial Planning Swedish Chemicals Agency (Kemikalieinspektionen) The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Naturva˚rdsverket) The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (Stra˚lsa¨kerhetsmyndigheten, SSM) Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Utrikesdepartementet) Postal address: SE-103 39 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Gustav Adolfs torg 1, Stockholm Phone (switchboard): 46-8-405-10-00 Web: http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/2059; jsessionid 5 alkgbgNxoyo_ (English) Web: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/1475 (Swedish) Agency for which the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is principal: SWEDAC, the Swedish Board for Accreditation and Conformity Assessment

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Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (Social departementet) Postal address: SE-103 33 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Fredsgatan 8, Stockholm Phone (switchboard): 46-8-405-10-00 Web: http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/2061 (English) Web: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/1474 (Swedish)

Web: http://www.formas.se/default____182.aspx (Swedish)

Agencies for which the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs is principal:

Medical Products Agency, MPA (La¨kemedelsverket) Postal address: Medical Products Agency, P.O. Box 26, SE-751 03 Uppsala, Sweden Address: Uppsala Science Park, Dag Hammarskjo¨lds va¨g 42, Uppsala Phone: 46-18-17-46-00 Web: http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/Tpl/ StartPage____395.aspx (English) Web: http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/Tpl/ StartPage____3.aspx (Swedish)

Medical Products Agency (MPA) (La¨kemedelsverket) National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW) (Socialstyrelsen) Swedish National Institute of Public Health (SNIPH) (Statens Folka¨lsoinstitut) Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (Forskningsra˚det fo¨r arbetsliv och socialvetenskap, FAS) Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality (Integrations—och ja¨msta¨lldhetsdepartementet) Postal address: SE-103 33 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Fredsgatan 8, Stockholm Phone (switchboard): 46-8-405-10-00 Web: http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/8366 (English) Web: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/8324 (Swedish) Agency for which the Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality is principal: The Swedish Consumer Agency (Konsumentverket) Ministry of Justice (Justitiedepartementet) Postal address: SE-103 33 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Rosenbad 4, Stockholm Phone (switchboard): 46-8-405-10-00 Web: http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/584 (English) Web: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/1476 (Swedish) Agency for which the Ministry of Justice is principal: The Swedish Gene Technology Advisory Board (Genteknikna¨mnden) Governmental agencies FORMAS, Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences, and Spatial Planning (Forskningsra˚det fo¨r miljo¨, areella na¨ringar och samha¨llsbyggande) Postal address: P.O. Box 1206, SE-111 82 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Kungsbron 21, Stockholm Phone: 46-8-775-40-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.formas.se/default____529.asp (English)

FORMAS is a governmental research-funding agency related to several ministries, which supports and disseminates information on research within its areas of responsibility. The Council promotes growth within the framework of an ecologically sustainable development.

The Medical Products Agency is responsible for regulation and surveillance of the development, manufacturing, and sale of drugs and other medicinal products. The control and supervision of the Agency concerns three main product areas: medicinal products, cosmetic and hygiene products, and medical technical products. Its operations are largely financed through fees. National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW) (Socialstyrelsen) Postal address: Socialstyrelsen, SE-106 30 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Ra˚lambsva¨gen 3, Stockholm Phone: 46-8-555-530-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/en/ (English) Web: http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/ (Swedish) The National Board of Health and Welfare is a government agency under the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, with a very wide range of activities and many different duties within the fields of social services, health and medical services, environmental health, communicable disease prevention and control, and epidemiology. National Food Administration (Livsmedelsverket) Postal address: The National Food Administration, P. O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden Address: Hamnesplanaden 5, Uppsala Phone: 46-18-17-55-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.slv.se/default.aspx? id 5 231&epslanguage 5 EN-GB (English) Web: http://www.slv.se/ (Swedish) The National Food Administration (NFA) is the central administrative authority for matters concerning

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food, including drinking water. The NFA has the task of protecting the interests of the consumer by working for safe food of good quality, fair practices in the food trade, and healthy eating habits. The NFA’s work is to a large extent based on international cooperation, especially within the EU. National Institute for Working Life (Arbetslivsin-stitutet) As of July 1, 2007, the National Institute for Working Life was closed down permanently. Web: http://www.arbetslivsinstitutet.se/en/ (English) Web: http://www.arbetslivsinstitutet.se/ (Swedish) Library of the National Institute For Working Life: The book collections were moved to the Stockholm University Library (www.sub.su.se). Publication services: Many of the Institutes publications are available by new owners, see (http://www.arbetslivsinstitutet. se/en/publications.asp). Database developed by the National Institute for Working Life: Arbline Arbline is a bibliographic database in the field of occupational environment, and is available online at Karolinska Institutet University Library, and at the Stockholm University. National Veterinary Institute (Statens Veterina¨rmedicinska Anstalt, SVA) Postal address: National Veterinary Institute, SVA, SE751 89 Uppsala, Sweden Address: Ulls va¨g 2B, Uppsala Phone: 46-18-67-40-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.sva.se/en/Startpage/ (English) Web: http://www.sva.se/ (Swedish) The National Veterinary Institute (SVA) is a Swedish national authority that strives for good animal and human health, a good environment, and sustainable food production. The most important role of SVA is to align the activities towards contagious and other serious infectious diseases of animals that imply a threat to supplies of animal foodstuffs, that lead to losses for the production of animals, that concern pets, or involve diseases that can be transferred to humans, that is, zoonoses. SWEDAC, the Swedish Board for Accreditation and Conformity Assessment (Styrelsen fo¨r ackreditering och teknisk kontroll) Postal address: Head office: P.O. Box 878, 501 15 Bora˚s, Sweden Stockholm office: P.O. Box 2231, 103 15 Stockholm, Sweden

¨ sterla˚nggatan 5, Bora˚s Address: Head office: O Stockholm office: Slussplan 9, Stockholm Phone: Bora˚s: 46-33-17-77-00 Stockholm: 46-8-406-83-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.swedac.se/sdd/System.nsf/ (GUIview)/index_eng.html (English) Web: http://www.swedac.se/sdd/System.nsf/ (GUIview)/index.html (Swedish) SWEDAC is a public authority under the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. SWEDAC is the national accreditation body, assessing the competence of laboratories, certification and inspection bodies. SWEDAC is also the public authority responsible for regulations and surveillance in the field of legal metrology. The Swedish Board of Agriculture (Jordbruksverket) Address: Jordbruksverket, SE-551 82 Jo¨nko¨ping, Sweden Phone: 46-36-15-50-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.sjv.se/ home.4.7502f61001ea08a0c7fff125607.html (English) Web: http://www.sjv.se/2.7502f61001ea08a0c7fff3. html (Swedish) The Swedish Board of Agriculture is the Government’s expert authority in the field of agricultural and food policy, and the authority responsible for the sector’s agriculture, horticulture, and reindeer husbandry. Its responsibility includes monitoring, analyzing, and reporting to the Government on developments in these areas, and implementing policy decisions within its designated field of activities. The Board is also responsible for the assessment of animal research, in terms of ethics, and the allocation of research assistance to alternative research methods (transferred from the former Swedish Animal Welfare Agency (Djurskyddsmyndigheten) that was in operation 2004 07). Swedish Chemicals Agency (Kemikalieinspektionen, KemI) Postal address: Swedish Chemicals Agency, P.O. Box 2, SE-172 13 Sundbyberg, Sweden Address: Esplanaden 3A, Sundbyberg Phone (switchboard): 46-8-519-41-100 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.kemi.se/default____550.aspx (English) Web: http://www.kemi.se/ (Swedish) The Swedish Chemicals Agency (KemI) is a supervisory authority under the Ministry of the Environment. KemI works to prevent damage to people and the environment caused by chemical and biotechnological products. The vision is for future generations to be

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able to live healthily in a good environment in a sustainable society. KemI works in Sweden and in the EU to promote legislation and rules that contribute to achieving the environmental quality objective of “A nontoxic environment.” The Swedish Chemicals Agency (KemI) keeps a product register; maintains a number of databases; approves pesticides; assesses the risk of chemicals; checks companies’ compliance with applicable regulations; provides support to local authorities; provides support to other countries; issues reports, publications and a journal; arranges seminars; and provides statistical information on chemicals. Selected databases provided by KemI: N-Class—Database on Environmental Hazard Classification Web: http://apps.kemi.se/nclass/ default.asp The N-Class Database contains information on the classifications of more than 7000 substances. The data primarily concern environmental effects constituting the basis for classifications and classification proposals. Classifications of fire and health hazards are also included. PRIO—A web-based tool for risk reduction of chemicals Web: http://www.kemi.se/templates/ PRIOEngframes____4144.aspx A web-based tool intended to be used to preventively reduce risks to human health and the environment from chemicals. Riskline—A bibliographic toxicology database Web: http://apps.kemi.se/riskline/index.htm Riskline contains over 7000 bibliographical references to peer-reviewed information on approximately 3000 chemical substances. It is the only existing bibliographic database containing solely peer-reviewed/ expert group international information in a complete series. Riskline contains information on both environmental effects/ecotoxicology and health effects/ toxicology. Riskline is available online at http://www.kemi.se/ default____550.aspx, and as a subfile of the US TOXLINE at the National Library of Medicine (NLM), Washington, DC, USA (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ index.html).

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products registers. SPIN also contains data on amounts of substances and in what products and sectors the substances are used. The Swedish Consumer Agency (Konsumentverket) Postal address: P.O. Box 48, SE-651 02 Karlstad, Sweden Address: Lagergrens gata 8, Karlstad Phone: 46-54-19-41-50 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.konsumentverket.se/mallar/en/ startsidan.asp?lngCategoryId 5 646 (English) Web: http://www.konsumentverket.se/ (Swedish) The Swedish Consumer Agency is assigned by the government to protect the health and safety of consumers. Means to this end are the analysis of injury data, participation in European and international standardization, market control, and information to consumers. The Agency provides advice on consumer products and carries out tests on the functionality and safety of products, including chemical products such as shampoo, detergents, and toys. Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (Forskningsra˚det fo¨r arbetsliv och socialvetenskap, FAS) Postal address: P.O. Box 2220, SE-103 15 Stockholm, Sweden Visiting address: Wallingatan 2, Stockholm Phone: 46-8-775-40-70 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.fas.forskning.se/default____206. aspx (English) Web: http://www.fas.forskning.se/default____3.aspx (Swedish) The Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research supports and initiates basic and needs-based research within the fields of the labor market, work organization, working environment, public health, health services, and social welfare. The Council was established in 2001 through a merger of the Swedish Council for Social Research and the Swedish Council for Work Life Research.

SPIN (Substances in Preparations in Nordic Countries) database Web: http://195.215.251.229/DotNetNuke/default. aspx

Swedish Defense Research Agency, FOI (Totalfo¨rsvarets forskningsinstitut) Postal address: FOI, SE-164 90 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Gullfossgatan 6, Kista Phone: 46-8-555-030-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.foi.se/FOI/templates/ startpage____96.aspx (English) Web: http://www.foi.se/FOI/templates/ startpage____4.aspx (Swedish)

The SPIN database contains information on products on the market reported to each of the Nordic

The Swedish Defense Research Agency works with research, methods, and technological development and

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other studies for the national defense system. FOI was established in 2001 by the merger of the past authorities FOA (Fo¨rsvarets Forskningsanstalt) and FFA (Flygtekniska Fo¨rso¨ksanstalten). FOI provides expertise in many areas, for example, assessment of different types of threats, and protection against and management of hazardous substances. FOI conducts research operations in the Stockholm area, Linko¨ping and Umea˚. The FOI head office is situated in Kista, Stockholm. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Naturva˚rdsverket) Postal address: SE-106 48 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Valhallava¨gen 195, Stockholm Phone: 46-8-698-10-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.naturvardsverket.se/en/InEnglish/Menu (English) Web: http://www.naturvardsverket.se/sv/ (Swedish) The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Swedish EPA), created in 1967, is the national agency for environmental protection and nature conservation as well as outdoor recreation and hunting issues. Its key tasks are to present proposals for environmental policy and legislation to the Swedish Government and ensure that environmental policy decisions are implemented. The Agency complies with the ISO 14001 environmental management standard and EMAS for both direct and indirect environmental impact. The library catalogue ELIN is the Web Catalogue of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The database contains more than 45,000 references to both Swedish and international literature on environmental protection and conservation. The Swedish Gene Technology Advisory Board (Genteknikna¨mnden) Address: Genteknikna¨mnden, Retzius va¨g 13 A, SE171 77 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: 46-8-508-846-30 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.genteknik.se/Bazment/30.aspx (English) Web: http://www.genteknik.se/Bazment/1.aspx (Swedish) The Gene Technology Advisory Board, established in 1994, has an overall responsibility in the field of gene technology. The Board aims to monitor developments in the field of gene technology, oversee ethical issues, and give advice on use of gene technology. According to its instructions the Board is to promote an ethically defensible and safe use of gene technology by the provision of advice, so that the health of people and animals is safeguarded.

GMO Regulations in Sweden (Genva¨gen) Website of the authorities responsible for the regulations of activities involving GMOs. Address: The Swedish Board of Agriculture, SE-551 82 Jo¨nko¨ping, Sweden Phone: 46-36-15-50-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.gmo.nu/ gmoenglish.4.778a5d1001f29869a7fff935.html (English) Web: http://www.gmo.nu/2.778a5d1001f29869a7fff2. html (Swedish) Swedish Museum of Natural History (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet) Postal address: The Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Frescativa¨gen 40, Stockholm Phone: 46-8-519-540-00 Web: http://www.nrm.se/ 2.5fdc727f10d795b1c6e80005635.html (English) Web: http://www.nrm.se/2.1286b10fdbe80efba80001. html (Swedish) The Swedish Museum of Natural History is an authority under the Ministry of Culture. The Museum is a major research institute that combines a venerable tradition with modern working methods. Department of Contaminant Research and The Environmental Specimen Bank (Enheten fo¨r Miljo¨giftsforskning och Miljo¨provbanken) Postal address: Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Contaminant Research P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Frescativa¨gen 40 (the museum’s main entrance), contact the Reception Web: http://www.nrm.se/researchandcollections/ contaminantresearch.4.5fdc727f10d795b1c6 e80005704.html (English) Web: http://www.nrm.se/forskningochsamlingar/ miljogiftsforskning.4.1b7895310364fc40ba80001077. html (Swedish) The Department of Contaminant Research is the division at the museum appointed by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency to monitor contaminants in the Swedish natural environment and their deleterious effects on the fauna. Swedish National Institute of Public Health, SNIPH (Statens Folkha¨lsoinstitut) ¨ stersund, Sweden Postal address: SE-831 40 O ¨ stersund Address: Forskarens va¨g 3, O Phone: 46-63-19-96-00

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Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.fhi.se/default____1417.aspx (English) Web: http://www.fhi.se/ (Swedish) The Swedish National Institute of Public Health follows up, evaluates, and disseminates knowledge about methods in the field of public health and exercises supervision in the areas of alcohol, illicit drugs, and tobacco. The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (Stra˚lsa¨kerhetsmyndigheten, SSM) Postal address: SSI, SE-171 16 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Solna strandva¨g 96, Solna Phone: 46-8-799-40-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.stralsakerhetsmyndigheten.se/InEnglish/About-the-Swedish-Radiation-SafetyAuthority1/ (English) Web: http://www.stralsakerhetsmyndigheten.se/ Allmanhet/ (Swedish) The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority is a managing authority under the Ministry of the Environment since July 1, 2008, with national collective responsibility within the areas of radiation protection and nuclear safety. The authority, took over the responsibility and tasks from the Swedish Radiation Protection Institute and the Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate when these ceased to exist on June 30, 2008, works towards protecting people and the environment from the harmful effects of radiation, now and in the future. The task of protecting covers both you as a private person and as a professional. Swedish Rescue Services Agency—SRSA (Ra¨ddningsverket) Postal address: Swedish Rescue Services Agency, SE65180 Karlstad, Sweden Address: Norra Klaragatan 18, Karlstad Phone: 46-54-13-50-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.srv.se/templates/ SRV_AreaPage____350.aspx (English) Web: http://www.srv.se/ (Swedish) The Swedish Rescue Services Agency (SRSA) is the central administrative authority for questions relating to rescue services and measures to prevent accidents and damage, both in Sweden and internationally. SRSA closed on December 31, 2008 and on January 1, 2009 a new authority, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (Myndigheten fo¨r samha¨llsskydd och beredskap,

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MSB) came into force to strengthen Sweden’s civil protection and emergency preparedness. The new authority will be responsible for unifying, coordinating, and supporting tasks prior to, during, and after emergencies. Web: http://www.sou.gov.se/msb/ (Swedish) The Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsra˚det) Address: Swedish Research Council, Regeringsgatan 56, SE-103 78 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: 46-8-546-44-000 Web: http://www.vr.se/2.69f66a93108e85f68d480000. html (English) Web: http://www.vr.se/ (Swedish) The Swedish Research Council is a government agency funding basic research of the highest scientific quality in all disciplines. The Council has a national responsibility to support and develop basic research and promote research innovation and research communication. The goal is for Sweden to be a leading nation in scientific research. Swedish Work Environment Authority, SWEA (Arbetsmiljo¨verket) Address: Ekelundsva¨gen 16, SE-171 84 Solna, Sweden Phone: 46-8-730-90-00 Web: http://www.av.se/inenglish/index.aspx (English) Web: http://www.av.se/ (Swedish) The Swedish Work Environment Authority is the administrative authority for questions relating to the working environment. It was formed in 2001, through the merger of the 10 districts of the Labor Inspectorate and the National Board of Occupational Safety and Health. The Authority’s principal objective is to reduce the risks of ill health and accidents in the workplace and to improve the work environment from the physical, mental, social, and organizational viewpoints. VINNOVA, Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems Postal address: VINNOVA, SE-101 58 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Ma¨ster Samuelsgatan 56, Stockholm Phone: 46-8-473-30-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.vinnova.se/In-English/ (English) Web: http://www.vinnova.se/ (Swedish) VINNOVA is a State authority that aims to promote growth and prosperity throughout Sweden. The particular area of responsibility comprises innovations linked to research and development. The tasks are to fund the needs-driven research required by a competitive business and industrial sector, and to strengthen the networks that are such a necessary part of this work.

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Organizations (nongovernment) Forskning.se Address: forskning.se, Vetenskapsra˚det (Swedish Research Council), 103 78 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: 46-546-44-000 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.forskning.se/webbspecifikasidor/ inenglish.4.303f5325112d733769280001889.html (English) Web: http://www.forskning.se/ (Swedish) Forskning.se is a nationwide website that provides information on research and research findings by: collecting and sorting data on research results; supplementing texts with comprehensible summaries; prioritizing clear, straightforward presentations; being committed to the scrutiny of current Swedish research; and giving precedence to cooperative activities. The International Chemical Secretariat (ChemSec) Postal address: P.O. Box 7005, SE-402 31 Go¨teborg, Sweden Address: Norra Alle´gatan 5, Go¨teborg Phone: 46-31-711-04-95 Web: http://www.chemsec.org/index.php (English) ChemSec is a nonprofit organization dedicated to work towards a toxin-free environment. In order to achieve this, the Secretariat promotes the implementation of precautionary perspectives into international chemicals policies and practices. IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL Svenska Miljo¨institutet AB) Postal address: PO Box 210 60, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Valhallava¨gen 81, Stockholm Phone: 46-8-598-563-00 Postal address: P.O. Box 5302, SE-400 14 Go¨teborg, Sweden Address: Aschebergsgatan 44, Go¨teborg Phone: 46-31-725-62-00 Web: http://www.ivl.se/en/ (English) Web: http://www.ivl.se/ (Swedish) IVL’s services to its customers and funding agencies include applied research, technological development, environmental monitoring, and assessments. An important role is to compile, evaluate, and communicate knowledge, which may be of benefit to Sweden and Swedish industry. IVL’s activities are divided into four main areas: sustainable production, achievement of environmental goals, environmental communication, and international activities.

MISTRA, The Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (Stiftelsen fo¨r miljo¨strategisk forskning) Address: Gamla Brogatan 36-38, SE- 111 20 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: 46-8-791-10-20 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.mistra.org/english (English) Web: http://www.mistra.org/ (Swedish) MISTRA supports strategic environmental research with a long-term perspective aiming to solve major environmental problems. The main part of MISTRA’s funding is focused on broad-based interdisciplinary programs. NewS, A new strategy for the risk assessment and management of chemicals Address (Program director): Sven Ove Hansson, Philosophy Unit, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Teknikringen 78, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: 46-8-790-95-64 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.infra.kth.se/fil/news/index.htm (English) NewS proposes a new strategy for coping with potential unwanted adverse effects to human health and to the environment from exposure to chemical substances. Science-based precaution is a key term in the new strategy, and so is simplified risk assessment. NewS consists of 11 research projects that aim at making the new strategy as operative as possible. Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers, Official cooperation in the Nordic region The Secretariats of the Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers are both based in Copenhagen. The Nordic Council Address: Store Strandstræde 18, DK-1255 Copenhagen K, Denmark Phone: 45-33-96-04-00 Email: [email protected] The Nordic Council of Ministers Address: Store Strandstræde 18, DK-1255 Copenhagen K, Denmark Phone: 45-33-96-02-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.norden.org/start/start.asp?lang 5 6 (English) Web: http://www.norden.org/start/start.asp?lang 5 1 (Swedish) Official Nordic cooperation is channeled through two organizations: the Nordic Council and the Nordic

Toxicology becomes organized

Council of Ministers. The Nordic Council was formed in 1952 and is the forum for Nordic parliamentary cooperation. The Nordic Council of Ministers, formed in 1971, is the forum for Nordic governmental cooperation. ReproSafe, Reproduction and Chemical Safety Address (Ulf Magnusson, Program Manager, Chair): The Center for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden Phone: 46-18-67-23-24 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www-cru.slu.se/ReproSafe.htm (English) Web: http://www-cru.slu.se/RSsvhem.htm (Swedish) The ReproSafe (Reproduction and Chemical Safety) program is a research program supported by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The ReproSafe program addresses the issue of a growing scientific and public concern that chemicals in the environment may impair human and wildlife reproduction. The program is built on a comparative approach aiming to increase the knowledge about mechanisms of action for chemically induced reproductive impairment and to develop new and sensitive methods for recording such impairment. A postgraduate school on reproductive toxicology is attached to the program and regularly seminars and stakeholder meetings are arranged. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) Address: Stockholm Environment Institute, Kra¨ftriket 2B, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: 46-8-674-70-70 Web: http://www.sei.se/index.php (English) The Stockholm Environment Institute is a nonprofit, independent research institute and think tank specializing in sustainable development and environmental issues. It works at multiple levels, global, national, regional and local, and accords particular attention to cross-scale problems and interactions. The Swedish Plastics and Chemicals Federation (Plast- & Kemifo¨retagen) Postal address: P.O. Box 55915, SE-102 16 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Storgatan 19, Stockholm Phone: 46-8-783-86-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.plastkemiforetagen.se/PoK_eng/ index.htm (English) Web: http://www.plastkemiforetagen.se/index.htm (Swedish) The Swedish Plastics and Chemicals Federation is the trade organization of the manufacturers and suppliers of chemicals and plastic products in Sweden.

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The goal of the Federation is to create good conditions for competitiveness, growth, and productivity. One of the most essential goals is that processes and products should fulfill high demands in respect of health, safety, and environment. The Swedish Plastics and Chemicals Federation is a member of the Confederation of Swedish Enterprise.

Universities Different education and/or training programs in toxicology, ecotoxicology, and health and environmental risk/safety assessment on various levels, that is, undergraduate, MSc, and PhD, are provided at several universities in Sweden. The IMM at Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm is the main center for education and training in toxicology and health risk assessment in Sweden, while Uppsala University offers Sweden’s most extensive education within ecotoxicology. Details of present courses and programs are found at each university. Go¨teborg University (Go¨teborgs Universitet) Postal address: P.O. Box 100, SE-405 30 Go¨teborg, Sweden Address: Vasaparken, Go¨teborg Phone: 46-31-773-10-00 Web: http://www.gu.se/english/?languageId 5 0 (English) Web: http://www.gu.se/ (Swedish) The Faculty of Science (Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten) Web: http://www.science.gu.se/english/ (English) Web: http://www.science.gu.se/ (Swedish) The Faculty of Science includes all the major subject areas in the fields of mathematics and natural sciences. The Faculty of Science offers national degree programs and courses, as well as International Master’s Programs. Master’s program in Ecotoxicology Web: http://www.science.gu.se/english/education/ master/ecotoxikology/ (English) Web: http://www.science.gu.se/utbildning/ masterprogram/program/ (Swedish) The Sahlgrenska Academy (Sahlgrenska akademin) Web: http://www.sahlgrenska.gu.se/english/? languageId 5 100001&disableRedirect 5 true (English) Web: http://www.sahlgrenska.gu.se/ (Swedish) The Sahlgrenska Academy is the faculty of health sciences at Go¨teborg University. Education and research are conducted within the fields of pharmacy, medicine, odontology, and health care sciences.

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Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (Avdelningen fo¨r samha¨llsmedicin och folkha¨lsa) Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (Arbets- och miljo¨medicin) Web: http://www.medicine.gu.se/english/Dept. _of_public_health/ http://www2.sahlgrenska.gu.se/invmed/yrkesmed/ eng/index.jsp (English) Web: http://www.medicine.gu.se/avdelningar/ samhallsmedicin_folkhalsa/ http://www.medicine.gu.se/avdelningar/ samhallsmedicin_folkhalsa/amm/ (Swedish) Research programs at the Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine focus on toxicology, airways and the environment, and worklife and health. Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SU) (Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset) Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (Arbets- och miljo¨medicin) Postal address: Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, P.O. Box 414, SE-405 30 Go¨teborg, Sweden Address: Medicinaregatan 16, Go¨teborg Phone: 46-31-786-63-00 Web: http://www.amm.se/eng/index.html http://www.miljosamverkan.se/vgrtemplates/ Start____36671.aspx (English) Web: http://www.amm.se/ http://www.miljosamverkan.se/vgrtemplates/ Page____14291.aspx (Swedish) The Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine is a part of Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SU). The hospital provides the infrastructure necessary for teaching and research in cooperation with the Sahlgrenska Academy at Go¨teborg University. Karolinska Institutet Postal address: Karolinska Institutet, Registry Office, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Nobels va¨g 5, Solna Phone: 46-8-524-865-95 Email: [email protected] Web: http://ki.se/?l 5 en (English) Web: http://ki.se/?l 5 sv (Swedish) Karolinska Institutet is one of Europe’s largest medical universities. It is also Sweden’s largest center for medical training and research. The Institute of Environmental Medicine (Institutet fo¨r Miljo¨medicin, IMM) Postal address: P.O. Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden

Address: Nobels va¨g 13, Karolinska Institutet, Solna Web: http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp? d 5 1666&l 5 en (English) Web: http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d 5 1666&l 5 sv (Swedish) The IMM is an interdisciplinary research organization that carries out research, education, and investigations in the fields of environmental medicine, toxicology, epidemiology, and health protection. The Institute also provides assistance to public authorities and others through consulting and training personnel in the field of toxicology and environmental medicine. An important part of the work at IMM is to provide the governmental agencies with environmental health risk assessments as a basis for regulations and standard settings. Education and training in toxicology and risk assessment at IMM IMM offers graduate training programs for higher degrees in toxicology, environmental medicine, epidemiology, molecular toxicology, cell and molecular biology, and molecular genetics. Study program in Toxicology (Toxikologutbildningen Master program 120 hp) Web: http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp? d 5 9340&a 5 7374&l 5 sv (Swedish) The 2-year toxicology program at IMM, Karolinska Institutet started in 1976, at that time the first toxicology educational program in Europe. This study program in toxicology is the only cohesive education program in Sweden with the emphasis on toxicology and health risk assessment. The program is directed to either research or a professional career, and aims to educate in basic and applied toxicological research, toxicological investigations and testing, and regulatory toxicology and health risk assessment. The program is designed to provide a scientific knowledge base in toxicology and health risk assessment to meet the needs from universities, industry, and governmental agencies for qualified toxicological expertise. On successful completion of the program students have been awarded a Master of Medical Science in Toxicology (“Magister”). The curriculum for the study program in toxicology was changed in 2008 to a 2-year Master’s Program in Toxicology (120 ECTS credits) with the exam entitled Degree of Master of Medical Science with a major in Toxicology. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (Institutionen fo¨r biovetenskaper och na¨ringsla¨ra) Web: http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d 5 229&l 5 en (English) Web: http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d 5 229&l 5 sv (Swedish)

Toxicology becomes organized

The department performs research and education in areas of medical science. These include signal transduction and gene regulation, structural biology and bioorganic chemistry, human genetics and functional genomics, cellular virology, and environmental toxicology. Department of Public Health Science Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (Arbets- och miljo¨medicin) Web: http://ki.se/occupmed http://www.phs.ki.se/research/research_groups_en. html http://www.folkhalsoguiden.se/AvdEnhet.aspx? id 5 1228 (English) Web: http://www.folkhalsoguiden.se/AvdEnhet. aspx?id 5 352 (Swedish) The Division of Occupational Medicine is associated to the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Stockholm County Council. Karolinska Institutet University Library—National Resource Library of Medicine (Karolinska Institutet Universitetsbiblioteket) Web: http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d 5 167&l 5 en http://ki.se/lib (English) Web: http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d 5 167&l 5 sv (Swedish) Karolinska Institutet University Library is a public library, and also a national resource library for medicine, including dental science, nursing science, and health care. The library provides an extensive collection of electronic journals, books, databases, and links. The database SveMed is produced and available at KI University library. SveMed is a bibliographic database containing references to medical journal articles and reports from the Nordic countries, and also to medical dissertations from Swedish and Norwegian universities. Linko¨ping University (Linko¨pings Universitet) Address to all units but the Faculty of Health Sciences: Linko¨pings universitet, SE-581 83 Linko¨ping, Sweden Phone: 46-13-28-10-00 Email: [email protected] Faculty of Health Sciences, Ha¨lsouniversitetet, Universitetssjukhuset, SE-581 85 Linko¨ping, Sweden Phone: 46-13-22-20-00 Norrko¨ping Address for all units: Linko¨pings universitet, Campus Norrko¨ping, SE-601 74 Norrko¨ping, Sweden Phone (switchboard): 46-11-36-30-00 Web: http://www.liu.se/en/ (English) Web: http://www.liu.se/ (Swedish)

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Linko¨ping University is organized in four faculties: Institute of Technology Faculty of Arts and Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences Educational Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences (Ha¨lsouniversitetet) Web: http://www.hu.liu.se/?l 5 en (English) Web: http://www.hu.liu.se/?l 5 sv (Swedish) Lund University (Lunds Universitet) Postal address: P.O. Box 117, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Phone: 46-46-222-00-00 Web: http://www.lu.se/lund-university (English) Web: http://www.lu.se/ (Swedish) International Office: Address: Sandgatan 3, Lund Phone: 46-46-222-34-59 Email: [email protected] Lund University Libraries Postal address: P.O. Box 134, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Phone: 46-46-222-00-00 Faculty of Science (Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten) Web: http://www.naturvetenskap.lu.se/o.o.i.s/2387 (English) Web: http://www.naturvetenskap.lu.se/o.o.i.s/1743 (Swedish) Department of Ecology (Ekologiska institutionen) Web: http://www.kem.ekol.lu.se/chemecol.html (English) Web: http://www.ekol.lu.se/ (Swedish) The section has both a basic ecology education and a PhD education program. Faculty of Medicine (Medicinska fakulteten) Web: http://www.med.lu.se/english/ (English) Web: http://www.med.lu.se/ (Swedish) Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (Arbets och miljo¨medicin) Web: http://www.med.lu.se/labmedlund/amm (Swedish) The Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine includes one clinical unit at the University Hospital in Lund and a unit (Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine within the Department of Laboratory Medicine/Lund) in the Medical Faculty at Lund University. The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm (Kungliga Tekniska Ho¨gskolan) Postal address: Kungl Tekniska Ho¨gskolan, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Valhallava¨gen 79, Stockholm

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Phone: 46-8-790-60-00 Web: http://www.kth.se/?len_UK (English) Web: http://www.kth.se/?lsv_SE (Swedish) Stockholm University (Stockholms Universitet) Postal address: Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Universitetsva¨gen 10A, Stockholm Phone: 1 46-8-16-20-00 Web: http://www.su.se/english/ (English) Web: http://www.su.se/ (Swedish) Stockholm University is the region’s center for higher education and research in the humanities, law, sciences, and social sciences. Department of Applied Environmental Science, ITM (Institutionen fo¨r Tilla¨mpad Miljo¨vetenskap) Web: http://www.itm.su.se/ (English) The Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM) is multidisciplinary in its research and teaching, with a focus on society’s impact on natural systems and processes. ITM also provides external expert support to Swedish environmental authorities. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (Institutionen fo¨r Biokemi och Biofysik) Web: http://www.dbb.su.se/index.html (English) Web: http://www.dbb.su.se/index_sv.html (Swedish) Department of Environmental Chemistry (Institutionen fo¨r Miljo¨kemi) Web: http://www.miljokemi.su.se/?lang 5 eng (English) Web: http://www.miljokemi.su.se/?lang 5 sv (Swedish) The Department of Environmental Chemistry is active in research and education within the field of environmental chemistry. The work is mainly directed toward organic chemicals and their fate in biological systems. The department is active in information dissemination to the society in general. Master’s program in environmental chemistry (Mastersprogram i miljo¨kemi) A new international Master’s program in environmental chemistry, Swedish School of Environmental Chemistry, started autumn 2006. Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology (Institutionen fo¨r Genetik, Mikrobiologi och Toxikologi) Web: http://www.gmt.su.se/pub/jsp/polopoly.jsp? d 5 2397 (English) Web: http://www.gmt.su.se/pub/jsp/polopoly.jsp? d 5 2396 (Swedish)

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet) Address: SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7070, SE-750 07 UPPSALA, Sweden Phone: 46-18-67-10-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.slu.se/?id 5 580 (English) Web: http://www.slu.se/?id 5 1 (Swedish) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences is a university with the defined role to take responsibility for the development of learning and expertise in areas concerning biological resources and biological production. This responsibility stretches over the fields of agriculture, forestry, and food industry to environmental questions, veterinary medicine, and biotechnology. The main campuses are located at Alnarp, Skara, Ultuna (Uppsala), and Umea˚. Research and teaching activities are carried out throughout the country. Umea˚ University (Umea˚ Universitet) Postal address: SE-901 87 Umea˚, Sweden Address: University Campus, Umea˚ Phone: 46-90-786-50-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.umu.se/english (English) Web: http://www.umu.se/ (Swedish) Faculty of Medicine Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (Yrkes och Miljo¨medicin) Web: http://www.umu.se/phmed/envmed/ index_eng.html (English) Web: http://www.umu.se/phmed/envmed/index. html (Swedish) Research in occupational medicine is driven in close collaboration with Arbets- och beteendemedicinskt centrum, the Center for Work and Behavioral Medicine at Norrlands University Hospital and the National Institute for Working Life. The unit also has close collaboration within the northern region of Sweden with, amongst others, the Occupational and Environmental Medicine at Sundsvall Hospital and Mid Sweden University in Sundsvall. Uppsala University (Uppsala Universitet) Postal address: Uppsala University, P.O. Box 256, SE751 05 Uppsala, Sweden Phone: 46-18-471-00-00 Web: http://www.uu.se/en/ (English) Web: http://www.uu.se/ (Swedish)

Toxicology becomes organized

Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences (Institutionen fo¨r farmaceutisk biovetenskap) Web: http://www.farmbio.uu.se/research.php (English) Web: http://www.uu.se/Adresser/FF1.html (Swedish) Division of Toxicology Web: http://www.farmbio.uu.se/research.php? avd 5 3 (English) Web: http://www.farmbio.uu.se/avdelningar.php? avd 5 3 (Swedish) The Division of Toxicology provides several courses in toxicology. Evolutionary Biology Center—EBC (Evolutionsbiologiskt centrum) Web: http://www.ebc.uu.se/index_eng.php (English) Web: http://www.ebc.uu.se/ (Swedish) EBC answers for most of Uppsala University’s research and education in biology. Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology (Institutionen fo¨r fysiologi och utvecklingsbiologi) Web: http://www.fu.uu.se/ (English) The Department performs research and education in comparative immunology, developmental biology, environmental toxicology, epigenetics, evolutionary organism biology, and neurophysiology. Department of Environmental Toxicology Web: http://www.fu.uu.se/etox/ (English) The research at the Department of Environmental Toxicology is largely focused on developmental effects of contaminants in various animal classes and enzymecatalyzed activation of compounds in target cells and tissues. A particular interest is in toxic events that target the hormone system, the reproductive system, and early brain development in vertebrates. Educational programs in ecotoxicology, biology (Utbildning) Web: http://www.ibg.uu.se/en/eng_ecotoxicology/ index.html (English) Web: http://www.ibg.uu.se/se/ET1/index.html (Swedish) Web: http://www.ibg.uu.se/en/master/biology/ index.html (English) Web: http://www.ibg.uu.se/se/program/biologi/ index.html (Swedish) Uppsala University offers Sweden’s most extensive education within ecotoxicology. The course package in ecotoxicology was first given in 1980 and is the only comprehensive education program in ecotoxicology in Sweden. Ecotoxicology is included as specialization in the Master of Science Program in Biology.

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Professional societies Swedish Society of Toxicology (Svensk Fo¨rening fo¨r Toxikologi, SFT) Address: SFT, c/o Plast- & Kemifo¨retagen, P.O. Box 55915, SE-102 16 Stockholm, Sweden Phone (SFT secretary): 46-8-783-81-47 Email (SFT secretary): lisa.ekstig@plastkemiforetagen. se Web: http://www.imm.ki.se/sft (Swedish mainly) The Swedish Society of Toxicology is an association for individuals with a profession in toxicology, risk assessment, or related areas; students in the field of toxicology; others with a keen interest in toxicology. The overall purpose for the Swedish Society of Toxicology is to promote the development of new knowledge within the field of toxicology; work for the spreading of toxicology knowledge and information; work for an increased and scientifically based practical application of toxicological knowledge in society. The aim of SFT is to promote the development of toxicology in Sweden and work for toxicological education and research through the arrangement of public meetings and scientific seminars and discussions. The society works for the exchange of information between members and between members and representatives of other scientific disciplines and other parts of the society as well as aim at cooperation between other closely related organizations nationally and internationally. The Swedish Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences (SAPS) (La¨kemedelsakademin, Apotekarsocieteten) Postal address: P.O. Box 1136, SE-111 81 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Wallingatan 26 A, Stockholm Phone: 46-8-723-50-00 Email (La¨kemedelsakademin): [email protected] Email (Apotekarsocieteten): [email protected] “La¨kemedelsakademin” Web: http://www.lakemedelsakademin.se/templates/ LMAstandard.aspx?id 5 607 (English) Web: http://www.lakemedelsakademin.se/ (Swedish) “Apotekarsocieteten” Web: http://www.swepharm.se/templates/ SPstandard.aspx?id 5 759 (English) Web: http://www.swepharm.se/ (Swedish) The Swedish Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a nonprofit organization for people engaged in the field of medicinal drugs. The aim of the organization is to further developments in pharmaceutical research

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and to promote high, professional standards. The organization is a national provider of continuing education and postgraduate courses. Regional activities, in collaboration with the various divisions, are run in more than 40 locations throughout the country. The activities encompass a broad spectrum of subjects from generally oriented topics to more specific scientific-oriented ones. The Academy cooperates on a number of courses with universities and other providers of education inside and outside of Sweden. Also, a number of international symposia and workshops are held under the sponsorship of SAPS. Toxicological Council (Toxikologiska Ra˚det) Address: The Toxicological Council, Swedish Chemicals Agency, P.O. Box 2, SE-172 13 Sundbyberg, Sweden Phone: 46-8-519-41-100 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.kemi.se/templates/Page____2988. aspx (English) Web: http://www.kemi.se/templates/Page____2832. aspx (Swedish) The Toxicological Council is an expert body, managed by the Swedish Chemicals Agency (KemI), providing scientific advice and consultation on toxicological issues to government agencies within the environmental sector. The Toxicological Council promotes a high scientific level in risk analyses carried out by the agencies and provides guidance on criteria and principles for scientific interpretation. The Council strives for a cocoordinated and uniform design of risk analyses between agencies. Working methods vary from in-house meetings to seminars on topical toxicological issues and discussions on assessments and interpretations of toxicological data.

Poison control centers Swedish Poison Information Center (Giftinformationscentralen) The Swedish Poisons Information Center is located to the Karolinska University Hospital, Solna Phone: 46-8-33-12-31 Web: http://www.giftinformation.se/intro.asp? CategoryID 5 6414 (English) Web: http://www.giftinformation.se/ (Swedish) The Swedish Poisons Information Center is an autonomic unit of the National Corporation of Swedish Pharmacies. The main responsibility for the Swedish Poisons Information Center is to answer questions and give advice to the general public, physicians, and other healthcare personnel in cases of acute poisonings. The service is available on a 24-hour basis, every day of the year. If needed, enquiries can be conducted in English.

The staff includes physicians, pharmacists, and administrative personnel. An internal education and training period of 3 6 months is required before the pharmacists are allowed to answer telephone calls on their own. The physicians, who are specialized in anesthesiology, intensive care, and clinical toxicology, have the ultimate medical responsibility for the information provided. They also work within the ICU on a regular basis.

Miscellaneous resources Stockholm Center for Public Health (Centrum fo¨r folkha¨lsa), Stockholm County Council Postal address: Stockholm Center for Public Health (Centrum fo¨r folkha¨lsa), PO Box 17533, SE-118 91 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Va¨stgo¨tagatan 2, Stockholm Phone: 46-8-737-35-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.folkhalsoguiden.se/AvdEnhet. aspx?id 5 1228 (English) Web: http://www.folkhalsoguiden.se/StartAvd.aspx? id 5 611 (Swedish) Stockholm Center for Public Health, within Stockholm County Council, has regional responsibility for work in the arena of Public Health. The principal tasks are to monitor and report on the health of the population in Stockholm, and to develop and support health-promoting and preventive work. Stockholm Center for Public Health is closely linked to Karolinska Institutet, and also works in close cooperation with other actors on Public Health issues.

Hospitals Karolinska University Hospital (Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset) Karolinska University Hospital, Solna Postal address: SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Karolinskava¨gen, Solna Phone: 46-8-517-700-00 Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge Postal address: SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden Address: Ha¨lsova¨gen, Flemingsberg Phone: 46-8-585-800-00 Web: http://www.karolinska.se/templates/ DivisionStart____53585.aspx?epslanguage 5 EN (English) Web: http://www.karolinska.se/default.aspx? epslanguage 5 SV (Swedish) Karolinska University Hospital is, besides being a hospital, also part of a medical school. Karolinska University Hospital works closely with several colleges and universities, mainly Karolinska Institutet, but also

Toxicology becomes organized

with So¨derto¨rns University College, Stockholm University, and the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Karolinska Institutet certifies researcher education and grants academic degrees (MD, PhD) in medicine. The Karolinska University Laboratory is one of the world’s largest and most complete clinical laboratories. Lund University Hospital (Universitetssjukhuset i Lund) Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (Arbets-och Miljo¨medicin) Postal address: University Hospital, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden Phone: 46-46-17-31-85 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.skane.se/templates/Page.aspx? id 5 109565 (Swedish) Occupational and Environmental Medicine includes one clinical unit (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine) at the University Hospital in Lund and a unit (Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine within the Department of Laboratory Medicine/Lund) in the Medical Faculty at Lund University. Malmo¨ University Hospital (Universitetssjukhuset MAS) Postal address: SE-205 02 Malmo¨, Sweden Phone: 46-40-33-10-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.skane.se/upload/Webbplatser/ UMAS/sprak_filer/engelska.pdf (English) Web: Web: http://www.skane.se/default.aspx? id 5 21002 (Swedish) Norrlands University Hospital (Norrlands universitetssjukhus [Nus]) Postal address: Norrlands universitetssjukhus, SE-901 85 Umea˚, Sweden Phone: 46-(0)90-785-00-00 Web: http://www.vll.se/default.aspx? id 5 25719&refid 5 1926 (English/Swedish) Occupational Medicine North A collaboration between the occupational and environmental clinics in Sundsvall and Umea˚. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine in Umea˚ The University Hospital of Northern Sweden, SE-901 85 Umea˚, Sweden. Phone: 46-(0)90-785-24-50 Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine in Sundsvall The Hospital in Sundsvall, SE-851 86 Sundsvall, Sweden Phone: 46-60-18-19-26 Sahlgrenska University Universitetssjukhuset)

Hospital

(SU)

(Sahlgrenska

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Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (Arbets- och miljo¨medicin) Postal address: Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital P.O. Box 414, SE-405 30 Go¨teborg, Sweden Address: Medicinaregatan 16A, Go¨teborg Phone: 46-31-786-63-00 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.amm.se/eng/ http://www.sahlgrenska.se/Sahlgrenskauniversitetssjukhuset/6/Medicin/Arbets--ochmiljomedicin/In-English/ http://www.sahlgrenska.se/VGRTemplates/SU_start. aspx?id 5 36671 http://www2.sahlgrenska.gu.se/invmed/yrkesmed/ eng/index.jsp (English) Web: http://www.amm.se/ http://www.sahlgrenska.se/vgrtemplates/Page.aspx? id 5 14291 (Swedish) The Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine is a part of Sahlgrenska University Hospital. The hospital provides an infrastructure necessary for teaching and research in cooperation with the Sahlgrenska Academy at Go¨teborg University. Uppsala University Hospital (Akademiska sjukhuset, Uppsala) Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala (Arbets och Miljo¨medicin, Uppsala) Address: Ullera˚kersva¨gen 38-40, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden Phone: 46-18-611-36-42/43 Web: http://www.ammuppsala.se/default.asp? language 5 2&headed 5 1 (English) Web: http://www.ammuppsala.se/default.asp? language 5 1&headed 5 1 (Swedish) The Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine includes one clinical unit at Akademiska Sjukhuset serving Uppsala, Dalecarlia, and Ga¨vleborg and one university unit at the Department of Medical Sciences at the Uppsala University. The activities are well integrated. O¨rebro University Hospital (Universitetssjukhuset O¨rebro) Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (Arbets- och miljo¨medicinska kliniken) ¨ rebro University Hospital, SE-701 85 Postal address: O ¨ Orebro, Sweden Address: F-house, level 2, entrance F1 via Gallerian Phone: 46-19-602-24-69 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.orebroll.se/uso/page_2834.aspx (English) Web: http://www.orebroll.se/uso/clinic1_2227.aspx (Swedish)

C H A P T E R

38 Switzerland Irene M. Baskerville-Abraham1, Todd Stedeford2 and Carole Hirn1 1

JT International SA, Geneva, Switzerland 2Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., United States

Introduction Switzerland is a small landlocked country in central Europe with a geographic area of approximately 15,940 square miles and a population of about 8 million. Switzerland is also known as Confoederatio Helvetica, hence the common abbreviation “CH.” The city of Bern is the capital of Switzerland. Switzerland’s iconic flag with a white cross on a red background has religious origins, with the cross representing the one that Jesus Christ was crucified on and the red background representing his blood. Despite being a small country, Switzerland is world renowned for many things including cheese, chocolate, and wine. For nontoxicologists, these may be viewed as leisure rewards, whereas for toxicologists, the first things that may come to mind are that cheese can contain tyramine, chocolate can contain theobromine, and wine can contain sulfites in addition to ethanol. All of which have the potential to cause adverse health effects. Though everyone has heard the adage about “too much of a good thing,” it may not be common knowledge that the individual credited with the toxicological origins of this concept (i.e., the dose makes the poison)1 was a Swiss physician-alchemist named Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim or “Paracelsus” (1493 1541).2 Paracelsus advanced many concepts, including the following:

1. “Experimentation is required for examining responses to chemicals. 2. A distinction should be made between the therapeutic and toxic properties of chemicals. 3. The therapeutic and toxic properties are closely related and distinguished by dose. 4. It is possible to ascertain a degree of specificity for chemicals and their therapeutic or toxic effects.”3 Nearly 500 years after Paracelsus’ death, these concepts are still foundational in toxicological research in Switzerland and around the world. For example, Switzerland is home to multiple global industries that employ toxicologists in the food, drug, and consumer goods sectors, as well as public health organizations, such as the World Health Organization. Not surprisingly, Switzerland is also credited with five of the best global universities for pharmacology and toxicology.4 The resources that follow are focused on specific societies, toxicological registries, and toxicological information sources available in Switzerland.

Societies Swiss Society of Pharmacology and Toxicology (SSPT) The SSPT is a scientific society that was founded in 1966 with the sole purpose of promoting and

1

In: Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology, The Basic Science of Poisons, Ninth Edition (Ed. Curtis D. Klaassen), McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division, 1331 pp., at p. xvii. 2

Paracelsus (2019) Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia, page last edited on 22 March 2019, available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelsus

3

Gupta, P.K. (2016) Chapter 1—Introduction and historical background. In: Fundamentals of Toxicology, Essential Concepts and Applications. Academic Press, 422 pp., at p. 5. 4

U.S. News & World Report (2019) Best global universities for pharmacology and toxicology in Switzerland, available at: https://www.usnews. com/education/best-global-universities/switzerland/pharmacology-toxicology

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00038-3

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Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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supporting all interests of pharmacology and toxicology in Switzerland. Website: https://naturalsciences.ch/organisations/sspt Swiss Society of Toxicology (SST) The SST is a subsociety within the SSPT that was founded in 2005. The SST’s purpose is to: (1) promote research and toxicological expertise in the protection of humans, animals, and the environment; (2) promote education and training in toxicology; (3) foster the exchange of experience and ideas; (4) provide representation on professional matters for toxicologists in Switzerland; and (5) collaborate globally with corresponding non-Swiss toxicology societies. Website: http://www.swisstox.ch/swisstox-en/ schweizerische-gesellschaft-fuer-toxikologie.php Swiss Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (SSCPT) The SSCPT is a member society of the SSPT. Its membership consists of clinical pharmacologists and toxicologists in Switzerland. The SSCPT’s aims include (1) fostering research related to the application of pharmaceuticals in humans with the prospect to improve the treatment of patients, (2) promoting the area of clinical pharmacology and toxicology with regard to education, (3) exchanging of information and practical application, (4) representing the interests of clinical pharmacologists and clinical toxicologists practicing in Switzerland, and (5) maintaining contacts with the corresponding societies abroad. Website: https://naturalsciences.ch/organisations/sscpt

Toxicological registries Swiss Register of Toxicology (SRT) The SRT is a registry of highly-qualified toxicologists, which also hold the designation as European Registered Toxicologists or ERTs. Prerequisites to admission to the SRT are: (1) at least three years of education in a scientific field at a recognized academic institution, and (2) proof of training or examination in an area of toxicology, or the successful completion of continuing education (CE) course modules, which include (1) Basic Principles in Toxicology, (2a) Laboratory Animal Sciences, (2b) Animal Experimentation in Toxicology, (3) Organ Toxicology and Pathology, (4) Xenobiotic Metabolism, (5a) Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, (5b) In Vitro Toxicology, (6) Chemical Mutagenesis, (7) Chemical Carcinogenesis, (8) Reproductive Toxicology, (9a) Clinical Toxicology, (9b) Dermatotoxicology and Immunotoxicology, (10a) Epidemiology and Toxicology, (10b) Toxicology of Residuals, (11) Risk Assessment, and (12) Ecotoxicology. Documentation of comprehensive knowledge acquired on the job is also an important part of the process. An executive board member of the SST serves as a Delegate to the SRT, and the SST President serves as an official member of the supervisory board of the SRT. Website: http://www.swisstox.ch/swisstox-en/ schweizerisches-berufsregister-fuer-toxikologie. php

Toxicological information sources

Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT) The Center was founded in 2009. The SCAHT’s purpose is to provide expert advice and services in regulatory toxicology for the Swiss administrative authorities, the media, the general public, and for third parties. The Regulatory Toxicology Group at SCAHT is responsible for delivering professional analyses. The Center supports research in applied human toxicology and facilitates the exchange of multidisciplinary information and data. SCAHT contributes to education and training in human toxicology and encourages the recruitment of students and new members into the profession. Website: https://www.scaht.org/en/

Tox Info Suisse Tox Info Suisse was initiated as a foundation in 1966 and is devoted to providing toxicological information, particularly on poison control. It provides everyone in Switzerland with 24-hour access to free medical advice on cases involving poisoning and poisoning risks. Website: https://toxinfo.ch/startseite_en

C H A P T E R

39 Taiwan Jung-Der Wang1, Tsun-Jen Cheng2 and Chen-Chang Yang3 1

National Cheng-Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan 2Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 3Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

Introduction Dr. Tsungming Tu, the first medical doctor and pharmacologist in Taiwan, began his studies on opiates, morphine, Chinese herbs, and snake venoms after he graduated from Kyoto Imperial University in 1922. His team has cultivated a lot of outstanding pharmacologists and toxicologists in the Graduate Institute of Pharmacology at the National Taiwan University College of Medicine (NTUCM). Among them, Drs. Chen-Yuan Lee, Chuan-Chiung Chang, Che-Ming Teng, and colleagues have conducted a series of studies on snake venoms and natural products, including the discovery of bungarotoxins, which won Dr. Lee the Redi Award in 1976. There was another team of researchers who conducted studies on toxicology at the Graduate Institute of Biochemistry of the NTUCM after World War II. Among them, Drs. Ta-Cheng Tung and Jung-Yaw Lin, Guo-Huang Lin, and Jen-Kun Lin were famous for studies of various phytotoxins and fungotoxins, including mimosine, abrin and ricin, territrem, and azo dyes. Most of these early studies focused more on laboratory works and helped the establishment of two graduate institutes of toxicology in Taiwan: one in the National Taiwan University College of Medicine (1990), with another in Chung-Shan Medical University (1996). Later on, the Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine was set up in the National Health Research Institutes in 1999, which also contributes to the education and training of young toxicologists. So far, there are about more than 300 professionals who have joined the Taiwan Society of Toxicology and conducted laboratory researches. In 1982 Dr. Jung-Der Wang established an occupational and environmental clinic at the National Taiwan

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00039-5

University Hospital, which began the recognition and documentation of diseases resulting from occupational and environmental hazards in factories. Later on, Dr. Jou-Fang Deng established the Taiwan National Poison Control Center (PCC-Taiwan) in 1985 under the auspices of the Department of Health, Taiwan and the Veterans General Hospital Taiwan, which provides 24hour free consultation for the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of poisonings, and interpretation of laboratory tests for 23 million inhabitants. His team has coordinated to establish a National Antidote Stocking System in 2001, which managed the distribution and stocking of seven antidotes of first priority: physostigmine, cyanide antidote (hydroxocobalamin), BAL (DMSA, DMPS), CaEDTA, methylene blue, botulism antitoxin, and the antivenom against Viper russeli formosensis. With cooperation among doctors from these two and other medical centers, they established the Board of Occupational Medicine approved by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan in 2002 and so far there have been about more than 370 board-certified occupational and environmental physicians responsible for seeing patients suffering from poisoning by occupational and environmental hazards and about 1759 board-certified emergency physicians seeing patients with acute poisoning.

Resources Books Bureau of Food and Drug Analysis (1996) Drug Abuse Compilation: Toxicity, Metabolism and Analysis Taipei: Bureau of Food and Drug Analysis

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This book serves as a formal reference for healthcare workers about toxicity and analytical methods of different drugs that are commonly abused by people. Chang I.C. (1994) Chemical Process Safety Management Taipei: Yang-Chih Book Co., Ltd.

This book sorts out the detailed map of pollution in Taiwan. The content in the chapters includes the introduction of poisonous matter, special topics on the pollution of toxicants, soil polluted by toxicants, and theory regarding an ounce of prevention being a pound of cure.

This book provides fundamental information for chemical process safety and management.

Cheng Y.C. (1991) Poisonous Plants Taipei: Du Chia Publishing

Chen C.M. (2013) Environmental Toxicology, 3rd edition Taipei: New Wun Ching Developmental Publishing Co., Ltd.

This book contains mainly pictures of poisonous plants in Taiwan. It is a good resource for people to check and identify such plants.

This book explains the theory of genetic factors, the reasons and effect of toxicity on reproduction, and how chemicals induce cancer through basic concepts of toxicology and pharmaco- and toxicokinetics. It also has individual chapters for crucial environmental toxicants. The third edition adds a new chapter for the management of environmental toxicity and risk. Chen J.M. (2007) Environmental Toxicology Taipei: Wun-Ching Publishing Group Chen J.S. (1994) Hazardous Substances Management Taipei: Shin-Wen-Jing Book Co., Ltd. Chen P.C. (2018) Read Your Daily Life Taipei: Common Health Magazine This book tells people how to recognize and prevent the toxicants in our daily life through real cases. It includes food safety, indoor toxicants, and air pollution. Chen T.C., Sheng T.J. (1992) Food Additives Taipei: Wen-Yuan Book Co., Ltd. This book is a comprehensive treatise on food additives, including dosage, usage, manufacture, storage, transport, stability, and toxicity. Chen Z.Y., Hsu P.M. (1993) Toxicological Chemistry Taipei: Da-Shing This book illustrates several toxicological aspects of generally used chemicals. Cheng F.Y. (2013) Kingdom of Poisonous Matter Taipei: Yi-Hsien Publishing Co., Ltd.

Cheng Y.W. et al. (2017) Deadly Dust: Asbestos-related diseases, a major occupational disease epidemic in the history of industrialization Taipei: Taiwan Occupational Safety and Health Link (Taiwan OSHLink) This book reviews the cases of asbestos-related diseases in Japan and Italy. The authors compare the reporting and compensation for asbestos-related diseases between Taiwan and other countries, and provide suggestion to improve the recognition of asbestosrelated diseases and the care of affected workers. Chou C.C., Chuang P.T. et al. (2013) Encyclopedia of food safety Taipei: easybooks This book introduces knowledge about food additives and environmental residues, including their categories, purposes, and hazards etc. It also provides principles to select food, and explains how to remove hazardous substance from food ingredients. Chou K.T. (2015) Ten Lessons of Risk in Taiwan: Food Safety Technology and Environment Taipei: Chuliu book company This book reviews 10 risk issues regarding food safety, environment, and technology in Taiwan in recent years. It also provides discussion about the pattern of risk which Taiwan is facing and proposes new strategies for management. Chuang S.H. (2011) The Poison Paradox. Chemicals as Friends and Foes Taipei: Business Weekly Publications This book explores chemical toxicity in different aspects from food additives, pesticides, and daily commodities to occupational disasters and terrorist attacks. The author explains how chemical products produce

Resources

toxicity and how different doses and situations can turn a curative medicine into a toxicant. The book shows that not all the artificial products are dangerous and natural products are not absolutely safe. Chueng J.Y. (1995) Essentials in the Protection of Public Health Taipei: Shu-Shing Publishing Co., Ltd. This book is a concise treatise on the protection of public health. Foundation for Poison Control (1999) The Principle of Treatment of Acute Poisoning (I) The Principle of Treatment of Acute Poisoning (II) Taipei: Foundation for Poison Control These two books are major handbooks for healthcare workers and people to have a quick access on the management information of most common poisons. Horng K.C., Yang M.T., Tseng C.M. (1994) Industrial Safety and Health/Management and Practice Taipei: Yang-Chih Book Co. Lee Y.J. (1995) Environmental Attitudes and Environmental Protection Behavior—Theory & Practice Taipei: Architectural Information Magazine Ltd. This book gives a detailed analysis on the environmental problems arising from the general population. The emphasis is focused on environmental behavior and policy, resident attitudes, and expert opinion.

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This book is a collection of 34 comprehensive papers dealing with the new developments in genetic engineering and cancer medicine. Lin J.L. (2003) (2004) (2006) Toxin in Life (1) Toxins in Life (2) Toxins in Life (3): Plain talking about detoxification Taipei: Hung-Shin Book Co. The above three books contain typical examples of poisonings and their management, which are written for lay people to obtain useful daily knowledge for toxins. Lin J.Y. (2003) Drug Crimination and Prevention Tao-Yuan: Central Police University Press The book is mainly used for police and safety professionals to have a more in-depth understanding on drug abuse and its prevention. It collects many cases and pictures that previously happened in Taiwan. Lin S.N. (1997) Drug Abuse and Prevention Taipei: Medtoday This book is written by a professor in psychiatry. It is suitable for healthcare workers and the public. Lin-Shiau S.Y. (1995) Modern Concepts in Biochemical Pharmacology Taipei: Lien-Jing Publishing Co. Miao S.L., Liu Y.C., Liu C.Y. (1995) Environmental Science Dictionary Taipei: Fishery Product Publishing Co. This dictionary provides general information on environmental sciences including management.

Lin J.K. (1994) Food and Cancer Taipei: Lien-Jing Publishing Co.

Shiau S.Y. (1993) Biochemical Pharmacology Taipei: Lien-Jing Publishing Co.

This book is written in Chinese and aimed at laypeople. A systematic discussion on the role of dietary factors in the etiology of human cancer.

This book is written in Chinese and describes the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of drug actions.

Lin J.K. (1995) Biochemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis and Anticarcinogenesis Taipei: Laboratory for Cancer Research, Institute of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei This book is a collection of original papers dealing with the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and anticarcinogenesis. Lin J.K. (1995) Genetic Engineering and Cancer Medicine Taipei: Lien-Jing Publishing Co.

Teng W.C. (1996) Biotechnology Taipei: Chiow-Chow Book Co. This book describes recent developments in biotechnology with special emphasis on medical products, food supplements, agricultural products, energy products, gasoline derivatives, and pollution control. Tsai F.G. (1993) Poisonous Plants Found Commonly in the Garden of Taipei City Taipei: Department of Information, Taipei City Government It contains many pictures of such plants.

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Wang J.D. (2002) Basic Principles and Practical Applications in Epidemiological Research Singapore: World Scientific

both experimental and theoretical reports of original research.

This book details the method of epidemiology and provides several cases of occupational and environmental diseases with different types of causal inference for the recognition of occupational and/or environmental causes.

Newsletter on Drug and Food (1970 ) Taipei: Food and Drug Bureau, Department of Health, Executive Yuan

Wang J.D., Chiang T.L. et al. (2015) Public Health, 5th edition Taipei: National Taiwan University Press This series provide knowledge in broad array of public health issues. The topics include environmental and occupational health, epidemiology, disease prevention, community health, health policy and management, and health care system. It is a good choice of textbook in the field of medicine, nursing, occupational and physical therapy, and public health. Yang C.C. (2003) Epidemiologic Data of Acute Pesticide Poisoning in Taiwan, 1985 2001 Taipei: Quarterly Publication of the Taiwan PCC The book summarizes different cases of pesticide poisoning that were collected by PCC (Poison Control Center), and provides real examples for control of pesticide poisoning. Yang C.C. (2014) Detoxification Taipei: Sun Color Culture Co., Ltd. This book analyzes 85 kinds of possible toxicants and toxic elements in household commodities. It offers tips to prevent contact with toxicants in life. Yang Y.N. (1996) The Story of Snake Venom Research in Taiwan Taipei: Tian-Shia Book Co., Ltd. The book is for the public to understand the history of snake venom research.

Journals

Journal of the Chinese Medical Association Taipei: Chinese Medical Association

This newsletter covers various aspects of drug and food inspection, namely, updated information on the development of drug and food analysis, side effects of drugs, toxic contaminants of foods, toxicological implication in drug metabolism, and new systems of drug and food control. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis (1992 ) Taipei: National Laboratories of Foods and Drugs, Department of Health, Executive Yuan This journal publishes papers dealing with drug and food analysis. Papers describing the toxicities of drugs are also included. Journal of Formosan Medical Association (1901 ) Taipei: Formosan Medical Association This journal publishes papers dealing with clinical medical sciences, but occasionally it also publishes papers relating to toxicology. The Journal of Health Sciences Taipei: Department of Technological and Vocational Education, Ministry of Education It publishes peer-reviewed articles on healthcarerelated sciences, including nursing, recreation and healthcare, medical technology, rehabilitation, public health and management, etc. Journal of Occupational Safety and Health (1992 ) Taipei: Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Council of Labor Affairs, Executive Yuan This journal publishes papers covering the research on occupational safety and health, sponsored by the Council of Labor Affairs.

Journal of Chinese Oncology Society (1984 ) Taipei: Chinese Oncology Society

Newsletter on Occupational Safety and Health (1993 ) Taipei: Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, Executive Yuan

This journal generally publishes papers dealing with cancer research, but sometimes it also publishes papers concerning toxicology.

This newsletter is a short communication for occupational health and safety. It usually covers the most up-to-date information on toxic substances.

Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society Taipei: The Chemical Society

Newsletter on Science & Technology of Environmental Protection (1983 ) Taipei: Committee for Environmental Sciences, National Science Council, Executive Yuan

It is published bimonthly by The Chemical Society located in Taipei. The scope of the Journal includes

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This newsletter reports the research and developments of the environmental sciences. Research papers dealing with environmental pollution and toxicant analysis are included. The NTUH Drug Bulletin (1979 ) Taipei: Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital This bulletin publishes abstracts selected from all kinds of medical journals and emphasizes the pharmacological and toxicological aspects of drugs. Taiwan Journal of Public Health (1983 ) Taipei: Taiwan Public Health Association This journal publishes peer-reviewed articles related to all aspects of public health, including: environment, health, epidemiology, community medicine, health policy and management, behavior sciences, industrial hygiene.

Reports Annual Report on Food and Drug Administration Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taipei https://www.fda.gov.tw/EN/index.aspx Annual Report of Centers for Disease Control Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taipei https://www.cdc.gov.tw/english/infectionreport. aspx?treeid 5 3847719104be0678&nowtreeid 5 73ce24f5d5c1fda4 Annual Report of Health Promotion Administration Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taipei https://www.hpa.gov.tw/EngPages/List.aspx? nodeid 5 1070 Annual Report of Air Quality and Water Quality Monitoring Environmental Protection Administration, Executive Yuan, Taipei https://wq.epa.gov.tw/Code/Report/ReportList. aspx?Languages 5 en Annual Report of Labor Safety and Health Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor, Executive Yuan, Taipei https://www.ilosh.gov.tw/1261/1270/annual-reportof-labor-safety-and-health-research/ Handbooks of Technology Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor, Executive Yuan, Taipei https://laws.ilosh.gov.tw/ioshcustom/Web/ TechPublications/Default

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Topic Report and Annual Report Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taipei https://ez2o.co/5kqVy https://www.tactri.gov.tw/Category/Items/%E5% B9%B4%E5%A0%B1 Annual Report Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taipei https://www.baphiq.gov.tw/view.php?catid 5 2962 Handbook of Toxic Substances National Poison Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital http://www.pcc-vghtpe.tw/tc/p8-collection.asp Annual Report Toxic and Chemical Substances Bureau, Environmental Protection Administration, Executive Yuan, Taipei https://www.tcsb.gov.tw/mp-2.html Technological Instruction Group, Prevention of Industrial Pollution, Department of Economics, Executive Yuan, Taipei The annual report publishes papers dealing with environmental protection, pollution prevention technology, control of toxic compound contaminants, new technology, and legislative information. Annual Research and Inspection Report Food and Drug Bureau, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taipei There are two kinds of papers published in this annual report: original research papers dealing with the methods of food and drug analysis and survey reports on the sanitary condition of foods and the active ingredients in the marketing of drug preparations. Yearbook on Environmental Protection (1983 ) Taipei: Bureau of Environmental Protection, Executive Yuan A general report on the progress, accomplishments, and ongoing projects of the Bureau of Environmental Protection during the previous fiscal year.

Organizations (government) Academia Sinica The most prominent research institutions in Taiwan. Web: https://www.sinica.edu.tw/en (English) Web: https://www.sinica.edu.tw/ch (Chinese) Address: Academia Sinica 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan

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Phone: 1886(2)2782-2120B9 Email: [email protected] Institute of Biomedical Sciences (IBMS) This is a branch of Academia Sinica. Established in 1981, IBMS has worked closely with major medical centers in Taiwan (National Taiwan University Hospital, Tri-Service General Hospital, and Veterans General Hospital) to promote translational research and provide a favorable environment for training and nurturing biomedical scientists. Web: http://www.ibms.sinica.edu.tw/ (English) Web: http://www.ibms.sinica.edu.tw/templates/ default/ch/index.php (Chinese) Address: Institute of Biomedical Sciences 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2789-9000 Fax: 1886(2)2785-3569 Email: [email protected] Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) This is a branch of Academia Sinica. Established in 1982, the Institute has majored its study on molecular biology, including toxicology. It also collaborates with other Institutes in Taiwan, Europe, and the United States. Web: http://www.imb.sinica.edu.tw/en/ (English) Web: http://www.imb.sinica.edu.tw/ch/ (Chinese) Address: Institute of Molecular Biology 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2789-9222 Fax: 1886(2)2789-9972 Atomic Energy Council (AEC) The AEC was founded in 1955 at the ministerial level under the Executive Yuan. Its original mission was to foster peaceful application of atomic energy. With six reactors in operation and two under construction, it has shifted to reactor safety regulation, radiation protection, radioactive waste management, and environmental monitoring. Web: http://www.aec.gov.tw/english/ (English) Web: http://www.aec.gov.tw/www/index.php (Chinese) Address: Atomic Energy Council, Executive Yuan No. 80, Sec. 1, Chenggong Rd., Yonghe Dist., New Taipei City 234, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)8231-7919 Fax: 1886(2)8231-7804 Email: [email protected]

Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C. The department is the highest public health administration unit in the Executive Yuan. It missions are to handle medical, health care, and disease prevention, as well as food, drugs, and cosmetic management and health insurance affairs. Web: https://www.mohw.gov.tw/mp-2.html (English) Web: https://www.mohw.gov.tw/mp-1.html (Chinese) Address: Ministry of Health and Welfare No. 488, Sec. 6, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 11558, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)8590-6666 Fax: 1866(2)8590-6000 Food and Drug Administration, Taiwan This is a governmental organization for all policy of food and drug inspection and analysis. It combines jobs carried out by previous Bureau of Food and Drug Analysis, National Bureau of Controlled Drugs. Web: https://www.fda.gov.tw/EN/index.aspxindex. aspx (English) Web: https://www.fda.gov.tw/TC/index.aspx (Chinese) Address: Food and Drug Administration, Taiwan No. 161-2, Kunyang St, Nangang District, Taipei City 115-61, Taiwan (R.O.C) Phone: 1886(2)2787-8000, 1886(2)2787-8099 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Established in 1999, CDC was responsible for the national policy of infectious diseases control and implementation. Web: https://www.cdc.gov.tw/rwd/english (English) Web: https://www.cdc.gov.tw/rwd (Chinese) Address: Centers for Disease Control No. 6, Linsen S. Rd., Jhongjheng District, Taipei City 10050, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2395-9825 Fax: 1866(800)655-955 Email: [email protected] Department of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, R.O.C. The Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy was set up in 1971, and is responsible for the regulation policy of Chinese medicine and pharmacy for Taiwan. It was reformed into the current Department in 2017. Web: https://www.mohw.gov.tw/np-3682-2.html (English) Web: https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DOCMAP/mp-108. html (Chinese)

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Environmental Protection Administration, Executive Yuan This is a national poison control network for air pollution, environmental control, and industrial sanitation. Similar organizations are also set up in the city and provincial governments. Web: https://www.epa.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp 5 epaen (English) Web: https://www.epa.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp 5 epa (Chinese) Address: Environmental Protection Administration 83, Zhonghua Rd. Sec. 1, Zhongzheng District, Taipei City 10042, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2311-7722 Environmental Analysis Laboratory (EAL) The EAL’s mission are to upgrade the quality of environmental analysis data and to enhance the capability of public and private environmental analytical laboratories. Web: https://www.niea.gov.tw/english/a001.htm (English) Web: http://www.niea.gov.tw/ (Chinese) Address: Environmental Analysis Laboratory 260, Minzu Rd. Sec 3, Zhongli District Taoyuan City, Taiwan 32024 (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(3)491-5818 Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) The ITRI is a nonprofit R&D organization engaging in applied research and technical services, including nanotechnology and biomedical engineering. It was founded in 1973. By 2001 it had grown to a 6000-person operation, and it serves as the technical center for industry and an unofficial arm of the government’s industrial policies in Taiwan. Web: http://www.itri.org.tw/eng/ (English) Web: http://www.itri.org.tw/chi/ (Chinese) Address: Industrial Technology Research Institute 195, Sec. 4, Chung Hsing Rd., Chutung, Hsinchu, Taiwan 31057 (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(3)582-0100 Fax: 1886(3)582-0045 Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories Web: https://www.itri.org.tw/eng/Content/ Messagess/contents.aspx?SiteID 5 1&MmmID 5 617751556055761436 (English) Web: https://www.itri.org.tw/chi/Content/ Messagess/contents.aspx?SiteID 5 1& MmmID 5 620622503146677273 (Chinese)

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Safety and Health Technology Center Web: http://www.sahtech.org/content/en/ masterpage/Index.aspx (English) Web: http://www.sahtech.org/content/ch/ masterpage/Index.aspx (Chinese) Address: Safety and Health Technology Center R.413, Bldg.52, 195, Sec. 4, Chung-Hsing Rd., Chutung, Hsinchu 310, Taiwan Phone: 1886(3)583-6885 Fax: 1886(3)583-7538 Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor The ILOSH is a research institute under the Council of Labor Affairs (CLA), Executive Yuan. Its missions include surveys and analyses of various risk factors in the working environment, prepare regulatory preambles for CLA and development of countermeasures. Web: https://www.ilosh.gov.tw/enhome/ (English) Web: https://www.ilosh.gov.tw/ (Chinese) Address: Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor No. 99, Lane 407, Hengke Rd., Sijhih District, New Taipei City 22143, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2) 2660-7600 Fax: 1886(2)2660-7731 Email: [email protected] National Fire Agency, Ministry of the Interior, R.O.C. This organization is established in 1995 for fire prevention, disaster rescue, and emergency medical service. Web: https://www.nfa.gov.tw/eng/index.php (English) Web: https://www.nfa.gov.tw/cht/index.php (Chinese) Address: National Fire Agency, Ministry of the Interior 8 F, No. 200, Sec. 3, Beixin Rd., Xindian District, New Taipei City, Taiwan 23143 (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)8195-9119 Email: [email protected] National Health Research Institutes (NHRI) The NHRI is a nonprofit foundation and an autonomous research organization under the supervision of the Department of Health, Executive Yuan. It is dedicated to the enhancement of medical research and the improvement of health care in this country. Web: http://english.nhri.org.tw/NHRI_WEB/ nhriw001Action.do (English) Web: http://www.nhri.org.tw/NHRI_WEB/ nhriw001Action.do (Chinese)

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Address: National Health Research Institutes 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(37)246-166 Fax: 1886(37)587-411 National Health Research Institutes (Taipei Office) 10 F, Bldg F, 3 Yuanqu Street, Taipei 11503, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2653-4401 Fax: 1886(2)2651-3723 Email: [email protected] Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan This organization was established in 1985 and is responsible for matters regarding actual toxicity testing, review, field tests of pesticides and toxic substances related to plants. The objectives of this institute are to provide technical assistance to government in reinforcing pesticide regulations, and to develop safe, economic, and effective ways of applying pesticides. Web: https://www.tactri.gov.tw/En (English) Web: https://www.tactri.gov.tw/ (Chinese) Address: Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute No. 11, Guangming Rd., Wufong, Taichung 41358, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(4)2330-2101 Fax: 1886(4)2332-3073

Organizations (nongovernment) The John Tung Foundation (JTF) Foundation The JTF was founded in 1984 with its main objective of “Health for All” for the people of Taiwan. It has focused its efforts on the enactment of tobacco control policy and is highly respected by both people and government. Web: https://www.jtf.org.tw/JTF01/01-04.asp (English) Web: https://www.jtf.org.tw/ (Chinese) Address: The John Tung Foundation (JTF) 12 F.-3, No. 57, Fuxing N. Rd., Songshan District, Taipei City 105, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2776-6133 Fax: 1886(2)2752-2455 The Red Cross Society of The Republic of China Based on love, the organization’s current focus is providing services of social concern. Web: http://www.redcross.org.tw/english/ (English)

Web: http://www.redcross.org.tw/index.jsp (Chinese) Address: The Red Cross Society of The Republic of China 303 Bangka Blvd., Wanhua District, Taipei City 10855, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2362-8232 ext. 207 or 206 Fax: 1886(2)2306-3812 Email: [email protected]

Universities Chang Gung University Web: http://www.cgu.edu.tw/bin/home.php? Lang 5 en (English) Web: http://www.cgu.edu.tw/bin/home.php? Lang 5 zh-tw (Chinese) Address: Chang Gung University No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(3)211-8800 Fax: 1886(3)2118-700 Email: [email protected] China Medical University Web: http://english.cmu.edu.tw/ (English) Web: http://www.cmu.edu.tw/ (Chinese) Address: China Medical University No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung Taiwan 40402 (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(4)2205-3366 Email: [email protected] (English) [email protected] (Chinese) Department of Occupational Safety and Health Web: http://cmudosh.cmu.edu.tw/english/index.php (English) Web: http://www2.cmu.edu.tw/Bcmcdosh/ (Chinese) Chung Shan Medical University Web: http://english.csmu.edu.tw/bin/home.php (English) Web: http://www.csmu.edu.tw/bin/home.php (Chinese) Address: Chung Shan Medical University No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road Taichung, 40201, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(4)2473-0022 Email: [email protected] Department of Occupational Safety and Health Web: http://occupation.csmu.edu.tw/bin/home.php (Chinese)

Resources

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Kaohsiung Medical University Web: http://english2.kmu.edu.tw/front/bin/home. phtml (English) Web: https://www.kmu.edu.tw/ (Chinese) Address: Kaohsiung Medical University No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(7)3121-1019 Fax: 1886(7)3212-062 Email: [email protected]

School of Pharmacy Web: http://pharmacy.ncku.edu.tw/bin/home.php? Lang 5 en (English) Web: http://pharmacy.ncku.edu.tw/bin/home.php (Chinese)

PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine Web: https://eomphd.kmu.edu.tw/index.php/enGB/ (English) Web: https://eomphd.kmu.edu.tw/ (Chinese) Email: [email protected]

Department of Environmental Engineering Web: http://www.ev.ncku.edu.tw/main.php? site_id 5 5 (English) Web: http://www.ev.ncku.edu.tw/main.php (Chinese)

National Central University Web: https://www.ncu.edu.tw/en (English) Web: https://www.ncu.edu.tw/ (Chinese) Address: National Central University No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(3)422-7151 Fax: 1886(3)422-6062 Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering Web: http://www.ev.ncu.edu.tw/en-us/ (English) Web: http://www.ev.ncu.edu.tw/zh-tw/ (Chinese) National Cheng Kung University Web: http://web.ncku.edu.tw/index.php?Lang 5 en (English) Web: http://web.ncku.edu.tw/index.php (Chinese) Address: National Cheng Kung University No. 1, University Rd., Tainan City 701, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(6)275-7575

Department of Pharmacology Web: http://pharma.ncku.edu.tw/bin/home.php? Lang 5 en (English) Web: http://pharma.ncku.edu.tw/bin/home.php? Lang 5 zh-tw (Chinese)

Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Management Web: http://www.dfsr.ncku.edu.tw/site/en/ (English) Web: http://www.dfsr.ncku.edu.tw/site/tw/ (Chinese) Phone: 1886(6)235-3535-5800 Fax: 1886(6)275-2484

Risk

National Chiao Tung University Web: http://www.nctu.edu.tw/en (English) Web: http://www.nctu.edu.tw/ (Chinese) Address: National Chiao Tung University No. 1001, University Rd., Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(3)5712-121 Institute of Environmental Engineering Web: http://www.ev.nctu.edu.tw/?locale 5 en (English) Web: http://www.ev.nctu.edu.tw/ (Chinese)

Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital Web: http://www.ncku.edu.tw/Boem1/Eng/eng. html (English) Web: http://www.ncku.edu.tw/Boem1/ (Chinese)

National Taiwan University Web: http://www.ntu.edu.tw/english/index.html (English) Web: http://www.ntu.edu.tw/ (Chinese) Address: National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)3366-3366 Fax: 1886(2)2362-7651

Research Center of Environmental Trace Substances Web: http://rcetts.rsh.ncku.edu.tw/index.php? Lang 5 en (English) Web: http://rcetts.rsh.ncku.edu.tw/ (Chinese)

College of Public Health Web: http://coph.ntu.edu.tw/web/index/index.jsp? lang 5 en (English) Web: http://coph.ntu.edu.tw/web/index/index.jsp? lang 5 tw (Chinese)

Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Web: http://www.deoh.ncku.edu.tw/?Lang 5 en (English) Web: http://www.deoh.ncku.edu.tw/ (Chinese)

Toxic

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Address: College of Public Health, National Taiwan University No. 17 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei, 10020, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)3366-8000 Fax: 1886(2)2391-1308 Email: [email protected] Institute of Environmental Health Web: http://ieh.ntu.edu.tw/?locale 5 en (English) Web: http://ieh.ntu.edu.tw/ (Chinese) Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Web: http://epm.ntu.edu.tw/?locale 5 en (English) Web: http://epm.ntu.edu.tw/ (Chinese) Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene Web: http://omih.ntu.edu.tw/?locale 5 en (English) Web: http://omih.ntu.edu.tw/ (Chinese) Institute of Food Safety and Health Web: http://ifsh.ntu.edu.tw/ (Chinese) Phone: 1886(2)3366-8108 Email: [email protected] College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Web: http://www.mc.ntu.edu.tw/ntucm/Index.action (English) Web: http://www.mc.ntu.edu.tw/ntucm/Index.action (Chinese) Address: National Taiwan University College of Medicine No. 1, Jen Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei 100, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2312-3456 Email: [email protected] Department/Institute of Pharmacology Web: http://rx.mc.ntu.edu.tw/index.php? malangue 5 EN (English) Web: http://rx.mc.ntu.edu.tw/(Chinese) Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Web: http://140.112.121.220/department/ibmb/E/ index.html (English) Web: http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/Bbiochem/ (Chinese) Graduate Institute of Toxicology The faculty of the institute consists of four professors, one associate professor, and two assistant professors. Web: http://toxico.mc.ntu.edu.tw/En/Pages/default. aspx (English) Web: http://toxico.mc.ntu.edu.tw/Pages/default.aspx (Chinese) Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering Web: http://enve.ntu.edu.tw/dispPageBox/giee/ GieeENHP.aspx?ddsPageID 5 GIEEEN (English)

Web: http://enve.ntu.edu.tw/dispPageBox/giee/ GieeHP.aspx?ddsPageID 5 GIEETC (Chinese) Address: Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering No. 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)3366-4393B4 Fax: 1886(2)2392-8830 Email: [email protected] National Yang-Ming University Web: https://nymu-e.ym.edu.tw/bin/home.php (English) Web: https://web.ym.edu.tw/bin/home.php (Chinese) Address: National Yang-Ming University No. 155, Sec. 22, Linong St., Beitou District Taipei City 112, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2827-5657 Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Web: https://ieohs-e.ym.edu.tw/bin/home.php (English) Web: https://ieohs.ym.edu.tw/bin/home.php (Chinese) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Web: http://www.ym.edu.tw/Bphs.web/ template_en/index.html (English) Web: http://www.ym.edu.tw/Bphs.web/template/ index.html (Chinese) Address: National Yang-Ming University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2823-2406 Fax: 1886(2)2823-7674 Email: [email protected] Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment Web: https://fshrai.ym.edu.tw/files/11-1278-1306. php?Lang 5 zh-tw (Chinese) Phone: 1886(2)2823-6991 Fax: 1886(2)2823-6381 Email: [email protected] Taipei Medical University Web: http://www.tmu.edu.tw/english/main.php (English) Web: http://www.tmu.edu.tw/main.php (Chinese) Address: Taipei Medical University No. 250, Wu-Xin Street, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2736-1661 Email: [email protected]

Resources

College of Pharmacy Web: http://pharm.tmu.edu.tw/main.php (Chinese) College of Public Health Web: http://cphn.tmu.edu.tw/main.php (Chinese) Tzu Chi University Web: http://eng.tcu.edu.tw/ (English) Web: http://www.tcu.edu.tw/ (Chinese) Address: Tzu Chi University No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97004, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(3)8565-301 Email: [email protected], [email protected]

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Address: National Pingtung University of Science and Technology 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(8)770-3202 Institute of Food Safety Management Web: http://ifsm.npust.edu.tw/files/15-1199-32144, c7995-1.php?Lang 5 zh-tw (Chinese) Phone: 1886(8)770-3202-8332 Email: [email protected]

Professional societies

National Chung Hsing University Web: https://www.nchu.edu.tw/en-index (English) Web: https://www.nchu.edu.tw/index (Chinese) Address: National Chung Hsing University 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(4)2287-3181

Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers Web: http://www.twiche.org.tw/ (Chinese) Address: R904, 9 F., No. 7, Chong-Ching South Rd. Sec. 1 Taipei City 10046, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2375-4456 Fax: 1886(2)2370-2221 Email: [email protected]

Graduate Institute of Food Safety Web: http://canr.nchu.edu.tw/FSweb/ (Chinese) Phone: 1886(4)2284-0867 Fax: 1886(4)2285-8366 Email: [email protected]

Formosan Medical Association This is the major medical association of Taiwan, which was founded in 1902. Web: http://www.fma.org.tw/index.jsp (Chinese) Address: 3 F, No. 1, Changde St., Jhongjheng District Taipei City 100, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2331-0558 Fax: 1886(2)2389-6716

National Taiwan Ocean University Web: http://english.ntou.edu.tw/bin/home.php (English) Web: https://www.ntou.edu.tw/files/11-1000-5479. php?Lang 5 zh-tw (Chinese) Address: National Taiwan Ocean University No. 2, Peining Rd., Jhongjheng District, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2462-2192 Fax: 1886(2)2462-2192 Email: [email protected] Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management Web: http://www.ifsrm.ntou.edu.tw/bin/home.php (Chinese) Phone: 1886(2)2462-2192-5153 Fax: 1886(4)2463-4203 Email: [email protected] National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Web: http://mportal.npust.edu.tw/bin/home.php? Lang 5 en (English) Web: http://mportal.npust.edu.tw/bin/home.php (Chinese)

The Radiological Society Republic of China Web: https://www.rsroc.org.tw/english/htm/ (English) Web: http://www.rsroc.org.tw/ (Chinese) Address: 2 F, No. 63, Sec. 3, Chong-Qing N. Road, Taipei 103, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2586-5331 Fax: 1886(2)2586-5330 Email: [email protected] Taiwan Association for Medical Informatics Web: http://www.medinfo.org.tw/html/intro_eng. html (English) Web: http://www.medinfo.org.tw/index.php (Chinese) Address: Taiwan Association for Medical Informatics 11 F., No. 259, Sec. 2, Ren’ai Rd., Linkou Dist., New Taipei City 244, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2600-7975 Fax: 1886(2)2600-7975

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Taiwan Environmental and Occupational Medicine Association Web: http://www.eoma.org.tw/ (Chinese) Address: No. 100, Ziyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan Phone: 1886(7) 311-5974 Fax: 1886(7)311-5948 Email: [email protected] Taiwan Public Health Association This is the most important association of public health in Taiwan, which has about 180 organization members and more than 1200 individual members. Web: http://www.publichealth.org.tw/english/index. asp (English) Web: http://www.publichealth.org.tw/ (Chinese) Address: Taiwan Public Health Association No. 17 Xu-Zhou Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei 10055, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2391-9529 Email: [email protected] Toxicology Society of Taiwan (TSTA) Address: Phone: 886(2)2312-3456, ext 88347 Email: [email protected] The Chinese Institute of Environmental Engineering The most important association of environmental engineers in Taiwan. Web: http://www.cienve.org.tw/ (Chinese) Address: The Chinese Institute of Environmental Engineering 9 F., No. 283, Sec. 1, Fuxing South Rd., Da-an District, Taipei City 106, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2754-0326 Fax: 1886(2)2754-4920 Email: [email protected]

Poison information centers Taiwan National Poison Center, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei The ongoing toxicology programs in the unit are clinical consultations and patient care, clinical toxicology laboratory service, and poison and drug consultation center. Web: http://www.pcc-vghtpe.tw/tc/index.asp (Chinese) Address: Taiwan National Poison Center No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Beitou District, Taipei 11217, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)2871-7121 Fax: 1886(2)2873-9193 Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan Web: https://www.tactri.gov.tw/En (English) Web: https://www.tactri.gov.tw/ (Chinese) Address: Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute No. 11, Guangming Rd., Wufong District, Taichung City 41358, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(4)2330-2101 Fax: 1886(4)2332-3073 Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital Web: http://ntuforensictoxicology.blogspot.com/ (Chinese) Address: Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Center, National Taiwan University Hospital No. 7, Chung San South Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei City 100, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Phone: 1886(2)231-23456 ext. 88879.

C H A P T E R

40 Turkey Erdem Coskun1,2 and Eren Ozcagli3 1

Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States 2Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, United States 3Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

History of toxicology in Turkey The history of Turkish medicine in Anatolia (also known as Asia Minor) dates back to the beginning of 11th century. Two well-known Turkish states in history, Seljuk and the Ottoman Empires, were founded in Anatolia, in 1071 and 1299, respectively. The Anatolian Seljuk ruler Alaeddin Keykubad invited physicians from Turkistan, Khwarazm, Khorasan, and Azerbaijan (areas densely populated by Turkish people) to his domain. Also, there was an inevitable exchange of medical cultures between people who settled in Anatolia before the arrival of the Turks, both before and after their conversion to Islam. During the Ottoman Empire, the first examples of medical education were described in 1470 when a Dar al S¸ ifa (historical name for hospital) was built in the Fatih Complex (Ku¨lliyesi) in Istanbul. This hospital formed the origins of the first school of medicine. The second institution was the Su¨leymaniye Dar al S¸ ifa and Medicine Madrasa (historical name for school), which came into service in 1557 named as Su¨leymaniye Complex. Until the 17th century, Ottoman medicine was based upon an Islamic foundation. Although Ottoman medical science began to turn its face to modern Western medicine in the 17th century, it should still be regarded mainly as the continuation of Islamic medicine until the 19th century (Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy, 2018). In 1806 the Tabiphane Military Medical School based in Spitilia Hospital was founded for training modern physicians and surgeons. The Western influence on Turkish medical education, via the French medical establishment was apparent in “Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-yi S¸ ahane.” After the establishment of “Mu¨lki

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00040-1

Tıbbiye”—a civilian School of Medicine, native Turkish started to be used as the language of instruction. In 1909 the military and civilian schools of medicine were united as the Haydarpa¸sa School of Medicine. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa Kemal Atatu¨rk founded the modern Republic of Turkey in 1923. According to Atatu¨rk’s vision and directives, the first modern school of medicine, “The Istanbul School of Medicine,” was established in 1933. A limited number of other medical schools were founded at the same time. While the number of medical faculties was 7 in 1970, this number reached to 60 in 2007 (Kurdak et al., 2008). Currently, there are more than 90 medical schools in Turkey, which provide undergraduate medical education. Pharmacy education in Turkey began when the “Pharmacist Class” opened under Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Adliye-i S¸ ahane (Military Medical School) founded by Sultan Mahmud-II on May 14, 1839. The curriculum was taught in French until 1870. On March 1, 1867, Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Mu¨lkiye-i S¸ ahane (Civil Medical School) was established in a section of the Military Medicine building. There was also a Pharmacist Class in this school. This school was then moved to Menemenli Mustafa Pasha Mansion in Kadirga. After ˙ the founding of Istanbul Daru¨lfu¨nun in 1908, the Pharmacist Class was converted into “Eczacı Mekteb-i Alisi” (school of pharmacy) and unified with “Di¸sc¸i Mekteb-i Alisi” (school of dentistry) at the same year and named “Daru¨lfu¨nun-i Osmani Eczacı ve Di¸sc¸i Mekteb-i Alisi.” In 1933 the University Reform was realized. On the grounds that the curriculum of the Pharmacy School is closer to the life sciences than medicine, the school was separated from the School of Medicine and connected to the School of Science.

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In 1944 the school was reattached to the School of Medicine. In order to make pharmacy teaching better and to be successful in the profession, the Pharmacy School students and academic staff, who believed that the teaching of the pharmacy should be made independent of the School of Medicine, attempted to establish an independent school of pharmacy. These initiatives were finally realized in 1961. It was unanimously agreed at a meeting of the Professors’ Board of the School of Medicine on February 4, 1961 that pharmacy education should be taught at an independent school of pharmacy. The decision was accepted at the Istanbul University Senate on November 16, 1961 and was officially recognized in January 15, 1962 with the approval of the Minister of Education (Sari, 2001). In today’s Turkey, independent toxicology departments are mainly located under the schools of pharmacy. Some schools of medicine and schools of veterinary medicine also have toxicology units within their pharmacology departments. All toxicology departments in schools of pharmacy have undergraduate toxicology courses with laboratory practices. The first undergraduate toxicology course labeled “analytical toxicology” was offered by the Istanbul University, School of Pharmacy in 1914. A graduate toxicology program in toxicology has been offered since the 1950s and today more than 20 universities have MSc and PhD programs in toxicology. The Turkish Society of Toxicology (TST) is the primary professional organization for all toxicology related science in Turkey. TST was established as a nonprofit organization on October 1, 1987 by 14 founding members with the aim of disseminating toxicological knowledge for improving health and safety by raising standards of living. The vision of the TST is maintaining the contemporary level of toxicological research and applications in the country, while enhancing the Society’s efficiency at the international level. The TST is the pioneer association to institutionalize toxicology in the country by contributing to the protection of public health and environmental quality. The main objectives of TST are to increase the effectiveness of toxicology knowledge in Turkey, improve communication between toxicologists by encouraging exchange of information among researchers, make contact with international organizations in the field of toxicology, support education in toxicology by motivating general and/or individual toxicological studies, and organize congresses, symposia, and other meetings for sharing ideas on various topics in the field of toxicology. TST became a member of the Federation of European Toxicologists and European Societies of Toxicology (EUROTOX) in 1989 and the International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX) in 1998. TST is also the national registry authority for the European Registered

Toxicologist (http://www.eurotox.com/ert/) among 21 other European toxicology societies. There are currently 36 Turkish toxicologists accredited by TST since 2005. The symbol of the society was created by using the initial letters of the TST with a rising arrow, which represents the developing national toxicology field in accordance with the mission of the society. Twelve ordinary general meetings have been arranged and boards have been elected since the establishment of TST (Turkish Society of Toxicology, 2018). Along with organizing several symposia, panels and national congresses, TST has also organized international congresses such as: 4th Congress of Toxicology of Developing Countries (4th CTOX-DC) November 6 10, 1999/Antalya; 39th Congress of the European Societies of Toxicology (EUROTOX 2001) September 12 15, 2001/Istanbul; 5th International Congress of the Turkish Society of Toxicology (5th ICTST) October 30 November 2, 2003/Antalya; 6th International Congress of the Turkish Society of Toxicology (6th IC-TST) November 2 5, 2006/Antalya; 7th National Congress of the Turkish Society of Toxicology with international participation (7th ICTST) May 30 June 1, 2009/Ankara; 8th National Congress of the Turkish Society of Toxicology with international participation (8th IC-TST) November 14 18, 2012/Antalya; 9th Congress of the Turkish Society of Toxicology with the Participation of the Hellenic Society of Toxicology (TURKHELTOX 2015) October 21 24, 2015/Ce¸sme & Chios (Greece); 7th International Nanotoxicology Congress (NanoTox 2014) April 23 26, 2015/Antalya; and recently, 52th Congress of the European Societies of Toxicology (EUROTOX 2016) September 4 7, 2016, relocated from Istanbul to Seville (Spain) 6 months ahead of the congress due to the actual conditions. Among the members of TST from universities to industry, some of the distinguished members who have served and still serve in key positions in executive committees of IUTOX and EUROTOX include president of IUTOX (Prof.Dr. Ali Esat Karakaya), president of EUROTOX (Prof.Dr. Mumtaz Iscan), vicepresident of IUTOX (Prof.Dr. Nursen Basaran) and Executive Committee member of EUROTOX (Prof.Dr. Nursen Basaran, Prof.Dr. Hilmi Orhan).

References Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy, ,http://eczacilik.istanbul. edu.tr/tr/content/fakultemiz/tarihce . (accessed 11.11.2018). Kurdak, H., Altintas, D., Doran, F., 2008. Medical education in Turkey: past to future. Med. Teach. 30, 768 773. Sari, N., 2001. Turkey and its international relations in the history of medicine. Vesalius VII (2), 86 93. Turkish Society of Toxicology, ,www.turktox.org.tr/ . (accessed 11.11.2018).

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Resources Books in Turkish Some books in Turkish are listed below: Agop C ¸ ıtak, Levent Yılmaz (2011) Pediatric Poisoning (Turkish) Publisher: Istanbul Medikal ISBN: 9789944211987 ˙ Ismet Do¨kmeci (1994) Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment in Poisoning (Turkish) Publisher: Nobel Tıp ISBN: 9754200742

Publisher: Ios Pr Inc. ISBN: 9051994958/9789051994957 Miral Dizdaroglu, Ali Esat Karakaya (1999) Advances in DNA Damage and Repair: Oxygen Radical Effects, Cellular Protection, and Biological Consequences (Nato Science Series A) (English) Publisher: Springer ISBN: 1461372070/9781461372073 P. Erkekoglu, B.K. Gumusel (2017) Bisphenol A Exposure and Health Risks (English) Publisher: InTechOpen ISBN: 9535132172/9789535132172

Ali Esat Karakaya (2018) From Chemical to Food: Dose and Risk (Turkish) Publisher: Artek ISBN: 6052450833

Atilla Engin, Ayse Basak Engin (2015) Tryptophan Metabolism: Implications for Biological Processes, Health and Disease (Molecular and Integrative Toxicology) (English) Publisher: Humana Press ISBN: 3319156292/9783319156293

˙ Sezai Kaya, Ibrahim Pirinc¸ci, Ali Bilgili (1998) Toxicology in Veterinary Medicine (Turkish) Publisher: Medisan Publishing House ISBN: 9757774634

P. Erkekoglu, T. Baydar (2013) Nitrite Chemistry and Toxicity (English) Publisher: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing ISBN: 3659357537/9783659357534

Oguz Kayaalp (2013) Principles of Clinical Pharmacology and Basic Regulations (Turkish), 5th Edition Publisher: Pelikan Publishing House ISBN: 9786055270360 Oguz Kayaalp (2018) Medical Pharmacology for Rational Therapy (Turkish), 13th Edition Publisher: Pelikan Publishing House ISBN: 9786055270100 Salim Satar (2009) Clinical Toxicology in ER (Turkish) Publisher: Akademisyen ISBN: 9786053970279 Nevin Vural (1984) Toxicology (Turkish) Publisher: Ankara University Publications ISBN: 9754822891

International publications by Turkish editors Some international publications by Turkish editors are listed below: Diana Anderson, Ali Esat Karakaya, Radim J. Sra´m (2000) Human Monitoring after Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chemical and Physical Agents (NATO Asi Series: Series A: Life Sciences) (English)

Translation books Some books translated to Turkish are listed below: ¨ lku¨ U ¨ ndeger ˘ Nur¸sen Ba¸saran, Terken Baydar, U Bucurgat, Belma Koc¸er Giray, Aylin Gu¨rbay, Hilal ¨ zgu¨ne¸s, Go¨nu¨l S¸ ahin (2013) O Pharmaceutical Toxicology (Editor: Gerard J. Mulder, Lennart Dencker) Publisher: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri ISBN: 9789754209679 Salim Satar (2008) Goldfrank’s Manual of Toxicologic Emergencies Publisher: Nobel Kitabevi ISBN: 978076053970095 Vahide Savci (2012) Poisoning and Drug Overdose (Editor: Kent R. Olson) Publisher: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri ISBN: 9789754209075 ˘ ˘ Sinan Su¨zen, Pınar Erkekoglu, Ahmet Oguz Ada, Onur Erdem, Gonca C ¸ akmak Demircigil, Bulut Demirel (2017) Casarett and Doull’s: Essentials of Toxicology ISBN: 9786059215183 Turan Turhan, Aslı Pınar, Tuncay Ku¨me (2018) Resolving Erroneous Reports in Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: A Comprehensive Guide ISBN: 9786053559627

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Journals There are no journals devoted solely to toxicology in Turkey. Nevertheless, toxicology related articles can be found in the journals listed below: The Anatolian Journal of Cardiology ISSN: 2149-2263 The Anatolian Journal of Cardiology aims to publish qualified and original clinical, experimental, and basic research on cardiology at the international level. The journal’s scope also covers editorial comments, reviews of innovations in medical education and practice, case reports, original images, scientific letters, educational articles, letters to the editor, articles on publication ethics, diagnostic puzzles, and issues in social cardiology. Web: http://www.anakarder.com/ (English) The Balkan Medical Journal ISSN: 2146-3123 The Balkan Medical Journal (Balkan Med J) is a peer-reviewed open-access international journal that publishes clinical and experimental research conducted in all fields of medicine, case reports and clinical images, invited reviews, editorials, letters, comments, and letters to the editor including reports on publication and research ethics. Web: http://balkanmedicaljournal.org/static.php? id 5 9 (English) Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences (Formerly published as Journal of Marmara University Institute of Health Sciences) ISSN: 2459-1459 The aim of the journal is to contribute to the literature by publishing clinical and experimental research articles, case reports, letters to the editor, and editorial comments prepared in accordance with the ethical guidelines in all disciplines of health sciences. The target audience includes specialists and medical professionals working in all disciplines of the health sciences. Web: http://www.clinexphealthsci.com/eng/ Anasayfa (English) Web: http://www.clinexphealthsci.com/tr/Anasayfa (Turkish) Food and Health ISSN: 2602-2834 “Food and Health” publishes peer-reviewed (double blind) articles covering all aspects of food science and health effects of food, in the form of original research articles (full papers and short communications), and review articles. Their team of experts provides editorial excellence, fast publication processes,

and high visibility for papers. Food/seafood/food technology/food chemistry/food microbiology/food quality/food safety/food contaminant/food allergen/ food packaging/modified food/functional food/dietary supplements/nutrition, and their health effects are the general topics of the journal. Web: http://jfhs.scientificwebjournals.com/ (English) Journal of Research in Pharmacy (Formerly Published as Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal) ISSN: 2630-6344 This journal is the continuation of the former “Journal of Pharmacy of University of Marmara” which was published between 1985 and 1997. It is an open access, peer-reviewed journal devoted to the publication of papers in pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. The articles may be either in English or in Turkish. The journal welcomes articles in this multidisciplinary field, with a focus on topics relevant for drug action, drug discovery and development, conventional and emerging fields related to pharmaceutical sciences Web: http://www.jrespharm.com/ (English) ˙ Northern Clinics of Istanbul/Istanbul Kuzey Klinikleri ISSN: 2148-4902 Northern Clinics of Istanbul was designed so as to accept scientific papers in all fields of medicine which comply with its concept. Essentially, the aim is to publish original experimental, and clinical articles written in Turkish, and English, however it also publishes review articles, case reports, and letters to the editor. Web: http://kuzeyklinikleri.com/?p 5 About-Journal (English) Web: http://kuzeyklinikleri.com/tr/jvi.aspx (Turkish) Turkish Journal of Biochemistry ISSN (Online) 1303-829X, Original manuscripts (research articles, reviews, technical reports, case presentations, commentaries) not published elsewhere, on biochemistry, chemical pathology, molecular biology, molecular genetics, biotechnology, bioinformatics, bioengineering, and disciplinary education are to be published in the journal. Web: http://www.turkjbiochem.com/eng/ (English) Web: http://www.turkjbiochem.com/tur/index.html (Turkish) Turkish Journal of Biology ISSN:1300-0152 The Turkish Journal of Biology is published electronically six times a year by the Scientific and ˙ ¨ BITAK) Technological Research Council of Turkey (TU and accepts English-language manuscripts concerning biological processes including biochemistry and

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biosynthesis, physiology and metabolism, molecular genetics, molecular biology, genomics, proteomics, molecular farming, biotechnology/genetic transformation, nanobiotechnology, bioinformatics and systems biology, cell and developmental biology, stem cell biology, and reproductive biology. Web: http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/index. htm;jsessionid 5 5F62E160E1EE39977 F2ACBBB874BDDD9 (English) The Turkish Journal of Hematology ISSN: 1300-7777 The aim of The Turkish Journal of Hematology is to publish original hematological research of the highest scientific quality and clinical relevance. Additionally, educational material, reviews on basic developments, editorial short notes, images in hematology, and letters from hematology specialists and clinicians covering their experience, and comments on hematology and related medical fields as well as social subjects are published. Web: http://www.tjh.com.tr/(English) Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences ISSN: 1300-0144 The Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences is published electronically six times a year by the Scientific and ˙ ¨ BITAK) Technological Research Council of Turkey (TU and accepts English-language manuscripts in all fields of medicine and related health sciences. Contribution is open to researchers of all nationalities. The following types of papers are welcome: original articles (for the presentation of clinical and laboratory studies), review articles (by invitation only), and letters to the editor. Web: http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical/index. htm (English) The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics ISSN: 0041-4301 The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics is a multidisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open access journal that seeks to publish research to advance the field of Pediatrics. The Journal publishes original articles, case reports, review of the literature, short communications, clinicopathological exercises, and letters to the editor in the field of pediatrics. Web: http://www.turkishjournalpediatrics.org/ (English) Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN:1304-530X The aim of the Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences is to publish original research papers of the

highest scientific and clinical value at an international level. The target audience includes specialists and physicians in all fields of pharmaceutical sciences. Web: http://www.turkjps.org/ (English)

Organizations Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Health ¨ niversiteler Mah. ˘ ˘ U Address: T.C. Saglık Bakanlıgı, Dumlupınar Bulv. 6001. Cad. No:9, 06800 Bilkent— ˙ ¨ RKIYE C ¸ ankaya/ANKARA—TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 (312) 585 10 00 Web: https://www.saglik.gov.tr/?_Dil 5 2 (English) Web: https://www.saglik.gov.tr/?_Dil 5 1 (Turkish) Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Livestock ¨ niversiteler Mah. Dumlupınar Bulvarı, No: Address: U ˙ ¨ RKIYE 161, 06800, C ¸ ankaya/ANKARA—TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 312 287 3360 (PBX) Web: https://www.tarim.gov.tr/Sayfalar/EN/ AnaSayfa.aspx (English) Web: https://www.tarim.gov.tr/Sayfalar/AnaSayfa. aspx (Turkish) Presidency of Institute Of Research and Development of Occupational Health and Safety Address: Batı Sitesi Mah. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bulvarı ˙ No: 464 (Istanbul Yolu 14. Km) 06370 Yenimahalle/ ˙ ¨ RKIYE ANKARA—TU Phone: 190 (312) 257 16 37 - 0 312 257 16 38 Fax: 190 (312) 257 16 11 Web: https://www.csgb.gov.tr/isgum-en (English) Web: https://www.csgb.gov.tr/isgum (Turkish) The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) ˙ ¨ BITAK Address: TU Ba¸skanlık Tunus Caddesi No:80, ˙ ¨ RKIYE 06100 Kavaklıdere/ANKARA—TU Phone: 190 (312) 468 53 00 Web: https://www.tubitak.gov.tr/en (English) Web: https://www.tubitak.gov.tr/ (Turkish) Council of Higher Education ˘ ˘ Address: Yu¨kseko¨gretim Kurulu Ba¸skanlıgı, ¨ niversiteler Mah. 1600. Cad. No:10 06800 Bilkent/ U ˙ ¨ RKIYE ANKARA, TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 1 90 (312) 298 70 00 Web: http://www.yok.gov.tr/en/web/cohe/ homepage (English) Web: http://www.yok.gov.tr/tr/ (Turkish)

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Universities Undergraduate toxicology education in Turkey takes place at schools of pharmacy with a 48 hour course and laboratory work for one semester. In schools of medicine and veterinary medicine, a toxicology course is given as a chapter of pharmacology, and in faculties such as biology, chemistry, food engineering, and environmental engineering elective toxicology courses are offered. In schools of pharmacy, graduate programs in toxicology have been offered by departments of toxicology/pharmaceutical toxicology. In schools of veterinary medicine, graduate programs on veterinary toxicology have been offered by departments of veterinary pharmacology and toxicology. In some of the schools of medicine, the department of pharmacology has been offering MS and PhD programs on toxicology. Some of the universities that offer graduate degrees on toxicology are listed below. Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology Address: Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, ˙ ¨ RKIYE 90-06100 Sıhhiye, ANKARA, TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 (312) 305 10 88 Fax: 190 (312) 311 47 77 Web: http://www.eczacilik.hacettepe.edu.tr/en (English) Web: http://www.eczacilik.hacettepe.edu.tr/tr/ farmasotik_toksikoloji_anabilim_dali-13 (Turkish) Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology ¨ niversitesi Eczacılık Faku¨ltesi Address: Ankara U Emniyet Mah. Degol Cd. No:4 Posta Kod:06560 ˙ ¨ RKIYE Yenimahalle, ANKARA, TU Phone: 190 312 203 30 00 Fax: 190 312 213 10 81 Email: [email protected] Web: http://toksikol.pharmacy.ankara.edu.tr/en/ (English) Web: http://toksikol.pharmacy.ankara.edu.tr/ (Turkish) Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology ¨ niversitesi, Eczacılık Faku¨ltesi, 06330, Address: Gazi U ˙ ¨ RKIYE Hipodrom, Etiler ANKARA, TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 (312) 212 68 40 - 202 20 00 Fax: 190 (312) 221 32 02 Web: http://pharmacy.gazi.edu.tr/?language 5 en_US (English) Web: http://pharmacy.gazi.edu.tr/posts/view/title/ Farmas%C3%B6tik-Toksikoloji-77362 (Turkish) Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology

¨ niversitesi, Eczacılık Faku¨ltesi, Address: Istanbul U ˙ ˙ ¨ RKIYE 34116, Beyazıt ISTANBUL, TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 1 90 (212) 440 00 00 Fax: 1 90 (212) 440 02 52 Web: http://eczacilik.istanbul.edu.tr/en/_ (English) Web: http://eczacilik.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/ akademikkadro (Turkish) Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology ¨ niversitesi Eczacılık Faku¨ltesi, Address: Marmara U ˙ Tıbbiye Cad. No: 49 Haydarpa¸sa 34668 ISTANBUL, ˙ ¨ TURKIYE Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 (216) 414 29 62-63-65 Fax: 190 (216) 345 29 52 Web: https://eczacilik.marmara.edu.tr/en/ departments/professional-pharmaceutical-sci/ department-of-pharmaceutical-toxicology/ (English) Web: https://eczacilik.marmara.edu.tr/bolumler/ eczacilik-meslek-bilimleri/farmasotik-toksikolojianabilim-dali/ (Turkish) Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology Address: Erzene Mahallesi, Eczacılık Faku¨ltesi Binası, ˙ ˙ ¨ RKIYE 35040 Bornova/IZMIR, TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 (232) 388 22 41 Fax: 190 (232) 388 52 58 Web: http://pharm.ege.edu.tr/index.php/ department-of-pharmaceutical-toxicology/ (English) Web: http://eczacilik.ege.edu.tr/index.php/ akademik-birimler/eczacilik-meslek-bilimleri/ farmasotik-toksikoloji-anabilim-dali/ (Turkish) Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology ¨ niversitesi, Eczacılık Faku¨ltesi, Address: Anadolu U Yunus Emre Kampu¨su¨, Tepeba¸sı/ESKI¸SEHIR, ˙ ¨ RKIYE TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 (222) 335 07 50 Web: https://www.anadolu.edu.tr/en/academics/ faculties/135/faculty-of-pharmacy/general-info (English) Web: http://eczacilik.anadolu.edu.tr/2017/#abdbolum (Turkish) Yeditepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology ˙ ¨ nu¨ Mahallesi, Kayı¸sdagı ˘ Caddesi, 26 Address: Ino ˙ ˘ Agustos Yerle¸simi, Atasehir, 34755, ISTANBUL, ˙ ¨ TURKIYE Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 (216) 578 00 00 Fax: 190 (216) 578 02 99

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Professional societies

Web: http://eczacilik.yeditepe.edu.tr/en/dersler/ pharmaceutical-toxicology-lab (English) Web: http://eczacilik.yeditepe.edu.tr/tr/dersler/ farmasotik-toksikoloji (Turkish) Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Clinical Toxicology Unit ¨ niversitesi Saglık ˘ Address: Dokuz Eylu¨l U Yerle¸skesi / ˙Inciraltı 35340 IZM ˙ ˙IR—TU ˙ ¨ RKIYE Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 (232) 4122222 Fax: Web: http://tip.deu.edu.tr/en/# (English) Web: http://tip.deu.edu.tr/tr/tibbi-farmakolojianabilim-dali/ (Turkish) Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology ¨ niversitesi Tıp Faku¨ltesi Dekanlıgı ˘ Address: Trakya U ˙ ˙ ¨ RKIYE Balkan Yerle¸skesi 22030 EDIRNE-TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 (284) 235 76 53 Fax: 190 (284) 235 76 52 Web: https://tipfak-en.trakya.edu.tr/akademik-yapi/ kadro/a/ (English) Web: https://tip.trakya.edu.tr/akademik-yapi/tibbifarmakoloji-anabilim-dali/ogretim-elemanlari/ (Turkish) Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology ¨ niversitesi Veteriner Faku¨ltesi, Address: Ankara U ˙ ¨ RKIYE 06110 Dı¸skapı, ANKARA—TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 (312) 317 03 15 Fax: 190 (312) 316 44 72 Web: http://www.veterinary.ankara.edu.tr/en/ department-of-pharmacology-and-toxicology/ (English) Web: http://www.veterinary.ankara.edu.tr/ farmakoloji-ve-toksikoloji-anabilim-dali/(Turkish) Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology ˙ ¨ niversitesi-Cerrahpa¸sa Veteriner Address: Istanbul U Faku¨ltesi Avcılar Yerle¸skesi 34320 Avcılar, ˙ ˙ ¨ RKIYE ISTANBUL, TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 (212) 473 70 70 Fax: 190 (212) 473 72 41 Web: http://veteriner.istanbulc.edu.tr/en/content/ division-of-preclinical-sciences/department-ofpharmacology-&-toxicology (English) Web: http://veteriner.istanbulc.edu.tr/tr/content/ klinik-oncesi-bilimler-bolumu/farmakoloji-vetoksikoloji-anabilim-dali (Turkish) Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology

¨ niversitesi Veteriner Address: Bursa Uludag˘ U Faku¨ltesi 16059 Go¨ru¨kle Kampu¨su¨, BURSA— ˙ ¨ RKIYE TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 (224) 294 12 07 Fax: 190 (224) 294 12 02 Web: http://www.uludag.edu.tr/veteriner/default/ konu/2932 (Turkish)

Professional societies Turkish Society of Toxicology ¨ niversitesi Eczacılık Faku¨ltesi Address: Anadolu U Farmaso¨tik Toksikoloji Anabilim Dalı, 26470 ˙ ¨ RKIYE Eski¸sehir, TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 (222) 335 05 80 Fax: 190 (222) 335 07 50 Web: http://www.turktox.org.tr/ (English) Web: http://www.turktox.org.tr/ (Turkish) Turkish Society of Clinical Toxicology ˘ Eski Kaplıca Address: Klinik Toksikoloji Dernegi, ˙ ¨ RKIYE Sokak, Kaplıca Apartmanı 2/17 Bursa, TU Email: [email protected] Web: http://kliniktoksikolojidernegi.org/(Turkish) Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Association Address: Atmaca Sokak No.8/3 Dı¸skapı, Ankara, ˙ ¨ RKIYE TU Email: [email protected], vftd@vetfarmatoks. org.tr Web: http://www.vetfarmatoks.org.tr/index.php (Turkish) Society of Forensic & Clinical Toxicology (SOFOCT) ¨ niversitesi Tıp Faku¨ltesi Adli Tıp Address: C ¸ ukurova U ˙ ¨ RKIYE Anabilim Dalı 01330 Balcalı, Adana—TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 (322) 338 60 60 / Dahili: 3428-3429 Fax: 190 (322) 338 60 60 Web: http://www.aktod.org/english/(English) Web: http://www.aktod.org/ (Turkish) Turkish Society of Pharmacology ¨ niversitesi Tıp Faku¨ltesi, Address: Karadeniz Teknik U ˙ ¨ RKIYE Tıbbi Farmakoloji Ab.D. 61187 Trabzon, TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 (462) 377 78 37 Fax: 190 (462) 377 78 37 Web: http://www.tfd.org.tr/ (Turkish) Turkish Chemical Manufacturers Association ˘ Address: Degirmen Sokak S¸ a¸smaz Sitesi No:19 Duran ˘ Kadıko¨y, Bey Apt. Kat:3 D:9 34742 Kozyatagı ˙ ˙ ¨ RKIYE Istanbul, TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 216 416 76 44 / 190 216 416 94 39

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Fax: 190 216 416 92 18 Web: http://www.tksd.org.tr/index_en.html (English) Web: http://www.tksd.org.tr/index.html (Turkish) The Turkish Society of Pathology Address: Cerrahpa¸sa Mah. Koca MustafaPa¸sa Cad. ˙ s Merkezi No:45/37 Fatih, Tekke Sok. Merih I¸ ˙ ¨ Istanbul, TURKIYE Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 532 362 86 82 Fax: 190 (212) 414 30 00 - 21850 Web: http://www.tpd.org.tr/ (Turkish) Molecular Biology Association of Turkey Address: C ¸ ıksalın Mahallesi Kudu¨m Sokak No: 25 D: 3 ˙ ˙ ¨ RKIYE ˘ ˘ Halıcıoglu, Beyoglu, Istanbul—TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 (212) 359 7558 Web: http://molbioturk.org/en/ (English) Web: http://molbioturk.org/ (Turkish) Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of Turkey Address: Nef 09 B Blok Kat: 10 Sanayi Mah. Hu¨meyra ˙ ˙ ¨ RKIYE ˘ Sokak No: 7 34415 Kagıthane, Istanbul—TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 212 353 11 20 Fax: 190 212 353 11 41 Web: http://www.ieis.org.tr/ieis/en/ (English) Web: http://www.ieis.org.tr/ieis/tr/ (Turkish) Association of Research-Based Pharmaceutical Companies (AIFD) Address: Barbaros Bulvarı No: 149, TEV Orhan Birman ˙ s Merkezi Balmumcu, Istanbul, ˙ ˙ ¨ RKIYE I¸ TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 212 267 16 00 Fax: 190 212 273 11 79 Web: https://www.aifd.org.tr/en/home-page/ (English) Web: http://www.aifd.org.tr/ (Turkish)

Poison control centers Refik Saydam Hygiene Center—National Poison Information Center (UZEM) Address: Cemal Gu¨rsel Caddesi No/18 Sıhhiye, ˙ ¨ RKIYE C ¸ ankaya, ANKARA, TU Email: [email protected]. Phone: 114 (Call Center) Web: http://www.rshm.gov.tr/ (Turkish) Dokuz Eylu¨l University Faculty of Medicine Drug and Poison Information Center

¨ niversitesi Tıp Faku¨ltesi, Tıbbi Address: Dokuz Eylu¨l U ˙ ˙ Farmakoloji Anabilim Dalı 35340, Balc¸ova, IZM IR, ˙ ¨ RKIYE TU Email: [email protected] Phone: 190 232 412 39 39 Fax: 190 232 259 97 23 Web: http://web.deu.edu.tr/zdm/eng/ (English) Web: http://web.deu.edu.tr/zdm/tr/index_dosyalar/ page0001.html (Turkish)

Legislation and regulation Handling of chemical compounds, and issues related to the environment and health are regulated by national legislations. It is possible to access all legislation and regulations from the Regulatory Information System (www.mevzuat.gov.tr). Some of the most important laws and regulations related to toxicological sciences are listed below: Law 4857/2003. Labour Code Collection of Laws Law 2872/1983: Environment Law Law 4922/1946: Protection of Life and Property at Sea Law 12/1964: Water Pollution by Oil and Other Contaminants Law 19461/1987: Health Services Basic Law Regulation on Prevention of Human Health from Harms of Inhalant/Solvents, Date: 05.08.2010 No: 27663 Regulation on radiation dose limits and working principles of personnel working with ionizing radiation resources in healthcare services, Date: 05.07.2012, No: 28344 Regulation on procurement and privacy of personal health data, Date: 20.10.2016, No: 29863 Regulation on water for human consumption, Date: 17.02.2005 No: 25730 Cosmetic regulation, Date: 23.05.2005, No: 25823 Regulation on the safety of medicinal product, Date: 15.04.2014, No: 28973 Regulation on the registration of medicinal products for human use, Date: 19.01.2005, No: 25705 Regulation on health and safety precautions for works with chemical substances, Date: 12.08.2013 No: 28733 Duty regulation on chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear hazards, Date: 03.05.2012 No: 28281

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Regulation on the recording, evaluation, permission and limitation of chemicals, Date: 23.06.2017 No: 30105 Regulation on chemical substances that are subject to control, Date: 16.06.2004 No: 25494 Regulation on the testing methods to be applied in determining physical-chemical, toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of materials and compounds, Date: 11.12.2013, No: 28848 Regulation On Restrictions On The Manufacture, Placing On The Market And Use Of Certain Dangerous Substances, Preparations And Articles, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Date: 23.06.2017 No: 30105

Regulation on the Classification, Labeling and Packaging of Materials and Mixtures, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Date: 11.12.2013, No: 28848

Acknowledgement Authors would like to thank to Prof. Dr. Ali Esat Karakaya for his valuable contributions and careful review.

C H A P T E R

41 United Kingdom Lisa Hoffman1 and Asish Mohapatra2 1

Manager of Toxicology, Global Product Safety and Regulatory Operations, Avon Products Inc. Suffern, NY, United States 2Contaminated Sites, Environmental Health Program, Health Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada

On June 23, 2016 the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union, commonly referred to as Brexit (“British-Exit”). On March 29, 2017, a 2-year countdown to the UK formally leaving the EU began. Several extensions have been granted during this process and as of April 10, 2019, the European Council agreed to an extension for the UK’s withdrawal until October 31, 2019, at the latest. This chapter was revised prior to a final Brexit decision and is up to date with changes known to be in force on or before September 30, 2019 (a month before the official withdrawal date). Therefore there may be changes that will be brought into force at a future date.

Introduction Humanity’s growing understanding that external agents may cause harm has an extremely long history, dating no doubt to the recognition by early humans that some plants and animals were poisonous and extending to the understanding that nonliving materials could also cause harm. Indeed, the first known deity connected with poisons, Gula, dates back to 4500 BCE, and treatises on herbal medical experiments with poisons date back to 2000 BCE. A number of philosophers—including Homer, Aristotle, Theophrastus, and Socrates—from early Greek civilization were clearly well aware of the effects of some poisons, while there are stories dating from the pre-AD period of experiments, usually on criminals, of the effects of poisons and the use of antidotes. While Europe has its own long history of famous poisoners, such as Cesare Borgia and Catherine de Medici, and knowledge of the effects of poison even found its way into the plays of Shakespeare (Romeo and Juliet Act 5 “Thy drugs are quick. Thus with a kiss

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00041-3

I die”), the formal study of poisons as a “science,” in a way recognizable to modern toxicology is generally held to have started with Paracelsus—born Phillip von Hohenheim in Einsiedeln, Switzerland in 1493—who famously wrote “Alle Ding sind Gift und nichts ohn Gift; allein die Dosis macht, dass ein Ding kein Gift ist” (All things are poison and nothing is without poison, only the dose permits something not to be poisonous). However, it was not until the 1700s that toxicological treatises can really be identified within the UK by the publication of such work as “The Mysteries of Opium Revealed” by Dr John Jones in 1701, that discussed not only the medical uses of opium but also potential adverse effects, and a hypothesis by Dr George Baker in the 1760s that lead in apple juice was to blame for a condition, Devon Colic, that had been known since 1655. The work of Sir Percival Pott is also of note in this century, with the recognition of an association between exposure to soot and the high incidence of scrotal cancer in young chimneysweeps in 1775, thus establishing the first demonstration that a malignancy could be caused by an environmental carcinogen. In turn, the 1800s saw early applications of forensic toxicology, for example, the use of a test developed by James Marsh as evidence of arsenic poisoning in a murder case in 1840, and also the introduction of the first measures to control the sale of a poisonous substance, such as the Arsenic Act of 1851. Indeed, a bill had been proposed as early as 1819 to regulate the distribution and sale of arsenic, but was heavily opposed by the Committee of Associated Apothecaries on the grounds that it would “embarrass the dispensing of medicines, and [was] not calculated to effect the object intended.” With the coming of the 20th century, there were major developments across the globe in our ability to manufacture novel toxic agents and to detect them

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through chemical analysis, as well as a growing understanding of the mechanisms by which the toxic agents work and the types of effect that can occur; World War I contributed in no small measure to this through the use of various poison gases in 1914 and the subsequent efforts by both sides to develop more powerful weapons and counter measures. Since that time, with its well-established university system, the establishment of dedicated research units (e.g., the MRC’s Toxicology Unit, originally established at Porton Down in 1947, to study the mechanism of action of chemicals at all levels from the animal to the individual molecules) and our large chemical, agrochemical, and pharmaceutical industrial sectors, the UK has been heavily involved in applied toxicological research, as well as contributing to basic chemical and biological (e.g., the identification of the structure of DNA by Crick and Watson at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University in 1953) understanding. Thus today the UK remains active in basic academic research and the application of such knowledge to practical issues across the wide field of toxicology, from the discovery and development of new drugs, regulation of the use of chemicals in relation to novel foods and food-related materials, biocides and industrial and consumer products, through to environmental- and ecotoxicology and forensic toxicology. The UK government has also played a leading role in improving the welfare of experimental animals (e.g., through the Animals [Scientific Procedures] Act 1986) and in promoting adoption of alternative test approaches wherever possible (e.g., through promotion of replacement, reduction and refinement for the use of animals, the so-called “3Rs” principle) and its establishment of a NC3Rs and the Animals in Science Committee. The current time is, however, a particularly challenging one in the history of toxicology in the UK. As well as the need to address the challenges and opportunities posed to toxicological risk assessment by the rapid developments in new technologies (such as nanotechnology) and the increasing understanding of the mechanistic basis of genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogenesis and mixture toxicology, there are also the forthcoming challenges presented by major changes in the approach to research funding, regulation, collaborations, and scientific advice across the UK with the forthcoming withdrawal from the EU. Within the UK, there are uncertainties related to the Brexit negotiations and possible impacts to chemical toxicology, product safety, and related regulatory frameworks. For example, in early 2019, The UK’s Environmental Audit Committee started a process to evaluate and enquire existing regulatory instruments to establish whether mechanisms are in place to provide adequate protection to public health and the

environment from exposure to toxic chemicals in everyday use of different consumer grade products. For example, under the authority of the parliament, the committee focused on the use of toxic chemicals in furniture, food, and toys, and the environmental and human health problems and associated current regulations. In early 2019 the UK government promised to address chemicals “of national concern” in a 25 year plan. The plan was released in 2018. This sets out its proposed strategy following the UK’s planned departure from the EU at the end of October 2019, with the timetable dependent on “progress” of Brexit negotiations. The information resources related to this inquiry can be found here: https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/ environmental-audit-committee/inquiries/parliament2017/toxic-chemicals-in-everyday-life-17-19/ The project is complete as per UK Parliamnent website. It is awaiting UK government’s response as of September 30, 2019. Supporting wide range of activities is a growing base of academically and/or professionally trained toxicological specialists. For example, there are at present approximately 1000 members of the British Toxicological Society (BTS) and 1500 UK Registered Toxicologists (the designation of which also confers membership of the EUROTOX Register of Toxicologists). The BTS, along with sister organizations such as the Royal College of Pathologists and the Institute of Biology and the Society of Apothecaries of London, oversees the professional standing of toxicologists in this country. The Society of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology (SETAC) has a role in representing the particular interests of environmental toxicologists and ecotoxicologists.

Resources The following books and journals were identified through the use of structured searches of online databases. The term “toxicology” was applied as the main keyword to identify relevant documents with, for books, only those with authors identified as British or who are based in the UK being selected. Where there was any degree of uncertainty, a book was included if it was also published in the UK. Relevant journals were defined as those with one or more editors based in the UK.

Books Aldridge W.N. (1996) Mechanisms and Concepts in Toxicology CRC Press, 254 pp.

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This book focuses on research procedures in toxicology, aiming to illustrate toxicological concepts and types of toxicity from a mechanistic point of view. Ashford N., Miller C. (1998) Chemical Exposures: Low Levels and High Stakes Chapman and Hall: London, 464 pp This work clarifies the nature of chemical sensitivity, shows how it differs from traditional allergies and toxicity, and suggests how federal and state governments can help those who are affected. Bal R., Halffman W. (eds.) (2013) The Politics of Chemical Risk—Scenarios for a Regulatory Future Kluwer Academic Publishers: London, 368 pp This is the softcover edition of the original 1998 hardcover version of the book. This book forms a discussion of the politics of chemical risk. Barrett S., Gots R.E. (2010) Chemical Sensitivity: The Truth about Environmental Illness Prometheus Books: Loughton, 212 pp The authors explore the speculations about environmental exposure and chemical (or multiple chemicals) sensitivity in the light of scientific knowledge of human physiology, allergy and immunology, pathology, toxicology, and clinical medicine. Chillcott R.P., Price S. (2008) Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 392 pp This book provides a “bottoms up” approach to study skin toxicology. It outlines basic concepts, cites historical and modern references and contains a dictionary for easy references. Furthermore, it includes global legislation and regulatory aspects on the topic. It addresses risk assessment, a key area for the interpretation of skin absorption data. Dearman R.J., Kimber I. (1997) Toxicology of Chemical Respiratory Hypersensitivity CRC Press, Taylor Francis Group, 172 pp This book examines aspects of chemical respiratory allergy and occupational asthma caused by exposure to chemicals. It covers occupational safety measures, and methods for identifying and characterizing chemical allergens. Donaldson K., Borm P. (2019) Particle Toxicology CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 456 pp At the time of writing this chapter, the paperback edition of the book was scheduled to be released in

569 September 2019. The book brings together the state of the science in particle physicochemistry, cell biology, and toxicology in a single volume. It also covers mathematical modeling and human studies as avenues for future research.

Gibson G. (2013) Peroxisomes: Biology and Importance in Toxicology and Medicine CRC Press, 734 pp This book provides an upate on several new aspects of peroxiosome biology and the role of the peroxiosome proliferator activated receptor. Furtherm it highlights the basic structure and functions of peroxisomes which are responsible for many cellular functions including an active auxiliary fatty acid B-oxidation system. Harvey P.W., Everett D.J., Springall C.J. (2008) Adrenal Toxicology CRC Press, Informa Healthcare, 352 pp This book reviews the endocrinology, pharmacology, pathology, and toxicology of the adrenal glands, examining how drugs and chemicals can directly and indirectly affect adrenocortical function. Hendry J.H., Lord B.I. (1995) Radiation Toxicology: Bone Marrow and Leukaemia CRC Press, 360 pp This book covers every injury to the bone marrow which can occur from low and high doses of ionizing radiation—for example, X-rays, gammarays and especially damaging types of radiation such as alpha-rays. Hester R.E., Harrison R.M. (eds.) (2007) Risk Assessment and Risk Management The Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, 180 pp This work addresses risk assessment and management within the context of environmental science and technology. Chapters cover areas including: the assessment of risks to health from the landfilling of household wastes; and aquatic risk assessment and management for pesticides. Morgan B.J.T. (Ed.) (1996) Statistics in Toxicology: A Volume in Memory of David A. Williams Oxford University Press, 248 pp Rhodes C.J. (2000) Toxicology of the Human Environment: The Critical Role of Free Radicals CRC Press, 512 pp This book covers all aspects of toxic agents and the role of free radicals in the environment from their detection to their effects.

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Roberts R.J. (1999) Apoptosis in Toxicology CRC Press, 248 pp This book focuses on the molecular regulation of apoptosis with particular emphasis on toxicant action.

Timbrell J. (2002) Introduction to Toxicology CRC Press, 232 pp This third edition features relevant toxicological examples that reinforce principles.

Robinson L., Thorn I. (eds.) (2001) Handbook of Toxicology and Ecotoxicology for thePulp and Paper Industry Blackwell Publishing, Oxford This book provides a guide to the use and meaning of toxicological and ecological information in the paper industry.

Timbrell J. (2017) Study Toxicology Through Questions CRC Press, 160 pp The original version was published in 1997. This is a compilation of questions with answers for students of toxicology. The book should also be useful for qualified toxicologists and scientists working in related areas who are preparing for internal examinations.

Robinson L., Thorn I. (2005) Toxicology and Ecotoxicology in Chemical Safety Assessment CRC Press, 256 pp The information contained in this book will help those personnel understand, interpret, and apply the range of information supplied on a material safety data sheet when planning the safe handling and use of chemicals. Rose J. (2014) Environmental Toxicology: Current Developments CRC Press, 1st edition (format—kindle edition) 414 pp This volume is a digital version of the original 1998 and 2003 publication by the same name. A collection of essays which highlights current developments in the field of environmental toxicology. It also examines the effects of toxins on other organisms, as well as the techniques, policies, and management strategies employed in studying and controlling environmental pollutants. Shaw I., Chadwick J. (2018) Principles of Environmental Toxicology CRC Press, 230pp This book was originally published in 1998. The 2018 digital version provides a general introduction to all the major areas of environmental toxicology, including the fate of chemicals in the environment, environmental toxicity testing, risk assessment, radioactivity in the environment, legislation, environmental monitoring, and the future impact of industrial development on the environment. Swanson T.M., Vighi M. (eds.) (1998) Regulating Chemical Accumulation in the Environment: The Integration of Toxicology and Economics in Environmental Policy-making Cambridge University Press, 240 pp This book forms a general study of the value of interdisciplinary approaches in environmental policy making.

Timbrell J.A. (2008) Principles of Biochemical Toxicology Taylor & Francis, 464 pp The fourth edition of this textbook provides an explanation of dose response relationships, disposition and metabolism, toxic responses to foreign compounds, and detailed examples to illustrate mechanisms of toxicity. Wooley A. (2017) Practical Toxicology: Evaluation, Prediction and Risk CRC Press, 528 pp Thie third edition of the book looks at the importance of toxicological normality, reviews toxicity testing methods, and explores new and “alternative” methods of safety evaluation. Wright D.A., Welbourn P. (2002) Environmental Toxicology Cambridge University Press, 656 pp This is an introductory textbook dealing with most aspects of the subject, from the molecular to the ecosystem level. Zakrzewski S.F. (ed.) (2002) Environmental Toxicology Oxford University Press, 352 pp This book consists of two parts. In the first part basic metabolic, physiological, and pharmacological concepts are used to explain the fate of toxic chemicals in the body, with an emphasis on carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. The second part deals with specific environmental problems.

Book series (2005 2019/2020) There are several book series with editors and publishers from the United Kingdom. Below one example is provided. The series “Issues in Toxicology” lists

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books related to various contemporary topics in toxicology with a focus on human and ecological risks of exposure to chemicals and other toxicants. The series covers modern toxicology and risk assessments. Detailed information on those books are available at: http://pubs.rsc.org/bookshop/collections/series? issn 5 1757-7179 Editor-in-Chief: Diana Anderson, University of Bradford, UK Series Editors: Dhawan A. (INDIA), Mars T. (UK), Waters M.D. (USA) Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Publishing, Cambridge, UK: 1. Hair in Toxicology: An Impportant Biomonitor (2005) 2. Male-Mediated Developmental Toxicity (2007) 3. Cytochrome P450: Role in the Metabolism and Toxicity of Drugs and other Xenobiotics (2008) 4. Bile Acids: Toxicology and Bioactivity (2008) 5. The Comet Assay in Toxicology (2009, 2016) 6. Silver in Healthcare (2010) 7. In Silico Toxicology, Principles and Applications (2010) 8. Envoronmental Cardiology: Pollution and Heart Disease (2010) 9. Bomarkers and Human Biomonitoring: Volume 1 (2011) 10. Biomarkers and Human Biomonitoring: Volume 2 (2011) 11. Hormone Disruptive Chemical Contaminants in Food (2011) 12. Biomarkers and Human Biomonitoring: Complete Set (2011) 13. The Cellular Response to the Genotoxic Insult: The Question of Threshold for Genotoxic Carcinogens (2012) 14. Toxicological Effects of Veterinary Medicinal Products in Humans, Volume 1 and 2 (2012) 15. Aging and Vulnerability to Environmental Chemicals: Age related Disorders and Their Origins in Environmental Exposure (2012) 16. Chemical Toxicity Prediction: Category Formation and Read-Across (2013) 17. Reducing, Refining and Replacing the Use of Animals in Toxicity Testing (2013) 18. The Carcinogenicity of Metals: Human Risk Through Occupational and Environmental Exposure (2013) 19. Advances in Dermatological Sciences (2013) 20. Metabolic Profiling: Disease and Xenobiotics (2014) 21. Manganese in Health and Disease (2014) 22. Issues in Toxicology Series Set (2005-2014), Released on 25 June 2015

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23. Toxicology, Survival and Health Hazards of Combustion Products (2015) 24. Masked Mycotoxins in Food Formation Occurrence and Toxicological Relevance (2015) 25. Aerobiology: The Toxicology of Airborne Pathogens and Toxins (2016) 26. Chemical Warfare Toxicology: Volume 1 and 2 (2016) 27. Toxicogenomics in Predictive Carcinogenicity (2016) 28. Human Stem Cell Toxicology (2016) 29. The Comment Assay in Toxicology (2016) 30. Computational Systems Pharmacology and Toxicology (2017) 31. Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology: Non-traditional Terrestrial Models (2017) 32. Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicology: Non-traditional Aquatic Models (2017) 33. Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling in Parkinson’s Disease (2017) 34. Nanotoxicology: Experimental and Computational Perspectives (2017) 35. Regulatory Toxicology in the European Union (2018) 36. Formaldehyde: Exposure, Toxicity and Health Effects (2018) 37. Chemical Health Threats: Assessing and Alerting (2018) 38. The Micronucleus Assay in Toxicology (2019) 39. Nanoparticle—Protein Corona: Biophysics to Biology (2019) 40. Big Data in Predictive Toxicology (to be published in December 2019 or early 2020)

Journals Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters Elsevier Science Ltd Presents preliminary experimental or theoretical research results of outstanding significance and timeliness on all aspects of science at the interface of chemistry and biology, and on major advances and experimental results in medicinal chemistry Chemosphere Elsevier Science Ltd. Offers maximum dissemination of investigations related to all aspects of environmental science. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Comparative Pharmacology and Toxicology Elsevier Science Ltd. Concerned with chemical and drug action at different levels of organization, biotransformation of

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xenobiotics, mechanisms of toxicity, including: reactive oxygen species and carcinogenesis, endocrine disruptors, natural products chemistry, and signal transduction with a molecular approach to these fields. Crop Protection Elsevier Science Ltd. This is the official journal of the International Association for the Plant Protection Sciences. The journal focuses on the practical aspects of control strategies in the field and its integration into practical pest management programs. Environmental Pollution Elsevier Science Ltd. Addresses issues relevant to the nature, distribution and ecological effects of all types, and forms of chemical pollutants in air, soil, and water. Environmental Science and Policy Elsevier Science Ltd. Promotes communication among government, business and industry, academia, and nongovernmental organizations that are instrumental in the solution of environmental problems.

Food Chemistry Elsevier Science Ltd Publishes original peer-reviewed research papers dealing with a wide range of subjects which are essential to the food scientist and technologist. Health Technology Assessment Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment publishes research information on the costs, effectiveness, and broader impact of health technologies is produced in the most effective way for those who use, manage, and provide care in the NHS. Health, Risk and Society Routledge, Taylor and Francis Devotes to a theoretical and empirical understanding of the social processes which influence the ways in which health risks are taken, communicated, assessed, and managed. Human and Experimental Toxicology SAGE Publications Ltd. Covers all aspects of preclinical and clinical original research studies and in-depth reviews of functional, biochemical, and structural disorder in toxicology.

Environmental Technology Taylor and Francis Publication of technological manuscripts in the field of applied environmental studies, including environmental biotechnology, environmental and sanitary engineering, industrial waste management and hazardous waste disposal, air and water pollution control, solid waste management, industrial hygiene, and associated technologies. The journal doesn’t publish review articles unless for a specified special issues. For review articles, the journal recommends one of its associated journal “Environmental Technology Reviews.”

Journal of Applied Toxicology John Wiley and Sons Devoted to publishing original research, theoretical and literature reviews relating to the toxicity of drugs and chemicals to living systems at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and target organ level.

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Taylor and Francis Provides a forum for the commentary and analysis of current and emerging research approaches in the ADME-Tox arena, as well as metabolic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological issues relating to specific drugs or drug classes.

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A, Current Issues Part B, Critical Reviews Taylor & Francis Features strictly refereed original research, current issues, and critical reviews in the field of environmental toxicology in general as well as in special interest fields such as target organ toxicities, immunotoxicology, risk assessment, carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, ecotoxicology, environmental factors affecting health, and aquatic toxicology.

Food and Chemical Toxicology Elsevier Science Ltd. Publishes original research reports and occasional interpretative reviews on toxic effects, in animals or humans, of natural or synthetic chemicals occurring in the human environment.

Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology BioMed Central, Springer Nature Open access, peer-reviewed, online journal that considers original research related to the field of occupational medicine and toxicology.

Marine Environmental Research Elsevier Science Ltd.

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Serves as a forum for new information on biology, chemistry, and toxicology and syntheses that advance understanding of marine environmental processes. Marine Pollution Bulletin Elsevier Science Ltd. Concerned with the rational use of maritime and marine resources in estuaries, the seas, and oceans, as well as with documenting marine pollution and introducing new forms of measurement and analysis. Particle and Fibre Toxicology BioMed Central, Springer Nature Open-access, peer-reviewed, online journal for new scientific data, hypotheses, and reviews on the toxicological effects of particles and fibers. Pest Management Science John Wiley & Sons Covers all aspects of research and development, application use, and impact on the environment of products designed for pest control and crop protection. The Annals of Work Exposures and Health The journal is dedicated too presenting advances in exposure science and supports thein recognition, quantification, and control of exposure and risk at work and epidemiological studies and their effects on human health and well-being. This journal was formerly known as “The Annals of Occupational Hygiene.” Toxicology and Industrial Health SAGE Publishing Contains original research papers presenting scientific data dealing with basic and applied research in the field of toxicology and industrial health. Toxicology in vitro Elsevier Science Ltd. Publishes original research papers and reviews on the application and use of in vitro systems for assessing or predicting the toxic effects of chemicals and elucidating their mechanisms of action. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods Taylor & Francis Contains original research on subjects dealing with the mechanisms by which foreign chemicals cause toxic tissue injury. Addresses aspects of the development, validation, and application of new and existing laboratory methods, techniques, and equipment.

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Toxicon Elsevier Science Ltd. Provides a medium for the publication of papers on the chemical, pharmacological, zootoxicological, and immunological properties of natural poisons. Toxicon is the Official journal of the Brazillian Society of Toxinology, The International Society on Toxinology and the North American Society of Toxinology. Toxicon also has an open access mirror journal “Toxicon:X.” Trends in Food Science & Technology Elsevier Science Ltd. This is an official journal of the European Federation of Food Science and Technology (EFFoST), and the International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST). It publishes critical reviews and commentaries of current technology, food science, and human nutrition. Waste Management & Research (WM&R) SAGE Journals WM&R publishes articles related to theory and practice of waste management and research. This journal is publishd on behalf of the International Solid Waste Assocation. The focused topics are solid wastes, processes and technologies, management systems, tools and methodologies, and frameworks. Water Research Elsevier Science Ltd. Publishes refereed, original research papers on all aspects of the science and technology of water quality and its management worldwide. Water Science and Technology Elsevier Science Ltd. Covers all aspects of the science and practice of water pollution control and water quality management worldwide. Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems Taylor & Francis Covers general xenobiochemistry, molecular toxicology, and clinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism and xenobiotic transporters.

Organizations—government Note to readers: At the time of writing this chapter, the authors checked various UK government websites and summarized information related to various resources. It is important to note that each and every website from UK government has a note alerting the

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readers to “Get Ready for Brexit, The UK will leave the EU on 31 October 2019.” Furthermore, it requests the readers to go through a questionnaire to provide additional information to the readers whether and if the Brexit on October 31, 2019 will impact various regulatory and nonregulatory mechanisms under which UK Government departments are operating at this time. Legislation: There are many UK laws and regulations that relate to hazardous chemicals and that impinge on toxicology and experimental research in the UK, and although they are not published in a particular order or under particular headings, for convenience the most recent of these are presented below under a number of topic areas: general legislation on chemicals; legislation on specific substances/chemicals; restriction of use in certain products; food related; transport of chemicals; and planning, environment, waste, and accident related. The following text presents only a selection of the most recent modification to the legislative base. Full details of current UK legislation may be found at: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/uk.htm. Link: https://www.gov.uk/get-ready-brexit-check (This link will likely become obsolete in the near future) Government departments Information and Questions related to Brexit related impacts: Web: https://www.gov.uk/brexit Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Responsibilities include risk assessment, emission controls, risk assessment on nonnative species, etc. For all the services provided by DEFRA, readers are encouraged to access information resources at: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ department-for-environment-food-rural-affairs/ services-information Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London SW1P 3JR, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7238-6000 Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/ organisations/department-for-environment-foodrural-affairs Specific areas of activity include: Chemicals Responsibilities include protecting the environment and human health from the risks posed by exposure to hazardous chemicals. Aims to maximize the important socioeconomic benefits that we rely on chemicals for. Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.gov.uk/topic/environmentalmanagement/chemicals

Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI) DWI is responsible for assessing the quality of drinking water in England and Wales, taking enforcement action if standards are not being met, and appropriate action when water is unfit for human consumption. On August 1, 2019, the DWI Risk Management Assessment Scheme was launched. It was jointly developed by the Inspectorate, Lloyd’s Register, and in consultation with water companies. Further details can be found in the Water Safety Plan section of the website. Room M03, 55 Whitehall, London SW1A 2EY, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7082-8024 Fax: 144 (0)20 7082 8028 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.dwi.gov.uk/ Water Responsible for all aspects of water policy in England, including water supply and resources, and the regulatory systems for the water environment and the water industry. Email: [email protected] (general enquiries) Web: https://www.gov.uk/topic/environmentalmanagement/water Department of Health and Social Care Areas of activity relevant to toxicology include risk assessment of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity of chemicals in food, consumer products, and the environment. Richmond House, 79 Whitehall, London SW1A 2NS, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7210-4850 Fax: 144-(0)20-7210-5025 Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/ organisations/department-of-health-and-social-care A specific guidance has been developed in light of Brexit related impacts. Additional information can be obtained from: https://www.gov.uk/ government/collections/planning-for-a-possible-nodeal-eu-exit-information-for-the-health-and-caresector Specific activities of the department includes: Animals in Science Committee Areas of activity relevant to toxicology include animal experimentation. A recent workshop report can be downloaded from: https://www.gov.uk/ government/publications/asc-and-awerb-hubsworkshop-report-2019 Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/ organisations/animals-in-science-committee

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Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) The department is responsible for business, industrial strategy, science, innovation, energy and climate change. In particular, it deals with ensuring cuttingedge research, science and innovation within UK. Contact: Unit Director Phone: 144-020 7215 5000 Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/ organisations/department-for-business-energy-andindustrial-strategy

Environment and Forestry Directorate Considers and reports on matters relating to rural development, environment and natural heritage, agriculture and fisheries, and such other matters as fall within the responsibility of the Minister for Environment and Rural Development. Phone: 144-131-244-4000 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.gov.scot/about/how-governmentis-run/directorates/environment-and-forestry/

Home Office Activities relevant to toxicology include the establishment of toxicological information to allow the safe use of chemicals; safety assessments of chemicals to meet regulatory requirements, toxicological assessment of potential drug compounds. Direct Communications Unit 2 Marsham Street, London SW1P 4DF, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7035-4848 Fax: 144-(0)20-7035-4745 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/ organisations/home-office

Government agencies and services

Animals in Science Regulation Unit This is the part of the Home Office responsible for regulating the use of animals in experiments and testing under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (ASPA). As the regulator, ASRU seeks to set, uphold, and advance standards of conduct and compliance at all establishments licensed under ASPA. Web: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/research-andtesting-using-animals National Assembly for Wales This is the devolved administration for Wales, and is responsible for developing a sustainable environment for the Welsh population. Areas of activity include sustainable development, environmental strategy, planning and the sustainable management of landscapes. Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NQ, UK Phone: 144-1443-845500 Web: https://gov.wales/ Scottish Parliament This is the devolved administration for Scotland. Edinburgh EH99 1SP, Scotland, UK Phone: 144-(0)131-348-5000/ 1 44-(0)845-278-1999 Fax: 144-(0)131-348-5601 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.parliament.scot/ Of particular relevance to toxicology is the work of the Environment and Forestry Directorate.

Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) Web: http://www.cefas.co.uk/default.aspx Government-supported aquatic scientific research and consultancy service operating out of a number of Laboratories: Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory Pakefi eld Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT Phone: 144-(0)1502-562244 Fax: 1644-(0)1502-513865 Cefas Burnham Laboratory Remembrance Avenue, Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex CM0 8HA Tel: 144-(0)1621-787200 Fax: 144-(0)1621-784 Cefas Weymouth Laboratory The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB Tel: 144-(0)1305-206600 Fax: 144-(0)1305-206601 CEFAS Data Hub Site users can access http://data.cefas.co.uk/ for technical meta data. The data hub states, “Cefas is a world leader in marine science and technology, providing innovative solutions for the aquatic environment, biodiversity and food security. The Cefas Data Hub contains 2055 metadata records, with 5380 data sets available to download and connect to in support of our commitment to open science” (accessed September 20, 2019) English Nature A Government Agency funded by Defra, promoting conservation of England’s wildlife and natural features. Natural England, Northminster House, Peterborough PE1 1UA, UK Tel: 144-(0)845-600-3078 Fax: 144-(0)1733-455103 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/ organisations/natural-england

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Environment Agency (EA) The lead public body for protecting and improving the environment in England and Wales. Operates at both a national and regional level. Environment Agency, Head Office, Rio House, Waterside Drive, Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol BS32 4UD, UK Phone: 144-(0)8708-506506 Web: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ Web: https://www.bodc.ac.uk/resources/ inventories/edmed/org/32/ Area of particular relevance to toxicology: Science and Research Responsible for conduct of government science program for risk assessment of banned chemicals and environmental monitoring. Web: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ science/ Food Standards Agency (FSA) The Food Standards Agency is an independent Government department set up by an Act of Parliament in 2000 to protect the public’s health and consumer interests in relation to food. UK Headquarters Food Standards Agency, Floors 6 and 7, Clive House 70 Petty France London SW1H 9EXSwitchboard: 020-7276-8000 Emergencies only: 020-7270-8960 Web: http://www.food.gov.uk/ Northern Ireland Food Standards Agency Northern Ireland, 10c Clarendon Road, Belfast BT1 3BG Phone: 02890-417700 Scotland Food Standards Agency Scotland, St Magnus House, 6th Floor, 25 Guild Street, Aberdeen AB11 6NJ Phone: 01224-285100 Wales Food Standards Agency Wales, 11th Floor, Southgate House, Wood Street, Cardiff CF10 1EW Phone: 02920-678999 Area of particular relevance to toxicology: Science and Research Conducts and commissions extensive scientific research and survey work to ensure that advice to the public is based on the best and most up-to-date food science. Web: http://www.food.gov.uk/science/

Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Responsible for the regulation of almost all risks to health and safety arising from work activities in Britain, including nuclear installations, mines, factories, farms, hospitals and schools, offshore gas and oil installations, the safety of the gas grid, and movement of dangerous goods and substances, and railway safety. Phone: 144-(0)845-345-0055 Web: http://www.hse.gov.uk/ Groups of particular relevance to toxicology: Chemical Group responsible for chemical production, oil refining and associated onshore oil-related industry, coatings production, pharmaceuticals production, fertilizers production, production of compressed gases, production of hygiene/cleaning materials, large-scale storage of chemicals and their transport by road. HSE Bootle Headquarters, Redgrave Court, Merton Road, Bootle, Merseyside, L20 7HS Web: http://www.hse.gov.uk/chemicals/index.htm Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) Agency of the HSE undertaking research and development; advice and consultancy; forensic investigation into causes of accidents; environmental and biological monitoring; risk assessment and control; establishing standards; and validation, certification, and training. Web: http://www.hsl.gov.uk/ Public Health England Public Health England is an executive agency of the Department of Health and Social Care, and a distinct organization with operational autonomy. They provide government, local government, the NHS, Parliament, industry, and the public with evidencebased professional, scientific expertise and support. The agency employs 5500 staff (full-time equivalent), mostly scientists, researchers, and public health professionals. The agency has eight local centers, plus an integrated region and centre for London, and four regions (north of England, south of England, Midlands and east of England, and London). The organization works closely with public health professionals in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, and internationally. Public Health England was established on April 1, 2013 to bring together public health specialists from more than 70 organizations into a single public health service.

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The Centre for Infections at Colindale is the base for communicable disease surveillance and specialist microbiology. The Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards is based at Chilton, and the Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response, focusing on applied microbiological research and emergency response, is based at Porton. Public Information Access Office Public Health England Wellington House 133-155 Waterloo Road London SE1 8UG United Kingdom Email: [email protected] Main switchboard: 020 7654 8000 Health advice for members of the public: 111 (NHS 111 service, free from any phone) Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/ organisations/public-health-england Chemicals, radiation, and environmental hazards press office 01235 825 405/406 Under “Health Protection” detailed information on different divisions of particular relevalce to toxicology can be found: Web: https://www.gov.uk/topic/health-protection 1. Chemical hazards (https://www.gov.uk/topic/ health-protection/chemical-hazards) 2. Emergency response (https://www.gov.uk/topic/ health-protection/emergency-response) 3. Infectious diseases (https://www.gov.uk/topic/ health-protection/infectious-diseases) 4. Migrant health guide (https://www.gov.uk/topic/ health-protection/migrant-health-guide) 5. Radiation (https://www.gov.uk/topic/healthprotection/radiation) 6. Services (https://www.gov.uk/topic/healthprotection/services) Radiation Report series: This report series contains scientific publications by the Health Protection Agency (HPA) Radiation Protection Division. The series was a continuration of NRPB-W series reports published by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) prior to its merger with the HPA. HPA became part of Public Health England on 1 April 2013. Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/ collections/radiation-hpa-rpd-report-series [email protected]

National Poisons Information Service (NPIS) This is a service commissioned by Public Health England. A clinical toxicology service for NHS healthcare professionals, consisting of a network of units across the UK, providing information and advice on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients who may have been accidentally or deliberately poisoned (information available on TOXBASE). An application is also available for downloading on to mobile devices. Web: http://www.npis.org/ Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) The Agency is responsible for the regulation and safety assessment of medicines and medical devices in the UK. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (Information center), 10-2 Market Towers, 1 Nine Elms Lane, London, SW8 5NQ, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7084-2000/ 1 44-(0)20-7210-3000 Fax: 144-(0)20-7084-2353 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/ organisations/medicines-and-healthcare-productsregulatory-agency National Health Service (NHS) The NHS for England was established in 1948 and is now the largest organization in Europe. There are separate organizations for Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, and the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands have separate independent health service structures. Web: https://www.england.nhs.uk/ Contact webpage: https://www.england.nhs.uk/ contact-us/ Members of the public, patients, and their representatives should contact our Customer Contact Centre. Telephone: 0300 311 22 33 Email: [email protected] General Post (including complaints): NHS England, PO Box 16738, Redditch, B97 9PT Address for service of legal proceedings and formal letters of claim: NHS England, Legal Team, 4W08 4th Floor, Quarry House, Leeds LS2 7UE. Scottish Agricultural Science Agency (SASA) SASA is a government executive agency providing scientific information and advice on agricultural crops. It is a division of the Agriculture and Rural Delivery Directorate.

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SASA, 1 Roddinglaw Road, Edinburgh, EH12 9FJ Scotland, UK Phone: 144(0)-131-244-8890 Fax: 144(0)-131-244-8940 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.sasa.gov.uk/ Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) SEAPA is responsible for regulating and advising the Scottish Parliament through Ministers, on environmental protection. In broad terms, SEPA regulates: activities that may pollute water or air; the storage, transport and disposal of waste; the keeping and disposal of radioactive materials. Some of SEPA’s other principal responsibilities include: maintaining a flood warning system; implementing the National Waste Strategy; controlling, with the Health and Safety Executive, the risk of major accidents at industrial sites; and operating the Scottish part of the Radioactive Incident Monitoring Network. SEPA Corporate Office, Erskine Court, Castle Business Park, Stirling FK9 4TR, Scotland, UK Phone: 144(0)-1786-457700 Fax: 144(0)-1786-446885 Web: https://www.sepa.org.uk/ Office locations and map: https://www.sepa.org.uk/ contact/office-locations/list/ https://www.sepa.org.uk/contact/office-locations/ Scottish National Heritage (SNH) The SNH is controlled by a Board appointed by Scottish Ministers, and determines the objectives, strategies, and policies of SNH, in the light of SNH’s statutory obligations and guidance from the Scottish Executive. The board is supported by Audit and Risk Committee, Protected Areas Committee, and Scientific Advisory Committee. SNH (Headquarters), Great Glen House, Leachkin Road, Inverness IV3 8NW, Scotland, UK Phone: 144-(0)1463-725000 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.nature.scot/ Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) The VMD is an Executive Agency responsible for issues concerning the use and manufacture of veterinary medicines in the UK, with the objective of protecting public and animal health, the environment and promoting animal welfare by assuring the safety, quality, and efficacy of veterinary medicines. VMD, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3LS, UK Phone: 1 44-(0)1932-336911

Email: [email protected] (generic inquiries) Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/ organisations/veterinary-medicines-directorate

Government advisory committees Hazardous Substances Advisory Committee (HSAC) Provides expert advice on the science behind hazardous chemicals including nanomaterials. The principal role is advising the UK Chemicals Stakeholder Forum. Zone 4/E1, Ashdown House, 123 Victoria Street, London SW1E 6DE, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7082-8109 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/ hazardous-substances-advisory-committee The UK Expert Committee on Pesticides (ECP) The ECP, a Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) expert committee, provides independent scientific advice to UK government and the devolved administrations on matters related to the authorization and use of pesticides. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Seacole Building 2 Marsham Street, London, SW1P 4DF, UK Phone: 144-(0)-20-7238-6951(switchboard) Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.hse.gov.uk/pesticides/ Air Quality Expert Group (AQEG) This is an independent group that provides scientific advice on air quality, in particular the air pollutants contained in the Air Quality Strategy (AQS) for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and those covered by the EU Directive on ambient air quality assessment and management. AQEG does not advise on health impacts or air quality standards. AQEG Secretariat, Defra 7/F15, NW Quarter Seacole Block 2 Marshall Street, London, SW1P 4DF Phone: 144-08459-33-5577 Email: [email protected] Web: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/library/aqeg/ Animals in Science Committee Advises the Home Secretary on matters concerned with the Act and their functions under it, relating to any experimental or other scientific procedures applied to a protected animal which may have the effect of causing that animal pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm. In addition, examines other related subjects considered worthy of further study.

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ASC Secretariat, 14th Floor, Lunar House, 40 Wellesley Road, Croydon, CR9 2BY United Kingdom Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/ organisations/animals-in-science-committee Chemicals Stakeholder Forum (CSF) The UK Chemicals Stakeholder Forum (CSF) was set up in September 2000 following the development of the UK Chemicals Strategy in December 1999. The principal function of the Forum is to advise the Government on how industry should reduce the risks from hazardous chemicals to the environment and to human health through the environment. The Forum has 27 members drawn from industry, environmental, and animal protection and conservation organizations, trade unions, consumer groups, and the scientific community. Defra, NW Quarter Seacole Block 2 Marshall Street, London, SW1P 4DF Phone: 144-08459-33-5577 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/ukchemicals-stakeholder-forum The strategic goals and approach (2019) can be accessed at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/802089/strategic-goals-ukcsf.pdf Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COC) COC is an independent advisory committee that provides advice to Government Departments and Agencies on matters concerning the potential carcinogenicity of chemicals ranging from natural products to new synthetic chemicals used in pesticides or pharmaceuticals. It consists of a panel of independent doctors and scientists recruited for their individual expertise from universities, research institutes and, in some cases, industry. The independent members of COC are supported in their work by a joint secretariat provided by the Health Protection Agency and the Food Standards Agency. COC Secretariat, Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Chilton, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RQ Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/ committee-on-carcinogenicity-of-chemicals-in-foodconsumer-products-and-the-environment-coc Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) Agency of the HSE undertaking research and development; advice and consultancy; forensic investigation into causes of accidents;

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environmental and biological monitoring; risk assessment and control; establishing standards; and validation, certification and training. Tel: 144(0)203 028 2000 Fax: 144 (0)1298 218986 Email (general enquiries): [email protected] Web: http://www.hsl.gov.uk/ For various services, contact HSE’s different services at: https://www.hsl.gov.uk/contact-us Committee on Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) COMEAP is an Advisory Committee of independent experts that provides advice to Government Departments and Agencies on all matters concerning the potential toxicity and effects upon health of air pollutants. COMEAP Secretariat, Public Health England, Centre for Radiation Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0RQ Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/ committee-on-the-medical-effects-of-air-pollutantscomeap Committee on Mutagenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COM) COM is an Independent Advisory Committee that provides advice to Government Departments and Agencies on matters concerning the potential mutagenicity of chemicals ranging from natural products to new synthetic chemicals used in pesticides or pharmaceuticals. It consists of a panel of independent doctors and scientists recruited for their individual expertise from universities and research institutes and, in some cases, industry. COM Secretariat, Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/ organisations/committee-on-mutagenicity-ofchemicals-in-food-consumer-products-and-theenvironment Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) The committee provides expert advice to government authorities in England and Wales on a wide range of issues relating to the toxicity of chemicals. The Committee’s terms of reference are to assess and advise on the toxic risk to man of substances which

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are: (a) used or proposed to be used as food additives, or used in such a way that they might contaminate food through their use or natural occurrence in agriculture, including horticulture and veterinary practice or in the distribution, storage, preparation, processing or packaging of food; (b) used or proposed to be used or manufactured or produced in industry, agriculture, food storage or any other workplace; (c) used or proposed to be used as household goods or toilet goods and preparations; (d) used or proposed to be used as drugs, when advice is requested by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency; (e) used or proposed to be used or disposed of in such a way as to result in pollution of the environment. COT Secretariat, Food Standards Agency, Floors 6 and 7, Clive House 70 Petty France, London SW1H 9EX Phone: 144-020 7276 8522 Email: [email protected] Web: https://cot.food.gov.uk/ COT’s risk analysis framework: https://cot.food.gov. uk/risk-analysis-framework Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants COMEAP provides independent advice to government departments and agencies on how air pollution impacts on health. Its members come from a range of specialist fields such as air quality science, atmospheric chemistry, toxicology, physiology, epidemiology, statistics, pediatrics, and cardiology. There is also a lay member, who helps ensure that the general public can access and understand the committee’s work. COMEAP Secretariat, Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0RQ Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/ committee-on-the-medical-effects-of-air-pollutantscomeap Parliamentary Select Committee on Science and Technology One of the departmental select committees of the House of Commons (Parliament). This committee focuses on the expenditure, administration, and policy of the Office of Science and Innovation and its associated public bodies. Science and Technology Committee, House of Commons, London, SW1A 0AA Telephone: 144-(020)-7219-2793 Email: [email protected]

Web: https://www.parliament.uk/business/ committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/ science-and-technology-committee/ Veterinary Products Committee (VPC) The Veterinary Products Committee (VPC) was established in 1970 under section 4 of the Medicines Act 1968 (the Act). The VPC took over from the Advisory Committee on Pesticides and other Toxic Chemicals which had, up until then, been responsible for advising the Health and Agriculture Ministers on the administration of the voluntary Veterinary Products Safety Precautions Scheme (VPSPS), which had been established in 1964 for the scrutiny of veterinary medicines. In October 2005, the Medicines Act 1968 was disapplied to veterinary medicines by the Veterinary Medicines Regulations S.I. 2005 No 2745 (the Regulations) which made provision for the continuance of the VPC. Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3LS, UK Phone: 144-(0)1932-338490 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/ organisations/veterinary-products-committee Government-funded Independent Research Councils Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) BBSRC is part of the UK Research and Innovation. It supports research and training in universities and research centers throughout the UK, and promotes knowledge transfer from research to applications in business, industry, and policy, and public engagement in the biosciences. BBSRC, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1UH, UK Phone: 144-(0)1793-413200 (switchboard) Emails: For various groups and specific inquiries, check https://bbsrc.ukri.org/about/contact/ Web: http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk Medical Research Council (MRC) The MRC is a publicly funded research council focused on improving human health through medical and other scientific research activities. It supports research across the biomedical spectrum, from fundamental lab-based science to clinical trials, and in all major disease areas. It is governed by the MRC Council, which directs the scientific strategy and corporate policy. MRC’s research boards and panels includes leading scientists who play a key role in delivering MRC

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objectives across the portfolio. The research boards hold their own research budgets and review and manage scientific activity within their specialist areas. The following boards, panels, committees, and funding instruments are included in the MRC portfolio. • • • • • • • • • • • •

Infections & Immunity Board Neurosciences & Mental Health Board Molecular & Cellular Medicine Board Population & Systems Medicine Board Developmental Pathway Funding Scheme Confidence in Concept / Proximity to Discovery Panel Regenerative Medicine Research Committee Methodology Research Programme Panel BMC: Major Awards Committee Skills Development Panel Clinical Training and Career Development Panel Nonclinical Training and Career Development Panel The MRC Executive Board, based at the head office in London, is responsible for the day-to-day management of the organization. It also supports a number of MRC research units, institutes, and an affiliated company, MRC Technology, which works with industry to translate scientific discoveries into new treatments and technologies.

Head Offices London Medical Research Council 58 Victoria Embankment London EC4Y 0DS Swindon Medical Research Council Polaris House North Star Avenue Swindon SN2 1FL Phone: 144-(0)20-01793 416200 (switchboard) Contact Emails webpage: https://mrc.ukri.org/about/ contact/ Web: https://mrc.ukri.org/ Research groups of particular relevance to toxicology and related areas include: MRC Epidemiology Unit The MRC Epidemiology Unit, located at the University of Cambridge, creating a new University Unit department within the School of Clinical Medicine has a remit to investigate occupational and environmental causes of disease within the UK. MRC Epidemiology Unit

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University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine Level 3 Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge CB2 0SL United Kingdom Telephone: 144 (0)1223 330315 Fax: 144 (0)1223 330316 Phone: 144 (0)1223 330315 Web: http://www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk/ MRC Toxicology Unit The Toxicology Unit studies fundamental mechanisms of cellular and tissue response to injury caused by drugs, chemicals, and endogenous molecules. MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 7HB Phone: 144-(0)116-252-5535 Web: https://www.mrc-tox.cam.ac.uk/ MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit The unit studies the fundamental processes of human nutrition, especially in energy metabolism, the involvement of these processes in human disease and aging, and the impact of diet on human health and longevity. The Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke’s Site, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.infectiousdisease.cam.ac.uk/ departments/mrc-dunn-human-nutrition-unit MRC Centre for Nutritional Epidemiology in Cancer Prevention and Survival (CNC) The current project status is “closed.” The following is for information purposes only. The MRC Centre for Nutritional Epidemiology in Cancer Prevention and Survival (CNC) was launched in July 2006 with a d2.3 m MRC award to the University of Cambridge to fund research into the impact of diet on cancer. The center is hosted by the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (Lead Research Organisation) and is directed by Dr Kay-Tee Khawto provide international leadership in research in the epidemiology and molecular origins of the dietary causes of cancer. MRC Centre for Nutritional Epidemiology in Cancer Prevention and Survival (CNC), Department of Public Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK Email: [email protected] Web https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref 5 G0500300

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MRC Centre for Reproductive Health The Unit undertakes studies at a molecular, cellular, and endocrine level on the regulation of the human reproductive system, with particular attention to mechanisms that might be exploited for purposes of contraception or account for infertility, menstrual cycle abnormalities, and disorders of pregnancy and fetal development. Immunological, hormonal, and pharmacological approaches for the reversible regulation of human fertility are under investigation, and clinical development through links with industry and international agencies. Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK Phone: 144-0131 242 2694/ 1 44-0131 242 6441 Email: [email protected] or Geoffrey. [email protected] (general enquires) Web: https://www.ed.ac.uk/centre-reproductive-health MRC Neurodegenerative Unit The MRC Neurodegenerative Unit works mainly on two neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer’s disease and motor neuron disease. MRC Neurodegenerative Unit, King’s College London; Strand Building, Strand Campus, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS Phone: 144 (0)20 7836 5454 Web: https://www.kcl.ac.uk/ioppn/depts/bcn/ourresearch/neurodegeneration/brain-bank MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (CNDD) The MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders was opened in November 2016. The Centre focuses to identify the biological mechanisms underlying developmental brain disorders. The goal is to translate this knowledge into clinical practice. MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus King’s College London London SE1 1UL Tel: 144-(0)20-7848 8435 Email: [email protected] Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) NERC is a publicly funded research council focused on delivery of independent research, survey, training, and knowledge transfer in the environmental sciences. NERC funds scientific research projects and also supports six research centers and several scientific institutes. NERC, Head Office, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1EU, UK Phone: 144-(0)179-3411500 Fax: 144-(0)179-3411501 Web: http://www.nerc.ac.uk/

Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) Undertakes research in the land and freshwater environmental sciences. Based on the updated information from the CEH, it will become an autonomous and independent research institute on December 1, 2019. UK’s Minister for Universities, Science, Research and Innovation, and HM Treasury have approved CEH to become independent from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). It will launch as a not-for-profit company limited by guarantee with charitable status. Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire, SN2 1EU, UK Phone: 144 (0)7920 295384 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ceh.ac.uk/index.html Contact Web: https://www.ceh.ac.uk/contact-us Natural History Museum The Natural History Museum is an international leader in the scientific study of the natural world. More than 300 scientists work at the Museum to tackle a diverse range of global problems, such as threats to the Earth’s biodiversity, the maintenance of delicate ecosystems, environmental pollution, and disease. Natural History Museum Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7942-5000 (general enquires) Web: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/

Organizations—nongovernment Nongovernment organizations/trade associations BIBRA Toxicology Advice & Consulting BIBRA provides chemical hazard and risk assessments for a variety of industries, including medical devices, consumer products, pharmaceuticals, and food and food contact materials. Cantium House, Railway Approach, Wallington, Surrey SM6 0DZ, UK Phone: 144 (0)20 8619 0770 E-mail: [email protected] Web: https://www.bibra-information.co.uk/ The Royal Society of Biology The Royal Society of Biology is a single unified voice for biology: advising Government and influencing policy; advancing education and professional development; supporting our members, and engaging and encouraging public interest in the life sciences. The Society represents a diverse

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membership of individuals, learned societies and other organizations. Individual members include practising scientists, students at all levels, professionals in academia, industry and education, and nonprofessionals with an interest in biology and how it can contribute to improving life. Royal Society of Biology, 1 Naoroji Street, London, WC1X 0GB, UK Phone: 144 (020) 3925 3440 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.rsb.org.uk/ British Plastics Federation (BPF) This is a trade association of the UK plastics industry. BPF, 6 Bath Place, Rivington Street, London EC2A 3JE, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7457-5000 Fax: 144-(0)20-7457-5020 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.bpf.co.uk/ Cruelty Free International Cruelty Free International is a campaigning organization that raises awareness and exposes the reality of animal experimentation and creates meaningful changes in policy while defending the rights of animals and the well-being of people through public campaigning, hard-hitting undercover investigations, media activities, political lobbying, promotion of cruelty-free products, legal and scientific expertise, and quality educational and information materials. Cruelty Free International Trust is a registered charity. Both organizations work together with different objectives. Based on the information provided in their website, the Trust’s charitable objectives include research into alternatives to animal testing; to ensure compliance with laws related to control of animal testing; and educational awareness related to animal testing. Cruelty Free International, 16a Crane Grove, London, N7 8NN, UK Phone: 144-(0)207-700-4888 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.crueltyfreeinternational.org/ Chemical & Industrial Consultants Association (CICA) This is a trade body established by independent consultants specialising in applications of chemistry in industry. CICA Honorary Secretary, 8 Chestnut Close, Baltonsborough, Somerset BA6 8PH, UK Phone: 144-(0)1829-740-865 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.chemical-consultants.co.uk/

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Chemical Hazards Communication Society (CHCS) Chemical Hazards Communication Society was launched at an inaugural meeting at the Health and Safety Executive, London in April 1994, as an unincorporated, nonprofit-making society. It provides information and training guidance for associations or for government, involved with the ever-increasing complexity of chemical hazards regulations and international codes. Chairman, Chemicals Hazards Communication Society, P.O. Box 899 OXFORD, OX1 9QG, UK Phone: 144-(0)333-210-2427 Fax: 144-(0)844-636-2428 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.chcs.org.uk/ Chemical Industries Association (CIA) This is the largest trade association of chemical manufactures in the UK. CIA, Kings Buildings, Smith Square, London SW1P 3JJ, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7834-3399 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.cia.org.uk/newsite/ Friends of the Earth This is an environmental pressure and campaign group that seeks to influence policy and practice by; working local to global, solutions based research, and enabling campaigning. It is organized as two distinct organizations, a charity (Friends of the Earth Trust) and a limited company (Friends of the Earth Limited). Both focus on conservation and the protection and improvement of the environment. Friends of the Earth, The Printworks, 139 Clapham Rd, LONDON, SW9 0HP Phone: 144-(0)20-7490-1555 Web: https://friendsoftheearth.uk/ Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME) FRAME is a registered charity promoting the total elimination of laboratory animal use. It supports efforts to reduce the numbers of animals used through better science and better experimental design, and refines procedures so that the suffering of any animals necessarily used is minimized in line with the 3 Rs principle. E Floor, Medical School, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK Phone: 144-(0)300-030-1016 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.frame.org.uk/

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Green Alliance This is an independent charity working to promote sustainable development by ensuring that the environment is at the heart of decision-making. Green Alliance, 4th floor, Victoria Charity Centre, 11 Belgrave Road, London, SW1V 1RB Phone: 144-(0)20-7233-7433 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.green-alliance.org.uk/ Greenpeace Greenpeace is an independent nonprofit campaigning organization active in the UK. It focuses on government’s and industry’s role in environmental issues around the world. Greenpeace, Canonbury Villas, London N1 2PN, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7865-8100 or 0800-269-065. Fax: 144-(0)20-7865-8200 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/ Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) The IOM is an independent center of scientific research in the fields of occupational and environmental health, hygiene, and safety. It was founded as a charity in 1969 by the UK coal industry in conjunction with the University of Edinburgh and became fully independent in 1990. IOM Edinburgh & SafeNano Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh Midlothian EH14 4AP Tel: 144-(0)131-449-8000 Fax: 144-(0)131-449-8084 Email: [email protected]: http://www.iomworld.org/ Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH) IOSH is an independent, nonprofit organization that sets professional standards, supports and develops members, and provides authoritative advice and guidance on health and safety issues. IOSH, The Grange, Highfield Drive, Wigston, Leicestershire, LE18 1NN, UK Phone: 144-(0)116-257-3100 Fax: 144-(0)116-257-3101 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.iosh.co.uk/ Institution of Chemical Engineers This is the UK’s professional institution for chemical engineers. Institution of Chemical Engineers (Headquarters), Davis Building, 165 189 Railway Terrace, Rugby CV21 3HQ, UK

Phone: 144-(0)1788-578214 Fax: 144-(0)1788-560833 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.icheme.org/ Pesticide Action Network (PAN) UK PAN is an independent, nonprofit organization working to promote healthy food, agriculture, and environment, and focuses on the use of chemicals in food production and agriculture. In particular, the focus is on the elimination of the hazards of pesticides, reduction of dependence on pesticides, and prevention of unnecessary expansion of use; and increasing the sustainable and ecological alternatives to chemical pest control. PAN has a “resources” page which can be accessed via https://www.pan-uk.org/resources/. PAN, The Brighthelm Centre, North Road, Brighton, BN1 1YD Phone: 144 01273 964230 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.pan-uk.org Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) This is a UK charity working to prevent cruelty, promote kindness to, and alleviate suffering of animals. It is active in relation to the use of animals in scientific experiments. RSPCA, Wilberforce Way, Southwater, Horsham, West Sussex, RH13 9RS, UK Phone: 144-(0)870-3335-999 Web: https://www.rspca.org.uk/ Sense about Science This is an independent charitable trust promoting good science and evidence in public debates. Sense about Science, 2 Stephen Street, London W1T 1AN Tel: 144 20 7490 9590 Email: [email protected] Web: https://senseaboutscience.org/ Wellcome Trust The Wellcome Trust is an independent charity funding research to improve human and animal health. Wellcome Trust, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7611-8888 Fax: 144-(0)20-7611-8545 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/ Women’s Environmental Network (WEN) WEN is an independent campaigning organization, which represents women and campaigns on issues

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that link women, environment, and health. Formed in 1988, it is a registered charity. 20 Club Row, London, E2 7EY, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7481-9004 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.wen.org.uk Women’s Institute (WI) The Women’s Institute is the largest organization for women in the UK with 215,000 members in England, Wales, and the Islands. It works to educate women, to expand their horizons, and to develop and pass on important skills. It is active in the field of the potential effects of chemicals present in the environment. National Federation of Women’s Institutes, 104 New Kings Road, London SW6 4LY, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7371-9300 Web: https://www.thewi.org.uk/ World Wildlife Fund (WWF-UK) WWF-UK is part of an international organization, the WWF. It is an independent conservation charity that carries out conservation work all over the world. WWF-UK, Panda House, Weyside Park, Godalming, Surrey, GU7 1XR, UK Phone: 144-(0)1483-426444 Web: https://www.wwf.org.uk/

Universities Brunel University Brunel University London Kingston Lane Uxbridge Middlesex UB8 3PH Tel: 144-(0)1895-274000 Fax: 144-(0)1895-232806 Web: http://www.brunel.ac.uk/ Centre for Environmental Research in Centre for the Analysis of Risk and Optimisation Modelling Application (CARISMA) The mission of CARISMA is to be a center of excellence recognized for its research and scholarship in: analysis of risk, optimization modeling and the combined paradigm of risk and return quantification. As such the center is involved in research, postgraduate and master’s degree training, and consultancy. Web: https://www.brunel.ac.uk/mathematics/ research-and-phd-programmes/Departmentalresearch-groups/Centre-for-the-Analysis-of-Risk-andOptimisation-Modelling-Applications

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Institute of Environment, Health and Societies This is composed of an interdisciplinary team of academics, undertaking research and providing consultation support in the fields of environmental and health-related research that contributes to the creation and development of sustainable, secure, and healthy societies. Email: [email protected] Phone: 144-(0)1895-266677 Web: https://www.brunel.ac.uk/research/Institutes/ Institute-of-Environment-Health-and-Societies Centre for Health Effects of Radiological and Chemical Agents The centre focuses on health effects of radiation and chemical agents. Brunel University London Kingston Lane Uxbridge Middlesex UB8 3PH Telephone: 144-(0)1895-266018 Email: [email protected] Cardiff University Cardiff University Cardiff Wales CF10 3AT UK Phone: 144-(0)29-2087-4000 Web: http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/index.html Epidemiology and Applied Clinical Research Group at Cardiff University School of Healthcare Sciences Phone: 144-(0)29-2068-7689 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/research/explore/ research-units/epidemiology-and-applied-clinicalresearch-group Contact: https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/healthcaresciences/people School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB Phone: 144-(0)29-2087-0132 Web: https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/pharmacypharmaceutical-sciences Cranfield University Cranfield University (Main campus), Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK Phone: 144-(0)1234-750111 Fax: 144-(0)1234-750875 Web: https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/

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Cranfield Environment and Health Focuses on health research, education, and consultancy and combines science technology, human factors, and management to provide new solutions for the health sector. The Environmental division also promotes a healthier environment through activities such as facilitating information exchange, identifying and evaluating environment and health issues, and managing research programs on the adverse effects of chemicals. Further, additional focus is on theoretical and experimental (in vitro) assessment of the toxicology of chemicals and particles. Department of Environment and Health, College Road, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK Phone: 144-(0)1234-750111 Web: https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/academicdisciplines/environment-and-health Lancaster University Lancaster United Kingdom LA1 4YW Phone: 144-(0)1524-65201 Web: http://www.lancs.ac.uk/ Department of Environmental and Earth Sciences Conducts research into the aquatic, atmospheric, and terrestrial environments. Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK, LA1 4YQ Phone: 144-(0)1524-65201 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/lec/ undergraduate/earth-science/ Liverpool John Moores University Roscoe Court, 4 Rodney Street, Liverpool L1 2TZ, UK Phone: 144-(0)151-231-2121 (main switchboard) Web: http://www.ljmu.ac.uk/ Centre for Public Health Conducts projects in the area of environmental health, integrated pollution, prevention and control, food and health, and reaching responsibilities. Centre for Public Health, North Street, Liverpool L3 2AY, UK Phone: 144 (0)151 231 451 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.cph.org.uk/ Loughborough University Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK Phone: 144-(0)1509-263171 Web: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/ Department of Chemical Engineering Conducts research of safety, environment, and loss prevention.

Phone: 144 (0)1509 222533 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ chemical/ Napier University Napier University, Craiglockhart Campus, Edinburgh EH14 1DJ, UK Phone: 08452-606040 Web: http://www.napier.ac.uk/ School of Applied Sciences Investigates the toxicology of different types to nanoparticles. Web: https://www.napier.ac.uk/about-us/ourschools/school-of-applied-sciences Newcastle University Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK Phone: 144-(0)191-222-6000 Web: http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ Institute of Health and Society Conducts the environment and health research programs. Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, United Kingdom Phone: 144-(0)191-222-7045 Web: https://www.ncl.ac.uk/ihs/ Institute for Research on Environment & Sustainability and School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences Interdisciplinary research institute based within the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Building, King’s Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU Phone: 144-(0191)-208-6900 Web: https://www.ncl.ac.uk/nes/ Oxford Brookes University Undertakes postgraduate courses on environmental assessment. Headington Campus, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK Phone: 144-(0)1865-741111 Web: http://www.brookes.ac.uk/ University of Aberdeen Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK Phone: 144-(0)1224-272000 Web: http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ Biological and Environmental Sciences Conducts research projects covering both environmental and occupational health issues. Department Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liberty Safe Work Research Centre,

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Foresterhill Road, Aberdeen AB25 2ZP, UK Phone: 144-(0)1224-272090 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.abdn.ac.uk/study/ undergraduate/subject-areas/341/biological-andenvironmental-sciences/ Institute of Medical Sciences Provides a wide area of medical research programs. Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, King’s College, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK Phone: 144-(0)1224-272000 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ims/about.shtml School of Biological Sciences Provides wide area of biological taught and research course. Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK Phone: 144-(0)1224-272861 Fax: 144-(0)1224-272396 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.abdn.ac.uk/biologicalsci/ University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK Phone: 144-(0)121-414-3344 Web: http://www.bham.ac.uk/default.asp Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (IOEM) Develops and conducts research and teaching programs in occupational and environmental medicine, epidemiology, ergonomics, toxicology, hygiene, and other related disciplines. Web: http://www.pcpoh.bham.ac.uk/ioem/ School of Biosciences Delivers teaching and research across the broad span of modern biology. School of Biosciences, the University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Phone: 144-(0)121-414-5400 Fax: 144-(0)121-414-5925 Web: http://www.biosciences.bham.ac.uk/ University of Dundee Nethergate, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK Phone: 144-(0)1382-383000 (main switchboard) Fax: 144-(0)1382-201604 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.dundee.ac.uk/ School of Medicine The School of Medicine is based at the University of Dundee’s Ninewells campus, colocated with Ninewells hospital. Translational research and

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teaching in the School of Medicine focuses on the application of discovery, knowledge transfer, research and innovation, improving our understanding and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. Phone: 144-(0)1382-384664 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.dundee.ac.uk/medicine/ research/ University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK Phone: 144-(0)1603-456161 Web: http://www.uea.ac.uk/ School of Environmental Sciences Conducts teaching and research, integrating physical, chemical, biological, social, and geotechnical sciences into the study of natural and human environment. School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK Phone: 144-(0)1603-592542 Fax: 144-(0)1603-591327 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.uea.ac.uk/environmental-sciences University of Leicester University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK Phone: 144-(0)116-252-2522 Fax: 144-(0)116-252-2200 Web: http://www.le.ac.uk/external/ Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Development Conducts cancer research focusing on aspects such as etiology, biology, prevention, and treatment, and research into stem cell and cell biology relating to the reproductive and gastrointestinal systems. Head, Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, 2nd Floor, Osborne Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.le.ac.uk/cm/ University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX, UK Phone: 144-(0)151-794-2000 Web: http://www.liv.ac.uk/ School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Conducts research and teaches courses to promote and develop the safe and effective use of drugs. Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK Phone: 144 (0)151 795 5996

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Web: https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/translationalmedicine/departmentsandgroups/molecular-andclinical-pharmacology/about/ University of London Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7862-8000 Web: http://www.lon.ac.uk/ London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Undertakes research, postgraduate teaching, and advanced training in national and international public health and tropical medicine, and research to inform policy and practice in these areas. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7636-8636 Web: http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/ University of Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK Phone: 144-(0)161-306-6000 Web: https://www.manchester.ac.uk/ Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH) Undertakes research on the effect of occupation and environment on health. Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, 4th Floor, Block C, Humanities Building (Devas Street), Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK Phone: 144 (0)161 275 5521 / 5451 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.coeh.man.ac.uk/cgi-bin/frameset/ launch.pl?link_id_24 School of Environment, Education and Development Environmental Impact Assessment An independent university-based research organization, specializing in environmental impact assessment, research, training, and information. EIA Centre, Planning and Landscape, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK Phone: 144-(0)161 275-4491 https://www.seed.manchester.ac.uk/University of Strathclyde John Anderson Campus, 16 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XQ, Scotland, UK Phone: 144-(0)141-552-4400 (main switchboard) Fax: 144-(0)141-552-0775 Jordanhill Campus, 76 Southbrae Drive, Glasgow G13 1PP, Scotland, UK Web: http://www.strath.ac.uk/

University of Surrey Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK Phone: 144-(0)1483-300800 Web: http://www.surrey.ac.uk/ Centre of Pharmacology and Toxicology Active in all areas of toxicological research. Web: https://www.surrey.ac.uk/fhms/research/ pharmacology%20and%20toxicology/ School of Biosciences and Medicine Active in biomedical and molecular science. School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK Phone: 144 (0)1483 686700 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.surrey.ac.uk/school-biosciencesmedicine/departments/biochemical-sciences University of Wales, Aberystwyth Old College, King Street, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 2AX, UK Phone: 144-(0)1970-623-111 Web: http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/visitor/ Centre for Research in Environment and Health A nonprofit-making organization, dedicated to furthering the improvement of the environment and health by research and education. Web: http://www.creh.org.uk/ University of the West of England (UWE) Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK Phone: 144-(0)117-965-6261 Minicom: 144-(0)117-976-3806 Web: http://www.uwe.ac.uk/ Faculty of Applied Sciences, Centre for Research in Environmental Sciences (CRES) Promotes integrated research into the environment, the damaging effects of pollution and how to remedy this damage. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Head of Department of Environmental Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK Phone: 144 (0)117 9656261 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www1.uwe.ac.uk/hls/bbas.aspx

Professional societies British Pharmacological Society (BPS) Concerned with research into drugs and the way they work; covering the whole spectrum of pharmacology, including the laboratory, clinical, and toxicological aspects.

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The Schild Plot 16 Angel Gate, City Road London, EC1V 2PT United Kingdom Phone: 144-(0)20-7239-0171 Contact Web Form: https://www.bps.ac.uk/contactus/general-enquiries Web: http://www.bps.ac.uk/ British Society for Cell Biology (BSCB) The British Society for Cell Biology exists to promote the advance of research in all branches of cell biology and to encourage the interchange of information. The Society organizes and supports meetings and conferences relevant to cell biology and plays an increasing role in raising awareness of science policy issues in the UK. Web: https://bscb.org/ British Society of Toxicological Pathologists (BSTP) Nonprofit organization involved in the education of pathologists working in the field of human safety assessment. BSTP PO Box 819 Harrogate North Yorkshire HG1 9XF UK Tel: 144-(0)7894 123 533 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.bstp.org.uk/ British Toxicology Society (BTS) Currently the BTS is the largest professional toxicology society in the UK, with approximately 1000 members and 297 registered toxicologists. BTS is active to promote the advancement, communication, and understanding of those scientific disciplines necessary to foster public health and environmental safety. It is affiliated to regional (EUROTOX) and international (IUTOX) toxicology societies, and BTS members automatically have access to national society member benefi ts within these umbrella organizations. The UK Register of Toxicologists is jointly sponsored by the Institute of Biology and the British Toxicology Society, and was established in 1993. Members of the UK Register of Toxicologists gain automatic membership of the EUROTOX Register of Toxicologists. British Toxicology Society, C/O Executive Business Support, City Wharf, Davidson Road, Lichfield, Staffordshire, WS14 9DZ, UK Phone: 144-(0)1543-442158 Fax: 144-(0)121-355-2420 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.thebts.org/

Chartered Institute for Environmental Health (CIEH) CIEH is a professional and campaigning body that sets standards and is responsible for the accreditation of courses. It also provides information, evidence, and policy advice, and qualifications, events, and trainer and candidate support materials on topics relevant to health, well-being, and safety. CIEH works to push environmental health further up the public agenda and to promote improvements in environmental and public health policy for environmental and public health. CIEH, Chadwick Court, 15 Hatfields, London SE1 8DJ, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7827-5800 Web: http://www.cieh.org/ The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences In 2014, The Forensic Sciences Society was granted a Royal Charter and afterwards it became The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences. It is an international professional body with members in over 60 countries. It publishes a peer-reviewed journal, a newsletter, awards qualifications and prizes, arranges scientific conferences in the UK and abroad, and is engaged in setting standards and accreditation in forensic sciences. Most of its members are UK scientists but there is a significant minority of other forensic professionals involved, such as police officers and crime scene investigators. The Society was founded in 1959 by Professor Stuart Kind and with over 2500 members it is one of the oldest and largest forensic associations in the world. The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences Office 40, Flexspace Harrogate North Yorkshire HG3 2XA Phone: 144-(0)1423-534-646 Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.csofs.org/ In Vitro Toxicology Society (IVTS) IVTS is a toxicological society that provides a forum for discussion for scientists actively involved in the study, practice, or development of in vitro toxicology. It organizes scientific meetings on the subject of in vitro toxicology and its practical applications, and promotes an exacting scientific approach to the practice of in vitro toxicology. Contact via Dr Martin Chairman), In Vitro Toxicology Group,

Clift

(IVTS

Committee

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Institute of Life Sciences 1, 4th Floor, Office 427, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK Email: [email protected]; Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.ivts.org.uk/site/ Toxicology Group This group represents and informs members in the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) of matters pertaining to the risks from chemicals in the workplace and in the environment. Contacts Ms Kate Jones CChem FRSC, Chair Dr Lindsay Bramwell, Secretary Networks Team: Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WF Phone: 144-(0)-1223 432269 Web: https://www.rsc.org/Membership/ Networking/InterestGroups/Toxicology/ Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland The objective of the Society is to advance pathology and facilitate communication between pathologists. The Pathological Society of Great Britain & Ireland 7th Floor, 6 Alie Street London, E1 8QT Email: [email protected] Tel: 0207 484 8046/7 Web: https://www.pathsoc.org/ Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) Promotes excellence in the practice of pathology and to be responsible for maintaining standards through training, examinations, and professional development. The Royal College of Pathologists, 6 Alie Street, London E1 8QT, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7451-6700 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.rcpath.org/ Royal College of Physicians (RCP) The Royal College of Physicians was established in 1962 to coordinate the development and maintain the internationally renowned standards and reputation of British pathology, and has charitable status. It sets standards in clinical practice and education and training, conducts assessments and examinations, quality assures external audit programmes, supports doctors in their practice of medicine, and advises the government, public, and the profession on health care issues. 11 St Andrews Place, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4LE, UK Phone: 144 (0)20 3075 1649 (main switchboard) Web: http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/index.asp

Royal Society An independent charity operating under Royal Charter since 1662, the Society acts to influence science policy, debates, and scientific issues with the public. 6 9 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AG, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7451-2500 Web: https://royalsociety.org/ Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) The RSC’s original Charter was granted in 1848. The current Charter, granted in 1980, defines its objectives as the general advancement of chemical science and its application, to establish, uphold, and advance the standards of qualification, competence, and conduct of those who practice chemistry as a profession; and to serve the public interest by acting in an advisory, consultative, or representative capacity in matters relating to the science and practice of chemistry. Cambridge Thomas Graham House, Cambridge Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House (290), Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WF Tel: 144-(0)1223-420066 Fax: 144-(0)1223-423623 London Burlington House, London Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W1J 0BA Tel: 144-(0)20-7437-8656 Other offices are located in China, Germany, India, Japan, and the United States. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry United Kingdom Branch (SETAC-UK) Promotes a scientific forum for environmental toxicologists and chemists in the UK, multidisciplinary research into environmental problems, and application and development of fundamental research to applied problems. Contact: Dr Michelle Bloor Email: [email protected] Web: https://www.setacuk.com/ The Society for Experimental Biology (SEB) A nonprofit organization that supports and promotes experimental biology to both the scientific community and the general public. The Society for Experimental Biology Office 2.09, Tintagel House, 92 Albert Embankment, London, SE1 7TY, UK Phone: 144 (0)2039481976 Web: https://www.sebiology.org/

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Understanding Animal Research Understanding Animal Research is a not-for-profit organization that explains why animals are used in medical and scientific research. They aim to achieve a broad understanding of the humane use of animals in medical, veterinary, scientific and environmental research in the UK. Chris Magee, Head of Policy and Media Phone: 144-(0)7473-259859 For other enquiries, email: [email protected] Address: Abbey House, 74 76 St John Street, London EC1M 4DZ. Phone: 144-(0)20-3675-1230 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org. uk/ Contact Web: http://www.understandinganimalresearch. org.uk/contact-us/

Cardiff University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Colchester Avenue, Penylan, Cardiff CF23 9XR, UK Phone: 144-(0)2920-416388 Email: [email protected]

United Kingdom Environmental Mutagen Society (UKEMS) The UK branch of the European Environmental Mutagen Society (EEMS), representing scientists involved in research on genetic damage caused by environmental agents (chemicals and radiation). UKEMS, 1 Atholl Place, Edinburgh, EH3 8HP, UK Email: via http://www.ukems.org.uk/contact/ Web: http://www.ukems.org.uk/

National Poisons Information Service Centres Web: http://www.npis.org/ Contact information: http://www.npis.org/contact.html

National Poisons Information Service (NPIS), Poison Control Centers The NPIS is a service commissioned by Public Health England. This clinical toxicology service for healthcare professionals working in the NHS and is a service commissioned by the PHE. It provides information and advice that provides expert advice on all aspects of acute and chronic poisoning. The NPIS operates through four individual Units, based in Birmingham, Cardiff, Edinburgh, and Newcastle. Each Unit is staffed by Consultant Clinical Toxicologists and Specialists in Poisons Information who work together to provide a seamless national service that has been established for 50 years. NPIS provides comprehensive expert advice and support for chemical incidents across England and Wales in order to anticipates and prevent the adverse effects of acute and chronic exposure to hazardous chemicals and other poisons. Chemical hazards Birmingham Birmingham Research Park, 97 Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK Phone: 144-(0)121-414-3368 Fax: 144-(0)121-414-3827 Email: [email protected]

London Health Protection Agency Central Office 7th Floor Holborn Gate, 330 High Holborn, London WC1V 7PP, UK Phone: 144-(0)20-7759-2871 Fax: 144-(0)20-7759-2890 Email: [email protected] Newcastle The Wolfson Unit (1st Floor), University of Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK Tel: 144 (0)191 222 7195 Email: [email protected]

Additional resources Human health toxicological assessment of contaminants in soil Science Report—Final SC050021/SR2 2009. Appendix A contains a list of relevant resources of toxicological information from the UK, Other European and international agencies. Publisher: Environment Agency, Rio House, Waterside Drive, Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol, BS32 4UD Tel: 144-(0)1454-624400 Fax: 144-(0)1454-624409 Web: www.environment-agency.gov.uk This updated document replaces the previous document from 2002. Web:https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/291011/scho0508bnqy-e-e.pdf UK Chemical Standards The chemical standards in the UK now can be accessed via a chemical database: http://evidence.environment-agency.gov.uk/ ChemicalStandards/Home.aspx Chemical specific protection values values are available for water, air, soil. To access the database, the users will have to create a profile and then use log in credentials to access information resources available. The Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) updated several chemical contaminants in soils and the toxicological data and intake values for

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humans. Some of the “Contaminants in Soils” documents from 2002 were superseded and updated in subsequent years. Some examples are provided below. EA and Defra (2009) Contaminants in Soils: Collation of Toxicological Data and Intake Values for Humans for Arsenic Environment Agency This 2002 version of the document was updated in 2009. It provides updated summaries of approaches to deriving human health criteria values for arsenic. Human health criteria values and background intake data on arsenic are presented for use in deriving Soil Guideline Values. EA and Defra (2009) Contaminants in Soil: Collation of Toxicological Data and Intake Values for Humans. Benzene Environment Agency This report provides details of the derivation of index doses for benzene and is for use by those concerned with the assessment of contaminated land. The report describes the compound and discusses toxicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity. The derivation of the index doses and the intake of benzene from food, water, and air are reported. EA and Defra (2009) Contaminants in Soils: Collation of Toxicological Data and Intake Values for Humans for Cadmium Environment Agency The aim is to derive an oral tolerable daily intake (TDI) and derive Soil Guideline Values (SGVs) for cadmium in soil that will pose no significant threat to health. Toxicology Advice and Consulting (2005) Contaminants in Soil: Collation of Toxicological Data and Intake Values for Humans. Carbon tetrachloride Environment Agency, 23 pp This document summarizes international approaches to deriving human health criteria values for carbon tetrachloride. Human health criteria values and background intake data are presented for use in deriving Soil Guideline Values. EA & Defra (2009) Contaminants in Soil: Collation of Toxicological Data and Intake Values for Humans. Dioxins, Furans and Dioxinlike PCBs Environment Agency The toxicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and related PCBs are reviewed with the aim of deriving tolerable daily intakes (TDI) needed to derive Soil Guideline Values (SGV).

EA and Defra (2009) Contaminants in Soil: Collation of Toxicological Data and Intake Values for Humans. Ethylbenzene Environment Agency Web: http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/ epages/eapublications.storefront/4732ff27002cc6ba273 fc0a802960686/Product/View/STOX17&2DE&2DE This publication details the derivation of health criteria values for ethylbenzene. The report has been written for technical professionals who are familiar with the risks posed by land contamination to human health but who are not necessarily experts in risk assessment. It is expected to be of use to all parties involved with or interested in contamination, but in particular to those concerned with the assessment of land contamination. EA and Defra (2009) Contaminants in Soils: Collation of Toxicological Data and Intake Values for Humans for Mercury Environment Agency The aim is to derive oral tolerable daily intakes (TDIs), which in turn are needed to derive Soil Guideline Values (SGVs) for mercury, that is concentrations of mercury in soil that will pose no significant threat to health. EA and Defra (2003) Contaminants in Soil: Collation of Toxicological Data and Intake Values for Humans. Naphthalene Environment Agency, 23 pp This document summarizes international approaches to deriving human health criteria values for naphthalene. Human health criteria values and background intake data on naphthalene are presented for use in deriving Soil Guideline Values. EA and Defra (2009) Contaminants in Soils; Collation of Toxicological Data and Intake Values for Humans for Phenol Environment Agency The aim of this report is to set out authoritative health criteria values for phenol, which have been established through a review of the scientific literature and a subsequent peer-review process. The health criteria values presented herein will be used to derive Soil Guideline Values (SGVs) for phenol; these are concentrations of phenol in soil below which there will be no significant risk to human health. EA and Defra (2009) Contamination in Soils; Collation of Toxicological Data and Intake Values for Humans for Selenium Environment Agency This document summarizes international approaches to deriving human health criteria values for selenium. Human health criteria values and background intake

Resources

data on selenium are presented for use in deriving Soil Guideline Values. EA and Defra (2009) Contaminants in Soil: Collation of Toxicological Data and Intake Values for Humans. Toluene Environment Agency The document summarizes international approaches to deriving human health criteria values for toluene. Human health criteria values and background intake data on toluene are presented for use in deriving Soil Guideline Values. Toxicology Advice and Consulting (2009) Contaminants in Soil: Collation of Toxicological Data and Intake Values for Humans. Xylene Environment Agency This document summarizes international approaches to deriving human health criteria values

593

for xylene. Human health criteria values and background intake data on xylene are presented for use in deriving Soil Guideline Values. Home Office (2014) Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals: Great Britain 2014 Published October 22, 2015. Last updated October 29, 2015 The Stationery Office (TSO) Web: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ statistics-of-scientific-procedures-on-living-animalsgreat-britain-2014 The statistics in this publication relate to experiments or other scientific procedures performed on living animals that were subject to the provisions of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 during the year from January 1, 2005 in accordance with section 21(7) of the Act.

C H A P T E R

42 Uruguay Carolina Juanena, Alba Negrin and Amalia Laborde Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay

Introduction Toxicology in Uruguay has mostly developed and flourished within academic institutions, particularly in the University of the Republic. Several toxicological activities are carried out in agreement and collaboration with national agencies or government institutions.

Toxicology at the Health Sector Faculty of Medicine Clinical Toxicology in Uruguay dates back from 1975 when the Information and Assessment Toxicology Center (CIAT), the poison control center (PCC) were established at the Clinical Hospital (Hospital de Clinics Dr. Manuel Quintela), by the Faculty of Medicine of the Republic University. Nowadays, poisoning registered at the CIAT are related to a wide range of chemicals, as is described in Table 42.1. Uruguay has a population of three million people. There is only one Poison Control Center which offers 24/7 telephone service to the community and health professionals all over the country. It provides toxicological assistance through a specialized medical staff. The emergency poison telephone number is 1722. More than 80% of all consultations come from the National Health System (Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud—SNIS) Additional information resources can be accessed from. http://www.toxicologia.hc.edu.uy/.

Department of Toxicology (DTOX) Under Professor Eva Fogel de Korc’s leadership, the poison center became the Toxicology Department

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00042-5

(DTOX) and developed a 3-year postgraduation program in Clinical Toxicology at the Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic of Urugua.y A Clinical Unit, associated to the PCC, assists intoxicated patient at emergency rooms and other hospital services. Clinical toxicology activities are extended to the outpatients hospital areas, which include environmental occupational, drug abuse, and general toxicology clinics (Fig. 42.1). In the last decade, two new areas were developed: the Pediatric Environmental Unit (Unidad Pedia´trica Ambiental) located at a primary health care center and the Toxicology Area at the pediatric hospital (Hospital Pereira Rossell-CHPR), the leading pediatric reference resources in the country. • DTOX offers different courses, training programs, and risk management activities related to Toxicology. • Specialized Medical Toxicology training and other postgraduation courses as Public Health Diploma and Occupational Medicine. • Clinical Toxicology specialization curricular components and program is available at the Postgraduate School of the Faculty of Medicine webpage. http://www.egradu.fmed.edu.uy/sites/ www.egradu.fmed.edu.uy/files// Programa_de_postgrados/Especialidades/ TOXICOLOG%C3%8DA%20CL%C3%8DNICA.pdft • Interdisciplinary training activities with other university departments and services are offered. For example, the Drugs Public Policy Diplomate program have been developed in a joint collaborative effort between seven different university services. http://cienciassociales.edu.uy/ wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Diploma-Drogas-yPol%C3%ADticas-P%C3%BAblicas.pdf

595

Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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• Environmental Toxicology is part of the Master’s program in Environmental Engineering at the Faculty of Engineering. https://www.fing.edu.uy/ sites/default/files/cursos/2019/anexos/34736/ toxicolog%C3%ADa-a.pdf • Several activities of DTOX are also aimed at risk management of chemicals. The DTOX staff of professors participate in several government commissions such as Snakebite Treatment

TABLE 42.1 Uruguay PCC(CIAT) database 2017. Agents involved in poisoning. Use and function

Absolute frequency

Percentage (%)

Pharmaceuticals

10,045

63,9%

Household products

1650

10

Drugs of abuse

1329

8,5%

Pesticides

1134

7%

Poisonous animals

563

3,6

Industrial products

280

1,8

Other uses

280

1,2

Veterinary drugs

18

0,1

Air pollutants

346

2,2

Food transmitted

58

0,4

Plants

101

0,64

TOTAL

15722

100

Commission, Environmental Chemical Pollutants Commission, and the Drug Early Warning System. In agreement with the Ministry of Agriculture, DTOX provides advice on pesticides toxicity. The department is responsible for hazard classification and first aid measures that must be written in the national registry for pesticides for agricultural use. The same activity is also carried out for the domestic use of pesticides that are registered at the City level governments and Ministry of Health. Since 2010 DTOX has been identified as a WHO Collaborating Center in Human Environmental Toxicology. The primary goals of the department are training and education related to environmental health and human toxicology, with a focus on protecting different vulnerable groups. Additionally, it is also in charge of preparing information resources and documents and the publication of materials on human health and chemical exposures and prevention.

Toxicology at the Chemistry Faculty The Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene department at the Faculty of Chemistry and its specialized Center of Chemistry and Toxicology (CEQUIMTOX) develops analytical methods to determine chemical contaminants in biological samples. Additional information resources can be accessed at http://www.fq.edu.uy Information related to the Environmental and Drugs Unit technological Pole., Faculty of Chemistry, Pando,

FIGURE 42.1 Faculty of Medicine Toxicology Department organization.

Toxicology at the Health Sector

can be accessed at http://www.polotecnologico.fq. edu.uy/es/ Contents and information resources in other areas of toxicology: • Instituto Te´cnico Forense. Poder Judicial http:// poderjudicial.gub.uy/institucional/poder-judicial/ servicios/item/1420-instituto-tecnico-forense.html • Toxicological Laboratory. Laboratorio Amideva. http://www.amideva.com.uy • Toxicological Laboratory. Allquimia. http:// allquimia.com • National Observatory of Drugs. National Drugs Office. www.gub.uy/jnd/ • Cannabis Regulation and Control Institute (IRCCA). www.ircca.gub.uy

Bibliographic resources Books Burger M. Pose Plaguicidas, salud y ambiente: Experiencia en Uruguay D Red tema´tica de medio ambiente. Universidad de la Republica, Mdeo, Uruguay 2012. ISBN 978-9974-98-719-7 Burger M., Pose D. Plomo salud y ambiente: Experiencia en Uruguay Montevideo, 2010 ISSN/ ISBN: 9789974006386 Carreira S., Negrin A., Tortorella M.N., Pino A., Mene´ndez C. Ofidismo en Uruguay. Especies peligrosas y caracterı´sticas del accidente ofı´dico. Mdeo, 2006. CID/CEUR. ISBN 978-9974-96-400-6 Intoxicaciones: casuı´stica del Centro de Informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico. Prof. Dra. Amalia Laborde compiladora. Departamento de publicaciones de Unidad de Comunicaciones de la Universidad de la Republica (UCUR), Montevideo, 2011. ISBN 978-994-0-0773-4. Keller M., Lamella S., Ventimiglia H., Oliver B., Pose D., Mendez M., Couto S. Pilot study on Mercury and Health at the University Hospital. MVOTMA, UNEP CIAT, Hospital de Clı´nicas, Centro de Basilea. Basilea Convention. Montevideo. Setiembre 2011 Laborde A. y cols Plaguicidas: Toxicologı´a clı´nica, laboral y ambiental. Oficina del Libro, FEFMUR. Montevideo, Uruguay, 2017. ISBN 978-9974-31-267-8 Montevideo, 2007 ISBN978-9974-0-0383-5 Moraes M., Gonzalez G., Sosa C., Umpierrez E. Consumo de Alcohol, Cocaı´na y Cafeı´na en el embarazo: efectos sobre el embarazo y el nin˜o. available from: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/296336397_Consumo_de_Alcohol. ISBN DIGITAL 978-9974-0-1203-5 Pascale A., Haynes M, Cumsille F., Bares C. Consumo de Pasta Base de Cocaina en America del Sur:

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Revision de los aspectos epidemiologicos y medicotoxicologicos r Organizacio´n de los Estados Americanos, 2014Technical Report 2014. Pronczuk J., Laborde A., Ferna´ndez S. Plantas Silvestres y de Cultivo: Manejo y prevencio´n. Intoxicaciones accidentales. Consumo inapropiado. Universidad de la Republica, Departamento de Publicaciones. r Suarez H., Ramı´rez J., Albano G., Castelli L. Martinez E., Rossal M. Fisuras, dos estudios sobre pasta base de cocaı´na en el Uruguay. Aproximaciones cuantitativas y etnogra´ficas. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacio´n. Observatorio Uruguayo de Drogas Junta Nacional de Drogas Montevideo, 2014. ISBN 978-9974-0-1079-6 Suarez H., Rossal M. Viajes sinte´ticos, Estudios sobre uso de drogas de sı´ntesis en el Uruguay contempora´neo Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacio´n. Observatorio Uruguayo de Drogas Junta Nacional de Drogas. Montevideo, 2015. ISBN 978-9974-0-1359-9 Chapter titles Laborde A. Clinical Practice of Environmental Pediatrics around the world, Text Book of Children Environmental Health, 2013. 52 Clinical Practice of Environmental Pediatrics around the World Laborde A., Moraes M, Pascale A. Consumo de drogas en el embarazo, en Pautas de evaluacio´n y tratamiento de los consumos problema´ticos de sustancias en los tres niveles de atencio´n, Mdeo 2018. ISBN 978-9974-94-180-9 Laborde A., Nogue´ Xarau S. Intoxicacio´n por Plantas y Setas. En Farreras-Rozman Medicina Interna. Elsevier, XVIII edicio´n. Espan˜a, Barcelona, 2016. Volumen II. P 24912494. ISBN 978-84-9022-995-8 Laborde A., Pascale A., Triaca J., Pouy A., Rossi G. Coca y sus derivados. en Pautas de evaluacio´n y tratamiento de los consumos problema´ticos de sustancias en los tres niveles de atencio´n, Mdeo 2018. ISBN 978-9974-94-180-9 Lozano F. Aspectos medico legales del consumo de drogas. En Patologı´a Forense Oficina del Libro, FEFMUR. Montevideo, Uruguay, 2013. ISBN 9789974-31-247-0 Lozano F. Intoxicacio´n por metales en Patologı´a Forense Oficina del Libro, FEFMUR. Montevideo, Uruguay, 2013. ISBN 978-9974-31-247-0 Lozano F. Rodrı´guez Almada H Aspectos medico legales del consumo de alcohol etı´lico en Patologı´a Forense Oficina del Libro, FEFMUR. Montevideo, Uruguay, 2013. ISBN 978-9974-31-247-0 Lozano F., Rodrı´guez Almada H. Intoxicacio´n por gases y vapores en Patologı´a Forense Oficina del

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Libro, FEFMUR. Montevideo, Uruguay, 2013. ISBN 978-9974-31-247-0 Negrin A., Laborde A., De Souza Viera R. Tratamiento de Urgencia de las Intoxicaciones Descontaminacio´n digestiva, y cuta´nea. Antı´dotos. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello, Sehabiague, Prego, de Leonardis. Tercera Edicio´n. Montevideo BiblioMe´dica, 2009 pp 10891104 2009. ISBN 9789974-7941-7-7 Pascale A., Laborde A., Negrin A. Adicciones. Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., BelloSehabiague-Prego-de Leonardis. Tercera Edicio´n. Mdeo, BiblioMe´dica. 2009. Pp 12731288 Pose D., Ferna´ndez S., Tortorella M., De Ben S., Burguer M. Intoxicaciones ma´s frecuentes en Pediatrı´a. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello Sehabiague  Prego  de Leonardis. Tercera Edicio´n. Mdeo, BiblioMe´dica, 2009 pp 10631080. ISBN 978-9974-7941-7-7 Pose D., Negrin A., Laborde A. Intoxicacio´n por Mono´xido de Carbono. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello  Sehabiague  Prego  de Leonardis. Tercera Edicio´n. Mdeo Bibliommdica, 2009 pp 10811088. ISBN 978-9974-7941-7-7 Sarkissian May P. Sustancias de abuso cocaı´na y pasta base de cocaı´na en Patologı´a Forense Oficina del Libro, FEFMUR. Montevideo, Uruguay, 2013. ISBN 978-9974-31-247-0

Journal articles Acute poisoning Amigo C., Tortorella M.N., Dominguez V., Speranza N., Laborde A., Tamosiuna G. Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por antidepresivos recibidas en el Centro de informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico en el periodo 20102012. Rev Med Urug 2018; 34:201208 De Souza Viera R., Mendez M. Hepatotoxicidad por Amanita Lilloi: reporte de primeros casos. Acta Toxicol Arg, 2016. (24) Juanena C, Pose D, Sosa G, Pose F, Balzani M, Senattore V. Toxicidad cardiovascular por parches transde´rmicos de rivastigmina. A propo´sito de dos casos clı´nicos. Rev.Urug.Cardiol. [online]. 2019, vol.34, n.3, pp.173-183. Machado S, Herna´ndez K, Pascale A, DallOrso P. Intoxicacio´n aguda intencional por metformina en una adolescente: a propo´sito de un caso clı´nico. Arch Pediatr Urug 2019; 90(4):203-209. Me´ndez M., De Souza Viera R. Toxicidad pulmonar por inyeccio´n intravenosa de eugenol. Acta Toxicol. Argent, 2014. 22(2): 6975 Pascale A., Dall Orso P., Bazzino F., Del Cioppo F. Intoxicacio´n por imidazo´licos en pediatrı´a:

experiencias del Centro de Informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico en nin˜os y adolescentes. Arch Pediatr Urug 2014;): 95101 Pascale A., Etchevarren V., Pan M., Forteza C., Garcı´a A. Metahemoglobinemia relacionada con ingesta de pure´ de acelgas. Arch Pediatr Urug 2016; 88 Pascale Prieto A., Borbonet Legnani D., Laborde Garcia A.M., Vigna A., Valdez M., Moraes Castro M.A. Intoxicacio´n por Anı´s de Campo (Ocimum Selloi). A propo´sito de un caso. Arch. Pediatr. Urug. 2015, vol. 86, n. 4, pp. 300303 Rodriguez S., Mallet J., Laborde A. Intoxicacio´n aguda por Diazino´n en nin˜os. Arch Pediatr Urug 2007; 78 (1): 1114 Tortorella Dalies M.N., Speranza Mourine M.N., Laborde Garcia A.M., Goyret Sacarelo A.M., Tamosiunas Gorski G.A., Viviana D., Amigo C. Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por benzodiazepinas recibidas en el Centro de Informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico uruguayo en el perı´odo 20102011. Rev. Me´d. Urug. [online]. 2015, vol. 31, n. 1, pp. 3238 Va´zquez M., Fagiolino P., Alvariza S., Maldonado C., Gonza´lez R., Laborde A., Uria M., Carozzi A., Azambuja C. Skin Reactions Associated to Phenytoin Administration: Multifactorial Cause. Clinic Pharmacol Biopharmaceut 2014 Va´zquez M., Ferna´ndez S., Maldonado C., Me´ndez M., Rossi C., Orro F. Negrin A., Fagiolino P. Laborde A. Erros De Medicac¸a˜o: Um Risco de Sau´de Medication Errors: A Risk of Healthcare) R. Bras. Farm. Hosp. Serv. Sau´de Sa˜o Paulo v. 2 n. 2 1114 mai./ago 2011

Psychoactive drugs Amaro V., Fernandez J., Gonzalez M., Pardo M., Zunino C., Pascale A. et al. Consumo de alcohol en nin˜os y adolescentes. Una mirada desde el tercer nivel de atencio´n. Arch. Pediatr. Urug. 2016, (87) Berro Rovira G. Apostillas en referencia a las adicciones y la marihuana. in Biomedicina, 2014, 9 (1): 2428 disponible en http://www.um.edu.uy/ docs/apostillas%20en%20referencia.pdf Caracterı´sticas de la poblacio´n expuesta a cocaı´na y pasta base de cocaı´na durante la gestacio´n en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (Characteristics of the population exposed to cocaine and cocaine base pulp during gestation in the CHPR) Arch Pediatr Urug 2014; 85(3):155160 Decia M., Pan M., Telechea H., Laborde A., Menchaca A. Intoxicacio´n aguda por cocaı´na en un lactante no asociada a lactancia materna. A propo´sito de un caso clı´nico. Arch. Pediatr. Urug. 2015, vol. 86, n. 4, pp. 113120

Journal articles

Ferrando R., Langhain M., Ruiz A., Negrin A., Silveira A. Brain dysfunction changes in abstinent cocaine abusers. J Nucl Med, 2015 vol. 56 noo supplement % 3: 306 Juanena C., Cappeletti F., Pascale A., Negrin A., Durante S., Graciano R., Rocha A. “Cocaı´na adulterada con Levamisol: reporte de 3 casos clı´nicos.” Rev Me´d Urug 2017; 33(2):133113 Juanena C., Pan M., Valdez M., To´rtora S., Pascale A., Decia M., Telechea H., Laborde A. Exposicio´n a cocaı´na en nin˜os menores de 5 an˜os: serie de casos. Arch Pediatr Urug 2018; 89(6):366373 Kapitan M., Negrin A., Florio L., Pascale A., Farro I., Ferrando R. et al. El abuso cro´nico de clorhidrato y pasta base de cocaı´na asocia envejecimiento arterial y aumento del riesgo cardiovascular en jo´venes asintoma´ticos. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2014 Laluz J., Rios A., Salvo S., Scasso A., Techera A., Vargas G., Mechoso B., Sosa V., Mondino V., Falconi A., Garcı´a C., Bracesco N. Efectos del cannabis sobre la viabilidad celular y el ciclo suen˜o vigilia en un modelo animal http://www.anfamed. edu.uy/index.php/rev/article/view/353 Noroya N., Urgoiti M., del Cioppo F., Juanena C., Pascale A., Negrin A., Dall0 Orso P., Umpie´rrez E., Laborde A., Prego J. Exposicio´n no intencional a cannabis en nin˜os en el marco de la regulacio´n del mercado en Uruguay. Reporte de casos asistidos en el Departamento de Emergencia del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell entre marzo y junio de 2017. Arch Pediatr Urug 2018; 89(5):329336 Pascale A, Laborde A. Efectos del consumo de cannabis durante el embarazo y la lactancia. Arch. Pediatr. Urug. [online]. 2019, vol.90, n.3, pp.72-88. Pascale A., Negrin A., Laborde A. Cocaine base paste: experience from the Montevideo Poison Control Center]Adicciones, 2010 http://www.adicciones.es/ index.php/adicciones/article/view/183/0 Tamosiunas G., Pagano E., Artagaveitia P. Una introduccio´n al perfil farmacolo´gico y terape´utico de la marihuana in Ach Med Interna 2013; 35 (3):113116 Torterolo P., Falconi A., Benedetto L., RodriguezHaralambides A., Rufo C., Brasesco N. Yerba Mate: efectos sobre la vigilia y el suen˜o, AnFaMed 2014: 1 (1); 2427; ISSN: 22448136; www.anfamed.edu.uy/ index.php/rev/issue/current/showToc Umpierrez E., Gonza´lez G., Sosa C., Borbonet D., Benta S., Relacio´n M.M. et al. Consumo de mate en el embarazo con el peso al nacer Arch Pediatr Urug 2014; 85(1): 201

Environmental and occupational toxicology de Ben S., Sponto´n F., Chaves E., Medina F., Tomasina F. Sensibilidad quı´mica mu´ltiple: un desafı´o para la

599

salud ocupacional Rev. Me´d. Urug. vol. 30 no. 2 Montevideo jun. 2014 Heacock M., Kelly C.B., Asante K.A., Birnbaum L.S., ˚ .L., Brune´ M.N., Buka I., Carpenter D.O., Bergman A Chen A., Huo X., Kamel M., Landrigan P.J., Magalini F., Diaz-Barriga F., Neira M., Omar M., Pascale A., Ruchirawat M., Sly L., Sly P.D., Van den Berg M., Suk W.A. E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem. Environ Health Perspect. 2016 May;124(5):550555. Laborde A. Capacitacio´n para el manejo responsable de sustancias quı´micas en Uruguay. (MVOTMA, UNITAR) Ministerio de Vivienda Ordenamiento Territorial y Medio Ambiente. United Nation Istitute for Traning and Research. Audiovisual training material. 2012 Laborde A., de Ben S., Tomasina F., Tortorella M.N., Gonza´lez S., Sponton F. Estudio epidemiolo´gico de una poblacio´n expuesta laboralmente a plomo. Rev Me´dica del Uruguay, 2006 Laborde A., Martı´nez L., Martı´nez Lo´pez W., Tomasina F., Sponton F. Evaluacio´n Clı´nica y Biomarcadores de genotoxicidad en nin˜os y adultos expuestos a mezclas de plaguicidas. Acta Toxicolo´gica Argentina. 2006; 14 (supl): 3133 Laborde A., Pascale A., Sly P., Neira M., Collman G., Carpenter D. et al. Networking to advance progress in children0 s environmental health. Lancet Global Health 2014: 129130 Laborde A., Tomasina F., Bianchi F., Brune´ M.N., Buka I., Comba P., Corra L., Cori L., Duffert C.M., Harari M., Iavarone I., McDiarmid M.A., Gray K.A., Sly P.D., Soares A., Suk W.A., Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures. Environ Health Perspect. 2015 Mendez M., Perdomo M., Pose D., Lindner M., Laborde A. Montevideo0 s health care centers, mercury sources identification and quantification. Toxicol letters. 2016. (259). Pascale A., Sosa A., Bares C., Battocletti A., Moll M.J., Pose D. et al. E-Waste Informal recycling: An Emerging Source of Lead Exposure in South America. Annals Global Health, 2016 (82). Pascale A., Sosa A., Moll M.J., Couto S., Pose D., Laborde A., Bares C. Substance use in adolescents with environmental lead exposure in childhood. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2014, 170171 Pascale A., Sosa A., Moll M.J., Couto S., Pose D., Laborde A. et al. Tobacco use in adolescents exposed to lead: preliminary results. J Subst Abuse Alcohol. 2014; 2(3): 10201024 Pascale Prieto A., Sosa Botana A., Moll Pardo M.J., Couto Sanchez S., Pose Roman D.A., Laborde Garcia A.M., Bares C. Substance use in adolescents with environmental lead exposure in childhood. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2014

600

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Pascale Prieto A., Sosa Botana A., Moll Pardo M.J., Couto Sanchez S., Pose Roman D.A., Laborde Garcia A.M., Bares C. Tobacco use in adolescents exposed to lead: Preliminary results. Journal of Substance Abuse and Alcoholism, 2014 Pisani A., de Souza Viera R., Laborde A., Tomasina F. Estudio sobre riesgos y dan˜os en trabajadores de viveros de plantas de eucaliptus. Rev Cubana Salud Pu´blica disponible en http://www.revsaludpublica. sld.cu/index.php/spu/article/view/152/150 2014. Sly P.D., Neira M., Collman G., Carpenter D.O., Landrigan P.J., Van Den Berg M., Barriga F.D., Ruchirawat M., Laborde A., Pascale A., Heacock M., Dalmau M.T., Suk W.A. Networking to advance progress in children’s environmental health. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Taran L., Ortega C., Laborde A., Mallet J., Gonzalez R., Pose D., Negrin A., de Souza R., Couto S., Moll M.J., Sosa A. Intoxicacio´n por Plaguicidas Agrı´colas y veterinarios en Uruguay. Primer Premio MSP, Academia de Medicina del Uruguay. 2013

Natural toxins Juanena C., Saldu´n P., Zelada B., Negrı´n A., Paciel D., Carreira S. Mordedura por vı´bora de coral (Micrurus altirostris): primer caso en Uruguay. Rev Me´d Urug 2018; 34(4):913 Morais V. Ana´lisis comparativo de los venenos ofı´dicos de importancia clı´nica y estudio bioquı´mico del accidente ofı´dico en Uruguay. Tesis de doctorado, Universidad de la Repu´blica (Uruguay). Facultad de Quı´mica, 2012. Acesso en https:// www.colibri.udelar.edu.uy/jspui/bitstream/ 123456789/2672/1/fq30380.pdf Morais V., Berasain P., Ifra´n S., Carreira S., Tortorella M., Negrin A., Massaldi H. Humoral immune responses to venom and anti-venom of patients bitten by Bothrops snakes. Toxicon. 2012 Feb;59 (2):315319

Morais V., Negrin A., Tortorella M.N., Massaldi H. Evolution of venom antigenaemia and antivenom concentration in patients bitten by snakes in Uruguay. Toxicon. 2012 Nov;60(6):990994 Negrin A, Morais V, Carreira S, Tortorella MN. Mordedura de Phalotris lemniscatus (Dume´ril, Bibron & Dume´ril, 1854) (Squamata, Dipsadidae) en Uruguay. Acta Toxicol. Argent. (2019) 27 (2): 65-71 Toxicology related regulations The National Code of Mandatory Report of Diseases and Health events includes any kind of Intoxication or overdose, and health events related to pesticides and other chemicals. Decret 41/0122012). www.gub.uy/ ministerio-salud-publica/comunicacion/publicaciones/ codigo-nacional-de-enfermedades-y-eventos-de-notificacion-obligatoria Ley 19. 172/ 2013 Law that regulates marihuana access and commercialization of recreational, industrial, and therapeutic cannabis. Declares actions tending to protect and improve public health with the goal to reduce risks and damages related to marihuana use. Ley N 17283 /2000 Environmental protection. Establishes general considerations related to environmental policy and environmental management through the coordination with the public and private agents. Citizens have the right to enjoy a health environment. Ley N 17. 775  Lead poisoning prevention. Decree N 307/2009  Safety and Health protection of workers of risk related to chemicals at work. Ministry of Health Regulation 145/2009. Health Vigilance of workers exposed to occupational risk. Ley 19360 / 2015. Establish cero tolerance for blood alcohol levels for drivers Decree N 128/2016. Action and Procedures regarding cannabis, alcohol and other drugs use at workplace.

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43 Venezuela

Toxicology resources in Venezuela: an update Arisleida J. Rodrı´guez, Maylin E. Vela´squez, and Maritza Rojas Center for Toxicological Investigations of the University of Carabobo (CITUC), Valencia, Estado Carabobo, Venezuela

Introduction Forensic Toxicology in Venezuela originated on May 1878, with the Medical-Forensic Code of Instructions promulgation, which is described as Chemical Expertise, including the standards for taking samples, conservation, and procedures to follow in cases of poisoning with homicidal intent.

Teaching at the graduate level The first degree in Clinical Toxicology related to Venezuela Superior Education appeared in September 1883. It was applied to the study of Toxicology in Medical Schools where, for the first time, it was linked to Legal Medicine, and was offered as a single course in the sixth year of the program. Later, it was eliminated from the program of studies in compliance with decree 347 of October 6, 1945, promulgated by the President of Venezuela, Isaı´as Medina Angarita, when medical schools had a new regulation. This situation continued until 1954 when Toxicology was incorporated as a subject (linked again to Legal Medicine), in the program of studies of the School of Medicine of the Central University of Venezuela (UCV), Zulia University (LUZ), Center-Western University “Lisandro Alvarado” (UCLA), Eastern University (UDO), Andes University (ULA), and Carabobo University (UC). In 1894 the first law of Pharmacy was promulgated, establishing in its article 6 that the faculties of Pharmacy should be responsible for teaching toxicology. By 1912 the programs were oriented mainly to the properties and mechanisms of action of drugs. In 1940, under the 

government of General Eleazar Lo´pez Contreras, the Education Law was promulgated by the Congress and countersigned by the Education Ministry. This brought meaningful changes to the Pharmacy studies, among them, the widening of Toxicology studies with an experimental basis and the establishment for the subject of the name Toxicology and Toxicological Expertise. About 1960 the University’s Counsels were authorized to approve the Faculty Regulations according to the Universities Law of 1958, promulgated by the Government Executive Board. This law allowed the University’s Counsels to approve the creation of Mentions or Pre-specializations, so they approved and created, among others, the figure of Toxicology and Industrial Hygiene for the Faculty of Pharmacy (UCV), and Toxicology for the Faculty of Pharmacy (ULA). These studies have evolved until now following the development of toxicology as an integrated science. Also, at the Schools of Bioanalysis, the studies of toxicology were initiated in the UCV and ULA in 1966, followed by the Aragua Nucleus of the UC in 1970 and the Main Campus of the UC in 1976. The Faculty of Medicine of the University of Carabobo (UC), Valencia, created the School of Bioanalysis in 1976. Therefore, the program of Bioanalysis included Toxicology as a subject which was opened under the direction of Dr. Maritza Rojas Martini. A chair in Veterinary Toxicology was created for the first time in LUZ in 1975. This was followed by the UCLA in Barquisimeto, Lara State. At present, toxicology is also taught in the UCV Veterinary Faculty in Maracay, Aragua State. At the School of Medicine “Dr. Witremundo Torrealba” of the University of Carabobo (UC), Valencia,

This is an update of the 4th edition chapter by Arisleida J. Rodrı´guez and Maylin E. Vela´squez.

Information Resources in Toxicology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821611-8.00043-7

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and since the founding of the Legal Medicine Chair in Aragua on November 3, 1978, a toxicology module, which includes four theoretical subjects and a practical module named Laboratory of Toxicological Expertise, has been conducted. Included in the new program are studies of clinical toxicology in the pharmacology program. This is also included in the medical study program of the Carabobo nucleus but as an optional subject. At present, other University careers such as industrial engineering and agronomical engineering have incorporated some toxicology studies in their programs.

Teaching at the postgraduate level In the past, the teaching of Clinical Toxicology in Venezuela was the responsibility of a multidisciplinary team, including Dr. Manuel Arellano Parra as a pioneer with several other professionals such as pharmacists, toxicologists, and physicians as collaborators. Among others, Cristina Zoghbbi, Rafael Angeli, Gladys Arias, Norath Arrieta, Elba Luz Bermudez, Hector R. Campos, Luis La Cruz Ochoa, Diego Pin˜a, and Nelson Vicun˜a. One-year specialization courses were initiated in 1973. Those were sponsored by National and International organizations related to Toxicology until the 1980s. In 1983, it was created in Maracay, Aragua State, by the initiative of Dr. Yelitza C. Reyes, Pharmacist-Toxicologist, Director of the Regional Toxicology Unit (UTR) in the Civil Hospital of Maracay, with the collaboration of CIATOX (under the Direction of Dr. Vanessa de Parı´s) and supported by the Faculty of Pharmacy (UCV), a module of Clinical Pediatric Toxicology. This was proposed at the level of Pediatric Postgraduate Residence at the Central Hospital of Maracay to be completed in the 2 first years of residence, and constituted the first toxicological studies at Hospital Postgraduate level with University support. It was offered only until 1988 due to lack of support from the Hospital Center administration. In 1990 the 3-year Postgraduate Residence of Clinical Toxicology at the Hospital “Leopoldo Manrique Terrero”, was established under the direction of Dr. Alfredo Gonza´lez Carrero, Physician-Toxicologist. Unfortunately, this course, in spite of its superior program of studies at the Postgraduate level, did not receive University support. In 1995 in the Toxicology Unit of Aragua State, a basic course of Clinical Toxicology was created, sponsored by the Faculty of Medicine of the UC, under the coordination of Dr. Yelitza Reyes and the support of physicians toxicologists, pharmacists, toxicologists, epidemiological physicians, and pathologists, among them Betty Oman˜a, Carmen Rodrı´guez, Maria J. Yeguez S., Juanita Rojas de Carrasco, Jose´ Trujillo, Solanuela Mendoza, Ivonne Romero, Mireya Abreu, and Carmela Martı´nez.

The main goal of this course was to offer basic tools to new graduate physicians from different schools, so they could attend toxicological poisonings/accidents. It was designed with 180 theoretical and 100 experimental hours, the classes being imparted at the Emergency Services of the Central Hospital in Maracay and the “Leopoldo Manrique Terrero” Hospital with support from the Toxicology Service. It had a duration of 6 months. The course was suspended in November 2003 due to budgetary constraints. At the hospital “Dr. Antonio Marı´a Pineda” in Barquisimeto, Lara State, the Clinical Toxicology Postgraduate Program has the support of the UCLA and the Occidental Toxicological Center. That program was initiated in 1978 with a duration of 3 years of residence, under the direction of Dr. Elba Luz Bermu´dez, Pharmacist-Toxicologist. In 1980 the Faculty of Medicine (ULA), in Merida State, initiated a 3-year Postgraduate Program on Clinical Toxicology under the direction of Dr. Luis La Cruz, Physician-Toxicologist. The same year, the UC developed a Multidisciplinary Master’s Program directed by Dr. Gladys Carmona, Physician-Toxicologist. This program was restructured in 1990, being split into clinical toxicology (under the direction of Dr. Carmona) and analytical toxicology, under the direction of Dr. Yalitza Aular, Pharmacist-Toxicologist, both of two years duration. At present, the Clinical Toxicological Master’s Program is suspended. In 1986 the UCV Pharmacy Faculty Counsel, approved, as a postgraduate study, the 3-year specialization in Analytic Toxicology, initiating its activities that year under the coordination of Dr. Gladys de Gali, Pharmacist-Toxicologist, and addressed to Pharmacy Professionals. In 1994 Dr. Maritza Rojas, Pharmacist-Toxicologist, Professor and researcher of the UC, created the Center for Toxicological Investigations of the University of Carabobo (CITUC), which was under her direction until 2005. CITUC was a reference center in toxicology, not only in Venezuela, but in Latin America, with several functions such as training, research, analytical toxicology, consultancy, etc. A version of this article was published in Information Resources in Toxicology, 4th Edition, Arisleida J. Rodriguez H., Access to the Toxicology Information, Venezuela Chapter, Copyright Elsevier (2009).

Centers, services and toxicological units In chronological order, we have: • 1943, Toxicology Service of the Paraı´so National Hippodrome, renamed in 1976 as Toxicology Direction of the Hippodrome National Institute, a pioneer laboratory in equine antidoping control.

Introduction





• •





Founded by Dr. Jose´ Luis Andrade, this laboratory processes samples from animals of all the hippodromes of the country and cooperates with hippodromes from the Caribbean islands, Curacao and Aruba. 1946, Forensic Medicine Service of the Laboratory of Toxicological Expertise. It operated from January 1946 until 1951. After that, the services were performed in the UCV Pharmacy Faculty until 1958, in a private laboratory under the direction of Dr. Alfredo Sandoval. In 1958 the Judicial Police Technical Body (CTP), the first laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, was created. Its first Director was Dr. Fernando Azuaje, Pharmacist-Toxicologist. This laboratory was joined to the Legal Medicine Institute, with several laboratories opened in some of the country states. It is important to highlight the one created in 1965 by covenant with the UC at the “Enrique Tejera Hospital of Valencia,” Carabobo State, annexed to the Legal Medicine Program and directed at the beginning by the Pharmacist Dr. Judith Chafardet. 1954, Industrial Toxicology Laboratory of the Venezuela Institute of Social Security. Its founder and first director was Dr. Pedro Rodriguez Murin˜o, Pharmacist, and was located in the Hospital “Pe´rez Carren˜o,” in Caracas. Besides, two more laboratories existed in Valencia, Carabobo State and Maracaibo, Zulia State. 1960, Malaria Toxicological Clinical Studies Section. It was created for occupational biological monitoring of workers. 1970, Medical Service of Malaria Sanitary Hygiene located in Maracay, Aragua State. It oversaw health and agricultural aspects from the point of view of toxicology in two main areas: pesticides and industrial toxicology. This service was dissolved when the Malaria unit was restructured in 1997. 1971, Center of Information and Toxicological Advice CIATOX “Dr. Julio C. Velasco” (currently SIMET), founded by Drs. Asdru´bal La´rez A. and Manuel Arellano Parra, located in the Pharmacy Faculty of Venezuela Central University, actually under the coordination of Dr. Daniela Pasqualatto. It offers information services, advice, and teaching. In 1986 this Center was separated from the analysis section, then named the Toxicological Analysis Service (SATOX). Currently directed by Dr. Yvonne Leo´n in Caracas, Metropolitan District. 1972, Center of Toxicological Advice (CATOX) “Dr. Jorge Lizarraga,” actually named Toxicology Department. CATOX, founded by Dr. Gladys Carmona, is currently under the direction of Dr. Isaura Moleiro de Ovalle. It is located at the city















603 hospital “Enrique Tejera” in Valencia. It offers information, advice, clinical appointments, toxicological analysis, and teaching. 1974, Center of General Intoxications, currently Coche Toxicological Service. It functioned in “Dr. Leopoldo Manrique Terrero,” Hospital. It was founded by Drs. Asdru´bal La´rez A. and Manuel Arellano Parra under the direction of Dr. Betty Oman˜a. This center supplied information, advice, ambulatory services, hospitalization, teaching and toxicological analysis services. 1974, The Advice Center “Dr. Pablo Paredes” was reinstalled. It belongs to the ULA Faculty of Pharmacy. Its founder was Dr. Angel Garrido. It counts with a Toxicology Laboratory in the Andes University Hospital. On the year 2000, it was created the Center of Drugs Information (CIMRA) directed by Dr. Alexis Morales. 1975, Regional Toxicology Unit Dr. Yelitza Reyes, belonging to the Health Corporation of Aragua State. It has an Analysis Unit and one module for Advice and Information, Social Work for the Community, Teaching and Investigation. The unit is part of a health program named “Toxicology Programmatic Unit,” tightly related to the toxicological consultations from different Hospital Centers of the Corporation Net. 1977, Toxicological Center of the Center-Occidental Region “Dr. Elba Luz Bermu´dez” (CTRCO), founded by Dr. Omaira Bastida de Espinosa. It provides information, advice, ambulatory clinical consultations, and, under hospitalization, teaching and toxicological analysis. 1978, Barinas Toxicological Center (FUNCETOXBA), founded by the current director Dr. Olga de Mazzei. It provides information, laboratory analysis, and teaching. 1994, Center for Toxicological Investigations of the University of Carabobo (CITUC), founded by Dr. Maritza Rojas who directed it until 2005. Its present coordinator is Lic. Alves Sarmiento. It had several objectives such as consultation, toxicological analysis, training courses and research. 1995, Chiquinquira´ Toxicological Center (CETOXCHI), located in the “Lady of Chiquinquira´” Hospital in Maracaibo, Zulia State, coordinated by Drs. Ange´lica Quiroz Dura´n and Vı´ctor Nu´n˜ez Pinto. It was dedicated to offering information and training to professionals, and health care and treatment of the hospitalized patients.

In Venezuela the study of toxicology within Toxicological Centers has developed erratically, due in some measure to lack of governmental support and/or sponsorship from national universities.

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Similarly, there is a dissociation between clinical and analytical toxicology, thus impeding excellence in training professionals and in the development of programs that permit a mutual strengthening of both subjects. There is no Toxicologist’s registry at the national level despite several independent efforts from interested people; this probably has occasioned a dispersion of these professionals’ resources, which are definitely lost when they are forced to acquire other specialties to fulfil their economical sustenance. It is expected that further technological and communication breakthroughs will give toxicology the relevance it deserves, allowing it to it extend its field of action to other scenarios.

Resources Examples of Toxicology-related Books Carmona G., Castillo E., Castillo M. (2002) Toxicologı´a Pediatrica (Pediatric Toxicology), 3rd Edition. Caracas: Alfa Impresores, C.A. Carmona G., Castillo E., Mock M. (1977) Normas de Prevencio´n de la Contaminacio´n Mercurial en la Profesio´n Odontolo´gica (Norms of Mercury Contamination Prevention in the dentistry Profession). Valencia: UC Fabre´ R., Truhana R., Granier-Doyeoux M. (1962) Compendio de Toxicologı´a (Toxicology Compendium), Tomo I II. Caracas: Ediciones de la Biblioteca de la UCV Fabrega E. (1988) El mundo de las Drogas (The World of Drugs). Me´rida: Ediciones Estudios de Postgrado y Consejo de Publicaciones ULA Fonacid-Pdvsa-Conicit (2001) Higiene Industrial. Soluciones para la Productividad en el Nuevo Milenio (Industrial Hygiene. Solutions to Productivity in the New Millenium). Caracas Granier-Doyeoux M., Gonza´lez A. (1979) Farmacodependencia (Pharmacodependency). Caracas: Ediciones del Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social y de la Academia de Ciencias Fı´sicas Matema´ticas de la Repu´blica de Venezuela. La´rez A. (1973) Compendio de Ana´lisis Quimioto´xico en Emergencias Asistenciales (Compendium of Chemotoxic Analysis in hospital Emergencies). Caracas. Larez A. (1984) Toxicologı´a Analı´tica y Experimental (Analytical and Experimental Toxicology). Caracas: Ediciones de la Biblioteca de la UCV

Rojas Maritza et al. (2013) Author-Editor of “Toxicologia Ambiental y Ocupacional.” Universidad del Rosario. Bogota´. Salazar M., Guerrero A. (1975) Actitud de un Grupo de Estudiantes Universitarios hacia las Drogas (Attitude of a Group of University Students towards drugs). Valencia: Ediciones Escuela de Enfermerı´a. UC Salazar M., Ramos G. (1994) Diagnostico Epidemiolo´gico del Consumo de Sustancias Psicoactivas en una Universidad Venezolana (Epidemiologic Diagnostic of Psicoactive Substances consumption in a Venezuelan University). Valencia: Ediciones. Centro de Estudios sobre el problema de las drogas (CEPRODUC). UC Saume F. (1992) Introduccio´n a la Quı´mica y Toxicologı´a de Insecticidas (Introduction to the Chemistry and Toxicology of Insecticides). Maracay Vicun˜a N., Garrido A. (1995) Intoxicacio´n Medicamentosa Aguda. Manual de Toxicologı´a Clı´nica y Analı´tica (Drug Intoxication Help, Manual of Clinical and Analytical Toxicology). Caracas: Fondo Editorial del Centro Internacional de Educacio´n y Desarrollo Villalobos H., Ramı´rez G. (2004) Principios de la Toxicologı´a Gene´tica (Principles of Genetic Toxicology). Maracaibo: Editorial de la Universidad del Zulia (EDILUZ). Ciudad Universitaria

Journals Caracas Medical Gazette: http://www.anm.org.ve/ anm/sacirevista.php LUZ Agronomy Faculty Journal: http:// produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/agronomia LUZ Clinical Investigations: http://produccioncientificaluz. org/index.php/investigacion Salus Web: http://150.185.136.100/scielo.php?script 5 sci_serial&pid 5 1316-7138&lng 5 es&nrm 5 iso UCV Agronomy Faculty Journal: http://www.redpavfpolar.info.ve/fagro/index.html UCV Faculty of Medicine Journal: http://www.scielo. org.ve/scielo.php?pid 5 07980469&script 5 sci_serial UCV Pharmacy Faculty Journal: http://www.ucv.ve/ Farmacia/ ULA Pharmacy Faculty Journal: http://www.revencyt. ula.ve/ Workers Health: http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php? script 5 sci_serial&pid 5 1315-0138

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Resources

Examples of Government Agencies Ministry of Health and Social Development (Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social): http://www.msds.gov.ve/ msds/index.php Ministry Institutes (Instituciones de este Ministerio) Epidemiology (Epidemiologı´a): http://www.msds.gob.ve/ msds/modules.php?name 5 Content&pa 5 showpage &pid 5 159 Biomedicine Institute (Instituto de Biomedicina): http://www.biomedicina.org.ve/ Institute of high studies Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon (Instituto de altos estudios Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldo´n): http://iaesp.fundacite.arg.gov.ve/ Nacional Institute of Hygiene Rafael Rangel (Instituto Nacional de Higiene Rafael Rangel): http://www. inhrr.gov.ve/ Ministry of Popular Power for the Ecosocialism (previously, for the Environment) Guarantees the rational use of the natural resources by means of a systemic administration and improvement in environment and quality of life. Address: Centro de Documentacio´n y Divulgacio´n Ambiental, local 23, torre sur, Centro Simo´n Bolı´var, nivel Plaza Caracas, Caracas Web: http://www.minec.gob.ve/ Ministry of Science and Technology (Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia): http://www.mct.gov.ve/publico/home/ home.php Ministry Institutes (Instituciones de este Ministerio) National fund for science, technology and innovation (Fondo nacional de ciencia, tecnologı´a e innovacio´n) (FONACIT) http://www.fonacit.gov.ve/ Regional funds of science and technology (FUNDACITE): http://www.mct.gov.ve/publico/ enlaces/adsc_enlaces.php?tipo 5 1 Ministry of Agricultural and Lands (Ministerio de Agricultura y Tierras): http://www.mat.gov.ve • Ministry Institutes (Instituciones de este Ministerio) • Servicio Autonomo de Sanidad Agropecuaria (SASA): http://www.mat.gov.ve • Ministry Of Labour (Ministerio Del Trabajo) http:// www.mintra.gov.ve/ • National Institute of Labor Prevention, Health and Safety (Instituto Nacional de Prevencio´n, Salud y Seguridad Laborales) (INPSASEL) • http://www.mintra.gov.ve/inpsasel/paginas/ leyes.htm

Examples of Nongovernment Organizations 1. International Association of Responders Specialists in Control of Emergencies with Hazardous Materials. ASOHAZMAT

2.

3.

4.

5. 6. 7.

http://www.asohazmat.com.ve/eventos/eve2003/ eve01-03i.htm Association for the defense of the environment and nature (Asociacio´n para la Defensa del Ambiente y de la Naturaleza) (ADAN). Address: Colinas de Sartenejas, Tecno´polis USB. Edificio Bolı´var, Mezanina. Caracas, Venezuela. Tel-fax: 58-212-962.04.55; Central: 58-212-906.42.65 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.adan.org.ve Foundation ECOCICLA (Fundacio´n ECOCICLA). Address: C.C. Omnicentro, Av. Universidad. Talleres del CCEAS, Naguanagua, Valencia, Edo. Carabobo. Tel: 0241-860.01.10; Fax: 0241-867.12.01 Email: [email protected] ´N Environmental foundation in Venezuela (FUNDACIO AMBIENTAL DE VENEZUELA) (AVE) Kathy Phelps. www.fundacionave.org. Manuel Dı´az. ([email protected]) and Oscar Rodrı´guez Venezuelan ecologic association for marine of sea life (Sociedad Ecologica Venezolana Vida Marina). Jaime Bolan˜os Vitalis, Diego Dı´az Martı´n y Ana Marı´a Giammarino: http://www.vitalis.net/ Centro de Investigaciones Ecolo´gicas de Guayana (Universidad N.E. de Guayana) http://www.uneg.edu.ve/html/academia/ investig_post/ci_cieg.htm

Universities (Universidades) • Central University of Venezuela (Universidad Central de Venezuela) (UCV). Caracas. http://www.ucv.ve • Pharmacy School. Toxicology. http://www.ucv. ve/farmacia.htm • Medicine School http://www.med.ucv.ve/ • Bioanalysis School. Toxicology http://www.med. ucv.ve/ftproot/Bioanalisis/BioHome.html • Environment, Health, and Work Division. http:// www.ucv.ve/dast.htm • University Los Andes (Universidad Los Andes) (ULA). Me´rida. http://www.ula.ve/ie401.htm • Pharmacy and Bioanalysis School (Facultad de Farmacia y Bioana´lisis) http://ulaweb.adm.ula. ve/pregrado/busca_carrera.asp? codigo 5 FF&foto 5 1 • Bioanalysis School (Escuela de Bioana´lisis). http://ulaweb.adm.ula.ve/pregrado/ busca_carrera.asp?codigo 5 FB&foto 5 1 • Medicine School (Facultad de Medicina). http:// ulaweb.adm.ula.ve/pregrado/busca_carrera.asp? codigo 5 MM&foto 5 1

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• University of Zulia (Universidad del Zulia) (LUZ). Maracaibo. http://www.luz.edu.ve • University of Carabobo (Universidad de Carabobo) (UC). Valencia http://www.uc.edu.ve/ • Health Sciences Faculty (Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud) http://www.uc.edu.ve/pregrado/fcs/ index.html • Bioanalysis School (Escuela de Bioana´lisis) http://www.bioanalisis.fcs.uc.edu.ve/ Center for Toxicological Investigations of UC (CITUC) Molecular Toxicology Unit (Unidad de Toxicologı´a Molecular) (UTM). • Medicine School (Escuela de Medicina) • Nursing School (Escuela de Enfermerı´a)

Postgraduate Studies (Postgrados) • Occupational Health (Salud Ocupacional). UCV. http://www.ucv.ve/dast.htm • Occupational Health and Labor Hygiene (Especialidad en Salud Ocupacional e Higiene del Ambiente Laboral) (UC). http://iaesp.fundacite.arg. gov.ve/especialidadSO.htm • Public Health (Especialidad en Salud Pu´blica). http://iaesp.fundacite.arg.gov.ve/especialidadSP. htm • Epidemiology of Metaxenic Diseases (Especialidad en Epidemiologia de las Enfermedades Metaxenicas). http://iaesp.fundacite.arg.gov.ve/ especialidadEP.htm • Analytical Toxicology. Health Sciences Faculty. University of Carabobo. http://portal.postgrado.uc. edu.ve/index.php? module 5 htmlpages1&func 5 display&pid 5 25 • Clinical Toxicology. Health Sciences Faculty. UC http://portal.postgrado.uc.edu.ve/index.php? module 5 htmlpages1&func 5 display&pid 5 24 • Occupational Health (Master’s degree). Health Sciences Faculty. UC http://portal.postgrado.uc. edu.ve/index.php?module 5 htmlpages1&func 5 display&pid 5 31 • Occupational Health. (Diploma). Health Sciences Faculty. UC http://portal.postgrado.uc.edu.ve/ index.php?module 5 htmlpages1&func 5 display&pid 5 63 Workers Health Studies Center (Centro de Estudios de Salud de los Trabajadores) (CEST) http://cest.fundacite.arg.gov.ve/

Professional Societies (Sociedades Profesionales) • Venezuelan scientific societies (Sociedades Cientı´ficas Venezolanas):

• http://www.saludfmv.org/modules.php? name 5 News&file 5 article&sid 5 55 • Venezuelan Society of Medical Toxicology (Sociedad Venezolana de Toxicologı´a Me´dica). Tel.: (58 212) 6811717. Dr. Betty Oman˜a—President. • Venezuelan Association for the science advance (Asociacio´n Venezolana para el avance de la ciencia) (ASOVAC) http://www.asovac.org.ve/programas. php?ix 5 1

Poison Information/Control Centers (Centros de Toxicologia) • Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV). Servicio de Informacio´n de Medicamentos y To´xicos (SIMET) • Address: Los Chaguaramos Piso 7, Ciudad Universitaria. Casilla Postal 1040. Caracas. Tel.: (58 212) 6052686/6052732; Fax: (58 212) 6052686/ 6052732 • Email: [email protected]; [email protected] • Web: http://www.ucv.ve • Pharm. Daniela Pasqualatto B.—Director • Universidad de Carabobo. Center for Toxicological Investigations (Centro de Investigaciones Toxicolo´gicas) (CITUC) • Health Sciences Faculty. Barbula, Naguanagua. • Lic. Alves Sarmiento. Coordinator • Civil Hospital of Maracay. Regional Toxicology Unit (Hospital Civil de Maracay. Unidad Toxicolo´gica Regional) (UTR) • Address: Calle Brion, Frente a la Plaza Bolivar. Maracay. Aragua. • Tel. (58 243) 2327815 • Dr. Yelitza Reyes Figueroa—Director • Center of Toxicological Assessment (Centro de Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico Jorge Lizarraga) (CATOX) • Address: Ciudad Hospitalaria. Apartado Postal 1039. Valencia. Carabobo. Tel. (58 241) 8359475 • Dr. Isaura Moleiro—Director. • Antonio Maria Pineda Hospital. Toxicology Center (Hospital Dr. Antonio Marı´a Pineda. Centro Toxicolo´gico) (CTRCO) • Address: Apartado Postal 658. C.P. 3001. Barquisimeto. Lara • Tel. (58 251) 7181260 • Dr. Omaira Bastidas—Director • Dr. Luis Razetti. Toxicology Center (Hospital Dr. Luis Razetti. Centro Toxicolo´gico) (FUNCETOXBA) • Address: Barinas. Tel.(58 273) 5520294 • Dr. Olga Fontiveros de Mazzei—Director

Government institutions related to Toxicology

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Legislation (Legislacion)

Examples of Books

Hazardous materials and toxic wastes law (Ley sobre sustancias, materiales y desechos peligrosos): http:// www.msds.gov.ve/msds/Leyes/salud/LEYSUST, MATYDES.pdf Environmental Law (Ley Penal del ambiente). http:// www.vitalis.net/LPA.htm Organic law for the workers prevention, conditions and environmental media (Ley organica de prevencion, condiciones y medio ambiente de trabajo). http://www.mintra.gov.ve/legal/ leyesorganicas/organicadeprevencion.html Hygiene and Safety conditions law (Reglamento de las condiciones de higiene y seguridad en el trabajo). http://www.mintra.gov.ve/inpsasel/paginas/ rchst.htm

1. Larez Albornoz Asdru´bal. Antidotario (Antidotes). Eds. Camara de la Industria Farmace´utica (CIFAVE). Fundacion Jose Maria Vargas. UCV. Caracas. 2. Fabrega Enrique. El mundo de las Drogas (The World of the Drugs). Eds. Estudios de Postgrado y Consejo de Publicaciones. ULA. Merida. 1988. 3. Salazar M., Ramos G. Diagnostico Epidemiologico del consumo de sustancias pscioactivas en una Universidad venezolana. (Epidemiological diagnostic of psychoactive substances consumption at a Venezuelan University). Eds. Centro de Estudios sobre el problema de las drogas (CEPRODUC). UC. Valencia.1994. 4. Salazar M., Amarilis G. Actitud de un grupo de estudiantes universitarios hacia las drogas. (Attitude of a group of university students through the drugs). Eds. Escuela de Enfermeria. UC. Valencia. 1975. 5. Saume Fernando. Introduccio´n a la quimica y toxicologı´a de insecticidas (Introduction to the chemistry and toxicology of insecticidas). Maracay. 1992 6. Larez Albornoz Asdru´bal. Compendio de Analisis quimitoxico en emergencias asistenciales (Compendium of chemiotoxic analysis in toxicological emergencies) Caracas. 1973. 7. FONCIED-PDVSA-CONICIT. Higiene Industrial. Soluciones para la productividad en el nuevo milenio. (Industrial. Solutions for the new millenium). Caracas. 2001. 8. Carmona G., Castillo E., Meyling M. Normas de prevencio´n de la contaminacio´n mercurial en la profesion odontolo´gica. (Normative for the prevention of mercurial contamination in dentists). UC. Valencia. 1977. 9. Rojas Maritza et al. (2013). Author-Editor of “Toxicologia Ambiental y Ocupacional.” Universidad del Rosario. Bogota´.

Periodicals (Revistas) • Salud de los Trabajadores (Workers health): http:// iaesp.fundacite.arg.gov.ve/Revista/comite% 20editor.pdf • Acta Cientı´fica Venezolana (Venezuelan Scientific Act) http://acta.ivic.ve/ • Gaceta Me´dica de Caracas (Medical Gazette of Caracas) http://www.anm.org.ve/ announcements.cfm • Revista de la Facultad de Agronomı´a-LUZ (Journal of the School of Agriculture. The University of Zulia) http://150.185.136.100/revistas/fagro/ eaboutj.htm • Revista de la Facultad de Agronomı´a-UCV (Journal of the School of Agriculture. Central University of Venezuela). http://www1.universia.net/ CatalogaXXI/C10046PPPTII2/E64522/ • Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias-UCV (Journal of the School of Veterinary Sciences. Central University of Venezuela). http://bibliofcv. veter.ucv.ve/revistafcv/ • Revista de la Facultad de Farmacia-UCV (Journal of the School of Pharmacy. Central University of Venezuela). www.ucv.ve/farmacia.htm Revista de la Facultad de Farmacia-ULA (Journal of the School of Pharmacy. University Los Andes). http:// ulaweb.adm.ula.ve/pregrado/busca_carrera.asp? codigo 5 FF&foto 5 1 • Revista de la Facultad de Medicina-UCV (Journal of the School of Medicine. Central University of Venezuela) http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php? pid 5 0798-0469&script 5 sci_serial • Salus: http://150.185.136.100/scielo.php? script 5 sci_serial&pid 5 13167138&lng 5 es&nrm 5 iso

Statistics in Venezuela Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (Nacional Institute of Statistics): http://www.ine.gov.ve/ http://www.phrasebase.com/countries/Venezuela. html

Government institutions related to Toxicology Ministry of Popular Power for Sciences and Technologies (MCT) Oversees scientific communications and information policy of the National Government Administration.

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43. Venezuela

Address: Av. Universidad. Esquina El Chorro. Torre MCT. Caracas. Phone: (58-212)-2103401-10: Fax: (58212)-2103536 Web: http://www.mct.gob.ve/publico/home/home.php

education, science, and technology, both at the national and the international levels. Address: Av. Bermu´dez Sur, Maracay, Aragua State. Phone: (58-243)-2325633/2320833 Web: http://www.iaesp.edu.ve/

National Fund of Science, Technology and Innovation (FONACIT) To finance the execution of programs and projects defined by the MCT to stimulate scientific, technological, and innovative knowledge, in order to contribute to the social development of the country. Web: http://www.fonacit.gob.ve/

Biomedicine Institute Directed to research and control of diverse endemic diseases from the perspective of integrated attention to health, operational and socioepidemiologic research, together with the development of human resources both in the University academic area as well as in programs and services. Address: San Nicola´s a Providencia, Parroquia San Jose´. Caracas. Phone: (58-212)-8604630

Regional Foundation for Science and Technology (FUNDACITE) Contributing to the development of science, technology, and innovation by means of support to institutions and individuals. Web: http://www.mct.gob.ve/publico/enlaces/ adsc_enlaces.php?tipo 5 1 Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Investigations (IVIC) Its mission is to generate new knowledge through scientific investigation, technological development, and the formation of high-level human resources. Web: http://www.ivic.ve Ministry of Popular Power for the Ecosocialism (Before for the Environment) Guarantees the rational use of the natural resources by means of a systemic administration and improvement in environment and quality of life. Address: Centro de Documentacio´n y Divulgacio´n Ambiental, local 23, torre sur, Centro Simo´n Bolı´var, nivel Plaza Caracas, Caracas Web: http://www.minec.gob.ve/ Ministry of Popular Power for the Health Focused on strengthening the country’s sovereignty, research, and technological innovations for health and public health management. Address: Av. Baralt, Centro Simo´n Bolı´var, Edif. Sur, El Silencio. Caracas. Phone: (58-212)-4080000 Web: http://www.mpps.gob.ve

Other Organizations Autonomic Service Institute of Superior Studies “Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon” (IAESP) The main goal of the Institute is contributing to the consolidation of a multidisciplinary team of high technical and scientific capability, capable of responding to priorities in the social and health environment, according to the new directions in

Jose´ Fe´lix Ribas Foundation Its mission focuses on prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and scientific investigation on the use and abuse of psychotropic and narcotic substances; the administration and maintenance of Rehabilitation Therapeutic Communities, Centers of Ambulatory Attention, and the Centers of Preventive Integrated Education. Address: Esq. Jesuita, Torre Bandagros, Piso 5 City: Caracas Phone: (58-212)-8619304/8616862 National Institute of Hygiene “Dr. RAFAEL RANGEL” National Sanitary Reference Center for prevention and surveillance; supports the Ministry of Health and Social Development to fulfil the health politics of the Venezuelan state. Address: Urbanizacio´n Parque Central. Ciudad Universitaria City: Caracas Phone: (58-212)-6624797/6932421

Other services Autonomic Service of Pharmaceutical Products (SERFASUMED) Concerned with the production and supply of Medicines for the National Public Health System. It is in the control of and supported by the Ministry of Popular Power for Health and its activities correspond to the alignment with the National Health Politics. Address: Km. 0. Carretera Vieja Los Teques. Sector Las Adjuntas, Parroquia Macarao City: Caracas Phone: (58-212)-4339941/4339742 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.sefar.gob.ve/

Examples of nongovernmental organizations

Ministry of Popular Power for the Land and the Agriculture Concerned with food safety, boosting agricultural development, and distribution of land. Address: Av. Urdaneta entre esquina Platanal a Candilito. City: Caracas Phone: (58-212)-5432050 (office attention for the worker farm) Web: http://www.mat.gob.ve Agricultural Sanitation Autonomic Service (SASA) Guarantees the quality of agricultural products by means of the integrated development of sanitary programs to cover the needs of the production and agricultural sectors by way of modern technologies. Address: Avenida Lecuna, Torre Este, Piso 12, Parque Central, El Conde City: Caracas Phone: (58-212)-5090379/5090240/5090247/5090378/ 5090499/5090595/5090597 SASA online: (58-212)-5090211 Fax: (58-212)-5090376/5731756 Ministry of Popular Power for the Work and Social Security Its main function is to promote employment, dignified work, and protection of human rights for both men and women, the development of a solid social system, and enhancing labor relations for all workers. Address: Centro Simo´n Bolı´var, Edificio Sur, Piso 5, Plaza Caracas, El Silencio. City: Caracas Phone: (58-243)-4084200 (Master) National Institute of Health and Labor Security An Institute concerned with health promotion, disease prevention, and attention to health and labor security, and guaranteeing optimal working conditions and worker rights. Online: 0800-46772735 Web: http://www.inpsasel.gov.ve/ Workers Center of Health Studies Centro de Estudios en Salud de los Trabajadores (CEST) It belongs to the University of Carabobo, focusing on the study of workers’ health problems. It is part of the Investigative Direction of the School of Medicine “Dr. J. Witremundo Torrealba” of the Aragua Nucleus of the above mentioned University. Its main goal is to provide answers to occupational health and safety questions. Address: Instituto de Altos Estudios de Salud Pu´blica “Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon,” Av. Bermu´dez Sur.

609

City: Maracay State: Aragua Phone: (58-243)-2321001 Fax: (58-243)-2324566 Email: [email protected] Web: http://cest.fundacite.arg.gov.ve/

Examples of nongovernmental organizations Association for the Environment and Natural Defense Contributing to improve the quality of life of communities by promoting the integrated handling of solid waste, through education and discussion. Address: Av. Francisco de Miranda, Torre La Primera, Piso 15, Espacios de entrenamiento de la USB, Campo Alegre City: Caracas Fax: (58-212)-9527450 Email: [email protected] Web: www.adan.org.ve ECOCICLA Foundation Its mission is to create an environmental conscience in communities, to implement municipal systems of integrated management of residues and solid wastes, according to the policies of ambient quality improvement. Address: Av. Universidad. Talleres del CCEAS City: Naguanagua—Valencia State: Carabobo Phone: (58-241)-8600110 Fax: (58-241)-8671201 Email: [email protected] Web: www.fundacite.arg.gov.ve Guayana Ecological Research Center Its main concern is to renew and optimize the lines of investigation through postgraduate programs in Guayana. Address: Experimental National University of Guayana—Headquarters Chilemex. General Coordination of Investigation and Postgraduate. Guayana Ecological Research Center. Chilemex Urbanization, Chile Street. Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana—Sede Chilemex. Coordinacio´n General de Investigacio´n y Postgrado. Centro de Investigaciones Ecolo´gicas de Guayana (CIEG). Urbanizacio´n Chilemex, Calle Chile. City: Puerto Ordaz—Ciudad Guayana State: Bolı´var Phone: (58-286)-9240192 Fax: (58-286)-9234786 Email: [email protected]

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Coordinator: Dr. Glenda Rodrı´guez Email: [email protected] Assistant: Herna´n Castellano Email: [email protected] Web: www.uneg.edu.ve (Link Organizacio´n—Link Estructura Organizativa—Link Vice-Rectorado Acade´mico: Centros de Investigacio´n) Centro de Investigaciones Ecolo´gicas de Guayana (CIEG) Marine Life Venezuelan Ecological Society “Sea Vida” Association dedicated to the investigation and conservation of sea wildlife and its habitat, and ecotourism oriented to sea mammals (dolphins and whales). Address: Urbanizacio´n Blandı´n, Edif. Santa Teresa, apto 1-C City: Maracay State: Aragua Phone: (58-244)-3958477 Email: [email protected] Specialists Association in Emergency Controls with Dangerous Materials (AsoHazMat) Address: Av. 3Y entre calles 82 y 83 C.C. Los Pirineos Local 20 City: Maracaibo State: Zulia Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Phone: (58-261)-7920160 Web: www.asohazmat.com Venezuela Ambient Foundation Address: Centro Comercial Omnicentrol, Av. Universidad, Talleres del CCEAS City: Naguanagua—Valencia State: Carabobo Phone: (58-241)-8600110 Fax: (58-241)-8671201 Email: [email protected] Web: www.fundacite.arg.gov.ve Venezuela System of Integrated Toxicology (SIVEINTOX) Its principal objective is the invigoration and the normalization of the toxicological activity of the country in all its areas, national and international scientific exchange, and harmonization of protocols in handling of case reports and laboratory techniques. Address: Unidad de Toxicologı´a Regional “Dr. Yelitza Coromoto Reyes Figuera” City: Maracay State: Aragua Director: Dra. Yelitza C. Reyes F Phone: (58-416)-6437342 Email: [email protected]

Professional societies Asociacio´n Venezolana de la Industria Quı´mica y Petroquı´mica (ASOQUIM) Web: http://www.asoquim.com Address: Av. Francisco Solano Lo´pez. Edificio Centro Solano. Piso 1, Oficina 1-A. Chacaito, Caracas Phone: (58-212)-7625485/5104/4469 Fax: (58-212)-7620597 Email: [email protected] Counsel of Scientific, Humanistic and Technologic Development (CONDES) Address: Av. 4 (Bella Vista), con calle 74, Edificio Fundaluz. Piso 4 y 10 Phone: (58-261)-7596308/7596652/7596860 Electronic Hades: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Latin-American Toxicology Association (ALTA) Venezuela Chapter Address: Universidad Central de Venezuela, Ciudad Universitaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Piso 6 City: Los Chaguaramos. Caracas Contacto a trave´s de SIMET State: Distrito Capital Toxicology National Network ´ vila, Av. San Juan Bosco con Address: Clı´nica El A Sexta Transversal, Altamira, Caracas, Venezuela Phone: (58-212)-2761111/1001/1052 Fax: (58-212)-2761035 Director: Dr. Manuel Arellano Parra Phone: (58-212)-2519110/(58-416)-7285861 Email: [email protected] / info@clinicaelavila. com Web: http://www.clinicaelavila.com Venezuela Association for the Advancement of Science Address: Calle Neverı´. Colinas de Bello Monte City: Caracas State: Distrito Capital Director: Haydee Cretarolo Phone: (58-212)-7535802 Fax: (58-212)-7513810 Email: [email protected] Web: http://asovac.org.ve/portal/component/option, com_frontpage/Itemid,1/ Venezuelan Society of Toxicology Address: Universidad Central de Venezuela, Ciudad Universitaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Piso 6, Los Chaguaramos, Contact through SIMET, Casilla Postal 1040, Caracas Director: Daniela Pasqualatto B. Farmaco´logo Phone: (58-212)-6052686/6052732

Examples of nongovernmental organizations

Fax: (58-212)-6052736 Email: [email protected] / pasquald@camelot. rect.ucv.ve

Phone: (58-243)-2327815 Movilcel: (58-416)-6437342 Email: [email protected]

Venezuela Toxicology Integral System (SIVEINTOX) Address: Corporacio´n de Salud del Estado Aragua, Maracay, Estado Aragua Movilcel: (58-416)-6437342 Email: [email protected]

Valencia—Estado Carabobo Universidad of Carabobo, Center for Toxicological Investigations (CITUC) Coordinator: Lic. Alves Sarmiento Address: Barbula, Naguanagua, Carabobo State Web: http://www.uc.edu.ve

611

Toxicology centers Barinas—Estado Barinas Hospital “Dr. Luis Razetti,” Toxicology Center (FUNCETOXBA) Director: Dr. Olga Fontiveros de Mazzei Address: Calle Ceden˜o, Barinas Phone: (58-273)-5520294 Movilcel: (58-414)-1595813 Email: [email protected] Barquisimeto—Estado Lara Hospital “Dr. Antonio Marı´a Pineda,” Toxicology Center (CTRCO) Director: Dr. Omaira Bastidas Address: Hospital Pedia´trico “Dr. Agustı´n Zubillaga,” ´ rea de Emergencia, Barquisimeto, Estado Lara A Phone: (58-251)-7181260 Caracas—Distrito Capital Venezuela Central University (UCV) (SIMET-CIATO) Director of Pharmacology: Daniela Pasqualatto B Address: Universidad Central de Venezuela, Ciudad Universitaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Piso 6, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas Phone: (58-212)-6052686/6052732 Fax: (58-212)-6052736 Email: [email protected] / pasquald@camelot. rect.ucv.ve Web: http://www.ucv.ve Maracaibo—Estado Zulia Hospital “Nuestra Sen˜ora de Chiquinquira´” Chiquinquira´ Toxicological Center (CETOXCHI) Directors: Dr. Ange´lica Quiro´z/Col. Dr. Victor Nu´n˜ez Pinto Address: Av. 13 Plaza ‘San Juan de Dios’ al lado de Bası´lica Nuestra Sen˜ora de Chiquinquira´, Maracaibo, Estado Zulia Movilcel Dr. Ange´lica Quiro´z: (58-416)-4661673 Movilcel Dr. Victor Nu´n˜ez: (58-414)-6261469 Email Dr. Ange´lica Quiro´z: [email protected] Maracay—Estado Aragua Civil Hospital of Maracay. Regional Toxicology Unit CORPOSALUD Director: Dr. Yelitza Reyes Figueroa Address: Calle Brion, frente a la Plaza Bolı´var, Maracay, Estado Aragua

Legislation Ambient Penal Law Web: http://gp.cnti.ve/site/marnamazonas.gob.ve/ view/docs/LPA.pdf Decree No 2635 “Norms for recuperation control of % materials and handling of dangerous wastes” dangerous Web: http://www.marn.gob.ve/images/acrobat/ Decreto%202635_546.pdf Law about Substances, Materials and Dangerous wastes Web: http://www.inpsasel.gov.ve/paginas/ leysustancias.htm Normalization and Quality Certification FONDONORMA Web: http://www.fondonorma.org.ve/

Fund

Organic Law about Prevention, Conditions and Work Environment Web: http://www.inpsasel.gov.ve/paginas/lopcymat. htm Regalement about Hygiene Conditions and Work Security Web: http://www.inpsasel.gov.ve/paginas/rchst.htm Regalement of the Organic Law on Prevention, Conditions and Work Environment Web: http://www.inpsasel.gov.ve/documentos/ reg_lopcymat_2007.pdf

Universities (Universidades) • Central University of Venezuela (Universidad Central de Venezuela [UCV]. Caracas) • Drugs and Toxics Information Service (Servicio de Informacion de Medicamentos y Toxicos [SIMET]) • Environment, Health and Work Division (Division de Ambiente, Salud y Trabajo) • School of Bioanalysis. Toxicology (Escuela de Bioanalisis. Toxicologia) • School of Medicine (Facultad de Medicina) • School of Pharmacy. Toxicology (Facultad de Farmacia. Toxicologia) • Toxicological Analysis Service (Servicio de Analisis Toxicologico [SATOX])

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• University of Carabobo (Universidad de Carabobo [UC], Valencia) • Health Sciences Faculty (Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud) Bioanalysis School (Escuela de Bioana´lisis) Molecular Toxicology Unit (Unidad de Toxicologı´a Molecular) (UTM). Mo´dulo 5 Center for Toxicological Investigations (CITUC). Coordinator: Lic. Alves Sarmiento Medicine School (Escuela de Medicina) Nursing School (Escuela de Enfermerı´a)

• Integral Epidemiology (Epidemiologia Integral) • Occupational Health (Salud Ocupacional. UCV) • Occupational Health (Diploma). Health Sciences Faculty. UC • Occupational Health and Labour Hygiene (Especialidad en Salud Ocupacional E Higiene del Ambiente Laboral) (UC) • Public Health (Especialidad En Salud Publica)

• University of Los Andes (Universidad Los Andes [ULA]. Me´rida) • School of Pharmacy and School of Bioanalysis (Facultad de Farmacia y Bioana´lisis) • School of Medicine (Facultad de Medicina) • University of Zulia (Universidad del Zulia [LUZ]. Maracaibo)

• Environmental Law (Ley Penal del Ambiente) • Hazardous Materials and Toxic Wastes Law (Ley Sobre Sustancias, Materiales y Desechos Peligrosos) • Hygiene and Safety Conditions Law (Reglamento de Las Condiciones de Higiene y Seguridad en el Trabajo) • Organic Law for the Workers Prevention, Conditions and Environmental Media (Ley Organica de Prevencion, Condiciones y Medio Ambiente de Trabajo) • Personal Protection Equipment (Ropa, Equipos y Dispositivos de Proteccion. http://www.inpsasel. gov.ve/documentos/2237-89.pdf

Postgraduate studies (postgrados) • Analytical Toxicology. Health Sciences Faculty. University of Carabobo • Clinical Toxicology. Health Sciences Faculty. UC

Legal links

A P P E N D I X

1 Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology, 2nd Edition (IUPAC Recommendations 2007) Prepared for publication by John H. Duffus1,†, Monica Nordberg2 and Douglas M. Templeton3 1

The Edinburgh Centre for Toxicology, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom 2Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 3Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Note: Terms for which no primary source is given have been taken verbatim from the original IUPAC “Glossary for Chemists of Terms Used in Toxicology” [1] or have been newly defined by the compilers of this paper. New or redefined terms in the “Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicokinetics” are currently referenced as in that glossary [2]. Other terms that are quoted verbatim from their sources are referenced individually. For other chemical terminology, the reader is referred to the on-line version of Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the “Gold Book”) [3].

Contents Preface Acknowledgments

Alphabetical entries Annex 1: Abbreviations and acronyms used in toxicology literature Annex 2: Abbreviations and acronyms of names of international bodies and legislation Annex 3: Classification of carcinogenicity References

Preface IUPAC aims to promote world-wide “regulation, standardization, or codification” in relevant areas of chemistry. In 1993, the importance of toxicology to chemists was recognized by the publication in Pure and Applied Chemistry (PAC) of the “Glossary for Chemists of Terms Used in Toxicology” [1]. This glossary has been

 Membership of the Division Committee of the Chemistry and Human Health Division during the preparation of this report (20042006) was as follows: President: P. W. Erhardt (USA, 20042006); P. Soares de Araujo (Brazil, 2006); Secretary: B. Heinzow (Germany, 20042005); M. S. Chorgade (USA, 20052006); Past President: A. Kallner (Sweden, 20042005); P. W. Erhardt (20022006); Members: M. S. Chorghade (USA, 20042006); J. H. Duffus (UK, 20042006); J. Fischer (Hungary, 20042006); U. Forsum (Sweden, 20042005); M. N. Liebman (USA, 20042006); M. Nordberg (Sweden, 2006); P. Soares de Araujo (Brazil, 20042006); D. M. Templeton (Canada, 2006); H. Timmerman (Netherlands, 20042006). †

Corresponding author: John H. Duffus, The Edinburgh Centre for Toxicology, 43 Mansionhouse Road, Edinburgh EH9 2JD, Scotland, UK; Email: [email protected] Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgment, with full reference to the source, along with use of the copyright symbol r, the name IUPAC, and the year of publication, are prominently visible. Publication of a translation into another language is subject to the additional condition of prior approval from the relevant IUPAC National Adhering Organization.

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Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

widely accepted and used, but, inevitably, with the continuing development of both chemistry and toxicology, terms have changed their meanings as a result of altered usage and new terms have been coined. Further, some important terms were overlooked, notably those relating to toxicokinetics, and a supplementary glossary has already been published in PAC [2]. The revised and extended glossary presented here includes all new terms identified as relevant by the Working Party, together with those in toxicokinetics previously omitted. As before, the glossary is compiled primarily for chemists who now find themselves working in toxicology or requiring a knowledge of the subject. However, there are also many other scientists as well as regulators and managers who have to interpret toxicological information and need ready access to internationally accepted definitions of relevant terms in common use. In order to make this a convenient onestop glossary, the terms included in this glossary have come from a wide range of disciplines which contribute to toxicology. For some of the entries, alternative definitions are given in order to display the significant differences in the use that occur in practice. We are grateful to all those whose names are listed below who have contributed to this glossary with constructive criticism and who have suggested modifications for its improvement. Their contributions have been invaluable. The Working Group is responsible for any remaining flaws, but we hope that the final version will be sufficiently close to achieving the original objectives to justify the very widespread support that we have received.

Acknowledgments For their valuable comments and suggestions for improvements, the authors are very grateful to the following contributors to this glossary: Ole Andersen, Rick Becker, Joseph Borzelleca, Rita Cornelis, John Fowler, Philippe Grandjean, Birger Heinzow, Jane Huggins, Paul Illing, Marek Jakubowski, Jo´zsef Nyitrai, Stephanie Publicker, Mike Schwenck, Ron Shank, Wayne Temple, Philip Wexler, Howard Worth, and Paul Wright.

Alphabetical entries abiological See abiotic. abiotic abiological Not associated with living organisms. abiotic degradation Process in which a substance is converted to simpler products by physical or chemical mechanisms: examples include hydrolysis and photolysis. abiotic transformation Process in which a substance in the environment is modified by nonbiological mechanisms.

abortifacient Substance that causes pregnancy to end prematurely and causes an abortion. absolute lethal concentration (LC100) Lowest concentration of a substance in an environmental medium which kills 100% of test organisms or species under defined conditions. Note:

This value is dependent on the number of organisms used in its assessment.

absolute lethal dose (LD100) Lowest amount of a substance that kills 100% of test animals under defined conditions. Note:

This value is dependent on the number of organisms used in its assessment.

absorbance A Logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a sample (excluding the effects of sample cell walls). Depending on the base of the logarithm, decadic and Napierian absorbances are used. Symbols: A, A10 , A e. This quantity is sometimes called extinction, although the term “extinction”, better called attenuance, is reserved for the quantity which takes into account the effects of luminescence and scattering as well. Corrected from [3] Note:

When natural logarithms are used, the Napierian absorbance is the logarithm to the base e of the incident spectral radiant power, essentially monochromatic, divided by the transmitted spectral radiant power, Pλ

absorbed dose (of a substance) internal dose. Amount (of a substance) taken up by an organism or into organs or tissues of interest. See absorption, systemic. absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation), D Energy imparted by ionizing radiation to a specified volume of matter divided by the mass of that volume. absorptance (in chemistry), α Ratio of the absorbed to the incident radiant power. Also called absorption factor. When α # 1, α  Ae, where Ae is the Napierian absorbance. [3] See also absorbance. absorption (general) 1. Process of one material (absorbate) being retained by another (absorbent). Note:

The process may be the physical solution of a gas, liquid, or solid in a liquid; attachment of molecules of a gas, vapor, liquid; or dissolved substance to a solid surface by physical forces, etc.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

2. Transfer of some or all of the energy of radiation to matter which it traverses.

acceptable daily intake (ADI) not allocated See no acceptable daily intake allocated.

Note:

acceptable residue level of an antibiotic Acceptable concentration of a residue that has been established for an antibiotic found in human or animal foods.

Absorption of light at bands of characteristic wavelengths is used as an analytical method in spectrophotometry to identify the chemical nature of molecules, atoms, or ions and to measure the concentrations of these species.

Corrected from [3] absorption (in biology) uptake Penetration of a substance into an organism and its cells by various processes, some specialized, some involving expenditure of energy (active transport), some involving a carrier system, and others involving passive movement down an electrochemical gradient. Note:

In mammals, absorption is usually through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or skin into the circulatory system and from the circulation into organs, tissues, and cells.

[2] absorption (of radiation) Phenomenon in which radiation transfers some or all of its energy to matter which it traverses. [3] absorption systemic Uptake to the blood and transport via the blood of a substance to an organ or compartment in the body distant from the site of absorption. [2] absorption coefficient (in biology) absorption factor Ratio of the absorbed quantity (uptake) of a substance to the administered quantity (intake). Note:

For exposure by way of the respiratory tract, the absorption coefficient is the ratio of the absorbed amount to the amount of the substance (usually particles) deposited (adsorbed) in the lungs.

absorption factor See absorptance absorption coefficient (in biology).

(in

chemistry),

acceptable risk Probability of suffering disease or injury that is considered to be sufficiently small to be “negligible”. Note:

accidental exposure Unintended contact with a substance or change in the physical environment (including, e.g., radiation) resulting from an accident. acclimatization, biological 1. Processes, including selection and adaptation, by which a population of microorganisms develops the ability to degrade a substance, or develops a tolerance to it. 2. In animal tests, allowing an animal to adjust to its environment prior to undertaking a study. accumulation (in biology) See bioaccumulation. accuracy Quantity referring to the differences between the mean of a set of results or an individual result and the value which is accepted as the true or correct value for the quantity measured. acid dissociation constant, Ka Equilibrium constant for the following reaction of an acid HB: HBðaqÞ"H1 ðaqÞ 1 B2 ðaqÞ Ka 5 ½H1 ½B2 =½HBco where co 5 1 mol dm23 is the standard amount concentration and activity coefficients have been neglected. Note 1:

This constant, because activity coefficients are neglected, is valid at a specified ionic strength. The thermodynamic dissociation constant is found by suitable extrapolation of the conditional constant to zero ionic strength. Note that it is defined as a dimensionless quantity, but sometimes it is given dimensions by omitting the standard amount concentration.

Note 2:

Because this constant differs for each acid and varies over many degrees of magnitude, the acidity constant is often represented by the additive inverse of its common logarithm, represented by the symbol pKa (using the same mathematical relationship as [H1] is to pH), viz.:

acaricide Substance intended to kill mites, ticks, or other Acaridae. acceptable daily intake (ADI) Estimate by JECFA of the amount of a food additive, expressed on a body weight basis that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk. Note 1:

For calculation of ADI, a standard body mass of 60 kg is used

Note 2:

Tolerable daily intake (TDI) is the analogous term used for contaminants.

Calculated risk of an increase of one case in a million people per year for cancer is usually considered to be negligible.

accepted risk Probability of suffering disease or injury that is accepted by an individual.

abuse (of drugs, substances, solvents, etc.) Improper use of drugs or other substances.

[2]

615

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pKa 5 2 log10 Ka In general, a larger value of Ka (or a smaller value of pKa) indicates a stronger acid, since the extent of dissociation is larger at the same concentration. [4] acidosis Antonym: alkalosis Pathological condition in which the hydrogen(1 1 ) (hydron) amount concentration of body fluids is above normal and hence the pH of blood falls below the reference interval. action level 1. Concentration of a substance in air, soil, water, or other defined medium at which specified emergency counter-measures, such as the seizure and destruction of contaminated materials, evacuation of the local population or closing down the sources of pollution, are to be taken. 2. Concentration of a pollutant in air, soil, water, or other defined medium at which some kind of preventive action (not necessarily of an emergency nature) is to be taken. activation (abiotic) Conversion of a xenobiotic to a more toxic derivative by modification not involving biological catalysis. activation (in biology) See bioactivation. active ingredient Component of a mixture responsible for the biological effects of the mixture. Compare inert ingredient. active metabolite Metabolite causing biological and (or) toxicological effects. After [2] See metabolite. active transport Movement of a substance across a cell membrane against an electrochemical gradient, in the direction opposite to normal diffusion and requiring the expenditure of energy. acute Antonym: chronic 1. Of short duration, in relation to exposure or effect; the effect usually shows a rapid onset. Note:

In regulatory toxicology, “acute” refers to studies where dosing is either single or limited to one day although the total study duration may extend to two weeks to permit appearance of toxicity in susceptible organ systems.

2. In clinical medicine, sudden and severe, having a rapid onset. After [2] acute effect Effect of finite duration occurring rapidly (usually in the first 24 h or up to 14 d) following a single dose or short exposure to a substance or radiation.

Note:

Acute effects may occur continuously following continuous dosing or repeatedly following repeated dosing.

After [2] acute exposure Antonym: chronic exposure Exposure of short duration. [2] See acute, exposure. acute toxicity Antonym: chronic toxicity 1. Adverse effects of finite duration occurring within a short time (up to 14 d) after administration of a single dose (or exposure to a given concentration) of a test substance or after multiple doses (exposures), usually within 24 h of a starting point (which may be exposure to the toxicant, or loss of reserve capacity, or developmental change, etc.). 2. Ability of a substance to cause adverse effects within a short time of dosing or exposure. [2] acute toxicity test short-term toxicity test Antonym: chronic toxicity test Study in which organisms are observed during only a short part of the life span and in which there is often only a single exposure to the test agent at the beginning of the study. adaptation 1. Change in an organism, in response to changing conditions of the environment (specifically chemical), which takes place without any irreversible disruptions of the given biological system and without exceeding normal (homeostatic) capacities of its response. 2. Process by which an organism stabilizes its physiological condition after an environmental change. Note:

If this process exceeds the homeostatic range, it becomes pathological and results in symptoms of disease (adverse effects).

added risk Difference between the incidence of an adverse effect in a treated group (of organisms or a group of exposed humans) and a control group (of the same organisms or the spontaneous incidence in humans). addiction Surrender and devotion to the regular use of a medicinal or pleasurable substance for the sake of relief, comfort, stimulation, or exhilaration which it affords; often with craving when the drug is absent. additive effect Consequence that follows exposure to two or more physicochemical agents which act jointly but do not interact: The total effect is the simple sum of the effects of separate exposures to the agents under the same conditions. [2]

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adduct New chemical species AB, each molecular entity of which is formed by direct combination of two separate molecular entities A and B in such a way that there is change in connectivity, but no loss, of atoms within the moieties A and B. Note 1:

Stoichiometries other than 1:1 are also possible, for example, a bis-adduct (2:1). An “intramolecular adduct” can be formed when A and B are groups contained within the same molecular entity.

Note 2:

This is a general term that, whenever appropriate, should be used in preference to the less explicit term complex. It is also used specifically for products of an addition reaction.

[3] adenocarcinoma Malignant tumor originating in glandular epithelium or forming recognizable glandular structures. adenoma Benign tumor occurring in glandular epithelium or forming recognizable glandular structures.

functional capacity or impairment of capacity to compensate for additional stress or increase in susceptibility to other environmental influences. After [2] adverse event Occurrence that causes an adverse effect. Note:

An adverse event in clinical studies is any untoward reaction in a human subject participating in a research project; such an adverse event, which may be a psychological reaction, must be reported to an institutional review board.

aerobe Organism that requires dioxygen for respiration and hence for growth and life. aerobic Requiring dioxygen. aerodynamic diameter (of a particle) Diameter of a spherical particle with relative density equal to unity that has the same settling velocity in air as the particle in question. aerosol Mixture of small particles (solid, liquid, or a mixed variety) and a carrier gas (usually air).

adjuvant 1. In pharmacology, a substance added to a drug to speed or increase the action of the main component. 2. In immunology, a substance (such as aluminum hydroxide) or an organism (such as killed mycobacterium) that increases the response to an antigen.

Note 1:

Owing to their size, these particles (usually less than 100 μm and greater than 0.01 μm in diameter) have a comparatively small sedimentation velocity and hence exhibit some degree of stability in the earth’s gravitational field.

administration (of a substance) Application of a known amount of a substance to an organism in a reproducible manner and by a defined route.

Note 2:

An aerosol may be characterized by its chemical composition, its radioactivity, the particle size distribution, the electrical charge, and the optical properties.

adrenergic Secreting adrenaline (epinephrine) and/or related substances; in particular referring to sympathetic nerve fibers. See sympathomimetic. adsorption Increase in the concentration of a substance at the interface of a condensed and a liquid or gaseous layer owing to the operation of surface forces. [2] See also interfacial layer. adsorption factor Ratio of the amount of substance adsorbed at the interface of a condensed and a liquid or gaseous phase to the total amount of the substance available for adsorption. [2] adstringent See astringent. advection (in environmental chemistry) Process of transport of a substance in air or water solely by mass motion. [2] adverse effect Change in biochemistry, physiology, growth, development morphology, behavior, or lifespan of an organism, which results in impairment of

[2] aetiology See etiology. after-effect of a poison Ability of a poison to produce a change in an organism after cessation of contact. age sensitivity Quantitative dependence of an effect.

and

qualitative

age

agonist Antonym: antagonist Substance that binds to cell receptors normally responding to a naturally occurring substance and produces an effect similar to that of the natural substance. Note 1:

A partial agonist activates a receptor but does not cause as much of a physiological change as does a full agonist.

Note 2:

A co-agonist works together with other co-agonists to produce a desired effect.

air pollution Presence of substances in the atmosphere resulting either from human activity or natural processes, in sufficient concentration, for a sufficient time and under circumstances such as to interfere with comfort, health, or welfare of persons or to harm the environment.

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air pollution control system 1. Network of organizations that monitor air pollution. 2. Group of measures or processes used to minimize or prevent air pollution. albuminuria Presence plasma, in the urine.

of

albumin,

derived

from

algicide algaecide Substance intended to kill algae. aliquot (in analytical chemistry) Known amount of a homogeneous material, assumed to be taken with negligible sampling error.

allometric growth Regular and systematic pattern of growth such that the mass or size of any organ or part of a body can be expressed in relation to the total mass or size of the entire organism according to the allometric equation: Y 5 bxα where Y 5 mass of the organ, x 5 mass of the organism, α 5 growth coefficient of the organ, and b is a constant. [2]

Note 1:

The term is usually applied to fluids.

Note 2:

The term “aliquot” is usually used when the fractional part is an exact divisor of the whole; the term “aliquant” has been used when the fractional part is not an exact divisor of the whole (e.g., a 15-mL portion is an aliquant of 100 mL).

allometric scaling 1. Adjustment of data to allow for change in proportion between an organ or organs and other body parts during the growth of an organism. 2. Adjustment of data to allow for differences and make comparisons between species having dissimilar characteristics (e.g., in size, shape, and metabolism). After [2]

Note 3:

When an aliquot is taken of a laboratory sample or test sample or the sample is otherwise subdivided, the samples have been called split samples.

allometry (in biology) Measurement of the rate of growth of a part or parts of an organism relative to the growth of the whole organism. [2]

[2] alkalosis Antonym: acidosis Pathological condition in which the hydrogen(1 1 ) (hydron) substance concentration of body fluids is below normal and hence the pH of blood rises above the reference interval.

allomone Semiochemical that is produced by an organism inducing a response in an organism of another species that is favorable to the emitter. See kairomone, synomone. all-or-none effect See quantal effect.

alkylating agent Substance that introduces an alkyl substituent into a compound.

alopecia Baldness; absence or thinning of hair from areas of skin where it is usually present.

allele One of several alternate forms of a gene that occur at the same relative position (locus) on homologous chromosomes and which become separated during meiosis and can be recombined following fusion of gametes.

alveol/us (pulmonary), -i pl., -ar adj. Terminal air sac of the lung where gas exchange occurs.

allergen Immunostimulant antigenic substance that may or may not cause a clinically significant effect but which is capable of producing immediate hypersensitivity. allergy Symptoms or signs occurring in sensitized individuals following exposure to a previously encountered substance (allergen) which would otherwise not cause such symptoms or signs in non-sensitized individuals. The most common forms of allergy are rhinitis, urticaria, asthma, and contact dermatitis. allometric 1. Pertaining to a systematic relationship between growth rates of different parts of an organism and its overall growth rate. [2] 2. Pertaining to a systematic relationship between size, shape, and metabolism in different species.

ambient Surrounding (applied to environmental media such as air, water, sediment, or soil). ambient monitoring Continuous or repeated measurement of agents in the environment to evaluate ambient exposure and health risk by comparison with appropriate reference values based on knowledge of the probable relationship between exposure and resultant adverse health effects. ambient standard See environmental quality standard. Ames test In vitro test for mutagenicity using mutant strains of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium which cannot grow in a given histidine-deficient medium: mutagens can cause reverse mutations which enable the bacterium to grow on the medium. The test can be carried out in the presence of a given microsomal fraction (S-9) from rat liver (see microsome) to allow metabolic transformation of mutagen precursors to active derivatives.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) Serious illness that is a consequence of consumption of bivalve shellfish (mollusks) such as mussels, oysters, and clams that have ingested, by filter feeding, large quantities of microalgae containing domoic acid; acute symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, and in some cases, confusion, loss of memory, disorientation, and even coma. amplification (of genes) See gene amplification. anabolism Antonym: catabolism Biochemical processes by which smaller molecules are joined to make larger molecules. anaemia See anemia. anaerobe Antonym: aerobe Organism that does not require dioxygen for life. Note:

Obligate (strict) anaerobes grow only in the absence of dioxygen. Facultative anaerobes can grow either in the presence or in the absence of dioxygen.

anaerobic Antonym: aerobic Not requiring dioxygen. anaesthetic See anesthetic. analgesic Substance that relieves pain, without causing loss of consciousness. analogue metabolism Process by which a normally non-biodegradable compound is biodegraded in the presence of a structurally similar compound which can induce the necessary enzymes. analytic study (in epidemiology) Study designed to examine associations, commonly putative or hypothesized causal relationships. anaphylactoid Of or resembling anaphylaxis. anaphylaxis Life-threatening type 1 hypersensitivity allergic reaction (see allergy) occurring in a person or animal exposed to an antigen or hapten to which they have previously been sensitized. Note:

Consequences of the reaction may include angio-edema, vascular collapse, shock, and respiratory distress.

anaplasia Loss of normal cell differentiation, a feature characteristic of most malignancies. anemia Condition in which there is a reduction in the number of red blood cells or amount of hemoglobin per unit volume of blood below the reference interval for a similar individual of the species under consideration, often causing pallor and fatigue. anesthetic Substance that produces loss of feeling or sensation: general anesthetic produces loss of consciousness; local or regional anesthetic renders a specific area insensible to pain. aneuploidy Cell or organism with missing or extra chromosomes or parts of chromosomes and thus an

619

abnormal number of chromosomes which is not an exact multiple of the haploid number. anoxia Strictly total absence of oxygen but sometimes incorrectly used instead of hypoxia to mean a decreased oxygen supply in tissues. antagonism (in toxicology) Combined effect of two or more factors that is smaller than the solitary effect of any one of those factors. Note:

In bioassays, the term may be used when a specified effect is produced by exposure to either of two factors but not by exposure to both together.

antagonist (in toxicology) Antonym: agonist Substance that binds to a cell receptor normally responding to a naturally occurring substance and prevents a response to the natural substance. anthelmint(h)ic antihelminth helminthagogue helminthic vermifuge 1. n., Substance intended to kill or cause the expulsion of parasitic intestinal worms, such as helminths. 2. adj., Acting to expel or kill parasitic intestinal worms. anthracosis (coal miners’ pneumoconiosis) Form of pneumoconiosis caused by accumulation of anthracite carbon deposits in the lungs due to inhalation of smoke or coal dust. anthropogenic 1. Caused by or influenced by human activities. 2. Describing a conversion factor used to calculate a dose or concentration affecting a human that has been derived from data obtained with another species (e.g., the rat). [2] anti-adrenergic See sympatholytic. antibiotic Substance produced by, and obtained from, certain living cells (especially bacteria, yeasts, and molds), or an equivalent synthetic substance, which is biostatic or biocidal at low concentrations to some other form of life, especially pathogenic or noxious organisms. antibody Protein (immunoglobulin) produced by the immune system in response to exposure to an antigenic molecule and characterized by its specific binding to a site on that molecule (antigenic determinant or epitope). [3] anticholinergic 1. adj., Preventing transmission of parasympathetic (acetylcholine releasing) nerve impulses. 2. n., Substance that prevents transmission of parasympathetic nerve impulses.

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anticholinesterase See cholinesterase inhibitor. anticoagulant Substance that prevents blood clotting (e.g., warfarin). antidote Substance capable of specifically counteracting or reducing the effect of a potentially toxic substance in an organism by a relatively specific chemical or pharmacological action. antigen Substance or a structural part (epitope) of a substance that causes the immune system to produce specific antibody or specific cells and combines with specific binding sites (epitopes) on the antibody or cells. antihistamine Substance that blocks or counteracts the action of histamine. antihelminth See anthelmint(h)ic. antimetabolite Substance, structurally similar to a metabolite, which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization. antimuscarinic 1. n., Substance inhibiting or preventing the actions of muscarine and muscarine-like agents (e.g., atropine) on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. 2. adj., Inhibiting or preventing the actions of muscarine and muscarine-like agents on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. antimycotic fungicide Substance used to kill a fungus or to inhibit its growth. antinicotinic 1. n., Substance inhibiting or preventing the actions of nicotine and nicotine-like agents (e.g., suxamethonium chloride) on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. 2. adj., Inhibiting or preventing the actions of nicotine and nicotine-like agents on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. antipyretic Substance that relieves or reduces fever. antiresistant Substance used as an additive to a pesticide formulation in order to reduce the resistance of insects to the pesticide (e.g., an antimetabolite that inhibits metabolic inactivation of the pesticide). antiserum Serum containing antibodies to a particular antigen either because of immunization or after an infectious disease. Note:

Usually, the antibodies are polyclonal.

antiviral See virucide. aphasia Loss or impairment of the power of speech or writing, or of the ability to understand written or spoken language or signs, due to a brain injury or disease. aphicide Substance intended to kill aphids.

aphid Common name for a harmful plant parasite in the family Aphididae, some species of which are vectors of plant virus diseases. aplasia Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. apopto/sis n., tic adj. Active process of programmed cell death, requiring metabolic energy, often characterized by fragmentation of DNA, and cell deletion without associated inflammation. [2] See necrosis. arboricide Substance intended to kill trees and shrubs. area source Widespread origin of emissions. Area under the concentrationtime curve See area under the curve. area under the curve (AUC) Area between a curve and the abscissa (horizontal axis), i.e., the area underneath the graph of a function: often, the area under the tissue (plasma) concentration curve of a substance expressed as a function of time. [2] area under the moment curve (AUMC) Area between a curve and the abscissa (horizontal axis) in a plot of (concentration 3 time) vs. time. [2] argyria argyrosis Pathological condition characterized by gray-bluish or black pigmentation of tissues (such as skin, retina, mucous membranes, internal organs) caused by the accumulation of metallic silver, due to reduction of a silver compound which has entered the organism during (prolonged) administration or exposure. arrhythmia Any variation from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. arseniasis Chronic arsenical poisoning. artifact Observation, effect, or result which is inaccurate because it is produced by the methodology used in scientific investigation or by experimental error. arteriosclerosis Hardening and thickening of the walls of the arteries. See also atherosclerosis. arthralgia Pain in a joint. arthritis Chronic inflammation of a joint, usually accompanied by pain and often by changes in structure. arthropathy arthrosis Disease of a joint. arthrosis Joint or articulation. asbestosis Form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

ascaricide Substance intended to kill roundworms (Ascaridae). asphyxia Condition resulting from insufficient intake of oxygen: Symptoms include breathing difficulty, impairment of senses, and, in extreme, convulsions, unconsciousness and death. asphyxiant Substance that blocks the transport or use of oxygen by living organisms. Note:

Examples include both physical (nitrogen gas) and chemical (carbon monoxide) asphyxiants.

assay 1. n., Process of quantitative or qualitative analysis of a component of a sample. 2. n., Results of a quantitative or qualitative analysis of a component of a sample. 3. v., To carry out quantitative or qualitative analysis of a component of a sample. assimilation Uptake and incorporation of substances by a living organism. asthenia Weakness; lack or loss of strength. asthma Chronic respiratory disease characterized by bronchoconstriction, excessive mucus secretion, and edema of the pulmonary alveoli, resulting in difficulty in breathing out, wheezing, and cough. astringent 1. adj., Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. 2. n., Substance causing cells to shrink, thus causing tissue contraction or stoppage of secretions and discharges; such substances may be applied to skin to harden and protect it. ataxia Unsteady or irregular manner of walking or movement caused by loss or failure of muscular coordination. atherosclerosis Pathological condition in which there is thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of blood vessels, characterized by a variable combination of changes of the innermost layer consisting of local accumulation of lipids, complex carbohydrates, blood and blood components, fibrous tissue, and calcium deposits. In addition, the outer layer becomes thickened and there is fatty degeneration of the middle layer. See also arteriosclerosis. atrophy Wasting away of the body or of an organ or tissue, involving a decrease in size and (or) numbers of cells. attenuation (in genetics) Regulation of gene expression in bacteria by premature termination of transcription of a biosynthetic operon. attractant Substance that attracts animals. Some attractants fulfill natural biological functions such as

621

mating or predation: Others may be used to attract animals for monitoring or for control. See also pheromone. attributable risk Part of a risk that is identified as due to exposure to a defined substance. [2] autoimmune disease Pathological condition resulting when an organism produces antibodies or specific cells which bind to constituents of its own tissues (autoantigens) and cause tissue injury: Examples of such disease may include rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma. autooxidation See autoxidation. autophagosome Membrane-bound body (secondary lysosome) in which parts of the cell are digested. autopsy necropsy Postmortem examination of the organs and body tissue to determine cause of death or pathological condition. autosome Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome. autoxidation Reaction with dioxygen at moderate temperatures. autoxidation (in food chemistry) Apparently spontaneous, usually slow reaction of foodstuff components with dioxygen in an aerobic environment at moderate temperatures. auxotroph Organism unable to synthesize an organic molecule which is required for its growth: When the compound is given to the organism with the other nutrients it requires, growth of the organism may occur. auxotrophy Inability of a microorganism to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth. avicide Substance intended to kill birds. axenic animal See germ-free animal. azoospermia 1. Absence of live motile spermatozoa in semen. 2. Failure to form live spermatozoa. back-mutation Process that reverses the effect of a mutation which had inactivated a gene; thus, it restores the wild phenotype. bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) DNA vector into which large DNA fragments can be inserted and cloned in a bacterial host. bactericide Substance intended to kill bacteria. bagassosis Lung disease caused by the inhalation of dust from sugar-cane residues. basal lamina, pl. ae Triple-layered structure on which epithelium sits: It consists of an electrondense layer (lamina densa) between two electron-

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Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

transparent layers (lamina lucida). The lamina densa is composed of type IV collagen, and the lamina lucida contains the glycoprotein laminin. base pairing Linking of the complementary pair of polynucleotide chains of nucleic acids by means of hydrogen bonds between complementary purine and pyrimidine bases, adenine with thymine or uracil, cytosine with guanine. basement membrane Specialized layers (basal laminae) of extra-cellular matrix that separate epithelial tissue from underlying connective tissue: Cancer cells must break through the basement membrane in order to migrate to other parts of the body and form metastases. bateman function Equation expressing the build up and decay in concentration of a substance (usually in plasma) based on first-order uptake and elimination in a one-compartment model, having the form C 5 ½fDka =Vðka 2 ke Þ½expð2 ke tÞ 2 expð2 ka tÞ where C is the concentration and D the dose of the substance, f the fraction absorbed, and V the volume of distribution. ka and ke are the first-order rate constants of uptake and elimination, respectively, and t is time. [2] B-cell See B lymphocyte. benchmark concentration (BMC) Statistically calculated lower 95% confidence limit on the concentration that produces a defined response (called the benchmark response or BMR, usually 5 or 10%) for an adverse effect compared to background, often defined as 0 or 5%. [2] benchmark dose (BMD) Statistically calculated lower 95% confidence limit on the dose that produces a defined response (called the benchmark response or BMR, usually 5 or 10%) of an adverse effect compared to background, often defined as 0 or 5%. [2] benchmark guidance value Biological monitoring guidance value set at the 90th percentile of available biological monitoring results collected from a representative sample of workplaces with good occupational hygiene practices. [2] benchmark response Response, expressed as an excess of background, at which a benchmark dose or benchmark concentration is set. [2] benefit Advantage to or improvement in condition of an individual or a population.

benign Antonym: malignant 1. Of a disease, producing no persisting harmful effects. 2. Tumor that does not invade other tissues (see metastasis), having lost growth control but not positional control. Note:

Such a tumor is not carcinogenic but may cause mechanical damage to adjacent tissues.

berylliosis See beryllium disease. beryllium disease berylliosis Serious and usually permanent lung damage resulting from chronic inhalation of beryllium. bias 1. Deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation. 2. Any trend in the collection, analysis, interpretation, publication, or review of data which can lead to conclusions which are systematically different from the truth. biased sample Antonym: random sample Any sample that is not a random sample. bilirubin Orangeyellow pigment, a breakdown product of heme-containing proteins (hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes), which circulates in the blood plasma bound to albumin or as water-soluble glucuronide conjugates, and is excreted in the bile by the liver. bioaccessibility Potential for a substance to come in contact with a living organism and then interact with it. This may lead to absorption. Note:

A substance trapped inside an insoluble particle is not bioaccessible, although substances on the surface of the same particle are accessible and may also be bioavailable. Bioaccessibility, like bioavailability, is a function of both chemical speciation and biological properties. Even surface-bound substances may not be accessible to organisms which require the substances to be in solution.

bioaccessible Able to come in contact with a living organism and interact with it. See bioaccessibility. bioaccumulation Progressive increase in the amount of a substance in an organism or part of an organism that occurs because the rate of intake exceeds the organism’s ability to remove the substance from the body. Note:

Bioaccumulation lipophilicity.

often

correlates

with

See also bioconcentration, biomagnification. bioaccumulation potential Ability of living organisms to concentrate a substance obtained either directly from the environment or indirectly through its food.

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Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

bioactivation Metabolic conversion of a xenobiotic to a more toxic derivative or one which has more of an effect on living organisms. bioassay Procedure for estimating the concentration or biological activity of a substance by measuring its effect on a living system compared to a standard system. bioavailability (general) biological availability physiological availability Extent of absorption of a substance by a living organism compared to a standard system. [2] bioavailability (in toxico- or pharmacokinetics) Ratio of the systemic exposure from extravascular (ev) exposure to that following intravenous (iv) exposure as described by the equation: F 5 Aev Div =Biv Dev where F (fraction of dose absorbed) is a measure of the bioavailability, A and B are the areas under the (plasma) concentrationtime curve following extravascular and intravenous administration, respectively, and Dev and Div are the administered extravascular and intravenous doses. [2] bioavailable Able to be absorbed by living organisms. See bioavailability. biochemical mechanism Reaction or series of reactions, usually enzyme-catalyzed, associated with a specific physiological event in a living organism. biochemical (biological) oxygen demand (BOD) Amount concentration of oxygen taken up through the respiratory activity of microorganisms growing on organic compounds present when incubated at a specified temperature (usually 20 C) for a fixed period (usually 5 days). It is regarded as a measure of that organic pollution of water which can be degraded biologically but includes the oxidation of inorganic material such as sulfide and iron(II). The empirical test used in the laboratory to determine BOD also measures the oxygen used to oxidize reduced forms of nitrogen unless their oxidation is prevented by an inhibitor such as allyl thiourea. biocid/e n., -al adj. Substance intended to kill living organisms. bioconcentration Process leading to a higher concentration of a substance in an organism than in environmental media to which it is exposed. See bioaccumulation. bioconcentration factor (BCF) Measure of the tendency for a substance in water to accumulate in organisms, especially fish. Note 1:

The equilibrium concentration of a substance in fish can be estimated by multiplying its concentration in the surrounding water by its bioconcentration factor in fish.

Note 2:

This parameter is an important determinant for human intake of aquatic food by the ingestion route.

bioconjugate See conjugate. bioconversion See biotransformation. biodegradation Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo. This may be characterized for purposes of hazard assessment as: 1. Primary. Alteration of the chemical structure of a substance resulting in loss of a specific property of that substance. 2. Environmentally acceptable. Biodegradation to such an extent as to remove undesirable properties of the compound. This often corresponds to primary biodegradation, but it depends on the circumstances under which the products are discharged into the environment. 3. Ultimate. Complete breakdown of a compound to either fully oxidized or reduced simple molecules (such as carbon dioxide/methane, nitrate/ammonium, and water). It should be noted that the products of biodegradation can be more harmful than the substance degraded. bioelimination Removal, usually from the aqueous phase, of a test substance in the presence of living organisms by biological processes supplemented by physicochemical reactions. bioequivalen/ce n., -t adj. Relationship between two preparations of the same drug in the same dosage form that have a similar bioavailability. bioinactivation Metabolic conversion of a xenobiotic to a less toxic derivative. [2] bioinformatics Discipline encompassing the development and utilization of computational facilities to store, analyze, and interpret biological data. biokinetics (in toxicology) Science of the movements involved in the distribution of substances. [2] biological absorption See absorption, biological. biological accessibility See bioaccessibility. biological acclimatization See acclimatization, biological. biological assessment monitoring.

of

exposure See

biological

biological availability See bioavailability. biological cycle Complete circulatory process through which a substance passes in the biosphere. It may involve transport through the various media (air, water, soil), followed by environmental transformation, and carriage through various ecosystems.

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biological effect monitoring (BEM) Continuous or repeated measurement of early biological effects of exposure to a substance to evaluate ambient exposure and health risk by comparison with appropriate reference values based on knowledge of the probable relationship between ambient exposure and biological effects.

biomagnification ecological magnification Sequence of processes in an ecosystem by which higher concentrations are attained in organisms at higher trophic levels (at higher levels in the food web); at its simplest, a process leading to a higher concentration of a substance in an organism than in its food.

biological exposure indices (BEI) Guidance values recommended by ACGIH for assessing biological monitoring results. [5]

biomarker Indicator signaling an event or condition in a biological system or sample and giving a measure of exposure, effect, or susceptibility.

biological half life For a substance, the time required for the amount of that substance in a biological system to be reduced to one-half of its value by biological processes, when the rate of removal is approximately exponential. [2] biological half time, t1/2 See biological half life. biological indicator Species or group of species that is representative and typical for a specific status of an ecosystem, which appears frequently enough to serve for monitoring and whose population shows a sensitive response to changes (e.g., the appearance of a toxicant in an ecosystem). [6] biological marker See biomarker. biological monitoring biological exposure

assessment

of

biomonitoring Continuous or repeated measurement of any naturally occurring or synthetic chemical, including potentially toxic substances or their metabolites or biochemical effects in tissues, secreta, excreta, expired air, or any combination of these in order to evaluate occupational or environmental exposure and health risk by comparison with appropriate reference values based on knowledge of the probable relationship between ambient exposure and resultant adverse health effects. biological oxygen demand See biochemical oxygen demand. biological preparation biological biopreparation Compound derived from living organisms and their products for use in medicine or as a pesticide, etc. biological specimen 1. Organ, tissue (including blood), secretion, or excretion product taken from an organism as a sample reflecting the state of the whole organism. 2. Organism taken as a sample reflecting the state of a population or their environment. biological warfare Military operations using any organism (bacteria, virus, or other disease-causing organism) or toxin found in nature, to kill, injure, or incapacitate human beings, animals, or plants.

Note:

Such an indicator may be a measurable chemical, biochemical, physiological, behavioral, or other alteration within an organism.

[2] biomarker of effect effect biomarker Biomarker that, depending upon the magnitude, can be recognized as associated with an established or possible health impairment or disease. [2] biomarker of exposure exposure biomarker Biomarker that relates exposure to a xenobiotic to the levels of the substance or its metabolite, or of the product of an interaction between the substance and some target molecule or cell that can be measured in a compartment within an organism. [2] biomarker of susceptibility susceptibility biomarker Biomarker of an inherent or acquired ability of an organism to respond to exposure to a specific substance. [2] biomass 1. Total amount of biotic material, usually expressed per unit surface area or volume, in a medium such as water. 2. Material produced by the growth of microorganisms, plants, or animals. biomineralization Complete conversion of organic substances to inorganic derivatives by living organisms, especially microorganisms. biomolecule Substance that is synthesized by and occurs naturally in living organisms. biomonitoring See biological monitoring. biopesticide Biological agent with pesticidal activity, for example, the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis when used to kill insects. After [6] biopsy Excision of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic or biochemical examination; usually performed to establish a diagnosis. biosphere Portion of the planet earth that supports and includes life.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

biostatic Adjective applied to a substance that arrests the growth or multiplication of living organisms. biota All living organisms as a totality. biotransformation bioconversion Chemical conversion of a substance that is mediated by living organisms or enzyme preparations derived therefrom. 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol British anti-Lewisite dimercaprol 2,3-dimercaptopropan-1-ol Metal chelator that has been used in the treatment of arsenic, antimony, gold, mercury, and lead poisoning. blastocyst Mammalian embryo at the stage at which it is implanted into the wall of the uterus. [9] bloodbrain barrier Physiological interface between brain tissues and circulating blood created by a mechanism that alters the permeability of brain capillaries, so that some substances are prevented from entering brain tissue, while other substances are allowed to enter freely. After [2] bloodplacenta barrier Physiological interface between maternal and fetal blood circulations that filters out some substances which could harm the fetus while favoring the passage of others such as nutrients: Many fat-soluble substances such as alcohol are not filtered out, and several types of virus can also cross this barrier.

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botanical pesticide Substance with activity against pests, that is produced naturally within a plant and may act as a defense against predators. botulism Acute food poisoning caused by botulinum toxin produced in food by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and characterized by muscle weakness and paralysis; disturbances of vision, swallowing, and speech; and a high mortality rate. brady- Antonym: tachy- Prefix meaning slow as in bradycardia or bradypnoea bradycardia Antonym: tachycardia Abnormal slowness of the heartbeat. bradypnoea Antonym: tachypnoea Abnormally slow breathing. breathing zone Space within a radius of 0.5 m from a person’s face. British anti-Lewisite propan-1-ol.

(BAL) See

2,3-bis(sulfanyl)

bronchoconstriction Antonym: bronchodilation Narrowing of the air passages through the bronchi of the lungs. bronchodilation Antonym: bronchoconstriction Expansion of the air passages through the bronchi of the lungs. bronchospasm Intermittent violent contraction of the air passages of the lungs.

blood substitution See exchange transfusion.

builder (in chemistry) Material that enhances or maintains the cleaning efficiency of a surfactant, in a detergent, principally by inactivating water hardness; complex phosphates (especially sodium tripolyphosphate, i.e., pentasodium triphosphate), sodium carbonate, and sodium silicate are the builders most commonly used.

bloodtestis barrier Physiological interface between the blood supply and the spermatozoa of the seminiferous tubules.

byssinosis Pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of dust and associated microbial contaminants and observed in cotton, flax, and hemp workers.

Note:

The effectiveness of the interface as a barrier varies with species and different forms of placentation.

blood plasma See plasma (in biology).

Note:

This interface consists of specific junctional complexes between Sertoli cells.

After [2] B lymphocyte B cell Type of lymphocyte that synthesizes and secretes antibodies in response to the presence of a foreign substance or one identified by it as foreign. The protective effect can be mediated to a certain extent by the antibody alone (contrast T lymphocyte). body burden Total amount of a substance present in an organism at a given time. bolus 1. Single dose of a substance, originally a large pill. 2. Dose of a substance administered by a single rapid intravenous injection. 3. Concentrated mass of food ready to be swallowed.

bystander exposure Liability of members of the general public to come in contact with substances arising from operations or processes carried out by other individuals in their vicinity. cacosmia Imagined perception of vile odors, including coprosmia (smelling feces) and necrosmia (the smell of death). calcification Form of mineralization in which organic tissue becomes hardened by deposition of calcium salts within its substance. calibration Operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step establishes a relation between the quantity values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties and, in a second step, uses this information to

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2. Unlabeled protein introduced into an assay at relatively high concentrations that distributes in a fractionation process in the same manner as labeled protein analyte, present in very low concentrations. 3. Protein added to prevent nonspecific interaction of reagents with surfaces, sample components, and each other. 4. Protein found in cell membranes that facilitates transport of a ligand across the membrane.

establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication. [7] calibration material See reference material. cancer Disease resulting from the development of a malignant tumor. carbonylhemoglobin carboxyhemoglobin Compound that is formed between carbon monoxide and hemoglobin in the blood of animals and humans and is incapable of transporting oxygen. carboxyhemoglobin See carbonylhemoglobin. carcinogen n., -ic adj. Agent (chemical, physical, or biological) that is capable of increasing the incidence of malignant neoplasms, thus causing cancer. Note:

Annex 3 describes the classification systems for carcinogens.

carcinogen/esis n., -etic adj Induction, by chemical, physical, or biological agents, of malignant neoplasms and thus cancer. carcinogenicity Process of induction of malignant neoplasms, and thus cancer, by chemical, physical, or biological agents. carcinogenicity test Long-term (chronic) test designed to detect any possible carcinogenic effect of a test substance. carcinoma epithelioma Malignant tumor of an epithelial cell. cardiotoxic Chemically harmful to the cells of the heart. carrier 1. Substance in appreciable amount which, when associated with a trace of a specified substance, will carry the trace with it through a chemical or physical process. 2. Person who is heterozygous (e.g., carries only one allele) for a recessive genetic character leading to disease, and hence does not, under most circumstances, display the disease phenotype but can pass it on to the next generation. [2] 3. Gas, liquid, or solid substance (often in particulate form) used to absorb, adsorb, dilute, or suspend a substance to facilitate its transfer from one medium to another. carrier-linked prodrug carrier prodrug Compound that contains a temporary linkage between a given active substance and a transient carrier group, the latter producing improved physicochemical or pharmacokinetic properties and easily removable in vivo. [2] carrier protein 1. Protein to which a specific ligand or hapten is conjugated.

[2] carrier substance Substance that binds to another substance and transfers it from one site to another. [2] carry-over 1. Transfer in farming and agricultural processing of a component from one system such as soil or feed to another system such as a plant, animal, or human being: Carry-over is expressed as the concentration of the component in the second system divided by its concentration in the first. 2. Process in analytical studies by which materials are carried into a reaction mixture in which they do not belong. 3. Persistence of a substance in soil (e.g., a pesticide), such that injury may occur subsequently to a new crop. 4. Persistence of a test substance in participants undergoing a cross-over clinical trial study, in which each participant randomly receives the placebo and test substance with an intervening washout period. case cohort study Variant of the case control study in which the controls are drawn from the same cohort as the cases but are identified before the cases develop; some of the controls may later become cases. case control study Study that starts with the identification of persons with the disease (or other outcome variable) of interest, and a suitable control (comparison, reference) group of persons without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing the diseased and nondiseased with regard to how frequently the attribute is present or, if quantitative, the levels of the attribute, in the two groups. catabolism Antonym: anabolism 1. Reactions involving the oxidation of organic substrates to provide chemically available energy (e.g., ATP) and to generate metabolic intermediates. 2. Generally, process of breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, often providing biologically available energy.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

catatonia Behavior marked by excessive and sometimes violent motor acivity and excitement, or by generalized inhibition or stupor, that may occur in schizophrenia, mood disorders, or organic brain syndromes. cathartic See laxative. ceiling value (CV) Airborne concentration of a potentially toxic substance that should never be exceeded in a worker’s breathing zone. cell cycle Regulated biochemical steps that cells go through involving DNA replication and cell division, usually depicted as a sequential cyclical series of events. cell line Defined unique population of cells obtained by culture from a primary source through numerous generations. See also transformed cell line. cell-mediated hypersensitivity State in which an individual reacts with allergic effects caused by the reaction of antigen-specific T-lymphocytes following exposure to a certain substance (allergen) after having been exposed previously to the same substance or chemical group. cell-mediated immunity Immune response mediated by antigen-specific T-lymphocytes. cell proliferation Rapid increase in cell number. cell strain Cells having specific properties or markers derived from a primary culture or cell line. censored data Sample observations for which the complete distribution is not known: for example, a cohort study in which some persons cannot be followed to the predetermined end of the study (“right-censored data”) or environmental assay data in which some results are less than the sample detection limit (“left-censored data”). certified reference material (CRM) Reference material, accompanied by documentation issued by an authoritative body and referring to valid procedures used to obtain a specified property value with uncertainty and traceability. Example:

Human serum with assigned quantity value for the concentration of cholesterol and associated measurement uncertainty stated in an accompanying certificate, used as calibrator or measurement trueness control material.

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analysis, especially of samples of materials used for medico-legal or forensic purposes. chelation therapy Treatment with a chelating agent to enhance the elimination or reduce the toxicity of a metal ion. chemesthesis Sensations that arise when chemical compounds activate receptor mechanisms for other effectors, such as light, pain, pressure, and heat, in the eye, skin, nose, mouth, and throat; for example, the burning feeling from chili pepper, the cooling from the menthol in mouthwash, and the stinging feeling of carbonation. chemical etiologic agent See toxic substance. chemical conversion Change from one chemical species to another. [2] chemical etiologic agent See toxic substance. chemical oxygen demand (COD) Measure of the amount of oxygen, divided by the volume of the system, required to oxidize the organic (and inorganic) matter in wastewater using a chemically oxidizing agent. In practice, it is usually expressed in milligrams O2 per liter. chemical safety Practical certainty that there will be no exposure of organisms to toxic amounts of any substance or group of substances: This implies attaining an acceptably low risk of exposure to potentially toxic substances. chemical species (of an element) Specific form of an element defined as to isotopic composition, electronic or oxidation state, and (or) complex or molecular structure. [2] chemical warfare Military operations using the toxic properties of chemical agents to kill, injure, or incapacitate human beings, animals, or plants. chemophobia Irrational fear of chemicals. chemosis Chemically induced swelling around the eye caused by edema of the conjunctiva. chemosterilizer Substance used to sterilize mites, insects, rodents, or other animals. chloracne Acne-like eruption caused by exposure to certain chlorinated organic substances such as polychlorinated biphenyls or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin [2,3,7,8-tetrachlorooxanthrene] and other polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins and furans.

[7]

cholinomimetic See parasympathomimetic.

chain of custody Sequence of responsibility for a substance from the manufacturer to the distributor, to the user, or to the person(s) ultimately responsible for waste disposal. This term is also used in controlled transmission of samples from collection to

cholinesterase inhibitor Substance that inhibits the action of acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) and related enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of choline esters: Such a substance causes hyperactivity in parasympathetic nerves.

628 Note:

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

gastrointestinal symptoms may accompany a wide variety of neurological symptoms, including ataxia, vertigo, flaccid paralysis, respiratory arrest, and reversed perception of hot and cold; the neurological symptoms may persist for many years.

Examples include organophosphate and carbamate pesticides.

chromatid Either of two filaments joined at the centromere into which a chromosome divides as it duplicates itself during cell division. chromatin Stainable complex of DNA and proteins present in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. chromosomal aberration Abnormality of chromosome number or structure. chromosome Self-replicating structure consisting of DNA complexed with various proteins and involved in the storage and transmission of genetic information; the physical structure that contains the genes. chronic Antonym: acute Long-term (in relation to exposure or effect). 1. In experimental toxicology, chronic refers to mammalian studies lasting considerably more than 90 days or to studies occupying a large part of the lifetime of an organism. 2. In clinical medicine, long-established or longlasting. [2] chronic effect long-term effect Antonym: acute effect Consequence that develops slowly and (or) has a long-lasting course; may be applied to an effect which develops rapidly and is long-lasting. [2] chronic exposure long-term exposure Antonym: acute exposure Continued exposure or exposures occurring over an extended period of time, or a significant fraction of the test species, or of the group of individuals, or of the population’s life-time. chronic toxicity long-term toxicity Antonym: acute toxicity 1. Adverse effects following chronic exposure. 2. Effects that persist over a long period of time whether or not they occur immediately upon exposure or are delayed.

circadian nychthemeral Relating to or exhibiting an approximately 24-h periodicity. circulation of substances in the environment Movement of xenobiotic substances in the environment with air flow, river current, sediment flow, etc. cirrhosis 1. disease defined by histological examination and characterized by increased fibrous tissue, abnormal morphological and physiological changes such as loss of functional liver cells, and increased resistance to blood flow through the liver (portal hypertension). 2. Chronic interstitial inflammation and fibrosis of an organ. cirrhotic Describing an organ showing cirrhosis. clastogen Agent causing chromosome breakage and (or) consequent gain, loss, or rearrangement of pieces of chromosomes. clastogenesis Formation (or generation) of chromosomal breaks and (or) consequent gain, loss, or rearrangement of pieces of chromosomes. clearance (general) (co/ci)(ΔV/Δt) Product of the concentration co of a component in an output system and the volume flow rate of the output system divided by the concentration ci of this component in the input system. Note: [2] clearance (in physiology and toxicology) 1. Volume of blood or plasma or mass of an organ effectively cleared of a substance by elimination (metabolism and excretion) divided by time of elimination. Note:

chronic toxicity test long-term toxicity test Antonym: acute toxicity test Study in which organisms are observed during the greater part of the life span and in which exposure to the test agent takes place over the whole observation time or a substantial part thereof.

Total clearance is the sum of the clearances of each eliminating organ or tissue for that component.

2. (in pulmonary toxicology) Volume or mass of lung cleared divided by time of elimination; used qualitatively to describe removal of any inhaled substance which deposits on the lining surface of the lung. 3. (in renal toxicology) Quantification of the removal of a substance by the kidneys by the processes of filtration and secretion; clearance is calculated by relating the rate of renal excretion to the plasma concentration.

chronotoxicology Study of the influence of biological rhythms on the toxicity of substances or of the influence of a toxicant on biological rhythms. ciguateratoxin poisoning Serious illness caused by eating carnivorous fish such as snappers and barracuda that have become contaminated by toxins produced by the microalga, Gambierdiscus toxicus;

The term “mean volume rate” is recommended for this quantity.

[2]

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

cleavage (of a molecule) Splitting of a molecule into smaller molecular entities. clinical toxicology Scientific study involving research, education, prevention, and treatment of diseases caused by substances such as drugs and toxins. Note:

Often refers specifically to the application of toxicological principles to the treatment of human poisoning.

clon/e n., -al adj. 1. Population of genetically identical cells or organisms having a common ancestor. 2. To produce such a population. 3. Recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. clonic Pertaining to alternate muscular contraction and relaxation in rapid succession. cloning vector Small circle of DNA (e.g., a plasmid) or modified bacteriophage (bacterial virus) that can carry a segment of foreign DNA into an appropriate host organism (e.g., a bacterial, yeast, or mammalian cell). After [9] cluster sampling 1. A method of sampling in which the population is divided into aggregates (or clusters) of items bound together in a certain manner. A sample of these clusters is taken at random, and all the items which constitute them are included in the sample. 2. A sampling method in which each unit selected is a group of persons (all persons in a city block, a family, etc.) rather than an individual. coagonist See agonist. cocarcinogen Chemical, physical, or biological factor that intensifies the effect of a carcinogen. Codex Alimentarius Collection of internationally adopted food standards drawn up by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the principal body implementing the joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program. cohort Component of the population born during a particular period and identified by period of birth so that its characteristics (such as causes of death and numbers still living) can be ascertained as it enters successive time and age periods. The term “cohort” has broadened to describe any designated group of persons followed or traced over a period of time, as in the term cohort study (prospective study). cohort analysis Tabulation and analysis of morbidity or mortality rates in relationship to the ages of a specific group of people (cohort), identified by their

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birth period, and followed as they pass through different ages during part or all of their life span. In certain circumstances such as studies of migrant populations, cohort analysis may be performed according to duration of residence in a country rather than year of birth, in order to relate health or mortality experience to duration of exposure. cohort study concurrent study follow-up study incidence study longitudinal study prospective study Analytic study in epidemiology in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of the method is observation of a large population for a prolonged period (years), with comparison of incidence rates of the given disease in groups that differ in exposure levels. combined effect of poisons Simultaneous or successive effect of two or more poisons on the organism by the same route of exposure. cometabolism Process by which a normally nonbiodegradable substance is biodegraded only in the presence of an additional carbon source. See also metabolism. comet assay Means of measuring DNA damage, particularly DNA strand breaks. A cell is embedded in agar and exposed to a DNA-damaging agent. The cell is then permeabilized with a detergent, and an electric field is applied. If the cell’s genomic DNA has been broken into small fragments, these fragments move out of the cell by electrophoresis and form a streak or “tail” leading away from the cell which looks like a comet. comparison group See control group. comparative genomics Study of the relationship of genome structure and function across different biological species. After [9] comparative risk See relative excess risk. compartment Conceptualized part of the body (organs, tissues, cells, or fluids) considered as an independent system for purposes of modeling and assessment of distribution and clearance of a substance. [2] compartmental analysis Mathematical process leading to a model of transport of a substance in terms of compartments and rate constants, usually taking the form C 5 Ae2t 1 Be2t [. . .] where each exponential term represents one compartment. C is the

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substance concentration; A, B, [. . .] are proportionality constants; [], [], [. . .] are rate constants; and t is time. [2] compartmentalize Separate into compartments. compensation pseudo-adaptation Adaptation of an organism to changing conditions of the environment (especially chemical) is accompanied by the emergence of stresses in biochemical systems which exceed the limits of normal (homeostatic) mechanisms. Compensation is a temporary concealed pathology which later on can be manifested in the form of explicit pathological changes (decompensation). competent authority In the context of European Community Council Directive 79/831/EEC, the Sixth Amendment to the European Community Council Directive 67/548/EEC relating to the Classification, Packaging and Labeling of Dangerous Substances, official government organization or group receiving and evaluating notifications of new substances. competent bacteria Culture of bacteria (or yeast) treated in such a way that their ability to take up DNA molecules without transduction or conjugation has been enhanced. complementary DNA (cDNA) DNA generated from an expressed mRNA through a process known as reverse transcription. [9] complete mineralization Complete breakdown of a complex organic compound to carbon dioxide, water, oxides, and oxidative inorganic products such as nitrate or sulfate. comprehensive effect of poisons Simultaneous or successive effect made on an organism by poisons entering from different media, air, water, or food or through the skin. computational toxicology Application of mathematical and computer models to predict adverse effects and to better understand the mechanism(s) through which a given chemical causes harm. concentration 1. Any one of a group of three quantities characterizing the composition of a mixture and defined as one of mass, amount of substance (chemical amossunt), or number divided by volume, giving, respectively, mass, amount (of substance), or number concentration. 2. Short form for amount (of substance) concentration (substance concentration in clinical chemistry). [2]

concentrationeffect curve exposureeffect curve Graph of the relation between exposure concentration and the magnitude of the resultant biological change. concentrationeffect relationship exposureeffect relationship Association between exposure concentration and the resultant magnitude of the continuously graded change produced, either in an individual or in a population. concentrationresponse curve exposureresponse curve Graph of the relation between exposure concentration and the proportion of individuals in a population responding with a defined effect. [2] concentrationresponse relationship exposureresponse relationship Association between exposure concentration and the incidence of a defined effect in an exposed population. concord/ance n., -ant adj. Pairs or groups of individuals of identical phenotype. Note:

In twin studies, this is a condition in which both twins exhibit or fail to exhibit a trait under investigation.

concurrent study See cohort study. concurrent validity Measurement and its criterion refer to the same point in time: An example would be a visual inspection of a wound for evidence of infection validated against bacteriological examination of a specimen taken at the same time. confounding (in data analysis) 1. Situation in which the effects of two processes are not distinguishable from one another: The distortion of the apparent effect of an exposure on risk brought about by the association of other factors which can influence the outcome. 2. Relationship between the effects of two or more causal factors as observed in a set of data, such that it is not logically possible to separate the contribution which any single causal factor has made to an effect. 3. Situation in which a measure of the effect of an exposure on risk is distorted because of the association of exposure with other factor(s) which influence the outcome under study. confounding variable confounder Changing factor that can cause or prevent the outcome of interest, is not an intermediate variable, and is associated with the factor under investigation. congener One of two or more substances related to each other by origin, structure, or function. [2]

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

congenital Trait, condition, or disorder that exists in an organism from birth. After [9] conjugate (in biochemistry) 1. Chemical species produced in living organisms by covalently linking two chemical moieties from different sources. Example:

A conjugate of a xenobiotic with some group such as glutathione, sulfate, or glucuronic acid, to make it soluble in water or compartmentalized within the cell.

See also phase II reaction. 2. Material produced by attaching two or more substances together, for example, a conjugate of an antibody with a fluorochrome, or an enzyme. [2] conjunctiva Mucous membrane that covers the eyeball and lines the under-surface of the eyelid. conjunctivitis Inflammation of the conjunctiva. conservative assessment of risk Assessment of risk that assumes the worst possible case scenario and therefore gives the highest possible value for risk: Risk management decisions based on this value will maximize safety. construct validity Extent to which a measurement corresponds to theoretical concepts (constructs) concerning the phenomenon under study; for example, if on theoretical grounds, the phenomenon should change with age, a measurement with construct validity would reflect such a change. contact dermatitis Inflammatory condition of the skin resulting from dermal exposure to an allergen (sensitizer) or an irritating (corrosive, defatting) substance. contact poison 1. Chemical that injures the target organism through physical contact and skin absorption rather than through ingestion or inhalation. [10] 2. Pesticide (herbicide) that causes injury to only the plant tissue to which it is applied or which is not appreciably translocated within plants. [11] containment Process by which possible release, discharge, or spill of a toxic substance during normal use or after an accident is prevented by appropriate action. contaminant 1. Minor impurity present in a substance. 2. Extraneous material inadvertently added to a sample prior to or during chemical or biological analysis. 3. In some contexts, as in relation to gas cleaning equipment, used as a synonym for “pollutant”, especially on a small scale.

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4. Unintended component in food that may pose a hazard to the consumer. content validity Extent to which the measurement incorporates the domain of the phenomenon under study; for example, a measurement of functional health status should embrace activities of daily living, occupational, family, and social functioning, etc. contraindication Antonym: indication Any condition that renders some particular line of treatment improper or undesirable. control group comparison group Selected subjects of study, identified as a rule before a study is done, which comprises humans, animals, or other species who do not have the disease, intervention, procedure, or whatever is being studied, but in all other respects are as nearly identical to the test group as possible. control, matched Control (individual or group or case) selected to be similar to a study individual or group, or case, in specific characteristics: some commonly used matching variables are age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. convection (as applied to air and water motion) Predominantly vertical motion of air or of water, induced by the expansion of the air or of water heated by the earth’s surface, or by human activity, and its resulting buoyancy. [2] conversion See chemical conversion, biotransformation. core grade Quality rating, based on standard evaluation criteria established by the U.S. Office of Pesticide Programs regulatory agencies, given to toxicological studies after submission by registrants. corrosive 1. adj., Causing a surface-destructive effect on contact; in toxicology, this normally means causing visible destruction of the skin, eyes, or the lining of the respiratory tract or the gastrointestinal tract. 2. n., Substance that causes a surface-destructive effect on contact. count mean diameter Mean of the diameters of all particles in a population. See also mass mean diameter. count median diameter Calculated diameter in a population of particles in a gas or liquid phase above which there are as many particles with larger diameters as there are particles below it with smaller diameters. [2] See also mass median diameter.

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crackles See crepitations. crepitations crackles raˆles Abnormal respiratory sounds heard on auscultation of the chest, produced by passage of air through passages which contain secretion or exudate or which are constricted by spasm or a thickening of their walls. See also rhonchi. Note:

Auscultation is the process of listening for sounds within the body by ear unassisted or using a stethoscope.

criteri/on (pl. -a) Validated set of data used as a basis for judgment. criterion validity Extent to which the measurement correlates with an external criterion of the phenomenon under study. critical concentration (for a cell or an organ) Concentration of a substance at and above which adverse functional changes, reversible or irreversible, occur in a cell or an organ. [2] critical dose Dose of a substance at and above which adverse functional changes, reversible or irreversible, occur in a cell or an organ. [2] critical effect For deterministic effects, the first adverse effect that appears when the threshold (critical) concentration or dose is reached in the critical organ: Adverse effects with no defined threshold concentration are regarded as critical. [2] critical end-point Toxic effect used by the USEPA as the basis for a reference dose. critical group Part of a target population most in need of protection because it is most susceptible to a given toxicant. critical organ (in toxicology) Organ that first attains the critical concentration of a substance and exhibits the critical effect under specified circumstances of exposure and for a given population. After [2] critical organ concentration (of a substance) Mean concentration of a substance in the critical organ at the time the substance reaches its critical concentration in the most sensitive type of cell in the organ. [2] critical period (of development) Stage of development of an organism (e.g., organogenesis in the fetus) that is of particular importance in the life cycle if the normal full development of some anatomical, physiological, metabolic, or psychological structure or function is to be attained.

critical study pivotal study Investigation yielding the no-observed-adverse-effect-level that is used by the USEPA as the basis of the reference dose. cross-product ratio See odds ratio. cross-sectional study (of disease prevalence and associations) disease frequency survey prevalence study Study that examines the relationship between diseases (or other health-related characteristics) and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population at one particular time. Note:

Disease prevalence rather than incidence is normally recorded in a cross-sectional study and the temporal sequence of cause and effect cannot necessarily be determined.

cumulative death rate Proportion of a defined group that dies within the specified time period (e.g., month, year). Note:

It may refer to all deaths or to deaths from a specific cause or specific causes.

cumulative effect Overall change that occurs after repeated doses of a substance or radiation. [2] cumulative incidence incidence proportion Number or proportion of individuals in a group who experience the onset of a health-related event during a specified time interval. Note:

This interval is generally the same for all members of the group, but, as in lifetime incidence, it may vary from person to person without reference to age.

cumulative incidence rate Proportion of the cumulative incidence to the total population. [2] cumulative incidence ratio Value obtained by dividing the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed population by the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed population. cumulative median lethal dose Estimate of the total administered amount of a substance that is associated with the death of half a population of animals when the substance is administered repeatedly in doses which are generally fractions of the median lethal dose. cumulative risk 1. Probability of a common harmful effect associated with concurrent exposure by all relevant pathways and routes of exposure to a group of substances that share a common chemical mechanism of toxicity. 2. Total probability of a harmful effect over time. cutaneous dermal Pertaining to the skin.

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cyanogenic Describing any compound able to produce cyanide. Note:

An example is amygdalin, found in peach and apricot stones.

cyanosis Bluish coloration, especially of the skin and mucous membranes and fingernail beds, caused by abnormally large amounts of reduced hemoglobin in the blood vessels as a result of deficient oxygenation. cyanotoxin Toxin produced by Cyanobacteria, sometimes called bluegreen algae. Note:

Examples are cylindrospermin.

microcystin

and

cyclooxygenase specific inhibitors Substances, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, that block the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX), an enzyme that is responsible for the formation of prostanoids (including prostaglandins, prostacyclin, and thromboxane); inhibition of COX can provide relief from inflammation and pain. cytochromes Conjugated proteins containing heme as the prosthetic group and associated with electron transport and with redox processes. [2] cytochrome P420 Inactive derivative of cytochrome P450 found in microsomal (see microsome) preparations. cytochrome P448 Obsolete term for cytochrome P450 I, A1, and A2, one of the major families of the cytochromes P450 hemoproteins. Note:

During the monooxygenation of certain substances, often a detoxification process, these iso-enzymes may produce intermediates which can initiate mutations, cancer, immunotoxic reactions, and adverse effects.

cytochrome P450 (CYP) Member of a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases involved in xenobiotic metabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis, and steroidogenesis, in eukaryotic organisms found mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum and inner mitochondrial membrane of cells. “P450” refers to the observation that a solution of this enzyme exposed to carbon monoxide strongly absorbs light at a wavelength of 450 nm compared with the unexposed solution (a difference spectrum caused by a thiolate in the axial position of the heme opposite to the carbon monoxide ligand). After [2] cytogenetics Branch of genetics that correlates the structure and number of chromosomes as seen in isolated cells with variation in genotype and phenotype. cytokine Any of a group of soluble proteins that are released by a cell causing a change in function or

development of the same cell (autocrine), an adjacent cell (paracrine), or a distant cell (endocrine). Cytokines are involved in reproduction, growth, and development; normal homeostatic regulation; response to injury and repair; blood clotting; and host resistance (immunity and tolerance). cytoplasm Fundamental substance or matrix of the cell (within the plasma membrane) which surrounds the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and other organelles. cytotoxic Causing function.

damage

to

cell

structure

or

death rate Estimate of the proportion of a population that dies during a specified period. The numerator is the number of persons dying during the period; the denominator is the size of the population, usually estimated as the mid-year population. The death rate in a population is generally calculated by the formula: 10n (number of deaths during a specified period)/(number of persons at risk of dying during the period) where n is usually either 3 or 5 giving rates per 1000 or per 100 000 people in the population studied. Note 1:

This rate is an estimate of the person-time death rate, the death rate per 10n personyears: usually n 5 3. If the rate is low, it is also a good estimate of the cumulative death rate.

Note 2:

This term is sometimes described as the crude death rate.

decipol Unit of perceived air quality: air on mountains or the sea has a decipol 5 0.01; city air with moderate air pollution has a decipol 5 0.050.03; acceptable indoor air quality has decipol 5 1.4 (for 80 % satisfaction). decompensation Explicit pathophysiological changes following compensation for adverse effects. decontamination Process of rendering harmless (by neutralization, elimination, removal, etc.) a potentially toxic substance in the natural environment, laboratory areas, the workplace, other indoor areas, clothes, food, water, sewage, etc. defoliant Substance used for removal of leaves by its toxic action on living plants. dehydrogenase Enzyme that catalyzes oxidation of compounds by removing hydrogen. delayed effect latent effect Consequence occurring after a latent period following the end of exposure to a toxic substance or other harmful environmental factor.

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de minimis risk See risk de minimis.

dermal cutaneous Pertaining to the skin.

denaturation 1. Addition of methanol, acetone, or other suitable chemical(s) to alcohol to make it unfit for drinking. 2. Change in molecular structure of proteins so that they cannot function normally, often caused by splitting of hydrogen bonds following exposure to reactive substances or heat.

dermal irritation Skin reaction resulting from a single or multiple exposure to a physical or chemical entity at the same site, characterized by the presence of inflammation; it may result in cell death.

denitrification Reduction of nitrates to nitrites, nitrogen oxides, or dinitrogen (N2) catalyzed by facultative aerobic soil bacteria under anaerobic conditions. dental fluorosis Tooth enamel malformations due to excessive fluoride exposure during dental development. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Constituent of chromosomes that stores the hereditary information of an organism in the form of a sequence of purine and pyrimidine bases: this information relates to the synthesis of proteins, and hence it is a determinant of all physical and functional activities of the cell, and consequently of the whole organism. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cloning Replication of DNA sequences ligated into a suitable vector in an appropriate host organism. See deoxyribonucleic acid. [9] deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair Restoration of the molecular structure of DNA after it has been damaged by a chemical or physical agent: This may involve direct DNA damage reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, or double-strand break repair. deoxyribonucleic acid (cloning Replication Determining the order of base pairs in a DNA molecule. See deoxyribonucleic acid. After [9] dependence 1. A psychic craving for a drug or other substance that may or may not be accompanied by a physical dependency. 2. Reliance on a drug or other substance to maintain health. depilatory Substance causing loss of hair. deposition 1. Process by which a substance arrives at a particular organ or tissue site, for example, the deposition of particles on the ciliated epithelium of the bronchial airways. 2. Process by which a substance sediments out of the atmosphere or water and settles in a certain place.

dermatitis Inflammation of the skin: contact dermatitis is due to local exposure and may be caused by irritation, allergy, or infection. descriptive epidemiology Study of the occurrence of disease or other health-related characteristics in populations, including general observations concerning the relationship of disease to basic characteristics such as age, sex, race, occupation, and social class; it may also be concerned with geographic location. The major characteristics in descriptive epidemiology can be classified under the headings: individuals, time, and place. desensitization Suppression of sensitivity of an organism to an allergen to which the organism has been exposed previously. desiccant 1. Drying agent. 2. In agriculture, a substance used for drying up plants and facilitating their mechanical harvesting. desorption Decrease in the amount of adsorbed substance; opposite of adsorption. desquamation Shedding of an outer layer of skin in scales or shreds. deterministic Term applied to health effects, the severity of which varies with the dose and for which a threshold is believed to exist. deterministic effect deterministic process Phenomenon committed to a particular outcome determined by fundamental physical principles. See also stochastic effect. [2] detoxification detoxication 1. Process, or processes, of chemical modification that make a toxic molecule less toxic. 2. Treatment of patients suffering from poisoning in such a way as to promote physiological processes which reduce the probability or severity of adverse effects. detriment Estimated measure of the expected harm or loss associated with an adverse event, usually in a manner chosen to facilitate meaningful addition over different events. It is generally the integrated product of arbitrary values of risk and hazard and is often expressed in terms such as costs in U.S. dollars, loss in expected years of life or loss in

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productivity, and is needed for numerical exercises such as costbenefit analysis. developmental toxicity Adverse effects on the developing organism (including structural abnormality, altered growth, or functional deficiency or death) resulting from exposure through conception, gestation (including organogenesis), and postnatally up to the time of sexual maturation. diaphoresis Profuse perspiration. diaphoretic sudorific Substance that causes sweating. diarrheal shellfish poisoning (DSP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) Serious illness that is a consequence of consumption of bivalve shellfish (mollusks) such as mussels, oysters, and clams that have ingested, by filter feeding, large quantities of microalgae containing a group of high-molecular-weight polyethers such as okadaic acid, dinophysis toxins, pectenotoxins, and yessotoxin; gastroenteritis develops shortly after ingestion and generally lasts 12 days. diffusion Spontaneous differential movement of components in a system. Note:

In molecular terms, the driving force for diffusion is random thermal motion. In thermodynamic terms, the driving force is a gradient of chemical potential.

[2] diffusion coefficient, D Proportionality constant D, relating the flux (flux density) of amount of entities B, Jn,B, to their concentration gradient Jn 5 2 D grad cB After [2] dimercaprol 2,3-dimercaptopropan-1-ol (sulfanyl)propan-1-ol.

See

2,3-bis

diploid Chromosome state in which the chromosomes are present in homologous pairs. Note:

Normal human somatic (nonreproductive) cells are diploid (they have 46 chromosomes), whereas reproductive cells, with 23 chromosomes, are haploid.

discharge See emission. discharge standard discharge release limit effluent standard emission standard Maximum amount of a pollutant released from a given source to a specified medium which is acceptable under specified circumstances. discontinuous effect See intermittent effect. discordance (genetic) Antonym: concordance Any difference in a character between individuals due to genetic differences such as may occur in dizygotic twins, or between matched pairs in a case cohort study.

disease Literally, disease, lack of ease; pathological condition that presents a group of symptoms peculiar to it and which establishes the condition as an abnormal entity different from other normal or pathological body states. discontinuous effect See intermittent effect. dispersion (in environmental chemistry) Dilution of a pollutant by spreading in the atmosphere or water due to diffusion or turbulent action. disposition 1. Natural tendency shown by an individual or group of individuals, including any tendency to acquisition of specific diseases, often due to hereditary factors. 2. Total of the processes of absorption of a chemical into the circulatory systems, distribution throughout the body, biotransformation, and excretion. [2] dissipation Reduction in the amount of a pesticide or other compound that has been applied to plants, soil, etc. (used when it is not clear whether this is by mineralization degradation, binding, or leaching). distributed source See area source. distribution 1. Apportionment of a solute between two phases. The terms “partition” or “extraction” may also be used in this sense where appropriate. [2] 2. Dispersal of a substance and its derivatives throughout the natural environment or throughout an organism. [2] 3. Final location(s) of a substance within an organism after dispersal. distribution constant See partition ratio. distribution volume Theoretical volume of a body compartment throughout which a substance is calculated to be distributed. [2] 2,3-disulfanyl-1-propanol See 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol. diuresis Excretion of urine, especially in excess. diuretic micturitic Agent production.

that

increases

urine

DNA See deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA adduct See adduct. DNA amplification See gene amplification, deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA cloning See deoxyribonucleic acid cloning. DNA repair See deoxyribonucleic acid repair. DNA sequencing See deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing.

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dominant Allele that expresses its phenotypic effect when present in either the homozygous or the heterozygous state. After [9] dominant half life Half life of a fraction of a substance in a specific organ or compartment if it defines approximately the overall clearance rate for that substance at a specific time point. [2] dominant lethal mutation Genetic change occurring in a germ cell that does not cause dysfunction of the gamete but which is lethal to the fertilized egg or developing embryo which develops from it. Note:

Induction of a dominant lethal event after exposure to a chemical substance (dominant lethal test) indicates that the substance has affected germinal tissue of the test species.

dosage Dose divided by product of mass of organism and time of dose.

Draize test Evaluation of materials for their potential to cause dermal or ocular irritation and corrosion following local exposure; generally using the rabbit model (almost exclusively the New Zealand White) although other animal species have been used. drug medicine pharmaceutical Any substance that when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions. Note:

The term is generally accepted for a substance taken for a therapeutic purpose, but is also commonly used for abused substances.

duplicate portion sampling method (diet/food) duplicate diet study Study in which test persons consume their ordinary diet but, for each meal, they prepare for subsequent analysis a duplicate portion of all food as prepared, served, and consumed. duplicate samples Two samples taken under the same or comparable conditions. See replicate sampling.

Often expressed as mg (kg body weight)21 day21 and may be used as a synonym for dose.

dysarthria Imperfect articulation of speech due to neuromuscular damage.

dose (of a substance) Total amount of a substance administered to, taken up, or absorbed by an organism, organ, or tissue. [2] dose (of radiation) Energy or amount of photons absorbed by an irradiated object during a specified exposure time divided by area or volume. [2]

dysplasia Abnormal development of an organ or tissue identified by morphological examination.

Note: [2]

doseeffect Relation between dose and the magnitude of a measured biological change. [2] doseeffect curve Graph of the relation between dose and the magnitude of the biological change produced measured in appropriate units. doseeffect relationship Association between dose and the resulting magnitude of a continuously graded change, either in an individual or in a population. [2] doseresponse curve Graph of the relation between dose and the proportion of individuals in a population responding with a defined biological effect. [2] doseresponse relationship Association between dose and the incidence of a defined biological effect in an exposed population usually expressed as percentage. [2]

dysfunction Abnormal, impaired, or incomplete functioning of an organism, organ, tissue, or cell.

dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing: shortness of breath. ecogenetics Study of the influence of hereditary factors on the effects of xenobiotics on individual organisms. ecology Branch of biology that studies the interactions between living organisms and all factors (including other organisms) in their environment: such interactions encompass environmental factors that determine the distributions of living organisms. ecosystem Grouping of organisms (microorganisms, plants, animals) interacting together, with, and through their physical and chemical environments, to form a functional entity within a defined environment. ecotoxicologically relevant concentration (ERC) environmentally relevant concentration (ERC) Concentration of a pesticide (active ingredient, formulations, and relevant metabolites) that is likely to affect a determinable ecological characteristic of an exposed system. After [9] ecotoxicology Study of the toxic effects of chemical and physical agents on all living organisms, especially on populations and communities within

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

defined ecosystems; it includes transfer pathways of these agents and their interactions with the environment. ectohormone See pheromone. ectoparasiticide Substance intended to kill parasites living on the exterior of the host. eczema Acute or chronic skin inflammation with erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, or scabs, alone or in combination, of varied etiology. edema oedema Presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in intercellular spaces of body tissues. effect biomarker See biomarker of effect. effective concentration (EC) Concentration of a substance that causes a defined magnitude of response in a given system. Note:

EC50 is the median concentration that causes 50 % of maximal response.

effective dose (ED) Dose of a substance that causes a defined magnitude of response in a given system. Note:

ED50 is the median dose that causes 50% of maximal response.

effluent Fluid, solid, or gas discharged from a given source into the external environment. element (in molecular biology) Sequence in the promoter region of a gene that regulates expression of that gene through interaction with a trans-acting factor. elimination (in toxicology) Disappearance of a substance from an organism or a part thereof, by processes of metabolism, secretion, or excretion. [2] See also clearance. elimination half life or half time Period taken for the plasma concentration of a substance to decrease by half. Note:

May also be applied to other body compartments such as blood, specific organs, or tissues.

elimination rate Differential with respect to time of the concentration or amount of a substance in the body, or a part thereof, resulting from elimination. [2] eliminator (of a poison) Substance that contributes to the elimination of a poison from an organism. embryo 1. Stage in the developing mammal at which the characteristic organs and organ systems are being formed: for humans, this involves the stages of development from the second to the eighth week postconception (inclusive).

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2. In birds, the stage of development from the fertilization of the ovum up to hatching. 3. In plants, the stage of development within the seed. embryonic period Period from fertilization to the end of major organogenesis. [8] embryotoxicity 1. Production by a substance of toxic effects in progeny in the first period of pregnancy between conception and the fetal stage. 2. Any toxic effect on the conceptus as a result of prenatal exposure during the embryonic stages of development: These effects may include malformations and variations, malfunctions, altered growth, prenatal death, and altered postnatal function. embryotropic effect Change in the embryo and the regulation of its development. emesis Vomiting. emission discharge effluent release Release of a substance from a source, including discharges to the wider environment. emission and exposure control Technical and administrative procedures and specifications applied for the monitoring, reduction, or elimination of emissions from a source or exposure to a target. emission standard Quantitative limit on the emission or discharge of a substance from a source, usually expressed in terms of a time-weighted average concentration or a ceiling value. endemic Present in a community or among a group of people; said of a disease prevailing continually in a region. endocon Portion of a conjugated metabolite that is derived from a natural product (such as a sugar, amino acid, or other organic acid) of the metabolizing organism. See also exocon, phase II reaction. After [6] endocrine Pertaining to hormones or to the glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. endocrine disrupter endocrine modifier Exogenous chemical that alters function(s) of the endocrine system and consequently causes adverse health effects in an intact organism, its progeny, or (sub)populations. [8] endocrine modifier See endocrine disrupter. endocytosis Uptake of material into a cell by invagination of the plasma membrane and its internalization in a membrane-bounded vesicle. [2] See also phagocytosis, pinocytosis.

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endogenous Antonym: exogenous Produced within or caused by factors within an organism. [2] endoplasmic reticulum Intracellular complex of membranes in which proteins and lipids, as well as molecules for export, are synthesized and in which the biotransformation reactions of the monooxygenase enzyme systems occur. Note:

May be isolated as microsomes following cell fractionation procedures.

endothelial Pertaining to the layer of flat cells lining the inner surface of blood and lymphatic vessels, and the surface lining of serous and synovial membranes. endothelium Layer of flattened epithelial cells lining the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. [2] endotoxin Toxin that forms an integral part of the cell wall of certain bacteria and is released only upon breakdown of the bacterial cell; endotoxins do not form toxoids. enteritis Intestinal inflammation. enterohepatic circulation Cyclical process involving intestinal reabsorption of a substance that has been excreted through the bile, followed by transfer back to the liver, making it available for biliary excretion again. environment Aggregate, at a given moment, of all external conditions and influences to which a system under study is subjected. environmental damage Adverse effects to the natural environment. environmental exposure level (EEL) Level (concentration or amount or a time integral of either) of a substance to which an organism or other component of the environment is exposed in its natural surroundings. environmental fate Destiny of a chemical or biological pollutant after release into the natural environment. environmental health Human welfare and its influence by the environment, including technical and administrative measures for improving the human environment from a health point of view. environmental health impact assessment Estimate of the adverse effects to health or risks likely to follow from a proposed or expected environmental change or development. environmental publications

health criteria documents Critical of IPCS containing reviews of

methodologies and existing knowledge—expressed, if possible, in quantitative terms—of selected substances (or groups of substances) on identifiable, immediate, and long-term effects on human health and welfare. environmental hygiene environmental sanitation Practical control measures used to improve the basic environmental conditions affecting human health, for example, clean water supply, human and animal waste disposal, protection of food from biological contamination, and housing conditions, all of which are concerned with the quality of the human environment. environmental impact assessment (EIA) Appraisal of the possible environmental consequences of a past, ongoing, or planned action, resulting in the production of an environmental impact statement or “finding of no significant impact (FONSI)”. environmental impact statement (EIS) Report resulting from an environmental impact assessment. environmental medicine Specialty devoted to the prevention and management of environmentally induced injury, illness, and disability, and the promotion of the health of individuals, families, and communities by ensuring a healthy environment. environmental monitoring Continuous or repeated measurement of agents in the environment to evaluate environmental exposure and possible damage by comparison with appropriate reference values based on knowledge of the probable relationship between ambient exposure and resultant adverse effects. environmental protection 1. Actions taken to prevent or minimize adverse effects to the natural environment. 2. Complex of measures including monitoring of environmental pollution, development and practice of environmental protection principles (legal, technical, and hygienic), including risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication. environmental quality objective (EQO) Overall state to be aimed for in a particular aspect of the natural environment, for example, “water in an estuary such that shellfish populations survive in good health”. Note:

Unlike an environmental quality standard, the EQO is usually expressed in qualitative and not quantitative terms.

environmental quality standard (EQS) ambient standard Amount concentration or mass concentration of a substance that should not be exceeded in an environmental system, often expressed as a timeweighted average measurement over a defined period.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

environmental risk assessment Estimate of the probability that harm will result from a defined exposure to a substance in an environmental medium. The estimate is valid only for a given species and set of conditions. environmental sanitation See environmental hygiene. environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) See sidestream smoke. environmental transformation Chemical transformation of substances resulting from interactions in the environment. environmentally relevant concentration See ecotoxicologically relevant concentration. enzootic Present in a community or among a group of animals; said of a disease prevailing continually in a region. enzyme Biological catalyst: a protein, nucleic acid, or a conjugate of a protein with another compound (co-enzyme). enzyme induction Process whereby an enzyme is synthesized in response to a specific substance or to other agents such as heat or a metal species. [2] epidemiology Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control of health problems. epigastric Pertaining to the upper-middle region of the abdomen. epigene/sis n., -tic adj. Phenotypic change in an organism brought about by alteration in the expression of genetic information without any change in the genomic sequence itself. Note:

Common examples include changes in nucleotide base methylation and changes in histone acetylation. Changes of this type may become heritable.

epigenetic See epigene/sis, -tic. epileptiform Occurring in severe or sudden spasms, as in convulsion or epilepsy. epithelioma Any tumor derived from epithelium. epithelium Sheet of one or more layers of cells covering the internal and external surfaces of the body and hollow organs. [2] epitope Any part of a molecule that acts as an antigenic determinant: A macromolecule can contain many different epitopes, each capable of stimulating production of a different specific antibody. equilibrium State of a system in which the defining variables (temperature, pressure, chemical potential) have constant values in time. [2]

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equivalent diameter (of a particle) Diameter of a spherical particle of the same density as a particle under investigation that, relative to a given phenomenon or property, would behave in the same way as the particle under investigation. erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. eschar Slough or dry scab on an area of skin that has been burnt. estimated daily intake (EDI) Prediction of the daily intake of a residue of a potentially harmful agent based on the most realistic estimation of the residue levels in food and the best available food consumption data for a specific population: Residue levels are estimated taking into account known uses of the agent, the range of contaminated commodities, the proportion of a commodity treated, and the quantity of home-grown or imported commodities. Note:

The EDI is expressed in mg residue per person.

estimated environmental concentration (EEC) Predicted concentration of a substance, typically a pesticide, within an environmental compartment based on estimates of quantities released, discharge patterns, and inherent disposition of the substance (fate and distribution) as well as the nature of the specific receiving ecosystems. See also expected environmental concentration. After [9] estimated exposure concentration (EEC) Measured or calculated amount or mass concentration of a substance to which an organism is likely to be exposed, considering exposure by all sources and routes. estimated exposure dose (EED) Measured or calculated dose of a substance to which an organism is likely to be exposed, considering exposure by all sources and routes. estimated maximum daily intake (EMDI) Prediction of the maximum daily intake of a residue of a potentially harmful agent based on assumptions of average food consumption per person and maximum residues in the edible portion of a commodity, corrected for the reduction or increase in residues resulting from preparation, cooking, or commercial processing. Note:

The EMDI is expressed in mg residue per person.

etiology aetiology 1. Science dealing with the cause or origin of disease. 2. In individuals, the cause or origin of disease. eukaryote Antonym: prokaryote Cell or organism with the genetic material packed in a membrane-

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surrounded structurally discrete nucleus and with well-developed cell organelles. Note:

The term includes all organisms except archaebacteria, eubacteria, and cyanobacteria (until recently classified as cyanophyta or bluegreen algae).

European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances (EINECS) List of all substances supplied either singly or as components in preparations to persons in a Member State of the European Community on any occasion between 1 January 1971 and 18 September 1981. eutrophic Describes a body of water with a high concentration of nutrient salts and a high or excessive rate of biological production. eutrophication Adverse change in the chemical and biological status of a body of water following depletion of the oxygen content caused by decay of organic matter resulting from high primary production as a result of enhanced input of nutrients. excess lifetime risk Additional or excess risk incurred over the lifetime of an individual by exposure to a toxic substance. excess rate See rate difference. exchange transfusion Method of active artificial elimination of toxicity consisting in complete replacement of blood of the patient by donor blood. excipient Any largely inert substance added to a drug to give suitable consistency or form to the drug. excitotoxicity Pathological process by which neurons are damaged and killed by the overactivation of receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, such as the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor. Note:

Excitotoxins like NMDA and kainic acid bind to glutamate t receptors, and can cause excitotoxicity by allowing high levels of calcium ions to enter cells, activating enzymes such as phospholipases, endonucleases, and proteases such as calpain which damage cell structures including the cytoskeleton, membranes, and DNA.

excretion Discharge or elimination of an absorbed or endogenous substance, or of a waste product, and (or) its metabolites, through some tissue of the body and its appearance in urine, feces, or other products normally leaving the body. Note:

Excretion does not include the passing of a substance through the intestines without absorption.

[2] See also clearance, elimination.

excretion rate Amount of substance and (or) its metabolites that is excreted divided by time of excretion. [2] exocon Portion of a conjugated metabolite that is derived from the parent molecule. [6] exogenous Antonym: endogenous Resulting from causes or derived from materials external to an organism. exogenous substance See xenobiotic. exon Coding section of a gene that is separated from other coding sequences of the same gene by intervening noncoding sequences. See intron. exothelium Layer of flattened epithelial cells external to an organ or tissue. expected environmental concentration (EEC) expected exposure concentration (EEC) Calculated concentrations of a substance, typically a pesticide, in various environmental compartments based on calculations using maximum-exposure scenarios. Note:

EEC models assume a maximum number of applications per growing season at the maximum rate of application according to the application methods stated on the product label.

After [10] expected exposure concentration (EEC) See expected environmental concentration. experimental model ecosystem See microcosm. explant Living tissue removed from its normal environment and transferred to an artificial medium for growth. exponential decay Variation of a quantity according to the law A 5 A0 e2λt where A and A0 are the values of the quantity being considered at time t and zero, respectively, and λ is an appropriate constant. [2] exposed Antonyms: non-exposed, unexposed Subject to a factor that is under study in the environment, for instance, an environmental hazard. exposed group (sometimes abbreviated to exposed) (in epidemiology) People (or other organisms) who have been exposed to a supposed cause of a disease or health state of interest, or possess a characteristic that is a determinant of the health outcome of interest.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

exposure 1. Concentration, amount, or intensity of a particular physical or chemical agent or environmental agent that reaches the target population, organism, organ, tissue, or cell, usually expressed in numerical terms of concentration, duration, and frequency (for chemical agents and microorganisms) or intensity (for physical agents). 2. Process by which a substance becomes available for absorption by the target population, organism, organ, tissue, or cell, by any route. 3. For X- or gamma radiation in air, the sum of the electrical charges of all the ions of one sign produced when all electrons liberated by photons in a suitably small element of volume of air completely stopped, divided by the mass of the air in the volume element. [2] exposure assessment Process of measuring or estimating concentration (or intensity), duration, and frequency of exposures to an agent present in the environment or, if estimating hypothetical exposures, that might arise from the release of a substance, or radionuclide, into the environment. exposure biomarker See biomarker of exposure. exposure control See emission and exposure control. exposureeffect curve See concentrationeffect curve. exposure limit General term defining an administrative substance concentration or intensity of exposure that should not be exceeded. exposure ratio In a case control study, value obtained by dividing the rate at which persons in the case group are exposed to a risk factor (or to a protective factor) by the rate at which persons in the control group are exposed to the risk factor (or to the protective factor) of interest. exposureresponse relationship See concentrationresponse relationship, doseresponse relationship. exposure surface Surface on a target where a substance (e.g., a pesticide) is present. With mammals, examples of outer exposure surfaces include the exterior of an eyeball, the skin surface, and a conceptual surface over the nose and open mouth. Examples of inner exposure surfaces include the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, and the urinary tract lining. [12] exposure test Determination of the level, concentration, or uptake of a potentially toxic compound and (or) its metabolite(s) in biological samples from an organism (blood, urine, hair, etc.) and the interpretation of the results to estimate the absorbed dose or degree of environmental pollution; or the measuring of biochemical effects, usually not direct adverse effects of the

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substance, and relating them to the quantity of substance absorbed, or to its concentration in the environment. expressed sequence tag (EST) Partial or full complementary DNA sequence that can serve as a marker for a region of the genome which encodes an expressed product. [9] expression (in genetics) Conversion of the genetic information encoded in DNA into a final gene product (either a protein or any of the different types of RNA). Note:

Because changes in RNA synthesis are often estimated by measuring mRNA levels, the term “gene expression” is often misleadingly used as synonymous with transcription. The term “gene expression” includes transcription, processing, and splicing of mRNA, as well as translation, and post-translational modification of the protein product.

external validity Generalizability of the results of a particular study, beyond the limits of the population actually studied. extracellular space Volume within a tissue, outside cells, and excluding vascular and lymphatic space. [2] extracellular volume Volume of fluid outside the cells but within the outer surface of an organism. [2] extraction ratio Amount of substance extracted from a source divided by the total contained within the source. [2] extra risk Probability that an agent produces an observed response, as distinguished from the probability that the response is caused by a spontaneous event unrelated to the agent. extraneous residue limit (ERL) Refers to a pesticide residue or contaminant arising from environmental sources (including former agricultural uses) other than the use of a pesticide or contaminant substance directly or indirectly on the commodity. It is the maximum concentration of a pesticide residue or contaminant that is recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to be legally permitted or recognized as acceptable in or on food, agricultural commodity, or animal feed. Note:

The mass content is expressed in milligrams of pesticide residue or contaminant per kilogram of commodity.

extrapolation Calculation, based on quantitative observations in exposed test species or in vitro test systems, of predicted doseeffect and doseresponse

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relationships for a substance in humans and other biota including interspecies extrapolations and extrapolation to susceptible groups of individuals. Note:

The term may also be used for qualitative information applied to species or conditions that are different from the ones in which the original investigations were carried out.

extrapyramidal movement disorders Involuntary movement disorders mediated by signaling through neurons outside the pyramidal (corticospinal) tract, often describing side effects of psychiatric medications. fecundity 1. Ability to produce offspring frequently and in large numbers. 2. In demography, the physiological ability to reproduce. 3. Ability to produce offspring within a given period of time. [8] feromone ectohormone pheromone Substance used in olfactory communication between organisms of the same species eliciting a change in sexual or social behavior. fertility Ability to conceive and to produce offspring: For litter-bearing species, the number of offspring per litter is used as a measure of fertility. Note:

Reduced fertility is sometimes referred to as subfertility.

fertility toxicant Produces abnormalities of male or female reproductive functions or impairs reproductive capacity. fertilizer Substance applied to soil or hydroponic systems for improving the root nutrition of plants with the aim of increasing crop yields and (or) controlling production. fetal period See fetus. fetotoxicity Toxicity to the fetus. fetus (often incorrectly foetus) Young mammal within the uterus of the mother from the visible completion of characteristic organogenesis until birth. Note:

In humans, this period is usually defined as from the third month after fertilization until birth (prior to this, the young mammal is referred to as an embryo).

fibrosis Abnormal formation of fibrous tissue. fiducial limit Form of confidence limit given as a stated probability, for example, P 5 0.95. Note:

In toxicology, the terms “fiducial limits” and “confidence limits” are generally considered to be synonymous.

finding of no significant impact (FONSI) Statement prepared and issued to the public when the results of an environmental impact assessment identify no harmful effects of concern. See environmental impact assessment. first-order chemical reaction first-order reaction 1. Chemical reaction where the initial rate is directly proportional to the concentration of one of the reactants. [2] 2. Any process in which a variable decreases with time at a constant fractional amount. [2] first-pass effect Biotransformation and, in some cases, elimination of a substance in the liver after absorption from the intestine and before it reaches the systemic circulation. [2] first-pass metabolism See first-pass effect. fixed dose procedure Acute toxicity test in which a substance is tested initially at a small number (3 or 4) predefined doses to identify which produces evident toxicity without lethality: The test may be repeated at one or more higher or lower defined discriminating doses to satisfy the criteria. fluoridosis See fluorosis. fluorosis fluoridosis Adverse effects of fluoride, as in dental or skeletal fluorosis. flux (of a quantity) Flow rate of an entity through a cross-section perpendicular to the flow divided by the cross-sectional area. foci (singular focus) in neoplasia Small groups of cells distinguishable, in appearance or histochemically, from the surrounding tissue: indicative of an early stage of a lesion that may lead to the formation of a neoplastic nodule. foetus See fetus. follow-up study See cohort study. food additive Any substance, not normally consumed as a food by itself and not normally used as a typical ingredient of a given food, whether or not it has nutritive value, that is added intentionally to food for a technological (including organoleptic) purpose in the manufacture, processing, preparation, treatment, packing, packaging, transport, or holding of the food. Addition results, or may be reasonably expected to result (directly or indirectly), in the substance or its byproducts becoming a component of, or otherwise affecting, the characteristics of the food to which it is added.

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Note:

The term does not include “contaminants” or substances added to food for maintaining or improving nutritional qualities.

food allergy Hypersensitivity reaction to substances in the diet to which an individual has previously been sensitized. food chain Sequence of transfer of matter and energy in the form of food from organism to organism in ascending or descending trophic levels. food intolerance Physiologically based reproducible, unpleasant (adverse) reaction to a specific food or food ingredient that is not immunologically based. food web Network of food chains. forced diuresis Method of stimulating diuresis based on performing hydrational therapy, sometimes with parallel introduction of diuretics, with the aim of achieving increased clearance of a toxic substance in urine. foreign substance See xenobiotic. founder effect Changes in allelic frequencies that occur when a small group is separated from a large population and establishes a colony in a new location. [9] fractionation Process of classification of an analyte or a group of analytes from a sample according to physical (e.g., size, solubility) or chemical (e.g., bonding, reactivity) properties. [2] frame-shift mutation Point mutation involving either the deletion or insertion of one or two nucleotides in a gene: By the frame shift mutation, the normal reading frame used when decoding nucleotide triplets in the gene is altered. fumigant Substance that is vaporized in order to kill or repel pests. functional genomics Development and implementation of technologies to characterize the mechanisms through which genes and their products function and interact with each other and with the environment. [9] fungicide Substance intended to kill fungi. fungus preparation Substance obtained from fungi that has an insecticidal effect reflecting the pathogenicity of the fungi for insects. gamete Reproductive cell (either sperm or egg) containing a haploid set of chromosomes. gametocide Substance intended to kill gametes. gastroenteritis Inflammation intestine.

of

the

stomach

and

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gastrointestinal Pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and intestine. gavage Administration of materials directly into the stomach by esophageal intubation. gene Length of DNA or RNA (in viruses) that encodes a functional product, which may be a polypeptide or a ribonucleic acid. Note:

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity.

After [9] gene amplification Occurrence of extra copies of a gene; with respect to a plasmid, an increase in the number of plasmid copies per cell, which may be induced by a specific treatment. Note:

Spontaneous gene amplification frequently occurs in tumor cells.

gene expression Transcriptional activation of a gene so that its functional product is produced. gene therapy Introduction of genetic material into an individual, or the modification of the individual’s genetic material, in order to achieve a therapeutic or prophylactic objective. After [9] genetic epidemiology Study of the correlations between phenotypic trends and genetic variation across population groups and the application of the results of such a study to control of health problems. gene map Map showing the positions in the genome of genes or other genetic markers, either relative to each other or as a physical map of absolute distances. generally regarded as safe (GRAS) Phrase used to describe the USFDA philosophy that justifies approval of food additives that may not meet the usual test criteria for safety but have been used extensively and have not demonstrated that they cause any harm to consumers. genetically modified organism (GMO) Bacterium, plant, or animal whose DNA has been deliberately altered. genetic polymorphism Existence of inter-individual differences in DNA sequences coding for one specific gene, giving rise to different functional and (or) morphological traits. After [2] genetic susceptibility Predisposition to a particular disease or sensitivity to a substance due to the presence of a specific allele or combination of alleles in an individual’s genome. After [9] genetic toxicology Study of chemically or physically induced changes to the structure of DNA, including

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epigenetic phenomena or mutations that may or may not be heritable. genome Complete set of chromosomal and extrachromosomal genes of an organism, a cell, an organelle, or a virus, i.e., the complete DNA component of an organism (or the complete RNA component of an RNA virus). Note:

This includes both the DNA present in the chromosomes and that in subcellular organelles (e.g., mitochondria or chloroplasts).

[2] genomics 1. Science of using DNA- and RNA-based technologies to demonstrate alterations in gene expression. 2. (in toxicology) Method providing information on the consequences for gene expression of interactions of the organism with environmental stress, xenobiotics, etc. [2] genotoxic Capable of causing a change to the structure of the genome. genotype Genetic constitution of an organism as revealed by genetic or molecular analysis; the complete set of genes possessed by a particular organism, cell, organelle, or virus. germ-free animal axenic animal Animal grown under sterile conditions in the period of postnatal development: Such animals are usually obtained by cesarean operation and kept in special sterile boxes in which there are no viable microorganisms (sterile air, food, and water are supplied). germ-line cell Cell with a haploid chromosome content. Note:

In animals, the germ-line cells are the sperm or egg (synonym gamete); in plants, the pollen cell or the ovum.

After [9] germinal aplasia Complete failure of gonad development. germ warfare See biological warfare. glomerular Pertaining to a tuft or cluster, as of a plexus of capillary blood vessels or nerve fibers, especially referring to the capillaries of the glomerular of the kidney. glomerulus Tuft or a cluster, as of a plexus of capillary blood vessels or nerve fibers (e.g., capillaries of the filtration apparatus of the kidney).

passing through the glomerular capillaries divided by time of filtration. [2] glue-sniffing Inhalation of solvent vapor from plastic cements or other adhesives in order to become intoxicated. See also solvent abuse. glycobiology See glycomics. glycome Description of the complete set of carbohydrates and their functions in a living organism. glycomics glycobiology Global study of the structure and function of carbohydrates, especially oligosaccharides (short chains of sugars) in a living organism. gnotobiont See gnotobiote. gnotobiota Specifically and entirely known microfauna and microflora of a specially reared laboratory animal. gnotobiot/e n., -ic adj. gnotobiont Specially reared laboratory animal whose microflora and microfauna are specifically known in their entirety. goiter Noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid gland, visible as a swelling at the front of the neck, that is often associated with iodine deficiency. goitrogen Any substance (such as thiouracil) that induces the formation of a goiter. gonadotropic Pertaining to effects on sex glands and on the systems that regulate them. good agricultural practice (GAP) in the use of pesticides Nationally authorized safe uses of pesticides under actual conditions necessary for effective and reliable pest control. Note:

It encompasses a range of levels of pesticide applications up to the highest authorized use, applied in a manner that leaves a residue which is the smallest amount practicable. Authorized safe uses include nationally registered or recommended uses, that take into account public and occupational health and environmental safety considerations. Actual conditions include any stage in the production, storage, transport, distribution, and processing of food commodities and animal feed.

glomerular filtration Formation of an ultrafiltrate of the blood occurring in the glomerulus of the kidney. [2]

good laboratory practice (GLP) principles Fundamental rules incorporated in OECD guidelines and national regulations concerned with the process of effective organization and the conditions under which laboratory studies are properly planned, performed, monitored, recorded, and reported.

glomerular filtration rate Volume of ultrafiltrate formed in the kidney tubules from the blood

good manufacturing principles Fundamental

practice (GMP) rules incorporated in

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

national regulations concerned with the process of effective organization of production and ensuring standards of defined quality at all stages of production, distribution, and marketing. Note:

Minimization of waste and its proper disposal are part of this process.

graded effect Antonyms: all-or-none effect, quantal effect, stochastic effect Consequence that can be measured on a graded scale of intensity or severity and its magnitude related directly to the dose or concentration of the substance producing it. graminicide Pesticide (herbicide) used for the control of weedy grasses (Gramineae). [6]

consumed, it is the time taken for the reactant concentration to fall to one-half of its initial value. Note:

The half life of a reaction has meaning only in special cases:

1. For a first-order reaction, the half life of the reactant may be called the half life of the reaction. 2. For a reaction involving more than one reactant, with the concentrations of the reactants in their stoichiometric ratios, the half life of each reactant is the same, and may be called the half life of the reaction. If the concentrations of reactants are not in their stoichiometric ratios, there are different half lives for different reactants, and one cannot speak of the half life of the reaction.

granuloma Granular growth or tumor, usually of lymphoid and epithelial cells.

See also biological half life, elimination half life. [2]]

ground treatment of plants Dusting or spraying of plants with pesticides by hand, by special machines, or by apparatus fixed to tractors or driven by them.

half time, t1/2 See half life.

guideline for exposure limits Scientifically judged quantitative value (a concentration or number) of an environmental constituent that ensures aesthetically pleasing air, water, or food and from which no adverse effect is expected concerning noncarcinogenic endpoints, or that gives an acceptably low estimate of lifetime cancer risk from those substances which are proven human carcinogens or carcinogens with at least limited evidence of human carcinogenicity. guideline value Quantitative measure (a concentration or a number) of a constituent of an environmental medium that ensures aesthetically pleasing air, water, or food and does not result in a significant risk to the user. guides to air quality Sets of atmospheric concentrations and exposure times that are associated with specific effects of varying degrees of pollution on humans, animals, vegetation, and the environment in general. guides to environmental quality Sets of concentrations, numbers and exposure times that are associated with the specific effects of factors in environmental media on humans, animals, vegetation, and the environment in general. guinea-pig maximization test Magnusson and Kligman test Widely used skin test for screening possible contact allergens: considered to be a useful method to identify likely moderate and strong sensitizers in humans. haem See heme. half life, t1/2 half time Time required for the concentration of a reactant in a given reaction to reach a value that is the arithmetic mean of its initial and final (equilibrium) values. For a reactant that is entirely

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haploid monoploid State in which a cell contains only one set of chromosomes. haplotype 1. Contraction of the phrase “haploid genotype”, the genetic constitution of an individual with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes: Haplotype can refer to only one locus or to an entire genome (a genome-wide haplotype would comprise half of a diploid genome, including one allele from each allelic gene pair). 2. Set of single nucleotide polymorphisms found to be statistically associated on a single chromatid. hapten Low-molecular-mass species which is not itself antigenic unless complexed with a carrier, such as a protein. Once bound, it presents an epitope that can cause the sensitization of lymphocytes. After [1] harm adverse effect Damage or adverse effect to a population, species, individual organism, organ, tissue, or cell. harmful occupational factor Component of the work environment, the effect of which on a worker under certain conditions leads to ill health or reduction of working ability. harmful substance noxious substance Substance that, following contact with an organism, can cause ill health or adverse effects either at the time of exposure or later in the life of the present and future generations. hazard Set of inherent properties of a substance, mixture of substances, or a process involving substances that, under production, usage, or disposal conditions, make it capable of causing adverse effects to organisms or the environment, depending on the degree of exposure; in other words, it is a source of danger. See also risk.

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hazard assessment Determination of factors controlling the likely effects of a hazard such as the doseeffect and doseresponse relationships, variations in target susceptibility, and mechanism of toxicity. hazard communication standard U.S. OSHA standard requiring all employers to inform employees of the hazard of substances in the workplace and the steps necessary to avoid harm. hazard evaluation Establishment of a qualitative or quantitative relationship between hazard and benefit, involving the complex process of determining the significance of the identified hazard and balancing this against identifiable benefit. Note:

This may subsequently be developed into a risk evaluation.

hazard identification Determination of substances of concern, their adverse effects, target populations, and conditions of exposure, taking into account toxicity data and knowledge of effects on human health, other organisms, and their environment. hazard index (HI) Sum of the hazard quotients for substances that affect the same target organ or organ system. Note:

Ideally, hazard quotients should be combined for pollutants that cause adverse effects by the same mechanism. Aggregate exposures below a hazard index of 1.0 were unlikely to result in adverse health effects over a lifetime of exposure. A hazard index greater than 1.0 does not necessarily suggest a likelihood of adverse effects. The hazard index cannot be translated to a probability that adverse effects will occur, and is not likely to be proportional to risk.

hazard quotient (HQ) Ratio of toxicant exposure (estimated or measured) to a reference value regarded as corresponding to a threshold of toxicity. Note:

If the hazard quotient exceeds unity, the toxicant may produce an adverse effect, but normally this will require a hazard quotient of several times unity; a hazard quotient of less than 1.0 indicates that no adverse effects are likely over a lifetime of exposure.

hazardous production factor hazard at work hazardous occupational factor Production factor the effect of which on a worker under certain conditions results in injury or some impairment of health. health 1. State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

2. State of dynamic balance in which an individual’s or a group’s capacity to cope with the circumstances of living is at an optimal level. 3. State characterized by anatomical, physiological, and psychological integrity; ability to perform personally valued family, work, and community roles; ability to deal with physical, biological, psychological, and social stress; a feeling of wellbeing; and freedom from the risk of disease and untimely death. 4. In ecology, a sustainable steady state in which humans and other living organisms can coexist indefinitely. health advisory level (HAL) In the United States, nonregulatory health-based reference level of chemical traces (usually in ppm, i.e., mg L21) in drinking water at which there are no adverse health risks when ingested over various periods of time. Note:

Such levels are established for 1 day, 10 days, long-term and life-time exposure periods. They allow for a wide margin of safety.

health-based exposure limit Maximum concentration or intensity of exposure that can be tolerated without significant effect (based on only scientific and not economic evidence concerning exposure levels and associated health effects). health hazard Any factor or exposure that may adversely affect health. health surveillance Periodic medico-physiological examinations of exposed workers with the objective of protecting health and preventing occupationally related disease. healthy worker effect Epidemiological phenomenon observed initially in studies of occupational diseases: Workers usually exhibit lower overall disease and death rates than the general population, due to the fact that the old, severely ill, and disabled are ordinarily excluded from employment. Death rates in the general population may be inappropriate for comparison, if this effect is not taken into account. heat shock proteins stress proteins Group of proteins whose synthesis is increased by increased transcription when cells are exposed to elevated temperatures. Note:

Production of high levels of heat shock proteins can also be triggered by exposure to different kinds of environmental stress conditions, for example, infection, inflammation, exposure of the cell to chemicals (such as ethanol, arsenicals, or certain metal species), ultraviolet light, starvation, hypoxia (oxygen deprivation), nitrogen deficiency (in plants), or water deprivation. Hence, the

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

alternative name, stress proteins. Their upregulation is sometimes described more generally as part of the stress response. heavy metal toxic metal Erroneous terms used commonly in the toxicological literature but having no generally agreed meaning, sometimes even applied to nonmetals, and therefore a source of confusion and to be avoided. The term “metal” is adequate without the qualifying adjective but may be misleading since it implies a solid material when toxicological concern is mostly for the ionic form or another chemical species.

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hemosiderin Insoluble iron(III) hydroxide-based pigment deposited in cells in conditions of iron overload. HendersonHasselbalch equation Equation of the form:   pH 5 pKa 2 lg ½HA=½A2  for the calculation of the pH of solutions where the ratio [HA]/[A2] is known and HA and A2 are the hydronated and dehydronated forms of an acid, respectively. Corrected from [3]

helminthagogue See anthelmint(h)ic.

hepatic Pertaining to the liver.

helminthic See anthelmint(h)ic.

hepatotoxic Poisonous to liver cells.

hematemesis Vomiting of blood.

Henry’s law constant At constant temperature and pressure, the ratio of the partial pressure of a gas above a liquid to its solubility in the liquid and therefore a measure of its partition between the gas phase and the solute phase.

hematoma Localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a failure of the wall of a blood vessel. hematotoxicity Adverse changes in blood caused by exposure to chemicals.

Note 1:

The solubility may be expressed in any convenient units, such as amount fraction, molality, or amount (substance) concentration. The exact definition used should always be given.

Note 2:

Rigorously, the Henry’s law constant is the limiting value at zero partial pressure.

hematuria Presence of blood in the urine. heme haem Complex consisting of an iron ion coordinated to a porphyrin acting as a tetradentate ligand, and to one or two axial ligands. After [3] hemochromatosis Hereditary disorder affecting iron metabolism in which excessive amounts of iron accumulate in the body tissues. Note:

The disorder is characterized by diabetes mellitus, liver dysfunction, and a bronze pigmentation of the skin.

hemodialysis Use of an artificial kidney to remove toxic compounds from the blood by passing it through a tube of semipermeable membrane. Note:

The tube is bathed in a dialyzing solution to restore the normal chemical composition of the blood while permitting diffusion of toxic substances from the blood.

hemoglobin Heme-containing protein in red blood cells with an important function in transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissues. hemoglobinuria Presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. hemolysin Substance that damages the membrane of erythrocytes causing the release of hemoglobin. hemolysis Release of hemoglobin from erythrocytes, and its appearance in the plasma. hemoperfusion Passing blood through a column of charcoal or adsorbent resin for the removal of drugs or toxins.

[13] herbicide Substance intended to kill plants. heterozygote Organism that has different allelic forms of a specified gene on each of a pair of homologous chromosomes or describing the genome of that organism. After [9] Hill plot Graphical method for analyzing binding of a molecule A to a macromolecule P with n binding sites. A Hill plot of lg[θ/(1 2 θ)] vs. lg[A] has a slope of 1 if binding is noncooperative and .1 for cooperative binding, where θ 5 [A]bound/n[P]total is the fraction of sites occupied. [2] histamine 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethan-1-amine, an amine derived from histidine by decarboxylation and released from cells in the immune system as part of an allergic reaction: It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, and vasodilator. histogenic origin Germ cell layer of the embryo from which a given adult tissue develops. histology Study (usually microscopic) of the anatomy of tissues and their cellular and subcellular structure. histopathology Microscopic pathological study of the anatomy and cell structure of tissues in disease to reveal abnormal or adverse structural changes.

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hit-and-run effect Toxicity that follows a single exposure to a substance. homeostasis Normal, internal stability in an organism maintained by coordinated responses of the organ systems that automatically compensate for environmental changes. homology (in biology) 1. Similarity of anatomical structures in different species because of shared ancestry 2. Similarity of DNA or RNA nucleotide sequences, or of protein amino-acid sequences, supporting the hypothesis that they share a common ancestor. Note:

Homology among DNA or RNA nucleotide sequences, or among protein amino-acid sequences, is often concluded on the basis of sequence similarity. In general, if there are almost identical sequences, it is likely that they are homologous. However, it is possible that highly similar sequences were not derived from a common ancestor, i.e., they are similar but not homologous.

homozygote Organism that has the same allelic form of a specified gene on each of a pair of homologous chromosomes or describing the genome of that organism. After [9] horme/sis n., -tic adj. Benefit at low dose of a substance that is harmful at a higher dose. hormone Substance formed in one organ or part of the body and carried in the blood to another organ or part where it selectively alters functional activity. human ecology Interrelationship between humans and the entire environment—physical, biological, socioeconomic, and cultural, including the interrelationships between individual humans or groups of humans and other human groups or groups of other species. human equivalent dose Human dose of an agent that is believed to induce the same magnitude of a toxic effect that the known animal dose has induced. human exposure threshold (of toxicological concern) Generic value of exposure to a substance, or a group of substances falling within a defined structural class, below which there is expected to be no appreciable risk to human health. hydrolysis Chemical reaction of a substance with water, usually resulting in the formation of one or more derivatives. hydrophilic/ adj., -ity n. lipophobic Antonym: hydrophobic Describing the character of a substance, material, molecular entity, or group of atoms which has an affinity for water.

hydrophobic/ adj., -ity n. lipophilic Antonym: hydrophilic Describing the character of a substance, material, molecular entity, or group of atoms which is insoluble or confers insolubility in water, or resistance to wetting or hydration. hygiene Science of health and its preservation. hyper- Antonym: hypo- Prefix meaning above or excessive: when used with the suffix “-emia” refers to blood and with the suffix “-uria” refers to urine, for example, “hyperbilirubinemia”. hyperemia Excessive amount of blood in any part of the body. hyperalimentation Ingestion or administration nutrients in excess of optimal amounts.

of

hyperbilirubinemia Excessive concentration of bilirubin in the blood. hypercalcemia Excessive concentration of calcium in the blood. hyperglycemia Excessive concentration of glucose in the blood. hyperkalemia Excessive concentration of potassium in the blood. hypernatremia Excessive concentration of sodium in the blood. hyperparathyroidism Abnormally increased parathyroid gland activity that affects, and is affected by, plasma calcium concentration. hyperplasia Abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of normal cells in a tissue or organ. hyper-reactivity Term used to describe the responses of (effects on) an individual to (of) an agent when they are qualitatively those expected, but quantitatively increased. hyper-reflexia Exaggeration of reflexes. hypersensitivity State in which an individual reacts with allergic effects following exposure to a certain substance (allergen) after having been exposed previously to the same substance. Note:

Most common chemical-induced allergies are type I (IgE-mediated) and type IV (cellmediated) hypersensitivity.

hypersusceptibility Excessive reaction following exposure to a given amount or concentration of a substance as compared with the large majority of other exposed subjects. hypertension Persistently high blood pressure in the arteries or in a circuit, for example, pulmonary hypertension or hepatic portal hypertension.

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hypertrophy Excessive growth in bulk of a tissue or organ through increase in size but not in number of the constituent cells.

system identifies as foreign, shown by the production of antibodies and antibody-bearing cells or by a cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction.

hypervitaminosis Condition resulting from the ingestion of an excess of one or more vitamins.

immune system Integrated network of organs, glands, and tissues that has evolved to protect the body from foreign substances, including bacteria, viruses, and other infection-causing parasites and pathogens.

hypo- Prefix meaning under, deficient: when used with the suffix “-emia” refers to blood and with the suffix “-uria” refers to urine, for example, “hypocalcemia”. hypocalcemia Abnormally low calcium concentration in the blood. hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. hypomagnesemia Abnormally low magnesium concentration in the blood. hyponatremia Abnormally low sodium concentration in the blood. hypovolemic Pertaining to an abnormally decreased volume of circulating fluid (plasma) in the body. hypoxemia Deficient oxygenation of the blood. hypoxia 1. Abnormally low dioxygen content or tension. 2. Deficiency of dioxygen in the inspired air, in blood, or in tissues, short of anoxia. hypoxic Dioxygen-deficient. iatrogenic Any adverse condition resulting from medical treatment. icterus Excess of bile pigment in the blood and consequent deposition and retention of bile pigment in the skin and the sclera. idiopathic environmental intolerance See multiple chemical sensitivity. idiosyncrasy Genetically based unusually high sensitivity of an organism to the effect of certain substances. immediately-dangerous-to-life-or-health-concentration (IDLHC) According to the U.S. NIOSH, the maximum exposure concentration from which one could escape within 30 min without any escapeimpairing symptoms or any irreversible health effects. immission Environmental concentration of a pollutant resulting from a combination of emissions and dispersals (often synonymous with exposure). immune complex Product of an antigenantibody reaction that may also contain components of the complement system. immune response Selective reaction of the body to substances that are foreign to it, or that the immune

Note:

The immune system may produce hypersensitivity reactions which, in the extreme, can be fatal. If the immune system misidentifies normal body components as foreign, this leads to autoimmune disorders, such as lupus, in which the body destroys its own constituents.

immunoassay Ligand-binding assay that uses a specific antigen or antibody, capable of binding to the analyte, to identify and quantify substances. The antibody can be linked to a radioisotope (radioimmunoassay, RIA) or to an enzyme which catalyzes an easily monitored reaction (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA), or to a highly fluorescent compound by which the location of an antigen can be visualized (immunofluorescence). [3] immunochemistry Study of biochemical and molecular aspects of immunology, especially the nature of antibodies, antigens, and their interactions. immunogen See antigen. immunoglobulin Family of closely related glycoproteins capable of acting as antibodies and present in plasma and tissue fluids; immunoglobulin E (IgE) is the source of antibody in type I hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions. immunoglobulin E-mediated hypersensitivity State in which an individual reacts with allergic effects caused fundamentally by the reaction of antigen-specific immunoglobulin E following exposure to a certain substance (allergen) after having been exposed previously to the same substance. immunomodulation Modification of the functioning of the immune system by the action of a substance that increases or reduces the ability to produce antibodies. immunopotentiation Enhancement of the capacity of the immune system to produce an effective response. immunosuppression Reduction in the functional capacity of the immune response; may be due to: 1. Inhibition of the normal response of the immune system to an antigen. 2. Prevention, by chemical or biological means, of the production of an antibody to an antigen by

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inhibition of the processes of transcription, translation, or formation of tertiary structure. immunosurveillance Mechanisms by which the immune system is able to recognize and destroy malignant cells before the formation of an overt tumor. immunotoxic Harmful to the immune system. impermeable Of a membrane, not allowing a given substance to pass through. When applied to nonbiological membranes with no qualification, the term normally refers to water. implantation Attachment of the fertilized ovum (blastocyst) to the endometrium and its subsequent embedding in the compact layer, occurring 6 or 7 days after fertilization of the ovum. [8] in silico Phrase applied to data generated and analyzed using computer modeling and information technology. in vitro Antonym: in vivo In glass, referring to a study in the laboratory usually involving isolated organ, tissue, cell, or biochemical systems.

indirect exposure 1. Exposure to a substance in a medium or vehicle other than the one originally receiving the substance. 2. Exposure of people to a substance by contact with a person directly exposed. individual monitor See personal sampler. individual protective device (IPD) personal protective device (PPD) personal protective equipment (PPE) Device for individual use for protection of the whole body, eyes, respiratory pathways, or skin of workers against hazardous and harmful production factors. individual risk Probability that an individual person will experience an adverse effect. inducer Substance that causes induction. induction Increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme in response to the action of an inducer or environmental conditions. Note:

Often the inducer is the substrate of the induced enzyme or a structurally similar substance (gratuitous inducer) that is not metabolized.

in vivo Antonym: in vitro In the living body, referring to a study performed on a living organism.

induction period latent period Time from the onset of exposure to the appearance of signs of disease.

incidence Number of occurrences of illness commencing, or of persons falling ill, during a given period in a specific population: usually expressed as a rate.

industrial hygiene See occupational hygiene.

Note:

When expressed as a rate, it is the number of ill persons divided by the average number of persons in the specified population during a defined period, or alternatively divided by the estimated number of persons at the mid-point of that period.

[2] incidence rate (epidemiology) Measure of the frequency at which new events occur in a population. Note:

This is the value obtained by dividing the number of new events that occur in a defined period by the population at risk of experiencing the event during this period, sometimes expressed as person-time.

incremental unit risk estimate For an air pollutant, this is the additional lifetime cancer risk occurring in a hypothetical population in which all individuals are exposed continuously from birth throughout their lifetimes to a concentration of 1 microgram per cubic meter (μg m23) of the pollutant in the air they breathe. indication Quantity value provided by a measuring instrument or a measuring system. [7]

inert chemical Substance that is not generally reactive. inert ingredient Any intentionally added ingredient of a mixture that does not contribute to the desired biological effect: This definition does not include impurities and does not imply that the inert ingredient has no biological effects. Related term: active ingredient infertility (in human medicine) Inability to become pregnant within 1 year of unprotected intercourse. [8] inflammation Reaction of the body to injury or to infectious, allergic, or chemical irritation; characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain resulting from dilation of the blood vessels accompanied by loss of plasma and leucocytes (white blood cells) into the tissues. infusion (in physiology) Therapeutic introduction of a fluid other than blood, as a (usually saline) solution, into a vein. [2] ingestion 1. Process of taking food and drink into the body by mouth. 2. Process of taking in particles by a phagocytic cell. inhalation Act of drawing in of air, vapor, or gas and any suspended particulates into the lung.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

inherently biodegradable Class of compounds for which there is unequivocal evidence of biodegradation (primary or ultimate) in any test of biodegradability. inhibitory concentration (IC) Concentration of a substance that causes a defined inhibition of a given system. Note:

IC50 is the median concentration that causes 50 % inhibition.

inhibitory dose (ID) Dose of a substance that causes a defined inhibition of a given system. Note:

ID50 is the median dose that causes 50 % inhibition.

initiator 1. Agent that induces a change in a chromosome or gene that leads to the induction of tumors after a second agent, called a promoter, is administered to the tissue. 2. Substance that starts a chain reaction Note:

An initiator is consumed in a chain reaction, in contrast to a catalyst.

insecticide Substance intended to kill insects. intake Amount of a substance that is taken into the body, regardless of whether or not it is absorbed: The total daily intake is the sum of the daily intake by an individual from food, drinking-water, and inhaled air. integral indicator of toxic effect Parameter (such as body weight or temperature) characterizing the overall changes in the general state of the organism exposed to a toxic substance. interactome Large-scale proteinprotein interaction map. interfacial layer Inhomogeneous space region intermediate between two bulk phases in contact, and where properties are significantly different from, but related to, the properties of the bulk phases. [2] intermittent effect discontinuous effect change that comes and goes at intervals.

Biological

internal dose See absorbed dose. internal validity Selection and comparison of index and comparison groups in such a manner that, apart from sampling error, the observed differences between these groups with respect to dependent variables under study may be attributed only to the hypothesized effect under investigation. interpolation Estimation of a value between two known data points. interpretation (of data or findings) Evaluation of the observations from an investigation or study in order

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to determine their significance for human health, for the environment or for both. interspecies dose conversion Process of extrapolating from the doses of one animal species to another, for example, from rodent dose to human equivalent. interstitial fluid Aqueous solution filling the narrow spaces between cells. [2] interstitial pneumonia Chronic form of pneumonia involving increase of the interstitial tissue and decrease of the functional lung tissue. intervention study Epidemiological investigation designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relationship by intentional change of a supposed causal factor in a population. intestinal reabsorption Absorption further down the intestinal tract of a substance or substances that have been absorbed before and subsequently excreted into the intestinal tract, usually through the bile. intoxication 1. Poisoning: pathological process with clinical signs and symptoms caused by a substance of exogenous or endogenous origin. 2. Drunkenness following consumption of beverages containing ethanol or other compounds affecting the central nervous system. intrinsic activity Maximal stimulatory effect induced by a compound in relation to that of a given reference compound. [2] intrinsic clearance Volume of plasma or blood from which a substance is completely removed in a period of time under unstressed conditions. [2] intrinsic factor (in biochemistry) Specific protein required for the absorption of vitamin B12 and secreted by cells in the gastric glands of the stomach. [2] intron Noncoding sequence within genes that separates the exons (coding regions). Note:

Introns are spliced out of the mRNA molecule created from a gene after transcription and prior to translation.

After [9] ionizing radiation Any radiation consisting of directly or indirectly ionizing particles or a mixture of both or photons with energy higher than the energy of photons of ultraviolet light or a mixture of both such particles and photons.

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irreversible alteration Change from normal structure or function that persists or progresses after cessation of exposure of the organism. irritant 1. n., Substance that causes inflammation following immediate, prolonged, or repeated contact with skin, mucous membrane, or other biological material. Note:

A substance capable of causing inflammation on first contact is called a primary irritant.

2. adj., Causing inflammation following immediate, prolonged, or repeated contact with skin, mucous membrane, or other tissues. ischemia Local deficiency of blood supply and hence oxygen to an organ or tissue owing to constriction of the blood vessels or to obstruction. isotonic Denoting a liquid exerting the same osmotic pressure or chemical potential of water (water potential) as another liquid with which it is being compared. itai-itai disease Illness (renal osteomalacia) observed in the Toyama prefecture of Japan, resulting from the ingestion of cadmium-contaminated rice. Note:

Damage occurred to the renal and skeletoarticular systems, the latter being very painful (“itai” means “ouch” in Japanese and refers to the intense pain caused by the condition).

kinetics (in toxicology) See toxicokinetics. knock-down Technique used to decrease the expression of a particular gene in a cell or living organism in order to define its function. knock-in Technique used to express an exogenous gene or to overexpress an endogenous gene in a living organism in order to define its function. Note:

In mammalian toxicology, this technique is most readily applied to the mouse.

knock-out (in biology) Technique used to inactivate a particular gene in a living organism in order to define its function. Note:

In mammalian toxicology, this technique is most readily applied to the mouse.

After [9] lachrymation See lacrimation. lacrimation Secretion and discharge of tears. lachrymator See lacrimator. lacrimator Substance that irritates the eyes and causes the production of tears or increases the flow of tears. larvicide Substance intended to kill larvae. laryngospasm Reflex spasmodic closure of the sphincter of the larynx, particularly the glottic sphincter.

jaundice Pathological condition characterized by deposition of bile pigment in the skin and mucous membranes, including the conjunctivae, resulting in yellow appearance of the patient or animal.

larynx Main organ of voice production, the part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea.

joint effect Simultaneous or successive effect of factors of diverse types (chemical, physical, biological) on an organism.

latency See latent period.

kairomone Semiochemical that is produced by one organism inducing a response in an organism of another species that is unfavorable to the emitter. Related terms: allomone, synomone kinetics (in chemistry) Branch of chemistry concerned with measuring and studying rates of chemical reactions. [2] ketone bodies Acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone, produced from acetyl-CoA, mainly in the mitochondria of liver cells when carbohydrates are so scarce that energy must be obtained from breaking down fatty acids; beta-hydroxybutyrate is not itself a ketone, but is called a ketone body because, like the other compounds, it is produced from ketones. ketosis Pathological increase in the production of ketone bodies, for example, following blockage or failure of carbohydrate metabolism.

lassitude Weakness; exhaustion. latent effect See delayed effect. latent period 1. Delay between exposure to a harmful substance and the manifestations of a disease or other adverse effects. 2. Period from disease initiation to disease detection. [2] lavage Irrigation or washing out of a hollow organ or cavity such as the stomach, intestines, or lungs. laxative cathartic purgative Substance that causes evacuation of the intestinal contents. lead colic (painters’ colic) Chronic intestinal pains and constipation caused by lead poisoning. lesion 1. Area of pathologically altered tissue. 2. Injury or wound. 3. Infected patch of skin. lethal Deadly; fatal; causing death.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

lethal concentration (LC) Concentration of a substance in an environmental medium that causes death following a certain period of exposure. lethal dose (LD) Amount of a substance or physical agent (e.g., radiation) that causes death when taken into the body. lethal synthesis Metabolic formation of a highly toxic compound often leading to death of affected cells. leukemia Progressive, malignant disease of the bloodforming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leucocytes and their precursors in the bone marrow and blood.

linearized multistage model Sequence of steps in which (a) a multistage model is fitted to tumor incidence data; (b) the maximum linear term consistent with the data is calculated; (c) the low-dose slope of the doseresponse function is equated to the coefficient of the maximum linear term; and (d) the resulting slope is then equated to the upper bound of potency. lipophilic/ adj., -ity n. hydrophobic/ adj., -ty n. Antonyms: hydrophilic/ ity, lipophobic/ -ity n Having an affinity for fat and high lipid solubility. Note:

leukopenia Reduced concentration of leukocytes in the blood. lgPow lgKow Logarithm to the base 10 of the partition coefficient of a substance between octan-1-ol and water. Note:

This is used as an empirical measure for lipophilicity in calculating bioaccumulation, fish toxicity, membrane adsorption, and penetration, etc.

library (in DNA bioinformatics) Collection of DNA sequences in a searchable electronic form. library (in molecular biology) Collection of genomic or complementary DNA sequences that have been cloned in a vector and grown in an appropriate host organism (e.g., bacteria, yeast). After [9] life-long exposure Subjection to a potentially toxic substance during the whole lifetime. ligand Ion, molecule, or molecular group that binds to another chemical entity to form a larger complex. limacide Substance intended to kill mollusks including the gastropod mollusk, Limax. limit recommended See recommended exposure limit.

limited evidence According to the USEPA’s Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment [17], “limited evidence” is a collection of facts and accepted scientific inferences that suggests that an agent may be causing an effect, but this suggestion is not strong enough to be considered established fact.

This is a physicochemical property which describes a partitioning equilibrium of solute molecules between water and an immiscible organic solvent, favoring the latter, and which correlates with bioaccumulation.

lipophobic/ adj., -ity n. hydrophilic/ adj., -ity n. Antonyms: hydrophobic/ adj. ity n., lipophilic/ adj. ity n. Having a low affinity for fat and a high affinity for water. liposome 1. Artificially formed lipid droplet, small enough to form a relatively stable suspension in aqueous media, useful in membrane transport studies and in drug delivery. 2. Lipid droplet in the endoplasmic reticulum of a fatty liver. After [1] local effect Change occurring at the site of contact between an organism and a toxicant. logit In competitive binding assays, the logit-log dose relationship, in which the response is defined by: R 5 log itðyÞ 5 lg ½y=ð1 2 yÞ where y 5 b/b0 with b 5 fraction of tracer bound and b0 5 value of b with no unlabeled ligand in the system. Note:

limit test Acute toxicity test in which, if no ill-effects occur at a preselected maximum dose, no further testing at greater exposure levels is required. limit value (LV) Limit concentration at or below which Member States of the European Community must set their environmental quality standard and emission standard for a particular substance according to Community Directives.

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Logit-transformed assay data frequently yield straight-line doseresponse data, amenable to statistical analysis. More generally in toxicology, the transformation is applied to doseresponse data where b0 denotes the maximum response in the absence of a toxic substance.

[2] log-normal distribution Distribution function F(y), in which the logarithm of a quantity is normally distributed, i.e., FðyÞ 5 fgaussðln yÞ where fgauss(x) is a Gaussian (or normal) distribution. [3]

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log-normal transformation Transformation of data with a logarithmic function that results in a normal distribution. [2]

monocytes and playing an important role in host defense mechanisms.

long-term effect See chronic effect.

macroscopic (gross) pathology Study of changes associated with disease that are visible to the naked eye without the need for a microscope.

long-term exposure See chronic exposure.

Mad Hatter syndrome See mercurialism.

long-term toxicity See chronic toxicity.

Magnusson and Kligman test See guinea-pig maximization test.

lowest-effective dose (LED) Lowest dose of a chemical inducing a specified effect in a specified fraction of exposed individuals. [2] lowest lethal concentration found See minimum lethal concentration. lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) Lowest concentration or amount of a substance (dose), found by experiment or observation, that causes an adverse effect on morphology, functional capacity, growth, development, or life span of a target organism distinguishable from normal (control) organisms of the same species and strain under defined conditions of exposure. lowest-observed-effect level (LOEL) Lowest concentration or amount of a substance (dose), found by experiment or observation, that causes any alteration in morphology, functional capacity, growth, development, or life span of target organisms distinguishable from normal (control) organisms of the same species and strain under the same defined conditions of exposure. lymphocyte Animal cell that interacts with a foreign substance or organism, or one which it identifies as foreign, and initiates an immune response against the substance or organism. Note:

There are two main groups of lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.

lymphoma General term comprising tumors and conditions allied to tumors arising from some or all of the cells of lymphoid tissue. lysimeter Laboratory column of selected representative soil or a protected monolith of undisturbed field soil with which it is possible to sample and monitor the movement of water and other substances. lysosome Membrane-bound cytoplasmic containing hydrolytic enzymes. Note:

organelle

Release of these enzymes from lysosomes damaged by xenobiotics can cause autolysis of the cell.

macrophage Large (1020 μm diameter) amoeboid and phagocytic cell found in many tissues, especially in areas of inflammation, derived from blood

mainstream smoke (tobacco smoking) Smoke that is inhaled by the smoker. malaise Vague feeling of bodily discomfort. malignancy Population of cells showing both uncontrolled growth and a tendency to invade and destroy other tissues. Note:

A malignancy is life-threatening.

malignant Antonym: benign 1. Tending to become progressively worse and to result in death if not treated. 2. In cancer, cells showing both uncontrolled growth and a tendency to invade and destroy other tissues. mania Emotional disorder (mental illness) characterized by an expansive and elated state (euphoria), rapid speech, flight of ideas, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, grandiosity, poor judgment, and increased motor activity. margin of exposure (MOE) Ratio of the no-observedadverse-effect level (NOAEL) to the theoretical or estimated exposure dose (EED) or concentration (EEC). margin of safety (MOS) See margin of exposure. mass mean diameter Diameter of a spherical particle with a mass equal to the mean mass of all the particles in a population. mass median diameter Diameter of a spherical particle with the median mass of all the particles in a population. material safety data sheet (MSDS) Compilation of information required under the U.S. OSHA Hazard Communication Standard on the identity of hazardous substances, health and physical hazards, exposure limits, and precautions. maximum allowable (admissible, acceptable) concentration (MAC) Regulatory value defining the concentration that if inhaled daily (in the case of work people for 8 h with a working week of 40 h; in the case of the general population, 24 h) does not, in the present state of knowledge, appear capable of causing appreciable harm, however long delayed during the working life or during subsequent life or in subsequent generations.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

maximum average daily concentration of an atmospheric pollutant peak daily average concentration of an air pollutant Highest of the average daily concentrations recorded at a definite point of measurement during a certain period of observation. maximum contaminant level (MCL) Under the Safe Drinking Water Act (USA), primary MCL is a regulatory concentration for drinking water which takes into account both adverse effects (including sensitive populations) and technological feasibility (including natural background levels): Secondary MCL is a regulatory concentration based on “welfare”, such as taste and staining, rather than health, but also takes into account technical feasibility. Note:

MCL Goals (MCLG) under the Safe Drinking Water Act do not consider feasibility and are zero for all human and animal carcinogens.

maximum exposure limit (MEL) Occupational exposure limit legally defined in the United Kingdom under COSHH as the maximum concentration of an airborne substance, averaged over a reference period, to which employees may be exposed by inhalation under any circumstances, and set on the advice of the HSC Advisory Committee on Toxic Substances. maximum permissible concentration (MPC) See maximum allowable concentration. maximum permissible daily dose Maximum daily dose of substance whose penetration into a human body during a lifetime will not cause diseases or health hazards that can be detected by current investigation methods and will not adversely affect future generations. maximum permissible level (MPL) Level, usually a combination of time and concentration, beyond which any exposure of humans to a chemical or physical agent in their immediate environment is unsafe. maximum residue limit (MRL) for pesticide residues Maximum contents of a pesticide residue (expressed as mg kg21 fresh weight) recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to be legally permitted in or on food commodities and animal feeds. Note:

MRLs are based on data obtained following good agricultural practice and foods derived from commodities that comply with the respective MRLs are intended to be toxicologically acceptable.

maximum residue limit (MRL) for veterinary drugs Maximum contents of a drug residue

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(expressed as mg kg21 or μg kg21 fresh weight) recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to be legally permitted or recognized as acceptable in or on food commodities and animal feeds. Note:

The MRL is based on the type and amount of residue considered to be without any toxicological hazard for human health as expressed by the acceptable daily intake (ADI) or on the basis of a temporary ADI that uses an additional uncertainty factor. It also takes into account other relevant public health risks as well as food technological aspects.

maximum tolerable concentration (MTC) Highest concentration of a substance in an environmental medium that does not cause death of test organisms or species (denoted by LC0). maximum tolerable dose (MTD) Highest amount of a substance that, when introduced into the body, does not kill test animals (denoted by LD0). maximum tolerable exposure level (MTEL) Maximum amount (dose) or concentration of a substance to which an organism can be exposed without leading to an adverse effect after prolonged exposure time. maximum tolerated dose (MTD) High dose used in chronic toxicity testing that is expected on the basis of an adequate subchronic study to produce limited toxicity when administered for the duration of the test period. Note 1:

It should not induce

a. overt toxicity, for example appreciable death of cells or organ dysfunction, or b. toxic manifestations that are predicted materially to reduce the life span of the animals except as the result of neoplastic development, or c. 10% or greater retardation of body weight gain as compared with control animals. Note 2:

In some studies, toxicity that could interfere with a carcinogenic effect is specifically excluded from consideration.

maximum velocity, Vmax maximum rate In MichaelisMenten kinetics, the maximum rate of conversion of a substrate when its concentration is not rate-limiting. [2] mean life mean time Average lifetime of a molecular, atomic, or nuclear system in a specified state. Note:

For an exponentially decaying system, it is the average time for the number of molecules, atoms, or nuclei in a specified state to decrease by a factor of e, the base of natural logarithms.

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mean residence time (in pharmacokinetics) (MRT) Average time a drug molecule remains in the body or an organ after rapid intravenous injection. Note 1:

Like clearance, its value is independent of dose.

Note 2:

After an intravenous bolus: tr 5 Am =A

where tr is the MRT, A is the area under the plasma concentrationtime curve, and Am is the area under the moment curve. Note 3:

For a drug with one-compartment distribution characteristics, MRT equals the reciprocal of the elimination rate constant.

After [2] measurement uncertainty See uncertainty. median effective concentration (EC50) Statistically derived median concentration of a substance in an environmental medium expected to produce a certain effect in 50 % of test organisms in a given population under a defined set of conditions. Note:

ECn refers to the median concentration that is effective in n% of the test population.

median effective dose (ED50) Statistically derived median dose of a chemical or physical agent (radiation) expected to produce a certain effect in 50 % of test organisms in a given population or to produce a half-maximal effect in a biological system under a defined set of conditions. Note:

EDn refers to the median dose that is effective in n % of the test population.

median lethal concentration (LC50) Statistically derived median concentration of a substance in an environmental medium expected to kill 50 % of organisms in a given population under a defined set of conditions. median lethal dose (LD50) Statistically derived median dose of a chemical or physical agent (radiation) expected to kill 50 % of organisms in a given population under a defined set of conditions. median lethal time (TL50) Statistically derived median time interval during which 50 % of a given population may be expected to die following acute administration of a chemical or physical agent (radiation) at a given concentration under a defined set of conditions. median narcotic concentration (NC50) Statistically derived median concentration of a substance in an environmental medium expected to cause narcotic conditions in 50 % of a given population under a defined set of conditions.

median narcotic dose (ND50) Statistically derived dose of a substance expected to cause narcotic conditions in 50 % of test animals under a defined set of conditions. medicine 1. Science and practice of diagnosing, treating, or preventing disease and other damage to the body or mind. 2. Any drug or therapy used to treat disease or injury. Note:

Any substance may be used as a drug or a remedy; the end effect will depend on the dose.

meiosis Process of “reductive” cell division, occurring in the production of gametes, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. See also miosis. mercurialism Mad Hatter syndrome Chronic poisoning caused by exposure to mercury, often by breathing its vapor but also by skin absorption and, less commonly, by ingestion. Note:

Central nervous system damage usually predominates.

mesocosm See microcosm. mesothelioma Malignant tumor of the mesothelium of the pleura, pericardium, or peritoneum, that may be caused by exposure to asbestos fibers and some other fibers. metabolic activation bioactivation Biotransformation of a substance to a more biologically active derivative. [2] metabolic enzymes Proteins that catalyze chemical transformations of body constituents and, in more common usage, of xenobiotics. [2] metabolic half life metabolic half time Time required for one-half of the quantity of a substance in the body to be metabolized. Note:

This definition assumes that the final quantity in the body is zero. See half life.

metabolic model Analysis and theoretical reconstruction of the way in which the body deals with a specific substance, showing the proportion of the intake that is absorbed, the proportion that is stored and in what tissues, the rate of breakdown in the body and the subsequent fate of the metabolic products, and the rate at which it is eliminated (see elimination) by different organs as unchanged substance or metabolites.

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metabolic transformation Biotransformation of a substance that takes place within a living organism.

directly or indirectly the iron(II) in hemoglobin to iron(III) to form methemoglobin.

metabolism 1. Sum total of all physical and chemical processes that take place within an organism from uptake to elimination. 2. In a narrower sense, the physical and chemical changes that take place in a substance within an organism, including biotransformation to metabolites.

Michaelis constant, KM Substance concentration of substrate at which the rate of reaction is equal to onehalf of the limiting rate (maximum rate).

metabolite Intermediate or product resulting from metabolism.

[2]

metabolomics See metabonomics. metabonomics metabolomics Evaluation of cells, tissues, or biological fluids for changes in metabolite levels that follow exposure to a given substance, in order to determine the metabolic processes involved, to evaluate the disruption in intermediary metabolic processes that results from exposure to that substance, or to determine the part of the genome that is responsible for the changes. Note:

Although “metabolomics” and “metabonomics” are frequently used as synonyms, there is a growing consensus that there is a difference in that “metabolomics” places a greater emphasis on comprehensive metabolic profiling, while “metabonomics” is used to describe multiple (but not necessarily comprehensive) metabolic changes caused by a biological perturbation.

After [2] metaplasia Abnormal transformation of an adult, fully differentiated tissue of one kind into a differentiated tissue of another kind. metastasis 1. Movement of bacteria or body cells, especially cancer cells, from one part of the body to another, resulting in change in location of a disease or of its symptoms from one part of the body to another. 2. Growth of pathogenic microorganisms or of abnormal cells distant from the site of their origin in the body. methaemoglobin See methemoglobin. methemoglobin methaemoglobin Derivative of hemoglobin that is formed when the iron(II) in the heme porphyrin is oxidized to iron(III); this derivative cannot transport dioxygen. methemoglobinaemia methaemoglobinaemia Presence of methaemoglobin in the blood in greater than normal proportion. methemoglobin-forming substance methaemoglobinforming substance Substance capable of oxidizing

Note:

Also called the Michaelis concentration. The Michaelis constant (Michaelis concentration) may be used only when MichaelisMenten kinetics is obeyed.

MichaelisMenten kinetics Description of the dependence of an initial rate of reaction upon the concentration of a substrate S that is present in large excess over the concentration of an enzyme or other catalyst (or reagent) E with the appearance of saturation behavior following the MichaelisMenten equation: ν 5 V½So =ðKM 1 ½SÞ where v is the observed initial rate, V is its limiting value at substrate saturation (i.e., [S] c KM), and KM the substrate concentration when v 5 V/2. The definition is experimental, i.e., it applies to any reaction that follows an equation of this general form. The symbols Vmax or vmax are sometimes used for V. Note 1: The parameters V and KM (the “Michaelis constant”) of the equation can be evaluated from the slope and intercept of a linear plot of 1/υ vs. 1/[S] (“LineweaverBurk plot”) or from slope and intercept of a linear plot of υ vs. v/[S] (“EadieHofstee plot”). Note 2: A MichaelisMenten equation is also applicable to the condition where E is present in large excess, in which case the total concentration [E]o appears in the equation instead of [S]o. Note 3: The term has sometimes been used to describe reactions that proceed according to the scheme: k1

kcat   E 1 S’    ES!Products k21

in which case KM 5 (k21 1 kcat)/k1 (BriggsHaldane conditions). It has more usually been applied only to the special case in which k21ckcat and KM 5 k21/ k1 5 KS, the dissociation constant of the complex. In this case, KM is a true dissociation constant (MichaelisMenten conditions). See also rate-controlling step. [3] MichaelisMenten mechanism Simplest mechanism that explains MichaelisMenten kinetics.

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Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

According to the mechanism, a substrate S first combines with a molecule of enzyme E, and this process is followed by a step in which the enzyme-substrate complex ES breaks down (sometimes with the participation of the solvent) into enzyme and reaction products: k1

  E 1 S’    ES k21

k2

ES!E 1 Products If, as is usual, the substrate S is present in great excess of the enzyme it can be shown that steady-state conditions apply, and that the rate equation is: ν5

k2 ½Eo ½So ðk-1 1 k1 Þ=k1 1 ½So

where [E]o, [S]o are the total concentrations of enzyme and substrate. This equation is of the required general form of the MichaelisMenten equation. Note 2:

micronucleus test Test for mutagenicity in which animals are treated with a test agent after which time the frequency of micronucleated cells is determined; if a test group shows significantly increased levels of micronucleated cells compared to a control group, the chemical is considered capable of inducing chromosomal damage. microproteinemia Chronic presence of microprotein (alpha-1 and beta-2 microglobulin) in blood, indicating proximal renal tubule damage. microsome Artefactual spherical particle, not present in the living cell, derived from pieces of the endoplasmic reticulum present in homogenates of tissues or cells. Note:

Microsomes sediment from such homogenates (usually the S9 fraction) when centrifuged at 100 000 g for 60 min: The microsomal fraction obtained in this way is often used as a source of monooxygenase enzymes.

micturitic See diuretic.

Other, more complicated, mechanisms lead to the MichaelisMenten equation, adherence to which therefore does not require that the MichaelisMenten mechanism applies.

midstream sampling Taking an aliquot of a flowing liquid, such as urine, avoiding initial and terminal flow periods which are likely to be unrepresentative. [2]

microalbuminuria Chronic presence of albumin in slight excess in urine.

Minamata disease Neurological disease caused by methylmercury, first seen in subjects ingesting contaminated fish from Minamata Bay in Japan.

[2]

Microarray Grid of nucleic acid molecules of known sequence linked to a solid substrate, which can be probed with a sample containing either mRNA or complementary DNA from a cell or tissue to reveal changes in gene expression relative to a control sample. Note:

Microarray technology, which is also known as “DNA gene chip” technology, allows the expression of many thousands of genes to be assessed in a single experiment.

After [8] microcosm experimental model ecosystem Artificial test system that simulates major characteristics of the natural environment for the purposes of ecotoxicological assessment. Note:

Such a system would commonly have a terrestrial phase, with substrate, plants, and herbivores, and an aquatic phase, with vertebrates, invertebrates, and plankton. The term “mesocosm” implies a more complex and larger system than the term “microcosm”, but the distinction is not clearly defined.

micromercurialism Early or subclinical effects of exposure to elemental mercury detected at the low exposure levels.

mineralization Complete conversion of organic substances to inorganic derivatives, often visible as microscopic deposits which may be associated with damage to soft tissue (e.g., in the kidney). minimal risk level (MRL) Estimate of the daily human exposure to a hazardous substance that is likely to be without appreciable risk of adverse noncancer health effects over a specified duration of exposure: This substance-specific estimate is used by ATSDR health assessors to identify contaminants and potential health effects that may be of concern at hazardous waste sites. minimum lethal concentration (LCmin) Lowest concentration of a toxic substance in an environmental medium that kills individual organisms or test species under a defined set of conditions. minimum lethal dose (LDmin) Lowest amount of a substance that, when introduced into the body, may cause death to individual species of test animals under a defined set of conditions. miosis meiosis (obsolete) myosis Abnormal contraction of the pupil of the eye to less than 2 mm. miscible Liquid substances capable of mixing without separation into two phases; refers to liquid mixtures.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

miticide Substance intended to kill mites. mitochondri/on sing., /a pl. Eukaryote cytoplasmic organelle that is bounded by an outer membrane and an inner membrane; the inner membrane has folds called cristae that are the center of ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation in the animal cell and supplement ATP synthesis by the chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells. Note:

The mitochondrial matrix within the inner membrane contains ribosomes, many oxidative enzymes, and a circular DNA molecule that carries the genetic information for a number of these enzymes.

mitogen Substance that induces lymphocyte transformation or, more generally, mitosis and cell proliferation. mitosis Process by which a cell nucleus divides into two daughter nuclei, each having the same genetic complement as the parent cell: Nuclear division is usually followed by cell division. mixed-function oxidase (MFO) See monooxygenase. modifying factor (MF) See safety factor, uncertainty factor. molluskicide limacide molluscicide intended to kill mollusks.

Substance

monitoring Continuous or repeated observation, measurement, and evaluation of health and (or) environmental or technical data for defined purposes, according to prearranged schedules in space and time, using comparable methods for sensing and data collection. Note:

Evaluation requires comparison with appropriate reference values based on knowledge of the probable relationship between ambient exposure and adverse effects.

monoclonal Pertaining to a specific protein from a single clone of cells, all molecules of this protein being the same. monoclonal antibody Antibody produced by cloned cells derived from a single lymphocyte. monooxygenase mixed-function oxidase Enzyme that catalyzes reactions between an organic compound and molecular oxygen in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic compound and one atom is reduced to water; involved in the metabolism of many natural and foreign compounds giving both unreactive products and products of different or increased toxicity from that of the parent compound. Note:

Such enzymes are the main catalysts of phase 1 reactions in the metabolism of xenobiotics by the endoplasmic reticulum or by preparations of microsomes.

659

Monte Carlo simulation Analysis of a sequence of events using random numbers to generate possible outcomes in an iterative process. After [2] morbidity Any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological wellbeing: In this sense, “sickness”, “illness” and “morbid condition” are similarly defined and synonymous. morbidity rate Term (to be avoided) used loosely to refer to incidence or prevalence rates of disease. morbidity survey Method for the estimation of the prevalence and (or) incidence of a disease or diseases in a population. mordant Substance that fixes a dyestuff in or on a material by combining with the dye to form an insoluble compound, used to fix or intensify stains in a tissue or cell preparation. mortality Death as studied in a given population or subpopulation. Note:

The term “mortality” is often used incorrectly instead of “mortality rate”.

mortality rate ee death rate. mortality study Investigation dealing with death rates or proportion of deaths attributed to specific causes as a measure of response. mucociliary transport Process of removal of particles from the bronchi of the lungs in a mucus stream moved by cilia, thus contributing to uptake from the gastrointestinal tract. [2] Mulliken population analysis Partitioning scheme based on the use of density and overlap matrices, at one time used for allocating the electrons of a molecular entity in some fractional manner among its various parts (atoms, bonds, orbitals). [2] multicompartment model Product of a compartmental analysis requiring more than two compartments. [2] multifactorial disease Illness with pathogenesis dependent on complex interplay of genetic and (or) environmental factors. After [9] multigeneration study 1. Toxicity test in which two to three generations of the test organism are exposed to the substance being assessed. 2. Toxicity test in which only one generation is exposed and effects on subsequent generations are assessed.

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multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) idiopathic environmental intolerance Intolerance condition attributed to extreme sensitivity to various environmental chemicals, found in air, food, water, building materials, or fabrics. Note:

This syndrome is characterized by the patient’s belief that his or her symptoms are caused by very low-level exposure to environmental chemicals. The term “chemical” is used to refer broadly to many natural and man-made chemical agents, some of which have several chemical constituents. Several theories have been advanced to explain the cause of multiple chemical sensitivity, including allergy, toxic effects, and neurobiologic sensitization. There is insufficient scientific evidence to confirm a relationship between any of these possible causes and symptoms.

multiple (or multiphasic) screening Procedure that has evolved by combining single screening tests, and is the logical corollary of mass screening. Note 1:

Where much time and effort have been spent by a population in attending for a single test such as mass radiography, it is natural to consider the economy of offering other tests at the same time.

Note 2:

Multiple (or multiphasic) screening implies the administration of a number of tests, in combination, to large groups of people.

multipotent Of a cell, capable of giving rise to several different kinds of structure or types of cell. [2] multistage cluster sampling Cluster sampling with more than two stages, each sampling being made on aggregates (or clusters) in which the clusters already obtained by the preceding sampling have been divided. multistage model Doseresponse model for cancer death estimation of the form P 5 1-exp½ - ðqo 1 q1 d1 1 q2 d2 1 . . . 1 qk dk Þ where P is the probability of cancer death from a continuous dose rate, di, of group (or stage) i 5 0, 1, 2. . ., the q’s are constants, and k is the number of dose groups (or, if less than the number of dose groups, k is the number of biological stages believed to be required in the carcinogenesis process). With the multistage model, it is assumed that cancer is initiated by cell mutations in a finite series of steps. [2] multistage sampling Type of sampling in which the sample is selected by stages, the sampling units at

each stage being subsampled from the larger units chosen at the previous stage. multivariate statistics Set of statistical tools to analyze data matrices using regression and (or) pattern recognition techniques. [2] murine Of or belonging to the family of rats and mice (Muridae). mutagen Agent that can induce heritable changes (mutations) of the genotype in a cell as a consequence of alterations in or loss of genetic material. mutagenesis Induction (or generation) of heritable changes (mutations) of the genotype in a cell as a consequence of alterations or loss of genes or chromosomes (or parts thereof). mutagenicity Ability of a physical, chemical, or biological agent to induce (or generate) heritable changes (mutations) in the genotype in a cell as a consequence of alterations or loss of genes or chromosomes (or parts thereof). mutation Any relatively stable heritable change in genetic material that may be a chemical transformation of an individual gene (gene or point mutation), altering its function, or a rearrangement, gain, or loss of part of a chromosome, that may be microscopically visible (chromosomal mutation). Note:

Mutation can be either germinal, and inherited by subsequent generations, or somatic and passed through cell lineage by cell division.

myalgia Pain or tenderness in a muscle or group of muscles. myasthenia Muscular weakness. mycotoxin Toxin produced by a fungus. Note:

Examples are aflatoxins, ochratoxin, and patulin.

tricothecenes,

mydriasis Extreme dilation of the pupil of the eye, either as a result of normal physiological response or in response to a chemical exposure. myelosuppression Reduction of bone marrow activity leading to a lower concentration of platelets, red cells, and white cells in the blood. nanoparticle Microscopic particle whose size is measured in nanometers, often restricted to so-called nanosized particles (NSPs; ,100 nm in aerodynamic diameter), also called ultrafine particles. nanotoxicology Scientific discipline involving the study of the actual or potential danger presented by the harmful effects of nanoparticles on living organisms and ecosystems, of the relationship of such harmful

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

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effects to exposure, and of the mechanisms of action, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of intoxications.

nephrosis Disease of the kidneys marked by degeneration of renal tubular epithelium.

narcotic 1. Nonspecific usage—an agent that produces insensibility or stupor. 2. Specific usage—an opioid, any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions.

nephrotoxic Chemically harmful to the cells of the kidney.

natriuretic Substance increasing the rate of excretion of sodium ion in the urine. natural occurrence Presence of a substance in nature, as distinct from presence resulting from inputs from human activities. Note:

The contamination of the natural environment by some man-made compounds may be so widespread that it is practically impossible to get access to biota with a truly natural level; only “normal” levels can be measured, those which are usually prevalent in places where there is no obvious local contamination.

necropsy See autopsy. necro/sis n., /tic adj. Sum of morphological changes resulting from cell death by lysis and (or) enzymatic degradation, usually accompanied by inflammation and affecting groups of cells in a tissue. Note:

Not to be confused with apoptosis.

[2] negligible risk 1. Probability of adverse effects occurring that can reasonably be described as trivial. 2. Probability of adverse effects occurring that is so low that it cannot be reduced appreciably by increased regulation or investment of resources. nematicide nematocide Substance intended to kill nematodes. neonat/e n., /al adj. Infant during the first 4 weeks of postnatal life. Note:

For statistical purposes, some scientists have defined the period as the first 7 days of postnatal life. The precise definition varies from species to species.

neoplas/ia, -m New and abnormal formation of tissue as a tumor or growth by cell proliferation that is faster than normal and continues after the initial stimulus that initiated the proliferation has ceased. nephritis Inflammation of the kidney, leading to kidney failure, usually accompanied by proteinuria, hematuria, edema, and hypertension. nephropathy renopathy Any disease or abnormality of the kidney.

neural Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. neurologic shellfish poisoning (NSP) Serious illness that is a consequence of consumption of toxic bivalve shellfish (mollusks) such as mussels, oysters, and clams that have ingested, by filter feeding, large quantities of microalgae containing brevetoxin: Symptoms include gastroenteritis; rectal burning; paresthesias of the face, trunk, and limbs; myalgias; ataxia; vertigo; and reversal of hot/cold sensation. See also amnesic shellfish poisoning, diarrheal shellfish poisoning. neuron(e) Nerve cell, the morphological and functional unit of the central and peripheral nervous systems. neuropathy Any disease of the central or peripheral nervous system. neurotoxic/ adj., /ity n. Able to produce chemically an adverse effect on the nervous system: such effects may be subdivided into two types. 1. Central nervous system effects (including transient effects on mood or performance and presenile dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease). 2. Peripheral nervous system effects (such as the inhibitory effects of organophosphorus compounds on synaptic transmission). nitrification Sequential oxidation of ammonium salts to nitrite and nitrate by microorganisms. nitrosative stress Adverse effects occurring when the generation of reactive nitrogen species in a system exceeds the system’s ability to neutralize and eliminate them; nitrosative stress may lead to nitrosylation reactions that can alter protein structure, thus inhibiting normal function. no-acceptable-daily-intake-allocated This expression is applicable to a substance for which the available information is not sufficient to establish its safety, or when the specifications for identity and purity are not adequate, or when the available data show that the substance is hazardous and should not be used. Note:

The basis for the use of the expression should be determined before action is taken; in the first two cases above, not being able to allocate an ADI does not mean that the substance is unsafe.

n-octanol-water partition coefficient Obsolete for octan-1-ol-water partition coefficient. See octan-1-olwater partition coefficient.

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nodule Small node or boss that is solid and can be detected by touch. no-effect dose (NED) subthreshold dose Amount of a substance that has no effect on the organism. Note:

It is lower than the threshold of harmful effect and is estimated while establishing the threshold of harmful effect.

no-effect level (NEL) Maximum dose (of a substance) that produces no detectable changes under defined conditions of exposure. Note:

membrane and containing the genomic DNA, with the associated functions of transcription and processing. nuisance threshold Lowest concentration of an air pollutant that can be considered objectionable. nutritional table method Procedure for evaluating the dietary intake of a large number of people. Note 1:

The accuracy of the method depends on the accuracy with which records of the food consumption can be established and the accuracy of the nutritional tables specifying the concentration of various nutrients, vitamins, essential, and nonessential substances including pesticide residues.

Note 2:

For each record of quantity of food consumed during a certain time period, the daily intake of the substance in question is calculated by multiplying the substance concentration in the food item (as obtained from the nutritional table) by the quantity of food consumed and dividing by the time of observation.

This term tends to be substituted by noobserved-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) or no observed-effect level (NOEL).

non-bioenvironmental transformation Change in the chemical or physical nature of a substance occurring as a result of physicochemical conditions and independent of any biological system. nonionizing radiation Electromagnetic radiation of low energy that is not capable of causing ionization. nonoccupational exposure Environmental exposure outside the workplace to substances that are otherwise associated with particular work environments and (or) activities and processes that occur there. nonstochastic See deterministic. non-target organism Organism affected by a pesticide although not the intended object of its use. no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) Greatest concentration or amount of a substance, found by experiment or observation, which causes no detectable adverse alteration of morphology, functional capacity, growth, development, or life span of the target organism under defined conditions of exposure. no-observed-effect level (NOEL) Greatest concentration or amount of a substance, found by experiment or observation, that causes no alterations of morphology, functional capacity, growth, development, or life span of target organisms distinguishable from those observed in normal (control) organisms of the same species and strain under the same defined conditions of exposure. no-response level (NRL) Maximum dose of a substance at which no specified response is observed in a defined population and under defined conditions of exposure. nosocomial Associated with a hospital or infirmary, especially used of diseases that may result from treatment in such an institution. noxious substance See harmful substance. nucle/us (in cell biology) sing., /i pl. Compartment in the interphase eukaryotic cell bounded by a double

nychthemeral circadian Relating to or exhibiting a nychthemeron or 24-h period. nystagmus Involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement (horizontal, vertical, rotary, mixed) of the eyeball, usually caused by a disorder of the labyrinth of the inner ear or a malfunction of the central nervous system. objective environment Actual physical, chemical, and social environment as described by objective measurements, such as noise levels in decibels and concentrations of air pollutants. occupational environment Surrounding conditions at a workplace. occupational exposure Experience of substances, intensities of radiation, etc., or other conditions while at work. occupational exposure limit (OEL) Regulatory level of exposure to substances, intensities of radiation, etc., or other conditions, specified appropriately in relevant government legislation or related codes of practice. occupational exposure standard (OES) 1. Level of exposure to substances, intensities of radiation, etc., or other conditions considered to represent specified good practice and a realistic criterion for the control of exposure by appropriate plant design, engineering controls, and, if necessary, the addition and use of personal protective clothing.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

2. In UK, health-based exposure limit defined under COSHH Regulations as the concentration of any airborne substance, averaged over a reference period, at which, according to current knowledge, there is no evidence that it is likely to be injurious to employees, if they are exposed by inhalation, day after day, to that concentration, and set on the advice of the HSE Advisory Committee on Toxic Substances. occupational hygiene Identification, assessment, and control of physicochemical and biological factors in the workplace that may affect the health or wellbeing of those at work and in the surrounding community. occupational medicine Specialty devoted to the prevention and management of occupational injury, illness, and disability, and the promotion of the health of workers, their families, and their communities. occupational hygiene.

safety

and

health See

occupational

octan-1-olwater partition coefficient, Pow, Kow Ratio of the solubility of a chemical in octan-1-ol divided by its solubility in water. Note:

Measure of lipophilicity, used in the assessment of both the uptake and physiological distribution of organic chemicals and prediction of their environmental fate.

ocular Pertaining to the eye. odds Ratio of the probability of occurrence of an event to that of non-occurrence, or the ratio of the probability that something is so, to the probability that it is not so. odds ratio (OR) θ cross-product ratio relative odds Quotient obtained by dividing one set of odds by another. The terms “odds” or “odds ratio” are defined differently according to the situation under discussion. Consider the following notation for the distribution of a binary exposure and a disease in a population or a sample. Exposed

Nonexposed

Disease

a

b

No disease

c

d

The odds ratio (cross-product ratio) is ad/bc.

and a “rare” disease (say, under 2% cumulative incidence rate over the study period), ad/bc is an approximate estimate of the risk ratio. With incident cases, unbiased subject selection, and density sampling of controls, ad/bc is an estimate of the ratio of the person-time incidence rates (force of morbidity) in the exposed and unexposed. No rarity assumption is required for this. Note 2:

The disease-odds (rate-odds) ratio for a cohort or cross-section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed population (a/c) to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed (b/ d), which is equal to ad/bc and hence is equal to the exposure odds ratio for the cohort or cross-section.

Note 3:

The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally, as, for example, an odds ratio derived from studies of prevalent (rather than incident) cases.

Note 4:

The risk-odds ratio is the ratio of the odds in favor of getting disease, if exposed, to the odds in favor of getting disease if not exposed. The odds ratio derived from a cohort study is an estimate of this.

odor threshold odour threshold odor detection threshold In principle, the lowest concentration of an odorant in the air that can be detected by a human being. Note:

The exposure-odds ratio for a set of case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among the cases (a/b) to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases (c/d), which is equal to ad/(bc). With incident cases, unbiased subject selection,

In practice, a panel of “sniffers” is often used, and the threshold taken as the concentration at which 50% of the panel can detect the odorant (although some workers have also used 100% thresholds). The odor concentration at the detection threshold may be defined as one odor unit.

oedema See edema. olf Unit used to measure scent emission of people and objects; one olf is defined as the scent emission of an “average person”, a sitting adult who takes an average of 0.7 baths per day and whose skin has a total area of 1.8 m2; the scent emission of an object or person is measured by specially trained personnel comparing it to normed scents. Note:

Note 1:

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The olf should not be confused with the of unit of scent immission (as opposed to emission), the decipol, which also takes into account the ventilation system’s air volume flow.

olfactometer Apparatus for testing the power of the sense of smell.

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oligozoospermia Sperm concentration less than a reference value. [8] oliguria Excretion of a diminished amount of urine in relation to fluid intake. -omics, -omes Neologism referring to the fields of study in biology ending in the suffix -omics, such as genomics or proteomics: The related neologism-omes are the objects of study of the field such as the genome or proteome, respectively. oncogene Gene that can cause neoplastic (see neoplasia) transformation of a cell; oncogenes are slightly changed equivalents of normal genes known as proto-oncogenes. oncogenesis Production or causation of tumors. oncogenic Capable of producing tumors in animals, either benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). [9] one-compartment model Kinetic model, where the whole body is thought of as a single compartment in which the substance distributes rapidly, achieving an equilibrium between blood and tissue immediately. [2] one-hit model Doseresponse model of the form P 5 1-e-bd where P is the probability of cancer death from a continuous dose rate, d, and b is a constant. onycholysis Loosening or detachment of the nail from the nail bed following some destructive process. oogenesis Process of formation of the ovum (plural ova), the female gamete. operon Complete unit of gene expression and regulation, including structural genes, regulator gene(s), and control elements in DNA recognized by regulator gene product(s). ophthalmic Pertaining to the eye. organ dose Amount of a substance or physical agent (radiation) absorbed by an organ. organelle Microstructure or separated compartment within a cell that has a specialized function, for example, ribosome, peroxisome, lysosome, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, nucleolus, nucleus. organic carbon partition coefficient, Koc Measure of the tendency for organic substances to be adsorbed by soil or sediment, expressed as: ðmass adsorbed substanceÞ=ðmass organic carbonÞ Koc 5 ðmass concentration of absorbed substanceÞ

The Koc is substance-specific and is largely independent of soil properties. organoleptic 1. Relating to perception by a sensory organ. 2. Involving the use of sensory organs, e.g., organoleptic tests. osteo- Prefix meaning pertaining to bone. osteodystrophy Abnormal development of bone. osteogenesis Formation or development of bone. osteomalacia Condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. osteoporosis Significant decrease in bone mass with increased porosity and increased tendency to fracture. ovicide Substance intended to kill eggs. oxidative stress Adverse effects occurring when the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a system exceeds the system’s ability to neutralize and eliminate them; excess ROS can damage a cell’s lipids, protein, or DNA. palpitation 1. Unduly rapid or throbbing heartbeat that is noted by a patient; it may be regular or irregular. 2. Undue awareness by a patient of a heartbeat that is otherwise normal. Paralysis Loss or impairment of motor function. paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) Serious illness that is a consequence of consumption of toxic bivalve shellfish (mollusks) such as mussels, oysters, and clams that have ingested, by filter feeding, large quantities of microalgae containing saxitoxin or its derivatives. Note:

Initially there is tingling, numbness, and burning of the tongue and lips, which spreads to the face, neck, arms, fingertips, legs, and toes; this is followed by weakness of the upper and lower limbs, loss of motor coordination, and, in severe cases, paralysis.

para-occupational exposure 1. Exposure of a worker’s family to substances carried from the workplace to the home. 2. Exposure of visitors to substances in the workplace. parasympathetic Of, relating to, or affecting the parasympathetic nervous system which stimulates digestive secretions, slows the heart, constricts the pupils

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

of the eyes, and dilates blood vessels. See sympathetic nervous system. parasympatholytic Producing effects resembling those caused by interruption of the parasympathetic nerve; also called anticholinergic. parasympathomimetic cholinomimetic Producing effects resembling those caused by stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system. parenteral dosage Method of introducing substances into an organism avoiding the gastrointestinal tract (subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly, etc.). paresis Slight or incomplete paralysis. paresthesia paraesthesia Abnormal or unexplained tingling, pricking, or burning sensation on the skin. particulate matter (in atmospheric chemistry) 1. General term used to describe airborne solid or liquid particles of all sizes.

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passive sampler Device for taking samples of environmental media following diffusional contact with a suitable collecting material. See personal sampler. passive smoking Inhalation of sidestream smoke by people who do not smoke themselves. See also sidestream smoke. patch test Test for allergic sensitivity in which a suspected allergen is applied to the skin on a small surgical pad. Note:

Patch tests may be used to detect exposure to pesticides.

peak daily average concentration of an air pollutant See maximum average daily concentration of an atmospheric pollutant.

The term aerosol is recommended to describe airborne particulate matter.

penetration (in cell biology) 1. Action of entering or passing through a cell membrane. 2. Ability or power to enter or pass through a cell membrane.

2. Particles in air, usually of a defined size and specified as PMn where n is the maximum aerodynamic diameter (usually expressed in μm) of at least 50 % of the particles.

perceived environment perceived risk See subjective environment. percutaneous Through the skin following application on the skin.

partition coefficient Concentration of a substance in one phase divided by the concentration of the substance in the other phase when the heterogeneous system of two phases is in equilibrium.

perfusion (in physiology) 1. Act of pouring over or through, especially the passage of a fluid through the vessels of a specific organ. 2. Liquid poured over or through an organ or tissue.

Note:

[2]

The ratio of concentrations (or, strictly speaking, activities) of the same molecular species in the two phases is constant at constant temperature.

[2]

Note 2:

The octan-1-olwater partition coefficient is often used as a measure of the bioconcentration factor for modeling purposes.

peritoneal dialysis Method of artificial detoxication in which a toxic substance from the body is transferred into liquid that is instilled into the peritoneum.

Note 3:

This term is in common usage in toxicology but is not recommended by IUPAC for use in chemistry and should not be used as a synonym for partition constant, partition ratio, or distribution ratio.

Note 1:

[2]

partition ratio, KD Ratio of the concentration of a substance in a single definite form, A, in the extract to its concentration in the same form in the other phase at equilibrium, for example, for an aqueous/organic system: KD ðAÞ 5 ½Aorg =½Aaq [2]

perinatal Relating to the period shortly before and after birth, usually from the 20th to the 29th week of gestation to 1 to 4 weeks after birth.

Note:

Effectively, this represents the employment of the peritoneum surrounding the abdominal cavity as a dialyzing membrane for the purpose of removing waste products or toxins accumulated as a result of renal failure.

permeability Ability or power to enter or pass through a cell membrane. permeability coefficient, P Quantity defining the permeability of molecules across a cell membrane and expressed as P5

KD Δx

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where K is the partition coefficient, D is the diffusion coefficient, and Δx is the thickness of the cell membrane. Note:

SI units m s21; frequently used units cm s21, with units cm2 s21 for D, cm for Δx.

permeable Of a membrane, allowing a given substance to pass through. Note:

When applied to nonbiological membranes with no qualification, the term normally refers to water.

permeation Action of entering or passing through a cell membrane. permissible exposure limit (PEL) Recommendation by U.S. OSHA for a time-weighted average concentration that must not be exceeded during any 8-h work shift of a 40-h working week. peroxisome Organelle, similar to a lysosome, characterized by its content of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), and other oxidative enzymes. persistence Attribute of a substance that describes the length of time that the substance remains in a particular environment before it is physically removed or chemically or biologically transformed. persistent inorganic pollutant (PIP) Inorganic substance that is stable in the environment, is liable to long-range transport, may bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, and may have significant impacts on human health and the environment. Note 1:

Examples are arsenides, fluorides, cadmium salts, and lead salts.

Note 2:

Some inorganic chemicals, like crocidolite asbestos, are persistent in almost all circumstances, but others, like metal sulfides, are persistent only in unreactive environments; sulfides can generate hydrogen sulfide in a reducing environment or sulfates and sulfuric acid in oxidizing environments. As with organic substances, persistence is often a function of environmental properties.

by signing this convention, governments have agreed to take measures to eliminate or reduce the release of POPs into the environment. personal monitoring Type of environmental monitoring in which an individual’s exposure to a substance is measured and evaluated. Note:

This is normally carried out using a personal sampler.

personal protective device (PPD) individual protective device (IPD) personal protective equipment (PPE) Equipment (clothing, gloves, hard hat, respirator, etc.) worn by an individual to prevent exposure to a potentially toxic substance. personal sampler individual sampler Compact, portable instrument for individual air sampling, measuring, or both, the content of a harmful substance in the respiration zone of a working person. See also passive sampler. pest Organism that may harm public health, attacks food and other materials essential to mankind, or otherwise affects human beings adversely. pesticide A substance intended to kill pests. Note:

In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological, or plant pests.

pesticide residue Any substance or mixture of substances found in humans or animals or in food and water following use of a pesticide: the term includes any specified derivatives, such as degradation and conversion products, metabolites, reaction products, and impurities considered to be of toxicological significance. phagocytosis Process by which particulate material is endocytosed by a cell. [2] See also endocytosis, pinocytosis. pharmaceutical Medicinal drug.

persistent organic pollutant (POP) Organic chemical that is stable in the environment, is liable to longrange transport, may bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, and may have significant impacts on human health and the environment.

pharmacodynamics Process of interaction of pharmacologically active substances with target sites in living systems, and the biochemical and physiological consequences leading to therapeutic or adverse effects. [2]

Examples: dioxin, (TBTO).

pharmacogenetics Study of the influence of genetic factors on the effects of drugs on individual organisms. [2] pharmacogenomics Methods and science permitting identification of the genes which influence individual variation in the efficacy or toxicity of therapeutic

Note:

PCBs,

DDT,

tributyltin

oxide

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants was adopted at a Conference of Plenipotentiaries held from 22 to 23 May 2001 in Stockholm, Sweden;

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

agents, and the application of this information in clinical practice.

photooxidation Oxidation reactions induced by light. Common processes are:

[2]

1. Loss of one or more electrons from a chemical species as a result of photoexcitation of that species. 2. Reaction of a substance with oxygen under the influence of ultraviolet, visible, or infrared light. When oxygen remains in the product, this latter process is also called photooxygenation. Reactions in which neither the substrate nor the oxygen are electronically excited (i.e., photosensitized oxidations) are sometimes called photoinitiated oxidations.

pharmacokinetics 1. Process of the uptake of drugs by the body, the biotransformation they undergo, the distribution of the drugs and their metabolites in the tissues, and the elimination of the drugs and their metabolites from the body. 2. Study of such processes. [2] pharmacology Science of the use and effects of drugs: may be subdivided into pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics defined above. [2] pharynx Throat, the part of the digestive tract between the esophagus below and the mouth and nasal cavities above and in front. phase I reaction of biotransformation Enzymic modification of a substance by oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydration, dehydrochlorination, or other reactions catalyzed by enzymes of the cytosol, of the endoplasmic reticulum (microsomal enzymes), or of other cell organelles. See also cytochrome P450. phase II reaction of biotransformation Binding of a substance, or its metabolites from a phase I reaction, with endogenous molecules (conjugation), making more water-soluble derivatives that may be excreted in the urine or bile. Note:

Phase II reactions include glucuronidation, sulfation, acetylation, amino acid (e.g., glycine), and glutathione conjugation.

phase III reaction of biotransformation Further metabolism of conjugated metabolites produced by phase II reactions. [2] phenome Complete phenotypic description of an organism (by analogy with genome). phenotype Observable structural and functional characteristics of an organism determined by its genotype and modulated by its environment. pheromone See feromone. photo-irritation Inflammation of the skin caused by exposure to light, especially that due to metabolites formed in the skin by photolysis. photolysis Cleavage of one or more covalent bonds in a molecular entity resulting from absorption of light, or a photochemical process in which such cleavage is an essential part. Note:

[3]

Term often used incorrectly to describe irradiation of a sample, although in the combination flash photolysis this usage is accepted.

667

[3] photophobia Abnormal visual intolerance of light. photosensitization of skin Allergic reaction (see allergy) due to a metabolite formed by the influence of light. phototoxicity Adverse effects produced by exposure to light energy, especially those produced in the skin. physical map (in genetics) Map showing how much DNA, measured in base pairs, separates two genes. Note:

Not to be confused with a genetic map which shows the position of genes in relation to each other, based on the frequency of crossing overs.

physiological availability See bioavailability. physiological pharmacokinetic model See physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK) toxicologically based pharmacokinetic modeling Mathematical modeling of kinetic behavior of a substance, based on measured physiological parameters. [2] pinocytosis Type of endocytosis in which soluble materials are taken up by the cell and incorporated into vesicles for digestion. [2] piscicide Substance intended to kill fish. pivotal study See critical study. placentation 1. Formation of a placenta in the uterus. 2. Type or structure of a placenta. 3. In botany, arrangement of placentas within the plant ovary. plasma (in biology) 1. Fluid component of blood in which the blood cells and platelets are suspended. 2. Fluid component of semen produced by the accessory glands, the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbo-urethral glands.

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3. Cell substance outside the nucleus (i.e., the cytoplasm). plasma half life See elimination half life. plasmapheresis Removal of blood from the body and centrifuging it to obtain plasma and packed red blood cells: The blood cells are resuspended in a physiologically compatible solution (usually type-specific fresh frozen plasma or albumin) and returned to the donor or injected into a patient who requires blood cells rather than whole blood. plasmid Autonomous self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecule present in bacteria and yeast. Note 1:

Plasmids replicate autonomously each time a bacterium divides and are transmitted to the daughter cells.

Note 2:

DNA segments are commonly cloned using plasmid vectors.

After [9] pleura Lining of the lung. ploidy Term indicating the number of sets of chromosomes present in an organism. plumbism saturnism Chronic poisoning caused by absorption of lead or lead salts. pneumoconiosis Usually fibrosis of the lungs that develops owing to (prolonged) inhalation of inorganic or organic dusts. Note: Cause-specific types of pneumoconiosis are: 1. anthracosis: from coal dust 2. asbestosis: from asbestos dust 3. byssinosis: from cotton dust 4. siderosis: from iron dust 5. silicosis: from silica dust 6. stannosis: from tin dust pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung.

pollutant Any undesirable solid, liquid, or gaseous matter in a solid, liquid, or gaseous environmental medium. Note 1:

“Undesirability” is often concentrationdependent, low concentrations of most substances being tolerable or even essential in many cases.

Note 2:

A primary pollutant is one emitted into the atmosphere, water, sediments, or soil from an identifiable source.

Note 3:

A secondary pollutant is a pollutant formed by chemical reaction in the atmosphere, water, sediments, or soil.

pollution Introduction of pollutants into a solid, liquid, or gaseous environmental medium, the presence of pollutants in a solid, liquid, or gaseous environmental medium, or any undesirable modification of the composition of a solid, liquid, or gaseous environmental medium. polyclonal antibody Antibody produced by a number of different cell types. polydipsia Chronic excessive thirst. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Technique by which specific DNA segments are amplified selectively using cycles of annealing, chain extension, and thermal dissociation. After [9] polymorphism in metabolism polymorphia (in metabolism) Interindividual variations in metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds due to genetic influences, leading to enhanced side effects or toxicity of drugs (e.g., poor vs. fast metabolizers) or to different clinical effects (metabolism of steroid hormones). polyuria Excessive production and discharge of urine. population (in statistics) Totality of related items under consideration. Note 1:

A clearly defined part of a population is called a subpopulation. The term “population segment” is sometimes used as a synonym for subpopulation.

Note 2:

In the case of a random variable, the probability distribution is considered as defining the population of that variable.

point mutation Change in a single base pair in DNA. point source Single emission source in a defined location. poison (in toxicology) Substance that, taken into or formed within the organism, impairs the health of the organism and may kill it. poison-bearing Containing a poison. poisoning intoxication Morbid condition produced by a poison.

population (in epidemiology) Assemblage of individuals with defined characteristics. population at risk Persons who can and may develop an adverse health effect and who are potentially exposed to a substance under study. People already having

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

chronic disease are excluded from the population at risk in studies of the incidence of the adverse effect.

their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.”

[2] population critical concentration (PCC) Concentration of a substance in the critical organ at which a specified percentage of the exposed population has reached the individual critical organ concentration. Note:

The percentage is indicated by PCC-10 for 10%, PCC-50 for 50%, etc. (similar to the use of the term LD50).

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precision (in metrology) Closeness of agreement between indications obtained by replicate measurements on the same or similar objects under specified conditions. Note:

population effect Absolute number or incidence rate of cases occurring in a group of people. population risk See societal risk.

Measurement precision is usually expressed numerically by measures of imprecision, such as standard deviation, variance, or coefficient of variation under the specified conditions of measurement.

porphin(e) See porphyrin.

[7]

porphyria Disturbance of porphyrin metabolism characterized by increased formation, accumulation, and excretion of porphyrins and their precursors.

precordial Pertaining to the region over the heart and lower thorax.

porphyrin porphin(e) Natural pigment containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the α-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure. posology Pharmacological study of the choice of appropriate dose of a drug in relation to the physiological factors, such as age, that may influence its effect. post-translational modification Processes by which proteins are biochemically modified within a cell following their synthesis on the ribosomes. potency (in toxicology) Expression of relative toxicity of an agent as compared to a given or implied standard or reference. potentiation Dependent action in which a substance or physical agent at a concentration or dose that does not itself have an adverse effect enhances the harm done by another substance or physical agent. See also synergism. practical certainty (of safety) Numerically specified low risk of exposure to a potentially toxic substance (e.g., 1 in 1000) or socially acceptable low risk of adverse effects from such an exposure applied to decision making in regard to chemical safety. precautionary principle Approach to risk management that can be applied in circumstances of scientific uncertainty, reflecting a perceived need to take action in the face of a potentially serious risk without waiting for definitive results of scientific research. Note:

The 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development says: “In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by states according to

precursor Substance from which another, usually more biologically active, substance is formed. predicted environmental concentration (PEC) predicted exposure concentration (PEC) See estimated environmental concentration. predicted exposure concentration (PEC) See estimated environmental concentration. predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) Concentration that is expected to cause no adverse effect to any naturally occurring population in an environment at risk from exposure to a given substance. predictive validity Reliability of a measurement expressed in terms of its ability to predict the criterion: An example would be an academic aptitude test that was validated against subsequent academic performance. predictive value Percentage of positive results that are true positives or of negative results that are true negatives. premature ovarian failure Follicular depletion by the age of 35 years. [8] preneoplastic Before the formation of a tumor. prevalence Number of instances of existing cases of a given disease or other condition in a given population at a designated time; sometimes used to mean prevalence rate. Note:

When used without qualification, refers usually to the situation at a specified time (point prevalence).

prevalence rate (ratio) Total number of individuals who have an attribute or disease at a particular time

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(or during a particular period) divided by the population at risk of having the attribute or disease at this point in time or midway through the period.

it enters an organism and undergoes chemical modification.

primary pollutant See pollutant.

prophage Latent state of a phage genome in a lysogenic bacterium.

prior informed consent (PIC) Concept in law and medicine that states that before one is subjected to a risk, especially a risk of bodily harm, one is entitled to be fully informed well in advance of the nature of that risk in order to make an informed decision about whether to accept it or not.

proportional mortality rate (ratio) Proportion of observed deaths from a specified condition in a defined population divided by the proportion of deaths expected from this condition in a standard population, expressed either on an age-specific basis or after age adjustment.

primary protection standard Accepted maximum level of a pollutant (or its indicator) in the target organism, or some part thereof, or an accepted maximum intake of a pollutant or nuisance into the target under specified circumstances.

prospective cohort study See cohort study.

probability sample See random sample. probit Probability unit obtained by adding 5 to the normal deviates of a standardized normal distribution of results from a doseresponse study. Note 1:

Addition of 5 removes the complication of handling negative values.

Note 2:

A plot of probit against the logarithm of dose or concentration gives a linear plot if the response follows a logarithmic normal distribution. Estimates of the LD50 and ED50 (or LC50 and EC50) can be obtained from this plot.

prosthetic group Nonprotein entity essential for an enzyme’s activity and tightly bound to the enzyme molecule in its active form. [2] proteinuria Excretion of excessive amounts of protein (derived from blood plasma or kidney tubules) in the urine. proteome Description of the complete set of proteins encoded by the genome. [2] proteomics Global analysis of gene expression using a variety of techniques to identify and characterize proteins. Note:

procarcinogen Substance that has to be metabolized before it becomes a carcinogen. [2] prodrug Precursor converted to an active form of a drug within the body. [2] progression (in oncology) Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. prokaryote Unicellular organism, characterized by the absence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus. Note:

Prokaryotes include bacteria, bluegreen algae, and mycoplasmas.

promoter (in molecular genetics) Sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule to which RNA polymerase binds so as to start transcription. promoter (in oncology) Agent that induces cancer when administered to an animal or human being who has been exposed to a cancer initiator. promotor Erroneous spelling of promoter (in molecular genetics), found in some literature. pro-pesticide Substance applied in a form that is not active as a pesticide and which becomes active once

It can be used to study changes caused by exposure to chemicals and to determine if changes in mRNA expression correlate with changes in protein expression: the analysis may also show changes in post-translational modification, which cannot be distinguished by mRNA analysis alone.

[2] provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) See tolerable weekly intake. pseudo-acceptable daily intake (PADI) Intake for a substance derived by applying a thousandfold uncertainty factor to the lowest low-effect level for noncarcinogenic endpoints. pseudoadaptation Apparent adaptation of an organism to changing conditions of the environment (especially chemical) associated with stresses in biochemical systems that exceed the limits of normal (homeostatic) mechanisms. Note:

Essentially, there is a temporary concealed pathology that later on can be manifested in the form of explicit pathological changes sometimes referred to as “decompensation”.

psychosis Any major mental disorder characterized by derangement of the personality and loss of contact with reality.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

psychotropic Exerting an effect upon the mind and capable of modifying mental activity. public health impact assessment Applying risk assessment to a specific target population of known size, giving as the end product a quantitative statement about the number of people likely to be affected in a particular population. pulmonary Pertaining to the lung(s). [2] purgative See laxative. pyrexia Condition in which the temperature of a human being or mammal is above normal. pyrogen Any substance that produces fever.

radiation toxicology Scientific study involving research, education, prevention, and treatment of diseases caused by ionizing or nonionizing radiation. raˆles See crepitations. random sample probability sample Antonym: biased sample Subset of units of a population that is arrived at by selecting units such that each possible unit has a fixed and known probability of selection. rate (in epidemiology) Measure of the frequency with which an event occurs in a defined population in a specified period of time.

quality assurance All those planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product or service will satisfy given requirements for quality. quality control 1. Operational techniques and activities that are used to fulfill requirements for quality. 2. In toxicology, procedures incorporated in experimental protocols to reduce the possibility of error, especially human error. Note:

quantal effect all-or-none effect Antonym: graded effect Condition that can be expressed only as “occurring” or “not occurring”, such as death or occurrence of a tumor. quantitative structureactivity relationship (QSAR) Quantitative structurebiological activity model derived using regression analysis and containing as parameters physicochemical constants, indicator variables, or theoretically calculated values. Note:

Note 1:

Most such rates are ratios, calculated by dividing a numerator (e.g., the number of deaths) or newly occurring cases of a disease in a given period, by a denominator, (e.g., the average population during that period).

Note 2:

Some rates are proportions, i.e., the numerator is contained within the denominator (as when a number of patients with a given disease is divided by the total population from which they come).

This is a requirement of good laboratory practice.

quantal Describing a condition that can be expressed only as “occurring” or “not occurring”, such as death. [2]

The term is extended by some authors to include chemical reactivity, i.e., activity and reactivity are regarded as synonyms. This extension is discouraged.

[2] rate constant, k rate coefficient Numerical constant in a rate-of-reaction (v) equation; for example, v 5 k [A] α [B] β. . .. . .where [A], [B] etc. are reactant concentrations, k is the rate constant, and α, β, etc. are corresponding empirical constants. Note:

radiant power Power emitted, transferred, or received as radiation.

For further consideration of the relevant mathematics, see [3].

rate-controlling step rate-determining step ratelimiting step In a reaction occurring by a composite reaction sequence, an elementary reaction, the rate constant for which exerts a strong effect—stronger than that of any other rate constant—on the overall rate. Note 1:

It is recommended that the expressions rate-controlling, rate-determining, and ratelimiting be regarded as synonymous, but some special meanings sometimes given to the last two expressions are considered under a separate heading.

Note 2:

For further consideration of this term, see [3].

[2] quantitative structuremetabolism relationship (QSMR) Quantitative association between the physicochemical and (or) the structural properties of a substance and its metabolic behavior. [2]

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After [3] rate-determining step See rate-controlling step.

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rate difference (RD) Absolute difference between two rates. Note 1:

Note 2:

For example, the difference in incidence rate between a population group exposed to a causal factor and a population group not exposed to the factor. In comparisons of exposed and unexposed groups, the term excess rate may be used as a synonym for rate difference.

rate-limiting step See rate-controlling step. rate ratio (in epidemiology) (RR) Value obtained by dividing the rate in an exposed population by the rate in an unexposed population. ratticide Substance intended to kill rats. reabsorption (in biology) Absorption by a living organism of a substance which it has previously absorbed and then released (e.g., the uptake of a substance from the proximal renal tubule following glomerular filtration). reactive nitrogen species (RNS) Radical nitrogenbased molecules that can act to facilitate nitrosylation reactions; reactive nitrogen species include dioxidonitrogen (•) (nitrogen dioxide, nitryl radical) NO2 , oxidonitrogen(•) (nitrogen monoxide, nitrosyl radical) NO• oxidonitrogen(1 1 ) (nitrosyl cation) NO1, hydroxyoxidonitrogen (nitrous acid) HNO2, and oxidonitrate(1 2 ) NO2. reactive oxygen species (ROS) Intermediates in the reduction of molecular dioxygen O2 to water. Note:

Examples are superoxide O2 2 , hydrogen peroxide H2O2, and hydroxyl HO•.

[2] readily biodegradable Arbitrary classification of substances that have passed certain specified screening tests for ultimate biodegradability; these tests are so stringent that such compounds will be rapidly and completely biodegraded in a wide variety of aerobic environments. See also biodegradation. reasonable maximum exposure (RME) Highest exposure that is reasonably expected to occur. Note:

Typically, the 95% upper confidence limit of the toxicant distribution is used: If only a few data points (610) are available, the maximum detected concentration is used.

recalcitrance Ability of a substance to remain in a particular environment in an unchanged form. receptor Molecular structure in or on a cell which specifically recognizes and binds to a compound and

acts as a physiological signal transducer or mediator of an effect. [2] receptor-mediated endocytosis Endocytosis of a substance and its receptor following receptor binding. [2] recessive gene Allele which in the heterozygous state is expected to have no effect on the phenotype of the organism which carries it. After [9] recombinant DNA DNA made by transplanting or splicing DNA into the DNA of host cells in such a way that the modified DNA can be replicated in the host cells in a normal fashion. recombinant DNA technology Methods involving the use of restriction enzymes to cleave DNA at specific sites, allowing sections of DNA molecules to be inserted into plasmid or other vectors and cloned in an appropriate host organism (e.g., a bacterial or yeast cell). After [9] recommended exposure level (REL) (in toxicology) Highest allowable regulatory airborne concentration. Note:

This exposure concentration is not expected to injure workers. It may be expressed as a ceiling limit or as a time-weighted average (TWA).

reconstitution Restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage. [2] recovery 1. Process leading to partial or complete restoration of a cell, tissue, organ, or organism following its damage from exposure to a harmful substance or agent. 2. Term used in analytical and preparative chemistry to denote the fraction of the total quantity of a substance recoverable following a chemical procedure. recovery factor Fraction or percentage of the total quantity of a substance extracted under specified conditions. recycling (of waste) Process or method allowing for the recovery of some value from a waste, either as reusable material or as energy. reference concentration (RfC) An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a continuous inhalation exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups which include children, asthmatics, and the elderly) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. Note:

It can be derived from various types of human or animal data such as NOAEL,

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

LOAEL, or benchmark concentration, with uncertainty factors generally applied to reflect limitations of the data used. It is generally used in USEPA’s noncancer health assessments. reference distribution Statistical distribution of reference values. reference dose (RfD) An estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily oral exposure to the human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. Note:

It can be derived from a NOAEL, LOAEL, or benchmark dose, with uncertainty factors generally applied to reflect limitations of the data used. It is generally used in USEPA’s noncancer health assessments.

reference group See reference sample group. reference individual Person selected with the use of defined criteria for comparative purposes in a clinical study. reference interval Area between and including two reference limits, for example, the percentiles 2.5 and 97.5. reference limit Boundary value defined so that a stated fraction of the reference values is less than or exceeds that boundary value with a stated probability. reference material (RM) sufficiently homogeneous and stable regarding one or more properties, used in calibration, in assignment of a value to another material, or in quality assurance. [7] reference population Group of all reference individuals used to establish criteria against which a population that is being studied can be compared. reference sample group Selected reference individuals, statistically adequate numerically to represent the reference population. reference value Quantity value, generally accepted as having a suitably small measurement uncertainty, to be used as a basis for comparison with values of quantities of the same kind. [14] regioselectiv/ity n., -e adj. Terms referring to a reaction in which one direction of bond making or breaking occurs preferentially over all other possible directions. Note:

Reactions are termed completely (100 %) regioselective if the discrimination is complete, or partially (x %), if the product of

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reaction at one site predominates over the product of reaction at other sites. [2] regression analysis Statistical methods for modeling a set of dependent variables, Y, in terms of combinations of predictors, X. [2] regulatory dose Term used by the USEPA to describe the expected dose resulting from human exposure to a substance at the level at which it is regulated in the environment. regulatory sequence DNA sequence to which specific proteins bind to activate or repress the expression of a gene. relative excess risk (RER) Measure that can be used in comparison of adverse reactions to drugs, or other exposures, based solely on the component of risk due to the exposure or drug under investigation, removing the risk due to background exposure experienced by all in the population. The relative excess risk, R, is given by R 5 ðR1 -R0 Þ=ðR2 -R0 Þ where R1 is the rate in the population, R2 is the rate in the comparison population, and R0 is the rate in the general population. Note:

Rate is used here as in epidemiology.

[2] relative odds See odds ratio. relative risk (RR) risk ratio rate ratio 1. Ratio of the risk of disease or death among the exposed to the risk among the unexposed. 2. Ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed. relative systemic availability Quantity of metabolizable substance divided by product of quantity of absorbed substance and exposure. [2] remediation 1. Giving a remedy. 2. Removal of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water for the general protection of human health and the environment. remedy Anything, such as a medicine or therapy, that relieves pain, cures disease, or corrects a disorder. renal Pertaining to the kidneys. [2]

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renal plasma flow Volume of plasma passing through the kidneys in unit time. [2]

reproductive toxicology Study of the nonheritable adverse effects of substances on male and female reproductive function or capacity and on resultant progeny.

renopathy See nephropathy.

reserve capacity Physiological or biochemical capacity that may be available to maintain homeostasis when the body or an organism is exposed to an environmental change.

repeatability measurement repeatability Measurement precision under repeatability conditions of measurement. [14] repeatability condition repeatability condition of measurement Condition of measurement in a set of conditions including the same measurement procedure, operator, measuring system, operating conditions, and location, and replicated measurements over a short period of time. [14] repellent Substance used mainly to repel bloodsucking insects in order to protect humans and animals. Note:

This term may also be used for substances used to repel mammals, birds, rodents, mites, plant pests, etc.

replicate sampling Act of taking multiple samples concurrently under comparable conditions. Note:

Replicate sampling may be accomplished by taking samples adjacent in time or space.

replication 1. Duplicated or repeated performance of an experiment under similar (controlled) conditions to reduce to a minimum the error, and to estimate the variations and thus obtain a more precise result: Each determination, including the first, is called a replicate. 2. Process whereby the genetic material is duplicated. reproducibility measurement reproducibility Measurement precision under reproducibility conditions of measurement. [14] reproducibility condition reproducibility condition of measurement Condition of measurement in a set of conditions including different locations, operators, and measuring systems. Note 1:

The different measuring systems may use different measurement procedures.

Note 2:

A specification should give the conditions changed and unchanged, to the extent practical.

reservoir (in biology) Storage compartment from which a substance may be released with subsequent biological effects. [2] residence time See mean residence time. residual risk Health risk remaining after risk reduction actions are implemented. [2] residual time See mean residence time. residue Contaminant remaining in an organism or in other material such as food or packaging, following exposure. resistance (in toxicology) Ability to withstand the effect of various factors, including potentially toxic substances. resorption (in biology) Process in which the components of some differentiated structure that has been produced by the body undergo lysis and assimilation. Note:

resorptive effect Action of a substance after its reabsorption from the gut into the blood. respirable dust respirable particles Mass fraction of dust (particles) that penetrates to the unciliated airways of the lung (the alveolar region). Note:

This fraction is represented by a cumulative log-normal curve having a median aerodynamic diameter of 4 μm, standard deviation 2 μm (values for humans).

[2] response Proportion of an exposed population with a defined effect or the proportion of a group of individuals that demonstrates a defined effect in a given time at a given dose rate. restriction enzymes Endonucleases that recognize specific base sequences within a DNA helix, creating a double-strand break of DNA. Note:

[14] reproductive toxicant Substance or preparation that produces nonheritable adverse effects on male and female reproductive function or capacity and on resultant progeny.

Specifically in developmental toxicology, term applied to the lysis and assimilation of the fetus caused by chemical or biological stress of the pregnant mother.

[3]

Type I restriction enzymes bind to these recognition sites but subsequently cut the DNA at different sites. Type II restriction enzymes both bind and cut within their recognition or target sites.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

retention 1. Amount of a substance that is left from the total absorbed after a certain time following exposure. 2. Holding back within the body or within an organ, tissue, or cell of matter that is normally eliminated. retrospective study Research design used to test etiological hypotheses in which inferences about exposure to the putative causal factor(s) are derived from data relating to characteristics of the persons or organisms under study or to events or experiences in their past. Note:

The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or other outcome condition of interest, and their characteristics and past experiences are compared with those of other, unaffected persons. Persons who differ in the severity of the disease may also be compared.

returned effect of poisons Enhancement of the doseeffect relationship for a poison following repeated exposure to decreasing doses. reverse mutation (back mutation) Mutation in a mutant allele which makes it capable of producing the nonmutant phenotype; this may result from restoration of the original DNA sequence of the gene or from production of a new DNA sequence which has the same effect. reverse transcription Process by which an RNA molecule is used as a template to make a single-stranded DNA copy. reversible alteration Change from normal structure or function, induced by a substance or other agent(s), that returns to normal status or within normal limits after cessation of exposure. rhabdomyolysis Acute, fulminating, potentially lethal disease of skeletal muscle that causes disintegration of striated muscle fibers as evidenced by myoglobin in the blood and urine. rhinitis Inflammation of the nasal mucosa. rhonch/us sing., /i pl. Harsh crepitation in the throat, often resembling snoring. ribonucleic acid (RNA) Linear, usually singlestranded, polymer of ribonucleotides, each containing the sugar ribose in association with a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil. Note:

RNA encodes the information for the sequence of amino acids in proteins synthesized using it as a template.

risk 1. Probability of adverse effects caused under specified circumstances by an agent in an organism, a population, or an ecological system.

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2. Probability of a hazard causing an adverse effect. 3. Expected frequency of occurrence of a harmful event arising from such an exposure. After [2] risk assessment Identification and quantification of the risk resulting from a specific use or occurrence of a chemical or physical agent, taking into account possible harmful effects on individuals or populations exposed to the agent in the amount and manner proposed and all the possible routes of exposure. Note:

Quantification ideally requires the establishment of doseeffect and doseresponse relationships in likely target individuals and populations.

risk assessment management process Global term for the whole process from hazard identification to risk management. risk associated with a lifetime exposure Probability of the occurrence of a specified undesirable event following exposure of an individual person from a given population to a specified substance at a defined level for the expected lifetime of the average member of that population. risk aversion Tendency of an individual person to avoid risk. risk characterization Outcome of hazard identification and risk estimation applied to a specific use of a substance or occurrence of an environmental health hazard. Note:

Risk characterization requires quantitative data on the exposure of organisms or people at risk in the specific situation. The end product is a quantitative statement about the proportion of organisms or people affected in a target population.

risk communication Interpretation and communication of risk assessments in terms that are comprehensible to the general public or to others without specialist knowledge. risk de minimis negligible risk Risk that is negligible and too small to be of societal concern (usually assumed to be a probability below 1025 or 1026). Note 1:

This term can also mean “virtually safe”.

Note 2:

In the United States, this is a legal term used to mean “negligible risk to the individual”.

risk estimation Assessment, with or without mathematical modeling, of the probability and nature of effects of exposure to a substance based on quantification of doseeffect and doseresponse relationships for that substance and the population(s) and environmental components likely to be exposed and on

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assessment of the levels of potential exposure of people, organisms, and environment at risk. risk evaluation Establishment of a qualitative or quantitative relationship between risks and benefits, involving the complex process of determining the significance of the identified hazards and estimated risks to those organisms or people concerned with or affected by them. risk identification Recognition of a potential hazard and definition of the factors required to assess the probability of exposure of organisms or people to that hazard and of harm resulting from such exposure. risk indicator See risk marker. risk management Decision-making process involving considerations of political, social, economic, and engineering factors with relevant risk assessments relating to a potential hazard so as to develop, analyze, and compare regulatory options and to select the optimal regulatory response for safety from that hazard. Note:

Essentially risk management is the combination of three steps: risk evaluation; emission and exposure control; risk monitoring.

hazardous event by the probability of occurrence of another. Note:

risk-specific dose Amount of exposure corresponding to a specified level of risk. RNA See ribonucleic acid. rodenticide Substance intended to kill rodents. route of exposure Means by which a toxic agent gains access to an organism by administration through the gastrointestinal tract (ingestion), lungs (inhalation), skin (topical), or by other routes such as intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal routes. S9 fraction Supernatant fraction obtained from an organ (usually liver) homogenate by centrifuging at 9000 g for 20 min in a suitable medium; this fraction contains cytosol and microsomes. safety Reciprocal of risk: practical certainty that injury will not result from a hazard under defined conditions. Note 1:

Safety of a drug or other substance in the context of human health: the extent to which a substance may be used in the amount necessary for the intended therapeutic purpose with a minimum risk of adverse health effects.

Note 2:

Safety (toxicological): The high probability that injury will not result from exposure to a substance under defined conditions of quantity and manner of use, ideally controlled to minimize exposure.

risk marker risk indicator Attribute that is associated with an increased probability of occurrence of a disease or other specified outcome and that can be used as an indicator of this increased risk. Note:

A risk marker is not necessarily a causal factor.

risk monitoring Process of following up the decisions and actions within risk management in order to check whether the aims of reduced exposure and risk are achieved. risk perception Subjective perception of the gravity or importance of the risk based on a person’s knowledge of different risks and the moral, economic, and political judgment of their implications. risk phrases Word groups identifying potential health or environmental hazards required under CPL Directives (European Community); may be incorporated into Safety Data Sheets. risk quotient Ratio of predicted environmental concentration to predicted no-effect concentration. Note:

The higher this value above 1, the greater the risk. If the value is below 1, there should be no risk as a result of the predicted exposure.

risk ratio Value obtained by dividing the probability of occurrence of a specific effect in one group by the probability of occurrence of the same effect in another group, or the value obtained by dividing the probability of occurrence of one potentially

Calculation of such ratios is used in choosing between options in risk management.

safety data sheet Single page giving toxicological and other safety advice, usually associated with a particular preparation, substance, or process. safety factor (SF) See uncertainty factor. safety pharmacology Science directed to the discovery, development, and safe therapeutic use of biologically active substances as a result of the identification, monitoring, and characterization of potentially undesirable pharmacodynamic activities of these substances in nonclinical studies. saluretic See natriuretic. sample (in statistics) 1. Group of individuals often taken at random from a population for research purposes. 2. One or more items taken from a population or a process and intended to provide information on the population or process. 3. Portion of material selected from a larger quantity so as to be representative of the whole.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

sampling error That part of the total error (the estimate from a sample minus the population value) associated with using only a fraction of the population and extrapolating to the whole, as distinct from analytical or test error. Note:

Sampling error arises from a lack of homogeneity in the parent population.

[2] sarcoma Malignant tumor arising in a connective tissue and composed primarily of anaplastic cells resembling supportive tissue (see anaplasia).

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stimulation of a receptor by an agonist, considered as the “first messenger”. [2] secretion 1. Process by which a substance such as a hormone or enzyme produced in a cell is passed through a plasma membrane to the outside, for example, the intestinal lumen or the blood (internal secretion). 2. Solid, liquid, or gaseous material passed from the inside of a cell through a plasma membrane to the outside as a result of cell activity.

saturable elimination Elimination that becomes concentration-independent at a concentration at which the elimination process is functioning maximally. [2]

sedative Substance that exerts a soothing or tranquillizing effect.

saturnia Pain in a joint resulting from lead poisoning.

self-purification of the atmosphere Purification of the atmosphere from contaminants by natural biological and physicochemical processes.

saturnism plumbism Intoxication caused by lead. Scatchard plot Method for analyzing data for freely reversible ligand/receptor binding interactions.

self-cleaning of water (in a reservoir) Water purification by natural biological and physicochemical processes.

semichronic See subchronic.

The graphical plot is [bound ligand]/[free ligand] against [bound ligand], with slope the negative reciprocal of the binding affinity and intercept on the x-axis the number of receptors.

semiochemical Substance produced by plants or animals, or a synthetic analogue thereof, that evokes a behavioral response in individuals of the producing species or other species (e.g., allomones, kairomones, pheromones, and synomones).

scotoma Area of diminished or lost vision within the visual field, surrounded by an area of less affected or normal vision.

semipermeable (selectively or differentially permeable) membrane Membrane that will preferentially allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it while preventing the passage of others.

Note:

[2]

sclerosis Hardening of an organ or tissue, especially that due to excessive growth of fibrous tissue. screening 1. Carrying out of a test(s), examination(s), or procedure(s) in order to expose undetected abnormalities, unrecognized (incipient) diseases, or defects: Examples are mass X-rays and cervical smears. 2. Pharmacological or toxicological screening consists of a specified set of procedures to which a series of compounds is subjected to characterize pharmacological and toxicological properties and to establish doseeffect and doseresponse relationships. screening level Decision limit or cut-off point at which a screening test is regarded as positive. secondary metabolite Product of biochemical processes other than the normal metabolic pathways, mostly produced in microorganisms or plants after the phase of active growth and under conditions of nutrient deficiency. secondhand smoke See sidestream smoke. second messenger Intracellular effector substance increasing or decreasing as a result of the

sensibilization See sensitization. sensitivity (in metrology and analytical chemistry), 1. Quotient of the change in the indication and the corresponding change in the value of the quantity being measured. [7] 2. Slope of the calibration curve. If the curve is in fact a “curve”, rather than a straight line, then of course sensitivity will be a function of analyte concentration or amount. If sensitivity is to be a unique performance characteristic, it must depend only on the chemical measurement process, not upon scale factors. [3] sensitivity (of a screening test) Extent (usually expressed as a percentage) to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. Note 1:

The fewer the false negatives, the greater the sensitivity.

Note 2:

Quantitatively, sensitivity is the proportion of truly diseased persons in the screened population who are identified as diseased by the screening test.

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sensitization Immune response whereby individuals become hypersensitive to substances, pollen, dandruff, or other agents that make them develop a potentially harmful allergy when they are subsequently exposed to the sensitizing material (allergen). sensitizer Substance causing sensitization. sensory effect level 1. Intensity, where the detection threshold level is defined as the lower limit of the perceived intensity range (by convention, the lowest concentration that can be detected in 50% of the cases in which it is present). 2. Quality, where the recognition threshold level is defined as the lowest concentration at which the sensory effect can be recognized correctly in 50% of the cases. 3. Acceptability and annoyance, where the nuisance threshold level is defined as the concentration at which not more than a small proportion of the population, less than 5%, experiences annoyance for a small part of the time, less than 2%. Note:

Since annoyance will be influenced by a number of factors, a nuisance threshold level cannot be set on the basis of concentration alone.

serum Clear watery fluid especially that moistens the surface of serous membranes or that exudes through inflammation of any of these membranes. [2] serum blood serum Watery proteinaceous portion of the blood that remains after clotting. [2] shellfish poisoning Serious illness which is a consequence of consumption of bivalve shellfish (mollusks) such as mussels, oysters, and clams that have ingested, by filter feeding, large quantities of microalgae. See amnesic shellfish poisoning, diarrheal shellfish poisoning, neurologic shellfish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning. short-term effect See acute effect. short-term exposure limit (STEL) Fifteen-minute timeweighted average (TWA) exposure recommended by ACGIH which should not be exceeded at any time during a workday, even if the 8-h TWA is within the threshold limit value: time-weighted average, TLV-TWA. Note:

Workers can be exposed to a maximum of four STEL periods per 8-h shift, with at least 60 min between exposure periods.

[2] short-term toxicity See acute toxicity. side-effect Action of a drug other than that desired for beneficial pharmacological effect.

siderosis 1. Pneumoconiosis resulting from the inhalation of iron dust. 2. Excess of iron in the urine, blood, or tissues, characterized by hemosiderin granules in urine and iron deposits in tissues. sidestream smoke environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) secondhand smoke Cloud of small particles and gases that is given off from the end of a burning tobacco product (cigarette, pipe, cigar) between puffs and is not directly inhaled by the smoker. Note:

This is the smoke that gives rise to passive inhalation on the part of bystanders.

sign Objective evidence of a disease, deformity, or an effect induced by an agent, perceptible to an examining physician. signal transduction Molecular pathways through which a cell senses changes in its external or internal environment and changes its pattern of gene expression or enzyme activity in response. After [9] silicosis Pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of silica dust. simulation test Procedure designed to predict the rate of biodegradation of a compound under relevant environmental conditions. single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Single base variation at a chromosomal locus which exists stably within populations (typically defined as each variant form being present in at least 12% of individuals). After [8] sink In environmental chemistry, an area or part of the environment in which, or a process by which, one or more pollutants is removed from the medium in which it is dispersed. Note:

For example, moist ground acts as a sink for sulfur dioxide in the air.

sister chromatid exchange (SCE) Reciprocal exchange of chromatin between two replicated chromosomes that remain attached to each other until anaphase of mitosis; used as a measure of mutagenicity of substances that produce this effect. skeletal fluorosis Osteosclerosis due to fluoride. slimicide Substance intended to kill slime-producing organisms. Note:

Used on paper stock, water cooling systems, paving stones, etc.

slope factor Value, in inverse concentration or dose units, derived from the slope of a doseresponse curve; in

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

practice, limited to carcinogenic effects with the curve assumed to be linear at low concentrations or doses. Note:

The product of the slope factor and the exposure is taken to reflect the probability of producing the related effect.

societal risk Total probability of harm to a human population including the probability of adverse effects to health of descendants and the probability of disruption resulting from loss of services such as industrial plant or loss of material goods and electricity. soil partition coefficient (soil Kd) Experimental ratio of a substance’s concentration in the soil to that in the aqueous (dissolved) soil phase at equilibrium: It is valid only for the specific concentration and solid/solution ratio of the test. See also organic carbon partition coefficient. [6] solvent abuse solvent sniffing Deliberate inhalation (or drinking) of volatile solvents, in order to become intoxicated. solvent-sniffing See solvent abuse. somatic 1. Pertaining to the body as opposed to the mind. 2. Pertaining to nonreproductive cells or tissues. 3. Pertaining to the framework of the body as opposed to the viscera. soporific Substance producing sleep. sorption Noncommittal term used instead of adsorption or absorption when it is difficult to discriminate experimentally between these two processes. speciation (in chemistry) Distribution of an element among defined chemical species in a system. [3] speciation analysis (in chemistry) Analytical activities of identifying and (or) measuring the quantities of one or more individual chemical species in a sample. [3] species 1. In biological systematics, group of organisms of common ancestry that are able to reproduce only among themselves and that are usually geographically distinct. 2. See chemical species. species differences in sensitivity Quantitative or qualitative differences of response to the action(s) of a potentially toxic substance on various species of living organisms. species-specific sensitivity Quantitative and qualitative features of response to the action(s) of a potentially toxic substance that are characteristic for a particular species of living organism.

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specific death rate Death rate computed for a subpopulation of individual organisms or people having a specified characteristic or attribute, and named accordingly. Example:

Age-specific death rate, the number of deaths of persons of a specified age during a given period of time, divided by the total number of persons of that age in the population during that time.

specificity (of a screening test) Proportion of truly nondiseased persons who are identified by the screening test. specific pathogen free (SPF) Describing an animal removed from its mother under sterile conditions just prior to term and subsequently reared and kept under sterile conditions. specimen Specifically selected portion of any substance, material, organism (specifically tissue, blood, urine, or feces) or environmental medium assumed to be representative of the parent substance, etc. at the time it is taken for the purpose of diagnosis, identification, study, or demonstration. spectral radiant power The radiant power at wavelength lambda (λ) per unit wavelength interval. splicing Processes through which introns are removed from a mRNA prior to translation and the exons joined. [9] spreader Agent used in some pesticide formulations to extend the even disposition of the active ingredient. stability half life (half time) Time required for the amount of a substance in a formulation to decrease, for any reason, by one-half (50%). See also half life, half time. standard That which is established as a measure or model to which others of a similar nature should conform. standard (in law or regulation) technical directive Technical specification, usually in the form of a document available to the public, drawn up with the consensus or general approval of all interests affected by it, based on the consolidated results of science, technology, and experience, aimed at the promotion of optimum community benefits and approved by a body recognized on the national, regional, or international level. standard (in analytical chemistry) See reference material, standard material. standardization 1. Making any substance, drug, or other preparation conform to type or precisely defined characteristics. 2. Establishment of precisely defined characteristics, or precisely defined methods, for future reference.

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3. Definition of precise procedures for administering, scoring, and evaluating the results of a new method that is under development. standard material (in analytical chemistry) standard See reference material. standard(ized) morbidity ratio (SMR) Ratio of the number of patients with a particular disease observed in a study group or population to the total number of people in the group or population multiplied by 100. Note:

This ratio is usually expressed as a percentage.

standard(ized) mortality ratio (SMR) Ratio of the number of deaths observed in the study group or population to the number of deaths that would be expected if the study population had the same specific rates as the standard population, multiplied by 100. Note:

This ratio is usually expressed as a percentage.

stannosis Pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of tin dust. steady state (in chemistry and toxicology) State of a system in which the conditions do not change in time. Note:

For further information, see [3].

stratified sample Subset of a population selected according to some important characteristic. stress proteins See heat shock proteins. structural alert Chemical grouping which is known to be associated with a particular type of toxic effect (e.g., mutagenicity). structureactivity relationship (SAR) Association between specific aspects of molecular structure and defined biological action. See also quantitative structureactivity relationship. structuremetabolism relationship (SMR) Association between the physicochemical and (or) the structural properties of a substance and its metabolic behavior. [2] subacute See subchronic. subchronic Repeated over a short period, usually about 10 % of the life span; an imprecise term used to describe exposures of intermediate duration. subchronic effect Biological change resulting from an environmental alteration lasting about 10% of the lifetime of the test organism. Note:

stem cell Multipotent cell with mitotic potential that may serve as a precursor for many kinds of differentiated cells. [2]

In practice with experimental animals, such an effect is usually identified as resulting from multiple or continuous exposures occurring over 3 months (90 days). Sometimes a subchronic effect is distinguished from a subacute effect on the basis of its lasting for a much longer time.

stereoselective synthesis Chemical reaction (or reaction sequence) in which one or more new elements of chirality are formed in a substrate molecule and which produces the stereoisomeric (enantiomeric or diastereoisomeric) products in unequal amounts.

subchronic toxicity test Animal experiment serving to study the effects produced by the test substance when administered in repeated doses (or continually in food, drinking water, air) over a period of up to about 90 days.

[2]

Note:

Traditionally called asymmetric synthesis.

[2] stereoselectivity Specificity of chemical reactivity of stereoisomers based on their three-dimensional molecular structure. [2] stochastic Pertaining to or arising from chance and hence obeying the laws of probability. stochastic effect stochastic process Phenomenon pertaining to or arising from chance, and hence obeying the laws of probability. stochastic process See stochastic effect. stratification (in epidemiology) Process of or result of separating a sample into several subsamples according to specified criteria such as age groups, socioeconomic status, etc.

subclinical effect Biological change with detectable symptoms following exposure to an agent known to cause disease either before symptoms of the disease occur or when they are absent. subfertility Fertility below the normal range for a given species. [8] subjective environment perceived environment Surrounding conditions as perceived by persons living in these conditions. substrate (in biology) 1. Substance material on which an enzyme acts. 2. Surface on which an organism grows or to which is attached. subthreshold dose See no-effect dose. sudorific See diaphoretic.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

sufficient evidence According to the USEPA’s Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, sufficient evidence is a collection of facts and scientific references that is definite enough to establish that an adverse effect is caused by the agent in question.

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and toxicologically related class; for example, benzo (a)pyrene data may be used as toxicologically equivalent to that for all carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.

suggested no-adverse-response level (SNARL) Maximum dose or concentration that on current understanding is likely to be tolerated by an exposed organism without producing any harm.

surveillance Systematic ongoing collection, collation, and analysis of data and the timely dissemination of information to those who need to know in order that action can be taken to initiate investigative or control measures.

suicide reaction Formation of irreversible cleavage complexes (also referred to as “suicide complexes”) leading to cell death.

susceptible vulnerable Describing a group of organisms more vulnerable to a given exposure than the majority of the population to which they belong.

summary sheet Two-to-four page summary of a risk assessment. summation (in neurophysiology) Process of addition of separate postsynaptic responses caused by stimuli that are adjacent in time and space.

Note:

Susceptibility may reflect gender, age, physiological status, or genetic constitution of the organisms at risk.

[2] susceptibility biomarker See biomarker of susceptibility.

Excitation of a synapse evokes a graded potential change in the postsynaptic membrane that may be below the threshold required to trigger an impulse. If two or more such potentials are caused either nearly simultaneously, at different synapses on the same neuron (spatial summation), or in rapid succession at the same synapse (temporal summation), the summed response may be sufficient to trigger a postsynaptic impulse. Summation may occur between excitatory potentials, inhibitory potentials, or between an excitatory and an inhibitory potential.

susceptibility Condition of lacking the power to resist a particular disease or infection; thus, in susceptible people, “normal expected” results occur, but with a lower exposure (or dose) than in the rest of the population.

Superfund Federal authority, established by the U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) in 1980, to respond directly to releases or threatened releases (such as from landfills or waste disposal areas) of hazardous substances that may endanger health or welfare.

1. adj., Blocking transmission of impulses from the adrenergic (sympathetic) postganglionic fibers to effector organs or tissues. 2. n., Agent that blocks transmission of impulses from the adrenergic (sympathetic) postganglionic fibers to effector organs or tissues.

Note:

superoxide dismutase Enzymatic antioxidant that removes the potentially toxic superoxide ion (O22) by disproportionating it to O2 and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). superthreshold dose See toxic dose. surface layer Region of space comprising and adjoining the phase boundary between a solid and liquid phase, between a solid and gas phase, or between a liquid and gas phase within which properties of matter are significantly different from the values in the adjoining bulk phases. surrogate Relatively well studied toxicant whose properties are assumed to apply to an entire chemically

sympathetic nervous system Part of the autonomic nervous system originating in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord that tends to inhibit or oppose the physiological effects of the parasympathetic nervous system, as in tending to reduce digestive secretions, speed up the heart, and contract blood vessels. See parasympathetic. Sympatholytic anti-adrenergic

sympathomimetic adrenergic 1. adj., Producing effects resembling those of impulses transmitted by the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. n., Agent that produces effects resembling those of impulses transmitted by the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. symptom Any subjective evidence of a disease or an effect induced by a substance as perceived by the affected subject. symptomatology General description of all of the signs and symptoms of exposure to a toxicant. Note:

Signs are the overt (observable) responses associated with exposure (such as

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reductionist molecular biology and biochemistry), (2) proposal of mathematical models that might account for at least some significant aspects of this data set, (3) accurate computer solution of the mathematical equations to obtain numerical predictions, and (4) assessment of the quality of the model by comparing numerical simulations with the experimental data.

convulsions, death, etc.), whereas symptoms are covert (subjective) responses (such as nausea, headache, etc.). synapse Functional junction between two neurons, where a nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another. synaptic transmission See synapse. syndrome Set of signs and symptoms occurring together and often characterizing a particular disease-like state. synergism (in toxicology) synergistic effect synergy (in toxicology) Pharmacological or toxicological interaction in which the combined biological effect of exposure to two or more substances is greater than expected on the basis of the simple summation of the effects of each of the individual substances. synergist (in toxicology) Substance that contributes more than additively to a mutual effect with another substance. synergistic effect See synergism. synergy See synergism. synomone Semiochemical that is produced by one organism inducing a response in an organism of another species that is favorable to both the emitter and the responding organism. See allomone, kairomone.

tachy- Prefix meaning rapid as in tachycardia and tachypnoea. tachycardia Antonym: bradycardia Abnormally fast heartbeat. tachypnea Antonym: breathing.

bradypnoea

Abnormally

fast

taeniacide Substance intended to kill tapeworms. target (in biology) Any organism, organ, tissue, cell, or cell constituent that is subject to the action of an agent. target population (in epidemiology) 1. Collection of individuals, items, measurements, etc. about which inferences are required: The term is sometimes used to indicate the population from which a sample is drawn and sometimes to denote any reference population about which inferences are needed. 2. Group of persons for whom an intervention is planned.

synteny Property of genes which reside on the same chromosome.

T cell See T lymphocyte.

systematic sample Subset selected according to some simple rule such as specified date or alphabetic classification.

telomere Structure which terminates the arm of a chromosome.

systemic 1. Relating to the body as a whole. 2. Occurring at a site in the body remote from the point of contact with a substance. After [1] systemic effect Consequence that is either of a generalized nature or that occurs at a site distant from the point of entry of a substance. Note:

A systemic effect requires absorption and distribution of the substance in the body.

systems biology Study of the mechanisms underlying complex biological processes as integrated systems of many diverse, interacting components. Note:

It involves (1) collection of large sets of experimental data (by high-throughput technologies and/or by mining the literature of

technical directive See standard.

Note:

A similar term “telomere”, with a different meaning is found in the IUPAC “Gold Book”.

[3] temporary acceptable daily intake Value for the acceptable daily intake (ADI) proposed for guidance when data are sufficient to conclude that use of the substance is safe over the relatively short period of time required to generate and evaluate further safety data, but are insufficient to conclude that use of the substance is safe over a lifetime. Note:

A higher-than-normal safety factor is used when establishing a temporary ADI, and an expiration date is established by which time appropriate data to resolve the safety issue should be available.

temporary maximum residue limit Regulatory value established for a specified, limited time when only a temporary acceptable daily intake has been established

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

for the pesticide concerned or, with the existence of an agreed acceptable daily intake, the available residue data are inadequate for firm maximum residue recommendations. teratogen Substance that, when administered prenatally (to the mother), induces permanent structural malformations or defects in the offspring. teratogenicity 1. Potential to cause the production of nonheritable structural malformations or defects in offspring. 2. Production of nonheritable structural malformations or defects in offspring. teratology Study of malformations, monstrosities, or serious deviations from normal development in organisms. testing of chemicals 1. In toxicology, evaluation of the therapeutic and potentially toxic effects of substances by their application through relevant routes of exposure with appropriate organisms or biological systems so as to relate effects to dose following application. 2. In chemistry, qualitative or quantitative analysis by the application of one or more fixed methods and comparison of the results with established standards. tetanic Pertaining to tetanus, characterized by tonic muscle spasm. theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI) Predicted maximum daily intake of a residue, assuming that it is present at the maximum residue level and that average daily consumption of foods per person is represented by assessed regional diets: It is expressed in milligrams of residue per person per day. After [14] therapeutic cloning Generation and manipulation of stem cells with the objective of deriving cells of a particular organ or tissue to treat a disease. therapeutic index Ratio between toxic and therapeutic doses (the higher the ratio, the greater the safety of the therapeutic dose). three-dimensional quantitative structureactivity relationship (3D-QSAR) Quantitative association between the three-dimensional structural properties of a substance and its biological properties. [2] See quantitative structureactivity relationship. threshold Dose or exposure concentration below which a defined effect will not occur. See also critical effect. threshold concentration See threshold. threshold dose See threshold.

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threshold limit valueceiling (TLVC) As defined by ACGIH, concentration of a potentially toxic substance that should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure. [2] threshold limit valueshort-term exposure limit (TLVSTEL) As defined by ACGIH, concentration to which it is believed that workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time without suffering from (1) irritation, (2) chronic or irreversible tissue damage, or (3) narcosis of sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of accidental injury, impair self-rescue or materially reduce work efficiency, and provided that the daily TLV-TWA is not exceeded. Note:

It is not a separate independent exposure guideline; rather, it supplements the TLVTWA limit where there are recognized acute effects from a substance whose toxic effects are primarily of a chronic nature. TLVSTELs are recommended only where toxic effects have been reported from high shortterm exposures in either humans or animals.

[2] threshold limit valuetime-weighted average (TLVTWA) As defined by ACGIH, time-weighted average concentration for a conventional 8-h workday and a 40-h workweek, to which it is believed nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect. [2] threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) Human exposure threshold value for a group of chemicals below which there should be no appreciable risk to human health. thrombocytopenia Decrease in the number of blood platelets (thrombocytes). thyrotoxicosis Condition resulting from excessive concentrations of thyroid hormones, as in hyperthyroidism, characterized by bulging eyes and rapid heart rate. tidal volume Quantity of air or test gas that is inhaled and exhaled during one respiratory cycle. time-weighted-average-exposure (TWAE) timeweighted-average concentration (TWAC) Concentration in the exposure medium at each measured time interval multiplied by that time interval and divided by the total time of observation. Note:

For occupational exposure, a working shift of 8 h is commonly used as the averaging time.

tinnitus Continual noise in the ears, such as ringing, buzzing, roaring, or clicking. tissue dose Amount of a substance or physical agent (radiation) absorbed by a tissue.

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tissue/plasma partition coefficient See partition ratio. T lymphocyte Animal cell that possesses specific cell surface receptors through which it binds to foreign substances or organisms, or those which it identifies as foreign, and which initiates immune responses. tolerable daily intake (TDI) Estimate of the amount of a potentially harmful substance (e.g., contaminant) in food or drinking water that can be ingested daily over a lifetime without appreciable health risk. Note 1:

For regulation of substances that cannot be easily avoided, a provisionally tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) may be applied as a temporary limit.

Note 2:

Acceptable daily intake is normally used for substances not known to be harmful, such as food additives.

[2] tolerable risk Probability of suffering disease or injury that can, for the time being, be tolerated, taking into account the associated benefits, and assuming that the risk is minimized by appropriate control procedures. tolerable weekly intake (TWI) Estimate of the amount of a potentially harmful substance (e.g., a contaminant) in food or drinking water that can be ingested weekly over a lifetime without appreciable health risk. [2] tolerance 1. Adaptive state characterized by diminished effects of a particular dose of a substance: The process leading to tolerance is called “adaptation”. 2. In food toxicology, dose that an individual can tolerate without showing an effect. 3. Ability to experience exposure to potentially harmful amounts of a substance without showing an adverse effect. 4. Ability of an organism to survive in the presence of a toxic substance: Increased tolerance may be acquired by adaptation to constant exposure. 5. In immunology, state of specific immunological unresponsiveness. tonic 1. Characterized by tension, especially muscular tension. 2. Medical preparation that increases or restores normal muscular tension. topical (in medicine) Applied directly to the surface of the body. [2]

topical effect Consequence of application of a substance to the surface of the body which occurs at the point of application. [2] torsade de pointes Potentially lethal form of ventricular tachycardia following chronic abuse of alcohol and mainly due to hypomagnesemia. total diet study 1. Study designed to establish the pattern of pesticide residue intake by a person consuming a defined diet. 2. Study undertaken to show the range and amount of various foodstuffs in a typical diet or to estimate the total amount of a specific substance in a typical diet. total terminal residue (of a pesticide) Summation of levels of all the residues of a defined pesticide in a food. See also residue. After [6] toxemia (blood poisoning) 1. Condition in which the blood contains toxins produced by body cells at a local source of infection or derived from the growth of microorganisms. 2. Pregnancy-related condition characterized by high blood pressure, swelling, and fluid retention, and proteins in the urine. toxic Able to cause injury to living organisms as a result of physicochemical interaction. toxicant See toxic substance. toxic chemical See toxic substance. toxic dose superthreshold dose Amount of a substance that produces intoxication without lethal outcome. toxicity 1. Capacity to cause injury to a living organism defined with reference to the quantity of substance administered or absorbed, the way in which the substance is administered and distributed in time (single or repeated doses), the type and severity of injury, the time needed to produce the injury, the nature of the organism(s) affected, and other relevant conditions. 2. Adverse effects of a substance on a living organism defined as in 1. 3. Measure of incompatibility of a substance with life: This quantity may be expressed as the reciprocal of the absolute value of median lethal dose (1/LD50) or concentration (1/LC50). toxicity equivalency factor (TEF), f Ratio of the toxicity of a chemical to that of another structurally related chemical (or index compound) chosen as a reference. [6]

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

toxicity equivalency factor (in risk assessment) (TEF), f Ratio of the toxicity of a chemical to that of another structurally related chemical (or index compound) chosen as a reference. Factor used to estimate the toxicity of a complex mixture, commonly a mixture of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins [oxanthrenes], furans, and biphenyls: In this case, TEF is based on relative toxicity to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin [2,3,7,8-tetrachlorooxanthrene] for which the f 5 1. toxicity equivalent (TEQ), Txe Contribution of a specified component (or components) to the toxicity of a mixture of related substances. Note 1:

The amount-of-substance (or substance) concentration of total toxicity equivalent is the sum of that for the components B, C . . . N.

Note 2:

Toxicity equivalent is most commonly used in relation to the reference toxicant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin [2,3,7,8-tetrachlorooxanthrene] by means of the toxicity equivalency factor (TEF, f) which is 1 for the reference substance. Hence, where c is the amount-of-substance concentration: Txe 5

N P

f1 ci

i5B

toxic substance Substance causing injury to living organisms as a result of physicochemical interactions. [2] t1/2 See half life, half time. toxicity exposure ratio (TER) Ratio of the measure of the effects (e.g., LD50, LC50, NOEC) to the estimated exposure. Note:

It is the reciprocal of a risk quotient or hazard quotient.

[6] toxicity test Experimental study of the adverse effects of exposure of a living organism to a substance for a defined duration under defined conditions. toxic material See toxic substance.

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organism’s genetic make-up influences its response to a toxic substance. toxicogenetics Study of the influence of hereditary factors on the effects of potentially toxic substances on individual organisms. toxicokinetics 1. Generally, the overall process of the absorption in biology (uptake) of potentially toxic substances by the body, the distribution of the substances and their metabolites in tissues and organs, their metabolism (biotransformation), and the elimination of the substances and their metabolites from the body. 2. In validating a toxicological study, the collection of toxicokinetic data, either as an integral component in the conduct of nonclinical toxicity studies or in specially designed supportive studies, in order to assess systemic exposure. toxicological data sheet Document that gives in a uniform manner data relating to the toxicology of a substance, its production and application, properties and methods of identification. Note:

The data sheet may also include recommendations on protective measures.

toxicologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (TBPK) See physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. toxicology Scientific discipline involving the study of the actual or potential danger presented by the harmful effects of substances on living organisms and ecosystems, of the relationship of such harmful effects to exposure, and of the mechanisms of action, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of intoxications. toxicometry Term sometimes used to indicate a combination of investigative methods and techniques for making a quantitative assessment of toxicity and the hazards of potentially toxic substances. toxicophobia Morbid dread of poisons. toxicophoric group toxogenic group toxophoric group Structural moiety that upon metabolic activation exerts toxic effects: The presence of a toxicophoric group indicates only potential and not necessarily actual toxicity of a drug or other substances.

toxicodynamics Process of interaction of potentially toxic substances with target sites, and the biochemical and physiological consequences leading to adverse effects.

toxicovigilance Active process of identification, investigation, and evaluation of various toxic effects in the community with a view to taking measures to reduce or control exposure(s) involving the substance (s) which produces these effects.

toxicogenomics Scientific subdiscipline that combines toxicology with genomics to determine how an

toxic substance chemical etiologic agent poison toxicant toxic chemical toxic material Material causing

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injury to living organisms as a result of physicochemical interactions. toxification Metabolic conversion of a potentially toxic substance to a product that is more toxic. toxin Poisonous substance produced by a biological organism such as a microbe, animal, plant, or fungus. Note:

Examples are botulinum toxin, tetrodotoxin, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and amanitin.

toxinology Scientific discipline involving the study of the chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of toxins. toxogenic group See toxicophoric group. toxophoric group See toxicophoric group. traceability (in metrology) Property of a measurement result whereby the result can be related to a stated reference through a documented unbroken chain of calibrations, each contributing to the measurement uncertainty. [7] tracer 1. Means by which something may be followed; for example, a radioactive isotope may replace a stable chemical element in a toxic compound enabling the toxicokinetics to be followed. 2. Labeled member of a population used to measure certain properties of that population. tracer substance Substance that can be tracked through one or more reactions or systems, often by detecting an incorporated isotope. [2] transcription Process by which the genetic information encoded in a linear sequence of nucleotides in one strand of DNA is copied into an exactly complementary sequence of RNA. transcriptome Total mRNA expressed in a cell or tissue at a given point in time. transcriptomics Global analysis of gene expression to identify and evaluate changes in synthesis of mRNA after chemical exposure. [2] transformation 1. Alteration of a cell by incorporation of foreign genetic material and its subsequent expression in a new phenotype. 2. Conversion of cells growing normally to a state of rapid division in culture resembling that of a tumor. 3. Chemical modification of substances in the environment. transformed cell Cell that has become genetically altered spontaneously or by incorporation of foreign DNA to produce a cell with an extended lifetime in culture. [2]

transformed cell line See cell line, transformed cell. transgene Gene from one source that has been incorporated into the genome of another organism. transgenic Adjective used to describe animals carrying a gene introduced by micro-injecting DNA into the nucleus of the fertilized egg. translation Process through which a polypeptide chain of amino acid molecules is generated as directed by the sequence of a particular mRNA sequence. transposon Mobile nucleic acid element. treatability In relation to waste water, the amenability of substances to removal without adversely affecting the normal operation of biological treatment processes (such as a sewage treatment plant). triage 1. Process for sorting people into groups based on their need for or likely benefit from immediate medical treatment. Note:

Triage is used in hospital emergency rooms, on battlefields, and at disaster sites when limited medical resources must be allocated.

2. System used to allocate a scarce commodity, such as food, to those most likely to benefit from it. 3. Process in which things are ranked in terms of importance or priority. trophic level Amount of energy in terms of food that an organism needs. Note:

Organisms not needing organic food, such as plants, are said to be on a low trophic level, whereas predator species needing food of high energy content are said to be on a high trophic level. The trophic level indicates the level of the organism in the food chain.

trueness Closeness of agreement between the average of a theoretically infinite number of replicate measured quantity values and a reference quantity value. tubular reabsorption Transfer of solutes from the renal tubule lumen to the tubular epithelial cell and normally from there to the peritubular fluid. [2] tumorigenic Able to cause tumors. tumor tumour neoplasm 1. Any abnormal swelling or growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant. 2. An abnormal growth, in rate and structure, that arises from normal tissue, but serves no physiological function.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

tumor necrosis factor (TNF) cachectin cachexin Protein produced by several of the body’s cell types, such as white blood cells, red blood cells, and other cells that line the blood vessels; it promotes the destruction of some types of cancer cells and is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation.

unit risk Upper-bound excess lifetime cancer risk estimated to result from continuous exposure to an agent at a concentration of 1 μg L21 in water, or 1 μg m23 in air. Note:

tumor progression Sequence of changes by which a benign tumor develops from the initial lesion to a malignant stage. tumor suppressor gene Gene that serves to protect cells from entering a cancerous state. Note:

According to Knudson’s “two-hit” hypothesis, both alleles of a particular tumor suppressor gene must acquire a mutation before the cell will enter a transformed state.

turnover time See mean life. two-compartment model Product of compartmental analysis requiring two compartments. [2] See compartmental modeling, multicompartment model. ulcer Defect, often associated with inflammation, occurring locally or at the surface of an organ or tissue owing to sloughing of necrotic (see necrosis) tissue. ultrafine particle Particle in air of aerodynamic diameters 100 nm. Note:

As a group, ultrafine particles are referred to as PM 0.1 (100 nm is 0.1 μm).

[2] uncertainty (in metrology) Parameter characterizing the dispersion of the quantity values being attributed to a measurand, based on the information used. Note:

The parameter may be, for example, a standard deviation or the half width of an interval, having a stated coverage probability.

[7] uncertainty factor (UF) 1. In assay methodology, confidence interval or fiducial limit used to assess the probable precision of an estimate. 2. In toxicology, value used in extrapolation from experimental animals to man (assuming that man may be more sensitive) or from selected individuals to the general population. For example, a value applied to the no-observed-effect-level (NOEL) or no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) to derive an acceptable daily intake (ADI) or tolerable daily intake (TDI). Note:

The NOEL or NOAEL is divided by the value to calculate the ADI or TDI.

See also modifying factor, safety factor.

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The interpretation of unit risk is as follows: if unit risk 5 1.5 3 1026 μg L21, 1.5 excess tumors are expected to develop per 1 000 000 or 106 people if exposed daily for a lifetime to 1 μg of the chemical in 1 liter of drinking water.

upper boundary Estimate of the plausible upper limit to the true value of a quantity. Note:

This is usually not a statistical confidence limit.

uptake Entry of a substance into the body, an organ, a tissue, a cell, or the body fluids by passage through a membrane or by other means. urticarial Vascular reaction of the skin marked by the transient appearance of smooth, slightly elevated patches (wheals, hives) that are redder or paler than the surrounding skin and often attended by severe itching. vacuole Membrane-bound cavity within a cell. validity of a measurement Expression of the degree to which a measurement measures what it purports to measure. validity of a study Degree to which the inferences drawn, especially generalizations extending beyond the study sample, are warranted when account is taken of the study methods, the representativeness of the study sample, and the nature of the population from which it is drawn. vasoconstriction Antonym: vasodilation Decrease of the caliber of the blood vessels leading to a decreased blood flow. vasodilation Antonym: vasoconstriction Increase in the caliber of the blood vessels, leading to an increased blood flow. vector See cloning vector. vehicle Substance(s) used to formulate active ingredients for administration or use. Note:

In this context, it is a general term for solvents, suspending agents, etc.

venom Animal toxin generally used for self-defense or predation and usually delivered by a bite or sting. ventilation 1. Process of supplying a building or room with fresh air. 2. Process of exchange of air between the ambient atmosphere and the lungs.

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Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

3. In physiology, the amount of air inhaled per day. 4. Oxygenation of blood. ventricular fibrillation Irregular heartbeat characterized by uncoordinated contractions of the ventricle. vermicide Substance intended to kill intestinal worms. vermifuge See anthelmint(h)ic. vertigo Dizziness; an illusion of movement as if the external world were revolving around one’s self or as if one’s self were revolving in space. vesicant 1. adj., Producing blisters on the skin. 2. n., Substance that causes blisters on the skin. vesicle 1. In cell biology, small bladder-like, membranebound sac containing aqueous solution or fat. 2. In pathology, blisterlike elevation on the skin containing serous fluid. virtually safe dose (VSD) Human exposure over a lifetime to a carcinogen which has been estimated, using mathematical modeling, to result in a very low incidence of cancer, somewhere between zero and a specified incidence (e.g., 1 cancer in 1 000 000 exposed people). virucide antiviral Substance used to control viruses. [6] volume of distribution Apparent (hypothetical) volume of fluid required to contain the total amount of a substance in the body at the same concentration as that present in the plasma assuming equilibrium has been attained. volatile organic chemical (VOC) Any organic compound having, at 293.15 K, a vapor pressure of 0.01 kPa or more, or having a corresponding volatility under the particular condition of use. [15] waste Anything that is discarded deliberately or otherwise disposed of on the assumption that it is of no further use to the primary user. wasting syndrome Disease marked by weight loss and atrophy of muscular and other connective tissues that is not directly related to a decrease in food and water consumption. water potential (in physiology) Difference in free energy or chemical potential (per unit molal volume) between pure water and water in cells and solutions. Weibull model Doseresponse model of the form PðdÞ 5 γ 1 ð1-γÞð1-e-βdα Þ where P(d) is the probability of a tumor (or other response) from lifetime, continuous exposure at dose d

until age t (when tumor is fatal), α is a fitted dose parameter (sometimes called the Weibull parameter), β is a fitted dose parameter, and γ is the background response rate. weight-of-evidence for toxicity Extent to which the available biomedical data support the hypothesis that a substance causes a defined toxic effect such as cancer in humans. withdrawal effect Adverse event following withdrawal from a person or animal of a drug to which they have been chronically exposed or on which they have become dependent. working zone Space measuring up to 2 m over the level of the floor or platform that contains a worker’s permanent or temporary station. x-disease Hyperkeratotic disease in cattle following exposure to chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, naphthalenes, and related compounds. xenobiotic Compound with a chemical structure foreign to a given organism. Note:

Frequently compounds.

restricted

to

man-made

yeast two-hybrid system Genetic method for analyzing the interactions of proteins. zero-order kinetics Kinetics of a reaction in which the rate is independent of the concentration(s) of the reactants. [2] zoocide Substance intended to kill animals. zygote 1. Cell such as a fertilized egg resulting from the fusion of two gametes. 2. Cell obtained as a result of complete or partial fusion of cells produced by meiosis.

Annex 1: Abbreviations and acronyms used in toxicology literature ADI acceptable daily intake ADME absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion ADMET absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicokinetics AF assessment factor AIC Akaike Information Criterion, C: a measure of the goodness of fit of an estimated statistical model calculated in the general case from the equation C 5 2k 2 2 ln L ALARA(P) as (practicable)

low

as

reasonably

achievable

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

ASP ATP AUC AUMC BAC BAL BCF BEI BEM BMC BMCL BMD BMDL BMDS BMR BOD cDNA CMR COD CoMFA COPC CRM CSAF CTD CYP Cyt CV D DDT DNA DNEL DSP EC EC50 ECn eCTD ED EDC EDI

In UK, regulations relating to worker exposure In USA, goal of risk management (USNRC regulations) amnesic shellfish poisoning adenosine triphosphate area under the concentrationtime curve area under the moment curve bacterial artificial chromosome British anti-Lewisite bioconcentration factor biological exposure indices (ACGIH) biological effect monitoring benchmark concentration confidence limit for BMC benchmark dose confidence limit for BMD benchmark dose at a given standard deviation benchmark rate biochemical oxygen demand; biological oxygen demand b.w., b.wt. body weight complementary DNA carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reproductive (toxicant) chemical oxygen demand comparative molecular field analysis compound of probable concern certified reference material chemical specific adjustment factor common technical document (drug registration) cytochrome P450 cytochrome ceiling value absorbed dose of radiation dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane deoxyribonucleic acid derived no-effect level diarrheal shellfish poisoning; diarrheic shellfish poisoning effective concentration, Enzyme Commission, European Community median effective concentration to 50% of a population median effective concentration to n % of a population electronic common technical document (drug registration) effective dose endocrine-disrupting compound estimated daily intake

ED50 EDn EEC

EED EEL EIA EIS ELISA EMDI EQO EQS ERL EST ETS f F FONSI GAP GCP GHS GLP GFR GMO GMP GRAS HAL HAZOP HEQ HSG HQ i.c. IC ICn i.d. ID IDn IDLHC i.m. inhl i.p. IPD I-TEF i.v. Kd KM Koc

689

median effective dose to 50% of a population median effective dose to n% of a population estimated environmental exposure concentration; estimated exposure concentration; expected environmental exposure concentration estimated exposure dose environmental exposure level environmental impact assessment environmental impact statement enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay estimated maximum daily intake environmental quality objective environmental quality standard extraneous residue limit expressed sequence tag environmental tobacco smoke toxicity equivalency factor fraction of dose absorbed; bioavailability finding of no significant impact good agricultural practice good clinical practice global harmonization system for classification of hazardous substances good laboratory practice glomerular filtration rate genetically modified organism good manufacturing practice generally regarded as safe health advisory level hazard and operability study human equivalent dose Health and Safety Guide (IPCS) hazard quotient intracutaneous inhibitory concentration inhibitory concentration to n% of a population intradermal inhibitory dose inhibitory dose to n% of a population immediately dangerous to life and health concentration intramuscular by inhalation intraperitoneal individual protective device international toxicity equivalency factor intravenous soil partition coefficient Michaelis constant organic carbon partition coefficient

690 Kow KD LADD LCmin LCn LC50 LD LDmin LDn LD50 LED LEDx LEL LOEL LOAEL LTn LV MAC MAK MCL MCLG MCS MEL MF MFO MN MOE MOS MPC MPL MRL MRT mRNA MSDS MTC MTD MTEL NADP(H) NAG NCn NDn NED NEL

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

octan-1-olwater partition coefficient partition ratio lifetime average daily dose minimum lethal concentration median concentration lethal to n% of a test population see LCn lethal dose minimum lethal dose median dose lethal to n% of a test population see LDn lowest effective dose lowest effective dose for a biological effect in x% of the individuals in the test population lowest-effect level, same as LOEL lowest-observed-effect level lowest-observed-adverse-effect level median time for death of n% of a test population limit value maximum allowable concentration maximal arbeitsplatz konzentration (German) maximum contaminant level maximum contaminant level goal multiple chemical sensitivity maximum exposure limit modifying factor mixed-function oxidase micronucleus margin of exposure margin of safety maximum permissible concentration maximum permissible level maximum residue limit; minimal risk level (ATSDR) mean residence time messenger ribonucleic acid material safety data sheet maximum tolerable concentration maximum tolerable dose; maximum tolerated dose maximum tolerable exposure level nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) N-acetyl-d-glycosaminidase median concentration narcotic to n% of a population median dose narcotic to n% of a population no-effect dose no-effect level, same as NOEL

NOAEL NOEL NRL NSAID NSC NSP OEL OES OR PADI PAH PBPK PBPD PBTK PBB PCB PCC PCDF PCR PEC PEL PBT p.c. PEL PIC PIP PM0.1 PM2.5 PM10 PMR PNEC p.o. POP POW Q PPAR PPD PPE PSP PTWI QSAR 3D-QSAR

no-observed-adverse-effect level no-observed-effect level no-response level nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug normalized sensitivity coefficient nanosized particle; nanoparticle (ultrafine) occupational exposure level occupational exposure standard odds ratio pseudo-acceptable daily intake polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling physiologically based pharmacodynamic modeling physiologically based toxicokinetic modeling polybrominated biphenyl polychlorinated biphenyl population critical concentration polychlorinated dibenzofuran polymerase chain reaction predicted environmental concentration; predicted exposure concentration permissible exposure limit persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic per cutim (Latin) 5 through the skin permissible exposure limit prior informed consent persistent inorganic pollutant ultrafine particles in air with a maximum aerodynamic diameter ,0.1 μm particles in air with a maximum aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm particles in air with a maximum aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm proportionate mortality rate, ratio predicted no-effect concentration per os (Latin) 5 by mouth persistent organic pollutant octan-1-olwater partition coefficient quality factor (radiation) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor personal protective device personal protective equipment paralytic shellfish poisoning provisional tolerable weekly intake quantitative structureactivity relationship three-dimensional quantitative structureactivity relationship

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

QSMR RD REL RER RfC RfD RIA RME RNA RNS RR ROS S-9 SAR s.c. SCE SD SE SF SMR SNARL SNP SPF STEL t1/2 Teq TBPK TCDD TDI TEF TEQ TER TLn TLV TLV-C TLVSTEL TLVTWA TMDI TTC TWA TWAC TWAE TWI UDP UF Vmax

quantitative structuremetabolism relationship rate difference recommended exposure limit (NIOSH) relative excess risk reference concentration reference dose radio-immunoassay reasonable maximum exposure ribonucleic acid reactive nitrogen species rate ratio; relative risk reactive oxygen species rat liver microsome preparation structureactivity relationship; standard absorption rate subcutaneous sister chromatid exchange standard deviation standard error safety factor standard morbidity ratio; standard mortality ratio; structuremetabolism relationship suggested no-adverse-response level single nucleotide polymorphism specific pathogen free short-term exposure limit half life; half time toxicity equivalent toxicologically based pharmacokinetic modeling 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin [2,3,7,8-tetrachlorooxanthrene] tolerable daily intake toxicity equivalency factor toxicity equivalent toxicity exposure ratio see LTn threshold limit value (ACGIH) threshold limit value (ACGIH)ceiling threshold limit value (ACGIH)shortterm exposure limit threshold limit value (ACGIH)timeweighted average theoretical maximum daily intake threshold of toxicological concern time-weighted average time-weighted average concentration time-weighted average exposure tolerable weekly intake uridine diphosphate uncertainty factor maximum velocity

VOC vPvB VSD

691

volatile organic compound very persistent and very bioaccumulative virtually safe dose

Annex 2: Abbreviations and acronyms of names of international bodies and legislation ABT ACGIH ATS ATSDR BCR BIBRA CCFA CCPR CDC CEC CEN CERCLA CHIP COSHH CPL CTD

DFG EC ECB ECHA EEA EEC EINECS ELINCS EMEA EPA

American Board of Toxicology American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Academy of Toxicological Science Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry Bureau Communautaire de Re´fe´rence (Bruxelles) British Industrial Biological Research Association Codex Committee on Food Additives Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Commission of the European Communities Committee Europe´en de Normalisation Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (USA) Classification, Hazard Information, and Packaging (UK) Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (UK) Classification, Packaging, and Labeling Common Technical Document for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human

Use for submission to the FDA and ICH Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Council) European Community; European Commission European Chemicals Bureau European CHemicals Agency European Environmental Agency European Economic Community European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances European List of New Chemical Substances European Medicines Agency Environmental Protection Agency (USA), same as USEPA

692 EU EUROTOX EUSES FAO FDA FIOH HSE IAEA IARC ICCA ICH ICRP ICSU IFCC ILO IoB IPCS IRIS IRPTC ISEAAA ISO IUCLID

IUPAC IUTOX JECFA JMPR NAS NBS NIH

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

European Union European Society of Toxicology European Uniform System for Evaluation of Substances Food and Agricultural Organization Food and Drug Administration (USA), same as USFDA Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Health and Safety Executive (UK) International Atomic Energy Agency International Agency for Research on Cancer International Council of Chemical Associations International Conference for Harmonization International Commission on Radiological Protection International Council of Scientific Unions (since 1998, International Council of Science) International Federation of Clinical Chemists International Labor Organization Institute of Biology International Program on Chemical Safety, UNEP, ILO, WHO Integrated Risk Information System (USA) International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals, now UNEP Chemicals International Society for Exposure Assessment and Analysis International Organization for Standardization International Uniform Chemical Information Database, containing unvalidated property and hazard information for 2 604 EU high production volume chemicals, submitted under the Existing Substances Regulation, EC 793/93 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry International Union of Toxicology Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues National Academy of Sciences (USA) National Bureau of Standards (USA), now NIST National Institutes of Health (USA)

NIOSH NIST NRC OECD OEHHA OMS OSHA RCPath REACH RIVM RSC SCOPE SOT TSCA UNEP USEPA USFDA WHO

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (USA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA), formerly NBS National Research Council (USA) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Organization of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (USA) Organisation Mondiale de la Sante´, same as WHO Occupational Safety and Health Administration (USA) Royal College of Pathologists Registration, Evaluation, and Authorisation of CHemicals Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu Royal Society of Chemistry Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (ICSU) Society of Toxicology (USA) Toxic Substances Control Act (USA) United Nations Environment Program United States Environmental Protection Agency, same as EPA United States Food and Drug Administration, same as FDA World Health Organization, same as OMS

Annex 3: Classification of carcinogenicity Classification according to IARC [16] Classification based on the weight of the evidence and not on potency as follows. 1. Sufficient evidence. Causal relationship has been established between exposure to the agent and human cancer: a positive relationship has been observed between exposure to the agent and cancer in studies in which chance, bias, and confounding could be ruled out with reasonable confidence. 2. Limited evidence. Positive association has been observed between exposure to the agent and cancer for which a causal interpretation is considered to be credible, but chance, bias, or confounding could not be ruled out with reasonable confidence. 3. Inadequate evidence. Available studies are of insufficient quality, consistency, or statistical power to permit a conclusion regarding the presence or absence of a causal association.

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

4. Evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity. There are several adequate studies covering the full range of doses to which human beings are known to be exposed, which are mutually consistent in not showing a positive association between exposure to the agent and any studied cancer at any observed level of exposure. A conclusion of “evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity” is inevitably limited to the cancer sites, circumstances, and doses of exposure and length of observation covered by the available studies. In addition, the possibility of a very small risk at the levels of exposure studied can never be excluded. 5. Overall evaluation. Total body of evidence is taken into account; the agent is described according to the wording of one of the following categories, and the designated group is given. The categorization of an agent is a matter of scientific judgement, reflecting the strength of the evidence derived from studies in humans and in experimental animals and from other relevant data. Group 1 The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used only when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient, but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity. Group 2 This category includes agents, mixtures, and exposure circumstances for which, at one extreme, the degree of evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is almost sufficient, as well as those for which, at the other extreme, there are no human data but for which there is evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. Agents, mixtures, and exposure circumstances are assigned to either 2A (probably carcinogenic to humans) or 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans) on the basis of epidemiological and experimental evidence of carcinogenicity and other relevant data. Group 2A The agent (mixture) is probably carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are

693

probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent (mixture) may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent, mixture, or exposure circumstance may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Group 2B The agent (mixture) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. This category is generally used for agents, mixtures, and exposure circumstances for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent, mixture, or exposure circumstance for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals together with supporting evidence from other relevant data may be placed in this group. Group 3 The agent (mixture or exposure circumstance) is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. This category is used most commonly for agents, mixtures, and exposure circumstances for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents (mixtures) for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inadequate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents, mixtures, and exposure circumstances that

694

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category.

of marginal statistical significance in a tissue known to have a high or variable background rate.”

Group 4 The agent (mixture) is probably not carcinogenic to humans. This category is used for agents or mixtures for which there is evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity in humans and in experimental animals. In some circumstances, agents or mixtures for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity in experimental animals, consistently and strongly supported by a broad range of other relevant data, may be classified in this group.

Group D: “Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity” “This group is generally used for agents with inadequate human and animal evidence of carcinogenicity or for which no data are available.”

Classification according to the USEPA [17,18] Group A: “Human Carcinogen” “This group is used only when there is sufficient evidence from epidemiologic studies to support a causal association between exposure to the agents and cancer.” Group B (1 and 2): “Probable Human Carcinogen” “This group includes agents for which the weight of evidence of human carcinogenicity based on epidemiologic studies is ‘limited’ and also includes agents for which the weight of evidence of carcinogenicity based on animal studies is ‘sufficient’. The group is divided into two subgroups. Usually, Group B1 is reserved for agents for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity from epidemiological studies. It is reasonable, for practical purposes, to regard an agent for which there is ‘sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity’ in animals as if it presented a carcinogenic risk to humans. Therefore, agents for which there is ‘sufficient’ evidence from animal studies and for which there is ‘inadequate evidence’ or ‘no data’ from epidemiologic studies would usually be categorized under Group B2.” Group C: “Possible Human Carcinogen” “This group is used for agents with limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals in the absence of human data. It includes a wide variety of evidence, e.g., (a) a malignant tumor response in a single wellconducted experiment that does not meet conditions for sufficient evidence, (b) tumor responses of marginal statistical significance in studies having inadequate design or reporting, (c) benign but not malignant tumors with an agent showing no response in a variety of short-term tests for mutagenicity, and (d) responses

Group E: “Evidence of Non-Carcinogenicity for Humans” “This group is used for agents that show no evidence for carcinogenicity in at least two adequate animal tests in different species or in both adequate epidemiologic and animal studies. The designation of an agent as being in Group E is based on the available evidence and should not be interpreted as a definitive conclusion that the agent will not be a carcinogen under any circumstances.”

Classification according to the European Union [19] For the purpose of classification and labeling and having regard to the current state of knowledge, such substances are divided into three categories: Category 1 Substances known to be carcinogenic to man. There is sufficient evidence to establish a casual association between human exposure to a substance and the development of cancer. Category 2 Substances which should be regarded as if they are carcinogenic to man. There is sufficient evidence to provide a strong presumption that human exposure to a substance may result in the development of cancer, generally on the basis of • appropriate long-term animal studies and • other relevant information. Category 3 Substances which cause concern for humans owing to possible carcinogenic effects but in respect of which the available information is not adequate for making a satisfactory assessment. There is some evidence from appropriate animal studies, but this is insufficient to place the substance in category 2.

Classification according to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. (ACGIH) [5] A1: Chemical substances that are confirmed to be carcinogenic for humans A2: Chemical substances that are suspected to be carcinogenic for humans

Appendix I: Glossary of terms used in toxicology, 2nd edition: (IUPAC recommendations 2007)

A3: Chemical substances that are carcinogenic for animals A4: Substances that are not classified as carcinogenic A5: Substances that are not suspected to be carcinogenic for humans

11. 12.

References 1. J.H. Duffus, Pure Appl. Chem 65 (1993) 2003. 2. M. Nordberg, J.H. Duffus, D.M. Templeton, Pure Appl. Chem 76 (2004) 1033. 3. IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the “Gold Book”), compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson, Blackwell Science, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version: , http://goldbook.iupac.org . (2006) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. 4. IUPAC. Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature: Definitive Rules 1997, 3rd ed., prepared for publication by J. Incze´dy, T. Lengyel, A. M. Ure, Blackwell Science, Oxford (1997). On-line version: , http://www.iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/ . . 5. ACGIH. 2005 TLVss and BEIss. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH (2005). 6. G.R. Stephenson, I.G. Ferris, P.T. Holland, M. Nordberg, Pure Appl. Chem 78 (2006) 2075. 7. Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM). International Vocabulary of Metrology  Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM), 3rd edition (Final draft 2006-08-01). On-line version: , http://www.ncsli.org/vim/ wg2_doc_N318_VIM_3rd_edition_2006-08-01%20(3).pdf . . 8. IPCS, Principles for Evaluating Health Risks to Reproduction Associated with Exposure to Chemicals, Environmental Health Criteria 225, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2001. 9. WHO, Genomics and World Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2002 10 Extoxnet Glossary of Terms, EXTOXNET - The EXtension TOXicology NETwork, a cooperative effort of University of

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

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California-Davis, Oregon State University, Michigan State University, Cornell University, and the University of Idaho. Primary files are maintained and archived at Oregon State University (2007). On-line version: , http://extoxnet.orst.edu/ faqs/glossary.htm . . WSSA, Herbicide Handbook, 8th ed., Weed Science Society of America, Lawrence, KS, 2002. IPCS, IPCS Risk Assessment Terminology, Part 2: IPCS Glossary of Key Exposure Assessment Terminology, International Program on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2002. On-line version: , http://www.who.int/ipcs/ methods/harmonization/areas/ipcsterminologyparts1and2. pdf . . IUPAC 1993. Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, 2nd ed., prepared for publication by I. Mills, T. Cvitaˇs, K. Homann, N. Kallay, K. Kuchitsu. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford (1993). WHO, (revised), WHO/FSF/FOS/97.7 Guidelines for Predicting Dietary Intake of Pesticide Residues, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1997. Commission of the European Communities. Proposal for a Council Directive on limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain industrial activities. 96/0276 (SYN) Article 2. IARC, Preamble to the IARC Monographs, 2005 International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, 2005. Available from: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/. USEPA, Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1986. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/iris/backgr-d.htm. USEPA, Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2005. Available from: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm? deid 5 1162834 Health and Safety Commission, Approved Guide to the Classification and Labelling of Substances and Preparations Dangerous for Supply, 4th ed., L 100, HSE Books, Sudbury, 1999.

A P P E N D I X

II Toxicology Quotes Philip Wexler National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States (Retired)

Following is a highly personal selection of toxicological quotations: famous, infamous, familiar and obscure.

He who has recourse to poison in order to think will soon be unable to think without poison. (Charles Baudelaire, Artificial Paradise)

The widely subscribed to, generally accurate, but not infallible, rule of toxicology, and considered the Mother of All Toxicology Quotes, attributed to Theophrastus Phillipus Auroleus Bombastus von Hohenheim, aka Paracelsus, 1493 1541

It is time to get drunk! So as not to be the martyred slaves of Time, get drunk; get drunk without stopping! On wine, on poetry, or on virtue, as you wish. (Charles Baudelaire, 1821 1867) A friend told him that the particular drink he was drinking was slow poison, and he replied, “So who’s in a hurry?” (Nathaniel Benchley in Robert Benchley, spoken by Robert Benchley)

Alle Dinge sind Gift und nichts ist ohne Gift; allein die Dosis macht, dass ein Ding kein Gift ist. Literal Translation: All things are poison, and nothing is without poison. The dosage alone determines that a thing isn’t poison.

You will conceive and bear a son. . . now then be careful to take no wine or strong drink and to eat nothing unclean (Bible, Judges 13:3 4)

Loose Translation: All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy.

Expect poison from the standing water. (William Blake, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell)

Looser Translation: The dose makes the poison

Television is the thalidomide of the 1990s. In 1995, American children spend about one-third of their awake time watching television. (Robert Bly, The Sibling Society)

Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee. (Muhammed Ali) Toxic waste, poison air, beach goo, eroded roads draw nations together, whereas magnanimous platitude and sweet semblance ease each nation back into its comfort or despair. (A.R. Ammons, Garbage)

Holding onto anger is like drinking poison and expecting the other person to die. (Buddha) Actually, it only takes one drink to get me loaded. Trouble is, I can’t remember if it’s the thirteenth or fourteenth. (George Burns)

The antidote for fifty enemies is one friend. (Aristotle) After a heated argument on some trivial matter, Nancy, with a fervor whose sincerity could not be doubted, shouted, “If I were your wife I would put poison in your coffee!” Whereupon Winston [Churchill] with equal heat and sincerity answered, “And if I were your husband I would drink it.” (Consuelo Vanderbilt Balsan, Glitter and Gold, spoken by Nancy Astor)

Continual dreams of junk: I am looking for a poppy field. . . Moonshiners in black Stetsons direct me to a Near East cafe´. . . One of the waiters is a connection for Yugoslav opium. . . Buy a packet of heroin from a Malay Lesbian in white belted trenchcoat. . . I cop the paper in Tebetan section of a museum. She keeps trying to seal it back. . . I am looking for a place to fix. . . (William S. Burroughs, Naked Lunch)

Cocaine habit forming? Of course not. I ought to know, I’ve been using it for years. (Tallulah Bankhead)

697

698

Appendix II: A highly personal selection of toxicological quotations: famous, infamous, obscure

Junk is the ideal product. . . the ultimate merchandise. No sales talk necessary. The client will crawl through a sewer and beg to buy. (William S. Burroughs, Naked Lunch) I cannot see her tonight. I have to give her up So I will eat fugu. (Yosa Buson, 1716 1783. Note: Fugu, in this famous haiku, refers to the pufferfish, a Japanese delicacy when prepared properly, but a deadly poison if eaten otherwise.)

Take me, I am the drug; take me, I am hallucinogenic. (Salvador Dali) “Exactly,” said Challenger, rubbing his hands, “we are all poisoned. Our planet has swum into the poison belt of ether, and is now flying deeper into it at the rate of some millions of miles a minute. Our young friend has expressed the cause of all our troubles and perplexities in a single word, poison.’” (Arthur Conan Doyle, The Poison Belt)

If the headache would only precede the intoxication, alcoholism would be a virtue. (Samuel Butler)

Tobacco, coffee, alcohol, hashish, prussic acid, strychnine, are weak dilutions; the surest poison is time. (Ralph Waldo Emerson, Old Age)

She had never forgotten that, if you drink much from a bottle marked “poison,” it is almost certain to disagree with you, sooner or later. (Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland)

Always carry a flagon of whiskey in case of snakebite and furthermore always carry a small snake. (W. C. Fields)

The choice, after all, is ours to make. . .. If we have concluded that we are being asked to take senseless and frightening risks, then we should no longer accept the counsel of those who tell us that we must fill our world with poisonous chemicals: we should look about and see what other course is open to us. (Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, 1962)

Everybody’s youth is a dream, a form of chemical madness. (F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1896 1940; The Diamond as Big as the Ritz)

There is poison in the fang of the serpent, in the mouth of the fly and in the sting of a scorpion; but the wicked man is saturated with it. (Chanakya)

Ironically enough, in the same way that fear brings to pass what one is afraid of, likewise a forced intention makes impossible what one forcibly wishes. Pleasure is, and must remain, a side-effect or by-product, and is destroyed and spoiled to the degree to which it is made a goal in itself. (Viktor E. Frankl)

Yes, madam, I am drunk. But in the morning I will be sober and you will still be ugly. (Winston Churchill) (replying to Lady Astor’s comment ‘Sir, you’re drunk!’)

Pollution is nothing but the resources we are not harvesting. We allow them to disperse because we’ve been ignorant of their value. (R. Buckminster Fuller)

When I was in England, I experimented with marijuana a time or two, and I didn’t like it, and I didn’t inhale, and I never tried again. (Bill Clinton)

I am a passenger on the spaceship Earth. (R. Buckminster Fuller)

Everything one does in life, even love, occurs in an express train racing toward death. To smoke opium is to get out of the train while it is still moving. It is to concern oneself with something other than life or death. (Jean Cocteau) There are days when solitude, for someone my age, is a heady wine that intoxicates you with freedom, others when, it is a bitter tonic, and still others when it is a poison that makes you beat your head against the wall. (Colette, ‘Freedom,’ (1908)) Drugs bring us to the gates of paradise, then keep us from entering. (Mason Cooley (b. 1927)) I want to love you but I better not touch (Don’t touch) I want to hold you but my senses tell me to stop I want to kiss you but I want it too much (Too much) I want to taste you but your lips are venomous poison You’re poison running through my veins You’re poison, I don’t want to break these chains (Alice Cooper, Poison) Water and air, the two essential fluids on which all life depends, have become global garbage cans. (J.Y. Cousteau)

Is the chemical aftertaste the reason why people eat hot dogs, or is it some kind of bonus? (Neil Gaiman) Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs, but not every man’s greed. (Mahatma Gandhi) No monster vibration, no snake universe hallucinations. Many tiny jeweled violet flowers along the path of a living brook that looked like Blake’s illustration for a canal in grassy Eden: huge Pacific watery shore, Orlovsky dancing naked like Shiva long-haired before giant green waves, titanic cliffs that Wordsworth mentioned in his own Sublime, great yellow sun veiled with mist hanging over the planet’s oceanic horizon. No harm. (Allen Ginsberg (letter, describing an LSD experience)) The man recovered of the bite, The dog it was that died. (Oliver Goldsmith, An Elegy on the Death of a Mad Dog) But once, when my father was soaring high in selfconfident absentmindedness, and made tea by pouring hot coffee over tea leaves, she called him “The Great Poisoner.” He laughed, I remember, but looked abashed and sorrowful. (Donald Hall, Willow Temple)

Appendix II: A highly personal selection of toxicological quotations: famous, infamous, obscure

It is his theory that all medicinal virtues are comprised within those substances which we term vegetable poisons. These he cultivates with his own hands, and is said even to have produced new varieties of poison, more horribly deleterious than Nature, without the assistance of this learned person, would ever have plagued the world withal. (Nathaniel Hawthorne, Rappaccini’s Daughter) The Goddess brought them inside, bade them sit down, and mixed for them a potion of ground barley, cheese, pale honey, and Pramneian wine, but added to the mixture the medicines of gloom, that make one utterly forget his true home. (Homer, Odyssey) They put arsenic in his meat And stared aghast to watch him eat; They poured strychnine in his cup And shook to see him drink it up. (A.E. Housman) Every form of addiction is bad, no matter whether the narcotic be alcohol, morphine or idealism. (Carl Jung (1875 1961)) My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk, Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains One minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk. (John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale)

699

a river in the United States that doesn’t have pesticide poisoning in it. The fish are dying. The seas are getting polluted. The rainforests are going. And global warming is here. (W.S. Merwin, Conversations with W.S. Merwin) . . .rotten little verses transformed by the innocent, the decent, the good and the young into hymns of detonated twilights along toxic shores. . . (Jane Miller, Far Away) Malice sucks up the greater part of her own venom, and poisons herself. (Michel de Montaigne, 1533 1592) If you try to treat an outbreak in one part of the body politic, you merely exacerbate the symptoms elsewhere. What’s medicine for some people is poison for others because you can never pay Paul without robbing Peter. (Thomas Moore, Utopia) If we were to judge of the interest excited by any medical subject by the number of writings to which it has given birth, we could not but regard the poisoning by lead as the most important to be known of all those that have been treated of, up to the present time. (M.P. Orfila, A General system of Toxicology, 1817) The Earth will not continue to offer its harvest, except with faithful stewardship. We cannot say we love the land and then take steps to destroy it for use by future generations. (John Paul II)

Never take the antidote before the poison (Latin Proverb) There are three side effects of acid: enhanced long-term memory, decreased short-term memory, and I forget the third. (Timothy Leary) I got them before they could get me. (Vachel Lindsay, last words after drinking Lysol) What is food to one man is bitter poison to others. (Lucretius) Now that we may understand it, I will tell you why different creatures have different foods, and why what is bitter and acrid to one can nevertheless seem very sweet to another. In this matter there are such great differences and variations that what is food for one can be bitter poison for others. For example, there is a serpent that dies if touched by the saliva of a man, biting itself to death. Moreover, hellebore is a dire poison to us, but it fattens goats and quails. (Lucretius, De Rerum Natura (On Nature), Book IV) Resentment is like drinking poison and then hoping it will kill your enemies. (Nelson Mandela) The tongue may be an unruly member But silence poisons the soul. (Edgar Lee Masters, Spoon River Anthology) There are certain persons for whom pure Truth is a poison. (Andre Maurois) The moment we turn over the soil, we start poisoning it, and we go on poisoning it all the way through. There’s probably not

A little learning is a dangerous thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring: There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain, And drinking largely sobers us again (An Essay on Criticism) (Alexander Pope) I do not readily believe that any man having once tasted the divine luxuries of opium will afterwards descend to the gross and mortal enjoyments of alcohol. (Thomas de Quincey, Confessions of an English Opium-Eater) “When you come to a patient’s house you should ask him what sort of pains he has, what caused them, how many days he has been ill, whether the bowels are working and what sort of food he eats.” So says Hippocrates in his work Affections. I may venture to add one more question: What occupation does he follow? (Bernardino Ramazzini, Diseases of Workers) Snake’s poison is life to the snake; it is in relation to man that it means death. (Rumi) London. . . loses at least two out of three sunrises, owing to the environing smoke. (John Ruskin, Modern Painters) The United States is like the guy at the party who gives cocaine to everybody and still nobody likes him. (Jim Samuels) ’T is not the drinking that is to be blamed, but the excess. (John Selden (1584 1654) In “Table Talk” 1689) Wipe off this glass three times. There is arsenic in it. I hear messages from God through the fillings in my teeth. (Anne Sexton (1928 1974))

700

Appendix II: A highly personal selection of toxicological quotations: famous, infamous, obscure

Sweet are the uses of adversity, Which like the toad, ugly and venomous, Wears yet a precious jewel in his head: And this our life, exempt from public haunt, Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, Sermons in stones, and good in every thing. (William Shakespeare (1564 1616) (As You Like It, Act ii, Sc I))

I feel sorry for people who don’t drink. When they wake up in the morning, that’s as good as they’re going to feel all day. (Frank Sinatra)

Boil thou first I’th’ charmed pot.

There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them, they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together. This is no fairy story and no joke; the meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit. (Upton Sinclair, The Jungle)

All:

The environment will continue to deteriorate until pollution practices are abandoned. (B.F. Skinner)

First Witch: Round about the cauldron go, In the poisoned entrails throw. Toad that under cold stone Days and nights has thirty-one. Sweltered venom sleeping got,

Double, double, toil and trouble, Fire burn, and cauldron bubble.

Science is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition. (Adam Smith)

Second Witch: Fillet of a fenny snake, In the cauldron boil and bake. Eye of newt and toe of frog, Wool of bat and tongue of dog, Adder’s fork and blind-worm’s sting, Lizard’s leg and owlet’s wing, For a charm of powerful trouble, Like a hell-broth boil and bubble.

All: Double, double, toil and trouble, Fire burn, and cauldron bubble. (William Shakespeare, Macbeth) There is thy gold, worse poison to men’s souls, Doing more murders in this loathsome world, Than these poor compounds that thou mayst not sell. I sell thee poison; thou hast sold me none. Farewell: buy food, and get thyself in flesh. Come, cordial and not poison, go with me To Juliet’s grave; for there must I use thee. (Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet) Everything I eat has been proved by some doctor or other to be a deadly poison, and everything I don’t eat has been proved to be indispensable for life. But I go marching on. (George Bernard Shaw) Our Adonais has drunk poison oh! What deaf and viperous murderer could crown

Don’t forget to sacrifice a rooster to Asklepios. (Socrates’ last words, after being forced to drink hemlock, as transmitted by Plato, Phaedo) There are poisons that blind you, and poisons that open your eyes. (August Strindberg, The Ghost Sonata) The very idea of being in a canoe in the waters off the New Jersey Turnpike was viscerally thrilling but this thrill was counterbalanced by a gnawing consideration of the toxicity of the environment. (Robert Sullivan, The Meadowlands: Wilderness Adventures at the Edge of a City) No one should drink beer with henbane seeds except those who have forfeited their lives, because doing so results in frenzy of the brain, loss of reason and sometimes sudden death. (Joacobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus, Kraeuterbuch, 1664) I hate to advocate drugs, alcohol, violence, or insanity to anyone, but they’ve always worked for me. (Hunter S. Thompson) Industrial vomit. . . fills our skies and seas. Pesticides and herbicides filter into our foods. Twisted automobile carcasses, aluminum cans, non-returnable glass bottles and synthetic plastics form immense middens in our midst as more and more of our detritus resists decay. We do not even begin to know what to do with our radioactive wastes - whether to pump them into the earth, shoot them into outer space, or pour them into the oceans. Our technological powers increase, but the side effects and potential hazards also escalate. (Alvin Toffler, Future Shock)

Life’s early cup with such a draught of woe? (Percy Bysshe Shelley, Adonais)

I kissed my first girl and smoked my first cigarette on the same day. I haven’t had time for tobacco since. (Arturo Toscanini)

I think it’s ironic that for once dad’s butt prevented the release of toxic gas. (Bart Simpson)

In the beautiful Midwest, windchill temperatures are reaching minus 60 degrees, the coldest ever recorded.

Appendix II: A highly personal selection of toxicological quotations: famous, infamous, obscure

In coming days, expected to get even colder. People can’t last outside even for minutes. “What the hell is going on with Global Waming [sic]? Please come back fast, we need you!” (Donald Trump, Tweeted) Black as hell, strong as death, sweet as love. (Turkish proverb, about coffee) To cease smoking is the easiest thing I ever did, I ought to know because I’ve done it a thousand times. (Mark Twain) Water from clay pipes is much more wholesome than that which is conducted through lead pipes, because lead is found to be harmful for the reason that white lead is derived from it, and this is said to be hurtful to the human system. (M.V. Vitruvius, De Architectura)

701

One drop of hatred left in the cup of joy turns the most blissful draught into poison. (Friederich von Schiller) After the first glass you see things as you wish they were. After the second, you see things as they are not. Finally, you see things as they really are, and this is the most horrible thing in the world. (attributed to Oscar Wilde, in Conrad, Barnaby, III, Absinthe: History in a Bottle) I can’t believe that Godzilla was the only surviving member of its species. . . But if we continue conducting nuclear tests. . . it’s possible that another Godzilla might appear somewhere in the world again. (Kyohei Yamane-hakase, character in Gojira the original Godzilla movie, 1954, last lines of the film)

Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively.

A Aalborg University, 150 Aalto University, 174 The Aarhus Convention, 4 Aarhus University, 143, 151 Abbasi S.A. (Heavy Metals in the Environment), 211 Abdolghaffari, A. H. (Safety of Probiotic Bacteria. In: Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics; Bioactive Foods in Health Promotion), 255 Abdollahi, M. (Analysis of Toxic Substances (Emergency & Practical)), 253 Abdollahi, M. (Basic and Clinical Toxicology of Mustard Compounds), 254 Abdollahi, M. (Basic and Clinical Toxicology of Organophosphorus Compounds), 254 Abdollahi, M. (ed.) (Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3rd Edition, Volumes 14), 254 Abdollahi, M. (Emergency Management of Poisoned Patients), 253 Abdollahi, M. (Epidemiological studies; IRAN. In: Anticholinesterase Pesticides: Metabolism, Neurotoxicity, and Epidemiology), 254 Abdollahi, M. (Hazards of Pesticides in the Workplaces), 253 Abdollahi, M. (Iran. In: Information Resources in Toxicology, 4th Edition), 254 Abdollahi, M. (Paraclinical Tests in Emergency Toxicology. In: Poisoning Guideline 2), 254 Abdollahi, M. (Pesticide’s Chemical Safety and Control of Poisoning), 253 Abdollahi, M. (Pesticides Toxicology; Diagnosis and Treatment), 253 Abdollahi, M. (Poison Information Centers. In: Afshari’s Clinical Toxicology and Poisoning Emergency Care), 254 Abdollahi, M. (Poisoning with Anticholinesterase Insecticides in Iran. In: Anticholinesterase Pesticides: Metabolism, Neurotoxicity, and Epidemiology), 255 Abdollahi, M. (Precautions and Guidelines for use of Pesticides in the Workplaces), 253 Abdollahi, M. (Safety in Pharmaceutical Sciences Research), 254 Abdollahi, M. (Safety of Probiotic Bacteria. In: Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics; Bioactive Foods in Health Promotion), 255 Abdollahi, M. (Teratology (Principles and Practices)) (Abdollahi), 253

Abdollahi, M. (The Golden Age of Medieval Islamic Toxicology. In: Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance), 255 Abdollahi, M. (Toxicity and Biomonitoring; Gene Expression. In: Anticholinesterase Pesticides: Metabolism, Neurotoxicity, and Epidemiology), 254 Abdollahi, M. (Use of proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy and rates of major malformations: A meta-analysis. In: Medication Safety in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding), 254 Abdulrazaq Garba Habib (Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa), 456 Abedi, M. H. (Methods of Sampling in Forensic Toxicology), 254 ABEEC. See Australasian Bulletin of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Chemistry (ABEEC) ABI. See Agro-Biotechnology Institute Malaysia (ABI) A˚bo Akademi University, 174 Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME), 501 Abul Faiz (Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa), 456 Abuse of Opioids and Opioid Dependence Sivolap Yu et al.), 422 Academia Mexicana de Ciencias (Mexican Academy of Sciences), 354 Academia Mexicana de Quı´mica Orga´nica (Mexican Academy of Organic Chemistry), 354 Academia Nacional de Medicina (National Academy of Medicine), 354 Academia Sinica, 549 Academic Medical Center (AMC), 362 Academy of Environmental Biology, 241 Academy of Medicine Singapore, College of Emergency Physicians, 458 Academy of Medicine Singapore, Section of Clinical Toxicologists, 458 Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), 110 Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 133 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Act, 245 ACAP. See Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP) Accident hazards, Spanish legislations, 521 Accion Ecologica, 159

703

ACCM. See Advisory Committee on Complementary Medicines (ACCM) ACCS. See Advisory Committee on Chemicals Scheduling (ACCS) ACDASA. See Agricultural Chemical Distribution Association of South Africa (ACDASA) Acetaminophen: Properties, Clinical Uses and Adverse Effects. In: Acetaminophen overdose, biomarkers, and management (Sattari et al.), 254 ACGIH. See American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) ACHHRA. See Australian Centre for Human Health Risk Assessment (ACHHRA) ACIS. See Agricultural Chemicals Inspection Station (ACIS) ACM. See Advisory Committee on Medicines (ACM) ACRF. See Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF) ACRO. See African Clinical Research Organisation (ACRO) Act on Confirmation, 310 Act on Registration, Evaluation, etc. of Chemicals (ARECS). See K-REACH “Act on Safety Management of Consumer Chemical Products and Biocidal Products”. See K-BPR Act relating to the Prevention of Fire, Explosion and Accidents involving Hazardous Substances and the Fire Services (Norway), 381 Acta Biochimica Polonica (1954), 396 Acta Bioqu´ımica Clı´nica Latinoamericana, 25 Acta Bota´nica Mexicana (Mexican Botanic Proceedings), 351 Acta Entomologica Sinica, 108 Acta Farmaceˆutica Portuguesa, 417 Acta Medica Iranica, 255 Acta Me´dica Portuguesa, 417 Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica—Drug Research (1990), 396 Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 108 Acta Toxicologica (200307), 396 Acta Zoolo´gica Mexicana (Mexican Zoologic Proceedings), 351 Acta Ecologica, 221 Acta Toxicolo´gica Argentina, 25 Actitud de un Grupo de Estudiantes Universitarios hacia las Drogas (Attitude of a

704 Group of University Students towards drugs) (Salazar et al.), 604 Actividades molestas, insalubres, nocivas y peligrosas: normativa de evaluacio´n del impacto ambiental y prevencio´n y control de la contaminacio´n (Regulations for the Environmental Impact Evaluation and Prevention and Control of Contamination) (Vera D.J.), 510 ACTRA. See Australasian College of Toxicology and Risk Assessment (ACTRA) Acts and Regulations administered by the Labour Inspection Authority (Norway), 382 Acts and regulations provided by the Ministry of Climate and Environment (Norway), 381 Acute poisoning, 598 Acute poisoning. Protocols of treatment of the Clı´nic Hospital, Barcelona, 513 Adame Romero A. (Contaminacio´n ambiental (Environmental pollution)), 342 ADAN. See Asociacio´n para la Defensa del Ambiente y de la Naturaleza (ADAN) ADCA. See Alcohol and other Drugs Council of Australia (ADCA) Addiction(s): recherches et pratiques, 179 Addictive Substances (Koutselinis), 205 ADEC. See Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Adicciones (Addictions), 510 Adicciones. Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello-Sehabiague-Prego-de Leonardis (Pascale et al.), 598 Adictologia, 417 ADME. See Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) Administration of the State (Spain), 515 Adrenal Toxicology (Harvey et al.), 569 ADSA. See Asbestos Diseases Society of Australia (ADSA) Advances in DNA Damage and Repair: Oxygen Radical Effects, Cellular Protection, and Biological Consequences (Nato Science Series A) (English) (Miral Dizdaroglu et al.), 559 Advances in Environmental Benchmarks (Advances in ecotoxicology, series 1) (Wang Zijian), 106 Advances in Mass Spectrometry 15 (Gelpi E.), 508 Advances in Pharmacology and Toxicology, 221 Adverse Drug Reactions Journal, 108 Advisory Committee on Chemicals Scheduling (ACCS), 42 Advisory Committee on Complementary Medicines (ACCM), 42 Advisory Committee on Medicines (ACM), 42 AEC. See Animal Ethics Committees (AEC) AEC. See Atomic Energy Council (AEC) AECOSAN. See Agency of Consumption, Food Safety, and Nutrition (AECOSAN) AEFI—Spanish Association of Industrial Pharmacists, 519 Aerospace Pharmacology and Toxicology (Ma Jin et al.), 103

Index

AETOX—Spanish Association of Toxicology, 519 AFAQUIM—Spanish Association of the Fine Chemical Manufactures, 517 Aflatoxins and their management. In: Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism (Yazdanpanah et al.), 255 AFOEM. See Australasian Faculty of Occupational & Environmental Medicine (AFOEM) AFPHM. See Australasian Faculty of Public Health Medicine (AFPHM) Africa Stockpiles Programme, 485 African Clinical Research Organisation (ACRO), 471 African Entomology, 465 African Journal of Aquatic Science, 465 African Journal of Wildlife Research, 466 African Zoology, 465 Afshar, M. (Drug Poisoning and Treatment), 252 Afshari, D. (Multiple Choice Questions of Occupational and Industrial Toxicology), 253 Ageel, Abdulrahman (Guide to the management of poisonings), 439 Agencies depending on this Ministry: Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development, 413 Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services (APAT), 276 Agency for Science Technology and Research (A STAR), 458 Agency of Consumption, Food Safety, and Nutrition (AECOSAN), 506 Agency Service Center, 115 Agenzia italiana del farmaco (AIFA). See Italian Medicines Agency Aggrawal A. (Self-Assessment and Review of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology), 212 Aggrawal A. (Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology), 212 AGH University of Science and Technology, 402 Aghaie, S. (Anti-parasites Toxins), 252 Agop Cıtak (Pediatric Poisoning (Turkish)), 559 Agrawal K.C. (Environmental Pollution: Causes, Effects & Controls), 212 Agrawal V.P. (ed.) (Toxicology and Environmental Health, Proceedings of a National Symposium), 221 AgResearch, 371 Agri- Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, 460 Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals & Medicines, 56 Agricultural Chemical Distribution Association of South Africa (ACDASA), 482 Agricultural chemical safety database, 493 Agricultural Chemicals Inspection Station (ACIS), 295 Agricultural Chemicals Regulation Law, 310 Agricultural Geo-Referenced Information System, 468 Agricultural Machinery Test and Identification General Station, 117 Agricultural Management Institute, 116

The Agricultural Research Council (ARC), 472 Agricultural Sanitation Autonomic Service (SASA), 609 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 83 Agriculture, pesticides in, 369 Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore, 457 AgriFutures Australia. See Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) Agro-Biotechnology Institute Malaysia (ABI), 333 Agrochemicals Law, 68 Agrochemicals SystemAGROFIT, 61 Agrociencia (AgroScience), 351 Agua, hombre y paisaje (Water, man and landscape) (Toledo A.), 350 Agudo J. (El control de contaminacio´n. Te´cnicas jurı´dicas de proteccio´n medioambiental (Pollution control. Legal techniques of environmental protection)), 506 Aguilar Pliego J. (ed.) (Cata´lisis y medio ambiente (Catalysis and environment)), 342 AHEC. See Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC) Ahluwalia S.K. (Environment Problems in India), 212 Ahmadizadeh, M. (Industrial Toxicology of Heavy Metals), 253 Ahmet Oguz Ada (Casarett and Doull’s: Essentials of Toxicology), 559 Ahwaz University of Medical Sciences, 250 Aiassa D. (Plaguicidas a la carta (Pesticides on demand)), 18 Aiassa D. (Toxicologı´a gene´tica y salud ambiental (Genetic toxicology and environmental health)), 19 AICS. See Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS) AIFD. See Association of Research-Based Pharmaceutical Companies (AIFD) AIHW. See Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) AIMS. See Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) AIOH. See Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists (AIOH) Air pollution, 81 Air Pollution and Its Control (Malhotra S.), 217 Air Pollution Control Act, 310 Air Pollution Statistical Service, 494 Air Quality Expert Group (AQEG), 578 Air quality in Israel, 258 Air quality report, 329 AIRCLIM-NET, 410 AISLP information system on pharmaceuticals, 133 Aitio A. (Control de calidad en laboratorios de toxicologia ocupacional (Quality control in occupational toxicology laboratories)), 348 Ajou University, 495 Akhgari, M. (Street Level Heroin, an Overview on its Components and Adulterants. In:

Index

Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse), 255 Akhmadulina L.G. (Biology and ecology basic principles), 420 Aktories K. (Allgemeine und spezielle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie.Begru¨ndet von W. Forth, D. Hentschler, W. Rummel), 188 Akutna trovanja hemijskim materijama (Joksovi´c et al.), 450 Akutna trovanja lekovima (Matovi´c et al.), 450 Akutnı´ intoxikace a le´kova´ poˇskozenı´ v intenzivnı´ medicı´nˇe (Acute Intoxication and Pharmaceutical Injuries in Intensive Care ˇ Medicine) (Sevela et al.), 131 Akzo Nobel, 364 Al Amal Complex, 437 Al Rass General Hospital, 436 Al Yamamah Hospital, 436 Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. (ASMA), 334 Alastuey M.C. (El delito de contaminacio´n ambiental: Artı´culo 325.1 del co´digo penal (The crime of environmental contamination)), 506 Albano G. (Fisuras, dos estudios sobre pasta base de cocaı´na en el Uruguay. Aproximaciones cuantitativas y etnogra´ficas. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacio´n), 597 Albert L.A. (Curso ba´sico de toxicologia ambiental (Basic course on environmental toxicology)), 342 Albert L.A. (Ejercicios complementarios [para el] curso ba´sico de toxicologia ambiental (Complementary exercises forthe basic course on Environmental Toxicology)), 348 Albert L.A. (Me´xico to´xico: emergencias quı´micas (Toxic Mexico:chemical emergencies)), 342 Albert L.A. (ed.). (Diccionario de la contaminacio´n (Pollution dictionary)), 342 Albert L.A. (ed.) (La Toxicologia en Me´xico: estado actual y perspectivas (Toxicology in Mexico: actual state andperspectives)), 342 Alberta Environment, 84 Alberta Environment Information Centre, 84 Alberta Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Resource Portal, 84 Alberta, 84 Alberta—Workplace Hazards, 84 Albiano N. (Toxicologı´a Laboral. Criterios para el monitoreo de la salud de los trabajadores expuestos a sustancias quı´micas peligrosas (Occupational Toxicology.Criteria for monitoring the health of workers exposed to hazardous chemicals)), 19 Alcala de Henares University, 518 Alcohol and other Drugs Council of Australia (ADCA), 44 Alcoologie et Addictologie, 179 Aldridge W.N. (Mechanisms and Concepts in Toxicology), 568 Aldrin, 2 Alekseyeva T.I. (ed.) (Anthropoecology in Central Asia), 420 “Alexander Fleming” Biomedical Sciences Research Center, 209 Alfonso X el Sabio University, 518

Al-Freihi, Hussein (Investigation on drug and poison: related problems in Eastern province), 439 Algemene inleiding in de toxicologie (General Introduction to Toxicology), 3rd Edition (Koeman, J. H.), 358 Alghamdi, Mansour Ahmad (Investigation on environmental impact of Jeddah Desalination Plant (MSc thesis)), 439 ALHem—Safer Chemical Alternative, 452 Ali Bilgili (Toxicology in Veterinary Medicine (Turkish)), 559 Ali Esat Karakaya (Advances in DNA Damage and Repair: Oxygen Radical Effects, Cellular Protection, and Biological Consequences (Nato Science Series A) (English)), 559 Ali Esat Karakaya (From Chemical to Food: Dose and Risk (Turkish)), 559 Ali Esat Karakaya (Human Monitoring after Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chemical and Physical Agents (NATO Asi Series: Series A: Life Sciences) (English)), 559 Alicante University, 518 Alimentaria. Revista de tecnologı´a e higiene de los alimentos (Foodstuffs. Journal of technology and safety of foods) (1963), 510 Alimentary System Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series) (Wang Minsheng et al.), 105 Alkhwater, Saleh (Toxicology and pesticides 2nd edition), 439 Allahabad University, 236 Allegrucci, M. (Tossicologia. Principi e applicazione all’uso dei farmaci e dei prodotti della salute salute (Toxicology. Principles and application to the use of drugs and health products), 267 Allergy, Skin, and Asthma Federation, 173 All-Russian Research and Testing Institute of Medical Equipment, 428 All-Russian Society of Nature Protection, 426 Almeida W.F. (Tratamento das Intoxicac¸o˜es Agudas, 4th ed. (Treatment of Acute Poisonings)), 61 Almerı´a University, 518 Alperin S.E. (Manual de fundamentos teo´ricopra´ctico sobre ofidios y ofidismo en Co´rdoba para la ensen˜anzasecundaria (Manual of theoreticalpractical foundations on ophidians and ophidians in Cordoba for secondary education)), 22 ALTA. See Latin-American Toxicology Association (ALTA) ´ lvarez Bermu´dez J. (Comp) (De la salud a la A enfermedad: ha´bitos to´xicos y alimenticios (From health to disease: toxic habits and nutrition)), 346 Alvarez Moya C. (Gene´tica, ambiente y salud (Genetic, environment and health)), 342 Alvariza S. (Skin Reactions Associated to Phenytoin Administration: Multifactorial Cause), 598 Alzogaray R.A. (El elixir de la muerte (The elixir of death)), 21 AMAP. See Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)

705 Amaral V.L.L. (Animais de Laborato´rio: Cuidados na iniciac¸a˜o experimental (Laboratory Animals: Concerns in Experimental Initiation)), 59 Amaro V. (Consumo de alcohol en nin˜os y adolescentes), 598 Amazonas Toxicological Information Center, 66 Ambient Penal Law, 611 Ambienta: La revista del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (The Journal of the Ministry of Environment), 510 AMC. See Academic Medical Center (AMC) American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 269 Amigo C. (Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por antidepresivos recibidas en el Centro de informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico en el periodo), 598 Amigo C. (Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por benzodiazepinas recibidas en el Centro de Informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico uruguayo en el perı´odo), 598 AMMS. See Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS) Ampliacio´n de Toxicologı´a de Postgrado, 8th Ed. (Advanced Post grade in Toxicology) (Repetto M.), 509 Amsterdam University, 362 A.N. Sysin Research Institute for Human Ecology and Environmental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 428 Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, 562 Ana´lisis comparativo de los venenos ofı´dicos de importancia clı´nica y studio bioquı´mico del accidente ofı´dico en Uruguay (Morais), 600 Analysis of Toxic Substances (Emergency & Practical) (Abdollahi et al.), 253 Analytical Toxicology Advisory Laboratory, 28 Anatolian Journal of Cardiology, 560 ANCAQ. See Argentine National Authority for the Chemical Weapons Convention (ANCAQ) Andalucı´a International University, 518 Andean University Simon Bolivar, 160 Andˇel, P (Ekotoxikologie, bioindikace a biomonitoring (Ecotoxicology, Bioindication and Biomonitoring)), 129 Anderson, Diana (Human Monitoring after Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chemical and Physical Agents (NATO Asi Series: Series A: Life Sciences) (English)), 559 Andes University (ULA), 601 Andrade Filho A. (Toxicologia na Pra´tica Clı´nica (Clinical Toxicology)), 58 Andrzejczak D. (Desinger Drugs and OTC Medicines—the new players on the market of psychoactive substances. (Dopalacze I leki OTC—nowi gracze na scenie zwia˛zko´w psychoaktywnych)), 396 Andujar, P. (Toxicologie), 178 ANF. See Asia Nano Forum (ANF) Angers (Centre, Val de Loire, Pays de la Loire, Bretagne, Normandie), 185

706 Anguiano O.L. (Clasificacio´n y Toxicologı´a de los Plaguicidas (Classification and Toxicology of Pesticides)), 19 Anguiano O.L. (Conociendo los efectos adversos de los plaguicidas podremos cuidar nuestra salud y el ambiente. (Knowing the adverse effects of pesticides we can take care of our health and the environment)), 19 Anhui Medical University School of Public Health, 120 Anil Aggrawal’s Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 221 Animais de Laborato´rio: Cuidados na iniciac¸a˜o experimental (Laboratory Animals: Concerns in Experimental Initiation) (Mezadri et al.), 59 Animal Antivenoms BankBotulinum Antitoxin, 28 Animal Ethics Committees (AEC), 44 Animal Poisoning and Toxicology (textbook) (Bai Wansheng), 100 Animal protection, Spanish legislations, 521 Animal testing, 12 Animal Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) (Shen Jianzhong), 104 Animal Welfare Committee (AWC), 44 Animals Act 1986, 568 Animals in Science Committee, 578 Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, 562 Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 563 Anke M. (ed) (Elements and their Compounds in the Environment, 2nd edition), 190 ANN. See Australian Nanotechnology Network (ANN) Annales Franc¸aises de Me´decine d’Urgence, 179 Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine (AAEM) (1994), 396 Annals of Medicine, 457 The Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 573 Annamalai University, 236 Annual Report of Air Quality and Water Quality Monitoring, 549 Annual Report of Centers for Disease Control, 549 Annual Report of Health Promotion Administration, 549 Annual Report on Food and Drug Administration, 549 Annual Research and Inspection Report, 549 Annuario dei dati ambientali (Environmental Data Yearbook), 266 Anomalias Congeˆnitas: Estudos Experimentais (Congenital anomalies: experimental studies), 58 Anomalies of Toxic Chemical Elements on the Territory of St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region, 424 Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems (ACE) CRC, 43 Anthropoecology in Central Asia (Alekseyeva T.I. (ed.)), 420

Index

Antidotes network among hospitals (Red de Antı´dotos entre hospitales de colaboracio´n entre SEFH y SCFC), 513 ´ Antidoti u veterinarskoj medicine (Cupi´ c V.), 450 Antidoti: guida all’uso clinico e all’approvvigionamento (Antidotes: a guide to clinical use and supply) (Locatelli et al.), 267 Anti-parasites Toxins (Aghaie), 252 Antivenom Production Center, 27 Antonijevi´c B. (Toksikoloˇska procena rizika), 450 Antonio Maria Pineda Hospital. Toxicology Center (Hospital Dr. Antonio Marı´a Pineda. Centro Toxicolo´gico) (CTRCO), 606 Anttila, P. (Kemikaaliturvallisuuden tiedonla¨hteet), 164 Anttonen, H. (Elektoniikka-alan kemikaaliopas), 164 ANU College of Health and Medicine, 47 ANU. See Australian National University (ANU) ANZFSS. See Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society (ANZFSS) ANZPAA. See Australia New Zealand Policing Advisory Agency (ANZPAA) ANZSOM. See Australian and New Zealand Society of Occupational Medicine (ANZSOM) Aotearoa, 369 Aparicio V.C. (Plaguicidas en el ambiente (Pesticides in the environment)), 19 APAT. See Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services (APAT) APJMM. See Asia-Pacific Journal of Molecular Medicine (APJMM) Apoptosis in Toxicology (Roberts R.J.), 570 Apostillas en referencia a las adicciones y la marihuana. in Biomedicina (Berro Rovira G.), 598 Applied Biological Research, 221 Applied Ecophysiology ProgramDepartment of Basic SciencesNational University of Lujan, 28 A P S University, 236 APSA. See Australasian Pharmaceutical Science Association (APSA) APSF. See Australian Patient Safety Foundation (APSF) APVMA. See Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) AQEG. See Air Quality Expert Group (AQEG) Aquatic Ecotoxicology Experiment (Song Zhihui), 104 Arago´n P. (Contaminacio´n atmosfe´rica: manual de laboratorio (Atmospheric pollution: laboratory handbook)), 506 Arata P.N. (Los edulcorantes artificiales: desde el punto de vista higie´nico (Artificial sweeteners: from the hygienic point of view)), 17 Ara´uz, V. (Conociendo el mundo de los plaguicidas para ciudar nuestra salud), 156 The Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, 263 Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin, 192

Arbete och Ha¨lsa, 527 Arbline, 530 ARBO, 366 ARC Nanotechnology Network (ARCNN), 37 ARC. See Australian Research Council (ARC) Archives of Iranian Medicine, 255 Archives of Medical Research, 350 Archives of Razi Institute, 255 Archivos Argentinos de Pediatrı´a, 26 Archivos de Cardiologı´a de Mexico (Archives of Cardiology of Mexico), 350 Archivos de prevencio´n de riesgos laborales (Archives of Occupational Risks Prevention), 511 ARCNN. See Australian Research Council Nanotechnology Network (ARCNN) Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP) (Norway), 380 Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) (Norway), 380 Ardabil University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 251 Ardestani, M. M. (The Golden Age of Medieval Islamic Toxicology. In: Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance), 255 Area of Physiological, Biomedical and Toxicology ChemistryDepartment of Biological ChemistryFaculty of Exact and Natural SciencesUniversity of Buenos Aires, 28 Argentina agrochemicals laws, 31 antidote repositories, 28 books, 1821 of historical significance, 1718 chemical weapons laws, 31 clinical toxicological analysis laboratories, 28 drug laws, 31 environmental laws, 31 foods and commodities laws, 32 forensic and police toxicology laboratories, 2930 general interest books on toxicology, 2122 guides and manuals, 2225 journals and bulletins, 2526 labor laws, 32 laws about toys, 32 laws on drugs of abuse, 32 laws on hazardous materials transport, 32 laws on human health, 32 laws on personal hygiene products, cosmetics and perfumes and household products, oral hygiene products for dental use, 3233 legislation and government agencies, 31 medical residencies in toxicology, 3031 poison control center, 2627 postgraduate courses, 3031 reference laboratories on legal toxicology, 30 scientific societies, 3233 sources of information, 33

Index

toxicology units of universities and toxicological research center, 2829 toxinology centers, 2728 Argentina Toxicological Association (ATA), 32 Argentine National Authority for the Chemical Weapons Convention (ANCAQ), 31 Argentine Network of Toxicology (REDARTOX), 1617 Argentine Republic, 16 Argentine Society of Toxicology, 16 Arhiv za farmaciju, 450 Arora M. (Environmental Management of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals), 212 ARP. See Asbestos Review Program (ARP) ARPANSA. See Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) ARPS. See Australasian Radiation Protection Society Inc. (ARPS) Arse´nico: perspectiva epidemiolo´gica ambiental y de salud (Arsenic: epidemiologic, environmental and health perspective) (Mora´n Martı´nez J.), 346 The Art of Crime, 206 Artagaveitia P. (Una introduccio´n al perfil farmacolo´gico y terapo´utico de la marihuana in Ach Med Interna), 599 The Artic Council (Norway), 380 As Bases Toxicolo´gicas da Ecotoxicologia (Toxicological Basis of Ecotoxicology) (Azevedo et al.), 58 Asahikawa Medical College, 300 Asano N. (ed.) (Atlas of Comet Assay Images), 289 Asante K.A. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Asbestisairauksien diagnostiikka ja seuranta (Nordman et al.), 165 Asbestos and Other Hazardous Mineral Fibers (Moztarzadeh), 253 Asbestos Diseases Society of Australia (ADSA), 46 Asbestos Review Program (ARP), 52 Asbestos Workers Registry (Ontario), 73 ASCC. See Australian Safety and Compensation Council (ASCC) ASCEPT. See Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists (ASCEPT) ASE. See Australasian Society for Ecotoxicology (ASE) ASEICA—Spanish Association of Research in Cancer, 519 Aser Poison Control Center, 438 Ashford N. (Chemical Exposures: Low Levels and High Stakes), 569 Ashis K. Mukherjee (Snake Venoms), 456 Asia Nano Forum (ANF), 37, 54 Asian Association of Environmental Mutagen Societies, 489 Asian Biotechnology and Development Review, 221 Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 108

Asian Society of Toxicology (ASIATOX), 99, 489 Asia-Pacific Journal of Molecular Medicine (APJMM), 321 ASIATOX. See Asian Society of Toxicology (ASIATOX) Aslani, M. (Poisonous Herbs in Iran and Poisoning in Animals), 254 Aslı Pınar (Resolving Erroneous Reports in Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: A Comprehensive Guide), 559 ASLs. See Aziende Sanitarie Locali (ASLs) ASM Science Journal, 321 ASMR. See Australian Society for Medical Research (ASMR) Asociacio´n Mesoamericana de Ecotoxicologı´a y Quı´mica Ambiental, SETAC-Me´xico (Mesoamerican association of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Chemistry), 354 Asociacio´n Mexicana de Higiene Industrial (Mexican Association of Occupational Hygiene), 353 Asociacio´n Mexicana de Pediatrı´a (Intoxicaciones (Intoxications)), 342 Asociacio´n Nacional de la Industria Quı´mica (National Association for the Chemical Industry), 353 Asociacio´n Toxicolo´gica Argentina (ATA), 16 Asociacio´n para la Defensa del Ambiente y de la Naturaleza (ADAN), 605 Asociacio´n Venezolana de la Industria Quı´mica y Petroquı´mica (ASOQUIM), 610 ASOHAZMAT, 605 ASOMAT. See Australasian Society of Oral Medicine And Toxicology (ASOMAT) ASOQUIM. See Asociacio´n Venezolana de la Industria Quı´mica y Petroquı´mica (ASOQUIM) ASOSH. See Association of Societies for Occupational Safety and Health (ASOSH) ASP. See Australian Snakebite Project (ASP) Aspectos especı´ficos de la toxicologı´a de algunos contaminantes (Specific aspects of some pollutants toxicology) (Vega G.S.), 349 Aspectos medico legales del consumo de drogas. En Patologı´a Forense Oficina del Libro (Lozano), 597 Assam University, 236 ASSIST Andhra Pradesh, 232 Association for the defense of the environment and nature, 605 Association for the Environment and Natural Defense, 609 Association for the Promotion of Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 184 Association for the Promotion of Research and Teaching in Toxicology, 184 Association of Agricultural Technology Coordination, 184 Association of Chemical Industry of the Czech Republic, 141 Association of Greek Chemists, 208 Association of Regulatory and Clinical Scientists (ARCS Australia), 53

707 Association of Research-Based Pharmaceutical Companies (AIFD), 564 Association of Societies for Occupational Safety and Health (ASOSH), 481 Association of the Dutch Chemical Industry, 365 Association of Therapeutic Goods Consultants, 45 Association of Veterinary and Crop Association of South Africa (AVCASA), 470, 482 Astolfi E. (Guia pra´ctica para urgencias toxicolo´gicas (Practical guide for toxicological emergencies)), 17 Astolfi E. (Hidro Arsenicismo Cro´nico Regional Ende´mico (Chronic Regional Endemic Hydro Arsenicism)), 17 Astolfi E. (Toxicomanı´as. Aspectos toxicolo´gicos, psicolo´gicos, sociolo´gicos, jurı´dicos, me´dicolegales, criminalı´sticos, criminolo´gicos (Drug addiction. Toxicological, psychological, sociological, legal, medical-legal, criminological, and criminological aspects)), 17 Astolfi E.A. (Toxicologı´a de Pregrado (Undergraduate toxicology)), 17 Astolfi E.A.N. (Formas actuales de intoxicacio´n (Current forms of poisoning)), 17 ASVP. See Australian Society for Veterinary Pathology (ASVP) ATA. See Argentina Toxicological Association (ATA) Athens Journal of Sciences, 206 Atilla Engin (Tryptophan Metabolism: Implications for Biological Processes, Health and Disease (Molecular and Integrative Toxicology) (English), 559 Atlas de Poche de Me´decine de l’Environnement (Reichl), 179 Atlas de Toxicologia Clı´nica y Laboral (Atlas of Clinical and Occupational Toxicology) (Nogue et al.), 509 ˇ por contaminantes Atlas fotogra´fico: dano atmosfe´ricos en especies vegetales del Valle de Me´xico (Photographic atlas: environmental pollutants damage in plants species in the Valley of Mexico) (De la Isla Bauer M.L.), 344 ˇ por contaminantes Atlas fotogra´fico: dano atmosfe´ricos en especies vegetales del Valle de Me´xico (Photographic atlas: environmental pollutants damage in plants species in the Valley of Mexico) (Herna´ndez Tejeda T.), 344 Atlas of Comet Assay Images (Asano N. (ed.) et.al.), 289 ATN. See Australian Technology Network (ATN) ATOM. See Australian Toxicology Monitoring (ATOM) Atomic Energy Council (AEC), 550 Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984, 339 Atomic Energy Licensing Board, 330 Aurelia Tubaro (Marine and Freshwater Toxins), 456 Austox Programs, 45 Australasian Bulletin of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Chemistry (ABEEC), 38

708 Australasian College of Toxicology and Risk Assessment (ACTRA), 37, 53 Australasian Faculty of Occupational & Environmental Medicine (AFOEM), 53 Australasian Faculty of Public Health Medicine (AFPHM), 53 Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 38 Australasian Pharmaceutical Science Association (APSA), 54 Australasian Radiation Protection Society Inc. (ARPS), 54 Australasian Society for Ecotoxicology (ASE), 37, 55 Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists (ASCEPT), 37, 54 Australasian Society of Oral Medicine And Toxicology (ASOMAT), 46 Australia New Zealand Policing Advisory Agency (ANZPAA), 44 Australia, commonwealth of books books, 38 databases, 3940 environmental toxicity, 36 federal government legislation, 56 government research organizations, 4344 journals, 38 medicinal toxicity, 35 miscellaneous resources, 56 nongovernment organizations, 4447 occupational toxicity, 3536 organizations, government, 4042 poison control centres, 5556 professional societies, 5355 state and territory governments, 4243 technical reports and other documents, 39 toxicology research, 3637 toxicology-related societies, 37 universities, 4753 Australia’s Dangerous Snakes: Identification, Biology and Envenoming (Mirtschin et al.), 38 Australia’s Poisonous Plants, Fungi and Cyanobacteria (McKenzie R.), 38 Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society (ANZFSS), 54, 373 Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 38 Australian and New Zealand Society of Occupational Medicine (ANZSOM), 54, 373 Australian Animal Toxins: The Creatures, Their Toxins and Care of the Poisoned Patient, 2nd Edition (Sutherland et al.), 38 Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF), 45 Australian Centre for Human Health Risk Assessment (ACHHRA), 3637, 49 Australian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes, 56 Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC), 35 Australian Drug Foundation, 45 Australian Environment Protection Authorities, 42 Australian Federal Register of Legislation, 56

Index

Australian Health Departments, 42 Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC), 44 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), 40 Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), 43 Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists (AIOH), 54 Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, 48 Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS), 39 Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 38 Australian Marine Sciences Association (AMSA), 54 Australian Medical Council, 45 Australian Medicines Handbook, 38 Australian Mesothelioma Register, 39 Australian Nanotechnology Network (ANN), 37, 49, 54 Australian National University (ANU), 47 Australian Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Statistics, 39 Australian OHS Sites, 39 Australian Patient Safety Foundation (APSF), 45 Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA), 40 Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), 40 Australian Research Council (ARC), 36, 43 Australian Research Council Nanotechnology Network (ARCNN), 54 Australian Rivers Institute, 48 Australian Safety and Compensation Council (ASCC), 4041 Australian safety data sheet format, 56 Australian Snakebite Project (ASP), 51 Australian Society for Medical Research (ASMR), 54 Australian Society for Veterinary Pathology (ASVP), 54 Australian Technology Network (ATN), 47 Australian Therapeutic Goods Legislation, 56 Australian Toxicology Monitoring (ATOM), 51 Australian Venom Research Unit, 50 Australian Veterinary Journal, 38 Australian Water Association (AWA), 45 Australian WHS Departments, 43 Autonomic Service Institute of Superior Studies “Dr.Arnoldo Gabaldon” (IAESP), 608 Autonomic Service of Pharmaceutical Products (SERFA-SUMED), 608 Autoridad Nacional del Agua (ANA) (National Water Authority), 387 Avances en toxicologı´a de contaminantes quı´micos en alimentos (Advances in Toxicology of Chemical Contaminants in Food) (Dı´az et al.), 93 AVCASA. See Association of Veterinary and Crop Association of South Africa (AVCASA) Avis A.M. (Chapter 13. Coastal Vegetation), 464

Avis de l’ANSES relatif a´ la de´finition de crite´res scientifiques de´finissant les perturbateurs endocriniens, 180 AWA. See Australian Water Association (AWA) AWC. See Animal Welfare Committee (AWC) Aylin Gu¨rbay (Pharmaceutical Toxicology), 559 Ayse Basak Engin, (Tryptophan Metabolism: Implications for Biological Processes, Health and Disease (Molecular and Integrative Toxicology) (English), 559 Azabu University, 300 Azambuja C. (Skin Reactions Associated to Phenytoin Administration: Multifactorial Cause), 598 Azevedo F.A. (As Bases Toxicolo´gicas da Ecotoxicologia (Toxicological Basis of Ecotoxicology)), 58 Azevedo F.A. (Metais: Gerenciamento da Toxicidade (Metals: Toxicity Management)), 58 Azevedo F.A. (Toxicologia do Mercu´rio (Mercury Toxicology)), 58 Aziende Sanitarie Locali (ASLs), 272 Azpeitia P. (Revisio´n de me´todos de ana´lisis de contaminantes prioritarios en suelos (Review of analytical methods of contaminants in soil)), 506

B Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, 236 Babol University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 251 Bacci, E. (Ecotossicologia (Ecotoxicology)), 268 Bacis, G. (Sistema informativo nazionale per la sorveglianza delle esposizioni pericolose e delle intossicazioni: casi rilevati nel 2014. Nono rapporto annuale (National information system for monitoring dangerous exposure and intoxication: cases detected in 2014. Ninth annual report)), 268 Badrian, R. (Evaluation of Pesticide Producing From the Uranium Richen Process), 254 Badyugin I.S. (Extremity toxicology. Practical guidance), 420 Baeza-Squiba, A. (Toxicologie), 178 Bagheri, A. (Information Database of Pesticides and Plant Diseases), 254 Bagheri, M. (Emergency Management of Poisoned Patients), 253 Bahia Center of Anti-Poison Information CIAVE, 66 Bai Wansheng (Animal Poisoning and Toxicology (textbook)), 100 Bajaj Y.P.S. (Transgenic Medicinal Plants), 212 Bal R. (The Politics of Chemical Risk—Scenarios for a Regulatory Future), 569 Bal Ram Singh (Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism), 456 Balali-Mood, M. (Basic and Clinical Toxicology of Mustard Compounds), 254 Balali-Mood, M. (Basic and Clinical Toxicology of Organophosphorus Compounds), 254 Balali-Mood, M. (Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Poisonous Animal’s Bite), 253 Balali-Mood, M. (Early and Delayed Effects of Sulfur Mustard in Iranian Veterans After the

Index

Iraq-Iran Conflict. In: Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents: Second Edition), 255 Balduini, W. (Tossicologia generale e applicata ai farmaci (General Toxicology and Drugapplied Toxicology)), 266 Balearic Islands University, 518 Balı´kova´, M (Forenznı´ a klinicka´ toxikologie (Forensic and Clinical Toxicology)), 129 Balkan Medical Journal, 560 Ball S. (Food Toxicology without Secrets ˙ (Toksykologia zywno´ sci bez tajemnic)), 394 Ballesteros E. (Toxicologı´a Animal Originada por Plantas, Flora Silvestre Espan˜ola (Animal Toxicology from the Spanish flora)), 507 Baltic Sea Network on Occupational Health and Safety: Poland, 410 Banca Dati Bonifiche (BDB), 270 Banca Dati Cancerogeni (BDC), 269 Banca Dati Sensibilizzanti (BDS), 270 Banerjee B.N. (Environmental Pollution and Bhopal Killings), 212 Bangbu Medical College School of Public Health, 120 Baotou Medical College School of Public Health, 120 BAPE. See Bureau d’audiences publiques sur l’environnement (BAPE) Barbona E.I. (Guı´a de uso responsable de agroquı´micos (Manual of safe and responsible use of agrochemicals infruit and vegetable crops)), 24 Barcelona Autonomous University, 518 Barcelona University, 518 Barceloux D.G. (Medical Toxicology. Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning), 421 Barelli, A. (TBST Toxicological Basic Support and Therapy. Argomenti di Tossicologia clinica d’urgenza), 266 Bares C. (Consumo de Pasta Base de Cocaina en America del Sur: Revision de los aspectos epidemiologicos y medicotoxicologicos), 597 Bares C. (E-Waste Informal recycling: An Emerging Source of Lead Exposure in South America), 599 Bares C. (Substance use in adolescents with environmental lead exposure in childhood), 599 Bares C. (Tobacco use in adolescents exposed to lead), 600 Barinas Toxicological Center (FUNCETOXBA), 603 Barinas—Estado Barinas, 611 Barojas Weber A.L. (ed.) (Residuos peligrosos en Me´xico (Hazardous waste in Me´xico)), 344 Barquisimeto—Estado Lara, 611 Barrett G.W. (Transgenic Medicinal Plants), 212 Barrett S. (Chemical Sensitivity: The Truth about Environmental Illness), 569 Barriga F.D. (Networking to advance progress in children’s environmental health), 600

Barsegyants L.O. (Medico-forensic physical evidences. Blood, discharges, hair), 420 Barth H. (ed) (Toxikologie (Toxicology), 3rd edition), 188 Barzegar, E. (Poison Information Centers. In: Afshari’s Clinical Toxicology and Poisoning Emergency Care), 254 The Basel Convention, 34 Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, 428 Basic & Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (BCPT), 376 Basic and Clinical Toxicology of Mustard Compounds (Balali-Mood et al.), 254 Basic and Clinical Toxicology of Organophosphorus Compounds (Balali-Mood et al.), 254 Basic and Clinical Toxicology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Feng Yibin), 101 Basic Environment Act, 310 Basic Environmental Toxicology (textbook) (Li Yongfeng et al.), 102 Basic Environmental Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) (Meng Ziqiang), 103 Basic Guidelines for Animal Experiments of Hygienic Toxicology (Wei Linlin et al.), 106 Basic Knowledge of Pharmaceutical GLP and Toxicological Studies (2nd edition) (Mayahara H.), 290 Basic Principles and Practical Applications in Epidemiological Research (Wang J.D.), 548 Basic principles of risk assessment to population’s health at exposure to chemicals polluting the environment (Onishchenko et al. (eds.)), 421 Basic Principles of Toxicology (Theocharis), 205 Basic Principles of Toxicology, Scientific and Methodological Edition (Kutsenko S.A.), 421 Basic Technical Methods for Pharmacological and Toxicological Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Wu Bingchun), 106 Basic Toxicological Experiments (textbook) (Jiang gaofeng et al.), 101 Basic Toxicology (textbook) (Jiang Yueming), 101 Basic Toxicology (textbook) (Zhou Zhijun), 107 The Basic Toxicology Experiment Guides (textbook) (Tang Huanwen et al.), 105 The basis and clinic of respiratory toxicology (Lu Guocai), 103 Basisboek Arbeidstoxicologie: risico-inventarisatie en-evaluatie (Textbook on Occupational Toxicology: Risk Assessment and Evaluation) (Henderson et al.), 358 Basisboek Milieu en Gezondheid (Textbook on Environment and Health) (Copius Peereboom) (ed.), 358 Basque Country University, 518 BAT value (Biologische Arbeitsstofftoleranzwert [biological exposure value]), 191 Bataller Sifre R. (Toxicologı´a Clı´nica (Clinical Toxicology)), 507

709 Battocletti A. (E-Waste Informal recycling: An Emerging Source of Lead Exposure in South America), 599 Baucells J. (La prevencio´n y el control integrados de la contaminacio´n (The integrated pollution prevention and control)), 507 Baud, F. (Iatroge´nie et toxicologie en urgence), 178 Baud, F. (Intoxications Aigue¨s), 178 Baud, F. (Toxicologie Clinique), 178 Baum E. (Handbuch der gefa¨hrlichen Gu¨ter. Gesamtwerk: Merkbla¨tter 1-2900), 191 Bautista Mejı´a D.M. (Ecologı´a y medio ambiente, 3r ed. (Ecology and environment, 3rd edition)), 344 Baxter A.P. (Phytopathogenic Fungi from South Africa), 463 Baydar T. (Nitrite Chemistry and Toxicity (English)), 559 Bazante, M. (Manual de Intoxicaciones por Plaguicidas), 157 Bazzino F., (Intoxicacio´n por imidazo´ licos en pediatrı´a: experiencias del Centro de Informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico en nin˜os y adolescentes), 598 B.C. Drug and Poison Information Centre, 91 BCPT. See Basic & Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (BCPT) BDB. See Banca Dati Bonifiche (BDB) BDC. See Banca Dati Cancerogeni (BDC) BDS. See Banca Dati Sensibilizzanti (BDS) Be´dry, R. (Guide Pratique de Toxicologie Pe´diatrique), 178 Be´dry, R. (Iatroge´nie et toxicologie en urgence), 178 Bello J. (Fundamentos de Ciencia Toxicolo´gica (The Foundation of Toxicological Science)), 507 Bello J. (Toxicologı´a: guı´a de pra´cticas (Toxicology: A Guide of Practical Teaching)), 508 The Bellona Foundation (Norway), 380 Belma Kocer Giray (Pharmaceutical Toxicology), 559 ´ a Bencko, V. (Toxicke´ kovy v zˇivotnım ´ prostˇredı´ cˇloˇreka (Toxic Heavy pracovnım Metals in the General and Occupational Environment)), 129 Bender H.F. (Handbuch der gefa¨hrlichen Gu¨ter. Gesamtwerk: Merkbla¨tter 1-2900), 191 Benedetto L. (Yerba Mate: efectos sobre la vigilia y el suen˜o), 599 Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 263 Benta S. (Consumo de mate en el embarazo con el peso al nacer Arch Pediatr Urug), 599 Bentur, Y, (ed.) (Medical Management Monographs on Hazardous Materials in Multicasualty Incidents: Hospital Guidelines, 3rd edition, Emergency and Disaster Division, Israel Ministry of Health), 257 Berasain P. (Humoral immune responses to venom and anti-venom of patients bitten by Bothrops snakes), 600

710 Bercovich P. (Contaminacio´n de aguas superficiales en la Ciudad de Neuque´n (Surface water pollution in the City of Neuque´n)), 19 Bergendorff, Anders, 527 Bergman Ǻ. L. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Berlin, 200, 525 Bernabe´ M. (Emisiones bioge´nicas (Biogenic emissions)), 350 Bernal-Gonza´lez M. (Plaguicida en Me´xico: algunos me´todos para determinar plaguicida en agua y matrices biolo´gicas (Pesticides in Mexico: methods for the determination of pesticides in water and biological matrices)), 342 Bernardino Herna´ndez H.U. (Los plaguicidas en los Altos de Chiapas: soluciones que matan (Pesticides in Altos de Chiapas: solutions that kill)), 342 Berro Rovira G. (Apostillas en referencia a las adicciones y la marihuana. in Biomedicina), 598 Besl H. (Giftpilze: Ein Handbuch fu¨r Apotheker, A¨rzte und Biologen), 189 Bezhenar G.V. (Military Toxicology), 421 Bharathiar University, 236 Bharati Vidyapeeth Bhavan, 236 Bhopal Chemical Release, 245 Bhushan B. (Environmental Impact Assessment), 213 Bhushan B. (Environmental Management), 213 Bianchi F. (Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures), 599 Bibliotoxi, 522 BIBRA Toxicology Advice & Consulting, 582 Binetti R. (ed.) (Databases on chemical agents available at Italian level), 269 Biochemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis and Anticarcinogenesis (Lin J.K.), 547 Biochemical Pharmacology (Shiau S.Y.), 547 Biochemical Principles of Toxicology (Biochemiczne podstawy toksykologii) (Hanke et al.), 394 Biochemical Residency in Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, 30 Biochemistry of xenobiotics, 423 Biocidal/Biocide Product Regulation (BPR), 9, 284 Biocides (nonagricultural pesticides), Spanish legislations, 521 Biocides, 284 Biodiversity GIS (BGIS): Highlighting the Hotspots, 468 Bioinformatics and Molecular Design Research Center (BMDRC), 499 BioIsrael, 264 Biological Agents and Toxins Act, 460 Biological agents, 513 Biological Diversity Act, 245 Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism (Gopalakrishnakone et al.), 456 Biology and ecology basic principles (Akhmadulina L.G.), 420

Index

Biology of Sulfur Dioxide: Toxicology Physiology Pathophysiology (Meng Ziqiang), 103 Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 108 Bio-Medical Ethics, 245 Biomedical Research  Primate Centre, 364 Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 209 Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, 551 Biomedicine (Journal of the Indian Association of Biomedical Scientists), 221 Biomedicine Institute, 608 Biomedicine, 208 Biomonitoring of Xenobiotics—Selected Problems (Biomonitoring ksenobiotyko´w—wybrane zagadnienia) (Szumska et al.), 395 Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 571 BIOPHARM. Research Institute of Biopharmacy and Veterinary Drugs, 138 Biophysical Society of China, 124 Bioquimia, 351 Bioquı´mica del humo de tabaco (Tobacco smoke biochemistry) (Morera V.), 18 Bioremediation Science and Technology Research (BSTR), 321 Biosafety Clearing-House, 359 Biosafety Research Center Foods, Drugs and Pesticides (BSRC, An-pyo Center), 298 Biosafety South Africa, 471 Biotechnology (Teng W.C.), 547 Biotechnology Innovation Centres (BRICs), 471 Bioterrorism—Principles of Medical Procedure (Bioterroryzm—zasady poste˛powania lekarskiego) (Chomiczewski et al.), 394 Biotox CZ, 133 “Biotox,” “Piratome,” and “Biotox” sheets, 181 Biotoxicological Guide, 181 Biotoxins and environmental toxicology, 189190 Anke M. (ed) (Elements and their Compounds in the Environment, 2nd edition), 190 Besl H. (Giftpilze: Ein Handbuch fu¨r Apotheker, A¨rzte und Biologen), 189 Bodio M. (Notfall-Handbuch Gifttiere) Bresinsky A. (Giftpilze: Ein Handbuch fu¨r Apotheker, A¨rzte und Biologen), 189 Flammer R. (Giftpilze: Pilzvergiftungen), 190 Frohne D. (Giftpflanzen (Poisonous Plants), 5th edition), 190 Ihnat M. (ed) (Elements and their Compounds in the Environment, 2nd edition), 190 Junghanss T. (Notfall-Handbuch Gifttiere) Lindequist U. (Biogene GifteBiologieChemie PharmakologieToxikologie), 190 Lindner E. (Toxikologie der Nahrungsmittel (Toxicology of Food), 4th edition), 190 Mebs D. (Giftiere Ein Handbuchfu¨r Biologen, Toxikologen, A¨rzteund Apotheker), 190

Merian E. (ed) (Elements and their Compounds in the Environment, 2nd edition), 190 Pfa¨nder H.J. (Giftpflanzen (Poisonous Plants), 5th edition), 190 Stoeppler M. (ed.) (Elements and their Compounds in the Environment, 2nd edition), 190 Teuscher E. (Biogene GifteBiologie ChemiePharmakologieToxikologie), 190 van Wyk B.E. (Handbuch der giftigen und psychoaktiven Pflanzen), 190 Wink C. (Handbuch der giftigen und psychoaktiven Pflanzen), 190 Wink M. (Handbuch der giftigen und psychoaktiven Pflanzen), 190 Biotoxtech Co. Ltd, 499500 Biotransformacio´n de Xenobio´ticos (Biotransformation of Xenobiotics) (Posadas del Rı´o et al.), 346 Biotransformatie en toxicokinetiek (Biotransformation and Toxicokinetics) (Henderson et al.), 358 BIREME/OPAS/OMS, 69 Birjand University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Birnbaum L. S. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Bisphenol A Exposure and Health Risks (English) (Erkekoglu et al.), 559 Biswas G. (Recent Advances Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 2: Good Practice Guidelines and Current Medicolegal Issues), 213 Biziuk M. (ed.) (Pesticides: Occurrence, Analysis and Disposal (Pestycydy wyste˛powanie oznaczanie i unieszkodliwianie)), 394 BJRST. See Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology (BJRST) Blanco Pampin J. (Practical Manual of Forensic Histopathology), 507 BMDRC. See Bioinformatics and Molecular Design Research Center (BMDRC) Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals, 90 Bobbio L. (ed.) (Conflictos y concertacio´n: la gestio´n de los residuos en Me´xico, Italia y Francia (Conflict and agreement:waste management in Me´xico, Italy and France)), 342 Bodio M. (Notfall-Handbuch Gifttiere) Bogdanik T. (ed.) (Clinical Toxicology (Toksykologia kliniczna)), 394 Bo¨hm S. (Pharmakologie und Toxikologie: Von den molekularen Grundlagenzur Pharmakotherapie), 189 ´ Bojni otrovi (Cupi´ c et al.), 450 Boletı´n de la Sociedad Chilena de Quı´mica, 94 Boletı´n Epidemiolo´gico Trimestral, del sistema de vigilancia epidemiologica de intoxicaciones agudas por plaguicidas, 94

Index

Bolu´mar F. (Manual de Epidemiologı´a y Salud Pu´blica (Manual of Epidemiology and Public Health)), 508 Bonakdar, S. (Toxicology of Nanobiomaterials. In: Stem Cell Nanoengineering), 255 Bonde J.P. (ed.) (Miljø- ogarbejdsmedicin), 148 Bone Marrow Cytology Procedures and Atla for Toxicological Safety Assessment (Toxicological Safety Evaluation Series) (Liu Fang et al.), 102 Bo¨nisch H. (Duale Reihe Pharmakologie und Toxikologie), 189 Bonn, 200 Bonzini de O’Reilly S. (Los Quitapenas: clı´nica de las toxicomanı´as, un abordaje institucional (Los Quitapenas: drug addiction clinic, an institutional approach)), 19 Borbonet D. (Consumo de mate en el embarazo con el peso al nacer Arch Pediatr Urug), 599 Borbonet Legnani D. (Intoxicacio´n por Anı´s de Campo), 598 Bordeaux (Nouvelle Aquitaine), 185 Borg, Karl, 526 Borgel, L. (Protocolos para el manejo del paciente intoxicado (Protocols for the Management of the Poisoned Patient)), 93 Borm P. (Particle Toxicology), 569 Borm, P. J. A. (Basisboek Arbeidstoxicologie: risico-inventarisatie en-evaluatie (Textbook on Occupational Toxicology: Risk Assessment and Evaluation)), 358 Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology (BJRST), 321322 Bosch B. (Toxicologı´a gene´tica y salud ambiental (Genetic toxicology and environmental health)), 19 Botanical Society of China, 123 Botello A.V. (ed.) (Golfo de Me´xico, contaminacio´n e impacto ambiental: diagno´stico y tendencias (Gulf of Mexico, pollution and environmental impact: diagnosis and tendencies)), 343 Botello A.V. (ed.) (Pacı´fico mexicano: contaminacio´n e impacto ambiental:diagno´stico y tendencias (Mexican Pacific: pollution and environmental impact: diagnosis and tendencies)), 343 Botha C.J. (Plant Poisonings and Mycotoxicosis of Livestock in Southern Africa, 2nd Edition), 463 Bothalia, 465 Botta, A. (Toxicologie), 179 Botti, P. (TBST Toxicological Basic Support and Therapy. Argomenti di Tossicologia clinica d’urgenza), 266 Boucher C. (Chapter 13. Coastal Vegetation), 464 Bozza Marrubini, M. (Intossicazioni acute: meccanismi, diagnosi e terapia (Acute poisoning: mechanisms, diagnosis and therapy), 2nd edition), 266 BPF. See British Plastics Federation (BPF) BPR. See Biocidal/Biocide Product Regulation (BPR)

BPS. See British Pharmacological Society (BPS) Bracesco N. (Efectos del cannabis sobre la viabilidad celular y el ciclo suen˜o vigilia en un modelo animal), 599 Brain dysfunction changes in abstinent cocaine abusers (Ferrando et al.), 599 Brandys J. (ed.) (Toxicology—Select Problems (Toksykologia—wybrane zagadnienia)), 394 Brantes, M. J. (Guı´a consulta: intoxicaciones por plaguicidas (Guide for Poisoning with Pesticides)), 93 Brasesco N. (Yerba Mate: efectos sobre la vigilia y el suen˜o), 599 Brazil books, 5861 databases, 61 government agencies, 6162 international MEDLARS Center, 69 journals, 61 laboratories and consulting services, 63 legislation, 68 nongovernment organizations, 62 poison information/control centers, 6668 professional societies, 66 universities, 6366 Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation— EMBRAPA, 62 Brazilian Institute for the Environmental and Renewable Natural ResourcesIBAMA, 62 Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 61 Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 61 Brazilian Society of Chemistry, 66 Brazilian Society of Mutagenesis and Environmental Genomics, 66 Brazilian Society of Toxicology, 66 Bremnes N.B. (Interlaboratory Comparison on POPs in Food 2017), 376 Bresinsky A. (Giftpilze: Ein Handbuchfu¨r Apotheker, A¨rzte und Biologen), 189 Brexit, 567 Breyer-Brandwijk M.G. (The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. Being an Account of Their Medicinal and Other Uses, Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Effects and Toxicology in Man and Animal, 2nd Edition), 463 BRFAA. See Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA) BRICs. See Biotechnology Innovation Centres (BRICs) British Pharmacological Society (BPS), 588 British Plastics Federation (BPF), 583 British Society for Cell Biology (BSCB), 589 British Society of Toxicological Pathologists (BSTP), 589 British Toxicology Society (BTS), 589 Brocca H. (Balconeando las drogas (Denouncing drugs)), 343 Brockstedt M. (Vergiftungenim Kindesalter (Intoxications in Childhood), 4th edition), 189 Brodecki Z. (ed.) (Environmental Protection (Ochrona s´rodowiska)), 394 Broemme A. (Handbuch der gefa¨hrlichen Gu¨ter. Gesamtwerk: Merkbla¨tter 1-2900), 191

711 Bromatology and Toxicological Chemistry (Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna) (1968), 396 Bromochloromethane, 12 Brune´ M.N. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Brune´ M.N. (Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures), 599 Brunel University, 585 Bruneton, J. (Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes me´dicinales), 178 Bruneton, J. (Plantes Toxiques: Ve´ge´taux Dangereux pour l’Homme et les Animaux), 178 Bruning, S. W. (Plantas To´xicas en Pediatria (Toxic Plants in Pediatrics)), 93 Bruning, V. W. (Plantas To´xicas en Pediatria (Toxic Plants in Pediatrics)), 93 Brunstein L. (Transporte y almacenamiento de plaguicidas (Transport and storage of pesticides)), 22 Bryden W.L. (Fumonisins  Occurrence, Toxicology, Metabolism and Risk Assessment), 463 BSCB. See British Society for Cell Biology (BSCB) BSTP. See British Society of Toxicological Pathologists (BSTP) BSTR. See Bioremediation Science and Technology Research (BSTR) BTS. See British Toxicology Society (BTS) Buenos Aires Provincial Pediatric Toxicology Service, 26 Buenos Aires Provincial Toxicology Reference Center, 26 Buha A. (Akutna trovanja lekovima), 450 Building and Planning Act (Norway), 375 Buitro´n, B. (Conociendo el mundo de los plaguicidas para ciudar nuestra salud), 156 Buitro´n, B. (Guia para el Diagnostico, Atencion y Tratamiento por intoxicacion en plaguicidas en atencion primaria en salud), 156 Buka I. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Buka I. (Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures), 599 Bulat Z. (Akutna trovanja lekovima), 450 Bulletin Epidemiology and Action, 157 Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 206 Bulut Demirel (Casarett and Doull’s: Essentials of Toxicology), 559 Bundelkhand University, 237 Bunjes R. (Vergiftungenim Kindesalter (Intoxications in Childhood), 4th edition), 189 Bureau d’audiences publiques sur l’environnement (BAPE), 85 Bureau for Chemical Substances, 398 Bureau REACH, 359 Burger M. (Plomo salud y ambiente: Experiencia en Uruguay Montevideo), 597

712

Index

Burger M. (Pose Plaguicidas, salud y ambiente: Experiencia en Uruguay D Red tema´tica de medio ambiente), 597 Burgos University, 518 Burguer M. (Intoxicaciones ma´s frecuentes en Pediatrı´a. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello Sehabiague  Prego  de Leonardi), 598 Burnett J.W. (ed.) (Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals), 38 Busan National University, 496 Buscaalternativas.com, 522 Buscaglia, E. (Antidoti: guida all’uso clinico e all’approvvigionamento (Antidotes: a guide to clinical use and supply)), 267 BUSCATOX, 522 Bushehr University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Buzzo A (Toxicologı´a (Toxicology)), 17 Byczkowska Z. (ed.) (Toxicometry and Organ Toxicology (Toksykometria i toksykologia narza˛dowa)), 395

C Cabre´, O. (Genetica, Toxicologia y Carcinogenesis), 157 Cabrera R. (Manual Toxicolo´gico de Productos Fitosanitarios para uso Sanitario (Toxicological Workbook of non-agriculture pesticides)), 507 Cabrerizo S. ( Quere´s saber que´ es la toxicologı´a? (Do you want to know what toxicology is?)), 21 Cabrerizo S. ( Quere´s saber cua´les son los animales venenosos? (Do you want to know which are the poisonousanimals?)), 21 CADIME—Andalusian Center of Documentation and Information on Pharmaceuticals, 520 Ca´diz University, 518 Cadmium, 369 CAER. See Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research (CAER) Cafege, Adam Lee (Guide to the management of poisonings), 439 CAGG. See China Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics (CAGG) Cai Jiqun (Drug Toxicology (textbook)), 100 Caius J.F. (The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of India), 213 Caldas L.Q.A. (Intoxicac¸o˜es Agudas: Bases do Diagno´stico Clı´nico-Laboratorial de Urgeˆncia (Acute Intoxication)), 60 Calitox, 512 Calixto Flores R. (Ecologı´a y medio ambiente (Ecology and environment)), 343 Calomarde J. (Expediente informativo de Producto Cosme´tico: Evaluacio´n de la seguridad (The dossier of cosmetic products: safety evaluation)), 507 Calvete Juan J. (Venom Genomics and Proteomics), 457 Calvo Carrillo M.C. (Toxicologı´a de los alimentos (Food toxicology)), 343

Camargo F.J. (Toxicologı´a del alcohol etı´lico (Toxicology of ethyl alcohol)), 21 Camea´n A.M. (Toxicologı´a Alimentaria (Food Toxicology)), 509 Campo Grande Integrated Toxicological Surveillance CenterCIVITOX, 66 Campolina D. (Toxicologia na Pra´tica Clı´nica (Clinical Toxicology)), 58 Canada canadian health portfolio, 8283 computerized information resources, 7377 federal government departments, 8184 federal government sites/portals, 8384 governmental publications, 7273 journals, 72 legislation, 7881 newsletters, 73 NGOs, 9091 poison control centers, 9192 provincial agencies, 8486 toxicology education and school, 8692 web-based tools, 7778 Canada’s National Certification Body for Environmental Practitioners (CECAB), 90 Canada’s National Occupational Health and Safety Web Site (CANOSH), 90 Canadian Association for Research on Work and Health (CARWH), 90 Canadian Cancer Registry (CCR), 73 Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS), 90 Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS), 73 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), 73 Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, 83 Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA), 79, 81 Canadian Environmental Regulation & Compliance News, 73 Canadian Fisheries Journal, 7172 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 83 Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS), 7374 Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP), 74 Canadian Institute for Health Information, 90 Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 72 Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 72 Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 7172 Canadian Journal of Public Health, 7172 Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 72 Canadian Occupational Safety and Health News, 73 Canadian Pharmacists Association, 90 Canadian Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse (CPPIC), 74 Canadian Radiation Protection Association, 90 Canadian Registration Board of Occupational Hygienists (CRBOH), 91 The Canadian Urban Environmental Health Research Consortium (CANUE), 90

Canadian Water Network, 91 Canadian Water Resources Journal, 72 Canadian Wildlife Service, 81 Cancer Council Australia, 45 Cancer Epidemiology in Quito and others Ecuadorian Regions (Corral et al.), 156 Cancer in Young People in Canada (CYP-C), 74 Cancer Prevention Hellenic Company, 208 CANJEM, 77 Cano Robles F. K. (Ge´nero, ambiente y contaminacio´n por sustancias quı´micas (Gender environment and chemical pollution)), 343 CANOSH. See Canada’s National Occupational Health and Safety Web Site (CANOSH) Cantelli Forti, G. (Tossicologia molecolare e cellulare (Molecular and Cellular Toxicology)), 266 Cantos, G. (Plomo: Genotoxicidad y Salud Humana), 156 Cao Yi (Endocrine Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 102 Cao Yi (Urinary System Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 100 Capacitacio´n para el manejo responsable de sustancias quı´micas en Uruguay (Laborde), 599 CAPDA. See China Association of Pesticide Development & Application (CAPDA) Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT), 475 Capital Medical University School of Public Health, 120 Capo´ M. (Principios de Ecotoxicologı´a (Principles of Ecotoxi-cology)), 507 Cappeletti F. (Cocaı´na adulterada con Levamisol: reporte de 3 casos clı´nicos), 599 Capuano, A. (Tossicologia degli alimenti (Food Toxicology)), 266 Carabobo University (UC), 601 Caracas Medical Gazette, 604 Caracas—Distrito Capital, 611 Carballo M.A. (Gene´tica toxicolo´gica (Toxicological genetics)), 20 Carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic for reproduction (CMR), 12 Carcinogens Data Bank, 269 Carcinogens, Spanish legislations, 521522 Cardenal Herrera Oria University CEU, 518 Ca´rdenas B. (Tratamiento biolo´gico de compuestos orga´nicos vola´tiles de fuentes fijas (Biological treatment of volatile organiccompound from stationary sources), 349 Cardiff University, 585 Cardiovascular Toxicology (Li Zhilan et al.), 102 CAREX Canada, 77 CARISMA. See Centre for Environmental Research in Centre for the Analysis of Risk and Optimisation Modelling Application (CARISMA)

? ?

Index

Carlini E.A. (Drogas e Subsı´dios para uma Discussa˜o (Drugs and Data for Discussion)), 58 Carmona G. (Normas de Prevencio´n de la Contaminacio´n Mercurial en la Profesio´n Odontolo´gica (Norms of Mercury Contamination Prevention in the dentistry Profession)), 604 Carmona G. (Toxicologı´a Pediatrica (Pediatric Toxicology), 3rd Edition), 604 ˇ de Carmona Lara M.C., (ed.) (Veinteanos procuracio´n de justicia ambiental en Me´xico: un homenaje a la creacio´n de la Procuradurı´a Federal de Proteccio´n al Ambiente (Twenty years of Environmental Justice Enforcement in Mexico: an homage to the creation of the Federal Enforcement Agency for Environmental Protection)), 343 Carozzi A. (Skin Reactions Associated to Phenytoin Administration: Multifactorial Cause), 598 Carpenter D. (Networking to advance progress in children0 s environmental health), 599 Carpenter D.O. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Carpenter D.O. (Networking to advance progress in children’s environmental health), 600 Carreira S. (Humoral immune responses to venom and anti-venom of patients bitten by Bothrops snakes), 600 Carreira S. (Mene´ndez C. Ofidismo en Uruguay. Especies peligrosas y caracterı´sticas del accidente ofı´dico), 597 Carreira S. (Mordedura por vı´bora de coral), 600 Carren˜o F. (Elaboracio´n y estructuracio´n de una base de datos cartogra´fica de la contaminacio´n marina provocada por el Prestige y su integracio´n en un sistema de informacio´n geogra´fico (Preparation and structure of a cartographic database of the marine contamination produced by the Prestige and integration in a geographic information system)), 507 Carreo´n Valencia T. (Manual de procedimiento en la toma de muestras biolo´gicas y ambientales para determinar niveles de contaminantes (Procedure manual for biological and environmental sampling to determine levels of pollutants)), 348 Carrillo Gonza´lez G. (Coord.) (La ecologı´a industrial en Me´xico (Me´xico’s industrial ecology)), 343 Carruthers V.C. (Frogs of Southern Africa: A Complete Guide), 463 Carson, R. (Clinical Toxicology (Instructions for the Everyday Medicine)), 205 CARWH. See Canadian Association for Research on Work and Health (CARWH) Casarett & Doull Basic Toxicology (2nd edition) (Klaassen et al.), 205

Casarett and Doull’s: Essentials of Toxicology (Sinan Su¨zen et al.), 559 Casos Pra´cticos de Evaluacio´n de Riesgo Toxicolo´gico y Ecotoxicolo´gico (Practical Cases of Toxicological and Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment) (Sogorb et al.), 510 CAST. See China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) Castelli L. (Fisuras, dos estudios sobre pasta base de cocaı´na en el Uruguay. Aproximaciones cuantitativas y etnogra´ficas. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacio´n), 597 Castillo A. (Educacio´n ambiental y manejo de ecosistemas en Me´xico (Environmental education and ecosystemmanagement in Mexico)), 343 Castillo E. (Normas de Prevencio´n de la Contaminacio´n Mercurial en la Profesio´n Odontolo´gica (Norms of Mercury Contamination Prevention in the dentistry Profession)), 604 Castillo E. (Toxicologı´a Pediatrica (Pediatric Toxicology), 3rd Edition), 604 Castillo M. (Toxicologı´a Pediatrica (Pediatric Toxicology), 3rd Edition), 604 Cata´lisis y medio ambiente (Catalysis and environment) (Aguilar Pliego et al. (eds.)), 342 Catalog of Journals (Katalog Czasopism Kulturalnych), 411 Catalonia Polytechnic University, 518 Cathedra of PharmacobotanyFaculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of Buenos Aires, 29 1 Cathedra of ToxicologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Buenos Aires, 28 Cathedra of Toxicology and Legal ChemistryFaculty of Exact SciencesNational University of La Plata, 29 Cathedra of Toxicology and Legal ChemistryFaculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryUniversity of Buenos Aires, 29 Cathedra of Toxicology, Pharmacology and Legal ChemistryFaculty of Biochemistry and Biological SciencesNational University of Litoral, 29 Catholic University, 160 Cavallo A.R. (Plaguicidas (Pesticides)), 19 Cawthron Institute, 372 CCDSS. See Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS) CCHS. See Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) CCOHS Web Information Services, 74 CCOHS. See Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) CCPIA. See China Crop Protection Industry Association (CCPIA) CCR. See Canadian Cancer Registry (CCR) CDC. See Centers for Disease Control (CDC) CEAD. See Centre for Environment, Agriculture, and Development (CEAD) CEAEQ. See Centre d’expertise en analyse environnementale (CEAEQ)

713 CEARCH. See Center for Education, Awareness and Research on Chemicals and Health (CEARCH) CECAB. See Canada’s National Certification Body for Environmental Practitioners (CECAB) CEDENMA, 159 Cedillo Becerril L. (Inventario nacional de sustancias quı´micas: base 2009 (Mexico’s national inventory of chemical substances: base 2009)), 343 Cedillo L.A. (Ge´nero, ambiente y contaminacio´n por sustancias quı´micas (Gender environment and chemical pollution) (Cedillo L.A.), 343 CEE. See Centre for Environment Education (CEE) CEFAS Data Hub, 575 CEFAS. See Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) CEH. See Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) CEHQ. See Centre d’expertise hydrique (CEHQ) CEITOX. See Center for Toxicological Research (CEITOX) Ce´lia R. Carlini (Plant Toxins), 456 Cell (Yakhteh), 256 CellTox, 281 CEM. See Centre for Environmental Management (CEM) CENIA. Czech Environmental Information Agency, 134 Center for Applied Zoology, 27 Center for Biomedical Research), 354 Center for Education, Awareness and Research on Chemicals and Health (CEARCH), 232, 243 Center for Environmental Research, 195 Center for Environmental ResearchDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of Exact SciencesNational University of La Plata, 29 Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, 501 Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, 296 Center for Information and Toxicological Advice (CIAT), 1517 Center for Pest and Insecticide Research, 19 Center for Research in Environmental Toxicology and Agrobiotechnology of ComahueNational University of Comahue, 29 Center for Toxicological Genetics Research, 27 Center for Toxicological Investigations of the University of Carabobo (CITUC), 602603 Center for Toxicological Research (CEITOX), 15 Center of Assistance and Toxicological Information of Minas Gerais (CIATox/MG), 66 Center of Assistance and Toxicological InformationCIT/DF (Brası´lia), 66 Center of Chemistry and Toxicology (CEQUIMTOX), 596 Center of Environmental Education— CEMACAM, 518 Center of General Intoxications, 603

714 Center of Information and Advice in Labor ToxicologyInstitute of Strategic Studies and Statistics, 27 Center of Information and Toxicological Advice CIATOX, 603 Center of International Cooperation Service, 116 Center of Research in Toxicology and Pharmacology (INTOX), 65 Center of Toxicological Advice (CATOX), 603 Center of Toxicological Assessment (Centro de Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico Jorge Lizarraga) (CATOX), 606 Center of Toxicological Assistance of Cascavel, 66 Center of Toxicological Assistance of Natal, 66 Center of Toxicological AssistanceCEATOX, 65 Center of Toxicological Information of Bele´m, 66 Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 550 Centers of information, advice, and toxicological assistance (CIAATs), 16 Centers, services and toxicological units (Venezuela), 602604 Center-Western University “Lisandro Alvarado” (UCLA), 601 Central division of DPIC, 251 Central European Journal of Public Health, 132 Central Institute for Applied Marine Research (ICRAM), 276 Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 298 Central Institute for Labour Protection— National Research Institute, 399 Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, 132, 134 Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection, 397 The Central Medical Library (Gło´wna Biblioteka Lekarska im. Stanisława Konopki), 411 Central Narcotics Bureau, 457, 460 Central Queensland University (CQU), 52 Central South University Xiangya School of Public Health, 122 Central Statistical Office, 397 Central University of Ecuador, 160 Central University of Technology (CUT), 475 Central University of Venezuela (UCV), 601 Central University of Venezuela, 605, 611 Centre antipoison du Que´bec, 92 Centre d’expertise en analyse environnementale (CEAEQ), 86 Centre d’expertise hydrique (CEHQ), 86 Centre de controˆle environnemental, 86 Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research (CAER), 83 Centre for Development and the Environment (Norway), 381 Centre for Ecological Research PAS, 400 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), 582 Centre for Environment and Development, 232 Centre for Environment Education (CEE), 233

Index

Centre for Environment, Agriculture, and Development (CEAD), 479 Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), 575 Centre for Environment, Technology and Development Malaysia, 334 Centre for Environmental Management (CEM), 477, 479 Centre for Environmental Research in Centre for the Analysis of Risk and Optimisation Modelling Application (CARISMA), 585 Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), 51 Centre for Environmental Safety and Risk Engineering (CESARE), 52 Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research (CESAR), 50 Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, 479480 Centre for Product Safety and Environmental Risk, DHI Water Environment Health, 150 Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), 233 Centre/INRSInstitut Armand-Frappier, 89 Centro de Estudios Jurı´dicos y Ambientales (Center for Judicial and Environmental Studies), 353 Centro de Excelencia en Procesos y Productos de Co´rdoba (CEPROCOR), 28 Centro de Informacio´n Toxicologica y de Medicamentos de la Pontificia Universidad Cato´lica de Chile (CITUC), 95 Centro de Informacio´n para Emergencias Quı´micas de la Pontificia Universidad Cato´lica de Chile, 95 Centro de Informacio´n y Educacio´n para la Prevencio´n del Abuso de Drogas (CEDRO) (Center for Information and Education for the Prevention of Drug Abuse), 389 Centro de Informacio´n, Control Toxicolo´gico y Apoyo a la Gestio´n Ambiental (CICOTOX)— Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquı´mica— Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 389 Centro de Investigacio´n y Asistencia en ˇ del Estado de Jalisco, A.C Tecnologı´a y Diseno (CIATEJ) (Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco A.C.), 354 Centro de Investigaciones Ecolo´gicas de Guayana, 605 Centro de Salud de Atencio´n Me´dica y Toxicolo´gica “Dr Rau´l Romero Torres”— Direccio´n Regional de Salud de Piura (Diresa—Piura)—Ministerio de Salud del Peru´, 390 Centro Internazionale per gli Antiparassitari e la Prevenzione Sanitaria (ICPS). See International Center for Pesticides and Health Risk Prevention Centro Municipal de Patologı´as Regionales y Medicina Tropical (CEMPRA-MT), 27 Centro Nacional de Informacio´n de Medicamentos (CENADIM) (National Center for Information on Medicines), 388

Centro Nacional de Productos Biolo´gicos (CNPB) (National Centre of Biological Products), 388 Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Proteccio´n del Ambiente para la Salud (CENSOPAS) (National Center of Occupational Health and Protection of the Environment for Health), 388 Centro Provincial de Referencia en Toxicologı´a (CEPROTOX), 26 CEOSL, 159 CEPA Environmental Registry, 81 CEPA. See Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) CEPROCOR. See Centro de Excelencia en Procesos y Productos de Co´rdoba (CEPROCOR) CERAR. See Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR) Cerebro y drogas (Brain and drugs) (Gonza´lez Garrido A.A.), 344 Cerebro y drogas (Brain and drugs) (Matute E.), 344 CERI Chemical Safety (Hazard) Evaluation Sheet, 298 CERI. See Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (CERI) Cerutti, G. (Residui, additivi e contaminanti degli alimenti (Food Residues, Additives and Contaminants)), 266 Cervantes C. (Contaminacion ambiental por metales pesados: impacto en los seres vivos (Heavy metals environmental pollution: impact on living organisms)), 343 CESAR. See Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research (CESAR) CESARE. See Centre for Environmental Safety and Risk Engineering (CESARE) ˇ ´ a slovenska´farmacie (Czech and Slovak Ceska Pharmacy), 132 CEVIME-MIEZ—Vasque Center of Information on Medicines, 520 CHA University, 495 Chadwick J. (Principles of Environmental Toxicology), 570 Chai Zhi Fang (Nanotoxicology: The Foundation for Safe Application of Nanomaterials), 107 Chai Zhifang (Nanotoxicology: Basics for Safe Application of Nanomaterials (2nd ed.)), 107 Chang Gung University, 552 Chang I.C. (Chemical Process Safety Management), 546 Chang Yuanxun (Metal Toxicology (Modern Toxicology Series)), 100 Changi General Hospital Toxicology Clinics, 457 Chapman D.S. (Snakes and Snakebite  Venomous Snakes and Management of Snakebite in Southern Africa), 463 Chapter 2. Nanoscience, nanotechnology, nanomaterials and nanotoxicology in South Africa (Matatiele et al.), 464

Index

Chapter 8. Relevance of nanotechnology to Africa: Synthesis, Applications and Safety (Musee et al.), 464 Chapter 13. Coastal Vegetation (Lubke et al.), 464 Chapter 21. Recent Developments in Osmoregulation of Crocodilians (Leslie et al.), 464 Charite´ University Hospital of Berlin, 197 Charles Darwin University (CDU), 52 CHARLES RIVER, 364 Charles Sturt University (CSU), 52 Chartered Institute for Environmental Health (CIEH), 589 The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences, 589 Chasin A.A.M. (As Bases Toxicolo´gicas da Ecotoxicologia (Toxicological Basis of Ecotoxicology)), 58 Chasin A.A.M. (Metais: Gerenciamento da Toxicidade (Metals: Toxicity Management)), 58 Chaves E. (Sensibilidad quı´mica mu´ltiple: un desafı´o para la salud ocupacional Rev. Me´d. Urug), 599 CHCS. See Chemical Hazards Communication Society (CHCS) CheckTheMedss, 513 ChemAgora, 13 Chemical & Industrial Consultants Association (CICA), 583 Chemical and Allied Industries’ Association (CAIA), 482 Chemical and Plant Poisons, 2nd Edition, Volume 2, Animal Health in Australia (Seawright A.A.), 38 Chemical Carcinogenesis (Target Organ Toxicology Series) (Zhu Baoli et al.), 107 Chemical Control Act, 487 Chemical Database (WebKis-Plus), 292 Chemical Division Ministry of Defence, Denmark, 149 Chemical Expertise, 601 Chemical Exposures: Low Levels and High Stakes (Ashford et al.), 569 Chemical Hazards Communication Society (CHCS), 583 Chemical information management system (CIMS), 329 Chemical Management Plan, 80 Chemical Material Database, 493 Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute, 206 Chemical Process Safety Management (Chang I. C.), 546 Chemical products, 1 Chemical products information, 513 Chemical Products, 512, 522 Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP), 292 Chemical safety assessment, 12 Chemical Safety Source Information on Chemical Substance Discharge and Transfer, 494 Chemical Sensitivity: The Truth about Environmental Illness (Barrett et al.), 569 Chemical Substance Fact Sheets, 292

Chemical Substance Information, 494 Chemical Substances Control Law (CSCL), 291 A Chemical Viewpoint to the Imposed War (Mostashari), 253 Chemical Weapons (Prohibition) Act, 460 Chemical Weapons Laws, 33 Chemicals Act, 204 Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (CERI), 298 Chemicals Stakeholder Forum (CSF), 579 Chemicke´ listy (Chemical Papers), 132 Chemiemagazine, 359 Chemiekaarten: gegevens voor veilig werken met chemicalien (Data System Concerning Chemicals and Safe Working Conditions), 33rd Edition, 358 Chemikaarten (Chemical maps), 359 Chemisch2Weekblad, 359 Chemische feitelijkhedenactuele encyclopedie, 358 Chemische Lebensmittelkonservierung: Stoffe, Wirkung, Methodes (Translated into Russian) (Luck et al.), 421 Chemistry Australia, 46 Chemistry Masters, 207 Chemistry Safety Clearing-house, 494 ChemOn, 500 Chemosphere, 571 Chemtopia, 500 Chen A. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Chen C.M. (Environmental Toxicology, 3rd edition), 546 Chen Chengzhang (Immunotoxicology (Modern Toxicology Series)), 100 Chen J.M. (Environmental Toxicology), 546 Chen J.S. (Hazardous Substances Management), 546 Chen Jingyuan (Neurotoxicology), 100 Chen Lichuan (Don’t Let Cancer Medicine Kill You!), 100 Chen P.C. (Read Your Daily Life), 546 Chen Qian (Research Development of Toxicology Onboard The Submarine Environment), 106 Chen T.C. (Food Additives), 546 Chen Z.Y. (Toxicological Chemistry), 546 Chen Zhibao (Drug Toxicology (textbook)), 100 Cheng F.Y. (Kingdom of Poisonous Matter), 546 Cheng Y.C. (Poisonous Plants), 546 Cheng Y.W. (Deadly Dust: Asbestos-related diseases, a major occupational disease epidemic in the history of industrialization), 546 Cheraghali, A. (Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Chemical Weapons Complications), 253 Chernyshov A.K. (Hazard Indicators of Substances and Materials, Vols. 14), 420 Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, 237 Chiang T.L. (Public Health, 5th edition), 548 Chiba University, 300 Chief Pharmaceutical Inspectorate, 399

715 Chief Sanitary Inspectorate, 398 Chiesara, E. (Tossicologia medica (Medical Toxicology)), 267 Chile books, 93 education/schools, 98 journals, 94 legislation and regulations, 9598 organizations, 9495 poison control centers, 95 software, 94 technical report and documents, 94 Chillcott R.P. (Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology), 569 China background narrative, 99100 books, 100108 government organizations, 113118 journal titles, 108113 legislation, 125126 miscellaneous resources, 126 nongovernment organizations, 118120 poison control centers, 124125 professional societies, 123124 universities, 120123 China Agricultural Film and Television Center, 117 China Agricultural Reclamation Economic Development Center, 117 China Agriculture for Trade and Economy, 117 China Agriculture Press, 117 China Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, 117 China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 117 China Anti-Cancer Association, 119 China Association for Disaster and Emergency Rescue Medicine, 118 China Association for Science and Technology (CAST), 99, 118 China Association of Chinese Medicine, 123 China Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics (CAGG), 120 China Association of Health Promotion and Education, 118 China Association of Health-Protection Food, 120 China Association of Pesticide Development & Application (CAPDA), 118 China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 123 China Association of Urban Environmental Sanitation, 119 China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation, 119 China Biotech Fermentation Industry Association, 119 China Chemical Safety Association, 118 China Coal Miner Pneumoconiosis Treatment Foundation, 119 China Controlled Chemicals Association, 119 China Crop Protection Industry Association (CCPIA), 118 China Emergency Medical Center, 125

716 China Environment Culture Promotion Association, 118 China Environment Publishing Group, 115 China Environmental Impact Assessment, 115 China Environmental Press, 115 China Food and Drug Administration, 114 China Food and Drug Industries Quality and Safety Promotion Association, 124 China Forestry and Environmental Promotion Association, 119 China Green Food Development Center, 117 China Health Promotion Foundation, 118 China Human Health Sci and Tech Promotion Association, 118 China Isotope and Radiation Association, 119 China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 109 China Lifeline Express Foundation, 118 China Liver Health, 120 China Medical Association of Minorities, 123 China Medical University School of Forensic Medicine, 120 China Medical University, 552 China Medical Women’s Association (CMWA), 123 China Medicinal Biotechnology Association (CMBA), 119 China Medicine Education Association (CMEA), 118 China Narcotics Association, 124 China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, 115 China Nonprescription Medicines Association, 124 China Occupational Medicine, 109 China Occupational Safety and Health Association, 120 China Oral Health Foundation, 119 China Pesticide Information Network, 117 China Pharmaceutical Association, 118 China Pharmaceutical Innovation and Research Development Association (PhIRDA), 118 China Rural Distance Education Network, 117 China Small Animal Protection Association, 119 China Society for Drug Regulation, 120 China Society of Inspection and Quarantine, 119 China Society of Plant Protection, 119 China Society of Radiation Protection, 124 China Sport Science Society, 123 China State Farms and Tropical Agriculture, 117 China Veterinary Drug Control Institute, 117 China Wildlife Conservation Association, 120 China Zoological Society, 118 Chines Society of Biomedical Engineering, 124 Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, 115 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, 117

Index

Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 117 Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE), 118 Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 117 Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 118 Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 117 Chinese Association for Laboratory Animal Sciences, 119 Chinese Association for Mental Health, 119 Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine (CAAV), 124 Chinese Association of Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment, 124 Chinese Association of Geriatric Research, 119 Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine, 123 Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine, 123 Chinese Association of Zoological Gardens, 118 Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), 113114 Chinese Chemical Society, 118 Chinese Environment Protection Foundation, 118 Chinese Environmental Mutagen Society, 123 Chinese Forensic Medicine Association, 123 Chinese Foundation for Hepatitis Prevention and Control, 120 Chinese Geriatrics Society, 119120 Chinese Health Laboratory Technology, 109 Chinese Hospital Association (CHA), 119 The Chinese Institute of Environmental Engineering, 556 Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, 124 Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 109 Chinese Journal of Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment, 109 Chinese Journal of Drug Application and Monitoring, 110 Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae, 110 Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene, 110 Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 110 Chinese Journal of Industrial Medicine, 110 Chinese Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology (CJPT), 110 Chinese Journal of Pharmacovigilance, 111 Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine (CJPM), 111 Chinese Journal of Public Health, 111 Chinese Medical Association, 123 Chinese Medical Doctor Association, 118 Chinese Neuroscience Society, 124 Chinese Nutrition Society, 124 Chinese Pest Control Association, 119 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association, 124 Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 111 Chinese Pharmacists Association, 124 Chinese Pharmacological Society, 124

Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, 123 Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 115 Chinese Research Hospital Association, 119 Chinese Rural Magazine Agency, 117 Chinese Society for Biomaterials, 124 Chinese Society for Cell Biology, 124 Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences, 123 Chinese Society for Microbiology, 119 Chinese Society for Plant Biology (CSPB), 123 Chinese Society for Plant Pathology, 123 Chinese Society of Agro-Ecological Environment Protection, 123 The Chinese Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 123 Chinese Society of Biotechnology, 124 Chinese Society of Immunology, 123 Chinese Society of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 123 Chinese Society of Toxicology (CST), 99, 123 The Chinese University of Hong Kong The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, 120 Chinese Veterinary Medical Association, 123 Chiquinquira´ Toxicological Center (CETOXCHI), 603 Chirko V.V. (Essays on Clinical Drug Addiction Treatment: Drug Addiction and Toxicomania: Clinical Picture, Course of the Disease, Therapy), 420 CHIRPP. See Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP) Chlordane, 2 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 12 CHMS. See Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) Chomiczewski K. (Bioterrorism—Principles of Medical Procedure (Bioterroryzm—zasady poste˛powania lekarskiego)), 394 Chonbuk National University, 496 Chongqing Medical University School of Public Health, 120 Chonnam National University, 495496 Choon Kim Tan (Recent Advances in Toxinology Research), 456 Chou C.C. (Encyclopedia of food safety), 546 Chou K.T. (Ten Lessons of Risk in Taiwan: Food Safety), 546 Chou L.M. (Snakes of Medical Importance: Asia-Pacific Region), 456 CHRIP. See Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP) Christeine Ariaranee Gnanathasan (Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa), 456 Chromatographic Techniques in the Forensic Analysis of Designer Drugs—1st Edition (Kowalska et al.), 395 Chronic Regional Endemic Hydroarsenicism (HACRE), 21 Chuang P.T. (Encyclopedia of food safety), 546 Chuang S.H. (The Poison Paradox. Chemicals as Friends and Foes), 546

Index

Chueng J.Y. (Essentials in the Protection of Public Health), 547 Chun Yue Lee (Hazmat Medical Life Support: A Basic Provider Manual), 456 Chung-Ang University (Department of Food Science and Technology), 495, 502 Chungbuk National University, 495 Chung-Nam National University, 496 CIAATs. See Centers of information, advice, and toxicological assistance (CIAATs) Cianobacterias como determinantes ambientales de la salud (Cyanobacteria as environmental Determinants of health (Giannuzzi L., Petcheneshsky T.), 23 CIAT. See Center for Information and Toxicological Advice (CIAT) CIATox CampinasInformation Center and Toxicological Assistance, 66 CIATOX, 602 CIATox/MG. See Center of Assistance and Toxicological Information of Minas Gerais (CIATox/MG) CICAD. See Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents (CICAD) CIEA. See Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA) CIEH. See Chartered Institute for Environmental Health (CIEH) Ciencia e Investigacio´n (Science and Research), 385 Ciencia Forense: Revista Aragonesa de Medicina Legal (Forensic Science. Journal from Arago´n), 511 Ciencia y Tecnologı´a Alimentaria (Food Science and Technology), 351 Cieˆncias Forenses ao Servic¸o da Justic¸a, 417 Ciencias Marinas (Marine Sciences), 351 Cifuentes J.L. (Venenos: armas quı´micas de la naturaleza. (Poisons:nature’s chemical weapons)), 344 ´ a pracovnım ´ Cikrt, M. (Toxicke´ kovy v zˇivotnım prostˇredı´ cˇloˇreka (Toxic Heavy Metals in the General and Occupational Environment)), 129 Cimas del Ecuador, 159 CIMS. See Chemical information management system (CIMS) CISIC-Databases, 513 CITOXLab, 150 CITUC. See Center for Toxicological Investigations of the University of Carabobo (CITUC) Civil Aviation Act 1969, 340 Civil Hospital of Maracay. Regional Toxicology Unit (Hospital Civil de Maracay. Unidad Toxicolo´gica Regional) (UTR), 606 Clalit Health Services, 262 Clasificacio´n Toxicolo´gica y Etiquetado de Productos Fitosanitarios. Criterios Regulatorios locales e internacionales (Toxicological Classification and Labeling of Phytosanitary Products. Regulatory criteria local and international) (Pina J.), 20 Clasificacio´n y Toxicologı´a de los Plaguicidas (Classification and Toxicology of Pesticides) (Anguiano O.L. and Montagna C.M.), 19

Classification Tool for Chemical Mixture (CATCH), 340 Classification, Labeling and Packaging (CLP) Regulation, 282 Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand (CASANZ), 46 Clean Air Strategic Alliance, 91 Clean Combustion Research Center, 438 CLEAN-India, 246 Cleaning-Up the Ganges: A CostBenefit Analysis of the Ganga Action Plan (Markandva A. et.al.), 217 Clinic for Emergency and Clinical Toxicology, 453 Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 560 A Clinical Approach to Medicine (Yong Yau ONG et al. (eds.), 456 Clinical Drug Addiction Treatment (Gofman A. G.), 421 Clinical Practice of Environmental Pediatrics around the world, Text Book of Children Environmental Health (Laborde), 597 Clinical Research Centre, Malaysia, 332 Clinical Toxicologist GfKT, 202 Clinical Toxicologist GTFCh, 202 Clinical Toxicology (Instructions for the Everyday Medicine) (Carson et al.), 205 Clinical Toxicology (Kamijo Y. (ed.) et.al.), 290 Clinical Toxicology (Toksykologia kliniczna) (Bogdanik T. (ed.)), 394 Clinical Toxicology (Zarys Toksykologii Klinicznej) (Pacha J. (ed.)), 395 Clinical Toxicology and Treatment of Poisoning (Neou), 206 Clinical Toxicology AreaDepartment of PharmacologyFaculty of Chemical SciencesNational University of Co´rdoba, 29 Clinical Toxicology Distance Course, 16 Clinical Toxicology in (ER Turkish) (Salim Satar), 559 Clinical toxicology in Iran, 247 Clinical Toxicology Internet Service (Internetowy Serwis Toksykologii Klinicznej), 410 Clinical Toxicology: Case Study (textbook) (Jiang Yueming et al.), 101 Clinical Toxicology; Diagnosis and Treatment (Taghaddosinejad F.), 254 Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa (Gopalakrishnakone et al.), 456 Clinical Toxinology Resources, 39 Clinidata division of Sykes Assistance Services Corporation—Poison Information Center, 91 CLRTAP. See Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) CMBA. See China Medicinal Biotechnology Association (CMBA) CMEA. See China Medicine Education Association (CMEA) CMWA. See China Medical Women’s Association (CMWA) CNESST, 86 CNOOC foundation, 119 Coca y sus derivados. en Pautas de evaluacio´n y tratamiento de los consumos

717 problema´ticos de sustancias en los tres niveles de atencio´n (Laborde et al.), 597 Cocaı´na adulterada con Levamisol: reporte de 3 casos clı´nicos (Juanena et al.), 599 Cocaine base paste: experience from the Montevideo Poison Control Center (Pascale et al.), 599 Cochin University of Science and Technology, 237 Cochrane South Africa, 468 Coetzer J.A.W. (Plant Poisonings and Mycotoxicosis of Livestock in Southern Africa, 2nd Edition), 463 Colangelo C.H. (Contaminacio´n ambiental (Environmental pollution)), 19 Collection of Abstracts. 2nd Congress of Toxicologists of Russia. Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances, 420 Collective catalog of the University of Buenos Aires, 33 College of Public Health, 553 Collman G. (Networking to advance progress in children0 s environmental health), 599600 Colour Guide to Dangerous Animals/Venom & Toxin Research Group (Gopalakrishnakone, P.), 456 A Colour Guide to Dangerous Plants (Yeow Chin Wee), 456 Comba P. (Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures), 599 Comba, P. (El Ambiente y la Salud: Epidemiologia Ambiental), 156 Comba, P. (Salud Ocupacional y Ambiental: Realidades Diversas), 157 Comisio´n Nacional del Medio AmbienteCONAMA, 94 Committee for Occupational Safety and Safety Technology of the Federal States, 195 Committee for the evaluation of human medicines, 367 Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COC), 579 Committee on Hazardous Substances, 194 Committee on Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP), 579 Committee on Mutagenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COM), 579 Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP), 580 Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT), 579 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 37, 43 Compan˜o R. (Garantı´a de Calidad en los laboratorios analı´ticos (Quality assurance in analytical laboratories)), 507 Comparaison des seuils olfactifs de substances chimiques avec des indicateurs de se´curite´ utilise´s en milieu professionnel, 180

718 Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Comparative Pharmacology and Toxicology, 571 Comparative Research on Toxicological Characters Between Apis cerana and Apis mellifera (Diao Qingyun), 101 Compendio de Ana´lisis Quimioto´xico en Emergencias Asistenciales (Compendium of Chemotoxic Analysis in hospital Emergencies) (La´rez), 604 Compendio de Toxicologı´a (Toxicology Compendium), Tomo III (Fabre´ et al.), 604 Compendio de Toxicologia (Compendium of Toxicology) (Velasco Martin A.), 510 Compendio di Tossicologia Forense: aspetti analitici, interpretativi e giuridici (Compendium of Forensic Toxicology: analytical, interpretative and legal aspects), 2nd edition, 266 “Compendium of General and Special Toxicology” (Pedro Mata), 505 Compendium of Knowledge about Ecology (Kompendium wiedzy o ekologii), 3rd Edition (Strzałko et al. (eds.)), 395 Compilation of Experimental Techniques for Radiation Nanomedicine and Toxicology (Zhang Leshuai et al.), 106 Compra, registro y distribucio´n de plaguicidas (Purchase, registration and distribution of pesticides) (Digo´n et al.), 22 Comprehensive Information Search Systems on Food Safety, 293 Comprehensive List of Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs) and Tentative Safe Exposure Levels (TSELs) of Pollutants in the Air of Residential Settings, 424 Comprehensive Medical Toxicology (Pillay V. V.), 218 Computer-Aided Molecular Design (CAMD), 501 Comunicacio´n de riesgo y estudio de caso. Los polı´gonos quı´micos espan˜oles (Risk communication and case study. The Spanish chemical polygons) (Rodrı´guez Perea E.), 510 Comunidec, 159 Concentration of “heavy metals” in soils of St. Petersburg, 424 Concentration of contaminants in ground deposits in the Azov Sea (BDAZMORG), 424 Concentration of contaminants in ground deposits in the Black Sea (BDCHMORG), 424 Concentration of contaminants in the water of the Black Sea (BDCHMORW), 424 Concentration of PCB in maternal breast milk of feeding mothers and other biological media, 425 Concentration of PCBs in soils in different districts of St. Petersburg and Leningrad region, 425 Concentrations of contaminants in the water of the Azov Sea (BDAZMORW), 424 Concentrations of metals in biomedia, 425 Concentrations of PCB in water of the Neva River, its tributaries and Gulf of Finland in

Index

different areas of St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region, 425 Concentrazioni Soglia di Contaminazione (CSC), 270 Concise Food Toxicology (textbook) (Sun Zhen), 104 Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents (CICAD), 7 Conclusive Medicine: Perspectives for Homotoxicology (Spigel A.S.), 422 Conductas Adictivas (Addictives Behaviors), 511 Confederation of Scientific and Technological Associations in Malaysia (COSTAM), 334 Conflictos y concertacio´n: la gestio´n de los residuos en Me´xico, Italia y Francia (Conflict and agreement: waste management in Me´xico, Italy and France) (Bobbio et al. (eds.)), 342 Confoederatio Helvetica (CH). See Switzerland Confrontation with Chemical Substances Poisoning (Hosseini), 253 Congresso Brasileiro de Toxicologia, 57 Conociendo el mundo de los plaguicidas para ciudar nuestra salud (Buitro´n et al.), 156 Conociendo los efectos adversos de los plaguicidas podremos cuidar nuestra salud y el ambiente. (Knowing the adverse effects of pesticides we can take care of our health and the environment) (Anguiano et al.), 19 Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologı´a e Innovacio´n Tecnolo´gica (CONCYTEC) (National Council of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation), 386 ConsExpo, Human Exposure to Consumer Products, 366 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). See Italian National Research Council Consolidated List of Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs) of harmful substances in water, 425 Consumer Education and Research Centre (CERC), 233 Consumer Product Safety, 82 Consumer Protection Act 1999, 340 Consumer Safety Commission, 184 Consumo de Alcohol, Cocaı´na y Cafeı´na en el embarazo: efectos sobre el embarazo y el nin˜o (Moraes et al.), 597 Consumo de alcohol en nin˜os y adolescentes (Amaro et al.), 598 Consumo de drogas en el embarazo, en Pautas de evaluacio´n y tratamiento de los consumos problema´ticos de sustancias en los tres niveles de atencio´n (Laborde et al.), 597 Consumo de mate en el embarazo con el peso al nacer Arch Pediatr Urug (Umpierrez et al.), 599 Consumo de Pasta Base de Cocaina en America del Sur: Revision de los aspectos epidemiologicos y medico-toxicologicos (Pascale et al.), 597 Contaminacio´n ambiental (Environmental pollution) (Adame Romero A), 342

Contaminacio´n ambiental (Environmental pollution) (Colangelo C.H.), 19 Contaminacion ambiental por metales pesados: impacto en los seres vivos (Heavy metals environmental pollution: impact on living organisms) (Cervantes C.), 343 Contaminacion ambiental por metales pesados: impacto en los seres vivos (Heavy metals environmental pollution: impact on living organisms) (Moreno-Sanchez R.), 343 Contaminacio´n ambiental por plaguicidas (Environmental contamination by pesticides) (Lorenzatti et al.), 20 Contaminacio´n ambiental y calentamiento global (Environmental pollution and Global warming) (Adame Romero A.), 342 Contaminacio´n atmosfe´rica: manual de laboratorio (Atmospheric pollution: laboratory handbook) (Arago´n P.), 506 Contaminacio´n de aguas superficiales en la Ciudad de Neuque´n (Surface water pollution in the City of Neuque´n) (Bercovich P., Paileleo H.), 19 Contaminacio´n del aire en la Argentina (Air pollution in Argentina) (Moretton J.A.), 18 Contaminated Sites Databases (British Columbia), 74 Contemporary Toxicology (Toksykologia ´ wspo´łczesna) (Senczuk W. (ed.)), 395 Continuing education (CE), 544 Continuing Medical Education (CME), 248 Contract research organization (CRO), 500 Control de calidad en laboratorios de toxicologia ocupacional (Quality control in occupational toxicology laboratories) (Aitio et al.), 348 Control of Drugs and Cosmetics Regulations 1984, 339 Control Poison Center, 160 Controlled Products Regulations (CPR), 7879 Convention on Biological Diversity, 411 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), 282 Conventions, international activities, 14 Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC-CARE), 44 Cooperative Research Centres (CRC), 43 Copius Peereboom, J. W.) (ed.) (Basisboek Milieu en Gezondheid (Textbook on Environment and Health)), 358 Co´rdoba Excellence Center in Products and Processes, 29 Co´rdoba Provincial Reference Center of Toxicology, 26 Co´rdoba University, 518 Cori L. (Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures), 600 Corra L. (Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures), 599 Corral, F. (Cancer Epidemiology in Quito and others Ecuadorian Regions), 156

719

Index

Corsini, E. (Tossicologia (Toxicology), 3rd edition), 267 Corzo, Gerardo (Spider Venom), 456 Cos Gutie´rrez A. (Reporte mexicano de cambio clima´tico. Vols 13 (Mexican report on climate change)), 344 C-osaamiskeskus (COSK), 170 Cosmetics Law, 68 Cosmetics, 286 Cosmetics, Spanish legislations, 521 Cosmetology Research Foundation (CRF), 300 Cossa, L. (Sistema informativo nazionale per la sorveglianza delle esposizioni pericolose e delle intossicazioni: casi rilevati nel 2014. Nono rapporto annuale (National information system for monitoring dangerous exposure and intoxication: cases detected in 2014. Ninth annual report)), 268 Costa J.L. (Plaguicidas en el ambiente (Pesticides in the environment)), 19 Costa, L. G. (Tossicologia generale e applicata ai farmaci (General Toxicology and Drug-applied Toxicology)), 266 Coumoul, X. (Toxicologie), 178 The Council for Geosciences (CGS), 473 The Council for Mineral Technology (MINTEK), 473 The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), 473 Council of Higher Education, 561 Counsel of Scientific, Humanistic and Technologic Development (CONDES), 610 Couto S. (Intoxicacio´n por Plaguicidas Agrı´colas y veterinarios en Uruguay. Primer Premio MSP), 600 Couto S. (Pilot study on Mercury and Health at the University Hospital), 597 Couto S. (Substance use in adolescents with environmental lead exposure in childhood), 599 Couto S. (Tobacco use in adolescents exposed to lead), 599600 Covacevich J. (ed.) (Toxic Plants and Animals: A Guide for Australia), 38 Covacevich J. (Venoms and Victims), 38 CPPIC. See Canadian Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse (CPPIC) C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre, MoEF. Govt. of India, 233 CPUT. See Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) CQU. See Central Queensland University (CQU) Cranfield University, 585 Crapanzano G.A. (Guı´a de diagno´stico y tratamiento en toxicologı´a (Guide to diagnosis and treatment in toxicology)), 22 CRBOH. See Canadian Registration Board of Occupational Hygienists (CRBOH) Creus, A. (Genetica, Toxicologia y Carcinogenesis), 157 Crime Times, 206 Crime Toxicology (Ehteshami), 253 Criminology, 206

Croce P.A. (Toxicologı´a me´dica (Medical toxicology)), 19 Croen, 500 Crop Protection, 572 CropLife SA, 482 Crouch N.R. (Medicinal Plants Traded on South Africa’s Eastern Seaboard), 463 Crous P.W. (Phytopathogenic Fungi from South Africa), 463 Cruz, Lourdes J. (Toxins and Drug Discovery), 456457 CSCL. See Chemical Substances Control Law (CSCL) CSE. See Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) Cuadernos de Medicina Forense (Journal of Forensic Medicine), 511 Cueva, P. (Cancer Epidemiology in Quito and others Ecuadorian Regions), 156 Cuevas Dı´az M.C. (ed.) (Me´todos ecotoxicolo´gicos para la evaluacio´n de suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos (Ecotoxicological methods for the evaluation of hydrocarbon polluted soils)), 344 Cultura Ecolo´gica A.C., CEAC (Ecological Culture), 353 Cumming School of Medicine, 87 Cumsille F. (Consumo de Pasta Base de Cocaina en America del Sur: Revision de los aspectos epidemiologicos y medicotoxicologicos), 597 ´ Cupi´ c V. (Antidoti u veterinarskoj medicine), 450 ´ Cupi´ c V. (Bojni otrovi), 450 ´ Cupi´ c V. (Najˇceˇsc´a trovanja u veterinarskoj medicine), 450 ´ ci´c M. (Toksikoloˇska procena rizika), 450 Curˇ Curitiba Poison Control CenterCCE, 67 Current Science, 221 Curso ba´sico de toxicologia ambiental (Basic course on environmental toxicology) (Albert L.A.), 342 Cursos de toxicologia a nivel de grado y de posgrado en america latina (Pregraduate and Postgraduate Toxicology Courses in Latin America. A compilation) (de Fernicola G. G.N.), 348 Curtin School of Molecular and Life Sciences, 48 Curtin School of Public Health, 48 Curtin University (Curtin), 47 Customs Act 1967, 340 CUT. See Central University of Technology (CUT) CYP-C. See Cancer in Young People in Canada (CYP-C) Czech Agriculture and Food Inspection Authority, 134 Czech Chemical Society, 141 Czech Environmental Inspectorate (CEI), 135 Czech Pharmaceutical Society of the Czech Medical Association of J. E. Purkynˇe, 141 Czech Republic books, 129132 databases, 133

government organizations, 133138 journals, 132133 legislation, 142 nongovernment organizations, 138 poison control center, 141 professional societies, 141 public health, 127128 reports, bulletins, 132 toxicology in, 127 universities, 138141 Czech Society for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology of the Czech Medical Association of J. E. Purkynˇe, 141 Czech Society of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Toxicology of the Czech Medical Association of J. E. Purkynˇe, 141 Czech Trade Inspection, 135

D Daily indicators of air quality in French Regions, 182 Dalefield R. (Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand), 38 Dall Orso P. (Exposicio´n no intencional a cannabis en nin˜os en el marco de la regulacio´n del mercado en Uruguay), 599 Dall Orso P. (Intoxicacio´n por imidazo´ licos en pediatrı´a: experiencias del Centro de Informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico en nin˜os y adolescentes), 598 Dalmau M.T. (Networking to advance progress in children’s environmental health), 600 Damam University, 439 Dammam Poison Control Center, 437 Danel, V. (Guide Pratique de Toxicologie Pe´diatrique), 178 Danel, V. (Urg’Intoxications), 179 Danel, V. (Urgences Toxicologiques de l’adulte), 178 Dang Zhichao (A New Approach to Toxicology Research: The Basic Connotation and Research Progress of Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP)), 102 Dangerous Drugs Act 1952, 339 Dangerous substances, Spanish legislations, 521 Danish Chemical Society, 154 Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 148149 Danish Environmental Research Programme, 146 Danish Medicines Act, 154 Danish Medicines Agency, 150 Danish National Environmental Research Institute, 146 Danish Poison Control Centre, 154 Danish Preparedness Act, 154 Danish Society for Pharmacoepidemiology (DSFE), 154 Danish Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 154 Danish Society of Toxicology and Pharmacology (DSTF), 153

720 Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, 148, 150 Danish Working Environment Act, 154 Danish Working Environment Authority (WEA), 144 Danish Working Environment Authority, Ministry of Employment, 149 Dankook University, 496 DARU, 255 Daryina L.V. (Military Toxicology), 421 Das, C. (Handboek forensische en penitentiaire geneeskunde (Handbook Forensic and Penitentiary Medicine)), 358 Data Bank of Environmental Properties of Chemicals, EnviChem, 168 Data base of Medicines—CGCOF, 513 Databank of models of safety data sheets of chemical substances, 270 Database BfR Recommendations on Food Contact Materials (Datenbank BfR-Empfehlungenzu Materialien fu¨r den Lebensmittelkontakt), 192 Database of chemical experiments, 133 Database of Homeopathic Preparations, 258 Database of Medicinal Products, 133 Database of Registered Agrochemicals, 33 Database on Medicines. Consejo General de Colegios Oficiales de Farmace´uticos, 520 databases (at least partially with restricted access) Databases of the Israel Poison Information Center, 258 Databases on chemical agents available at Italian level (Binetti et al.) (eds.), 269 Daunderer M. (Giftliste (List of Poisons) 46th edition), 191 Davanzo, F. (Sistema informativo nazionale per la sorveglianza delle esposizioni pericolose e delle intossicazioni: casi rilevati nel 2014. Nono rapporto annuale (National information system for monitoring dangerous exposure and intoxication: cases detected in 2014. Ninth annual report)), 268 Davie P. (ed.) (Toxic Plants and Animals: A Guide for Australia), 38 Dawydow W. (Safety in Chemical Laboratory ´ (Bezpieczenstwo w pracowni chemicznej)), 395 DCST. See Diploma of Certified Toxicologist (DCST) De Ben S. (Estudio epidemiolo´gico de una poblacio´n expuesta laboralmente a plomo), 599 De Ben S. (Intoxicaciones ma´s frecuentes en Pediatrı´a. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello Sehabiague  Prego  de Leonardi), 598 De Ben S. (Sensibilidad quı´mica mu´ltiple: un desafı´o para la salud ocupacional Rev. Me´d. Urug), 599 de Fernicola G.G.N. (Cursos de toxicologia a nivel de grado y de posgrado en america latina (Pregraduate and Postgraduate Toxicology Courses in Latin America. A compilation)), 348 ˇ De la Isla Bauer M.L. (Atlas fotogra´fico: dano por contaminantes atmosfe´ricos en especies

Index

vegetales del Valle de Me´xico (Photographic atlas: environmental pollutants damage in plants species in the Valley of Mexico)), 344 de la Pen˜a E. (Evaluacio´n Toxicolo´gica de los Plaguicidas y la Sanidad Ambiental (Toxicological Evaluation of Pesticides and Environmental Safety)), 508 de la Pen˜a E. (Toxicologı´a Ambiental: Seguridad Quı´mica (Environmental Toxicology: Chemical Safety)), 508 De la salud a la enfermedad: ha´bitos to´xicos y alimenticios (From health to disease: toxic habits and nutrition) (Moral de la Rubia J. et al.), 346 De Leon Rodrı´guez I. (La contaminacion por plomo en Coatzacoalcos: un ejemplo de deterioro ambiental (Lead pollution in Coatzacoalcos: an example of environmental deterioration), 346 de Lima, Maria Elena (Spider Venom), 456 de Moreno M.D. (Toxicologia Ambiental: Evaluacion de Riesgo para la Salud Humana (Environmental Toxicology: Human Risk Assessment)), 507 De noodzakelijkheid van algemeen toezigt op het gebruik van vergiften (The Need to Regulate the Use of Venoms), 357 De Pedacio Dioscoride Anarzabeo Libri Quinque, 265 de Posada Vela D.I. (Prevencio´n de riesgos en industrias quı´micas (Risk prevention in chemical industries)), 508 De Souza R. (Intoxicacio´n por Plaguicidas Agrı´colas y veterinarios en Uruguay. Primer Premio MSP), 600 De Souza Viera R. (Estudio sobre riesgos y dan˜os en trabajadores de viveros de plantas de eucalyptus), 600 De Souza Viera R. (Hepatotoxicidad por Amanita Lilloi: reporte de primeros casos), 598 De Souza Viera R. (Toxicidad pulmonar por inyeccio´n intravenosa de eugenol), 598 De Souza Viera R. (Tratamiento de Urgencia de las Intoxicaciones Descontaminacio´n digestiva, y cuta´nea. Antı´dotos. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello, Sehabiague, Prego, de Leonardis), 598 de Trilla, Antonio, 505 Deadly Dust: Asbestos-related diseases, a major occupational disease epidemic in the history of industrialization (Wang et al.), 546 Deakin University (Deakin), 52 Dearman R.J. (Toxicology of Chemical Respiratory Hypersensitivity), 569 Decia M. (Exposicio´n a cocaı´na en nin˜os menores de 5 an˜os: serie de casos), 599 Decia M. (Intoxicacio´n aguda por cocaı´na en un lactante no asociada a lactancia materna. A propo´sito de un caso clinic), 598 DECOS. See Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety (DECOS)

Decree No 2635 “Norms for recuperation control of dangerous materials and handling of dangerous wastes”, 611 Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento del Sistema Nacional de Plaguicidas de Uso Agrı´cola. DECRETO SUPREMO No̱ 001-2015-MINAGRI, 390 Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute (DMERI), 458 Defense Science and Technology Agency, 458 DEFRA. See Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Dekant W. (Toxikologie—Eine Einfu¨hrung fu¨r Chemiker, Biologen und Pharmazeuten), 188 Del Cioppo F. (Exposicio´n no intencional a cannabis en nin˜os en el marco de la regulacio´n del mercado en Uruguay), 599 Del Cioppo F. (Intoxicacio´n por imidazo´ licos en pediatrı´a: experiencias del Centro de Informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico en nin˜os y adolescentes), 598 del Peso A. (Inventory of the Spanish Institutions and Scientists Involved in Alternatives to the use of Laboratory Animals (Refinement, Reduction or Replacement)), 509 Delft University of Technology, 362 Delgado M. (Manual de Epidemiologı´a y Salud Pu´blica (Manual of Epidemiology and Public Health)), 508 Della Puppa, T. (TBST Toxicological Basic Support and Therapy. Argomenti di Tossicologia clinica d’urgenza), 266 Delledonne, M. (Micotossine. Riconoscimento e prevenzione delle micotossicosi di interesse medico (Mycotoxins. Recognition and prevention of medical interest mycotoxicoses)), 266 Demyanova L.M. (Hygiene and Ecology of Humans, 4th Edition), 422 Denisov E.I. (ed.) (Occupational Risk to Workers’ Health), 421 Denmark books, 148 databases, 148149 ecotoxicology, 145146 endocrine disruption, 146 environmental medicine, 143144 food toxicology, 145 forensic medicine, 143 government organizations, 149150 hygiene, 143144 journals, 148 legislation, 147148, 154 National Food Institute, 145 nongovernment organizations, 150 pharmacology, 143 poison control centers, 154 poison treatment, 144145 professional societies, 153154 QSAR model, 148 regulation, 147 regulatory toxicology, 146147 reports, technical, 148 universities, 150153 veterinary toxicology, 145

Index

WEA, 144 Departamento de Toxicologı´a Ambiental (Environmental Toxicology Department), 355 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), 575 Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), 574 Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, 40 Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 469 Department of Biological Sciences, 87, 151 Department of Biotechnology (DBT), India, 230 Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Development, 587 Department of Chemistry, 331 Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, 65 Department of Collective Health, 64 Department of Data and Statistical Studies (SDES), 184 Department of Data and Statistical Studies (SDES) of the Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development, 184 Department of Environment, 331 Department of Environment, Iran, 250 Department of Environmental Affairs, 469 Department of Environmental Chemistry and Microbiology, 151 Department of Environmental Health Science, 501 Department of environmental health, 260, 501 Department of Environmental HealthPostgraduate Course in Environmental Health, 64 Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, 89 Department of Forensic Medicine (DFM), 4849, 153 Department of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, 152 Department of Health and Social Care, 574 Department of Health, 41, 470 Department of Higher Education and Training, 469 Department of Laboratories, 260 Department of Occupational Safety and Health, 332, 552 Department of Pharmacology, 64, 152 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 89 Department of Pharmacy at Pusan National University, 502 Department of Psychiatry, 6465 Department of Public Health, 151152 Department of Science and Innovation, 230, 470 Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), India, 230 Department of Standards Malaysia, 331 Department of the Environment and Energy, 41 Department of Toxicology (DTOX), 470, 595596

Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, 153 Department of Water and Sanitation, 470 Dependeˆncia de Drogas (Drug Addiction) (Seibel et al.), 61 Dependeˆncias, 417 Deputy of Education, 249 Deputy of Health, 249 Derecho Ambiental y Ecologı´a (Environmental Law and Ecology), 351 Desel H. (Handbuch der gefa¨hrlichen Gu¨ter. Gesamtwerk: Merkbla¨tter 1-2900), 191 Desinger Drugs and OTC Medicines—the new players on the market of psychoactive substances. (Dopalacze I leki OTC—nowi gracze na scenie zwia˛zko´w psychoaktywnych) (Zawilska et al.), 396 Det Norske Veritas (DNV) (Norway), 383 Detergents, 287 Detoxification (Yang C.C.), 548 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (ed.) (MAK- und BAT-Werte-Liste 2017.), 190 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), 269 Deutsche Gesellschaftfu¨rexperimentelle und klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, 203 Deutschen Gesellschaftfu¨r DNAReparaturforschung, 203 Dev S. (Insecticides of Natural Origin), 213 Development Alternatives Group, 233 Development Center for Science and Technology, 117 DFM. See Department of Forensic Medicine (DFM) Di Paolo, A. (Tossicologia. Principi e applicazione all’uso dei farmaci e dei prodotti della salute salute (Toxicology. Principles and application to the use of drugs and health products), 267 Di Stefano R. (Cocaı´na adulterada con Levamisol: reporte de 3 casos clı´nicos), 599 Di Xueying (Environmental Toxicology Experiment (textbook)), 104 Di Xueying (Introduction to Hydrology and Water Resources), 104 Di(para-chlorophenyl), trichloroethane (DDT), 2 DIAGNOS MD, 513 Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Chemical Weapons Complications (Cheraghali), 253 Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Poisonous Animal’s Bite (Balali-Mood), 253 Diagnostic et prise en charge des syndromes collectives inexplique´s. Guide Technique, 181 Diagno´stico ba´sico para la gestio´n integral de residuos (Basic diagnostic for an integral waste management) (Gutie´rrez Avedoy V.), 349 Diagno´stico del agua en las Ame´ricas (Water Diagnostic in the Americas) (Jime´nez Cisneros B.), 345

721 Diagno´stico del agua en las Ame´ricas (Water Diagnostic in the Americas) (Galizia Tundisi J.), 345 Diagnostico Epidemiolo´gico del Consumo de Sustancias Psicoactivas en una Universidad Venezolana (Epidemiologic Diagnostic of Psicoactive Substances consumption in a Venezuelan University) (Salazar et al.), 604 Diagno´stico nacional sobre la situacio´n de los contaminantes orga´nicos persistentes en Me´xico (Assessment on the National Situation of Persistent Organic Pollutants) (Romero Torres et al.), 347 Dialnet, 513 Dialnet. A portal for scientific publications in Spanish, 511 Diao Qingyun (Comparative Research on Toxicological Characters Between Apis cerana and Apis mellifera), 101 Dias M.B. (Toxicologia na Pra´tica Clı´nica (Clinical Toxicology)), 58 Dı´az, O. (Avances en toxicologı´a de contaminantes quı´micos en alimentos (Advances in Toxicology of Chemical Contaminants in Food)), 93 Diaz-Barriga F. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Diccionario de acro´nimos para las Ciencias de la Salud (Dictionary of Acronyms for Health Sciences), 512 Diccionario de la contaminacio´n (Pollution dictionary) (Albert et al. (eds.)), 342 Diccionario de la droga. Vocabulario general y argot (Dictionary of the Drug. General Vocabulary and Slang) (Rodriguez F.), 510 Dictionary of Ecology and Environmental Protection (Słownik ekologii i ochrony s´rodowiska), 2nd Edition (Mazur E.), 395 Dictionary of Toxicological Terms—Polish Definitions and Their English Counterparts (Słownik termino´w stosowanych w toksykologii—definicje polskie i odpowiedniki angielskie) (Jakubowski et al.), 395 Diego-Garcı´a, Elia (Spider Venom), 456 Dieldrin, 2 DIGITAL.CSIC, 513 Digo´n A. (Compra, registro y distribucio´n de plaguicidas (Purchase, registration and distribution of pesticides)), 22 Digo´n A. (Transporte y almacenamiento de plaguicidas (Transport and storage of pesticides)), 22 Dikshith T.S.S. (Toxicological Study of Pesticides in Animals), 214 DINESA. See Direccio´n Nacional de Emergencia Sanitaria (DINESA) Ding Xiaowen (Food Toxicology (textbook)), 106 Diploma of Certified Toxicologist (DCST), 100 Dippenaar-Schoeman A.S. (The Spider Guide of Southern Africa), 463

722 Direccio´n General de Epidemiologı´a—Peru (General Directorate of Epidemiology), 386 Direccio´n General de Medicamentos, Insumos y Drogas (DIGEMID) (General Directorate of Medicines, Medical Supplies and Drugs), 388 Direccio´n General de Salud Ambiental e Inocuidad Alimentaria (DIGESA) (General Directorate of Environmental Health and Food Safety), 387 Direccio´n Nacional de Emergencia Sanitaria (DINESA), 28 Directorate General for the Hygiene and Safety of Food and Nutrition, 285286 Directorate of Fisheries, 376 Directorate of Health (Norway), 377 Directory of Chemical Companies and Products. Spanish Chemical Industry Federation, 513 Directory of NGOs in India, 236 Direzione generale per l’igiene e la sicurezza degli alimenti e la nutrizione (DGSAN). See Directorate General for the Hygiene and Safety of Food and Nutrition Disaster Management Act, 245 Discipline of toxicology, 257 Distance Education National University UNED, 518 The Distribution, Diagnoses and Estimated Economic Impact of Plant Poisonings and Mycotoxicoses in South Africa (Kellerman et al.), 463 Division: Pharmacology and Toxicology, 64 Doctors Without Borders, 207 Document de re´fe´rence pour l’e´laboration de valeurs limites d’exposition a´ des agents chimiques en milieu professionnel. Rapport d’expertise collective, 180 Documentation and Information of the National Plan on Drugs. Ministry of Health and Consumer Issues, 513 Dokuz Eylu¨l University Faculty of Medicine Drug and Poison Information Center, 564 Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Clinical Toxicology Unit, 563 Dolara, P. (Tossicologia: generale e ambientale (General and Environmental Toxicology)), 266 Dome`nech X. (Quı´mica atmosfe´rica: origen y efectos de la contaminacio´n (Atmospheric chemistry: origin and effects of contamination)), 507 Dome`nech X. (Quimica del Suelo, el Impacto de los Contaminantes (Chemistry of Soil and Impact of contaminants)), 507 Domestic substances list (DSL), 80 Domestic Toxic Gas Retailing Information, 493 Dominguez V. (Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por antidepresivos recibidas en el Centro de informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico en el periodo), 598 Don’t Let Cancer Medicine Kill You! (Chen Lichuan), 100 Don’t Poison the Next Generation (Hong Dongrong), 101 Donaldson K. (Particle Toxicology), 569

Index

Donga University (Department of Medicinal Biotechnology), 502 Dongguk University (Department of Life Sciences), 496497, 503 Dongjin Institute of Technology, 500 Doping, Spanish legislations, 522 Down to Earth, 222 DPIC. See Drug & Poison Information Center (DPIC) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, 237 Dr B R Ambedkar University, 237 Dr. Luis Razetti. Toxicology Center (Hospital Dr. Luis Razetti. Centro Toxicolo´gico) (FUNCETOXBA), 606 Dr R M L Avadh University, 237 Draft Regulations for Hazardous Chemical Agents, 468 Dresden, 200 Drexler H. (ed.) (Biologische Arbeitsstofftoleranz Werte (BAT-Werte), Expositionsa¨quivalente fu¨r krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA) und Biologische Leitwerte (BLW). Arbeitsmedizinisch toxikologische Begru¨ndungen), 191 Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI), 574 Drinking Water Quality Surveillance Program, 329 Drogas e Subsı´dios para uma Discussa˜o (Drugs and Data for Discussion) (Carlini et al.), 58 Drug & Poison Information Center (DPIC), 455 Drug Abuse and Prevention (Lin S.N.), 547 Drug abuse in sport, 181 Drug Addiction Treatment: Practical Guide for Physicians (Shabanov P.D.), 422 Drug and Poison Information Centers (DPICs), Iran, 248, 251252 drug and poisons information center (DPIC), 435 Drug Crimination and Prevention (Lin J.Y.), 547 Drug Law (Arzneimittelgesetz), 204 Drug Laws, 33 Drug Poisoning and Treatment (Afshar), 252 Drug Products—Authorization and Vigilance Programs, 80 Drug Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology (Sun Zuyue et al.), 105 Drug Toxicology (2nd ed.) (Zhou Liguo), 107 Drug Toxicology (4th ed.) (textbook) (Lou Yijia), 103 Drug toxicology (Li Bo et al.), 102 Drug Toxicology (Song Lihua), 104 Drug Toxicology (Tan Yuzhi), 105 Drug Toxicology (textbook) (Cai Jiqun), 100 Drug Toxicology (textbook) (Chen Zhibao et al.), 100 Drug Toxicology (textbook) (Hao Liying et al.), 101 Drug Toxicology (textbook) (Tan Yuzhi et al.), 105 Drug Toxicology (textbook) (Yang Hongmei), 106

Drug Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) (Hao Liying), 101 Drug Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) (Lou Yijia), 103 Drug Toxicology (textbook, 3rd ed.) (Xiang Ming), 106 Drugs Blood Toxicology and Detection Methods (series of books on toxicological safety evaluation) (Pan Dongsheng et al.), 103 Drugs Law, 68 Drugs of Abuse Law, 68 Drugs of Abuse—Methods of Analysis (Metody analizy s´rodko´w uzalezniaja˛cych) (Szukalski B.), 395 DSFE. See Danish Society for Pharmacoepidemiology (DSFE) DSM, 364 DSO (Defense Science Organization) National Laboratories, 458 DSTF. See Danish Society of Toxicology and Pharmacology (DSTF) DTU Environment, 153 du Preez L. (Frogs of Southern Africa: A Complete Guide), 463 Du Zhengqing (Neurotoxicology of Exogenous Substances in Mammals), 101 Duffert C.M. (Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures), 599 Dugo, G. (Tossicologia degli alimenti (Food Toxicology)), 266 Duijst, W. L. J. M. (Handboek forensische en penitentiaire geneeskunde (Handbook Forensic and Penitentiary Medicine)), 358 DukeNUS Graduate Medical School, 459 Ðuki´c M. (Sredstva koja izazivaju zavisnost s analitikom), 450 ´ c D. (Sredstva koja izazivaju Ðuki´c-Cosi´ zavisnost s analitikom), 450 Duodecim, 167 Dura´n Moreno A. (Fundamentos de digestio´n anaerobia de residuos so´lidos orga´nicos urbanos (Fundaments of urban solid waste aerobic digestion)), 344 Durante S. (Cocaı´na adulterada con Levamisol: reporte de 3 casos clı´nicos), 599 Durban University of Technology (DUT), 476 Du¨sseldorf, 200 DUT. See Durban University of Technology (DUT) Dutch Board for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides (Ctgb), 366 Dutch Cosmetics Association (NCV), 365 Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety (DECOS), 366 Dutch legislation, 366 Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, 366 Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate, 366 Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, 366 Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 366

Index

Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, 366 Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Water, 366 Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment, 366 Dutch Society of Pathology, 365 Dutch Society of Soap and Detergent Producers, 365 Dwivedi P. (Environmental Pollution and Environmental Management), 214 Dyomina M.V. (Essays on Clinical Drug Addiction Treatment: Drug Addiction and Toxicomania: Clinical Picture, Course of the Disease, Therapy), 420

E EAPCCT. See European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) Early and Delayed Effects of Sulfur Mustard in Iranian Veterans After the Iraq-Iran Conflict. In: Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents: Second Edition (BalaliMood, M.), 255 East China Inspection Bureau, 114 Eastern Regional Office of Nuclear and Radiation Safety Inspection, 115 Eastern University (UDO), 601 EC. See European Community (EC) ECCC. See Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) ECO-Accord, Center for the Environment and Sustainable Development, 426 EcoAction, 81 ECOCICLA Foundation, 609 ECO-Defense, 426 Ecoeconomic and information tools in the management system for the use of nature in the region (Murashova A.A.), 421 ECOLEX, 159 EcoLog Legislation—Canadian Environmental and Health & Safety Legislation, 74 EcoLog News, 73 Ecologia y contaminacion ambiental (Ecology and environmental pollution) (Gordillo Herna´ndez D.), 344 Ecologı´a y medio ambiente (Ecology and environment) (Calixto Flores et al.), 343 Ecologı´a y medio ambiente (Ecology and environment) (Garcı´a Barajas et al.), 344 Ecologı´a y medio ambiente (Ecology and environment) (Lecona Urrutia A.A.), 346 Ecologı´a y medio ambiente, 3r ed. (Ecology and environment, 3rd edition) (Ferna´ndez Gama D. et al.), 344 Ecologı´a y Salud (Ecology and health) (Fe´lixBurgos et al.), 344 Ecological Society of China, 123 Ecologo-Hygienic Aspects of Utilization of Chemical Weapons (Shkodich et al.), 422 Ecology (Marinchenko A.V.), 421 Ecology and Protection of the Environment in Russia, 425 Ecology and Protection of the Nature in Western Siberia, 425

Ecology of Humans. Series of lectures (Ilyin V. I.), 421 Ecology of Polluted Waters and Toxicology (Mishra K.D.), 217 Ecosalud, 523 Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios (Ecosystems and Agricultural Resources), 351 Ecosistemas: Revista cientı´fica y te´cnica de ecologı´a y medio ambiente (Ecosystem: Scientific and Technical Journal of Ecology and Environment), 511 Ecotossicologia (Ecotoxicology) (Vighi et al.), 268 Ecotoxicology (textbook) (Meng Ziqiang), 103 Ecotoxicology, 145146, 370 Ecuador books, 156157 databases, 158 government organizations, 158159 journals, 157 legislation, 161 nongovernment organizations, 159160 poison control centers, 160161 professional societies, 160 universities, 160 Ecuadorian Commission of Atomic Energy, 160 Ecuadorian Journal of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine., 157 Ecuadorian Journal of Public Health, 157 Ecuadorian Red Cross, 160 Edith Cowan University (ECU), 52 Educacio´n ambiental y manejo de ecosistemas en Me´xico (Environmental education and ecosystemmanagement in Mexico) (Castillo et al.), 343 Educacio´n Quı´mica (Chemistry Education), 352 Education in Italy courses pertaining to toxicology held at universities, 279280 research doctorate (PhD) in toxicology, 280 scientific societies, 281288 specialization schools, 280281 vocational masters, 281 in Kenya, 315316 Education Committee of the Japanese Society of Toxicology (ed.) (Toxicology (3rd edition)), 289 Education Law, 601 EEA. See European Environment Agency (EEA) EEC. See European Economic Community (EEC) EECRC. See Energy and Environmental Contaminants Research Centre (EECRC) Efectos del cannabis sobre la viabilidad celular y el ciclo suen˜o vigilia en un modelo animal (Laluz et al.), 599 Effets sur la sante´ associe´s a´ l’inhalation d’imperme´abilisants ou d’autres ae´rosols de

723 resins hydrophobes. Revue de la litte´rature, 180 EFSA. See European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) EFSA’s OpenFoodTox database, 359 Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, 562 EHC. See Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) EHF. See Environment and Health Fund (EHF) Ehime University, 301 EHScompliance.ca Newsletter, 73 Ehteshami, A. (Crime Toxicology), 253 EIA. See Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) EIANZ. See Environment Institute of Australia and New Zealand (EIANZ) Eindhoven University of Technology, 362 EIONET. See European Environment Information and Observation Network (EIONET) EIONET: Poland, 410 EIS. See Environment and Sustainability of Buildings (EIS) Eisenbrand G. (Toxikologie. Fu¨r Naturwissenschaftler und Mediziner), 188 Ejercicios complementarios [para el] curso ba´sico de toxicologia ambiental (Complementary exercises for the basic course on Environmental Toxicology) (Albert L.A.), 348 Ekaterinburg Medical Scientific Center for Health Promotion and Prophylaxis of Industrial Workers, 428 ekoinfo.pl—Environmental Protection Information Service (ekoinfo.pl—Serwis ´ Informacyjny Ochrony Srodowiska), 410 Ekotoksikologija (Teodorovi´c et al.), 450 Ekotoxikologie, bioindikace a biomonitoring (Ecotoxicology, Bioindication and Biomonitoring) (Andˇel), 129 El ABC de la toxicologı´a (Toxicology ABC) (Montiel Falcon H.), 346 El abuso cro´nico de clorhidrato y pasta base de cocaı´na asocia envejecimiento arterial y aumento del riesgo cardiovascular en jo´venes asintomo´ticos (Kapitan et al.), 599 El Ambiente y la Salud: Epidemiologia Ambiental (Comba et al.), 156 El control de contaminacio´n. Te´cnicas jurı´dicas de proteccio´n medioambiental (Pollution control. Legal techniques of environmental protection) (Agudo J.), 506 El delito de contaminacio´n ambiental: Artı´culo 325.1 del co´digo penal (The crime of environmental contamination) (Alastuey M. C.), 506 El elixir de la muerte (The elixir of death) (Alzogaray R.A.), 21 El Farmaceutico (The Pharmacist) (1966), 511 El mundo de las Drogas (The World of Drugs) (Fabrega), 604 El problema de las drogas en el Peru´—2015, 385

724 Elaboracio´n y estructuracio´n de una base de datos cartogra´fica de la contaminacio´n marina provocada por el Prestige y su integracio´n en un sistema de informacio´n geogra´fico (Preparation and structure of a cartographic database of the marine contamination produced by the Prestige and integration in a geographic information system) (Carren˜o F.), 507 E´laboration de valeurs de re´fe´rence d’exposition a´ partir de donne´es de biosurveillance, 181 Electrical wastes (e-waste), 4 Electromagnetic fields, Spanish legislations, 522 Elektoniikka-alan kemikaaliopas (Anttonen et al.), 164 Elenco degli istituti di ricerca, 266 Elisabeth F Schwartz (Scorpion Venoms), 456 Ellenhorn M.J. (Medical Toxicology. Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning), 421 Emecas, 523 Emergencies Response Center with Hazardous Materials, 27 Emergency Care Journal, 268 Emergency department (ED), 455 Emergency Department, 92 Emergency environmental center, 259 Emergency Management of Poisoned Patients (Abdollahi et al.), 253 Emergency Toxicology branch, Department of Emergency Medicine, 457 Emergent State in Drug Addiction Treatment (Tsygankov B.D. (ed.)), 422 Emisiones bioge´nicas (Biogenic emissions) (Velasco et al.), 350 Emissions, Spanish legislations, 522 Emponzon˜amiento humano provocado por venenos de origen animal. Estudio epidemiolo´gico, clı´nico y experimental (Human poisoning provoked by toxins of animal origin. Epidemiological, clinical and experimental study) (Martino et al.), 18 EMPRI. See Environmental Management Policy and Research Institute (EMPRI) Encyclopaedia of Environmental Pollution, Agriculture and Health Hazards (Shrivastava A.K.), 219 Encyclopaedia of Toxicology (Jasra O.P.), 214 Encyclopaedias of Dietary Supplements and Poisoning (Naito H.), 290 Encyclopaedias of Drug Abuse and Poisoning: From Stimulant Drugs to Antitussives (Naito H.), 290 Encyclopedia of food safety (Chou et al.), 546 Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3rd Edition, Volumes 1-4 (Wexler et al.), 254 Endocrine Disruptors University of Granada (Disruptores Endocrinos, Universidad de Granada), 523 Endocrine Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series) (Li Zhilan et al.), 102 Endrin, 2 Energy and Environmental Contaminants Research Centre (EECRC), 48 English Nature, 575

Index

Engstro¨m, K. (Kemikaalit ja tyo¨—Selvitys tyo¨ympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨), 166 Enriched Uranium: Effects on Human and Environment (Modarresi), 253 Ensayos toxicolo´gicos para la evaluacio´n de sustancias quı´micas en agua y suelo: La experiencia en Me´xico (Toxicological tests for the evaluation of chemicals in water and soil: the Mexican experience) (Ramı´rez Romero et al.), 347 ENSEARCH. See Environmental Management and Research Association of Malaysia (ENSEARCH) Ente per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente (ENEA). See Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and the Environment Entidad de Fiscalizacio´n Ambiental (EFA— OEFA) (Environmental Control Entity), 387 EnTox, 3637 Envenenamiento por animales (Poisoning due to Animals) (Valledor A.), 510 Envenenamiento por animales ponzon~osos (Poisoning by noxious animals) (Sa´nchez Villegas M.C.), 347 Environics Trust, 233 Environment Agency (EA), 576 Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), 80 Environment and Climate Change Canada Publications, 72 Environment and Health Fund (EHF), 258 Environment and Health (Hussain A.), 214 Environment and Metal Pollution (Khan R.R.), 215 Environment and Natural Resources (Government of Northwest Territories), 75 Environment and Sustainability of Buildings (EIS), 151 Environment and Toxicology (Kumar A. (ed.)), 216 Environment Conservation Amendment Act, 2003, 484 Environment Health and Safety Program, 8 Environment Impact Assessment (EIA), 213 Environment Institute of Australia and New Zealand (EIANZ), 372 Environment Problems in India (Ahluwalia S. K.), 212 Environment Protection and The Law (Khitoliya R.K.), 215 Environment Protection Authority (EPA), 42 Environment Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 2014, 340 Environment Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005, 340 Environment Society of India, 233 Environmental Analysis Laboratory (EAL), 551 Environmental and occupational health (EOH), 84 Environmental and occupational toxicology, 599600 Environmental and Workplace Health, 82

Environmental Attitudes and Environmental Protection Behavior—Theory & Practice (Lee Y.J.), 547 Environmental carcinogens and primary prevention, 269 Environmental Chemical Hazards (Kumar R.), 216 Environmental Concerns and Policies in Saudi Arabia. In Energy and Environment in Saudi Arabia: Concerns & Opportunities (Taher et al.), 440 Environmental Contamination and Bioreclamation (Kumar A.), 216 Environmental Convention Implementation Technical Center, 115 Environmental Development and Management: Strategies and Policies (Pande et.al.) (eds.), 217 Environmental Direction of the Municipality of Quito, 159 Environmental Ecology (Shu Zhan), 104 Environmental emergency and accident investigation center, 115 Environmental Evaluation Unit, 477 Environmental foundation in Venezuela, 605 Environmental Genetic Toxicology (Kong Zhiming), 102 Environmental Geochemistry (Karbassi et al.), 254 Environmental Health Criteria (EHC), 7 Environmental Health Hazards (Kumar H.), 216 Environmental Health Risks, 83 Environmental Health Unit, 27 Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 1994, 245 Environmental Impact Assessment System of The General Directorate for Environmental Protection—(System Ocen Oddziaływania na ´ Srodowisko Generalnej Dyrekcji Ochrony ´ Srodowiska), 412 Environmental Impact Assessment (Bhushan B. et.al.), 213 Environmental Indicators, 81 Environmental Information Centre, 399 Environmental Institute of Malaysia, 331 Environmental Law (Ley Penal del ambiente), 607 Environmental Law for Hydrocarbons Operations, 161 Environmental Law for Mining Activities, 161 Environmental Law, 68, 161, 612 Environmental Management (Bhushan B. et. al.), 213 Environmental Management (Talwar P. (ed.)), 220 Environmental Management and Research Association of Malaysia (ENSEARCH), 335 Environmental Management in South Africa (King et al. (eds.)), 464 Environmental Management of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals (Arora M.), 212 Environmental Management Policy and Research Institute (EMPRI), 233

Index

Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, 153 Environmental Monitoring System (EMS) (British Columbia), 75 Environmental Mutagen Society of India (EMS), 241 Environmental Partnership Foundation, 402 Environmental Policies (Sinha P.C.), 220 Environmental Pollution & Toxicology (Joshi B. D.), 215 Environmental Pollution and Bhopal Killings (Banerjee B.N.), 212 Environmental Pollution and Environmental Management (Dwivedi P), 214 Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards in India (Kumar R.), 216 Environmental Pollution Control Act, 460 Environmental Pollution (Shafi S.M.), 219 Environmental Pollution, 572 Environmental Pollution: Causes, Effects & Controls (Agrawal K.C.), 212 Environmental Pollution: Hazards and Control (Gupta R.D.), 214 Environmental Problems, Protection and Control (2 Volumes) (Kumar A.), 216 Environmental Protection (Ochrona s´rodowiska) (Brodecki Z. (ed.)), 394 Environmental Protection (Thukral A.K. et.al.), 220 Environmental Protection Administration, Executive Yuan, 551 Environmental Protection and Management (Ozone Depleting Substances) Regulations, 460 Environmental Protection and Management Act (EPMA) and Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) Regulations, 460 Environmental Protection and Sustainability— air, land and water (British Columbia), 84 Environmental Public Health Act and Environmental Public Health (Toxic Industrial Waste) Regulations, 460 Environmental Public Health Act, 460 Environmental Quality Act 1974, 340 Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN), 39 Environmental Resources Research Centre (ERRC), 234 Environmental Reviews, 72 Environmental Science and Policy, 572 Environmental Science Dictionary (Miao et al.), 547 Environmental Science, 111 Environmental Technology, 572 Environmental toxicity, Australia, 36 Environmental Toxicology (2nd ed.) (Li Jianzheng), 102 Environmental Toxicology (5th ed.) (textbook) (Kong Zhiming), 102 Environmental Toxicology (6th ed.) (textbook) (Kong Zhiming), 102 Environmental Toxicology (Chen J.M.), 546 Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), 50

Environmental Toxicology (Shen Zhemin), 104 Environmental Toxicology (textbook) (Jiao Anying et al.), 101 Environmental Toxicology (Watanabe (ed.) et.al.), 290 Environmental Toxicology (Wright et al.), 570 Environmental Toxicology (Zakrzewski S.F. (ed.)), 570 Environmental toxicology (Zhu Lin et al.), 107 Environmental toxicology and risk evaluation for health and the environment, 519 Environmental Toxicology Experiment (textbook) (Shu Zhan et al.), 104 Environmental Toxicology Research Technology and Methods (textbook) (Li Yongfeng et al.), 102 Environmental Toxicology (Satake M.), 219 Environmental toxicology, 370 Environmental Toxicology, 3rd edition (Chen C. M.), 546 Environmental Toxicology: Current Developments (Rose J.), 570 Environmental Toxicology—Laboratory Exercises—Collective Work (Toksykologia s´rodowiska—´cwiczenia laboratoryjne—praca zbiorowa), 2nd Edition (Łebkowska et al.), 395 Environmental Treaties and Resource Indicators (Norway), 381 Environment-related Legislation, 56 EOH. See Environmental and occupational health (EOH) EPER- Espan˜a. Spanish Pollutant Emissions and Sources Register, 513 Epidemiologı´a del hidroarsenicismo cro´nico regional ende´mico en la Repu´blica Argentina (Epidemiology of chronic endemic regional hydroarsenicism in Argentine) (Swiecky et al.), 21 Epidemiologia e Prevenzione (Epidemiology and Prevention), 268 Epidemiologic Data of Acute Pesticide Poisoning in Taiwan, 19852001 (Yang C.C.), 548 Epidemiological studies; IRAN. In: Anticholinesterase Pesticides: Metabolism, Neurotoxicity, and Epidemiology (Abdollahi), 254 Epidemiology (Epidemiologı´a), 605 Equisnzaroo, 495 Eramus MC, 362 Ergonomics—Industrial and Environmental Toxicology—Choice of Texts (Ergonomia— toksykologia przemysłowa i s´rodowiskowa— wybo´r teksto´w), 2nd Edition (improved) (Jasin´ska-Zubelewicz E.J.), 395 ERIN. See Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN) eRISK Online, 77 Erkekoglu P. (Bisphenol A Exposure and Health Risks (English)), 559 Erkekoglu P. (Nitrite Chemistry and Toxicity (English)), 559 Erlangen, 200

725 ERRC. See Environmental Resources Research Centre (ERRC) Erros De Medicac¸a˜o: Um Risco de Sau´de Medication Errors: A Risk of Healthcare (Va´zquez et al.), 598 ERS, 179 Escuela de Post Grado (Post Graduate School), 390 Esfahani, M. E. (The Golden Age of Medieval Islamic Toxicology. In: Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance), 255 Eslamizad, S. (Aflatoxins and their management. In: Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism), 255 Essays on Clinical Drug Addiction Treatment: Drug Addiction and Toxicomania: Clinical Picture, Course of the Disease, Therapy (Chirko et al.), 420 Essen, 200 Essential Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) (Zhou Zhijun), 107 Essentials in the Protection of Public Health (Chueng J.Y.), 547 The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (Narayan Reddy et.al.), 217 Essentials of Toxicology (2nd ed., Bilingual textbooks) (Huang Jiwu et al.), 101 Essentials of Toxicology (textbook) (Huang Jiwu), 101 Este´vez J. (Casos Pra´cticos de Evaluacio´n de Riesgo Toxicolo´gico y Ecotoxicolo´gico (Practical Cases of Toxicological and Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment)), 510 ESTIV. See European Society for Toxicology In Vitro (ESTIV) Estler C.J. (ed.) (Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Pharmacology and Toxicology), 6th edition), 188 Estrategia Industrial y Medio Ambiente Laboral en Ecuador (Harari), 156 Estre´s Oxidativo y su impacto en Salud (Oxidative Stress and Health Impact) (Jaramillo Jua´rez et al.), 345 Estudiando toxicologı´a a trave´s de preguntas objetivas (tipo test) (Studying toxicology through questions-Test) (Jos Gallego A.M.), 508 Estudio epidemiolo´gico de una poblacio´n expuesta laboralmente a plomo (Laborde et al.), 599 Estudio sobre riesgos y dan˜os en trabajadores de viveros de plantas de eucalyptus (Pisani), 600 Etchevarren V. (Metahemoglobinemia relacionada con ingesta de pure´ de acelgas), 598 Etemadi-Aleagha, A. (Street Level Heroin, an Overview on its Components and Adulterants. In: Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse), 255 E´tude d’impre´gnation par les dioxines des populations re´sidant a´ proximite´ d’usines d’incine´ration d’ordures me´nage´res, 181 Eucaryotic Cell Biology Group, 153

726 Euikyung Kim (Marine and Freshwater Toxins), 456 European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT), 410 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), 1112, 168, 283, 410, 417 European Community (EC), 1 main features of EC chemicals legislation, 89 European Ecological Natura 2000 Network, 410 European Economic Area (EEA Agreement), 375 European Economic Community (EEC), 282 European Environment Agency (EEA), 13 European Environment Information and Observation Network (EIONET), 410 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 279, 285286 European Legislation, 366 European Organizations dealing with toxicology hosted in Italy, 279 European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR), 13 European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology PAS, 400 European Society for Toxicology In Vitro (ESTIV), 281 European Toxicologists & European Societies of Toxicology (EUROTOX), 128 European Toxicologists and European Societies of Toxicology (EUROTOX), 394 European Union (EU), 11 classification and labeling of chemicals in, 9 overview, 11 websites, 14 EUROTOX (Federation of European Toxicologists and European Societies of Toxicology), 448 Evaluacio´n de la exposicio´n a agentes quı´micos en el trabajo: manual pra´ctico (Exposure Assessment to Chemical Agents at Work: Practical Manual) (Laborda R.), 508 Evaluacio´n epidemiolo´gica de riesgos causados por agentes quı´micos ambientales (Epidemiologicalevaluation of risks caused by environmental chemical agents) (Gavarotto et al.), 18 Evaluacio´n Toxicolo´gica de los Plaguicidas y la Sanidad Ambiental (Toxicological Evaluation of Pesticides and Environmental Safety) (de la Pen˜a et al.), 508 Evaluacio´n Clı´nica y Biomarcadores de genotoxicidad en nin˜os y adultos expuestos a mezclas de plaguicidas (Laborde et al.), 599 Evaluating Existing Substances, 81 Evaluation of Pesticide Producing From the Uranium Richen Process (Badrian, R.), 254 Evaluation of the benefit/risk ratio of the use of baclofen in alcohol-dependent patients, statement of opinion, 180 Everett D.J. (Adrenal Toxicology), 569 Evolucio´n, estado actual, retos y tendencias de la Toxicologı´a comenzar el milenio (Evolution,

Index

Present Situation and Trends of the Toxicology at the Start of the Millennium) (Repetto M.), 509 Evolution of venom antigenaemia and antivenom concentration in patients bitten by snakes in Uruguay (Morais et al.), 600 Evolution of Venomous Animals and Their Toxins (Gopalakrishnakone P.), 456 E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem (Heacock et al.), 599 E-Waste Informal recycling: An Emerging Source of Lead Exposure in South America (Pascale), 599 Ewha Womans University (Department of Pharmacy), 496, 502 Examination of Toxicology, 253 Examination tests in military toxicology, radiobiology and medical protection (Kutsenko S.A. (ed.)), 421 Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 422 Experimental Method and Technology of Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) (Wang Xinru), 105 Experimental Methods and Techniques of Drug Toxicology (Yuan Bojun et al.), 106 Experimental Methods on Descriptive Toxicology (Lu Yan), 103 Experimental Zooprophylactic Institutes, 272 Expert in Ecotoxicology (GDCh/SETAC GLB), 202 Expert in Toxicology gt, 202 Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, 572 Exposicio´n a cocaı´na en nin˜os menores de 5 an˜os: serie de casos (Juanena et al.), 599 Exposicio´n no intencional a cannabis en nin˜os en el marco de la regulacio´n del mercado en Uruguay (Noroya et al.), 599 Exposition a´ la palytoxine des personnes s’occupant de coraux mous d’aquarium d’eau de mer: Etude des cas rapporte´s au re´seau des Centres antipoison de 2000 a´ 2017, 180 Exposition environnementale au trichloroe´thyle´ne chez les riverains de sites pollue´s en Iˆle-deFrance. E´valuation des expositions, des risques sanitaires associe´s, et appui a´ la de´cision sanitaire, 181 Exposition in utero a´ l’acide valproı¨que et aux autres traitements de l’e´pilepsie et des troubles bipolaires et risque de malformations conge´nitales majeures en France, 180 Extremadura University. Toxicology Unit, 518 Extremity toxicology. Practical guidance (Badyugin et al.), 420

F Faber M. (Home-gardens to Address Vitamin A Deficiency in South Africa: A Food-based Approach), 464 Fabre´ R. (Compendio de Toxicologı´a (Toxicology Compendium), Tomo III), 604 Fabrega E. (El mundo de las Drogas (The World of Drugs)), 604

FACTA. See Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Association (FACTA) Factories and Machinery (Asbestos) Regulations 1986, 340 Factories and Machinery (Leads) Regulations 1984, 340 Factories and Machinery (Mineral Dust) Regulations 1989, 340 Factories and Machinery Act 1967, 340 Faculdade de Cieˆncias Farmaceˆuticas (FCF), 57 Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquı´mica (Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry), 390 Faculte´ des sciences, 89 Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 88 Faculty of Food Engineering, 64 Faculty of Health Sciences, 66, 478 Faculty of Medical Science, 64 Faculty of Medicine (ULA), 64, 595, 596f, 602 Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 87 Faculty of Medicine of UC, 601 Faculty of Pharmaccy, 65 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 87 Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesBiochemistry and Toxicological Department, 63 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeira˜o Preto, 63 Faculty of Pharmacy (UCV), 65, 602 Faculty of Public Health, 64 Faculty of Science, Pharmacy, 459 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (Norway), 380 Fagiolino P. (Erros De Medicac¸a˜o: Um Risco de Sau´de Medication Errors: A Risk of Healthcare), 598 Fagiolino P. (Skin Reactions Associated to Phenytoin Administration: Multifactorial Cause), 598 Failing Laws: Assumptions and Realities for Women in South African Agriculture (London et al.), 464 Falaki, F. (Hazards of Pesticides in the Workplaces), 253 Falaki, F. (Precautions and Guidelines for use of Pesticides in the Workplaces), 253 Falconi A. (Efectos del cannabis sobre la viabilidad celular y el ciclo suen˜o vigilia en un modelo animal), 599 Falconi A. (Yerba Mate: efectos sobre la vigilia y el suen˜o), 599 FAMIC. See Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center (FAMIC) Fan Yuming (Bone Marrow Cytology Procedures and Atla for Toxicological Safety Assessment (Toxicological Safety Evaluation Series)), 102 Fan Yuming (Drugs Blood Toxicology and Detection Methods (series of books on toxicological safety evaluation)), 103 Fan Yuming (Guide to Standard Operating Procedures for Experimental Dogs (series of books on toxicological safety evaluation)), 104

Index

Fan Yuming (Guidelines for the Evaluation of Toxicological Safety Standards), 101 Fan Yuming (Toxicokinetics (Toxicological Safety Assessment Series)), 107 Faramarzi, M. A. (Safety in Pharmaceutical Sciences Research), 254 Farmacodependencia (Pharmacodependency) (Granier-Doyeoux et al.), 604 Farmacologı´a general: una guı´a de estudio (General pharmacology: a study guide) (Herna´ndez Cha´vez A.), 345 Farmacologı´a y toxicologı´a aplicada en equinos (Equine applied pharmacology and toxicology) (Sumano Lo´pez H.), 348 Farmacologı´a y toxicologı´a aplicada en equinos (Equine applied pharmacology and toxicology) (Lizarraga Madrigal I.), 348 Farmaindustria—Spanish Association of the Pharmaceutical Industry, 517 Farmakologia ja toksikologia (Koulu et al.) (eds.), 164 Farmer’s Daily, 117 Farmland Quality Monitoring and Protection Center, 117 Farro I. (El abuso cro´nico de clorhidrato y pasta base de cocaı´na asocia envejecimiento arterial y aumento del riesgo cardiovascular en jo´venes asintomo´ticos), 599 FASS. See Forensic & Analytical Science Service (FASS) FASTS. See Federation of Australian Scientific and Technological Societies (FASTS) Fayon, M. (Guide Pratique de Toxicologie Pe´diatrique), 178 FCAQ- Chemical Safety Cards, 513 FCM. See Food contact materials (FCM) FDTRC. See Food and Drug Toxicology Research Centre (FDTRC) Federacio´n Nacional de Salud en el Trabajo, FeNasTAC (National Federation of Occupational Health), 353 Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, 194 Federal Environmental Agency, 194 Federal Immissions Control Act, 204 Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, 194 Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 194 Federal Law concerning Entering Addenda and Modifications to the Federal Law concerning Technical Regulation of Production and Traffic of Ethanol and Alcohol Products. No 18, 1999.01.07, 434 Federal Law concerning Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Entities (declaration and expertise of hazardous production facilities, hazard classification of chemicals) 1999.07.21, No 116, 434 Federal Law concerning Industry and Consumption wastes. No 89, 06.24. 1998, 434 Federal Law concerning Quality and Safety of Food Products, No 29, 2000.01.02, 434

Federal Law concerning Ratification of ILO Convention 162 on Labor Protection in the handling of Asbestos, No 50, 2000.04.08, 434 Federal Law concerning Safe Handling of Pesticides and Agrochemicals, No 109, 1997.07.19, 434 Federal Law concerning Technical Regulation, No 184, 2002.12.27 (under revision), 434 Federal Law concerning the Protection of Atmospheric Air, No 109. 2002.07.24, 434 Federal Law concerning the Protection of Consumers’ Rights, (with further addenda and modifications). No 2300- 1992.02.07, 434 Federal Law concerning the Protection of the Environment, No 7, 2002.01.10, 434 Federal Law No 197, 2001.12.26.: RF Labor Code, 434 Federal Law on Sanitary and Epidemiological Well-being of the Population, No 52, 1999.03.30, 434 Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, 193 Federal Ministry of Health, 194 Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, 193 Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, 194 Federal Office for Radiation Protection, 194 Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 193 Federal State-owned Scientific Establishment “Toxicology Institute”, 428 Federal University of Minas Gerais, 65 Federal University of Parana´, 65 Federal University of Santa Maria, 65 Federal University of Sa˜o Paulo, 65 Federation of Australian Scientific and Technological Societies (FASTS), 54 Federation of European Toxicologists and European Societies of Toxicology (EUROTOX), 558 Fedorovskaya N.M. (Indirect electrochemical detoxication. Blood and plasma oxidation in the treatment of surgical endotoxicosis), 421 Feed additives, Spanish legislations, 521 FEEVALE University, 66 FEIQUE—Spanish Chemical Industry Federation, 517 Fekri, M. (Narcotics; Diagnosis and Extraction), 254 Fe´lix-Burgos G. (Ecologı´a y Salud (Ecology and health)), 344 FENACLE, 159 Feng Yibin (Basic and Clinical Toxicology of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 101 FENIN—Spanish Federation of Companies of Health Technology, 517 Fenner P.J. (ed.) (Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals), 38 FEPEMA—Management of pesticides waste and others, 517 Fernandez A. (Sustancias to´xicas persistentes (Persistent toxic substances)), 349

727 Ferna´ndez D. (Ecologı´a y medio ambiente (Ecology and environment)), 344 Ferna´ndez Gama D. (Ecologı´a y medio ambiente, 3r ed. (Ecology and environment, 3rd edition)), 344 Fernandez J. (Consumo de alcohol en nin˜os y adolescentes), 598 Ferna´ndez L. (Manual de te´cnicas de ana´lisis de suelos contaminados (Technical manual for the analysis of polluted soils)), 349 Fernandez Sola J. (Sensibilidad Quimica y Ambiental Multiple. Sobrevivir en un entorno toxico), 508 Ferna´ndez S. (Erros De Medicac¸a˜o: Um Risco de Sau´de Medication Errors: A Risk of Healthcare), 598 Ferna´ndez S. (Intoxicaciones ma´s frecuentes en Pediatrı´a. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello Sehabiague  Prego  de Leonardi), 598 Ferna´ndez S. Plantas Silvestres y de Cultivo: Manejo y prevencio´n. Intoxicaciones accidentales. Consumo inapropiado. Universidad de la Republica, Departamento de Publicaciones (Pronczuk et al.), 597 Ferrando R. (Brain dysfunction changes in abstinent cocaine abusers), 599 Ferrando R. (El abuso cro´nico de clorhidrato y pasta base de cocaı´na asocia envejecimiento arterial y aumento del riesgo cardiovascular en jo´venes asintomo´ticos), 599 Ferrari L. (Manual de Te´cnicas de Laboratorio en Toxicologı´a y Quı´mica Forense (Manual of Laboratory Techniques in Toxicology and Forensic Chemistry)), 23 Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act No. 36, 1947, 484 FETOC—Spanish Foundation of Clinical Toxicology, 519 F.F. Erisman Federal Research Center of Hygiene, 428 FFLA, 159 FICAM. See Finnish Centre for Alternative Methods (FICAM) Figueiras A. (Recollida e limpeza do fuel do Prestige. Avaliacio´n da exposicio´n e danos a´ sau´de en voluntarios e traballadores (Cleaning of Fuel from the Prestige. Exposure Evaluation and Health Effects in Volunteers and Workers)), 508 Files of Acute Poisoning Information (4th edition) (Mori H. (ed.) et.al.), 290 Files of Acute Poisoning Information (4th edition) (Yamazaki F. (ed.)), 290 Filov V.A. (ed.) (General Toxicology), 421 Filov V.A. (Harmful Substances in the Environment. Oxygen-containing organic compounds. (Reference and Encyclopedic Edition). Parts I, II, III), 421 Finical Accounting Service Center, 117 Finland books, 164167

728 Finland (Continued) databases, 168169 government organizations, 169173 journals, 167168 legislation, 176 nongovernment organizations, 173174 professional societies, 175176 universities, 174176 Finnish Cancer Registry, 173 Finnish Centre for Alternative Methods (FICAM), 175 Finnish Environment Institute, 169 Finnish Food Authority, 169 Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 171 Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), 170 Finnish Medicines Agency Fimea, 171 Finnish Meteorological Institute, 170 Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency, 172 Finnish Society for Environmental Science, 175 Finnish Society of Toxicology, 176 FIOH. See Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) Fiorenza Biancucci G. (Manual de procedimientos analı´ticos toxicolo´gicos para laboratorios de baja complejidad (Manual of toxicological analytical procedures for laboratories of low complexity)), 22 Fisheries and Oceans Canada—Center for Aquaculture and Environmental Research, 83 Fishing Vessel Inspection Bureau, 117 FISQ- Chemical Information Cards, 513 Fisuras, dos estudios sobre pasta base de cocaı´na en el Uruguay. Aproximaciones cuantitativas y etnogra´ficas. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacio´n (Suarez et al.), 597 Flammer R. (Giftpilze: Pilzvergiftungen), 190 Fleury Medicina e Sau´de, 63 Flinders College of Medicine and Public Health, 48 Flinders School of the Environment, 48 Flinders University, 48 Florio L. (El abuso cro´nico de clorhidrato y pasta base de cocaı´na asocia envejecimiento arterial y aumento del riesgo cardiovascular en jo´venes asintomo´ticos), 599 Fonacid-Pdvsa-Conicit, 604 Food Act 1983, 339 Food Additives, 285286 Food Additives (Chen et al.), 546 Food additives, Spanish legislations, 521 Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center (FAMIC), 295 Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 8, 282 Food and Cancer (Lin J.K.), 547 Food and Chemical Toxicology, 572 Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, 359, 366 Food and Drug Administration, Taiwan, 550 The Food and Drug Association Safety Assessment Comprehensive Information, 493 Food and Drug Toxicology Research Centre (FDTRC), 231 Food and Drugs Act, 78

Index

Food and Health, 560 Food Chemistry, 572 Food contact materials (FCM), 285 Food flavorings, 285 Food for Thought about Mycotoxins, Organic and Genetically Modified Foods (Marasas et al.), 464 Food Poisoning, 27 Food Regulations 1985, 339 Food Research Institute Prague, 135 Food Safety and Quality Division, Malaysia, 332 Food Safety and Standards Act, 245 Food Safety and Toxicology Foundation (Li Yun), 102 Food Safety Basic Act, 310311 Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ), 292, 294 Food Safety Commission Secretariat, 294 Food safety legislation, 284 Food Safety Risk Assessment: Principles, Methods and Applications of Toxicology (Technical Serieson Food Safety Risk Analysis) (Yang Xingfen et al.), 106 Food Safety Standards, 56 Food Safety, 290 Food Sanitation Act, 311 Food Science and Technology International (Published since 1960 as Revista de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos), 511 Food Science, 111 Food Standards Agency (FSA), 576 Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), 41 Food supplements, 285 Food Toxicology (2nd ed.) (Shen Minghao et al.), 104 Food Toxicology (2nd ed., textbook) (Sun Suqun), 104 Food Toxicology (textbook) (Gao Jinyan), 101 Food Toxicology (textbook) (Li Jianke), 102 Food Toxicology (textbook) (Shan Yujuan), 104 Food Toxicology (textbook) (Shen Minghao et al.), 104 Food Toxicology (textbook) (Sun Suqun et al.), 104 Food Toxicology (textbook) (Wang Huili et al.), 105 Food Toxicology (textbook) (Wang Xiangdong), 105 Food Toxicology (textbook) (Yan Weixing et al.), 106 Food Toxicology (textbook) (Zhang Lishi et al.), 107 Food Toxicology (textbook): A series of teaching materials for food specialty in colleges and universities (Wang Xiangdong), 105 Food Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) (Li Ning et al.), 102 ´sci), 2nd ˙ Food Toxicology (Toksykologia zywno Edition (improved and updated) (Nikonorow et al.), 395 Food Toxicology Foundation and Practice (Jin Gang), 101102 Food Toxicology without Secrets (Toksykologia ˙ zywno´ sci bez tajemnic) (Ball S.), 394

Food toxicology, 145 Foods and Commodities, 33 Foods and Commodities Law, 68 Foods and Feed Code, 204 Foods and Food Ingredients Journal of Japan (FFI Journal), 290 FORCE Technology, 150 Foreign Economic Cooperation Center, 117 Forensic & Analytical Science Service (FASS), 45 Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Association (FACTA), 55 Forensic and Clinical Toxicology Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, 556 Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (Karmakar R. N), 215 Forensic Medicine and Toxicology: Principles and Practice, 3rd Edition (Krishna V.), 216 Forensic Medicine Service of the Laboratory of Toxicological Expertise, 603 Forensic Medicine, 480 Forensic Toxicologist GTFCh, 202 Forensic Toxicology (5th ed.) (textbook) (Liu liang), 103 Forensic Toxicology (textbook, 4th ed.) (Liu Liang), 103 forensic toxicology departments, 200202 Forensic Toxicology Experiment Guide (textbook, 2nd ed.) (Zhu Shaohua), 107 Forensic Toxicology in Venezuela, 601 Forensic Toxicology LaboratoryScientific Technical Department of the Fiscal Investigation UnitPublic Prosecutor’s Office of the Province of Salta, 30 Forenznı´ a klinicka´ toxikologie (Forensic and Clinical Toxicology) (Balı´kova´), 129 Forest Research Inst, 237 Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 333 Forest Research Institute, 399 Formas actuales de intoxicacio´n (Current forms of poisoning) (Astolfi E.A.N.), 17 FORMAS, Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences, and Spatial Planning (Forskningsra˚det fo¨r miljo¨, areella na¨ringar och samha¨llsbyggande), 529 Formosan Medical Association, 555 Forskning.se, 534 Fo¨rstermann U. (Allgemeine und spezielle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie.Begru¨ndet von W. Forth, D. Hentschler, W. Rummel), 188 Forteza C. (Metahemoglobinemia relacionada con ingesta de pure´ de acelgas), 598 Foundation ECOCICLA (Fundacio´n ECOCICLA), 605 Foundation for Energy Efficiency, 402 Foundation for Polish Science (Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej), 412 Fourie N. (The Distribution, Diagnoses and Estimated Economic Impact of Plant Poisonings and Mycotoxicoses in South Africa), 463 The FRAM Centre (Norway), 383 France books, 178179

729

Index

databases, 181182 government organizations, 182184 journals, 179 legislation, 184 nongovernment organizations, 184 poison Control Centers, 185 professional societies, 184185 technical reports, 179181 FranceChimie, 184 Frankfurt, 201 Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 195 Free Radical Toxicology (Ke Yuebin et al.), 102 Freiburg, 201 Freissmuth M. (Pharmakologie und Toxikologie: Von den molekularen Grundlagenzur Pharmakotherapie), 189 French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) reports and publications database, 182 French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 183 French Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products, 183 French Atomic Energy Agency, 182 French Botany Network, 184 French Federation of Addictology, 184 French Indoor Air Quality Observatory, 181 French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, 183 French Institute of Health and Medical Research, 183 French Mycologic Society, 184 French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risk, 181 The French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 181 French Natural History Museum (MNHN), 184 French Poison Center and National Toxicovigilance Coordination Committee. Collective Expert reports, 182 French Poison Control Centers on-line Toxicological Resources Library, 181 French Public Health Agency, 182 French Public Health Database, 182 French Public Health High Council reports and publications database, 182 French Public Health Society, 184 French Society for the Promotion of Toxins Study, 184 French Society of Analytical Toxicology, 184 French Society of Botany, 184 French Society of Genetic Toxicology, 184 French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 184 French Society of Toxicology, 184 French University Thesis and French Universities Documentation Directory, 181 Freshwater Quality Monitoring, 81 Freshwater Research Unit, 477478 Fridtjof Nansen Institute (Norway), 382 Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 198 Friendicoes Seca, 234 Friends of the Earth Australia, 46

Frogs of Southern Africa: A Complete Guide (du Preez et al.), 463 Frohne D. (Giftpflanzen (Poisonous Plants), 5th edition), 190 Froldi, R. (Lezioni di tossicologia forense (Forensic Toxicology Lessons) 5th edition), 266 From Chemical to Food: Dose and Risk (Turkish) (Ali Esat Karakaya), 559 Fromme H. (Handbuch der Umweltmedizin digital), 191 Fu Lijie (Modern Toxicology: A Concise Course), 107 Fudan University School of Public Health, 120 FUGON, The Netherlands Federation for Innovative Drug Research (FIGON), 362 Fuhrmann G.F. (Toxikologiefu¨r Naturwissenschaftler: Einfu¨hrung in die Theoretische und Spezielle Toxikologie), 188 Fujian Medical University School of Public Health, 120 Fukushima S. (ed.) (Ito’s Toxicologic Pathology), 290 Fumonisin Toxicosis in Pigs (Marasas W.F.O.), 463 Fumonisins  Occurrence, Toxicology, Metabolism and Risk Assessment (Marasas et al.), 464 Fumonsin B1. Environmental Health Criteria 219 (Marasas et al. (eds.)), 464 Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME), 583 FUNDACENTRO, 62 Fundacio´n Ciencia Para el Estudio del Hombre y la Naturaleza, 159 Fundacion Ambiente y Sociedad, 159 Fundacio´n Mexicana para la Salud (Mexican Health Foundation), 353 Fundacion Natura, 160 Fundacio´n Revista Medicina, 26 Fundamental Toxicology (textbook, 6th ed.) (Wang Xinru), 105 Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology (Environmental Science and Engineering Series) (Zhao Yuan et al.), 107 Fundamentals of Toxicology (Pandey K. et.al.), 218 Fundamentos de Ciencia Toxicolo´gica (The Foundation of Toxicological Science) (Bello et al.), 507 Fundamentos de digestio´n anaerobia de residuos so´lidos orga´nicos urbanos (Fundaments of urban solid waste aerobic digestion) (Dura´n Moreno et al.), 344 Fundamentos de Toxicologia, 4th ed. (Principles of Toxicology) (Oga S.), 60 Fundamentos de Toxicologia Clı´nica (Principles of Clinical Toxicology) (Graff et al.), 58 FUNSAD, 160 Furci, G. (Guı´a de Campo Hongos de Chile, Segunda edicio´n (Chilean Fungi Guide, Second edition)), 93 Furci, G. (Guı´a de campo. Hongos de Chile, volumen II (Chilean Fungi Guide, volumen II)), 93 Fusarium (Marasas WFO), 463

G Gaceta Ecolo´gica (Ecological Gazette), 353 Gaceta Me´dica de Me´xico (Mexico’s Medical Gazette), 350 Gachon University, 496 Gad, S. C. (ed.) (Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3rd Edition, Volumes 1-4), 254 Gagliano Candela, R. (Tossicologia forense: in schemi, tabelle e testo. In allegato: doping, principali avvelenamenti, gas tossici, stupefacenti, alcaloidi delle piante, veleni animali, tecniche di tossicologia analitica (Forensic toxicology: in diagrams, tables and text. Attached: doping, main poisonings, toxic gases, narcotics, plant alkaloids, animal poisons, analytical toxicology techniques)), 267 Gajewski P. (ed.) (Szczeklik’s Internal Medicine (Interna Szczeklika 2017) chapter: Klimaszk D. ´ Z.: Zatrucia (Intoxications)), and Kołacinski 394 Galizia Tundisi J. (Diagno´stico del agua en las Ame´ricas (Water Diagnostic in the Americas)), 345 Galli, C. L. (Tossicologia (Toxicology), 3rd edition), 267 Galli, C. L. (Tossicologia molecolare e cellulare (Molecular and Cellular Toxicology)), 266 Galperin M.V. (General Ecology), 421 Gao Jinyan (ed.) (Food Toxicology (textbook)), 101 Gao shuang (Principles and Application of Environmental Toxicology (textbook)), 101 Garantı´a de Calidad en los laboratorios analı´ticos (Quality assurance in analytical laboratories) (Compan˜o R.), 507 Garca´a S.I. (Guı´a de prevencio´n, diagno´stico, tratamiento y vigilancia epidemiolo´gica de las intoxicaciones por mono´xido de carbono (Guide for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological surveillance of carbon monoxide poisoning)), 23 Garca´a S.I. (Guı´a de Prevencio´n, Diagno´stico, Tratamiento y Vigilancia Epidemiolo´gica de las Intoxicaciones Ambientales Infantiles con plomo. (Guide for the Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Epidemiological Surveillance of Child Environmental Poisonings withlead)), 23 Garca´a S.I. (Hidroarsenicismo Cro´nico Regional Ende´mico), 23 Garcı´a A. (Metahemoglobinemia relacionada con ingesta de pure´ de acelgas), 598 Garcı´a Barajas L. (Ecologı´a y medio ambiente (Ecology and environment)), 344 Garcı´a C. (Efectos del cannabis sobre la viabilidad celular y el ciclo suen˜o vigilia en un modelo animal), 599 Garcı´a S. (Protocolo para la evaluacio´n de riesgos a la salud humana asociado a los PCBs: sitios sensibles y-o potencialmente contaminados (Protocol for the evaluation of risks to human health associated with PCBs: sensitive and/or potentially contaminated sites)), 20 Garcı´a S.I. (Guı´a de Centros Antiponzon˜osos de la Repu´blica Argentina (Guide of

730 Antiponzon˜osos Centers of the Argentine Republic)), 22 Garcı´a S.I. (Guı´a sobre las Competencias del Personal de Sistemas de Emergencias Me´dicas que Responde a Incidentes con Materiales Peligrosos (Guideon Competencies of Medical Emergency System Personnel Responding to Incidents with Hazardous Materials)), 25 Garcı´a S.I. (Manual of primary attention of Intoxications), 25 Garcı´a S.I. (Guı´as para la planificacio´n y ejecucio´n de medidas del sector salud para la prevencio´n, preparativos y respuesta a incidentes con agentes quı´micos de uso industrial, be´lico o terrorista (Guidelines for theplanning and execution of measures of the health sector for the prevention, preparation and response to incidents with chemical agents of industrial, war or terrorist use), 23 Garcı´a Villalba E.P. (Toxicologı´a Clı´nica en Medicina Interna (Clinical Toxicology in Medicine)), 509 Garcı´a, M. (Avances en toxicologı´a de contaminantes quı´micos en alimentos (Advances in Toxicology of Chemical Contaminants in Food)), 93 Garcı´a-Villanova R.J. (Subproductos de desinfeccio´n_cloracio´n del agua (Precursores, formacio´n, toxicologı´a y epidemiologı´a)), 508 Garfias y Ayala J. (ed.) (Residuos peligrosos en Me´xico (Hazardous waste in Me´xico)), 344 Garnier, R. (Toxicologie Clinique), 178 Garre Garcı´a A. (Toxicologı´a Clı´nica en Medicina Interna (Clinical Toxicology in Medicine)), 509 Garrido A. (Intoxicacio´n Medicamentosa Aguda. Manual de Toxicologı´a Clı´nica y Analı´tica (Drug Intoxication Help, Manual of Clinical and Analytical Toxicology)), 604 GATOX, 185 Gavarotto M.C. (Evaluacio´n epidemiolo´gica de riesgos causados por agentes quı´micos ambientales (Epidemiologicalevaluation of risks caused by environmental chemical agents)), 18 Gay y Garcı´a C. (Reporte mexicano de cambio clima´tico. Vols 13 (Mexican report on climate change)), 344 Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, 562 G B Pant University of Agriculture & Tech, 237 GCDPC. See Government Council for Drug Policy Coordination (GCDPC) ´ University of Technology, 402 Gdansk ´ 408 Gdansk, GefahrstoffeReinhaltung der Luft, 192 Geisslinger G. (Mutschler Arzneimittelwirkungen: PharmakologieKlinische PharmakologieToxikologie), 188 Gelpi E. (Advances in Mass Spectrometry 15), 508 General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, 114

Index

General authority of meteorology and environmental protection (GAMEP), 435 General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection (Saudi Arabia), 438 General Chemical State Laboratory, 206 General Ecology (Galperin M.V.), 421 The General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 399 General Station of Agricultural Mechanization Technology Development and Popularization, 117 The General Station of Rural Cooperative Economy Management, 117 General Toxicology (Kurlyandskiy et al. (eds.)), 421 General Toxicology (Pourahmad, J.), 254 General Veterinary Inspectorate, 397 Ge´nero, ambiente y contaminacio´n por sustancias quı´micas (Gender environment and chemical pollution) (Cano Robles F. K.), 343 Genetic Engineering and Cancer Medicine (Lin J.K.), 547 Genetic Forensic Science (Georgiou), 206 Gene´tica toxicolo´gica (Toxicological genetics) (Mudry M., Carballo M.A.), 20 Gene´tica, ambiente y salud (Genetic, environment and health) (Alvarez Moya C.), 342 Genetica, Toxicologia y Carcinogenesis (Paz-yMin˜o et al.), 157 Genetically Modified Organisms (Ministerstwo ´ Polish Geological Institute (Panstwowy Insytut Geologiczny), 411 Genetically Modified Organisms Act, 1997, 484 The Genetics Society of China, 124 Genomica e mutagenesi ambientale (Environmental Genomics and Mutagenesis) (Migliore, L.), 267 Geological Survey of Finland, 170 Georgiou, M. (Genetic Forensic Science), 206 Gericke N. (Medicinal Plants of South Africa), 463 Gericke N. (People’s Plants), 463 German Cancer Research Center, 195 Germa´n Cupul F. (Venenos: armas quı´micas de la naturaleza. (Poisons:nature’s chemical weapons)), 344 German Federal Foundation for the Environment, 195 German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 193 German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information, 195 German Institute of Human Nutrition, 196 German Research Fundation, 196 German Social Accident Insurance, 195 German Technical Cooperation Agency (GTZ), 16 Germany books, 188191 databases, 192193 forensic toxicology departments, 200202

government organizations, 193195 journals, 191192 legislation, 204 non-government organizations, 195196 poison centers, 203204 postgraduate professional education, 202 scientific societies, 202203 universities with institutes of toxicology, 196200 Gesellschaft Deutscher ChemikerFachgruppe Umweltchemie und O¨kotoxikologie, 203 Gesellschaft fu¨r Klinische Toxikologie, 203 Gesellschaft fu¨r Toxikologie in der DGPT, 202 Gesellschaft fu¨r Toxikologiee. V. (Society of Toxicology), 188 Gesellschaft fu¨r Toxikologische und Forensische Chemie, 203 Gesellschaft fu¨r Umwelt-Mutationsforschung, 203 Gestal J.J. (Recollida e limpeza do fuel do Prestige. Avaliacio´n da exposicio´n e danos a´ sau´de en voluntarios e traballadores (Cleaning of Fuel from the Prestige. Exposure Evaluation and Health Effects in Volunteers and Workers)), 508 GESTIS Substance Database, 192 GESTISInternational limit values, 192 Gezondheidsraad (Health Council), 359 Ghasemi-Niri, F. (Safety of Probiotic Bacteria. In: Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics; Bioactive Foods in Health Promotion), 255 Ghazi-Khansari, M. (Management of Poisonings), 254 Ghi, P. (Tossicologia. Principi e applicazione all’uso dei farmaci e dei prodotti della salute salute (Toxicology. Principles and application to the use of drugs and health products)), 267 Ghom University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 GHS Classification Results, 293 GHS Information, 293 GHS. See Globally Harmonized System (GHS) Giannuzzi L. (Cianobacterias como determinantes ambientales de la salud (Cyanobacteria as environmental determinants of health)), 23 Giannuzzi L. (Manual de Te´cnicas de Laboratorio en Toxicologı´a y Quı´mica Forense (Manual of Laboratory Techniques in Toxicology and Forensic Chemistry)), 23 Giarletta, A. M. (Sistema informativo nazionale per la sorveglianza delle esposizioni pericolose e delle intossicazioni: casi rilevati nel 2014. Nono rapporto annuale (National information system for monitoring dangerous exposure and intoxication: cases detected in 2014. Ninth annual report)), 268 Gibson G. (Peroxisomes: Biology and Importance in Toxicology and Medicine), 569 Gießen, 201 Giftstadga, 526 Gil A. (Manual de Epidemiologı´a y Salud Pu´blica (Manual of Epidemiology and Public Health)), 508

Index

Gilbert S.G. (A Small Dose of Toxicology: The Health Effects of Common Chemicals (2nd ed.), 107 Gime´nez E. (Manual de Toxicologı´a Infantil (Infant Toxicology Manual)), 18 Giner Alberola S. (Manual de medicina y toxicologı´a forense (2a ed) (Manual of forensic medicine and toxicology)), 508 Giornale Italiano di Medicina del lavoro e Ergonomia (Italian Journal of Occupational Medicine and Ergonomics), 268 Gisbert-Calabuig J.A. (Medicina Legal y Toxicologia, 6th Edition (Legal Medicine and Toxicology)), 508 Global Ministerial Environment Forum (GMEF), 5 Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), 75 Globally Harmonized System (GHS), 39 Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS), 56 Globs, 264 Glosario de te´rminos usados en Toxicologı´a (Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology) (Repetto et al.), 510 Glossa´rio de Toxicologia: com versa˜o em Ingleˆs e Espanhol (Glossary of Toxicology) (Midio A. F.), 59 Gloxhuber C. (Toxikologie (Toxicology), 5th edition), 189 GMEF. See Global Ministerial Environment Forum (GMEF) Goa University, 237 Goel P.K. (Industry, Environment and Pollution), 216 Gofman A.G. (Clinical Drug Addiction Treatment), 421 The Golden Age of Medieval Islamic Toxicology. In: Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (Ardestani et al.), 255 Goldfrank’s Manual of Toxicologic Emergencies (Salim SATAR), 559 Golfo de Me´xico, contaminacio´n e impacto ambiental:diagno´stico y tendencias (Gulf of Mexico, pollution and environmental impact: diagnosis and tendencies) (Botello et al. (eds.)), 343 Gomez Campoy E. (Evaluacio´n Toxicolo´gica de los Plaguicidas y la Sanidad Ambiental (Toxicological Evaluation of Pesticides and Environmental Safety)), 508 Go´mez Campoy E. (Toxicologı´a Ambiental: Seguridad Quı´mica (Environmental Toxicology: Chemical Safety)), 508 Gonca Cakmak Demircigil (Casarett and Doull’s: Essentials of Toxicology), 559 Gong Zhiyong (ed.) (Food Toxicology (2nd ed.)), 104 Gong Zhiyong (Food toxicology (textbook)), 104 Go¨nu¨l Sahin (Pharmaceutical Toxicology), 559 Gonza´lez A. (Farmacodependencia (Pharmacodependency)), 604

Gonzalez G. (Consumo de Alcohol, Cocaı´na y Cafeı´na en el embarazo: efectos sobre el embarazo y el nin˜o) Gonza´lez G. (Consumo de mate en el embarazo con el peso al nacer Arch Pediatr Urug), 599 Gonza´lez Gadiano E. (Educacio´n ambiental y manejo de ecosistemas en Me´xico (Environmental education and ecosystem management in Mexico)), 343 Gonza´lez Garrido A.A. (Cerebro y drogas (Brain and drugs)), 344 Gonzalez M. (Consumo de alcohol en nin˜os y adolescentes), 598 Gonzalez R. (Intoxicacio´n por Plaguicidas Agrı´colas y veterinarios en Uruguay. Primer Premio MSP), 600 Gonza´lez S. (Estudio epidemiolo´gico de una poblacio´n expuesta laboralmente a plomo), 599 Gonza´lez R. (Skin Reactions Associated to Phenytoin Administration: Multifactorial Cause), 598 Good laboratory practice (GLP), 8, 46, 487 Good laboratory practices, Spanish legislations, 521 Gooshe, M. (Safety of Probiotic Bacteria. In: Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics; Bioactive Foods in Health Promotion), 255 Gopalakrishnakone P. (Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism), 456 Gopalakrishnakone P. (Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa), 456 Gopalakrishnakone P. (Colour Guide to Dangerous Animals/Venom & Toxin Research Group), 456 Gopalakrishnakone P. (editor) (Sea Snake Toxinology), 456 Gopalakrishnakone P. (Evolution of Venomous Animals and Their Toxins), 456 Gopalakrishnakone P. (Marine and Freshwater Toxins), 456 Gopalakrishnakone P. (Plant Toxins), 456 Gopalakrishnakone P. (Progress in Venom and Toxin Research: Proceedings of the First AsiaPacific Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins), 456 Gopalakrishnakone P. (Recent Advances in Toxinology Research), 456 Gopalakrishnakone P. (Scorpion Venoms), 456 Gopalakrishnakone P. (Snake Bites and their Treatment), 456 Gopalakrishnakone P. (Snake Venoms), 456 Gopalakrishnakone P. (Snakes of Medical Importance: Asia-Pacific Region), 456 Gopalakrishnakone P. (Spider Venom), 456 Gopalakrishnakone P. (Toxins and Drug Discovery), 456457 Gopalakrishnakone P. (Venom Genomics and Proteomics), 457 Gordillo Herna´ndez D. (Ecologia y contaminacion ambiental (Ecology and environmental pollution)), 344 Gorgan University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252

731 Gorniak S.L. (Toxicologia aplicada a´ Medicina Veterina´ria (Applied Toxicology to Veterinary Toxicology)), 61 Go¨teborg University (Go¨teborgs Universitet), 535 Gots R.E. (Chemical Sensitivity: The Truth about Environmental Illness), 569 Go¨ttingen, 201 The Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Program (GC UNEP), 7 Government and nongovernmental agencies in Singapore, 457458 Government Council for Drug Policy Coordination (GCDPC), 128 Government institutions related to Toxicology (Venezuela), 607608 Government research organizations, Australia, 4344 Governmental Centre for Legislation (Rza˛dowe Centrum Legislacji), 409 Government-funded Independent Research Councils Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), 580 Goyffon, M. (Les Envenimations Graves), 178 Goyret Sacarelo A.M. (Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por benzodiazepinas recibidas en el Centro de Informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico uruguayo en el perı´odo), 598 GPHIN. See Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN) Graefe K.H. (Duale Reihe Pharmakologie und Toxikologie), 189 Graff S. (Fundamentos de Toxicologia Clı´nica (Principles of Clinical Toxicology)), 58 Graizbord B. (Medio ambiente (The environment), 346 Granada University, 518 Grandini Gonza´lez J. (Medicina forense (Forensic medicine)), 345 Granier-Doyeoux M. (Compendio de Toxicologı´a (Toxicology Compendium), Tomo III), 604 Granier-Doyeoux M. (Farmacodependencia (Pharmacodependency)), 604 Grasas y aceites (Fats and Oils), 511 Grassland Supervision Center, 117 Gray K.A. (Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures), 599 Great Britain Animals Act 1986, 568 application of, 568 books, 568570 Brexit, 567 government advisory committees, 578582 government agencies and services, 575578 government departments, 574575 journals, 571573 legislation in England and Wales, 574 in Northern Ireland, 576 in Scotland, 576

732 Great Britain (Continued) in Wales, 574 organizations government, 573578 nongovernment, 582585 professional societies, 588591 toxicological research, 567568 universities, 585588 Great Lakes Fish Contaminants Monitoring and Surveillance Data, 75 Greece approved detoxification agencies in, 209 books, 205206 citizen’s guide, 210 databases, 206 detoxification centers, 209 Hellenic companies, 208209 journals, 206 laboratories, 209210 legislation, 210 museum, 210 nongovernmental organizations, 206207 organizations, 206 professional societies, 208210 recently published papers, 210 universities, 207208 Greek Anticancer Society, 207 Greek Forensic Science Society, 208 Greek Society of Pharmacogenomics and personalized diagnosis and therapy, 208 Green Action Eco-Social Change, 262 Green Alliance, 584 Green Course, 262 Green Cross. Russian National Organization, 426 The Green Economy Sector in South Africa, 468 Green Future Foundation, 234 Greenpages Israel, 262 Greenpeace (Russian Branch of the international organization), 427 Greenpeace Australia Pacific, 46 Greenpeace New Zealand, 372 Greenpeace, 584 Greentech Foundation, 234 Greifswald, 201 Greim H. (ed.) (Biologische Arbeitsstofftoleranz Werte (BAT-Werte), Expositionsa¨quivalente fu¨r krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe (EKA) und Biologische Leitwerte (BLW). Arbeitsmedizinisch toxikologische Begru¨ndungen), 191 Greim, H. (ed.) (Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3rd Edition, Volumes 1-4), 254 GRID-Arendal (Norway), 383 Griffith School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 48 Griffith University, 48 Grillet, J.P. (Produits Phytosanitaires: Intoxications aigue¨s et risque´ professionnels), 179 Groundwater Quality Monitoring Program, 329 Group of Eight (Go8), 47 Gruppo tossicologi forensi Italiani (GTFI), 281 GTZ. See German Technical Cooperation Agency (GTZ)

Index

Gu Jianzhong (Bone Marrow Cytology Procedures and Atla for Toxicological Safety Assessment (Toxicological Safety Evaluation Series)), 102 Gu Xinsheng (A Small Dose of Toxicology: The Health Effects of Common Chemicals (2nd ed.), 107 Guangdong Medical University School of Public Health, 120 Guangdong Pharmacy University School of Public Health, 120 Guangxi Medical University School of Public Health, 121 Guangzhou Medical University School of Public Health, 120121 Guatelli M.A. (Manual pra´ctico de quı´mica toxicolo´gica (Practical manual of toxicological chemistry)), 18 Guatelli M.A. (Intoxicacio´n oxicarbonada: estudio bioquı´mico y metodologı´a analı´tica (Oxycarbonate poisoning:biochemical study and analytical methodology), 18 Guayana Ecological Research Center, 609 Gubała W. (Toxicology of Alcohol—Select Problems (Toksykologia alkoholu—wybrane zagadnienia)), 394 Guerrero A. (Actitud de un Grupo de Estudiantes Universitarios hacia las Drogas (Attitude of a Group of University Students towards drugs)) Guı´a clı´nica para el manejo de mordedura de aran˜a de rinco´n-Loxosceles laeta, 94 Guı´a consulta: intoxicaciones por plaguicidas (Guide for Poisoning with Pesticides) (Brantes, M. J.), 93 Guı´a de Campo Hongos de Chile, Segunda edicio´n (Chilean Fungi Guide, Second edition) (Furci et al.), 93 Guı´a de campo. Hongos de Chile, volumen II (Chilean Fungi Guide, volumen II) (Furci), 93 Guı´a de Centros Antiponzon˜osos de la Repu´blica Argentina (Guide of Antiponzon˜osos Centers of the Argentine Republic) (Garcı´a S.I.), 22 Guı´a de Diagno´stico y Tratamiento en Toxicologı´a (Diagnostic Guide and Treatment in Toxicology) (Talamoni et al.), 25 Guı´a de diagno´stico y tratamiento en toxicologı´a (Guide to diagnosis and treatment in toxicology) (Crapanzano et al.), 22 Guı´a de prevencio´n, diagno´stico, tratamiento y vigilancia epidemiolo´gica de las intoxicaciones por mono´xido de carbono (Guide for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological surveillance of carbon monoxide poisoning) (Garca´a S.I.), 23 Guı´a de Prevencio´n, Diagno´stico, Tratamiento y Vigilancia Epidemiolo´gica de las Intoxicaciones Ambientales Infantiles con plomo. (Guide for the Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Epidemiological Surveillance of Child Environmental Poisonings withlead) (Garca´a S.I.), 23 Guı´a de prevencio´n, diagno´stico, tratamiento y vigilancia epidemiolo´gica del envenenamiento

por escorpiones (Guide for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological surveillance of food botulism) (Saracco et al.), 25 Guı´a de prevencio´n, diagno´stico, tratamiento y vigilancia epidemiolo´gica del envenenamiento por escorpiones (Guide for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological surveillance of scorpion poisoning) (Haas et al.), 23 Guı´a de prevencio´n, diagno´stico, tratamiento y vigilancia epidemiolo´gica de los envenenamientos por aran˜as. (Guide for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological surveillance of poisonings by spiders) (Haas et al.), 23 Guı´a de prevencio´n, diagno´stico, tratamiento y vigilancia epidemiolo´gica del envenenamiento por escorpiones (Guide for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological surveillance of Ophid poisoning) (Orduna et al.), 24 Guı´a de servicios de sanidad ambiental, 512 Guı´a de uso responsable de agroquı´micos (Manual of safe and responsible use of agrochemicals infruit and vegetable crops) (Pacheco R.M., Barbona E.I.), 24 Guia para el Diagnostico, Atencion y Tratamiento por intoxicacion en plaguicidas en atencion primaria en salud (Buitro´n), 156 Guı´a para la obtencio´n, conservacio´n y transporte de muestras para ana´lisis toxicolo´gicos (Guide fortheobtaining, conservation and transport of samples for toxicological analysis) (Villaamil Lepori et al.), 25 Guı´a pra´ctica para el monitoreo de fa´rmacos y drogas de abuso (Practical guide for the monitoring ofdrugs and drugs of abuse) (Piola et al.), 24 Guia pra´ctica para urgencias toxicolo´gicas (Practical guide for toxicological emergencies) (Astolfi E.), 17 Guı´a sobre las Competencias del Personal de Sistemas de Emergencias Me´dicas que Responde a Incidentes con Materiales Peligrosos (Guideon Competencies of Medical Emergency System Personnel Responding to Incidents with Hazardous Materials) (Saracco A.S., Garcı´a S.I.), 25 Guı´as para la planificacio´n y ejecucio´n de medidas del sector salud para la prevencio´n, preparativos y respuesta a incidentes con agentes quı´micos de uso industrial, be´lico o terrorista (Guidelines for theplanning and execution of measures of the health sector for the prevention, preparation and response to incidents with chemical agents of industrial, war or terrorist use) (Garcı´a et al.), 23 Guidance for assessment of occupational risk to workers’ health. Organizational and methodological basic principles. Assessment criteria. P 2.2.1766-05, 423 Guidance for hygienic assessment of factors in workplace and labor processes. Criteria and

Index

classification for working conditions. P 2.2.2006-05, 423 Guide pratique de de´pistage et de prise en charge des expositions au plomb chez l’enfant mineur et la femme enceinte. Mise a´ jour, 179 Guide Pratique de Toxicologie Pe´diatrique (Be´dry et al.), 178 Guide pratique de toxicology (Reichl), 179 Guide to Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (Jain B. (ed.)), 214 Guide to Standard Operating Procedures for Experimental Dogs (series of books on toxicological safety evaluation) (Sun), 104 Guide to the management of poisonings (Siddique, Abdulaziz et al.), 439 Guidelines for Risk Assessment of Population’s Health at Exposure to Environmental Pollutants, 421 Guidelines for the Evaluation of Toxicological Safety Standards (Fan Yuming et al.), 101 Guilan University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Guild of Ecologists, Ecology in Russian Regions: Moscow and Moscow Region, 427 Guimaraes M.A. (Princı´pios e´ticos e pra´ticos do uso de animais de experimentac¸a˜o (Ethical and practical principles forthe use of experimentation animals)), 59 Guitart R. (To´xicos. Los Enemigos de la vida (Toxic compounds. The Enemies of life)), 508 Guizhou Medical University School of Public Health, 121 Gujarat University, 237 Gulumian M. (Chapter 2. Nanoscience, nanotechnology, nanomaterials and nanotoxicology in South Africa), 464 Gulumian M. (Chapter 8. Relevance of nanotechnology to Africa: Synthesis, Applications and Safety), 464 Gumusel B.K. (Bisphenol A Exposure and Health Risks (English)), 559 Gundert-Remy U. (Handbuch der gefa¨hrlichen Gu¨ter.Gesamtwerk: Merkbla¨tter 1-2900), 191 Guo Yanqiong (Pesticide Toxicology), 106 Gupta H.C.L. (Insecticides: Toxicology and Uses), 214 Gupta I.C. (Industrial Waste Waters and Environmental Pollution), 214 Gupta R.C. (Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd edition), 214 Gupta R.D. (Environmental Pollution: Hazards and Control), 214 Guru nanakdev University, 238 Gurukul Knagra University, 238 Gusev V.K. (ed.) (Hazard Indicators of Substances and Materials, Vols. 14), 420 Guskova T.A. (Toxicology of Medicinal Preparations), 421 Gutie´rrez Avedoy V. (Diagno´stico ba´sico para la gestio´n integral de residuos (Basic diagnostic for an integral waste management)), 349 Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 496

H Haaretz, 264 Haas A.I. (Guı´a de prevencio´n, diagno´stico, tratamiento y vigilancia epidemiolo´gica del envenenamiento por escorpiones (Guide for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological surveillance of scorpion poisoning)), 23 Haas A.I. (Guı´a de prevencio´n, diagno´stico, tratamiento y vigilancia epidemiolo´gica de los envenenamientos por aran˜as. (Guide for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological surveillance of poisonings by spiders)), 23 Habbal, O. (The Golden Age of Medieval Islamic Toxicology. In: Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance), 255 Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, 562 Hackenthal E. (ed.) (Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Pharmacology and Toxicology), 3rd edition), 189 Haematotoxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series) (Li Jianxiang et al.), 102 Hail University, 439 Hajighasemkhan, A. (Industrial Toxicology), 254 Hajinasrollah, E. (Surgery in Burning Substances Poisoning), 253 Hajjar, B. (Environmental Concerns and Policies in Saudi Arabia. In Energy and Environment in Saudi Arabia: Concerns & Opportunities), 440 Hakkola, J. (ed.) (La¨a¨ketieteellinen farmakologia ja toksikologia), 166 Halffman W. (The Politics of Chemical Risk— Scenarios for a Regulatory Future), 569 Halle/Magdeburg, 201 Halons, 1 Hamburg, 201 Hamedan University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Han Seong NG (A Clinical Approach to Medicine), 456 Hana`kova`, E (Identifikace a hodnocenı´ rizik ve vy´robnı´ch podnicı´ch (Identification and Evaluation of Risks in Manufacturing Facilities)), 130 Handal Silva A. (To´picos selectos de toxicologı´a de la reproduccio´n (Selected topics in reproductive toxicology)), 345 Handboek forensische en penitentiaire geneeskunde (Handbook Forensic and Penitentiary Medicine) (Duijst et al.), 358 Handbook of Chemical Toxicity Profiles of Biological Species CRC Press (Ramamoorthy S. et.al.), 218 Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons (Meier et al.), 38 Handbook of Common Medicines for Small Animals (Su Biling et al.), 104 A Handbook of Environment Impact Assessment (Kulkarni V.S. et.al.), 216

733 Handbook of Toxicology and Ecotoxicology for the Pulp and Paper Industry (Robinson et al. (eds.)), 570 Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents Beijing: Chemical Industry Press and Elsevier (Jiang et al.), 101 Hanke J. (Biochemical Principles of Toxicology (Biochemiczne podstawy toksykologii)), 394 Hannover Medical School, 198 Hannover, 201 Hantson, P. (Intoxications Aigue¨s), 178 Hanyang University, 495497 Hao Liying (Drug Toxicology (textbook)), 101 Hao Liying (Drug Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.)), 101 Hao Weidong (Key Technologies for Drug Safety Evaluation), 103 Hao Weidong (Toxicology Alternatives), 104 Hao Zhihui (Small Animal Toxicology (3rd ed.)), 101 Harari M. (Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures), 599 Harari R. (Estrategia Industrial y Medio Ambiente Laboral en Ecuador), 156 Harari, H. (Salud Ocupacional y Ambiental: Realidades Diversas), 157 Harari, R. (El Ambiente y la Salud: Epidemiologia Ambiental), 156 Harari, R. (Salud Ocupacional y Ambiental: Realidades Diversas), 157 Harari, R. (Seguridad, Salud y Ambiente en la Floricultura), 157 Harari, R. (Trabajo Infantil y Salud), 156 Harari, R. (Mejoramiento Ambiental y Sanitario en la Floricultura), 157 Harbin Medical University School of Public Health, 121 Harefuah, The Israel Medical Association Journal, in Hebrew, 257 Harmful Substances in the Environment. Oxygen-containing organic compounds. (Reference and Encyclopedic Edition). Parts I, II, III (Filov et al.), 421 Harper, S. (ed.) (Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3rd Edition, Volumes 1-4), 254 Harris, M. D. (Clinical Toxicology (Instructions for the Everyday Medicine)), 205 Harrison R.M. (ed.) (Risk Assessment and Risk Management), 569 Hartwig A. (ed.) (Gesundheitsscha¨dliche Arbeitsstoffe. Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begru¨ndungen von MAKWerten), 191 Harvey P.W. (Adrenal Toxicology), 569 Hassanian-Moghaddam, H. (An Overview on Methadone-Intoxicated Patients. In: Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse), 255 Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center (FDSC), 298 Haufroid, V. (Toxicologie Industrielle et Intoxications Professionnelles), 178

734 Hayashi M. (ed.) (Atlas of Comet Assay Images), 289 Haynes M. (Consumo de Pasta Base de Cocaina en America del Sur: Revision de los aspectos epidemiologicos y medicotoxicologicos), 597 Hazard Assessment Report, 298 Hazard Identification (The Dangerous Properties of Chemicals), Risk Assessment and Risk Management, 282 Hazard Indicators of Substances and Materials, Vols. 14 (Chernyshov et al.), 420 Hazard Labelling (London et al.), 464 Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), 39 Hazardous chemical management at workplace, 329 Hazardous Products Act, 78 Hazardous Substances, 39, 258259 Hazardous Substances Act, 1973, 484 Hazardous Substances Advisory Committee (HSAC), 578 Hazardous Substances Management (Chen J.S.), 546 Hazardous waste and health impact: a systematic review of the scientific literature, 268 Hazardous Wastes, Organic Pollutants and Prior Informed Consent: Global Environmental Law, Policy and Action Plan Series (Sinha P.C. (ed.)), 220 Hazards of Pesticides in the Workplaces (Nikfar et al.), 253 Hazmat Medical Life Support: A Basic Provider Manual (Hock Heng Tan et al.), 456 HCIS. See Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS) Heacock M. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Heacock M. (Networking to advance progress in children’s environmental health), 600 Health Agencies Portal, 184 Health and Safety at Work, 183 Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 576 Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL), 579 Health and the Environment, 513 Health based risk assessment of contaminated land involving carcinogens, 39 Health Canada Publications, 72 Health Care Information Systems Centre, 398 The Health Council of the Netherlands  gezondheidsraad, 361 Health Hotline, 124 Health impact assessment (HIA), 328 Health Legislation, 56 Health Market (Rynek Medyczny), 411 Health Organic Law, 161 Health Products Act, 460 Health Promotion Board, 457 Health Sciences Authority (HSA) Legislation related to Traditional Medicines, 460 Health Sciences Authority (HSA) Regulation of Therapeutic Health Products under the Health Products Act, 460

Index

Health Sciences Authority, 457 Health System Research, 256 Health Technology Assessment, 572 Health, Risk and Society, 572 Healthy Environments & Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB), 82 Heavy Metal Pollution Research: Recent Advances (Kumar A. (ed.)), 216 Heavy Metals in the Environment (Abbasi S. A.), 211 Hebei Medical University School of Public Health, 121 Hebei University Health Science Center, 121 The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 263 HECSB. See Healthy Environments & Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB) Heidelberg University, 199 Heidelberg, 201 Hein L. (Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Pharmacology and Toxicology), 18th edition), 189 Hellenic Cancer Research Company, 209 Hellenic Republic, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, 206 Hellenic Society for Biochemistryand Molecular Biology, 208 Hellenic Society of Criminology, 209 Hellenic Society of Toxicology, 208 Helmholtz Zentrum MunichGerman Research Center for Environmental Health, 196 Help with Regulations on Health, Safety and the Environment (Norway), 377 Henao F. (Riesgos quı´micos (Toxic risks)), 508 Henderson, P. Th. (Basisboek Arbeidstoxicologie: risico-inventarisatie enevaluatie (Textbook on Occupational Toxicology: Risk Assessment and Evaluation)), 358 Hendry J.H. (Radiation Toxicology: Bone Marrow and Leukaemia), 569 Hennecke F.J. (Toxikologie. Fu¨r Naturwissenschaftler und Mediziner), 188 Hepatotoxicidad por Amanita Lilloi: reporte de primeros casos (De Souza Viera), 598 Heptachlor, 2 Hera General Hospital, 437 Herink, J. (Toxicke´ poˇskozenı´ ledvin houbami: patogeneze, klinika, le´ˇcba (Toxic Renal Injury from Fungi: Pathogenesis, Clinic, Treatment)), 130 Herkovits J. (Toxicologı´a y quı´mica ambiental. Contribuciones para un desarrollo sustentable (Toxicology andenvironmental chemistry. Contributions for sustainable development)), 20 Hermens, J. L. M. (Risk Assessment of Chemicals: An Introduction), 358 Hermı´nio Ometto Foundation (Uniararas), 66 Herna´ndez Cha´vez A. (Farmacologı´a general: una guı´a de estudio (General pharmacology: a study guide)), 345 Herna´ndez I. (Manual de Epidemiologı´a y Salud Pu´blica (Manual of Epidemiology and Public Health)), 508

ˇ Herna´ndez Tejeda T. (Atlas fotogra´fico: dano por contaminantes atmosfe´ricos en especies vegetales del Valle de Me´xico (Photographic atlas: environmental pollutants damage in plants species in the Valley of Mexico)), 344 Herna´ndez-Avila, M. (Intoxicacio´n por plomo en Me´xico: prevencio´n y control. (Lead intoxication in Me´xico: prevention and control)), 345 Hester R.E. (ed.) (Risk Assessment and Risk Management), 569 Hexachlorobenzene, 2 Hidro Arsenicismo Cro´nico Regional Ende´mico (Chronic Regional Endemic Hydro Arsenicism) (Astolfi et al.), 17 Hidroarsenicismo Cro´nico Regional Ende´mico (Garca´a S.I.), 23 Hidrobiolo´gica (Hydrobiologica), 352 Higa J. (Toxicologı´a: to´xico e intoxicaciones (Toxicology: toxic and poisoning)), 20 High Authority of Health, 183 Higher Education Act 101, 1997, 484 Higiene Industrial. Soluciones para la Productividad en el Nuevo Milenio (Industrial Hygiene. Solutions to Productivity in the New Millenium), 604 ¨ zgu¨nes (Pharmaceutical Toxicology), Hilal O 559 Hilscherova`, K. (Za`klady vodnı´ ekotoxikologie (Fundamentals of Aquatic Ecotoxicology)), 130 Himeno S. (ed.) (Science of Toxicity: From Molecules/Cells to Human Populations), 290 Hiraoka M. (ed.) (Radiological Sciences), 290 Hispagua. Spanish Water Information System, 513 History of Drug Reproduction and Developmental Toxicology (Sun et al.), 105 Hock Heng Tan (Hazmat Medical Life Support: A Basic Provider Manual), 456 Hodgson E. (Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, Wiley), 376 Hodgson E. (A Textbook of Modern Toxicology (3rd ed.)), 101 Hoet, P. (Toxicologie Industrielle et Intoxications Professionnelles), 178 Hofmann F. (Allgemeine und spezielle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie.Begru¨ndet von W. Forth, D. Hentschler, W. Rummel), 188 Hoggett K.A. (Toxicology Handbook, 2nd Edition), 38 Hokkaido University, 301 Holmstedt, Bo, 526 Holste, Arnold, 450 Holzha¨user J. (ed.) (Handbuch der gefa¨hrlichen Gu¨ter. Gesamtwerk: Merkbla¨tter 1-2900), 191 Holzha¨user P. (ed.) (Handbuch der gefa¨hrlichen Gu¨ter. Gesamtwerk: Merkbla¨tter 1-2900), 191 Homburg (Saar), 201 Home-gardens to Address Vitamin A Deficiency in South Africa: A Food-based Approach (Faber et al.), 464 Hong Dongrong (Don’t Poison the Next Generation), 101

Index

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Department of Health, 114 Hongos de Chile (Chilean Fungus) (Lazo, W.), 93 Honma M. (ed.) (Atlas of Comet Assay Images), 289 Hoppu, K. (ed.) (Lasten myrkytykset), 164 Hoppu, K. (ed.) (Myrkytystietokeskus 50 v19612011), 164 Horng K.C. (Industrial Safety and Health/ Management and Practice), 547 Hoseo University (Department of Biotechnology and Hoseo University Toxicological Research Center), 502 Hospital de Nin˜os, 30 Hospital de Nin˜os de la Santı´sima Trinidad de Co´rdoba, 30 Hospital General de Agudos, 30 Hospital Interzonal de Agudos, 30 Hospital Nacional, 30 Hospital Universita´rio do Oeste do Parana´ (HUOP), 66 Hospitals’ Drug and Poisons Information Centers (Saudi Arabia), 436437 Hosseini, M. R. (Confrontation with Chemical Substances Poisoning), 253 Household Products Law, 68 How to Select Toxicology in College, 254 Hrdina, V. (Pˇrı´rodnı´ toxiny a jedy (Natural Toxins & Poisons)), 130 HREC. See Human Research Ethics Committees (HREC) Hrelia, P. (Tossicologia molecolare e cellulare (Molecular and Cellular Toxicology)), 266 HSA Adverse Drug Reactions Newsletter, 457 HSAC. See Hazardous Substances Advisory Committee (HSAC) HSE. See Health and Safety Executive (HSE) HSL. See Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) Hsu P.M. (Toxicological Chemistry), 546 Huang Jiwu (Essentials of Toxicology (2nd ed., Bilingual textbooks)), 101 Huang Jiwu (Essentials of Toxicology (textbook)), 101 Hubei University of Medicine School of Public Health and Administration, 121 Hubrecht Institute, 361 Huelva University, 518 Human and Experimental Toxicology, 572 Human Monitoring after Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chemical and Physical Agents (NATO Asi Series: Series A: Life Sciences) (English) (Anderson et al.), 559 Human pharmaceuticals, Spanish legislations, 521 Human Research Ethics Committees (HREC), 44 Human Resources Development Center, Chinese Association of Agricultural Science Society, 117 Human Toxicologist GfKT, 202 Humoral immune responses to venom and anti-venom of patients bitten by Bothrops snakes (Morais et al.), 600

Huo X. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 HUOP. See Hospital Universita´rio do Oeste do Parana´ (HUOP) Hussain A. (Environment and Health), 214 Huupponen, R. (ed.) (La¨a¨ketieteellinen farmakologia ja toksikologia), 166 Huuskonen, M. (Prevention and Management of Asbestos-Related Diseases in Finland), 166 Huuskonen, S. (Kemikaaliturvallisuuden tiedonla¨hteet), 164 Hydrogen Cyanide (Fumigation) Act 1953, 339 Hygiene and Ecology of Humans, 4th Edition (Trushkina et al.), 422 Hygiene and Safety conditions law (Reglamento de las condiciones de higiene y seguridad en el trabajo), 607 Hygiene and Safety Conditions Law, 612 Hygiene and Sanitary, 422 Hygiene Research Institute of Novosibirsk, 428 Hygiene, 143144 Hyperbaric and Diving Medicine Centre, 457

I IAEM. See Indian Association for Environmental Management (IAEM) IARI. See Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) Iatroge´nie et toxicologie en urgence (Be´dry et al.), 178 Iavarone I. (Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures), 599 Ibero-American Network of Toxicology and Chemical Safety (RITSQ), 506 Ibero-American Society of Environmental Health (SIBSA), 16 Ibrahim Pirincci (Toxicology in Veterinary Medicine (Turkish)), 559 ICCM. See International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM) ICT. See International Congress of Toxicology (ICT) Identifikace a hodnocenı´ rizik ve vy´robnı´ch podnicı´ch (Identification and Evaluation of Risks in Manufacturing Facilities) (Hana`kova`), 130 IES. See Indian Environmental Society (IES) IFA, 160 IFCS. See Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) Ifra´n S. (Humoral immune responses to venom and anti-venom of patients bitten by Bothrops snakes), 600 Ignesti, G. (Piante medicinali: botanica, chimica, farmacologia, tossicologia (Medicinal plants: botany, chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology)), 267 IGNOU. See Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) Ihnat M. (ed) (Elements and their Compounds in the Environment, 2nd edition), 190 IICB. See Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB)

735 IICT. See Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) IIOSH. See Israel Institute for Occupational Safety and Hygiene (IIOSH) IITG. See Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG) IITR. See Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR) IJCB. See Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry (IJCB) IJCM. See Indian Journal of Community Medicine (IJCM) IJOCH. See Indian Journal of Community Health (IJOCH) IJPHR. See International Journal of Public Health Research (IJPHR) Ika¨heimonen, T. (ed.) (Sa¨teily- ja sen havaitseminen), 164 Illicit drugs, Spanish legislations, 522 ILSI India, 234 Ilyin V.I. (Ecology of Humans. Series of lectures), 421 I.M. Sechenov Russian State Medical Academy, Moscow, 428 IMAJ, The Israel Medical Association Journal, in English, 257 Imani, S. (Toxicology of Pesticides and Plants Diseases), 253 IMAS. See Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS) IMELS. See Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land, and Sea (IMELS) IMHME. See Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education (IMHME) IMJM. See International Medical Journal Malaysia (IMJM) Immunotoxicology (Modern Toxicology Series) (Chen Chengzhang), 100 Immunotoxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series) (Tan Zhuangsheng et al.), 105 Impre´gnation des femmes enceintes par les polluants de l’environnement en France en 2011. Volet pe´rinatal du programme national de biosurveillance. Tome 3: synthe´se et conclusions, 181 In Vitro Toxicology Society (IVTS), 589 Inagaki, Hidetoshi (Snake Venoms), 456 Incheon National University (Division of life sciences), 502 Index of Authorized Plant Protection Products (Verzeichnis zugelassener Pflanzenschutzmittel), 192 India books, 211221 government organizations, 227232 journals, 221227 legislation, 245 miscellaneous resources, 245246 nongovernment organizations, 232236 poison information/control centers, 243245 professional societies, 241243 universities, 236241 India Study Centers, 241

736 India’s Environmental Policy (Raghavan S.), 218 Indian Academy of Neurosciences, 241 Indian Academy of Sciences, 242 Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), 238 Indian Association for Environmental Management (IAEM), 234, 242 Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine, 242 Indian Chemical Society, 242 Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, 234 Indian Drugs, 222 Indian Environmental Society (IES), 242 Indian Environmental Society, 234 Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), 230 Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), 230 Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment, 238 Indian Institute of Science, 238 Indian Institute of Science, 242 Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, 238 Indian Institute of Technology Chennai, 238 Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 238 Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), 238 Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 238 Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), 230 Indian J Occup Environ Med, 223 Indian Journal of Agricultural Chemistry, 222 The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 227 Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control, 222 Indian Journal of Cancer, 222 Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 222 Indian Journal of Chemistry, 222 Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry (IJCB), 222 Indian Journal of Community Health (IJOCH), 223 Indian Journal of Community Medicine (IJCM), 223 Indian Journal of Environment and Toxicology, 223 Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 223 Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 223 Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 223 Indian Journal of Human Genetics, 223 Indian Journal of Industrial Medicine, 223 Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 224 Indian Journal of Medical Research, 224 Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 224 Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 224 Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 224 Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 224 Indian Journal of Toxicology, 224 Indian Journals.com, 227 Indian National Science Academy, 242 Indian Pharmacological Society (IPS), 242 Indian Science Congress Association, 243 Indian Society of Toxicology (IST), 243

Index

Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), 238 Indirect electrochemical detoxication. Blood and plasma oxidation in the treatment of surgical endotoxicosis (Fedorovskaya N.M.), 421 Industrial Health and Occupational Diseases, 111 Industrial Health, 290 Industrial Pollution: Problems and Solutions (Kumar A. (ed.)), 217 Industrial Safety and Health Act, 311312 Industrial Safety and Health/Management and Practice (Horng et al.), 547 Industrial Safety Chronicle, 225 Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), 551 Industrial Toxicology (Hajighasemkhan), 254 Industrial Toxicology (Sanaei), 253 Industrial Toxicology Laboratory of the Venezuela Institute of Social Security, 603 Industrial Toxicology of Heavy Metals (Ahmadizadeh), 253 Industrial Waste Waters and Environmental Pollution (Gupta et.al.), 214 Industry Code of Practice on Chemicals Classification and Hazard Communication 2014, 329330 Industry, Environment and Pollution (Goel P. K.), 216 Industry, Environment and Pollution (Kumar (Ed.) et.al.), 216 Infectious Diseases Act, 460 INFOBAZA—National Information Service of Databases and Software for Science (INFOBAZA—Krajowy Informator o Bazach Danych i Oprogramowaniu dla Nauki), 411 InfoCarQuim- Information on Carcinogens, 513 InfoLegLegislative and documentary informationMinistry of Justice and Human Rights, 33 InfoMil, 360 Information and Assessment Toxicology Center (CIAT), 595 Information Center, 117 Information Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (National Focal Point) (Krajowe Biuro Do Spraw Przeciwdziałania Narkomanii), 410 Information Centre on Water quality, 181 Information Database of Pesticides and Plant Diseases (Bagheri), 254 Information on Forensic and Police Toxicology Laboratories, 33 Information on Toxicological Risk of Household Products, 27 Information retrieval system “Hazardous Substances”, 425 Information system for hazardous substances, 193 Information System on Safety and Effectiveness for “Health Foods”, 293 Ingenierı´a Quı´mica (Chemical Engineering), 511 Initial Environmental Risk Evaluation on Chemicals, 291

Inner Mongolia Medical University School of Public Health, 121 The Innovation Centre, 471 Innovative Research Universities (IRU), 47 Insecticides of Natural Origin (Dev et.al.), 213 Insecticides: Toxicology and Uses (Gupta H.C. L.), 214 InseticidasAcaricidas: Organofosforados e Carbamatos (InsecticidesAcaricides: Organophophate and Carbamate) (Midio et al.), 60 Institut de recherche Robert-Sauve´ en sante´ et en se´curite´ du travail (IRSST), 77, 86 Institut national de sante´ publique du Que´bec, 86 Institut Pasteur Hellenique, 209 Institute for Applied Ecology, 196 Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, 399 Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), 335 Institute for Groundwater Studies, 478 Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), 51 Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia, 332 Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 124 Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, 195 Institute for Public Health, Malaysia, 332 Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, 184 Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, 363 Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicaments, 135 Institute for Sustainable Development Foundation, 401 Institute of Agricultural and Forest Environment PAS, 401 Institute of Agricultural Medicine, 398 Institute of Biology (IOB), 153 Institute of Biomedical Sciences (IBMS), 550 Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 134 Institute of BiosciencesBotucatu, 64 Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, 585 Institute of Environmental Engineering PAS, 400 Institute of Environmental Medicine (Institutet fo¨r Miljo¨medicin, IMM), 536 Institute of Environmental Protection, 400 Institute of Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, 207 Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ERS), 371 Institute of Environmental Science, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical, 65 The Institute of Environmental Toxicology (IET), 300 Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 134 Institute of Forensic Medicine, 152153 Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the Czech Republic, 135

Index

Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor, 551 Institute of Marine Research (Norway), 379 Institute of Meteorology and Water Management—National Research Institute, 400 Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 550 Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, 209 Institute of Nature Conservation PAS, 400 Institute of Occupational Health, 428 Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), 584 Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 398 Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH), 584 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 134 Institute of Pharmacology PAS, 400 Institute of Public Health of Serbia, 453 Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, 453 Institution for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention for the Construction Industry, 195 Institutional Repository of Health of Andalusia, 513 Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forences (Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences), 388 Instituto de Salud Pu´blica, 94 Instituto Nacional de Calidad (INACAL) (National Institute of Quality), 386 Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (Nacional Institute of Statistics), 607 Instituto Nacional de Estadı´stica e Informa´tica—INEI (National Institute of Statistics and Informatics), 386 Instituto Nacional de Prevencio´n, Salud y Seguridad Laborales (INPSASEL), 605 Instituto Nacional de Produccio´n de Productos Biolo´gicos (INPB), 28 Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA) (National Institute of Natural Resources), 387 Instituto Nacional de Salud (National Institute of Health), 388 Instituto Tecnolo´gico de la Produccio´n (ITP) (Technological Institute of Production), 387 Instituto Transnacional (Transnational Institute), 386 Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Poland (IPPC Poland), 411 Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, 400 Integrated Pollution Registry, 133 Intensive care units (ICU), 247 Interactions of Drugs in Clinical Practice (Interakcje leko´w w praktyce klinicznej) (Tra˛bka-Kostka et al.), 395 Interactive Clinical Pharmacology, 371 Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS), 67 Intergovernmental forums GC UNEP, 7 GHS, 56

IFCS, 6 IPCS, 67 SAICM, 5 SC3, 78 The Stockholm Conference, 4 Sustainable chemistry, 78 UNCED, 4 WSSD, 45 Intergovernmental organizations, 8 Interlaboratory Comparison on POPs in Food 2017 (Bremnes et al.), 376 International activities conventions, 14 in KSOT/KEMS, 489 overview, 1 protocols, 14 International Agency of Research on Cancer, 8 International Association of Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Societies, 489 International Association of Responders Specialists in Control of Emergencies with Hazardous Materials, 605 International Center for Pesticides and Health Risk Prevention, 276 International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC), 7, 193 International Chemical Safety Program (IPCS), 16 The International Chemical Secretariat (ChemSec), 534 International Circumpolar Surveillance (ICS) Database, 75 International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM), 5 International Congress of Toxicology (ICT), 37, 71 International Council of Chemical Associations, 8 International Institute of Health and Hygiene, 234 International Islamic University of Malaysia, 338 International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 255 International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health (1994), 396 International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (JOSE) (1995), 397 International Journal of Public Health Research (IJPHR), 322 International Labor Organization (ILO), 6, 8 International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), 49 International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) BrazilILSI, 62 International Master in Toxicology (Mastertox) and International Expert in Toxicology (Expertox), 519 International Medical Journal Malaysia (IMJM), 322 International Medical University Malaysia, 338 International MEDLARS Center, 69, 288 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), 67

737 International publications by Turkish editors, 559 International safety data sheets of chemicals, 423 International Social and Ecological Union, 427 International study programmes, 168 The International Sustainable Chemistry Collaborative Centre (SC3), 78 International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX), 8, 16, 37, 99, 281, 394, 448, 461, 489, 558 International University, 160 Internet Database of Treaties (Internetowa Baza Traktatowa), 411 Internet System of Legal Acts (Internetowy System Akto´w Prawnych), 411 Inter-Organization Programme for the Management of Chemicals (IOMC), 56 InterToxIntelligent Solutions in Environmental Health, 63 Intossicazioni acute: meccanismi, diagnosi e terapia (Acute poisoning: mechanisms, diagnosis and therapy), 2nd edition (Bozza Marrubini, M.), 266 Intoxicaciı´n por gases y vapores en Patologı´a Forense Oficina del Libro (Lozano and Rodrı´guez Almada), 597598 Intoxicacio´n oxicarbonada: estudio bioquı´mico y metodologı´a analı´tica (Oxycarbonate poisoning: biochemical study and analytical methodology) (Guatelli M.A.), 18 Intoxicacio´n por plomo en Me´xico: prevencio´n y control. (Lead intoxication in Me´xico: prevention and control) (Herna´ndez-Avila, M.), 345 Intoxicacio´n por plomo en Me´xico: prevencio´n y control. (Lead intoxication in Me´xico: prevention and control) (Palazuelos, E.), 345 Intoxicaciones agudas. Protocolos de Tratamiento (Acute poisonings. Protocol treatments) (Nogue´ et al.), 509 Intoxicaciones agudas graves (Severe acute poisoning) (Net Castell et al.), 508 Intoxicaciones en carnı´vorosdome´sticos. (Poisonings in domestic carnivores.) (Soraci et al.), 21 Intoxicaciones ma´s frecuentes en Pediatrı´a. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello Sehabiague  Prego  de Leonardi (Pose et al.), 598 Intoxicaciones: Epidemiologia, Clı´nica y Tratamiento (Paris et al.), 93 Intoxicacio´n aguda por cocaı´na en un lactante no asociada a lactancia materna. A propo´sito de un caso clinic (Decia), 598 Intoxicacio´n aguda por Diazino´n en nin˜os (Rodriguez), 598 Intoxicacio´n Medicamentosa Aguda. Manual de Toxicologı´a Clı´nica y Analı´tica (Drug Intoxication Help, Manual of Clinical and Analytical Toxicology) (Vicun˜a et al.), 604 Intoxicacio´n por Anı´s de Campo (Ocimum Selloi) (Pascale), 598

738 Intoxicacio´n por imidazo´ licos en pediatrı´a: experiencias del Centro de Informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico en nin˜os y adolescentes (Pascale), 598 Intoxicacio´n por metales en Patologı´a Forense Oficina del Libro (Lozano), 597 Intoxicacio´n por Mono´xido de Carbono. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello  Sehabiague  Prego  de Leonardis (Pose et al.), 598 Intoxicacio´n por Plaguicidas Agrı´colas y veterinarios en Uruguay. Primer Premio MSP (Taran et al.), 600 Intoxicacio´n por Plantas y Setas. En FarrerasRozman Medicina Interna (Laborde and Nogue´ Xarau), 597 Intoxicac¸o˜es agudas, 4th ed. (Acute Poisonings) (Schvartsman S.), 61 Intoxicac¸o˜es Agudas: Bases do Diagno´stico Clı´nico-Laboratorial de Urgeˆncia (Acute Intoxication) (Moreira et al.), 60 Intoxications Aigue¨s (Baud et al.), 178 Introduccia´n a la Quı´mica y Toxicologı´a de Insecticidas (Introduction to the Chemistry and Toxicology of Insecticides) (Saume), 604 Introduccio´n a la evaluacio´n de los impactos de las termoele´ctricas de Me´xico (Introduction to the impact evaluation of thermoelectricity in Mexico) (Zuk et al.), 350 Introduccio´n a la toxicologı´a (Introduction to toxicology) (Rolda´n Reyes E.), 347 Introduccio´n a los me´todos de dispersio´n y control de contaminantes (Introduction to the methods of dispersion and control of pollutants) (Skiba Yuri N.), 347 Introduccio´n a los me´todos de dispersio´n y control de contaminantes (Introduction to the methods of dispersion and control of pollutants) (Parra Guevara D.), 347 Introduccio´n al ana´lisis de riesgos ambientales, 2nd edition (Introduction to Environmental Risk Analysis) (Ize Lema et al. (eds.)), 345 Introduction to Hydrology and Water Resources (Shu Zhan et al.), 104 Introduction to Toxicology (Timbrell J.), 570 Inventaria (Inventory), 271 Inventario nacional de sustancias quı´micas: base 2009 (Mexico’s national inventory of chemical substances:base 2009) (Cedillo Becerril et al.), 343 Inventory of Federal, Provincial and Territorial Environmental and Occupational Health Data Sources and Surveillance Activities, 84 Inventory of the Spanish Institutions and Scientists Involved in Alternatives to the use of Laboratory Animals (Refinement, Reduction, or Replacement), 513 Inventory of the Spanish Institutions and Scientists Involved in Alternatives to the use of Laboratory Animals (Refinement, Reduction or Replacement) (Repetto et al.), 509 Investigacio´n en Educacio´n Me´dica (Research of Medical Education), 350 Investigation on drug and poison: related problems in Eastern province (Al-Freihi, Hussein), 439

Index

Investigation on environmental impact of Jeddah Desalination Plant (MSc thesis) (Alghamdi, Mansour Ahmad), 439 Investigation on environmental impact of Jeddah Oil Refinery (MSc thesis) (Shabbaj, Ibrahim Ismail), 439 Ionisoimaton sa¨teily—Sa¨hko¨magneettiset kenta¨t (Nyberg et al.) (eds.), 165 Ionisoimaton sa¨teily—Ultravioletti- ja lasersa¨teily (Pastila) (ed.), 165 Ionizing radiation, Spanish legislations, 522 IPS. See Indian Pharmacological Society (IPS) Iran books, 252256 DPICs, 248, 251252 government agencies, 249250 Iranian Society of Toxicology, 249 modern toxicology in, 247 National committee on Chemical Safety, 248 poison treatment centers in Iran, 248 poisoning in, 247 professional societies and institutes with toxicology-related activities, 251 teaching of toxicology, 248 toxicology laboratories, 248 universities with toxicology program of study, 250251 Iran. In: Information Resources in Toxicology, 4th Edition (Abdollahi), 254 Iranian Biomedical Journal, 255 Iranian Food and Drug Organization, 249 Iranian Journal of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, 255 Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 255 Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 255 Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, 255 Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine, 256 Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 255 Iranian Journal of Pharmacology&Therapeutics, 255 Iranian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 256 Iranian Journal of Public Health, 256 Iranian Journal of Radiation Research, 256 Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 256 Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 256 Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, 250251 Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education (IMHME), 248 Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, 249 Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 256 Iranian Red Crescent Society, 251 Iranian Society of Pharmaceutical Scientists, 251 Iranian Society of Physiology & Pharmacology, 251 Iranian Society of Toxicology (IST), 249, 251 Irkutsk State Medical University, 428 Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 250 DPIC, 252 Ismet Do¨kmeci (Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment in Poisoning (Turkish)), 559

Isotalo, L. (Kemikaaliturvallisuuden tiedonla¨hteet), 164 Israel background narrative, 257 books, 257 databases, 258 government organizations, 258262 journal, 257258 National poison information center, 264 nongovernment organizations, 262 professional societies, 263264 universities, 262263 The Israel Cosmetics and Toiletry Registry, 258 The Israel Drug Registry, 258 Israel Environment Bulletin, Ministry for Environmental Protection, Israel, 258 Israel Government Website, 264 Israel Institute for Occupational Safety and Hygiene (IIOSH), 261 Israel Laboratory Accreditation Authority, 261 Israel Medical Association, 263 Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection, 258 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 264 Israel Ministry of Health, 259 Israel News, 264 Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, 263 Israel Poison Information Center, 257, 264 ISSTOX Chemical Toxicity Databases, 269 Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, 562 Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 563 ISTAS—Sindicate Institute of Work, Environment and Health, 518 Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS). See National Institutes for Research and Health Istituti Zooprofilattici Sperimentali (IIZZSS). See Experimental Zooprophylactic Institutes Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 278279 Istituto Superiore di Sanita` (ISS), 269, 288 Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), 271 Italian forensic toxicologists group. See Gruppo tossicologi forensi Italiani (GTFI) Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, 276 Italian Medicines Agency, 272 Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land, and Sea (IMELS), 277 Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and the Environment, 277 Italian National Institute of Health, 273 Italian National Research Council, 277 Italian Poison Control Centers, 275 Italian Society of Legal Medicine and Insurance (SIMLA), 281 Italian Society of Toxicology (SITOX), 265 Italy books, 266268 databases, 269271 education, 279288

Index

government organizations, 271275 journals, 268 national institutions, 276278 nongovernment organizations, 278279 poison control centers, 275276 technical reports and other documents, 268269 websites, 265266 Ito’s Toxicologic Pathology (Takahashi (ed.) et.al.), 290 ITRI. See Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) Iturbe Argu¨elles M.R. (Suelos y acuı´feros contaminados: evaluacio´n y limpieza (Polluted soils and aquifers: evaluation and remediation)), 345 IUTOX. See International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX) IVAM Environmental Research UVA BV, 361 Ivanovi´c S. (Bojni otrovi), 450 IVIC. See Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Investigations (IVIC) Ivin B. A. (Harmful Substances in the Environment. Oxygen-containing organic compounds. (Reference and Encyclopedic Edition). Parts I, II, III), 421 IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL Svenska Miljo¨institutet AB), 534 Iwate Medical University, 301 Iwate University, 301 Ize Lema I. (Introduccio´n al ana´lisis de riesgos ambientales, 2nd edition (Introduction to Environmental Risk Analysis)), 345 Izmerov N.F. (ed.) (Occupational Risk to Workers’ Health), 421

J JACL. See Japan Association of Contract Laboratories for Safety Evaluation (JACL) Jacott M. (Me´xico to´xico: emergencias quı´micas (Toxic Mexico:chemical emergencies)), 342 Jaen University, 518 Jagiellonian University in Krako´w, 403 JAICI. See Japan Association for International Chemical Information (JAICI) Jain B. (ed.) (Guide to Forensic Medicine and Toxicology), 214 JAISH. See Japan Advanced Information Centre of Safety and Health (JAISH) Jakubowski M. (Dictionary of Toxicological Terms—Polish Definitions and Their English Counterparts (Słownik termino´w stosowanych w toksykologii—definicje polskie i odpowiedniki angielskie)), 395 Jalali, N. (Emergency Management of Poisoned Patients), 253 Jalali, S. M. (Safety in Pharmaceutical Sciences Research), 254 JALAS. See Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science (JALAS) Jambeshwar University, 238 James Cook University (JCU), 48 Jamia Humdard University, 238 Jamia Millia Islamia, 238

Jantunen, M. (Selvitys elinympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨—Kansallisen kemikaaliohjelman taustaselvitys), 164 Japan books, 289290 database, 292294 government institutes, 295297 government organizations, 294295 International MEDLARS Center, 313 journals, 290291 legislation, 310312 nongovernment organizations, 298300 poison control centers, 309310 professional societies and official journals, 306309 technical reports and other documents, 291292 universities, 300306 Japan Advanced Information Centre of Safety and Health (JAISH), 298 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), 312 Japan Association for International Chemical Information (JAICI), 313 Japan Association of Contract Laboratories for Safety Evaluation (JACL), 312 Japan Association of Prefectural and Municipal Public Health Institutes (JAPMPHI), 312 Japan Chemical Industry Association (JCIA), 298 Japan Chemical Industry Ecology-Toxicology & Information Center (JETOC), 299 Japan Chemicals Collaborative Knowledge Database (J-CHECK), 293 Japan Crop Protection Association (JCPA), 299 Japan Existing Chemical Data Base (JECDB), 293 The Japan Food Chemical Research Foundation (JFCRF), 300 Japan Food Inspection Corporation (JFIC), 299 Japan Food Research Laboratories (JFRL), 299 Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association (JISHA), 299 Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (JNIOSH), 295 Japan Pharmacological Society (JPS), 308 Japan Poison Information Center (ed.) (Point of First Response of Acute Poisoning on Occurrence Situation), 290 Japan Poison Information Center (JPIC), 309310 Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 313 Japan Science and Technology Information Aggregator, Electronic (J-STAGE), 312 Japan Society for Biosciences, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry (JSBBA), 308 Japan Society for Occupational Health (JSOH), 309 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), 313

739 Japan Society of Endocrine Disrupters Research (JSEDR), 309 Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science (JALAS), 306 Japanese Cancer Association (JCA), 306 Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society (JEMS), 306 Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), 299 Japanese Radiation Research Society (JRRS), 306 Japanese Safety Pharmacology Society (JSPS), 306 Japanese Society for Clinical Toxicology (ed.) (Standard Clinical Guidelines of Acute Poisoning), 290 Japanese Society for Clinical Toxicology (JSCT), 306 Japanese Society for Hygiene (JSH), 307 Japanese Society for the Study of Xenobiotics (JSSX), 307 Japanese Society of Alternative to Animal Experiments (JSAAE), 307 Japanese Society of Food Chemistry (JSFC), 307 Japanese Society of Immunotoxicology (JSIT), 307 Japanese Society of Toxicologic Pathology (ed.) (New Toxicologic Histopathology), 290 Japanese Society of Toxicologic Pathology (JSTP), 308 Japanese Society of Toxicology (ed.) (Dictionary of Toxicological Terms), 290 Japanese Society of Toxicology (JSOT), 308 Japanese Society of Veterinary Science (JSVS), 308 Japanese Teratology Society (JTS), 308 Japanese translation version of OECD SIAP, 299 JAPMPHI. See Japan Association of Prefectural and Municipal Public Health Institutes (JAPMPHI) Jaramillo F. (Toxicologı´a ba´sica (Basic toxicology)), 345 Jaramillo Jua´rez F. (Estre´s Oxidativo y su impacto en Salud (Oxidative Stress and Health Impact)), 345 Jaramillo Jua´rez F. (Toxicologı´a ambiental (Environmental toxicology)), 345 Jasin´ska-Zubelewicz E.J. (Ergonomics— Industrial and Environmental Toxicology— Choice of Texts (Ergonomia—toksykologia przemysłowa i s´rodowiskowa—wybo´r teksto´w), 2nd Edition (improved)), 395 Jasra O.P. (Encyclopaedia of Toxicology), 214 Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), 232 Jawaharlal Nehru University, 239 Jazan Drug and Poison Information Center, 439 Jazan Environmental Research Center, 439 Jazan Poison Control Center, 437 Jazan University, 439

740 J.B Mukherjee’s Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 5th edition (Mukherjee J.B.), 217 JCA. See Japanese Cancer Association (JCA) J-CHECK. See Japan Chemicals Collaborative Knowledge Database (J-CHECK) JCIA. See Japan Chemical Industry Association (JCIA) JCPA. See Japan Crop Protection Association (JCPA) JCU. See James Cook University (JCU) JECDB. See Japan Existing Chemical Data Base (JECDB) Jeddah Poison Control Center, 437 Jeju National University (Faculty of Biotechnology), 502 JEMS. See Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society (JEMS) Jena, 201 Jensen A.A. (ed.) (Working Environment in Life-Cycle Assessment), 148 JEOM. See Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine (JEOM) Jeon-Buk National University, 496 JETOC. See Japan Chemical Industry Ecology-Toxicology & Information Center (JETOC) JFCR. See Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR) JFIC. See Japan Food Inspection Corporation (JFIC) JFRL. See Japan Food Research Laboratories (JFRL) Ji Hui (Drug Toxicology (textbook, 3rd ed.)), 106 Ji Xunhe (Regulations on Chemical Substances Management (Chemical Risk and Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management Series)), 101 Jiang Dejian (ed.) (Presenting Toxicology Results: How to Evaluate Data and Write Reports), 105 Jiang gaofeng (Basic Toxicological Experiments (textbook)), 101 Jiang Guibin (A Textbook of Modern Toxicology (3rd ed.)), 101 Jiang Hui (ed.) (Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents Beijing: Chemical Industry Press and Elsevier), 101 Jiang Yiguo (ed.) (Molecular Toxicology (Guidance Book Series to improve core ability of scientific research personnel)), 106 Jiang Yiguo (ed.) (Toxicology (textbook for comprehensive experiments)), 106 Jiang Yiguo (Toxicology Basics: Case Study (textbook, 2nd ed.)), 106 Jiang Yueming (Basic Toxicology (textbook)), 101 Jiang Yueming (Clinical Toxicology: Case Study (textbook)), 101 Jiang Yueming (ed.) (Food Toxicology (textbook)), 105 Jiang Yueming (Toxicology (2nd ed.)), 101 Jiang Yunshen (Neural System Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 107

Index

Jiangsu University School of Medicine, 121 Jiao Anying (Environmental Toxicology (textbook)), 101 Jilin University School of Public Health, 121 Jime´nez Cisneros B. (Diagno´stico del agua en las Ame´ricas (Water Diagnostic in the Americas)), 345 Jimmy Goh (Hazmat Medical Life Support: A Basic Provider Manual), 456 Jin Gang (Food Toxicology Foundation and Practice), 101102 Jin Hongtao (Small Animal Toxicology (3rd ed.)), 101 Jin Shuguang (The Basic Toxicology Experiment Guides (textbook)), 105 Jining Medical University School of Public Health, 121 JinTaiyi (Principles and Methods of Toxicology (textbook for Fudan University graduates)), 102 JISHA. See Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association (JISHA) JIST. See Journal of the Indian Society of Toxicology (JIST) Jiwaji University, 239 JNCASR. See Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) JNIOSH. See Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (JNIOSH) Job Poisoning and Prevention (Ranjbarian), 253 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz University, 199 The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 404 The John Tung Foundation (JTF) Foundation, 552 Joint Environmental and Occupational Toxicology Clinics, 457 Joint Research Centre (JRC), 1213, 279 Joint Substance Data Pool of the German Federal Government and Federal States, 193 Jokanovi´c M. (Toksikologija), 450 Jokar, F. (Street Level Heroin, an Overview on its Components and Adulterants. In: Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse), 255 Jokela, K. (Ionisoimaton sa¨teily— Sa¨hko¨magneettiset kenta¨t) (ed.), 165 Joksovi´c D. (Akutna trovanja hemijskim materijama), 450 Jos Gallego A.M. (Estudiando toxicologı´a a trave´s de preguntas objetivas (tipo test) (Studying toxicology through questions-Test)), 508 Josai University, 301 Jose´ Fe´lix Ribas Foundation, 608 Joshi B.D. (Environmental Pollution & Toxicology), 215 Joshi D.C. (Industrial Waste Waters and Environmental Pollution), 214 Jouf University, 439 Journal fu¨r Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, 192 Journal Metro Ciencia, 157 Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 111

Journal of Applied Cosmetology, 268 Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences, 256 Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology (JOBIMB), 322 Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (JBCS), 322 Journal of Biosciences, 225 Journal of Cell and Tissue Research, 225 Journal of Chinese Oncology Society (1984), 548 Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences (JCHS), 323 Journal of Communicable Diseases, 225 Journal of Ecobiology, 225 Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring, 225 Journal of Environment and Health, 112 Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine (JEOM), 112 Journal of Environmental Biology, 225 Journal of Environmental Hygiene, 112 Journal of Food and Drug Analysis (1992), 548 Journal of Food Science & Technology, 225 Journal of Forensic Medicine, 112 Journal of Health and Translational Medicine (JUMMEC), 323 The Journal of Health Sciences, 548 Journal of Health, Safety and Environment, 38 Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology, 225 Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand), 371 Journal of Hygiene Research, 112 Journal of Indian Association of Environmental Management, 225 Journal of Industrial Pollution Control, 225 Journal of Medical Sciences Faculty, 157 Journal of Medicinal Plants, 256 Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 572 Journal of Occupational Safety and Health (1992) Taipei: Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 548 Journal of Occupational Safety and Health (JOSH), 323 Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, 511 Journal of Preventive Medicine of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 112 Journal of Public Health, 61 Journal of Reproduction and Infertility, 256 Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 256 Journal of Research in Pharmacy (Formerly Published as Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal), 560 Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 226 Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 548 Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 548 Journal of the Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine, 226 Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 226 Journal of the Indian Society of Toxicology (JIST), 226 Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society, 352 Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association, 376 Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 371

Index

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 465 Journal, Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine, 226 Journals in Singapore, 457 JPIC. See Japan Poison Information Center (JPIC) JPS. See Japan Pharmacological Society (JPS) JRRS. See Japanese Radiation Research Society (JRRS) JSAAE. See Japanese Society of Alternative to Animal Experiments (JSAAE) JSBBA. See Japan Society for Biosciences, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry (JSBBA) JSCT. See Japanese Society for Clinical Toxicology (JSCT) JSEDR. See Japan Society of Endocrine Disrupters Research (JSEDR) JSFC. See Japanese Society of Food Chemistry (JSFC) JSH. See Japanese Society for Hygiene (JSH) JSIT. See Japanese Society of Immunotoxicology (JSIT) JSOH. See Japan Society for Occupational Health (JSOH) JSOT. See Japanese Society of Toxicology (JSOT) JSPS. See Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) JSPS. See Japanese Safety Pharmacology Society (JSPS) JSS Poison Information Centre, 244 JSSX. See Japanese Society for the Study of Xenobiotics (JSSX) JST. See Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) J-STAGE. See Japan Science and Technology Information Aggregator, Electronic (JSTAGE) JSTP. See Japanese Society of Toxicologic Pathology (JSTP) JSVS. See Japanese Society of Veterinary Science (JSVS) JTS. See Japanese Teratology Society (JTS) Juanena C. (Cocaı´na adulterada con Levamisol: reporte de 3 casos clı´nicos), 599 Juanena C. (Exposicio´n a cocaı´na en nin˜os menores de 5 an˜os: serie de casos), 599 Juanena C. (Exposicio´n no intencional a cannabis en nin˜os en el marco de la regulacio´n del mercado en Uruguay), 599 Juanena C. (Mordedura por vı´bora de coral), 600 Judicial Police Technical Body (CTP), 603 JUMMEC. See Journal of Health and Translational Medicine (JUMMEC) Junghanss T. (Notfall-Handbuch Gifttiere) Jurado R. (Toxicologı´a Animal Originada por Plantas, Flora Silvestre Espan˜ola (Animal Toxicology from the Spanish flora)), 507 Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia (Malaysian Journal of Health Sciences), 323324 Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia (JVM), 324

Juvenile Drug Addiction Treatment (Pyatnitskaya et al.), 422

K Kacew S. (Lu’s Basic Toxicology: Fundamentals, Target Organs and Risk Assessment (4th ed.)), 103 KAERI. See Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) Kaiˇsarevi´c S. (Ekotoksikologija), 450 Kalpavriksh, 234 KAMAT, 168 Kamel M. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Kamijo Y. (ed.) (Clinical Toxicology), 290 Kanagawa Environmental Research Center (KERC), 313 Kanchan T. (Rapid Review of Toxicology), 215 Kangwon National University (Department of Pharmacy), 502 Kansainva¨liset kemikaalikortit, 168 Kant, I. J. (Basisboek Arbeidstoxicologie: risicoinventarisatie en-evaluatie (Textbook on Occupational Toxicology: Risk Assessment and Evaluation)), 358 Kapitan M. (El abuso cro´nico de clorhidrato y pasta base de cocaı´na asocia envejecimiento arterial y aumento del riesgo cardiovascular en jo´venes asintomo´ticos), 599 Karami, S. (Poison Information Centers. In: Afshari’s Clinical Toxicology and Poisoning Emergency Care), 254 Karimi, G. (Poisonous mushrooms. In: Toxicology: Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa), 255 Karjalainen, A. (Asbestisairauksien diagnostiikka ja seuranta), 165 Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyInstitute of Toxicology and Genetics, 196 Karmakar R.N. (Forensic Medicine and Toxicology), 215 Karolinska Institutet (KI), 525526, 536 Karolinska Institutet University Library, 537 Karolinska University Hospital (Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset), 540 Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 540 Kaul S.N. (A Handbook of Environment Impact Assessment), 216 Kauppinen, T. (Kemikaalit ja tyo¨—Selvitys tyo¨ympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨), 166 Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, 403 K-BPR, 487 KCL. See Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL) Ke Yuebin (Free Radical Toxicology), 102 Keller M. (Pilot study on Mercury and Health at the University Hospital), 597 Kellerman T.S. (Plant Poisonings and Mycotoxicosis of Livestock in Southern Africa, 2nd Edition), 463 Kellerman T.S. (The Distribution, Diagnoses and Estimated Economic Impact of Plant Poisonings and Mycotoxicoses in South Africa), 463

741 Kelly C.B. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Kemia-Kemi, 167 Kemikaalit ja tyo¨—Selvitys tyo¨ympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨ (Vainio et al.), 166 Kemikaalituoterekisteri, 168 Kemikaaliturvallisuuden tiedonla¨hteet (Huuskonen et al.), 164 Kemiläinen, B. (Kemikaaliturvallisuuden tiedonla¨hteet), 164 KEMS. See Korean Environmental Mutagen Society (KEMS) KEMTI. See Korea Environment & Merchandise Testing Institute (KEMTI) Keng Thye WOO (A Clinical Approach to Medicine), 456 Kenya data capture and reporting, 316 development partners, 316 education, 315316 toxicology, 315 toxicology and analytical laboratory testing, 316 toxicology research areas, 316317 Kenya Health Sector-Wide Approach, 315 Kerman University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 250 Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Kersting H. (Handbuch der gefa¨hrlichen Gu¨ter. Gesamtwerk: Merkbla¨tter 1-2900), 191 Kersting K. (Handbuch der gefa¨hrlichen Gu¨ter. Gesamtwerk: Merkbla¨tter 1-2900), 191 “KETHEA” Antitoxification Center, 209 Key Technologies for Drug Safety Evaluation (Peng Shuangqing), 103 KFDA. See Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) Khan R.R. (Environment and Metal Pollution), 215 Khitoliya R.K. (Environment Protection and The Law), 215 Khouzestan University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 KICM. See Korea Institute of Construction Materials (KICM) Kiel University, 198 Kiel, 201 Kielce University of Technology, 403 Kimber I. (Toxicology of Chemical Respiratory Hypersensitivity), 569 King Abdulaziz Hospital, 437 King Abdulaziz Medical City, 436 King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, 437 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 438 King Fahad Hospital, 436437 King Fahad Medical City, 436 King Fahad Specialist Hospital, 436 King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, 436437 King Khaled Abha University, 439 King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, 436

742 King Khalid Hospital, 436 King N.D. (ed.) (Environmental Management in South Africa), 464 King Saud Drug and Poison Information center, 439 King Saud Hospital, 436 Kingdom of Poisonous Matter (Cheng F.Y.), 546 Kintz, P. (Traite´ de toxicologie me´dicojudiciaire), 178 Kishore J. (National Health Programs of India: National Policies & Legislations Related to Health), 215 Kitasato University, 302 KIWANV, 364 Klaassen, C. D. (Casarett & Doull Basic Toxicology (2nd edition)), 205 Klauchek V.V. (Ecologo-Hygienic Aspects of Utilization of Chemical Weapons), 422 Kliininen farmakologia ja la¨a¨kehoito (Neuvonen) (ed.), 165 ˚ potravin, Klinicka´toxikologie: toxikologie le´ku, jedovaty´ch zˇivoˇcichu˚ a rostlin aj. (Clinical Toxicology: Pharmaceuticals, Foods, Poisonous Flora & Fauna) (Vondra´cˇ ek et al.), 132 Klon/Jawor Association (Stowarzyszenie Klon/ Jawor), 401 KNAW, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 361 KNAWFungal Biodiversity Centre, 361 Knudsen L.E. (ed.) (Toksikologiiarbejdsmiljøet, Bind 1_2), 148 Kobayashi K. (Statistical Analysis for Toxicological Studies 2015), 290 Kobe College, 302 Koblenz/Landau University, 199 Kochi University, 302 Kocik J. (Bioterrorism—Principles of Medical Procedure (Bioterroryzm—zasady poste˛powania lekarskiego)), 394 Koedoe, 465 Koeman, J. H. (Algemene inleiding in de toxicologie (General Introduction to Toxicology), 3rd Edition), 358 Koen van Deun (Toxicologie van huis tuin en keuken: kennismaking met de schadelijke & nuttige stoffen in ons leven (Toxicology of Home Garden and Kitchen: Getting to know the Harmful and Useful Substances in our Lives)), 358 Ko¨ln, 201 Komulainen, H. (Selvitys elinympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨—Kansallisen kemikaaliohjelman taustaselvitys), 164 Kondo T. (ed.) (Radiological Sciences), 290 Kong Zhiming (ed.) (Environmental Toxicology (6th ed.) (textbook)), 102 Kong Zhiming (Environmental Genetic Toxicology), 102 Kong Zhiming (Environmental Toxicology (5th ed.) (textbook)), 102 Ko¨nig M. (Handbuch der gefa¨hrlichen Gu¨ter. Gesamtwerk: Merkbla¨tter 1-2900), 191 Konkuk University (Department of Environmental Health Science), 496, 501

Index

Konstanz University, 199 Koop, R. (Za`klady vodnı´ ekotoxikologie (Fundamentals of Aquatic Ecotoxicology)), 130 Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), 491 Korea Conformity Laboratories (KCL), 493 Korea CRO association, 496 Korea Environment & Merchandise Testing Institute (KEMTI), 493 Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA), 496 Korea Information System for Chemical Safety Management, 493494 Korea Institute of Construction Materials (KICM), 493 Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 496 Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 490, 495 Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA), 490 Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 492 Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 491, 495 Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 491, 495496 Korea Testing and Research Institute (KTR), 492 Korea University (Department of Food Bioscience and Technology), 501 Korea University, 495496 Korean Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 504 Korean Chemical Society, 503 Korean Environmental Mutagen Society (KEMS), 488489 Korean Institute of Hazardous Materials, 503 Korean Society for Alternative to Animal Experiments, 504 Korean Society for Veterinary Science, 504 Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology, 503 Korean Society of Environmental Health and Toxicology, 503 Korean Society of Pesticide Science, 503 Korean Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, 504 Korean Society of Pharmacology, 504 Korean Society of Toxicogenomics and Toxicoproteomics, 503 Korean Society of Toxicological Pathology, 504 Korean Society of Toxicology (KSOT), 488489, 503 Korean Women’s Federation for Consumer, 495496 Koren, G. (Use of proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy and rates of major malformations: A meta-analysis. In: Medication Safety in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding), 254 Koskinen, H. (Asbestisairauksien diagnostiikka ja seuranta), 165 Koszalin University of Technology, 403 Koul O. (Insecticides of Natural Origin), 213 Koulu, M. (ed.) (Farmakologia ja toksikologia), 164 Koutselinis, A. (Addictive Substances), 205 Koutselinis, A. (Toxicology), 206

Kowalska T. (Chromatographic Techniques in the Forensic Analysis of Designer Drugs—1st Edition), 395 Krako´w, 409 K-REACH, 487 KRIBB. See Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) KRICT Chemical Management System, 494 KRICT. See Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) Krishna V. (Forensic Medicine and Toxicology: Principles and Practice, 3rd Edition), 216 KRISS. See Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) Kroemer H.K. (Mutschler Arzneimittelwirkungen: PharmakologieKlinische PharmakologieToxikologie), 188 KSOT. See Korean Society of Toxicology (KSOT) KSOT/KEMS international activities, 489 mission, 488 origin, 488 publications (journal), 488489 KTR. See Korea Testing and Research Institute (KTR) Kulkarni V.S. (A Handbook of Environment Impact Assessment), 216 Kumagai Y. (ed.) (Science of Toxicity: From Molecules/Cells to Human Populations), 290 Kumamoto University, 302 Kumar A. (ed.) (Environment and Toxicology), 216 Kumar A. (ed.) (Heavy Metal Pollution Research: Recent Advances), 216 Kumar A. (ed.) (Industrial Pollution: Problems and Solutions), 217 Kumar A. (ed.) (Industry, Environment and Pollution), 216 Kumar A. (Environmental Contamination and Bioreclamation), 216 Kumar A. (Environmental Problems, Protection and Control (2 Volumes)), 216 Kumar D. (Industrial Waste Waters and Environmental Pollution), 214 Kumar H. (Environmental Health Hazards), 216 Kumar R. (Environmental Chemical Hazards), 216 Kumar R. (Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards in India), 216 Kumar V. (Environmental Impact Assessment), 213 Kumar V. (Environmental Management), 213 Kunming Medical University School of Public Health, 121 Kuno K. (ed.) (Environmental Toxicology), 290 Kurlyandskiy B.A. (ed.) (General Toxicology), 421 Kurlyandskiy B.A. (Hazard Indicators of Substances and Materials, Vols. 14), 420 Kurlyandskiy B.A. (Military Toxicology), 421

Index

Kurlyandskiy B.A., ed. (Military Toxicology), 421 Kurppa, K. (Kemikaalit ja tyo¨—Selvitys tyo¨ympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨), 166 Kurzweil P. (Toxikologie und Gefahrstoffe: GifteWirkungenArbeitssicherheit), 191 Kuschinsky K. (ed.) (Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Pharmacology and Toxicology), 3rd edition), 189 Kutsenko S.A. (Basic Principles of Toxicology, Scientific and Methodological Edition), 421 Kutsenko S.A. (ed.) (Examination tests in military toxicology, radiobiology and medical protection), 421 Kutsenko S.A. (ed.) (Military Toxicology, Radiobiology and Medical Protection), 421 Kvesitadze G.I. (Metabolism of Anthropogenic Toxicants in Higher Plants), 421 Kyung Hee University (Department of Biology), 502 Kyung Hee University, 495497

L La contaminacio´n del suelo por residuos peligrosos y su regulacio´n en Me´xico (Hazardous Waste Soil Pollution and its Regulation in Me´xico) (Tejado Gallegos M.), 348 La contaminacion por plomo en Coatzacoalcos: un ejemplo de deterioro ambiental (Lead pollution in Coatzacoalcos: an example of environmental deterioration) (Perez Zapata et al.), 346 La ecologı´a industrial en Me´xico (Me´xico’s industrial ecology) (Carrillo Gonza´lez G. (Coord.))), 343 La laguna University, 518 La Medicina del Lavoro, 268 La prevencio´n y el control integrados de la contaminacio´n (The integrated pollution prevention and control) (Baucells et al.), 507 La Relacion entre Comunidad y Floricola: Ambiente y Salud, 157 La Toxicologia en Me´xico: estado actual y perspectivas (Toxicology in Mexico: actual state andperspectives)), 342 La Trobe University, 48 La¨a¨ketieteellinen farmakologia ja toksikologia (Pelkonen et al.) (eds.), 166 Labor Laws, 33, 68 Laborat Acta, 352 Laboratorio de Investigacio´n y Servicio en Toxicologı´a (Research and Service Laboratory in Toxicology), 355 Laboratorio de Patologı´a Clı´nica (Clinical Pathology Laboratory), 355 Laboratorio de Toxicologı´a (Toxicology Laboratory), 355 Laboratorio de Toxicologı´a Clı´nica y Ambiental (Clinical and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory), 354 Laboratorio de Toxicologı´a del Centro de Investigacio´n Biome´dica del Oriente (Toxicology Laboratory of the Center for Biomedical Research), 354

Laboratorio de Toxicologı´a Preclı´nica (Preclinical Toxicology Laboratory), 355 Laboratorio de Toxicologı´a y Quı´mica Legal (LATOQUIL)—Ministerio Pu´blico—Fiscalı´a de la Nacio´n (Laboratory of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry—Public Ministry—Office of the Public Prosecutor), 389 Laboratorio Quı´mico Toxicolo´gico— CENSOPAS—Instituto Nacional de Salud, 389 Laboratory for Diagnosis of Botulism, 27 Laboratory of Toxicological Analysis, 64 Laboratory of Toxicology and Legal ChemistryChemical DepartmentNational Gendarmerie Argentina, 30 Laboratory of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry— General Directorate of Expert Advice— Supreme Court of Justice of the Province of Buenos Aires, 30 Laboratory of Toxicology, Pharmacology, and Pharmacogenetics, 264 Laborda R. (Evaluacio´n de la exposicio´n a agentes quı´micos en el trabajo: manual pra´ctico (Exposure Assessment to Chemical Agents at Work: Practical Manual)), 508 Laborde A. (Adicciones. Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello-SehabiaguePrego-de Leonardis), 598 Laborde A. (Capacitacio´n para el manejo responsable de sustancias quı´micas en Uruguay), 599 Laborde A. (Clinical Practice of Environmental Pediatrics around the world, Text Book of Children Environmental Health), 597 Laborde A. (Coca y sus derivados. en Pautas de evaluacio´n y tratamiento de los consumos problema´ticos de sustancias en los tres niveles de atencio´n), 597 Laborde A. (Cocaine base paste: experience from the Montevideo Poison Control Center), 599 Laborde A. (Consumo de drogas en el embarazo, en Pautas de evaluacio´n y tratamiento de los consumos problema´ticos de sustancias en los tres niveles de atencio´n), 597 Laborde A. (Erros De Medicac¸a˜o: Um Risco de Sau´de Medication Errors: A Risk of Healthcare), 598 Laborde A. (Estudio epidemiolo´gico de una poblacio´n expuesta laboralmente a plomo), 599 Laborde A. (Estudio sobre riesgos y dan˜os en trabajadores de viveros de plantas de eucalyptus), 600 Laborde A. (Evaluacio´n Clı´nica y Biomarcadores de genotoxicidad en nin˜os y adultos expuestos a mezclas de plaguicidas), 599 Laborde A. (Exposicio´n a cocaı´na en nin˜os menores de 5 an˜os: serie de casos), 599 Laborde A. (Exposicio´n no intencional a cannabis en nin˜os en el marco de la regulacio´n del mercado en Uruguay), 599

743 Laborde A. (Ferna´ndez S. Plantas Silvestres y de Cultivo: Manejo y prevencio´n. Intoxicaciones accidentales. Consumo inapropiado. Universidad de la Republica, Departamento de Publicaciones), 597 Laborde A. (Intoxicacio´n por Plantas y Setas. En Farreras-Rozman Medicina Interna), 597 Laborde A. (Intoxicacio´n aguda por cocaı´na en un lactante no asociada a lactancia materna. A propo´sito de un caso clinic), 598 Laborde A. (Intoxicacio´n aguda por Diazino´n en nin˜os), 598 Laborde A. (Intoxicacio´n por Mono´xido de Carbono. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello  Sehabiague  Prego  de Leonardis), 598 Laborde A. (Intoxicacio´n por Plaguicidas Agrı´colas y veterinarios en Uruguay. Primer Premio MSP), 600 Laborde A. (Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures), 599 Laborde A. (Montevide0 s health care centers, mercury sources identification and quantification), 599 Laborde A. (Networking to advance progress in children0 s environmental health), 599600 Laborde A. (Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por antidepresivos recibidas en el Centro de informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico en el periodo), 598 Laborde A. (Skin Reactions Associated to Phenytoin Administration: Multifactorial Cause), 598 Laborde A. (Substance use in adolescents with environmental lead exposure in childhood), 599 Laborde A. (Tobacco use in adolescents exposed to lead), 599 Laborde A. (Tratamiento de Urgencia de las Intoxicaciones Descontaminacio´n digestiva, y cuta´nea. Antı´dotos. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello, Sehabiague, Prego, de Leonardis), 598 Laborde A. (y cols Plaguicidas: Toxicologı´a clı´nica, laboral y ambiental), 597 Laborde Garcia A.M. (Intoxicacio´n por Anı´s de Campo), 598 Laborde Garcia A.M. (Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por benzodiazepinas recibidas en el Centro de Informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico uruguayo en el perı´odo), 598 Laborde Garcia A.M. (Substance use in adolescents with environmental lead exposure in childhood), 599 Laborde Garcia A.M. (Tobacco use in adolescents exposed to lead), 600 LACDR. See Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR)

744 La¨hteenma¨ki, P. (Ravintomme lisa¨aineet), 165 Laluz J. (Efectos del cannabis sobre la viabilidad celular y el ciclo suen˜o vigilia en un modelo animal), 599 Lamella S. (Pilot study on Mercury and Health at the University Hospital), 597 Lancaster University, 586 Landcare Research, 371 Landrigan P.J. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Landrigan P.J. (Networking to advance progress in children’s environmental health), 600 Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures (Laborde et al.), 600 Landrigan, P. (Salud Ocupacional y Ambiental: Realidades Diversas), 157 Lang Tran C. (Nanotoxicology: Characterization, Dosing and Health Effects), 107 Langhain M. (Brain dysfunction changes in abstinent cocaine abusers), 599 Lanzhou University School of Public Health, 121 Lapinlampi, T. (Elektoniikka-alan kemikaaliopas), 164 La´rez A. (Compendio de Ana´lisis Quimioto´xico en Emergencias Asistenciales (Compendium of Chemotoxic Analysis in hospital Emergencies)), 604 Larez A. (Toxicologı´a Analı´tica y Experimental (Analytical and Experimental Toxicology)), 604 Larini L. (Toxicologia, 2nd ed. (Toxicology)), 59 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University, 518 Las toxinas ambientales y sus efectos gene´ticos, 4a Ed (Environmental toxics and its genetics effects, 4th Edition) (Rodrı´guezArnaiz R.), 347 Lasten myrkytykset (Hoppu et al.) (ed.), 164 Latin American Association of Toxicology (ALATOX), 16 Latin-American Toxicology Association (ALTA), 610 Laurie S. (Home-gardens to Address Vitamin A Deficiency in South Africa: A Food-based Approach), 464 Lauwerys, R.R. (Toxicologie Industrielle et Intoxications Professionnelles), 178 Law about Substances, Materials and Dangerous wastes, 611 Law Library of Congress, 410 Law on Air Protection (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 36/09 and 10/13), 451 Law on Biocidal Products (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 36/09, 88/10, 92/11 and 25/15), 451 Law on Chemicals, (Official Gazette No 36/ 09, 88/10, 92/11 and 93/12), 451 Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 135/04 and 36/09), 451 Law on Environmental Protection (“Official Gazette of the RS” No 36/09, 88/10 и 14/ 16), 451

Index

Law on Environmental Protection (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 135/04, 36/09, 43/ 11 and 14/16), 451 Law on Integrated Prevention and Control of The Environment Pollution (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 135/04 and 25/15), 451 Law on Soil Protection (“Official Gazette of the RS” No 112/15), 451 Law on Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 135/04 and 88/10), 451 Law on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (“Official Gazette of the RS” No 36/09), 451 Law on Waste Management (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 36/09, 88/10 and 14/16), 451 Law on Waters (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 30/10, 93/12 and 101/16), 451 Laws about toys, 33 Laws on Drugs of Abuse, 33 Laws on Human Health, 33 Laws on Personal Hygiene Products, Cosmetics and Perfumes and Household Products, 33 Lazarev, N.V., 419 Lazaro-Chavez Mancilla E. (Sustancias desinfectantes y drogas de utilidad en las piscifactorias: manual de usos (Disinfectant substances and useful drugs in fisheries)), 349 Lazcano R. (Toxicologı´a Clı´nica (Clinical Toxicology)), 20 Le mercure des amalgames dentaires. Actualisation des donne´es, 180 Lead Education and Abatement Design (LEAD) Group, 47 League of Nature Conservation (Liga Ochrony Przyrody), 401 Łebkowska M. (Environmental Toxicology— Laboratory Exercises—Collective Work (Toksykologia s´rodowiska—´cwiczenia laboratoryjne—praca zbiorowa), 2nd Edition), 395 Lecona Urrutia A.A. (Ecologı´a y medio ambiente (Ecology and environment)), 346 Lee Y.J. (Environmental Attitudes and Environmental Protection Behavior—Theory & Practice), 547 Legislation and regulations related to medicines and poisons in Singapore, 460 Legislation in Venezuela, 611 Legislation, Spain accident hazards, 521 animal protection, 521 biocides (nonagricultural pesticides), 521 carcinogens, 521522 cosmetics, 521 dangerous substances, 521 doping, 522 electromagnetic fields, 522 emissions, 522 feed additives, 521 food additives, 521

good laboratory practices, 521 human pharmaceuticals, 521 illicit drugs, 522 ionizing radiation, 522 noise, 522 pesticides, 521 pollution control, 522 product safety, 521 toys safety, 521 veterinary pharmaceuticals, 521 waste, 522 water, 522 worker protection, 521 Legislations on Environment, Forests, and Wildlife, 245 Lehtinen, S. (Prevention and Management of Asbestos-Related Diseases in Finland), 166 Lehtola, M. (Kemikaalit ja tyo¨—Selvitys tyo¨ympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨), 166 Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), 362 Leiden University Medical Center, 363 Leipzig, 201 Leipzig University, 199 ´ a pracovnım ´ Lener, J. (Toxicke´ kovy v zivot ˇ nım prostˇredı´ cˇloˇreka (Toxic Heavy Metals in the General and Occupational Environment)), 129 LEO, 168 Leon University, 518 Leone, P. E. (Genetica, Toxicologia y Carcinogenesis), 157 “Leopoldo Izquieta Perez”, 155 LEP—Occupational Limit Values—VLBs, 513 Lerda D (Toxicologı´a alimentaria (Food toxicology)), 20 Les Envenimations Graves (Mion et al.), 178 Leslie A.J. (Chapter 21. Recent Developments in Osmoregulation of Crocodilians), 464 LESTARI. See Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI) Levent Yılmaz, (Pediatric Poisoning (Turkish)), 559 Levine B. (ed.) (Principles of Forensic Toxicology), 105 Ley de Control de Insumos Qu´ımicos y Productos Fiscalizados. DECRETO LEY N 28305, 390391 Ley de Gestio´n Integral de Residuos So´lidos. DECRETO LEY N 1278, 391 Ley de Inocuidad de los Alimentos. DECRETO LEY N 1062, 390 Ley de Promocio´n del Manejo Integrado para el Control de Plagas. DECRETO LEY N 26744 (Law for the Promotion of Integrated Management of Pest Control), 390 Ley de Represio´n del Tra´fico Ilı´cito de Drogas. DECRETO LEY No̱ 22095, 391 Ley de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo— DECRETO LEY No̱ 29783, 391 Ley General de Aguas. DECRETO LEY No̱ 17752 (General Law of Waters), 390 Ley que fortalece la inocuidad de los alimentos industrializados y productos pesqueros y acuı´colas. DECRETO LEY N 1290, 390

Index

Lezama J.L. (Medio ambiente (The environment), 346 Lezioni di tossicologia forense (Forensic Toxicology Lessons) 5th edition (Froldi), 266 Li Bo (Drug toxicology), 102 Li Bo (Experimental Methods and Techniques of Drug Toxicology), 106 Li Chaogan (Clinical Toxicology: Case Study (textbook)), 101 Li Jianke (Food Toxicology (textbook)), 102 Li Jianlin (Haematotoxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 102 Li Jianxiang (Endocrine Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 102 Li Jianxiang (Haematotoxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 102 Li Jianzheng (Environmental Toxicology (2nd ed.)), 102 Li Lijing (Pharmacology, Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, and Toxicology Experiments (textbook)), 102 Li Ming (Regulations on Chemical Substances Management (Chemical Risk and Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management Series)), 101 Li ning (Food Toxicology (textbook)), 107 Li Ning (Food Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.)), 102 Li Peifeng (Veterinary Drug Toxicology (textbook)), 102 Li Qian (Risk Assessment and Toxicological Application of Pesticide Residues), 102 Li Xiaoyu (Study on the Toxicology of Microcystins), 102 Li Xiuying (Pharmaceutical Molecular Toxicology (Jinan university graduate textbook)), 104 Li Ying-qian (Toxicology on Quercus Plants), 104 Li Yongfeng (Basic Environmental Toxicology (textbook)), 102 Li Yongfeng (Environmental Toxicology (textbook)), 101 Li Yongfeng (Environmental Toxicology Research Technology and Methods (textbook)), 102 Li Yun (Food Safety and Toxicology Foundation), 102 Li Zhilan (ed.) (Cardiovascular Toxicology), 102 Li Zhilan (Endocrine Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 102 Li Zhilan (Reproductive and developmental toxicology (Series of target organs toxicology)), 102 Liao Mingyang (Experimental Methods and Techniques of Drug Toxicology), 106 Liber de Veneni, 265 Library and Index of French-speaking Internet Health resources, 181 Liesivuori, J. (Kemikaalit ja tyo¨—Selvitys tyo¨ympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨), 166 Life and Environment, 262 Life Sciences and Environment Research Institute, 435 Life sciences, medicine, and biomedicine, 324 Ligabue-Braun, Rodrigo (Plant Toxins), 456

Lille (Hauts de France), 185 Lin J.K. (Biochemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis and Anticarcinogenesis), 547 Lin J.K. (Food and Cancer), 547 Lin J.K. (Genetic Engineering and Cancer Medicine), 547 Lin J.L. (Toxin in Life), 547 Lin J.Y. (Drug Crimination and Prevention), 547 Lin S.N. (Drug Abuse and Prevention), 547 Lindequist U. (Biogene GifteBiologie ChemiePharmakologieToxikologie), 190 Linder, Johan, 525 Lindner E. (Toxikologie der Nahrungsmittel (Toxicology of Food), 4th edition), 190 Lindner M. (Montevide0 s health care centers, mercury sources identification and quantification), 599 Ling L.J. (Toxicology Secrets (Translated into Russian)), 421 Lingnan Journal of Emergency Medicine, 126 Linhart, I. (Toxikologie: interakce sˇkodlivy´ch la´tek s zivy ˇ ´mi organismy, jejich mechanismy, ˚ projevy a dusledky (Toxicology: Interactions of Harmful Substances with Living Organisms, Their Mechanisms, Manifestations and Effects)), 130 Linko¨ping University (Linko¨pings Universitet), 537 Lin-Shiau S.Y. (Modern Concepts in Biochemical Pharmacology), 547 Lison, D. (Toxicologie Industrielle et Intoxications Professionnelles), 178 Little M. (Toxicology Handbook, 2nd Edition), 38 Liu C.Y. (Environmental Science Dictionary), 547 Liu Fang (Bone Marrow Cytology Procedures and Atla for Toxicological Safety Assessment (Toxicological Safety Evaluation Series)), 102 Liu Jianghong (A Small Dose of Toxicology: The Health Effects of Common Chemicals (2nd ed.), 107 Liu Jianjun (Nanotoxicology: Characterization, Dosing and Health Effects), 107 Liu Jining (A New Approach to Toxicology Research: The Basic Connotation and Research Progress of Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP)), 102 Liu liang (Forensic Toxicology (5th ed.) (textbook)), 103 Liu Liang (Forensic Toxicology (textbook, 4th ed.)), 103 Liu Meiyu (Food Toxicology (textbook)), 104 Liu Mingyang (Drug toxicology), 102 Liu Qi (Risk Assessment and Toxicological Application of Pesticide Residues), 102 Liu Qizhan (Toxicology (2nd ed.)), 101 Liu Y.C. (Environmental Science Dictionary), 547 Liu Yibo (Risk Assessment and Toxicological Application of Pesticide Residues), 102

745 Liu Zongrong (Lu’s Basic Toxicology: Fundamentals, Target Organs and Risk Assessment (4th ed.)), 103 Liverpool John Moores University, 586 Lizarraga Madrigal I. (Farmacologı´a y toxicologı´a aplicada en equinos (Equine applied pharmacology and toxicology)), 348 Llanas, B. (Guide Pratique de Toxicologie Pe´diatrique), 178 Lleida University, 518 Local Government Act 1976, 340 Locani O. (Toxicologı´a Forense (Forensic Toxicology)), 20 Locatelli, C. A. (Antidoti: guida all’uso clinico e all’approvvigionamento (Antidotes: a guide to clinical use and supply)), 267 ´ 409 Ło´dz, Loghman-Hakim Hospital Poison Center, Tehran, 252 Lonati, D. (Antidoti: guida all’uso clinico e all’approvvigionamento (Antidotes: a guide to clinical use and supply)), 267 London L. (Failing Laws: Assumptions and Realities for Women in South African Agriculture), 464 London L. (Hazard Labelling), 464 London L. (Pesticide Health Impacts in Developing Countries), 464 Londrina Information Center and Toxicological AssistanceCIATox, 67 Lopes A.C. (Fundamentos de Toxicologia Clı´nica (Principles of Clinical Toxicology)), 58 Lo´pez de Cerain A. (Fundamentos de Ciencia Toxicolo´gica (The Foundation of Toxicological Science)), 507 Lo´pez de Cerain A. (Toxicologı´a: guı´a de pra´cticas (Toxicology: A Guide of Practical Teaching)), 508 Lo´pez, R. (Plomo: Genotoxicidad y Salud Humana), 156 Lord B.I. (Radiation Toxicology: Bone Marrow and Leukaemia), 569 Lorenzatti E.A. (Contaminacio´n ambiental por plaguicidas (Environmental contamination by pesticides)), 20 Lorestan University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Lorı´a Castellanos J. (Toxicologı´a clı´nica en urgencias (Clinic toxicology in the intensive care unit)), 346 Los edulcorantes artificiales: desde el punto de vista higie´nico (Artificial sweeteners: from thehygienic point of view) (Arata P.N.), 17 Los Plaguicidas en la Repu´blica Argentina (Pesticides in the Argentine Republic) (Po´rfido O.D.), 24 Los plaguicidas en los Altos de Chiapas: soluciones que matan (Pesticides in Altos de Chiapas: solutions that kill) (Bernardino Herna´ndez et al.), 342 Los plaguicidas en Me´xico: aspectos generales, toxicolo´gicos y ambientales (Pesticides in Mexico: general, toxicologic and environmental aspects) (Sa´nchez-Salinas et al.), 347

746 Los Quitapenas: clı´nica de las toxicomanı´as, un abordaje institucional (Los Quitapenas: drug Addiction clinic, an institutional approach) (Bonzini de O’Reilly S.), 19 Loshadkin N.A. (Military Toxicology), 421 Lou Yijia (Drug Toxicology (4th ed.) (textbook)), 103 Lou Yijia (Drug Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.)), 103 Lou Yijia (Drug Toxicology (textbook, 3rd ed.)), 103 Lou Yijia (Preclinical Evaluation on New Drugs: Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation (textbook)), 103 Louekari, K. (Kemikaalit ja tyo¨—Selvitys tyo¨ympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨), 166 Loughborough University, 586 Lourival Domingos Possani (Scorpion Venoms), 456 Lozano F. (Aspectos medico legales del consumo de drogas. En Patologı´a Forense Oficina del Libro), 597 Lozano F. (Intoxicaciı´n por gases y vapores en Patologı´a Forense Oficina del Libro), 597598 Lozano F. (Intoxicacio´n por metales en Patologı´a Forense Oficina del Libro), 597 Lozano F. (Rodrı´guez Almada H Aspectos medico legales del consumo de alcohol etı´lico en Patologı´a Forense Oficina del Libro), 597 Lu F.C. (Lu’s Basic Toxicology: Fundamentals, Target Organs and Risk Assessment (4th ed.)), 103 Lu Guocai (The basis and clinic of respiratory toxicology), 103 Lu Li (Drug Toxicology (textbook)), 101 Lu Qingsheng (Urinary System Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 100 Lu Yan (Experimental Methods on Descriptive Toxicology), 103 Lu’s Basic Toxicology: Fundamentals, Target Organs and Risk Assessment (4th ed.) (Liu Zongrong et al.), 103 Lubis B.A. (Hazard Indicators of Substances and Materials, Vols. 14), 420 Lubke R.A. (Chapter 13. Coastal Vegetation), 464 Lublin, 409 Luck E. (Chemische Lebensmittelkonservierung: Stoffe, Wirkung, Methodes (Translated into Russian)), 421 Ludewig R. (Akute Vergiftungen und Arzneimittelu¨berdosierungen), 189 Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 199 Luftkvalitet.info (Norway), 382 Lu¨llmann H. (Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Pharmacology and Toxicology), 18th edition), 189 Lund University (Lunds Universitet), 537 Lund University Hospital (Universitetssjukhuset i Lund), 541 Luo, Sulan (Toxins and Drug Discovery), 456457

Index

Lutz W.K. (Duale Reihe Pharmakologie und Toxikologie), 189 LUZ Agronomy Faculty Journal, 604 LUZ Clinical Investigations, 604 Luzhnikov E.A. (ed.) (Extremity toxicology. Practical guidance), 420 Lykov I.N. (Man-made systems and environmental risk), 421 Lyndon Llewellyn (Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism), 456 Lyon (Auvergne, Rho^ne-Alpes), 185

M Ma Jin (Aerospace Pharmacology and Toxicology), 103 Ma Liang (Food Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.)), 102 Ma Wenjun (Alimentary System Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 105 Maariv, 264 Maastricht University, 363 Macao Special Administrative Region Government Health Bureau, 116 Maccabi Healthcare Services, 262 MacDonald, E. (ed.) (La¨a¨ketieteellinen farmakologia ja toksikologia), 166 Machuca Sa´nchez C.D. (Prevencio´n de riesgos en industrias quı´micas (Risk prevention in chemical industries)), 508 Macquarie University, 48 MACs. See Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs) Madina Poison Control Center, 437 Madrid Autonomous University, 518 Madrid Complutense University, 519 Magalini F. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Magee, L. A. (Use of proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy and rates of major malformations: A meta-analysis. In: Medication Safety in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding), 254 Magia y chamanismo en la medicina popular del noroeste argentino (Magic and shamanism in folk medicine of northwestern Argentina) (Pe´rez De Nucci A.M.), 21 Mahdi Balali-Mood (Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism), 456 Main Physiological Standard Indicators in Humans (Trakhtenberg et al.), 422 Mainz, 201 Mäkinen, M. (Kemikaaliturvallisuuden tiedonla¨hteet), 164 Makkah Poison Control Center, 437 Makmal Bioserasi (Biocompatibility Laboratory), Centre for Research and Instrumentation Management (CRIM), 336 Malaria Toxicological Clinical Studies Section, 603 Malati di Droga (Sick of Drugs) (Silvestrini), 268 Malaysia government link companies, 333334 governmental organizations, 330333

journals, 321328 legislation, 339340 nongovernmental organizations, 334338 poison control center, 339 professional bodies, 339 technical reports and other documents, 328330 universities, 335 Malaysia Genome Institute (GENOM MALAYSIA), 334 Malaysia’s Air Pollutant Index (API), 329 Malaysian Applied Biology, 324 Malaysian Association of Environmental Health, 339 Malaysian Environmental NGOs, 335 Malaysian Institute of Chemistry, 339 Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (IPharm), 334 Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences (MyJAS), 324325 Malaysian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (MJBMB), 325 Malaysian Journal of Emergency Medicine (MJEM), 325 Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS), 325 Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences (MJMHS), 325 Malaysian Journal of Pathology, 326 Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 326 Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine (MJPHM), 326 Malaysian Journal of Science (MJS), 327 Malaysian Nuclear Agency, 331 Malaysian Pharmaceutical Society, 339 Malaysian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 339 Malaysian Society for Environmental Epidemiology, 339 Malaysian Society for Occupational Safety and Health, 339 Malaysian Society of Applied Biology, 339 Malaysian Society of Pharmacology and Physiology, 339 Malaysian Society of Toxicology (MySOT), 320321, 339 Malaysian Society on Toxinology, 339 Malaysian standards, 330 Maldonado C. (Erros De Medicac¸a˜o: Um Risco de Sau´de Medication Errors: A Risk of Healthcare), 598 Maldonado C. (Skin Reactions Associated to Phenytoin Administration: Multifactorial Cause), 598 Malhotra S. (Air Pollution and Its Control), 217 Mallet J. (Intoxicacio´n aguda por Diazino´n en nin˜os), 598 Mallet J. (Intoxicacio´n por Plaguicidas Agrı´colas y veterinarios en Uruguay. Primer Premio MSP), 600 Malmfors, Torbjo¨rn, 527 Malmo¨ University Hospital (Universitetssjukhuset MAS), 541

Index

MALs. See Maximum Allowable Levels (MALs) Man, Environment, Threat (Człowiek, s´rodowisko, zagrozenie) (Zwo´zdziak J. (ed.)), 396 Management of Poisoning. Ministry of Health Clinical Practice Guidelines (Ponampalam R.), 456 Management of Poisonings (Ghazi-Khansari, M.), 254 Management of Toxic Substances website, 82 Manejo de residuos industriales (Industrial waste management) (Sa´nchez Go´mez J.), 347 Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT), 476 “MANHAZ” Management of Health and Environmental Hazards, 398 ̱ Manitoba Health—Environmental Health Risk Assessment Team, 85 Manitoba Sustainable Development, 85 Manitoba Sustainable Development—Air Quality Monitoring, 85 Man-made systems and environmental risk (Lykov et al.), 421 Mannaioni, P. (Tossicologia medica (Medical Toxicology)), 267 Mansur J. (Drogas e Subsı´dios para ̱uma Discussa˜o (Drugs and Data for Discussion)), 58 Manual clı´nico de los antidepresivos (2a. Ed.) (Clinical manual for antidepressants) (Uriarte Bonilla V.R.), 348 Manual de Epidemiologı´a y Salud Pu´blica (Manual of Epidemiology and Public Health) (Herna´ndez I.), 508 Manual de fundamentos teo´ricopra´ctico sobre ofidios y ofidismo en Co´rdoba para la ensen˜anzasecundaria (Manual of theoreticalpractical foundations on ophidians and ophidians in Cordoba for secondary education) (Alperin et al.), 22 Manual de Intoxicaciones por Plaguicidas (Trujillo et al.), 157 Manual de medicina y toxicologı´a forense (2a ed) (Manual of forensic medicine and toxicology) (Mun˜oz-Quiro´s Caballero et al.), 508 Manual de procedimiento en la toma de muestras biolo´gicas y ambientales para determinar niveles de contaminantes (Procedure manual for biological and environmental sampling to determine levels of pollutants) (Carreo´n Valencia T.), 348 Manual de procesos en proteccio´n. 2a ed., 512 Manual de Salud Ambiental Infantil (Children’s Environmental Health Manual), 93 Manual de Seguridad, Salud y Ambiente en la Produccion Bananera, 156 Manual de te´cnicas de ana´lisis de suelos contaminados (Technical manual for the analysis of polluted soils) (Ferna´ndez et al.), 349 Manual de Te´cnicas de Laboratorio en Toxicologı´a y Quı´mica Forense (Manual of

Laboratory Techniques in Toxicology and Forensic Chemistry) (Giannuzzi et al.), 23 Manual de Toxicologı´a (Toxicology Manual) (Pla A.), 509 Manual de Toxicologı´a Infantil (Infant Toxicology Manual) (Gime´nez E.), 18 Manual de Toxicologı´a Medioambiental Forense (Manual of Environmental Forensic Toxicology) (Valverde et al.), 510 Manual de Toxicologia Ocupacional (Manual of Occupational Toxicology), 93 Manual of primary attention of Intoxications (Smulevici et al.), 25 Manual pra´ctico de quı´mica toxicolo´gica (Practical manual of toxicological chemistry) (Guatelli et al.), 18 Manual Toxicolo´gico de Productos Fitosanitarios para uso Sanitario (Toxicological Workbook of non-agriculture pesticides) (Cabrera R.), 507 Mao Wenge (Toxicology of Skin, Eye, and Bone (Target Organs Toxicology Series)), 103 Mapfre Seguridad (MAPFRE Safety) (1980), 511 Maracaibo—Estado Zulia, 611 Maracay—Estado Aragua, 611 Marasas W.F.O. (A Review of Proposed Maximum Tolerated Levels for Fumonisins in Maize and Maize Products), 464 Marasas W.F.O. (ed.) (Fumonsin B1. Environmental Health Criteria 219), 464 Marasas W.F.O. (Food for Thought about Mycotoxins, Organic and Genetically Modified Foods), 464 Marasas W.F.O. (Fumonisin Toxicosis in Pigs), 463 Marasas W.F.O. (Fumonisins  Occurrence, Toxicology, Metabolism and Risk Assessment), 463464 Marasas WFO (Fusarium), 463 Marcello I. (ed.) (Databases on chemical agents available at Italian level), 269 ˚ ´ toxikologie: Marhold, J. (Pˇrehled prumyslove anorganicke´ la´tky (Survey of Industrial Toxicology: Inorganic Substances)), 130 Maria CurieSkłodowska University in Lublin, 403 Marinchenko A.V. (Ecology), 421 Marine and Freshwater Research, 38 Marine and Freshwater Toxins (Gopalakrishnakone et al.), 456 Marine and Water Quality Monitoring Program, 328 Marine Environmental Research, 572 Marine Life Venezuelan Ecological Society “Sea Vida”, 610 Marine Pollution Act, 1981, 484 Marine Pollution Bulletin, 573 Marine water pollution, 369370 Maringa´ Poison Control CenterCCI, 67 Marinovich M. (Tossicologia molecolare e cellulare (Molecular and Cellular Toxicology)), 266 Marinovich, M. (Tossicologia (Toxicology), 3rd edition), 267

747 Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, 278 Mark Leong (Hazmat Medical Life Support: A Basic Provider Manual), 456 Markandva A. (Cleaning-Up the Ganges: A CostBenefit Analysis of the Ganga Action Plan), 217 Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, 562 Marozzi, E. (Tossicologia medica (Medical Toxicology)), 267 Marquardt H. (ed.) (Toxikologie (Toxicology), 3rd edition), 188 Marques E.K. (Mutageˆnese Ambiental (Environmental Mutagenesis)), 61 Marruecos S. (Intoxicaciones agudas graves (Severe acute poisoning)), 508 Marseille (Provence, Alpes, Co^tes d’Azur, Corse, La Re´union, Mayotte), 185 Martinez E. (Fisuras, dos estudios sobre pasta base de cocaı´na en el Uruguay. Aproximaciones cuantitativas y etnogra´ficas. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacio´n), 597 Martı´nez L. (Evaluacio´n Clı´nica y Biomarcadores de genotoxicidad en nin˜os y adultos expuestos a mezclas de plaguicidas), 599 Martı´nez Lo´pez W. (Evaluacio´n Clı´nica y Biomarcadores de genotoxicidad en nin˜os y adultos expuestos a mezclas de plaguicidas), 599 Martino O. (Emponzon˜amiento humano provocado por venenos de origen animal. Estudio epidemiolo´gico, clı´nico y experimental (Human poisoning provoked by toxins of animal origin. Epidemiological, clinical and experimental study)), 18 Martins D.I. (Toxicologia de Alimentos (Food Toxicology)), 60 Mashayekhi, S. O. (Acetaminophen: Properties, Clinical Uses and Adverse Effects. In: Acetaminophen overdose, biomarkers, and management), 254 Mashhad University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 250 Mashinchian, O. (Toxicology of Nanobiomaterials. In: Stem Cell Nanoengineering), 255 Massaldi H. (Evolution of venom antigenaemia and antivenom concentration in patients bitten by snakes in Uruguay), 600 Massaldi H. (Humoral immune responses to venom and anti-venom of patients bitten by Bothrops snakes), 600 Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), 417 Master in Environmental Pollution and Toxicology, 519 Master in Environmental Pollution, Toxicology and Health, 519 Master in Toxicology and risk assessment, 519 Mata, Pedro (“Compendium of General and Special Toxicology”), 505

748 Matatiele P. (Chapter 2. Nanoscience, nanotechnology, nanomaterials and nanotoxicology in South Africa), 464 Maternity and Children’s Hospital, 436437 MATline, 271 Mato Grosso Center of Anti-Poison Information CIAVE, 67 Matos C.E. (Toxicologia in silico: fundamentos e aplicac¸o˜es (In Silico Toxicology: Fundamentals and Applications)), 59 Matovi´c V. (Akutna trovanja lekovima), 450 Matovi´c V. (Toksikologija metala), 450 Matportalen (Norway), 382 Matters of Science—Bulletin of the Minister of Science and Higher Education (Sprawy Nauki—Biuletyn Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy_zszego), 411 Matute E. (Cerebro y drogas (Brain and drugs)), 344 Maurer H. (Mass Spectral and GC Data of Drugs, Poisons, Pesticides, Pollutants and Their Metabolites, 5th edition), 189 Maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) and interim standards (TSEL, TPL, TPC) for substances in water, air, soil (Russian and foreign standards), 423 Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs), 422423 Maximum Allowable Levels (MALs), 423 Mayahara H. (Basic Knowledge of Pharmaceutical GLP and Toxicological Studies (2nd edition)), 290 Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Mazaro R. (Princı´pios e´ticos e pra´ticos do uso de animais de experimentac¸a˜o (Ethical and practical principles forthe use of experimentation animals)), 59 Mazur E. (Dictionary of Ecology and Environmental Protection (Słownik ekologii i ochrony s´rodowiska), 2nd Edition), 395 Mazzarella D. (Residuos de Productos Fitosanitarios. Criterios Regulatorios Locales e Internacionales (Residues of Phytosanitary Products. Regulatory Criteria Local and International)), 20 McDiarmid M.A. (Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures), 599 McGill University, 89 Mcintosh K. (Poison and Peril: Forensic Toxicology), 106 McKenzie R. (Australia’s Poisonous Plants, Fungi and Cyanobacteria), 38 MDSU University, 239 Measurements of heavy metals concentrations at geochemical contamination of soil in Moscow, 423 Mebs D. (Giftiere Ein Handbuch fu¨r Biologen, Toxikologen, A¨rzteund Apotheker), 190 Mechanisms and Concepts in Toxicology (Aldridge W.N.), 568 Mechoso B. (Efectos del cannabis sobre la viabilidad celular y el ciclo suen˜o vigilia en un modelo animal), 599

Index

Medical and analytical toxicology, 189 Gloxhuber C. (Toxikologie (Toxicology), 5th edition), 189 Ludewig R. (Akute Vergiftungen und Arzneimittelu¨berdosierungen), 189 Regenthal R. (Akute Vergiftungen und Arzneimittelu¨berdosierungen), 189 Wirth W. (Toxikologie (Toxicology), 5th edition), 189 Medical and Biological Problems Related to Destruction of Chemical Weapons, 421 Medical Career Specialist in ToxicologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Buenos Aires, 30 Medical Council of New Zealand, 372 Medical Device Act 2012, 339 Medical Device Authority, Malaysia, 332 Medical Device Regulations 2012, 339 Medical Drug Metabolism (Yamazaki (ed.) et.al.), 290 Medical Intervention, 207 Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 226 Medical Journal of Malaysia, 327 Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 256 Medical Management Monographs on Hazardous Materials in Multicasualty Incidents: Hospital Guidelines, 3rd edition, Emergency and Disaster Division, Israel Ministry of Health (Bentur) (ed.), 257 Medical Pharmacology for Rational Therapy (Turkish), 13th Edition (), 559 Medical Products Agency, MPA (La¨kemedelsverket), 529 Medical Research Council (MRC), 580 Medical Service of Malaria Sanitary Hygiene, 603 Medical Specialists in Toxicology, 30 Medical Toxicology. Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning (Ellenhorn et al.), 421 The Medical University of Air Force (The Fourth Military Medical University) Faculty of Preventive Medicine, 120 Medical University of Bialystok, 403 ´ 403 Medical University of Gdansk, Medical University of Lodz, 404 Medical University of Lublin, 403 Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 404 Medical University of Warsaw, 404 Medicina Clı´nica (Clinical Medicine), 511 Medicina forense (Forensic medicine) (Grandini Gonza´lez et al.), 345 Medicina Legal y Toxicologia, 6th Edition (Legal Medicine and Toxicology) (Gisbert-Calabuig J.A.), 508 The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of India (Caius J.F.), 213 The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. Being an Account of Their Medicinal and Other Uses, Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Effects and Toxicology in Man and Animal, 2nd Edition (Watt et al.), 463 Medicinal Plants of South Africa (van Wyk et al.), 463 Medicinal toxicity, Australia, 35

Medicine and Health, 327 Medicine of Labor and Industrial Ecology, 422 Medicines (Advertisement and Sale Act), 460 Medicines Act, 460 Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), 577 Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act, 1997, 484 The Medicines Control Council (South African Health Products Regulatory Authority), 471 Medicines database, 417 Medico-Environmental Surveillance of Workers’ Health, 75 Medico-forensic physical evidences. Blood, discharges, hair (Barsegyants L.O.), 420 Medina F. (Sensibilidad quı´mica mu´ltiple: un desafı´o para la salud ocupacional Rev. Me´d. Urug), 599 Medio ambiente (The environment) (Lezama et al.), 346 MEDISTYL, Ltd., 138 Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, 207 MediTox, Ltd., 138 Me´garbane, B. (Urgences Toxicologiques de l’adulte), 178 Mehring, M. (Toxicologie), 178 Meier J. (ed.) (Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons), 38 Mejoramiento Ambiental y Sanitario en la Floricultura (Harari et al.), 157 Melaka Biotechnology Corporation, 333 Me´mo Intoxications Aigue¨s (Weber et al.), 179 Memorias del primer curso de actualizacion en toxicologia veterinaria (Memoirs of the first course of actualization in Toxicology) (Rosiles Martinez R.), 347 Memorias del primer curso de actualizacion en toxicologia veterinaria (Memoirs of the first course of actualization in Toxicology) (Ocampo Cambero L.), 347 Menchaca A. (Intoxicacio´n aguda por cocaı´na en un lactante no asociada a lactancia materna. A propo´sito de un caso clinic), 598 Mendes R. (Patologia do Trabalho (Occupational Pathology)), 59 Me´ndez M. (Erros De Medicac¸a˜o: Um Risco de Sau´de Medication Errors: A Risk of Healthcare), 598 Mendez M. (Hepatotoxicidad por Amanita Lilloi: reporte de primeros casos), 598 Mendez M. (Montevide0 s health care centers, mercury sources identification and quantification), 599 Mendez M. (Pilot study on Mercury and Health at the University Hospital), 597 Me´ndez M. (Toxicidad pulmonar por inyeccio´n intravenosa de eugenol), 598 Mendoza Cantu´ A. (Ensayos toxicolo´gicos para la evaluacio´n de sustancias quı´micas en agua y suelo: La experiencia en Me´xico (Toxicological tests for the evaluation of chemicals in water and soil: the Mexican experience)), 347

Index

Mendoza Martı´nez E. (Toxicologı´a de los alimentos (Food toxicology)), 343 Meng Ziqiang (Basic Environmental Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.)), 103 Meng Ziqiang (Biology of Sulfur Dioxide: Toxicology Physiology Pathophysiology), 103 Meng Ziqiang (Ecotoxicology (textbook)), 103 Meng Ziqiang (Modern Environmental Toxicology), 103 Meng Ziqiang (Sandstorm Medicine and Toxicology), 103 Mengozzi, G. (Tossicologia veterinaria (Veterinary Toxicology)), 267 Mental Health Hospital, 437 Menu, E. (Toxicologie), 178 Menzel S. (Mutschler Arzneimittelwirkungen: PharmakologieKlinische PharmakologieToxikologie), 188 Merian E. (ed) (Elements and their Compounds in the Environment, 2nd edition), 190 Mervaala, E. (ed.) (Farmakologia ja toksikologia), 164 Metabolism of Anthropogenic Toxicants in Higher Plants (Kvesitadze G.I.), 421 Metabolism of Lead and its Poisoning (Sahebghadam-Lotfi), 252 Metabolismo de las toxinas ambientales (Environmental toxins metabolism) (Rodrı´guez-Arnaiz R.), 347 Metahemoglobinemia relacionada con ingesta de pure´ de acelgas (Pascale et al.), 598 Metais: Gerenciamento da Toxicidade (Metals: Toxicity Management) (Azevedo et al.), 58 Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants and Animals (Singh V.P.), 219 Metal Toxicology (Modern Toxicology Series) (Chang Yuanxun), 100 “Metavasi Zois”, 209 Methods of Sampling in Forensic Toxicology (Abedi), 254 Methyl bromide, 12 Me´todos ecotoxicolo´gicos para la evaluacio´n de suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos (Ecotoxicological methods for the evaluation of hydrocarbon polluted soils) (Cuevas Dı´az et al (eds.)), 344 Metzler M. (Toxikologie. Fu¨r Naturwissenschaftler und Mediziner), 188 Meuhedet Health Maintenance Organization, 262 Mexican Toxicology Network (RETOMEX), 16 Mexico books, 342350 education/schools, 356 journals, 350353 legislation and regulations, 355356 nongovernmental organizations, 353 organizations, 353 poison control centers, 354355 toxicology laboratories, 354355

Me´xico to´xico: emergencias quı´micas (Toxic Mexico: chemical emergencies) (Albert et al.), 342 Mezadri T.J. (Animais de Laborato´rio: Cuidados na iniciac¸a˜o experimental (Laboratory Animals: Concerns in Experimental Initiation)), 59 M G University, 239 MHRA. See Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) Miao Mingsan (Practical Toxicology of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 103 Miao S.L. (Environmental Science Dictionary), 547 Michel O.D. (Toxicologia Ocupacional (Occupational Toxicology)), 59 Micologı´a Aplicada International (Applied Mycology International), 352 Micotossine. Riconoscimento e prevenzione delle micotossicosi di interesse medico (Mycotoxins. Recognition and prevention of medical interest mycotoxicoses) (Delledonne), 266 Microbiologı´a ambiental (Environmental microbiology) (Rosas et al.), 350 Midio A.F. (Glossa´rio de Toxicologia: com versa˜o em Ingleˆs e Espanhol (Glossary of Toxicology)), 59 Midio A.F. (InseticidasAcaricidas: Organofosforados e Carbamatos (InsecticidesAcaricides: Organophophate and Carbamate)), 60 Midio F.A. (Toxicologia de Alimentos (Food Toxicology)), 60 Midreshet Sde Boker, 263 Midtgard U. (ed.) (Toksikologiiarbejdsmiljøet, Bind 1_2), 148 Miglioramento della prevenzione e della gestione delle intossicazioni acute [in Italian] (Improvement of acute intoxication prevention and management), 269 Migliore, L. (Genomica e mutagenesi ambientale (Environmental Genomics and Mutagenesis)), 267 Miguel Hernandez University, 519 Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, 399 Military Institute of Medicine, 399 Military Toxicology (Loshadkin et al.), 421 Military Toxicology, Radiobiology and Medical Protection (Kutsenko S.A. (ed.)), 421 Miljø- ogarbejdsmedicin (Bonde et al (eds.)), 148 Miller C. (Chemical Exposures: Low Levels and High Stakes), 569 Miller J.D. (ed.) (Fumonsin B1. Environmental Health Criteria 219), 464 Miller J.D. (Fumonisins  Occurrence, Toxicology, Metabolism and Risk Assessment), 464 Milŏsevi´c M. (Osnovi toksikologije sa elementima ekotoksikologije), 450 Min Jiukang (Soil Ecological Toxicology and Environmental Bioremediation Engineering), 103 The Minamata Convention on Mercury, 4

749 Mine Health and Safety Act, 1996, 484 Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute PAS, 401 Ministe´re de l’environnement et lutte contre les changements climatiques Que´bec, 86 Ministerio de Agricultura e Irrigacio´n (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation), 387 Ministerio del Ambiente (Ministry of the Environment), 386 Ministerio del Medio ambiente (MMA), 94 Ministerio del Trabajo (Ministry of Labor), 388 Ministerio Pu´blico—Fiscalı´a de la Nacio´n (Public Ministry—Office of the Public Prosecutor), 388 Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Utrikesdepartementet), 528 Ministry for LabourMTE, 62 Ministry for the Ecological Transition (Spain), 516 Ministry Institutes (Instituciones de este Ministerio), 605 Ministry of Agricultural and Lands (Ministerio de Agricultura y Tierras), 605 Ministry of Agriculture (Jordbruksdepartementet), 527 Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry, Malaysia, 330 Ministry of Agriculture and Cattle, 158 Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, 227 The Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 376 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 171 Ministry of Agriculture and Lands. Pesticide Wise, 84 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Poland), 393, 397 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Israel), 261 Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad, 249 Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, 135 Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Spain), 515 Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 489 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Resources (Serbia), 452 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF), 294 Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and SupplyMAPA, 61 Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, 360 Ministry of Climate and Environment (Norway), 375, 377, 382 Ministry of Coal and Mines, 227 Ministry of Culture (Kulturdepartementet), 528 Ministry of Defense (Fo¨rsvarsdepartementet), 528 Ministry of Defense (Spain), 515 Ministry of Development, 397 Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-Operation And Consumerism, Malaysia, 330 Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development, 183

750 Ministry of Economy (Poland), 393 Ministry of Economy and Industry, 260 Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI), 294 Ministry of Education and Research (Utbildnings-departementet), 528 Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, 117 Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, 360 Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (Spain), 515 Ministry of Employment (Arbetsmarknadsdeparte-mentet), 528 Ministry of Employment and Labor, 489 Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change, Malaysia, 330 Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications (Na¨ringsdepartementet), 528 Ministry of Environment, 489 Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, 85 Ministry of Environment of Ecuador, 158 Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, 227 Ministry of Environmental—MMA, 62 Ministry of Environmental Protection (Serbia), 452 Ministry of European Integration (Serbia), 452 Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy, 399 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 489, 496 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) (Norway), 376 Ministry of Foreign Relations, 159 Ministry of Health (MoH), 136, 183, 206, 272 Ministry of Health (Poland), 393394 Ministry of Health (Serbia), 452 Ministry of Health and Care Services (Norway), 377 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 228 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (Socialdepartementet), 529 Ministry of Health and Social Development (Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social), 605 Ministry of Health and Welfare, 489 Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C, 550 Ministry of Health Legislation related to Biosafety, 460 Ministry of Health Legislation related to Infectious Diseases, 460 Ministry of Health, 398 Ministry of Health, 457 Ministry of Health, Consumption, and Social Welfare (Spain), 516 Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare (MHLW), 294 Ministry of Health, Malaysia, 331 Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (VWS), 360 Ministry of HealthMS, 62 Ministry of Home Affairs (Spain), 517 Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia, 332

Index

Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Tourism (Spain), 517 Ministry of Industry, Mine & Trade, 249 Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, 360 Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality (Integrations—och ja¨msta¨lldhetsdepartementet), 529 Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Malaysia, 331 Ministry of Justice, 399 Ministry of Justice (Justitiedepartementet), 529 Ministry of Justice (Spain), 517 Ministry of Labor, Migration, and Social Security (Spain), 517 Ministry of Labour, 159 Ministry of Labour (Ministerio Del Trabajo), 605 Ministry of Labour and Employment, 230 Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Norway), 377 The Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation (Norway), 377 Ministry of Manpower, 457 Ministry of National Defence (Poland), 393, 399 Ministry of Popular Power for Sciences and Technologies (MCT), 607 Ministry of Popular Power for the Ecosocialism (Before for the Environment), 608 Ministry of Popular Power for the Health, 608 Ministry of Popular Power for the Land and the Agriculture, 609 Ministry of Popular Power for the Work and Social Security, 609 Ministry of Public Health, 159 Ministry of Rural Development and Food, 206 Ministry of Science and ICT, 489 Ministry of Science and Technology, 230, 605 Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, 118 Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (Spain), 515 Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment, 360 Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, 171 Ministry of the Environment (Miljo¨departementet), 528 Ministry of the Environment (MOE), 171, 294, 399 Ministry of the Environment and Energy, 206 Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, 457 Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic, 136 Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 85 Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries, 376 Ministry of Transport and Communications (Norway), 377 Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources, 333 Ministry Responsible for Public Works (Spain), 517 Minzu University of China School of Pharmacy, 120 Mion, G. (Les Envenimations Graves), 178

Miral Dizdaroglu (Advances in DNA Damage and Repair: Oxygen Radical Effects, Cellular Protection, and Biological Consequences (Nato Science Series A) (English)), 559 Mirex, 2 Mirtschin P. (Australia’s Dangerous Snakes: Identification, Biology and Envenoming), 38 Mishra K.D. (Ecology of Polluted Waters and Toxicology), 217 Mission in KSOT/KEMS, 488 MISTRA, The Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (Stiftelsen fo¨r miljo¨strategisk forskning), 534 Misuse of Drugs Act, 460 Miura M. (ed.) (Radiological Sciences), 290 MiXie, 77 Miyagawa K. (ed.) (Radiological Sciences), 290 Miyakoshi J. (ed.) (Radiological Sciences), 290 MJBMB. See Malaysian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (MJBMB) MJEM. See Malaysian Journal of Emergency Medicine (MJEM) MJMHS. See Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences (MJMHS) MJMS. See Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS) M. J. P. Ruhelkhand University, 239 MJPHM. See Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine (MJPHM) MJS. See Malaysian Journal of Science (MJS) Mo Baoqing (Chemical Carcinogenesis (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 107 Mock M. (Normas de Prevencio´n de la Contaminacio´n Mercurial en la Profesio´n Odontolo´gica (Norms of Mercury Contamination Prevention in the dentistry Profession)), 604 Modarresi, M. M. (Enriched Uranium: Effects on Human and Environment), 253 Model Organism Toxicology: Summary and Thinking Based on The Study of Caenorhabditis Elegans (Wang Dayong), 105 Modern Concepts in Biochemical Pharmacology (Lin-Shiau S.Y.), 547 Modern Environmental Toxicology (Meng Ziqiang), 103 Modern Preventive Medicine, 112 Modern Toxicology Foundation (textbook, 2nd ed.) (Pei Qiuling), 103 Modern Toxicology: A Concise Course (Zhou Zongcan et al.), 107 Modificacio´n al Reglamento de la Ley General de Aguas. DECRETO SUPREMO No̱ 007-83-SA, 390 Modificacio´n del Reglamento de la Ley de Control de Insumos Quı´micos y Productos Fiscalizados. DECRETO SUPREMO N 084-2006-PCM, 391 Modificacio´n del Reglamento de la Ley de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo, DECRETO SUPREMO No̱ 016-2016-TR, 391

Index

Modificacio´n del Reglamento para el Registro, Control, y Vigilancia Sanitaria de productos farmace´uticos, dispositivos me´dicos y productos sanitarios. DECRETO SUPREMO No̱ 016-2017-SA, 390 Moghadamnia, A. A. (Analysis of Toxic Substances (Emergency & Practical)), 253 Moghadamnia, A. A. (Emergency Management of Poisoned Patients), 253 Moghadamnia, A. A. (Pesticide’s Chemical Safety and Control of Poisoning), 253 Mohanlal Sukhadia University, 239 Mohr K. (Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Pharmacology and Toxicology), 18th edition), 189 Moilanen, E. (ed.) (La¨a¨ketieteellinen farmakologia ja toksikologia), 166 Mokranjac, Momˇcilo, 447448 Mokranjac, Momˇcilo, 447448 Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, Wiley (Smart et al.), 376 Molecular and Experimental Pathology Society of Australasia (MEPSA), 55 Molecular Biology Association of Turkey, 564 Molecular Cancer Research Hellenic Firm, 208 Molecular Cancer Treatment Hellenic Company, 208 Molecular Toxicology (Guidance Book Series to improve core ability of scientific research personnel) (Yuan Jing et al.), 106 Molecular toxicology, 491 Moll M. J. (E-Waste Informal recycling: An Emerging Source of Lead Exposure in South America), 599 Moll M.J. (Intoxicacio´n por Plaguicidas Agrı´colas y veterinarios en Uruguay. Primer Premio MSP), 600 Moll M.J. (Substance use in adolescents with environmental lead exposure in childhood), 599 Moll M.J. (Tobacco use in adolescents exposed to lead), 599 Moll Pardo M.J. (Substance use in adolescents with environmental lead exposure in childhood), 599 Moll Pardo M.J. (Tobacco use in adolescents exposed to lead), 600 Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (MonCOEH), 49 Monash University, 48 Monash University Malaysia, 338 Monash Venoms and Toxins Group, 49 Mondino V. (Efectos del cannabis sobre la viabilidad celular y el ciclo suen˜o vigilia en un modelo animal), 599 Monitoring of contaminants’ releases to water bodies, 423 Monitoring of Contamination Sources of the Environment, 424 Montagna C.M. (Clasificacio´n y Toxicologı´a de los Plaguicidas (Classification and Toxicology of Pesticides)), 19 Monteiro-Riviere A. (Nanotoxicology: Characterization, Dosing and Health Effects), 107

Montes A. (Recollida e limpeza do fuel do Prestige. Avaliacio´n da exposicio´n e danos a´ sau´de en voluntarios e traballadores (Cleaning of Fuel from the Prestige. Exposure Evaluation and Health Effects in Volunteers and Workers)), 508 Montevide0 s health care centers, mercury sources identification and quantification (Mendez et al.), 599 Montiel Falcon H. (El ABC de la toxicologı´a (Toxicology ABC)), 346 Montoya Cabrera M.A. (Toxicologı´a clı´nica (Clinical toxicology)), 346 The Montreal Protocol (MP), 12 Moraes Castro M.A. (Intoxicacio´n por Anı´s de Campo), 598 Moraes M. (Consumo de Alcohol, Cocaı´na y Cafeı´na en el embarazo: efectos sobre el embarazo y el nin˜o), 597 Moraes M. (Consumo de drogas en el embarazo, en Pautas de evaluacio´n y tratamiento de los consumos problema´ticos de sustancias en los tres niveles de atencio´n), 597 Morais V. (Ana´lisis comparativo de los venenos ofı´dicos de importancia clı´nica y studio bioquı´mico del accidente ofı´dico en Uruguay), 600 Morais V. (Evolution of venom antigenaemia and antivenom concentration in patients bitten by snakes in Uruguay), 600 Morais V. (Humoral immune responses to venom and anti-venom of patients bitten by Bothrops snakes), 600 Moral de la Rubia J. (De la salud a la enfermedad: ha´bitos to´xicos y alimenticios (From health to disease: toxic habits and nutrition)), 346 Mora´n Martı´nez J. (Arse´nico: perspectiva epidemiolo´gica ambiental y de salud (Arsenic: epidemiologic, environmental and health perspective)), 346 Mordedura por vı´bora de coral (Juanena et al.), 600 Moreau R.L.M. (Toxicologia Analı´tica (Analytical Toxicology)), 60 Moreira A.H.P. (Intoxicac¸o˜es Agudas: Bases do Diagno´stico Clı´nico-Laboratorial de Urgeˆncia (Acute Intoxication)), 60 Moreno-Sanchez R. (Contaminacion ambiental por metales pesados: impacto en los seres vivos (Heavy metals environmental pollution: impact on living organisms)), 343 Morera V. (Bioquı´mica del humo de tabaco (Tobacco smoke biochemistry)), 18 Moretti, M. E. (Use of proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy and rates of major malformations: A meta-analysis. In: Medication Safety in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding), 254 Moretti, S. (Sistema informativo nazionale per la sorveglianza delle esposizioni pericolose e delle intossicazioni: casi rilevati nel 2014. Nono rapporto annuale (National information system for monitoring dangerous exposure and

751 intoxication: cases detected in 2014. Ninth annual report)), 268 Moretton J.A. (Toxicologı´a de los residuos en la elaboracio´n de celulosa (Toxicology of waste in celluloseprocessing)), 20 Morgan B.J.T. (Ed.) (Statistics in Toxicology: A Volume in Memory of David A. Williams), 569 Mori H. (ed.) (Files of Acute Poisoning Information (4th edition)), 290 Morita T. (ed.) (Atlas of Comet Assay Images), 289 Moser, V. C. (ed.) (Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3rd Edition, Volumes 1-4), 254 Mossor-Pietraszewska T. (ed.) (Compendium ̱ of Knowledge about Ecology (Kompendium wiedzy o ekologii), 3rd Edition), 395 Mostashari M. (A Chemical Viewpoint to the Imposed War), 253 Mouwasat Hospital, 436 Moztarzadeh, F. (Asbestos and Other Hazardous Mineral Fibers), 253 MSDS Australia, 56 MU Accident Research Centre (MUARC), 49 Mudry M. (Gene´tica toxicolo´gica (Toxicological genetics)), 20 Mukherjee J.B. (J.B Mukherjee’s Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 5th edition), 217 Multi Subject Center of Research in Chemistry, Biology and Agricultural of University of CampinasCPQBA, 64 Multiple Choice Questions of Occupational and Industrial Toxicology (Afshari, D.), 253 Mu¨nchen, 201 Municipal Center of Regional Pathologies and Tropical Medicine, 27 Municipality Healthservice, 360 Munne´ P. (Intoxicaciones agudas. Protocolos de Tratamiento (Acute poisonings. Protocol Treatments)), 509 Mun˜oz-Quiro´s Caballero J.M. (Manual de medicina y toxicologı´a forense (2a ed) (Manual of forensic medicine and toxicology)), 508 Mu¨nster, 202 Murashova A.A. (Ecoeconomic and information tools in the management system for the use of nature in the region), 421 Murcia University, 519 Murdoch University (Murdoch), 52 Murray L. (Toxicology Handbook, 2nd Edition), 38 Murty M.N. (Cleaning-Up the Ganges: A CostBenefit Analysis of the Ganga Action Plan), 217 Murty O.P. (The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology), 217 Musee N. (Chapter 8. Relevance of nanotechnology to Africa: Synthesis, Applications and Safety), 464 Musiychuk Y.I. (ed.) (Harmful Substances in the Environment. Oxygen-containing organic compounds. (Reference and Encyclopedic Edition). Parts I, II, III), 421 Mussalo-Rauhamaa, H. (Ympa¨risto¨terveys), 165

752 Mustonen, H. (ed.) (Myrkytystietokeskus 50 v19612011), 164 Mutageˆnese Ambiental (Environmental Mutagenesis) (Ribeiro et al.), 61 Mutschler E. (Mutschler Arzneimittelwirkungen: PharmakologieKlinische PharmakologieToxikologie), 188 Mutual Joint Visits, 8 MyJAS. See Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences (MyJAS) Myrkytystietokeskus 50 v- 19612011 (Hoppu et al.) (eds.), 164 MySOT. See Malaysian Society of Toxicology (MySOT)

N Nagasaki International University, 302 Nagoya City University, 302 Nagoya University, 303 Naito H. (Encyclopaedias of Dietary Supplements and Poisoning), 290 Naito H. (Encyclopaedias of Drug Abuse and Poisoning: From Stimulant Drugs to Antitussives), 290 Najˇceˇsc´a trovanja u veterinarskoj medicine ´ (Cupi´ c V.), 450 Najran University, 439 Nakajima M. (ed.) (Atlas of Comet Assay Images), 289 NAMS. See National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) Nanchang University School of Public Health, 121 Nancy (Grand-Est, Bourgogne, Franche Comte´), 185 Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, 115 Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, 121 Nanomaterial Information Reference, 494 NanoSafe Australia, 37 NanoSafe Australia’s position paper on OHS best practices for the Australian nanotechnology industry, 39 Nanotoxicology and Safety Research Methods (Zhang Zhiyong), 107 Nanotoxicology: Basics for Safe Application of Nanomaterials (2nd ed.) (Zhao Yuliang et al.), 107 Nanotoxicology: Characterization, Dosing and Health Effects (Zhuang Zhixiong et al.), 107 Nanotoxicology: for Safe Use of Nanomaterials (Zhang Yingge), 107 Nanotoxicology: The Foundation for Safe Application of Nanomaterials (Zhao Yuliang et al.), 107 Nantong University School of Public Health, 121 Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, 459 Napier University, 586 NAQIS. See National Air Quality Information System (NAQIS)

Index

Narayan Reddy K.S. (The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology), 217 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act, 245 Narcotic in Children’s Medicine (Shahramain), 253 Narcotics (Narkotyki) (Szukalski B.), 395 Narcotics; Diagnosis and Extraction (Fekri, M.), 254 NARO. See National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) NATA. See National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia (NATA) National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS), 243 National Academy of Sciences, 243 National Administration of Medicines, Foods and Medical Technology (ANMAT), 15, 32 National Agricultural Exhibition Center, 117 National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 295 National Agro Technical Extension and Service Centre, 117 National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS), 82 National Air Pollution Surveillance Program, 82 National Air Quality Information System (NAQIS), 468 National and provincial People’s Congress (NPC), 100 National Animal Husbandry Station, 117 National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia (NATA), 46 National Atomic Energy Agency, 400 A National Biotechnology Strategy for South Africa, 468 National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW) (Socialstyrelsen), 529 National Bureau for Drug Prevention, 398 National Cancer Center (NCC), 295 National Center for Emission Balancing and Management, 412 National Center of Chemical Substances (CNSC), 270 National Central University, 553 National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (NCEPH), 47 National Centre for Nuclear Research Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, 397 National Centre for Nuclear Research, 398 The National Centre for Research and Development—NCRD (Narodowe Centrum ´ Rozwoju—NCBiR), 412 Badani National Centre of Scientific Research “DEMOKRITOS”, 207 National Chemicals Information System, 493 National Chiao Tung University, 553 National Chung Hsing University, 555 National Code of Mandatory Report of Diseases and Health events, 600 National Commission of Chemical Safety, 62, 248 National Control for Biological Products Unit, 479

National Coroners Information System (NCIS), 39, 44 National Council of Control of Psicotropic Substances, 160 National Council of Health, 62, 159 National Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), 15 National Dangerous Substance Information System, 493 National Databases of Indian Medical Journals, 226 National Dose Registry (NDR), 75 National Drug and Poison Information Center (NDPIC) (Saudi Arabia), 436 National Enteric Surveillance Program (NESP), 75 National Environment Agency, 458 National Environment Protection Council (NEPC), 41 National Environment Protection Measures (NEPMs), 41 National Environmental Agency Administered Legislation, 460 National Environmental Agency, 460 National Environmental Information System (SINA), 271 National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004, 484 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004, 485 National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act 57, 2003, 485 National Environmental Monitoring of Radionuclides, 76 National Environmental Protection Institute (NEPI), 492 National Environmental Research Institutes, 151 National Environmental Standing Committee (enHealth), 41 National Environmental Tribunal Act, 245 National Fire Agency, Ministry of the Interior, R.O.C, 551 National Fisheries Technology Extension Center, 117 National Food Administration (Livsmedelsverket), 529 National Food and Nutrition Institute, 398 National Food Institute, 145 National Foundation of HealthFUNASA, 62 The National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management, 400 National Fund of Science, Technology and Innovation (FONACIT), 608 National Government, 40 National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), 3637, 44 National Health Emergency Directorate, 28 The National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), 471 National Health Programs of India: National Policies & Legislations Related to Health (Kishore J.), 215 National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), 551

Index

National Health Research Institutes (Taipei Office), 552 National Health Service (NHS), 271, 577 National Health Surveillance AgencyANVISA, 62 National Health System, 595 National Hellenic Research Foundation, 207, 209 National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia, 333 National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS), 41 National Initiatives, 366 National Inquiry Services Centre (NISC SA), 468 National Institute for Agricultural Research, 183 The National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), 472 National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 295 National Institute for Environmental Studies News, 291 National Institute for Health and Safety at Work (INSHT), 505 National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, 274 National Institute for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Protection, 136 National Institute for Occupational Health (NIOH), 472 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 360 National Institute for Working Life (Arbetslivsin-stitutet), 530 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 296 National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), 492 National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), 296 National Institute of Chemical Safety (NIES), 492 National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), 492, 496 National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 490, 495 National Institute of Forensic Science (NIFS), 44 National Institute of Genetics (NIG), 296 National Institute of Health and Labor Security, 609 National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) Expert reports and publications database, 182 National Institute of Health and Nutrition (NIHN), 296 National Institute of Health and Safety at Work, 512 National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), 296 National Institute of Hygiene “Dr. RAFAEL RANGEL”, 608 National Institute of Informatics (NII), 313 National Institute of Labor Prevention, Health and Safety, 605 National Institute of Occupational Health (Norway), 377

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 333 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan (JNIOSH), 291 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad, 239 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, 239 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hajipur, 239 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hyderabad, 239 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Mohali, 239 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli, 240 National Institute of Public Health (NIPH), 127, 136, 296 National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene, 398 National Institute of Radiation Protection, Ministry of Health and Prevention, Denmark, 150 National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), 296 National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), 231 National Institute of Social Security, 159 National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE), 297 National Institute of the Industrial Environment and Risk, 183 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), 371 National Institutes for Research and Health, 273 National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 296 National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia (NIBM), 333 National journal, 451 National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, 153 National Level Environmental Health Monitoring Study, 494 The National Library (Biblioteka Narodowa), 411 National Library of Medicine (NLM), 69 The National Library of Poland (Biblioteka Narodowa), 412 The National Medical Journal of India, 227 National Medicines Institute, 398 National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), 7576 National Monitoring Center for Drugs and Addiction, 136 National Museum of Medicine ‘Dr. Eduardo Estrella’, 159 National Network for the Vigilance, Inspection, and Control of Chemical Products. Ministry of Health and Consumer Issues, 523 National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC), 4041 National Office of Pollution Prevention (NOPP), 83 National Parks Board (Singapore Botanical Gardens), 458 National People’s Congress (NPC), 125

753 National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency, Malaysia, 332 National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 555 National Plan on Drugs, 523 National Plan on Drugs. Ministry of Health, and Consumer Issues, 520 National Poison Center, 26, 339, 373 National Poison Control Center (NPCC), 453 National poison information center in Israel, 264 National Poisons Information Centre (NVIC), 244, 365 National Poisons Information Service (NPIS), 577 National Poisons Information Service (NPIS), Poison Control Centers, 591 National Poisons Information Service Centres, 591 National Pollutant Inventory (NPI), 40 National Pollutant Release Inventory, 83 National Population Health Survey, 76 National Program on Prevention and Control of Poisoning (PRECOTOX), 16 National Protection Program, 448 National Radiation Protection Institute, 137 National Reference Laboratory for Diagnosis of Botulism, 27 National Register of Italian Certified Toxicologists (RENTIC), 281 National Registration Authority (NRA), 40 National Research Center of Drug Addiction, 428 National Research Centre for OHS Regulation (NRCOHSR), 47 National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Ministry of Employment, Denmark, 149 National Research Council Canada—Institute for Chemical Process and Environmental Technology (ICPET), 83 The National Research Foundation (NRF), 473 National Safety Council of Australia (NSCA), 46 National Safety Council of Singapore, 458 National Science Centre—NSC (Narodowe Centrum Nauki—NCN), 412 National Secretary of Science and Technology, 159 National Service for Agri-Food Health and Quality (SENASA), 31 National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health Valvira, 172 National System of Toxic-Pharmacological Information, 61 National System of Toxic-Pharmacological InformationSINITOX, 6162 National Taiwan Ocean University, 555 National Taiwan University College of Medicine (NTUCM), 545 National Taiwan University College of Public Health, 121 National Taiwan University, 553 National Toxics Network (NTN), 47 National University of Singapore (NUS), 459

754 National Veterinary Institute (Statens Veterina¨rmedicinska Anstalt, SVA), 530 National Veterinary Toxicological Information Service, 27 National Water Act, 1998, 485 National Water Management Strategy, 468 National Water Resources Strategy. Water for an Equitable and Sustainable Future, 468 National Yang-Ming University, 554 Nationale MAC lijst, 358 Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), 582 Natural History Museum, 582 Natural Resources Institute Finland, 170 Natural toxins, 600 Natuurwetenschap & Techniek wetenschapsmagazine, 359 Naude T.W. (Plant Poisonings and Mycotoxicosis of Livestock in Southern Africa, 2nd Edition), 463 Naude T.W. (The Distribution, Diagnoses and Estimated Economic Impact of Plant Poisonings and Mycotoxicoses in South Africa), 463 Navarra University, 519 Navas Reyes J.L. (Prevencio´n de riesgos en industrias quı´micas (Risk prevention in chemical industries)), 508 Navdanya, 235 Naydyonova N.G. (Juvenile Drug Addiction Treatment), 422 NCIS. See National Coroners Information System (NCIS) Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde (Netherlands Journal of Medicine), 359 Nederlandse Vereniging voor Toxicologie. See Netherlands Society of Toxicology (NVT) NEDO. See New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) Negrin A. (Adicciones. Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello-SehabiaguePrego-de Leonardis), 598 Negrin A. (Brain dysfunction changes in abstinent cocaine abusers), 599 Negrin A. (Cocaı´na adulterada con Levamisol: reporte de 3 casos clı´nicos), 599 Negrin A. (Cocaine base paste: experience from the Montevideo Poison Control Center), 599 Negrin A. (El abuso cro´nico de clorhidrato y pasta base de cocaı´na asocia envejecimiento arterial y aumento del riesgo cardiovascular en jo´venes asintomo´ticos), 599 Negrin A. (Erros De Medicac¸a˜o: Um Risco de Sau´de Medication Errors: A Risk of Healthcare), 598 Negrin A. (Evolution of venom antigenaemia and antivenom concentration in patients bitten by snakes in Uruguay), 600 Negrin A. (Exposicio´n no intencional a cannabis en nin˜os en el marco de la regulacio´n del mercado en Uruguay), 599

Index

Negrin A. (Humoral immune responses to venom and anti-venom of patients bitten by Bothrops snakes), 600 Negrin A. (Intoxicacio´n por Mono´xido de Carbono. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello  Sehabiague  Prego  de Leonardis), 598 Negrin A. (Intoxicacio´n por Plaguicidas Agrı´colas y veterinarios en Uruguay. Primer Premio MSP), 600 Negrin A. (Mene´ndez C. Ofidismo en Uruguay. Especies peligrosas y caracterı´sticas del accidente ofı´dico), 597 Negrin A. (Mordedura por vı´bora de coral), 600 Negrin A. (Tratamiento de Urgencia de las Intoxicaciones Descontaminacio´n digestiva, y cuta´nea. Antı´dotos. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello, Sehabiague, Prego, de Leonardis), 598 Neira J. (Sindrome de lesio´n por inhalacio´n de humo (SLIH)), 24 Neira M. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Neira M. (Networking to advance progress in children0 s environmental health), 599600 Nejˇcastˇejˇsı´ otravy a jejich terapie (The Most Frequent Types of Poisoning and Associated Therapy) (Pelclova´), 131 Nelson Mandela University (NMU), 476 Nemoci z povola´nı´ a intoxikace (Occupational Diseases and Intoxication) (Pelclova´), 131 Nendza M. (Handbuch der gefa¨hrlichen Gu¨ter. Gesamtwerk: Merkbla¨tter 1-2900), 191 NeoEnBiz, 500 Neou, P. (Clinical Toxicology and Treatment of Poisoning), 206 NEPC. See National Environment Protection Council (NEPC) NEPI. See National Environmental Protection Institute (NEPI) NEPMs. See National Environment Protection Measures (NEPMs) NESP. See National Enteric Surveillance Program (NESP) Net Castell A. (Intoxicaciones agudas graves (Severe acute poisoning)), 508 Netherlands books, 358359 certifying and advisory boards, 366367 databases, 359 enterprise/industry, 364365 government organizations, 359361 journals and magazines, 359 legislation, 366 nongovernment organizations, 361362 poison control centers, 365366 professional societies, 365 technical reports and documents, 359 toxicology in current situation, 358

establishment of Netherlands society of toxicology, training and accreditation foundation, 357 first developments (18001950), 357 Post 1950, 357 universities and hospitals, 362364 Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 360 Netherlands Forensic Institute, 360 The Netherlands Institute for Health Sciences (NIHES), 362 Netherlands Society of Toxicology (NVT), 357, 365 Networking to advance progress in children’s environmental health (Sly et al.), 600 Networking to advance progress in children0 s environmental health (Laborde et al.), 599 Neural System Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series) (Zhao Chaoying et al.), 107 Neurological Society of India (NSI), 243 Neurotoxicology (Chen Jingyuan), 100 Neurotoxicology of Exogenous Substances in Mammals (Du Zhengqing), 101 Neuvonen, P. J. (Kliininen farmakologia ja la¨a¨kehoito) (ed.), 165 Nevalainen, A. (Selvitys elinympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨—Kansallisen kemikaaliohjelman taustaselvitys), 164 A New Approach to Toxicology Research: The Basic Connotation and Research Progress of Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) (Liu Jining et al.), 102 New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), 297 New psychoactive substances (NPS), 394 New substance reports, 7 New Substances Notification (NSN), 80 New Substances Program, 80 New Zealand databases, 371 government agencies, 371372 journals, 371 non-government organizations, 372 poison control centers, 373 professional societies, 373 universities, 372 New Zealand Ecological Society (NZES), 373 New Zealand Freshwater Sciences Society (NZFSS), 373 New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 371 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 371 New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 371 New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 371 New Zealand Marine Sciences Society (NZMSS), 373 New Zealand Medical Association, 372 New Zealand Medical Journal, 371 New Zealand Occupational Hygiene Society, 373

Index

Newcastle School of Medicine and Public Health, 51 Newcastle University, 586 Newfoundland and Labrador Provincial Poison Control Centre, 91 Newman M.C. (Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology (Environmental Science and Engineering Series)), 107 NewS, A new strategy for the risk assessment and management of chemicals, 534 Newsletter on Drug and Food (1970), 548 Newsletter on Occupational Safety and Health (1993), 548 Newsletter on Science & Technology of Environmental Protection (1983), 548 Newspaper of Food Safety—Consumaseguridad. com, 523 ngo.pl—Portal of NonGovernment Organizations (ngo.pl—Portal Organizacji Pozarza˛dowych), 411 Ngowi A.V.N. (Pesticide Health Impacts in Developing Countries), 464 Niakan, M. (Pharmacotherapy by Bee Products), 253 NIBIO. See Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO) NIBIOHN. See National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN) NIBM. See National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia (NIBM) Nichols G. (Medicinal Plants Traded on South Africa’s Eastern Seaboard), 463 NICNAS. See National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) Nicola´s J.M. (Intoxicaciones agudas. Protocolos de Tratamiento (Acute poisonings. Protocol treatments)), 509 Nicola´s J.M. (Intoxicaciones agudas. Protocolos de Tratamiento (Acute Poisonings. Protocol Treatments)), 509 ´ Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 404 Nikfar, S. (Hazards of Pesticides in the Workplaces), 253 Nikfar, S. (Pesticide’s Chemical Safety and Control of Poisoning), 253 Nikfar, S. (Poison Information Centers. In: Afshari’s Clinical Toxicology and Poisoning Emergency Care), 254 Nikfar, S. (Precautions and Guidelines for use of Pesticides in the Workplaces), 253 Nikfar, S. (Use of proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy and rates of major malformations: A meta-analysis. In: Medication Safety in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding), 254 Nikonorow M. (Food Toxicology (Toksykologia ´sci), 2nd Edition (improved and ˙ zywno updated)), 395 NILU. See Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) NINA. See Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)

Ningxia Medical University School of Public Health and Management, 121 NIPH. See Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) NIRS. See National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) NISCAIR Research Journals, 227 NISCAIR. See National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR) NITE Chemical Risk Information Platform (NITE-CHRIP), 294 NITE. See National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE) Nitero´i Poison Control CenterCCI, 67 Nitrite Chemistry and Toxicity (English) (Erkekoglu et al.), 559 NIVA. See Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 428 NIZO, 361 NOA (National surveillance system for work environment and occupational health) (Norway), 377 Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), 393394 Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 398 Nogue S. (Atlas de Toxicologia Clı´nica y Laboral (Atlas of Clinical and Occupational Toxicology)), 509 Nogue´ S. (Intoxicaciones agudas. Protocolos de Tratamiento (Acute poisonings. Protocol Treatments)), 509 Nogue´ Xarau S. (Intoxicacio´n por Plantas y Setas. En Farreras-Rozman Medicina Interna), 597 Nogue Xarau S. (Sensibilidad Quimica y Ambiental Multiple. Sobrevivir en un entorno toxico), 508 NOHSC. See National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC) Nohynek G.J. (ed.) (Presenting Toxicology Results: How to Evaluate Data and Write Reports), 105 Noise, Spanish legislations, 522 Nongovernment organizations, Australia, 4447 NOPP. See National Office of Pollution Prevention (NOPP) Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers, Official cooperation in the Nordic region, 534 Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, 383 Nordman, H. (Asbestisairauksien diagnostiikka ja seuranta), 165 Norma Te´cnica sobre Prevencio´n y Tratamiento de Accidentes por Animales Ponzon˜osos, 391 Normalization and Quality Certification Fund FONDONORMA, 611 Normas de Prevencio´n de la Contaminacio´n Mercurial en la Profesio´n Odontolo´gica (Norms of Mercury Contamination Prevention in the dentistry Profession) (Carmona et al.), 604

755 Noroya N. (Exposicio´n no intencional a cannabis en nin˜os en el marco de la regulacio´n del mercado en Uruguay), 599 Norrlands University Hospital (Norrlands universitetssjukhus [Nus]), 541 North China Inspection Bureau, 114 North China University of Science and Technology School of Public Health, 121 North Eastern Hill University, 240 Northeast China Inspection Bureau, 115 Northern Clinics of Istanbul/Istanbul Kuzey Klinikleri, 560 Northern Contaminants Program (NCP), 76 Northern Regional Office of Nuclear and Radiation Safety Inspection, 115 Northwest Inspection Bureau, 115 North-West Scientific Center for Hygiene and Public Health, 428 Northwest Territories, 92 North-West University (NWU), 476 Northwestern China Regional Office of Nuclear and Radiation Safety Inspection, 115 Norway background narrative, 375376 core documents, 376 books and technical reports, 376 journals and newsletters, 376 legislation, 381382 miscellaneous resources, 382383 online databases and tools, 382 organizations government, 376380 nongovernment, 380 poison control centers, 381 professional societies, 381 reviews and other key papers, 376 universities, 380381 Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad), 376 Norwegian Biochemical Society, 381 Norwegian Board of Health Supervision (Norway), 377 Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) (Norway), 377 Norwegian Environment Agency (Norway), 375, 377, 382 Norwegian Environmental Education Network, 383 Norwegian Food Safety Authority, 378 Norwegian Industrial Safety and Security Organisation (NSO), 378 Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), 382 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), 382 Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 382383 Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), 378 Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), 378 Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority, 378379 Norwegian Mapping Authority, 379

756 Norwegian Maritime Directorate, 379 The Norwegian Medical Association (NMA), 381 Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), 376 Norwegian Nature Inspectorate (SNO) (Norway), 377 Norwegian Poisons Information Centre, 381 Norwegian Polar Institute, 379 Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA), 379 The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM), 378 Norwegian Society for Pharmacoepidemiology (DURG Norway), 381 Norwegian Society of Pharmacology and Toxicology (NSFT), 376, 381 The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 380 Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 380 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 379 Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE), 379 Notification of Injury Information SystemSINAN, 61 Notification System for Sanitary SurveillanceNOTIVISA, 61 Nova Scotia, 92 Novikov S.N. (ed.) (Basic principles of risk assessment to population’s health at exposure to chemicals polluting the environment), 421 Novosibirsk State Medical University, 428 NPC. See National and provincial People’s Congress (NPC) NSW Poisons Information Centre, 56 Ntougou, S. (Practice of Necropsy and Toxicological Analysis), 206 The NTUH Drug Bulletin (1979), 549 Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center, 115 Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies, 27 The Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa (NECSA), 472 Nunavut General Monitoring Plan (NGMP), 76 Nunavut, 92 Nursen Basaran (Pharmaceutical Toxicology), 559 Nutriˇcnı´ toxikologie (Nutritional Toxicology) (Patoˇcka), 131 Nuutinen, T. (Ravintomme lisa¨aineet), 165 NVT. See Netherlands Society of Toxicology (NVT) NWO, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, 361 Nyberg, J. (Ionisoimaton sa¨teily— Sa¨hko¨magneettiset kenta¨t) (ed.), 165 NZES. See New Zealand Ecological Society (NZES) NZFSS. See New Zealand Freshwater Sciences Society (NZFSS) NZMSS. See New Zealand Marine Sciences Society (NZMSS)

Index

O O Que Sa˜o Cieˆncias Forenses?, 417 Oberdisse E. (ed.) (Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Pharmacology and Toxicology), 3rd edition), 189 Oberdisse U. (Vergiftungen im Kindesalter (Intoxications in Childhood), 4th edition), 189 Ocampo Cambero L. (Memorias del primer curso de actualizacion en toxicologia veterinaria (Memoirs of the first course of actualization in Toxicology), 347 Occupation and Health, 113 Occupational and Environmental Health Society, 459 Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemical Agents, 512 Occupational health and safety (OHS), 41 Occupational Health and Safety Amended Act, 1993, 485 Occupational Health and Safety Centre (OHSC), 235 Occupational Health South Africa, 465 Occupational Legislation, 161 Occupational Medicine (Medycyna Pracy) (1950), 397 Occupational Risk to Workers’ Health (Izmerov et al. (ed.)), 421 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, 339 Occupational Safety and Health Online (BHP Online), 412 Occupational Threshold Database, 181 Occupational toxicity, Australia, 3536 Occupational Toxicology (Shahtaheri), 254 Occupational toxicology, 190191 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (ed.) (MAK- und BAT-Werte-Liste 2017.), 190 Kurzweil P. (Toxikologie und Gefahrstoffe: GifteWirkungenArbeitssicherheit), 191 Odense University, 143 OECD. See Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) OECD e-chemportal, 359 OECD Mutual Acceptance of Data system (MAD system), 8 Offermanns S. (Pharmakologie und Toxikologie: Von den molekularen Grundlagenzur Pharmakotherapie), 189 Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices, and Biocides, 399 Office of Chemical Safety (OCS), 41 Office of the Auditor General of Canada— Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development, 83 Official Directory of human pharmaceuticals authorized in France, 182 Official Directory of veterinary pharmaceuticals authorized in France, 182 Official French Libraries of biocide products, 182 Official French Library of phytopharmaceutical products, 182 Official French Monographies of Active Substances of Vegetable Origin and Medicinal Plants, 182

Official Government Laws, 184 Official notification and census portal for chemical mixtures formulated with nanoingredient, 182 Official Phytopharmacovigilance notification sheets, 182 Ofidismo en Uruguay. Especies peligrosas y caracterı´sticas del accidente ofı´dico (Carreira et al.), 597 Oga S. (Fundamentos de Toxicologia, 4th ed.)), 60 Oguz Kayaalp (Medical Pharmacology for Rational Therapy (Turkish), 13th Edition), 559 Oguz Kayaalp (Principles of Clinical Pharmacology and Basic Regulations (Turkish), 5th Edition), 559 Ohoud Hospital, 437 OHS Canada Magazine, 73 OHSC. See Occupational Health and Safety Centre (OHSC) “OKANA”, 209 Okayama University, 303 Oksa, P. (Asbestisairauksien diagnostiikka ja seuranta), 165 Oksa, P. (Prevention and Management of Asbestos-Related Diseases in Finland), 166 Oligo(2-(2ethoxy)ethoxyethyl guanidine) (PGH), 487 Oliva Navarro J. (Toxicologı´a Clı´nica en Medicina Interna (Clinical Toxicology in Medicine)), 509 Oliver B. (Pilot study on Mercury and Health at the University Hospital), 597 Omar M. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Omori T. (ed.) (Atlas of Comet Assay Images), 289 Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 465 Ong Teng TANG (A Clinical Approach to Medicine), 456 Onishchenko G.G. (ed.) (Basic principles of risk assessment to population’s health at exposure to chemicals polluting the environment), 421 Online information center on Human Pharmaceuticals, 513 Online information center on Pharmaceuticals for Animals, 513 Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, 226 Online Journal of Veterinary Research, 38 Online Toxicology Analysis Requests and Results (OTARR), 437438 Onnettomuuden vaaraa aiheuttavat aineetturvallisuusohjeet, 168 Onsite Wastewater Management Systems Program, 85 Ontario Data Catalogue, 85 Ontario Poison Centre, 92 Ontario, 92 Onur Erdem (Casarett and Doull’s: Essentials of Toxicology), 559 Open Data Portal (Serbian), 452

Index

Orduna T. (Guı´a de prevencio´n, diagno´stico, tratamiento y vigilancia epidemiolo´gica del envenenamiento por escorpiones (Guide for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological surveillance of Ophid poisoning)), 24 O¨rebro University Hospital (Universitetssjukhuset O¨rebro), 541 Orfila, Mateo, 505 Organ Toxicology (Toksykologia narzadowa) (Starek A.), 395 Organic Law about Prevention, Conditions and Work Environment, 611 Organic Law for the Workers Prevention, Conditions and Environmental Media, 612 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 282 Organisation for Respiratory Health, 173 Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES) (National Agency of Fisheries Health), 387 Organizacio´n Panamericana para la Salud en Me´xico (Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in Mexico), 353 The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 78 Orissa Environmental Society (OES), 235 “Orpheas” Center for the Prevention of the use of Addictive Substances, 209 Orrenius, Sten, 526527 Orro F. (Erros De Medicac¸a˜o: Um Risco de Sau´de Medication Errors: A Risk of Healthcare), 598 Ortega C. (Intoxicacio´n por Plaguicidas Agrı´colas y veterinarios en Uruguay. Primer Premio MSP), 600 Osaka City University, 303 Osaka University, 303 Osmania University, 240 Osnovi toksikologije sa elementima ekotoksikologije (Vitorovi´c et al.), 450 Ostad, N. (Emergency Management of Poisoned Patients), 253 Ostrich, 466 Oswaldo Cruz Faculties, 65 Oswaldo Cruz FoundationFIOCRUZ, 62 OTARR. See Online Toxicology Analysis Requests and Results (OTARR) Outcome of screening of chemical compounds for pesticide activity, 423 An Overview on Methadone-Intoxicated Patients. In: Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse (Hassanian-Moghaddam et al.), 255 Oxford Brookes University, 586 Ozawa S. (ed.) (Medical Drug Metabolism), 290 Ozone-depleting substances (ODS), 1

P Pa¨a¨kko¨nen, R. (Tyo¨ympa¨risto¨n kemiallisten ja fysikaalisten riskien arviointi ja hallinta), 165 Paatela-Kulovesi, A. (ed.) (Myrkytystietokeskus 50 v- 19612011), 164 Pablo de Olavide, de Sevilla, University, 519

Pacha J. (ed.) (Clinical Toxicology (Zarys Toksykologii Klinicznej)), 395 Pacheco R.M. (Guı´a de uso responsable de agroquı´micos (Manual of safe and responsible use of agrochemicals infruit and vegetable crops)), 24 Paciel D. (Mordedura por vı´bora de coral), 600 Pacı´fico mexicano: contaminacio´n e impacto ambiental:diagno´stico y tendencias (Mexican Pacific: pollution and environmental impact: diagnosis and tendencies) (Botello et al. (eds.)), 343 Pagano E. (Una introduccio´n al perfil farmacolo´gico y terapo´utico de la marihuana in Ach Med Interna), 599 PAHO. See Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Paile, W. (ed.) (Sa¨teilyn terveysvaikutukset), 165 Paileleo H. (Contaminacio´n de aguas superficiales en la Ciudad de Neuque´n (Surface water pollution in the City of Neuque´n)), 19 Pajouhandeh Research Journal, 256 Palazuelos, E. (Intoxicacio´n por plomo en Me´xico: prevencio´n y control. (Lead intoxication in Me´xico: prevention and control)), 345 Palermo Neto J. (Toxicologia aplicada a´ Medicina Veterina´ria (Applied Toxicology to Veterinary Toxicology)), 61 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), 16 Pan Dongsheng (Drugs Blood Toxicology and Detection Methods (series of books on toxicological safety evaluation)), 103 Pan M. (Exposicio´n a cocaı´na en nin˜os menores de 5 an˜os: serie de casos), 599 Pan M. (Intoxicacio´n aguda por cocaı´na en un lactante no asociada a lactancia materna. A propo´sito de un caso clinic), 598 Pan M. (Metahemoglobinemia relacionada con ingesta de pure´ de acelgas), 598 Pan-American Health OrganizationBrazilOPAS, 62 Pan-American Health Organization—Peruvian Office, 389 Pande D.C. (ed.) (Environmental Development and Management: Strategies and Policies), 217 Pande G.C. (ed.) (Environmental Development and Management: Strategies and Policies), 217 Pandey K. (Fundamentals of Toxicology), 218 Panorama del Medicamento (Panorama of Medicines) (1976), 511 Paracelsus, 543 Paraclinical Tests in Emergency Toxicology. In: Poisoning Guideline 2 (Abdollahi), 254 Pardo M. (Consumo de alcohol en nin˜os y adolescentes), 598 Paris (Ile de France, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane), 185 Paris, E. (Intoxicaciones: Epidemiologia, Clı´nica y Tratamiento), 93 Parkkinen, P. (Ravintomme lisa¨aineet), 165

757 Parliamentary Select Committee on Science and Technology, 580 Parra Guevara D. (Introduccio´n a los me´todos de dispersio´n y control de contaminantes (Introduction to the methods of dispersion and control of pollutants)), 347 Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 573 Particle Toxicology (Donaldson et al.), 569 Particularly Hazardous Pollutions of the Sea Floor, 424 Paryavaran Mitra, 235 Pasanen, M. (ed.) (La¨a¨ketieteellinen farmakologia ja toksikologia), 166 Pascale A. (Adicciones. Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello-SehabiaguePrego-de Leonardis), 598 Pascale A. (Coca y sus derivados. en Pautas de evaluacio´n y tratamiento de los consumos problema´ticos de sustancias en los tres niveles de atencio´n), 597 Pascale A. (Cocaı´na adulterada con Levamisol: reporte de 3 casos clı´nicos), 599 Pascale A. (Cocaine base paste: experience from the Montevideo Poison Control Center), 599 Pascale A. (Consumo de alcohol en nin˜os y adolescentes), 598 Pascale A. (Consumo de drogas en el embarazo, en Pautas de evaluacio´n y tratamiento de los consumos problema´ticos de sustancias en los tres niveles de atencio´n), 597 Pascale A. (Consumo de Pasta Base de Cocaina en America del Sur: Revision de los aspectos epidemiologicos y medicotoxicologicos), 597 Pascale A. (El abuso cro´nico de clorhidrato y pasta base de cocaı´na asocia envejecimiento arterial y aumento del riesgo cardiovascular en jo´venes asintomo´ticos), 599 Pascale A. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Pascale A. (E-Waste Informal recycling: An Emerging Source of Lead Exposure in South America), 599 Pascale A. (Exposicio´n a cocaı´na en nin˜os menores de 5 an˜os: serie de casos), 599 Pascale A. (Exposicio´n no intencional a cannabis en nin˜os en el marco de la regulacio´n del mercado en Uruguay), 599 Pascale A. (Intoxicacio´n por imidazo´ licos en pediatrı´a: experiencias del Centro de Informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico en nin˜os y adolescentes), 598 Pascale A. (Metahemoglobinemia relacionada con ingesta de pure´ de acelgas), 598 Pascale A. (Networking to advance progress in children0 s environmental health), 599600 Pascale A. (Substance use in adolescents with environmental lead exposure in childhood), 599

758 Pascale A. (Tobacco use in adolescents exposed to lead), 599 Pascale Prieto A. (Intoxicacio´n por Anı´s de Campo), 598 Pascale Prieto A. (Substance use in adolescents with environmental lead exposure in childhood), 599 Pascale Prieto A. (Tobacco use in adolescents exposed to lead), 600 Pascu O. (Toxicology Handbook, 2nd Edition), 38 Passagli M.F. (Toxicologia ForenseTeoria e Pra´tica (5th ed.)), 60 Pasteur Institute of Iran, 251 Pasteur Institute, 184 Pastila, R. (ed.) (Ionisoimaton sa¨teily— Ultravioletti- ja lasersa¨teily), 165 Patoˇcka, J. (Nutriˇcnı´ toxikologie (Nutritional Toxicology)), 131 Patoˇcka, J. (Vojenska´ toxikologie (Military Toxicology)), 131 Patologia do Trabalho (Occupational Pathology) (Mendes R.), 59 Patrick TAN (A Clinical Approach to Medicine), 456 Paz-y-Min˜o, C. (Genetica, Toxicologia y Carcinogenesis), 157 PBPK model—The Canadian Centre for Environmental Modelling and Chemistry (Trent University), 77 PBPK. See Physiologically-based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) PBT. See Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances (PBT) PCBs. See Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) PCBs: sensitive and/or potentially contaminated sites) (Garcı´a et al.), 20 PCC. See Poison control centers (PCC) Pearn J. (ed.) (Toxic Plants and Animals: A Guide for Australia), 38 Pearn J. (Venoms and Victims), 38 Pediatric Environmental Unit (Unidad Pedia´trica Ambiental), 595596 Pediatric Poisoning (Turkish) (Agop et al.), 559 Pei Chengxin (Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents Beijing: Chemical Industry Press and Elsevier), 101 Pei Qiuling (Modern Toxicology Foundation (textbook, 2nd ed.)), 103 Peking Union Medical College School of Public Health, 121 Peking University School of Public Health, 121 Pekkanen, J. (Ympa¨risto¨terveys), 165 Pelclova´, D. (Nejˇcastˇejˇsı´ otravy a jejich terapie (The Most Frequent Types of Poisoning and Associated Therapy)), 131 Pelclova´, D. (Nemoci z povola´nı´ a intoxikace (Occupational Diseases and Intoxication)), 131 Pelclova`, D. (Toxicke´ poˇskozenı´ ledvin houbami: patogeneze, klinika, le´ˇcba (Toxic Renal Injury from Fungi: Pathogenesis, Clinic, Treatment)), 130 Peles J.D. (Transgenic Medicinal Plants), 212 Pelkonen, O. (ed.) (La¨a¨ketieteellinen farmakologia ja toksikologia), 166

Index

Pena C. (ed.) (Reporte mexicano de cambio clima´tico. Vols 13 (Mexican report on climate change)), 344 Penal Code: Penalty for attempting to commit suicide, 460 Peng Cheng (Toxicology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (textbook)), 103 Peng Shuangqing (Key Technologies for Drug Safety Evaluation), 103 Peng Shuangqing (Toxicology Alternatives), 104 People’s Medical Publishing House (PMPH), 103, 105 People’s Plants (van Wyk et al.), 463 Perdomo M. (Montevide0 s health care centers, mercury sources identification and quantification), 599 Pe´rez De Nucci A.M. (Magia y chamanismo en la medicina popular del noroeste argentino (Magic and shamanism in folk medicine of northwestern Argentina)), 21 Pe´rez de Sevilla, P. (Plaguicidas en Ecuador: Mas alla de una simple advertencia), 157 Perez De-Gregorio J.J. (Manual de Toxicologı´a Medioambiental Forense (Manual of Environmental Forensic Toxicology)), 510 Perez Lucio C. (Toxicologia laboral (Occupational toxicology)), 346 Pe´rez M. (Toxicologı´a Clı´nica de Pequen˜os Animales (Clinical Toxicology of Small Animals)), 509 Pe´rez M. (Toxicologı´a Clı´nica de Pequen˜os Animales (Clinical Toxicology of Small Animals)), 509 Perez Zapata A. (La contaminacion por plomo en Coatzacoalcos: un ejemplo de deterioro ambiental (Lead pollution in Coatzacoalcos: an example of environmental deterioration), 346 Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por antidepresivos recibidas en el Centro de informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico en el periodo (Amigo), 598 Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por benzodiazepinas recibidas en el Centro de Informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico uruguayo en el perı´odo (Tortorella Dalies et al.), 598 Perm State Medical Academy, 428 Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the work Area, DFG, 196 Permanent Senate Commission on Food Safety, DFG, 196 Peroxisomes: Biology and Importance in Toxicology and Medicine (Gibson G.), 569 Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), 2, 158159 Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances (PBT), 12 Personal Protection Equipment, 612 Peru books and specialized scientific journals, 385386 electronic resources, 386

government organizations and public agencies, 386389 legislation, 390391 agrochemicals, 390 consumer products, raw materials, and drugs, 390391 environment, 391 labor, 391 nongovernment organizations, 389 public and not-for-profit testing laboratories, 389390 technical reports, 386 universities offering toxicology-related programs, 390 Perusia O.R. (Plantas To´xicas y Micotoxinas (Toxic plants and mycotoxins)), 18 Pest Control Products Act, 79 Pest management regulatory agency (PMRA), 79, 82 Pest Management Science, 573 Pesticide Act 1974, 340 Pesticide Action Network (PAN), 584 Pesticide Chemistry and Toxicology: ToxicologyAgriculture and Environment (Singh D.K.), 219 Pesticide Data Bank, 258 Pesticide Database, 258 Pesticide Documents and Evaluation Reports, 292 Pesticide Health Impacts in Developing Countries (Ngowi et al.), 464 Pesticide Management Policy, 468 Pesticide Product Information System (PEPSIS), 85 Pesticide Research Journal, 226 Pesticide Science and Administration, 113 Pesticide Toxicology (Modern Toxicology Series) (Xia Shijun), 106 Pesticide Toxicology (Wu Haihua et al.), 106 Pesticide’s Chemical Safety and Control of Poisoning (Moghadamnia et al.), 253 Pesticides, 423, 514 Pesticides, Spanish legislations, 521 Pesticides: effets sur la sante´, 180 Pesticides: Occurrence, Analysis and Disposal (Pestycydy wyste˛powanie oznaczanie i unieszkodliwianie) (Biziuk M. (ed.)), 394 Pesticides (Highly Toxic Pesticides) Regulations 1996, 340 Pesticides (Labelling) Regulations 1984, 340 Pesticides Advisory Committee, 85 Pesticides Toxicology; Diagnosis and Treatment, 253 Petcheneshsky T. (Cianobacterias como determinantes ambientales de la salud (Cyanobacteria as environmental determinants of health)), 23 Peterson M.E. (Small Animal Toxicology (3rd ed.)), 101 Petroleum (Safety Measure) Act 1984, 340 Petroleum (Safety Measures) (Transportation of Petroleum by Pipelines) Regulations 1985, 340 Petroleum Safety Authority Norway (PSA), 379

Index

Petrolini, V. M. (Antidoti: guida all’uso clinico e all’approvvigionamento (Antidotes: a guide to clinical use and supply)), 267 Peyster, A. D. (ed.) (Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3rd Edition, Volumes 1-4), 254 Pfa¨nder H.J. (Giftpflanzen (Poisonous Plants), 5th edition), 190 Pfleger K. (Mass Spectral and GC Data of Drugs, Poisons, Pesticides, Pollutants and Their Metabolites, 5th edition), 189 Pharmaceutical Department of the Faculty of Medicine, 447448 Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of Turkey, 564 Pharmaceutical Molecular Toxicology (Jinan university graduate textbook) (Sun Hanxiao et al.), 104 Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 398 Pharmaceutical Society of Australia (PSA), 55 Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (PSJ), 309 Pharmaceutical Society of Korea, 503 Pharmaceutical Society of Singapore, 458 Pharmaceutical Toxicology (Nursen Basaran), 559 Pharmaceutische weekblad, 359 The Pharmacist, 93 Pharmacist Class, 557558 Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes me´dicinales (Bruneton et al.), 178 Pharmacological Research, 268 Pharmacology and Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.) (Zou Libo), 108 Pharmacology and Toxicology of Fishery Drugs (Wang Kaiyu et al.), 105 Pharmacology and Toxicology, 163 Pharmacology, 143 Pharmacology, Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, and Toxicology Experiments (textbook) (Li Lijing et al.), 102 Pharmacosurvey, 514 Pharmacotherapy by Bee Products (Niakan), 253 Pharmacy Department, 260 Pharmacy education in Turkey, 557558 Pharmaline, 257 Philips, 364 Phillips A.J.L. (Phytopathogenic Fungi from South Africa), 463 Physical and Chemical Characteristics and Toxicological Research of Indoor Inhalable Particulate Matter (Shao Longyi), 104 Physiologically-based pharmacokinetics (PBPK), 71 Phytopathogenic Fungi from South Africa (Crous et al.), 463 Piante medicinali: botanica, chimica, farmacologia, tossicologia (Medicinal plants: botany, chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology) (Ignesti, G.), 267 Pillay V.V. (Comprehensive Medical Toxicology), 218 Pillay V.V. (Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 2nd Edition), 218 Pilot study on Mercury and Health at the University Hospital (Keller et al.), 597 Pina J. Clasificacio´n Toxicolo´gica y Etiquetado de Productos Fitosanitarios. Criterios Regulatorios locales e internacionales

(Toxicological Classification and Labeling of Phytosanitary Products. Regulatory criteria local and international)), 20 Pınar Erkekoglu (Casarett and Doull’s: Essentials of Toxicology), 559 Pin˜ero J.H. (Plaguicidas dome´sticos: Uso y manejo. (Domestic pesticides: Use and handling)), 20 Pino A. (Mene´ndez C. Ofidismo en Uruguay. Especies peligrosas y caracterı´sticas del accidente ofı´dico), 597 Piotrowski J.K. (Biochemical Principles of Toxicology (Biochemiczne podstawy toksykologii)), 394 Piotrowski J.K. (ed.) (Principles of Toxicology—Compendium for College Students—Collective Work (Podstawy toksykologii -kompendium dla studento´w szko´ł wy˙zszych—praca zbiorowa)), 395 Piotrowski J.K. (ed.) (Toxicometry and Organ Toxicology (Toksykometria i toksykologia narza˛dowa)), 395 Pires R.C. (Toxicologia Veterina´ria: Guia Pra´tico para Clı´nico de pequenos animais (Veterinary Toxicology: Practical Guide for Small Animal Veterinarians)), 60 Pisani A. (Estudio sobre riesgos y dan˜os en trabajadores de viveros de plantas de eucalyptus), 600 Pla A. (Manual de Toxicologı´a (Toxicology Manual)), 509 Plaguicida en Me´xico: algunos me´todos para determinar plaguicida en agua y matrices biolo´gicas (Pesticides in Mexico: methods for the determination of pesticides in water and biological matrices) (BernalGonza´lez M.), 342 Plaguicidas (Pesticides) (Cavallo A.R.), 19 Plaguicidas a la carta (Pesticides on demand) (Aiassa D.), 18 Plaguicidas dome´sticos: Uso y manejo. (Domestic pesticides: Use and handling) (Pin˜ero J.H.), 20 Plaguicidas en Ecuador: Mas alla de una simple advertencia (Sevilla et al.), 157 Plaguicidas en el ambiente (Pesticides in the environment) (Aparicio et al.), 19 PLANITOXScience-based Toxicology Company, 63 Plant and Food Research, 371 Plant Poisonings and Mycotoxicosis of Livestock in Southern Africa, 2nd Edition (Kellerman et al.), 463 Plant Protection Act, 204 Plant Protection Directorate, 452 Plant Protection Organization, 249250 Plant Protection Products (PPP), 283 Plant protection products and auxiliary products, 133 Plant protection products regulation, 9 Plant Toxins (Gopalakrishnakone et al.), 456 Plantas To´xicas en Pediatria (Toxic Plants in Pediatrics) (Bruning et al.), 93 Plantas To´xicas para el Ovino I (Toxic Plants for the Ovine I) (Soler F.), 510 Plantas To´xicas para el Ovino II (Toxic Plants for the Ovine II) (Soler F.), 510

759 Plantas To´xicas y Micotoxinas (Toxic plants and mycotoxins) (Perusia et al.), 18 PlantBio, 471 Plantes Toxiques: Ve´ge´taux Dangereux pour l’Homme et les Animaux (Bruneton), 178 Plants of Southern Africa, 469 PlantZAfrica, 469 PLASA, 160 Pletnyova T.V. (ed.) (Toxicological Chemistry), 421 Plomo salud y ambiente: Experiencia en Uruguay Montevideo (Burger et al.), 597 Plomo: Genotoxicidad y Salud Humana (Cantos et al.), 156 PME, 438 PMPH. See People’s Medical Publishing House (PMPH) PMRA. See Pest management regulatory agency (PMRA) Pohang University of Science and Technology, 495 Pohjalainen, T. (ed.) (Lasten myrkytykset), 164 Poison and Drug Information Service (PADIS), 91 Poison and Peril: Forensic Toxicology (Wei Jing et al.), 106 Poison control centers (PCC), 57, 92, 158, 176, 435, 595 in Argentina, 2627 Australia, commonwealth of books, 5556 in Canada, 9192 in Chile, 95 in China, 124125 in Czech Republic, 141 in Ecuador, 160161 in France, 177178, 185 in Italy, 275276 in Netherlands, 365366 in New Zealand, 373 in Poland, 408409 Poison Control Centers (Saudi Arabia), 437438 Poison Control Centers and Toxicovigilance Centers Association, 185 Poison Control Centre, 244 Poison control committees (Saudi Arabia), 438 Poison Control, Training and Research Centre, 245 Poison Information Center, Children’s Hospital P&A Kyriakou, 209 Poison Information Centers. In: Afshari’s Clinical Toxicology and Poisoning Emergency Care (Abdollahi et al.), 254 Poison Information Centre, is located at Tygerberg Hospital within the Department of Pharmacology, 483 The Poison Paradox. Chemicals as Friends and Foes (Chuang S.H.), 546 Poison Regulations 1952, 339 Poison treatment centers in Iran, 248 Poisoning and Drug Overdose (Vahide SAVCI), 559 Poisoning with Anticholinesterase Insecticides in Iran. In: Anticholinesterase Pesticides: Metabolism, Neurotoxicity, and Epidemiology (Abdollahi), 255

760 Poisonings, 15 in Iran, 247 in Singapore, 455 Poisonous and Deleterious Substances Control Law, 311 Poisonous and Deleterious Substances Database, 293 Poisonous Fungal Identification Service, 28 Poisonous Herbs in Iran and Poisoning in Animals (Aslani), 254 Poisonous Medical Plants (Samsam-Shariat), 252 Poisonous mushrooms. In: Toxicology: Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa (Karimi et al.), 255 Poisonous Plants (Cheng Y.C.), 546 Poisonous Plants Found Commonly in the Garden of Taipei City (Tsai F.G.), 547 Poisonous Plants of South Africa (van Wyk et al.), 463 Poisons Act 1952, 339, 460 Poisons Around Us. Challenge to the Mankind (Yufit S.S.), 422 Poisons centers Berlin, 203 Bonn, 203 Erfurt, 203 Freiburg, 203 Go¨ttingen, 203 Homburg, 203 Mainz, 203 Mu¨nchen, 203 Poisons Information Centre, 245 Poisons Information Centre, Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, 483 Poisons Information Monographs (PIMs), 7 Poland books written by Polish authors, 394396 journals, 396397 legislation, 409410 miscellaneous resources, 410411 online databases, 411412 organizations (government), 397401 organizations (nongovernment), 401402 poison control centers, 408409 professional societies, 407408 science founding agencies, 412 universities, 402407 Pole of health, 274 Policy Research Center for Environment and Economy, 115 Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS), 400 The Polish Accreditation Committee (Polska Komisja Akredytacyjna), 411 Polish Association of Cosmetic and Detergent Industry, 401 Polish Association of Industrial Hygienists (Polskie Towarzystwo Higienisto´w Przemysłowych), 407 Polish Association of Occupational Medicine (Polskie Towarzystwo Medycyny Pracy), 407 Polish Association of Public Health (Polskie Towarzystwo Zdrowia Publicznego), 407 Polish Biochemical Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne), 407 Polish Chamber of Chemical Industry, 401

Index

Polish Chamber of Pharmaceutical Industry and Medical Devices POLFARMED, 401 Polish Chemical Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne), 408 Polish Ecology Chamber, 401 Polish Geological Institute, 400 Polish Green Network, 402 Polish Journal of Ecology (1998), 397 Polish Journal of Environmental Studies (1992), 397 Polish Medical Association (Polskie Towarzystwo Lekarskie), 408 Polish Medical Society of Radiology (Polskie Lekarskie Towarzystwo Radiologiczne), 408 Polish Pharmaceutical Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Farmaceutyczne), 408 Polish Pharmacological Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Farmakologiczne), 408 Polish Pharmacological Society (PPS), 394 Polish Science (Nauka Polska), 412 Polish Scientific Journal Database (Baza Polskiech Czasopism Naukowych), 412 Polish Society of Environmental Medicine (Polskie Towarzystwo Medycyny ´ Srodowiskowej), 408 Polish Society of Toxicology (Polskie Towarzystwo Toksykologiczne), 407 Polish Society of Toxicology (PST), 394 Polish Society of Veterinary Sciences (Polskie Towarzystwo Nauk Weterynaryjnych), 408 The Politics of Chemical Risk-Scenarios for a Regulatory Future (Bal et al. (eds.)), 569 Po¨lla¨nen, R. (ed.) (Sa¨teily ympa¨risto¨ssa¨), 166 Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTR), 494 Pollution Control Authority (Norway), 375 Pollution control, Spanish legislations, 522 Pollution Research, 227 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2 Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, 2 Polychlorinated dibenzofurans, 2 Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG), 487 Pomeranian Medical University, 404 Pompeu Fabra University, 519 Ponampalam R. (Hazmat Medical Life Support: A Basic Provider Manual), 456 Ponampalam R. (Management of Poisoning. Ministry of Health Clinical Practice Guidelines), 456 Pondicherry University, 240 Pontific Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 65 Pops Pollution Status and Toxicology Research Progress (Qi Zheng), 104 POPs. See Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) Po´rfido O.D. (Los Plaguicidas en la Repu´blica Argentina (Pesticides in the Argentine Republic)), 24 Portal on Chemical Risk, 514 Portal on dangerous situations at work— BaseQuin, 514 Portugal books, 417 databases, 417 government organizations, 413417 journals, 417

Posadas del Rı´o F.A. (Biotransformacio´n de Xenobio´ticos (Biotransformation of Xenobiotics)), 346 Pose D. (E-Waste Informal recycling: An Emerging Source of Lead Exposure in South America), 599 Pose D. (Intoxicaciones ma´s frecuentes en Pediatrı´a. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello Sehabiague  Prego  de Leonardi), 598 Pose D. (Intoxicacio´n por Mono´xido de Carbono. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello  Sehabiague  Prego  de Leonardis), 598 Pose D. (Intoxicacio´n por Plaguicidas Agrı´colas y veterinarios en Uruguay. Primer Premio MSP), 600 Pose D. (Montevide0 s health care centers, mercury sources identification and quantification), 599 Pose D. (Pilot study on Mercury and Health at the University Hospital), 597 Pose D. (Plomo salud y ambiente: Experiencia en Uruguay Montevideo), 597 Pose D. (Substance use in adolescents with environmental lead exposure in childhood), 599 Pose D. (Tobacco use in adolescents exposed to lead), 599 Pose Plaguicidas, salud y ambiente: Experiencia en Uruguay D Red tema´tica de medio ambiente (Burger M.), 597 Pose Roman D.A. (Substance use in adolescents with environmental lead exposure in childhood), 599 Pose Roman D.A. (Tobacco use in adolescents exposed to lead), 600 Post-basic Residence in Addictions, 30 Postgraduate Course in Biochemistry and Toxicological Analysis, 65 Postgraduate Course in Toxicological Biochemistry, 65 Post-graduate Course in Toxicology, 64 Post-graduate Course in Toxicology and Toxicological Analysis, 63 Postgraduate Education in Toxicology, 366 Postgraduate Studies (Postgrados), 606 Postgraduate studies (postgrados), in Venezuela, 612 Poˇstulkova`, E. (Za`klady vodnı´ ekotoxikologie (Fundamentals of Aquatic Ecotoxicology)), 130 Potsdam, 202 Potsdam University, 199 Poulsen P.B. (ed.) (Working Environment in Life-Cycle Assessment), 148 Poupon, E. (Pharmacognosie: phytochimie, plantes me´dicinales), 178 Pourahmad, J. (General Toxicology), 254 Pournourmohammadi, S. (Toxicity and Biomonitoring; Gene Expression. In: Anticholinesterase Pesticides: Metabolism, Neurotoxicity, and Epidemiology), 254 Pouy A. (Coca y sus derivados. en Pautas de evaluacio´n y tratamiento de los consumos problema´ticos de sustancias en los tres niveles de atencio´n), 597 Poznan´ University of Medical Sciences, 404

Index

Pozna´n, 409 PPP. See Plant Protection Products (PPP) PPS. See Polish Pharmacological Society (PPS) Prabhakar V.K. (Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals), 218 Pracovnı´ le´kaˇrstvı´ (Occupational Medicine), 132 Practical Manual of Forensic Histopathology (Blanco Pampin et al.), 507 Practical Preventive Medicine, 113 Practical Toxicology: Evaluation, Prediction and Risk (Wooley A.), 570 Practical Toxicology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Miao Mingsan et al.), 103 Practice of Necropsy and Toxicological Analysis (Ntougou et al.), 206 Pravdin, N.S., 419 Precautions and Guidelines for use of Pesticides in the Workplaces (Nikfar et al.), 253 Preclinical Evaluation on New Drugs: Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation (textbook) (Lou Yijia), 103 PRECOTOX. See National Program on Prevention and Control of Poisoning (PRECOTOX) Prego J. (Exposicio´n no intencional a cannabis en nin˜os en el marco de la regulacio´n del mercado en Uruguay), 599 ˚ ´ toxikologie: anorganicke´ Pˇrehled prumyslove la´tky (Survey of Industrial Toxicology: Inorganic Substances) (Marhold), 130 Presenting Toxicology Results: How to Evaluate Data and Write Reports (Wang Hongtao et al.), 105 Presenza di CO2 e H2S in ambienti indoor: attuali conoscenze e letteratura scientifica (Presence of CO2 and H2S in indoor environments: current knowledge and scientific literature), 268 Presidency of Institute Of Research and Development of Occupational Health and Safety, 561 Prevencio´n de riesgos en industrias quı´micas (Risk prevention in chemical industries) (de Posada Vela et al.), 508 Prevencion y manejo de intoxicaciones por sustancias quı´micas en incidentes mayores, 94 Prevention and Control of Infectious and Contagious Diseases in Animals Act, 245 Prevention and Management of Asbestos-Related Diseases in Finland (Rantanen et al.), 166 Prevention World, 523 Price S. (Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology), 569 Prince Edward Island, 92 Prince Milŏs Obrenovi´c, 447 Prince Sultan Military Medical City, 436 Principios de Ecotoxicologı´a (Principles of Ecotoxi-cology) (Capo´ M.), 507 Principios de la Toxicologı´a Gene´tica (Principles of Genetic Toxicology) (Villalobos et al.), 604 Princı´pios e´ticos e pra´ticos do uso de animais de experimentac¸a˜o (Ethical and practical principles forthe use of experimentation animals) (Guimaraes et al.), 59

The Principle of Treatment of Acute Poisoning (I) The Principle of Treatment of Acute Poisoning (II), 547 Principles and Application of Environmental Toxicology (textbook) (Gao shuang et al.), 101 Principles and Methods of Toxicology (textbook for Fudan University graduates) (JinTaiyi), 102 Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology (Chillcott et al.), 569 Principles of Agricultural Toxicology (Rakhshani-Zabol), 253 Principles of Biochemical Toxicology (Timbrell J. A.), 570 Principles of biochemical toxicology, 4th Edition, Taylor Francis (Timbrell J.A.), 376 Principles of Clinical Pharmacology and Basic Regulations (Turkish), 5th Edition (Oguz Kayaalp), 559 Principles of Environmental Toxicology (Shaw et al.), 570 Principles of Forensic Toxicology (Tang Hui et al.), 105 Principles of Toxicology—Compendium for College Students—Collective Work (Podstawy toksykologii -kompendium dla studento´w szko´ł wy˙zszych—praca zbiorowa) (Piotrowski J.K. (ed.)), 395 Prior informed consent (PIC), 23 Pˇrı´rodnı´ toxiny a jedy (Natural Toxins & Poisons) (Hrdina), 130 Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare, 457 Procesos de registros—anotaciones sanitarias en proteccio´n de la salud, 512 Proctor & Gamble, 364 The Product Register (Norway), 378 Product Safety Programme, 83 Product safety, Spanish legislations, 521 Productos quı´micos: guı´a ba´sica de etiquetado y fichas de datos de seguridad, 512 Productos quı´micos: peligrosidad y control del riesgo sanitario, 512 Produits Phytosanitaires: Intoxications aigue¨s et risque´ professionnels (Testud et al.), 179 The Prof. Dr. Jan Sehn Institute of Forensic Research, 399 Professional societies in Singapore, 458459 Professional toxicologists, 57 Profiles of Initial Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemicals, 291 Program “DIESELS.” Estimation of gross emissions of harmful substances from stationary diesel sources, 424 Program BOILERS “Estimation of gross emissions of pollutants from boiler units”, 424 Program BUILDING MATERIALS “Estimation of emissions from non-organic sources in the industry of building materials”, 424 Program of Research and Analysis of Chemical Residues and ContaminantsNational University of Litoral, 29 Programa Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), 20

761 Programme “Determination of hazard classes of industrial wastes”, 424 Programme “Toxicity”, 424 Progress in Venom and Toxin Research: Proceedings of the First Asia-Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins (Gopalakrishnakone et al. (eds.)), 456 Prohibited or Restricted Substances Database, 270 Prohuma Institute of Scientific StudiesPROHUMA, 62 Prokeˇs, J. (Za´klady toxikologie: obecna´ toxikologie a ekotoxikologie (The Foundations of Toxicology: General Toxicology and Ecotoxicology)), 131 Pronczuk J. (Ferna´ndez S. Plantas Silvestres y de Cultivo: Manejo y prevencio´n. Intoxicaciones accidentales. Consumo inapropiado. Universidad de la Republica, Departamento de Publicaciones), 597 Proposed Regulatory Decision Documents, 73 Proposition d’un repe´re toxicologique pour l’oxyde de titane nanome´trique pour des expositions environnementales par voie respiratoire ou orale, 180 ProtectPo, 78 Protocolo para la evaluacio´n de riesgos a la salud humana asociado a los PCBs: sitios sensibles yopotencialmente contaminados (Protocol for the evaluation of risks to human health associated with PCBs: sensitive and/or potentially contaminated sites), 20 Protocolos para el manejo del paciente intoxicado (Protocols for the Management of the Poisoned Patient) (Borgel et al.), 93 Protocols, international activities, 14 Provincial Poison Information Centre, 91 PRTR. See Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTR) PRTR information plaza Japan, 293 PRTR Information System, 494 Psiquiatrı´a de las Adicciones (Addictions Psychiatry) (Souza y Machorro M.), 348 PST. See Polish Society of Toxicology (PST) Psychoactive drugs, 598599 Psychotropes: revue internationale des toxicomanies et des addictions, 179 Public health, 315 Public Health, 5th edition (Wang et al.), 548 Public Health England, 576 Public Health Postgrade Institute, 160 Public Health Surveillance (Government of Canada)—Programs of interest, 84 Public Information Bulletin (Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej), 412 Publications of the Ministry of Health and Consumer Issues, 512 Publications of the Ministry of the Agriculture, 512 Publications of the National Institute of Health and Safety at Work, 512 PubMed, 316317 Pukkila, O. (ed.) (Sa¨teilyn ka¨ytto), 166 Punjab University, 240

762 Pusan National University (Department of Pharmacy), 501 Puskarczyk, E. (Urg’Intoxications), 179 Pyatnitskaya I.N. (Juvenile Drug Addiction Treatment), 422 Pyo¨tsia¨, J. (Toksikologisen osaamisen turvaaminen), 166

Q QAEHS. See Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS) Qaseem Poison Control Center, 437 Qassim University, 439 Qazvin University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Qi Zheng (Pops Pollution Status and Toxicology Research Progress), 104 Qiao Jing (ed.) (Principles of Forensic Toxicology), 105 Qikiqtani General Hospital, 92 Qingdao University School of Public Health, 121 Qinghai University Department of Public Health, 121 Qiqihar Medical University Public Health College, 122 QSAR prediction database, 148 Quality and Safety Center for agricultural products, 117 Quebec Population Health Research Network, 91 Queen’s University School of Medicine, 87 Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 50 Queensland Poisons Information Centre, 56 Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 49 Quere´s saber cua´les son los animales venenosos? (Do you want to know which are the poisonousanimals?) (Cabrerizo S.), 21 Quere´s saber que´ es la toxicologı´a? (Do you want to know what toxicology is?) (Cabrerizo S.), 21 Quick FDS, 184 Quı´mica atmosfe´rica: origen y efectos de la contaminacio´n (Atmospheric chemistry: origin and effects of contamination) (Dome`nech X.), 507 Quimica del Suelo, el Impacto de los Contaminantes (Chemistry of Soil and Impact of contaminants) (Dome`nech X.), 507 Quimica e Industria (Chemistry and Industry) (1954), 511 QUT. See Queensland University of Technology (QUT) ? ?

R RACI. See Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) RACP. See Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) Radboud University Nijmegen, 363 Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, 172 Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), 297 Radiation Protection Act, 460 Radiation Research Department, 153 Radiation Safety Institute of Canada, 91

Index

Radiation Toxicology (4th ed.) (series of textbooks on radiation medicine) (Yang Zhanshan), 106 Radiation Toxicology: Bone Marrow and Leukaemia (Hendry et al.), 569 Radiation, 259260 Radim J. Sra´m (Human Monitoring after Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chemical and Physical Agents (NATO Asi Series: Series A: Life Sciences) (English)), 559 Radiological Sciences (Kondo (ed.) et.al.), 290 The Radiological Society Republic of China, 555 Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Raghavan S. (India’s Environmental Policy), 218 Rahimi, R. (The Golden Age of Medieval Islamic Toxicology. In: Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance), 255 Rakhmanin Y.A. (ed.) (Basic principles of risk assessment to population’s health at exposure to chemicals polluting the environment), 421 Rakhshani-Zabol, E. (Principles of Agricultural Toxicology), 253 Ramamoorthy R. (Handbook of Chemical Toxicity Profiles of Biological Species CRC Press), 218 Ramamoorthy S. (Handbook of Chemical Toxicity Profiles of Biological Species CRC Press), 218 Rambam Health Care Campus, 262, 264 Ramesh C. Gupta (ed.) (Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents Beijing: Chemical Industry Press and Elsevier), 101 Ramı´rez G. (Principios de la Toxicologı´a Gene´tica (Principles of Genetic Toxicology)), 604 Ramı´rez J. (Fisuras, dos estudios sobre pasta base de cocaı´na en el Uruguay. Aproximaciones cuantitativas y etnogra´ficas. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacio´n), 597 Ramı´rez Romero P. (Ensayos toxicolo´gicos para la evaluacio´n de sustancias quı´micas en agua y suelo: La experiencia en Me´xico (Toxicological tests for the evaluation of chemicals in water and soil: the Mexican experience)), 347 Ramos G. (Diagnostico Epidemiolo´gico del Consumo de Sustancias Psicoactivas en una Universidad Venezolana (Epidemiologic Diagnostic of Psicoactive Substances consumption in a Venezuelan University)), 604 Ranjbarian, M. (Job Poisoning and Prevention), 253 Rantanen, J. (Prevention and Management of Asbestos-Related Diseases in Finland), 166 Rantanen, S. (Kemikaaliturvallisuuden tiedonla¨hteet), 164 Rantanen, S. (Tyo¨ympa¨risto¨n kemiallisten ja fysikaalisten riskien arviointi ja hallinta), 165 RAPEX, 13 Rapid Review of Toxicology (Kanchan T.), 215

Rapid Risk Factor Surveillance System (RRFSS), 76 Rasmussen A.R. (Australia’s Dangerous Snakes: Identification, Biology and Envenoming), 38 Rasmussen K. (ed.) (Miljø- ogarbejdsmedicin), 148 Ravindra Fernando (Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa), 456 Ravintomme lisa¨aineet (La¨hteenma¨ki), 165 Ray, S. (ed.) (Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3rd Edition, Volumes 1-4), 254 Razavi, B. M. (Poisonous mushrooms. In: Toxicology: Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa), 255 Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, 251 RCP. See Royal College of Physicians (RCP) RCPA. See Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA) RCPath. See Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) RDA. See Rural Development Administration (RDA) REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of CHemicals), 461 REACH and CLP in the Netherlands, 366 REACH database on Registered Chemicals on the European Market, 359 REACH Helpdesk (Serbia), 452 REACH portal, 271 REACH regulation, 282 REACH—CLP—BIOCIDE Helpdesk, 9, 169 Read Your Daily Life (Chen P.C.), 546 Recent Advances Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 2: Good Practice Guidelines and Current Medicolegal Issues (Biswas G.), 213 Recent Advances in Toxinology Research (P. Gopalakrishnakone), 456 Recollida e limpeza do fuel do Prestige. Avaliacio´n da exposicio´n e danos a´ sau´de en voluntarios e traballadores (Cleaning of Fuel from the Prestige. Exposure Evaluation and Health Effects in Volunteers and Workers) (Gestal J.J.), 508 The Red Cross Society of The Republic of China, 552 Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital Poisons Information Service, 483 Red de Revistas Cientı´ficas Espan˜olas (Spanish Network of Spanish Scientific Journals), 511 Red Mesoamericana de Recursos Bio´ticos (Measoamerican Network of Biotic Resources), 353 Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiolo´gica de Intoxicaciones Agudas por Plaguicidas REVEP, 94 Red Sea Research Center, 438 Reference Center on Teratogenic Agents, 182 Reference Handbook on Hazardous Substances (Electronic version), 423 Refik Saydam Hygiene Center—National Poison Information Center (UZEM), 564 Regalement about Hygiene Conditions and Work Security, 611

Index

Regalement of the Organic Law on Prevention, Conditions and Work Environment, 611 Regenthal R. (Akute Vergiftungen und Arzneimittelu¨berdosierungen), 189 Regional (ARPA) and Provincial (APPA) Environmental Protection Agencies, 278 Regional Foundation for Science and Technology (FUNDACITE), 608 Regional Toxicology Unit (UTR), 602 Regional Universities Network (RUN), 47 Register of nonagricultural pesticides or biocides, 514 Register of Plant Protection Products— Pesticides, 514 Registration Committee for Veterinary Drugs, 367 Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH), 89, 11, 209, 417, 492493 access to information on chemicals, 13 animal testing, 12 authorization, 12 compliance, enforcement, and inspection, 13 consortia for registration by different manufacturers or importers, 12 data requirements and test methods, 1112 decision-making, 12 ECHA and member states, substances of high concern, 12 groups of chemicals, 13 international collaboration, 13 registration, 11 related EU bodies and initiatives, 13 scientific committees, 1213 Registre que´be´cois du cancer (RQC), 76 Registry of Clinical Studies, 514 Registry of Rare Diseases, 514 Registry of Toxicologists—Spain, 514 Reglamento de la Ley de Gestio´n Integral de Residuos So´lidos—DECRETO SUPREMO N 014-2017-MINAM, 391 Regulating Chemical Accumulation in the Environment: The Integration of Toxicology and Economics in Environmental Policymaking (Swanson et al. (ed.)), 570 Regulations on Chemical Substances Management (Chemical Risk and Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Management Series), 101 Regulatory toxicity testing services, 340 Reichl, F. X. (Atlas de Poche de Me´decine de l’Environnement), 179 Reichl, F. X. (Guide pratique de toxicology), 179 Relacio´n M.M. (Consumo de mate en el embarazo con el peso al nacer Arch Pediatr Urug), 599 REMA—Spanish Network for the Development of Alternative Methods, 518 Remediacio´n de suelos y acuı´feros contaminados: bases teo´ricas y experiencias reales (Polluted Soil and Water Bioremediation: Theoretical Bases and Real Experiencies) (Torres Bustillo et al.), 348

Remediation Database, 270 Re´pertoire toxicologique of the CNESST, 76 Repetto G. (Inventory of the Spanish Institutions and Scientists Involved in Alternatives to the use of Laboratory Animals (Refinement, Reduction or Replacement)), 509 Repetto G. (Toxicologı´a Fundamental, 4th Edition (Fundamental Toxicology)), 509 Repetto M. (Ampliacio´n de Toxicologı´a de Postgrado, 8th Ed. (Advanced Post grade in Toxicology)), 509 Repetto M. (Evolucio´n, estado actual, retos y tendencias de la Toxicologı´a comenzar el milenio (Evolution, Present Situation and Trends of the Toxicology at the Start of the Millennium)), 509 Repetto M. (Glosario de te´rminos usados en Toxicologı´a (Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology)), 510 Repetto M. (Inventory of the Spanish Institutions and Scientists Involved in Alternatives to the use of Laboratory Animals (Refinement, Reduction or Replacement)), 509 Repetto M. (Toxicologı´a Alimentaria (Food Toxicology)), 509 Repetto M. (Toxicologı´a Avanzada (Advanced Toxicology) Dı´az de Santos: Madrid), 509 Repetto M. (Toxicologı´a de Postgrado (Postgrade Toxicology), 10th Edition), 509 Repetto M. (Toxicologı´a Fundamental, 4th Edition (Fundamental Toxicology)), 509 Reporte mexicano de cambio clima´tico. Vols 13 (Mexican report on climate change) (Gay y Garcı´a etal.), 344 Reports in Public Health, 61 Reports of Carcinogenicity Studies of Selected Chemicals, 292 Reproduction et environnement, 180 Reproduction Hazard Medical Data Sheets, 181 Reproductive and developmental toxicology (Series of target organs toxicology) (Li Zhilan et al.), 102 ReproSafe, Reproduction and Chemical Safety, 535 Republic of Korea chemical regulations, 488t databases, 493495 journal articles, 498499 nongovernment organizations, 499501 professional societies and official journals, 503504 resources government organizations (agencies and research institutes), 490493 government organizations (ministries), 489490 reviews, 497498 technical reports, 495497 toxicology, 488489 universities, 501503 Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Livestock, 561 Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Health, 561 RERF. See Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF)

763 Research and Advisory Institute for Hazardous Substances, 196 Research and Development Area/ SerpentariumNational Institute of Production of Biologicals, 28 Research Center for Rural Economy, 117 Research Council of Norway, 383 Research Development of Toxicology Onboard The Submarine Environment (Xiao Cunjie et al.), 106 Research in Environment, Education and Development Society (REEDS), 235 Research India Publications, 227 Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry and Toxicology (RIAS), 299 Research Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Pathology of Nizhniy Novgorod, 429 Research Institute of Occupational Diseases (Russia), 419 Research Institute of Occupational Health (Russia), 419 Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology of Ufa, 429 Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene of St. Petersburg, 429 Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability (RISS), 297 Research Methods and Experimental Techniques of Nanotoxicology (Nano Science And Technology Series) (Zhang Zhiyong et al.), 107 Research of Environmental Sciences, 113 Research Program in EcotoxicologyDepartment of Basic SciencesNational University of Lujan, 29 The Researcher’s Mobility Portal—Poland, 411 ResearchItaly: il portale della ricerca italiana, 266 Re´seau de surveillance de la qualite´ de l’air du Que´bec, 76 Residui, additivi e contaminanti degli alimenti (Food Residues, Additives and Contaminants) (Cerutti), 266 Residuos de Productos Fitosanitarios. Criterios Regulatorios Locales e Internacionales (Residues of Phytosanitary Products. Regulatory Criteria Local and International) (Mazzarella D.), 20 Residuos peligrosos en Me´xico (Hazardous waste in Me´xico) (Barojas Weber (ed.) et al.), 344 Resolving Erroneous Reports in Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: A Comprehensive Guide (Turan Turhan et al.), 559 The Resource Quality Information Services, 468 Resources for carcinogenic, mutagenic or reprotoxic (CMRs) substances substitution process, 182 Respel 1.0. Reglamento sanitario sobre manejo de residues peligrosos, 94 Responsible Container Management Association of Southern Africa (RPMASA), 482 Restani, P. (Tossicologia degli alimenti (Food Toxicology)), 266 Results of Mutagenicity Tests, 291

764 RET: Revista de Toxicomanı´as (Journal of Drug Addiction), 511 Retief F.P. (ed.) (Environmental Management in South Africa), 464 RETOMEX, (Poison Centers in Mexico), 354 Retsinformation (Legal Information), 154 Retsmedicin: nordisklærebog (Thomsen J.L. (ed.)), 148 Retsmedicinogmedicinallovgivning (Simonsen J.), 148 A Review of Proposed Maximum Tolerated Levels for Fumonisins in Maize and Maize Products (Viljoen et al.), 464 Revisio´n de me´todos de ana´lisis de contaminantes prioritarios en suelos (Review of analytical methods of contaminants in soil) (Azpeitia et al.), 506 Revisiones en Ca´ncer (Cancer Reviews), 511 Revista Avances en Investigacio´n Agropecuaria (Advances in Agricultural Research Journal), 352 Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente (Chapingo Journal of Forestry and Environment Sciences Series), 352 Revista Chilena de pediatrı´a, 94 Revista Chilena De Salud Pu´blica, 94 Revista Ciencia (Science Journal), 350 Revista Ciencia y Desarrollo (Science and Development Magazine), 353 Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia, 94 Revista de Investigacio´n Clı´nica (Journal of Clinical Research), 351 Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Peru´ (Journal of Veterinary Investigations of Peru), 385 Revista de la Facultad de Salud Pu´blica y Nutricio´n (Journal of the Faculty of Public Health and Nutrition), 351 Revista de la Sociedad Peruana de Medicina Interna (Journal of the Peruvian Society of Internal Medicine), 385 Revista de la Sociedad Peruana de Quı´mica (Journal of the Peruvian Society of Chemistry), 385 Revista de Quı´mica (Journal of Chemistry), 385 Revista de Salud Ambiental (Journal of Environmental Health), 511 Revista de Toxicologı´a (Journal of Toxicology), 511 Revista del Instituto Nacional de Cancerologı´a (Journal of Mexico’s National Cancer Institute), 351 Revista Espan˜ola de Drogodependencias (Spanish Journal of Drug Addictions), 511 Revista Espan˜ola de Medicina Legal (Spanish Journal of Legal Medicine), 511 Revista Espan˜ola de Salud Pu´blica (Spanish Journal of Public Health), 511 Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologı´a Postcosecha (Iberoamerican Journal Postharvest Technology), 352 Revista internacional de contaminacio´n ambiental (International Journal of Environmental Pollution), 350

Index

Revista Me´dica de Chile, 94 Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad (Mexican Journal of Biodiversity), 352 Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Farmace´uticas (Journal of Mexican Pharmaceutics Sciences), 352 Revista Peruana de Biologı´a (Peruvian Journal of Biology), 386 Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pu´blica, 386 RF Basic Legislative Principles for the Protection of Population’s Health. New version of 2005.03.07, 434 Rhodes C.J. (Toxicology of the Human Environment: The Critical Role of Free Radicals), 569 Rhodes University (RU), 476 Ribeira˜o Preto Poison Control Center, 67 Ribeiro L.R. (Mutageˆnese Ambiental (Environmental Mutagenesis)), 61 Ricardo C Rodrı´guez de la Vega (Scorpion Venoms), 456 Rico´n Sa´nchez A.R. (Estre´s Oxidativo y su impacto en Salud (Oxidative Stress and Health Impact)), 345 Riedl, O. (Klinicka´toxikologie: toxikologie ˚ potravin, jedovaty´ch zˇivoˇcichu˚ a rostlin le´ku, aj. (Clinical Toxicology: Pharmaceuticals, Foods, Poisonous Flora & Fauna)), 132 Riesgos quı´micos (Toxic risks) (Henao F.), 508 Rifkin J.F. (ed.) (Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals), 38 Riipinen, H (Kemikaalit ja tyo¨—Selvitys tyo¨ympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨), 166 Rijkswaterstaat, 360 RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, 363 Riksdag (Swedish Parliament), 526 Riley R.T. (ed.) (Fumonsin B1. Environmental Health Criteria 219), 464 Riley R.T. (Fumonisins  Occurrence, Toxicology, Metabolism and Risk Assessment), 464 Rio de Janeiro Poison Control Center, 67 Rios A. (Efectos del cannabis sobre la viabilidad celular y el ciclo suen˜o vigilia en un modelo animal), 599 Rios A. (Garantı´a de Calidad en los laboratorios analı´ticos (Quality assurance in analytical laboratories)), 507 Rı´os de contradiccio´n: contaminacio´n, ecologı´a polı´tica y sujetos rurales en Nativitas, Tlaxcala. Me´xico (Contradictory rivers: pollution, politic ecology and rural subjects in Nativitas, Tlaxcala, Mexico) (Velasco Santos P.), 348 Rios, J. C. (Intoxicaciones: Epidemiologia, Clı´nica y Tratamiento), 93 RIRDC. See Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) RISCTOX. Toxic risks for workers, 514 Risk Analysis Research Center, 297 Risk Assessment and Risk Management (Hester et al. (eds.)), 569

Risk Assessment and Toxicological Application of Pesticide Residues (Li Qian et al.), 102 Risk Assessment Documents, 292 Risk Assessment of Chemical Carcinogens, 269 Risk Assessment of Chemicals: An Introduction (van Leeuwen et al.), 358 Risk assessment of chemicals: an introduction, 2nd Edition. Springer (van Leeuwen et al.), 376 Risk Assessment Reports for Industrial Safety, 292 Risk Management Institution of Australasia Limited (RMIA), 46 RiskCom, 500 Riskline, 531 RiskQuim- Chemical Classification and labelling—CLP, 514 Risks of Substances, 366 RISS. See Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability (RISS) RITSQ—Ibero-American Network of Toxicology and Chemical Safety, 519 River Water Quality Monitoring Program, 328 Rivista di Tossicologia Sperimentale e Clinic (Experimental and Clinical Toxicology Journal), 268 Riyadh Poison Control Center, 437 RMIA. See Risk Management Institution of Australasia Limited (RMIA) RMIT. See Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) RMIT Drug Discovery Technologies (RDDT), 50 RMIT School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, 49 RMIT School of Property, Construction and Project Management, 49 RMIT School of Science, 50 Road Traffic Act (Driving while under the influence of alcohol or drug), 460 Road Transport Act 1987, 340 Robert Koch Institute, 194 Roberts R.J. (Apoptosis in Toxicology), 570 Robinson L. (ed.) (Handbook of Toxicology and Ecotoxicology for the Pulp and Paper Industry), 570 Robinson L. (Toxicology and Ecotoxicology in Chemical Safety Assessment), 570 Rocha A. (Cocaı´na adulterada con Levamisol: reporte de 3 casos clı´nicos), 599 Rodriguez A.R. (Plantas To´xicas y Micotoxinas (Toxic plants and mycotoxins)), 18 Rodrı´guez Abellan M. (Toxicologı´a Clı´nica en Medicina Interna (Clinical Toxicology in Medicine)), 509 Rodrı´guez Almada H Aspectos medico legales del consumo de alcohol etı´lico en Patologı´a Forense Oficina del Libro (Lozano), 597 Rodrı´guez Almada H. (Intoxicaciı´n por gases y vapores en Patologı´a Forense Oficina del Libro), 597598

Index

Rodriguez F. (Diccionario de la droga. Vocabulario general y argot (Dictionary of the Drug. General Vocabulary and Slang)), 510 Rodrı´guez I. (Elaboracio´n y estructuracio´n de una base de datos cartogra´fica de la contaminacio´n marina provocada por el Prestige y su integracio´n en un sistema de informacio´n geogra´fico (Preparation and structure of a cartographic database of the marine contamination produced by the Prestige and integration in a geographic information system)), 507 Rodrı´guez Perea E. (Comunicacio´n de riesgo y estudio de caso. Los polı´gonos quı´micos espan˜oles (Risk communication and case study. The Spanish chemical polygons)), 510 Rodriguez S. (Intoxicacio´n aguda por Diazino´n en nin˜os), 598 Rodrı´guez-Arnaiz R. (Las toxinas ambientales y sus efectos gene´ticos, 4a Ed (Environmental toxics and its genetics effects, 4th Edition)), 347 Rodrı´guez-Arnaiz R. (Metabolismo de las toxinas ambientales (Environmental toxins metabolism)), 347 Rodriguez-Haralambides A. (Yerba Mate: efectos sobre la vigilia y el suen˜o), 599 Rojas Maritza (Toxicologia Ambiental y Ocupacional), 604 Rolda´n Reyes E. (Introduccio´n a la toxicologı´a (Introduction to toxicology)), 347 Romero Sevilla L. (Ecologı´a y Salud (Ecology and health)), 344 Romero Torres T. (Diagno´stico nacional sobre la situacio´n de los contaminantes orga´nicos persistentes en Me´xico (Assessment on the National Situation of Persistent Organic Pollutants)), 347 Room Radon (Rn) DB, 494 Rosado A. (Revisio´n de me´todos de ana´lisis de contaminantes prioritarios en suelos (Review of analytical methods of contaminants in soil)), 506 Rosas I. (Microbiologı´a ambiental (Environmental microbiology)), 350 Rose J. (Environmental Toxicology: Current Developments), 570 Rosiles Martinez R. (Memorias del primer curso de actualizacion en toxicologia veterinaria (Memoirs of the first course of actualization in Toxicology)), 347 Roskilde University, 152 Rossal M. (Fisuras, dos estudios sobre pasta base de cocaı´na en el Uruguay. Aproximaciones cuantitativas y etnogra´ficas. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacio´n), 597 Rossal M. (Viajes sinte´ticos, Estudios sobre uso de drogas de sı´ntesis en el Uruguay contempora´neo Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacio´n), 597 Rossi C. (Erros De Medicac¸a˜o: Um Risco de Sau´de Medication Errors: A Risk of Healthcare), 598

Rossi G. (Coca y sus derivados. en Pautas de evaluacio´n y tratamiento de los consumos problema´ticos de sustancias en los tres niveles de atencio´n), 597 Rostock University Medical Center, 200 Rostock, 202 Roth L. (Giftliste (List of Poisons) 46th edition), 191 Rother H.A. (Failing Laws: Assumptions and Realities for Women in South African Agriculture), 464 Rother H.A. (Hazard Labelling), 464 Rothman, C. (Urg’Intoxications), 179 Rothmann, C. (Me´mo Intoxications Aigue¨s), 179 The Rotterdam Convention (PIC), 23 Rovira i Virgili University, 519 Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), 53 Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI), 55 Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath), 590 Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA), 55 Royal College of Physicians (RCP), 590 Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, 143 The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm (Kungliga Tekniska Ho¨gskolan), 537 Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), 36, 49 Royal Netherlands Chemical Society (KNCV), 365 Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), 361 Royal Society, 590 Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA Australia), 45 Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), 584 The Royal Society of Biology, 582 Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 590 The Royal Society of New Zealand Te Ap¯arangi, 373 Royal University Hospital, 92 RPMASA. See Responsible Container Management Association of Southern Africa (RPMASA) RRFSS. See Rapid Risk Factor Surveillance System (RRFSS) RRPHCBS. See Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances (RRPHCBS) RSC. See Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Ruchirawat M. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Ruchirawat M. (Networking to advance progress in children’s environmental health), 600 Rufo C. (Yerba Mate: efectos sobre la vigilia y el suen˜o), 599 Ruiz A. (Brain dysfunction changes in abstinent cocaine abusers), 599 Rulebook on Bans and Restrictions of Production, Placing on the Market and

765 Use of Chemicals (“Official Gazette of the RS”, No 90/13), 452 Rulebook on content of Safety Data Sheet (“Official Gazette of the RS”, No 100/11), 451 Rulebook on criteria for identification of substances such as PBT and vPvB (“Official Gazette of the RS”, No 23/10), 451 Rulebook on manner of conduction of chemicals safety assessment and content of chemicals safety report (“Official Gazette of the RS”, No 37/11), 451 Rulebook on Methods for Testing of Chemicals’ Hazardous Properties (“Official Gazette of the RS”, No 117/13), 452 Rulebook on the list of hazardous substances and their amounts and criteria for determining the type of documents produced by the operator of Seveso installation or establishment (“Official Gazette of the RS” Nos 41/10 and 51/15), 452 Rural Development Administration (RDA), 492 Rural Energy & Environment Agency, 117 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), 44 Rural Social Undertakings Development Center, 117 Ruskoaho, H. (ed.) (La¨a¨ketieteellinen farmakologia ja toksikologia), 166 Russia books, 420422 databases biochemistry, 423 ecotoxicology, 423 government agencies, 425426 history and current state of toxicology in, 419420 hygiene and epidemiological centers having toxicological divisions in their structure, 431434 IFCS Russian focal point, 434 industrial wastes pollutants, 424 pollution of the environment, 424 protection of the environment, 425 toxicology, 425 journals, 422 key research centers, 428431 legislation concerning chemical safety, 434 methodological documents, 423 organizations (nongovernmental), 426427 professional societies, 428 regulatory documents, 422423 State Registration of chemical and biological substances in the Russian Federation, 420 universities, 427428 Russian Federation Ministry of Agriculture, 425 Russian Federation Ministry of Health and Social Development, 425

766 Russian Federation Ministry of Industry and Trade, 425 Russian Federation Ministry of Natural Resources, 426 Russian Military Medical Academy, SaintPetersburg, 428 Russian National Division of the World Wide Fund for Nature, 427 Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances (RRPHCBS), 420 Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights and Human Well-being, RF Ministry of Health and Social Development, 434 Russian State Medical University, 428 Russian Toxicology Society, 428 Ruth P. (Mutschler Arzneimittelwirkungen: Pharmakologie KlinischePharmakologieToxikologie), 188 RWTH Aachen University, 197 Rychlı´k, I. (Toxicke´ poˇskozenı´ ledvin houbami: patogeneze, klinika, le´ˇcba (Toxic Renal Injury from Fungi: Pathogenesis, Clinic, Treatment)), 130 Ryczel M. (Toxicologı´a (Toxicology)), 21 Rzeszo´w, 409

S S2NANO Database for Nanosafety, 494495 S2NANO, 499 SA Health, 43 Saad Specialist Hospital, 436 SAAHA (South African Animal Health Association), 482 SAAPMB. See South African Association of Physicists in Medicine and Biology (SAAPMB) Saarland University, 198 SAASTA. See South African Agency for Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA) SABS. See South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 SACI. See South African Chemical Institute (SACI) SACNASP. See South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions (SACNASP) SAEON. See South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON) Safe & Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization: S2NANO, 499 Safe Chemicals, 500 Safe Work Australia (SWA), 41 Safe Work Australia chemical and nanotechnology safety documents, 39 Safe Work Australia Resources, 40 Safety (EHS) Management Series) (Ji Xunhe et al.), 101 Safety Compliance Insider, 73 Safety data sheets (SDS), 7, 270

Index

´ Safety in Chemical Laboratory (Bezpieczenstwo w pracowni chemicznej) (Wasielewski et al.), 395 The Safety in Mines Research Advisory Committee (SIMRAC), 472 Safety in Pharmaceutical Sciences Research (Jalali et al.), 254 Safety Institute of Australia (SIA), 55 Safety of Probiotic Bacteria. In: Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics; Bioactive Foods in Health Promotion (Abdollahi et al.), 255 Sahebghadam-Lotfi, A. (Metabolism of Lead and its Poisoning), 252 Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SU) (Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset), 541 SAICM. See Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) Sains Malaysiana, 327 Saint Petersburg Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, 428 SAIOH. See Southern African Institute for Occupational Hygiene (SAIOH) Sajewicz M. (Chromatographic Techniques in the Forensic Analysis of Designer Drugs—1st Edition), 395 Salamanca University, 519 Salazar M. (Actitud de un Grupo de Estudiantes Universitarios hacia las Drogas (Attitude of a Group of University Students towards drugs)), 604 Salazar M. (Diagnostico Epidemiolo´gico del Consumo de Sustancias Psicoactivas en una Universidad Venezolana (Epidemiologic Diagnostic of Psicoactive Substances consumption in a Venezuelan University)), 604 Saldı´var Osorio L. (ed.) (La Toxicologia en Me´xico: estado actual y perspectivas (Toxicology in Mexico: actual state and perspectives)), 342 Saldu´n P. (Mordedura por vı´bora de coral), 600 Sale of Drugs (Certificate of Analysis) Regulations 1997, 339 Sale of Drugs Act, 460 Sale of Drugs Act 1952, 339 Sale of Food Act, 460 Salguero M. (Inventory of the Spanish Institutions and Scientists Involved in Alternatives to the use of Laboratory Animals (Refinement, Reduction or Replacement)), 509 Salguero Villadiego M. (Practical Manual of Forensic Histopathology), 507 Salim Satar (Clinical Toxicology in ER Turkish), 559 Salim SATAR (Goldfrank’s Manual of Toxicologic Emergencies), 559 Salud Mental (Mental Health), 351 Salud Ocupacional y Ambiental: Realidades Diversas (Landrigan et al.), 157 Salud pu´blica en el Peru´del siglo XX: paradigmas, discursos y polı´ticas, 385 Salud y Drogas (Health and Drugs), 511 Salus, 604

Salvadori D.M.F. (Mutageˆnese Ambiental (Environmental Mutagenesis)), 61 Salvo S. (Efectos del cannabis sobre la viabilidad celular y el ciclo suen˜o vigilia en un modelo animal), 599 Samsam-Shariat, H. (Poisonous Medical Plants), 252 San Andre´s M.I. (Toxicologı´a Animal originada por Plantas (Toxicology of Animals due to Plants)), 510 San Andres M.I. (Toxicologı´a Animal Originada por Plantas, Flora Silvestre Espan˜ola (Animal Toxicology from the Spanish flora)), 507 San Francisco University, 160 Sanabria N. (Chapter 2. Nanoscience, nanotechnology, nanomaterials and nanotoxicology in South Africa), 464 Sanaei, G. H. (Industrial Toxicology), 253 SANBI. See South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) Sa´nchez Go´mez J. (Manejo de residuos industriales (Industrial waste management)), 347 Sa´nchez Villegas M.C. (Envenenamiento por animales ponzon~osos (Poisoning by noxious animals)), 347 Sa´nchez Villegas M.C.S. (Toxicologı´a clı´nica en urgencias (Clinic toxicology in theintensive care unit)), 346 Sa´nchez-Salinas E. (Los plaguicidas en Me´xico: aspectos generales, toxicolo´gicos y ambientales (Pesticides in Mexico: general, toxicologic and environmental aspects)), 347 Sandberg, J. (ed.) (Ydinturvallisuus), 166 Sandstorm Medicine and Toxicology (Meng Ziqiang et al.), 103 Sanitary-Epidemiological Regulation of Industrial Microorganisms, 421 Sanotskiy I.V. (ed.) (Selenium Compounds and Health), 422 Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, 361 Santa Catarina Information Center and Toxicological AssistanceCIATox, 67 Sante´ et services sociaux, 86 Santesson, Carl Gustav, 526 Santiago de Compostela University, 519 Santos Poison Control Center, 67 Sanz P. (Atlas de Toxicologia Clı´nica y Laboral (Atlas of Clinical and Occupational Toxicology)), 509 Sanz P. (Glosario de te´rminos usados en Toxicologı´a (Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology)), 510 Sa˜o Jose dos Campos Poison Control Center, 67 Sa˜o Paulo Poison Control Center, 67 Sa˜o Paulo State University “Ju´lio de Mesquita Filho”Campus of Botucatu City, 64 SAPHS. See South African Pharmacology Society (SAPHS) SAPI. See Singapore Association of Pharmaceutical Industries (SAPI) Saracco A.S. (Guı´a sobre las Competencias del Personal de Sistemas de Emergencias Me´dicas que Responde a Incidentes con Materiales

Index

Peligrosos (Guideon Competencies of Medical Emergency System Personnel Responding to Incidents with Hazardous Materials)), 25 Saracco A.S. (Guı´a de prevencio´n, diagno´stico, tratamiento y vigilancia epidemiolo´gica del envenenamiento por escorpiones (Guide for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological surveillance of food botulism)), 25 Saratov Research Institute of Rural Hygiene, 429 Sarkissian May P. (Sustancias de abuso cocaı´na y pasta base de cocaı´na en Patologı´a Forense Oficina del Libro), 598 SASA. See Scottish Agricultural Science Agency (SASA); Servicio Autonomo de Sanidad Agropecuaria (SASA) SASAqS. See Southern African Society of Aquatic Scientists (SASAqS) Saskatchewan, 92 Satake M. (Environmental Toxicology), 219 Sa¨teily- ja sen havaitseminen (Ika¨heimonen) (ed.), 164 Sa¨teily ympa¨risto¨ssa¨ (Po¨lla¨nen) (ed.), 166 Sa¨teilyn ka¨ytto (Pukkila) (ed.), 166 Sa¨teilyn terveysvaikutukset (Paile) (ed.), 165 Satellite Environment Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, 115 Sattari, M. (Acetaminophen: Properties, Clinical Uses and Adverse Effects. In: Acetaminophen overdose, biomarkers, and management), 254 Saturnisme chez l’enfant, 20082011, re´sultats, 181 Saudi Arabia, toxicology in, 435 books, 439440 General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection, 438 Hospitals’ Drug and Poisons Information Centers, 436437 National Drug and Poison Information Center (NDPIC), 436 Poison Control Centers, 437438 Poison control committees, 438 scientific journals, 439 societies, 436 Saudi Society for Environmental Sciences, 436 Saudi Society of Marine Sciences, 436 toxicology education of Saudi Arabia, 438439 Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA), 436 Saudi Society for Environmental Sciences, 436 Saudi Society of Marine Sciences, 436 Saume F. (Introduccia´n a la Quı´mica y Toxicologı´a de Insecticidas (Introduction to the Chemistry and Toxicology of Insecticides)), 604 Savchenkov V.A. (Abuse of Opioids and Opioid Dependence), 422 Savitribai Phule Pune University, 240 Savolainen, K. (Kemikaalit ja tyo¨—Selvitys tyo¨ympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨), 166 Sawiczewski, Jo´zef, 393 SCAHT. See Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT)

Scaravaggi, G. (Antidoti: guida all’uso clinico e all’approvvigionamento (Antidotes: a guide to clinical use and supply)), 267 Scarlato E.A. (Venenos en el arte. Luces, sombras y matices de la toxicologı´a (Poisons in art. Lights, shadows and nuances of toxicology)), 21 Scasso A. (Efectos del cannabis sobre la viabilidad celular y el ciclo suen˜o vigilia en un modelo animal), 599 SCDF. See Singapore Civil Defense Force (SCDF) SCENIHR. See Scientific Committee on Emerging and newly identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) SCF. See Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) Schaefer C. (Arzneiverordnung in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit), 189 Scha¨fer S. (ed) (Toxikologie (Toxicology), 3rd edition), 188 Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 525 Scheinin, M. (ed.) (La¨a¨ketieteellinen farmakologia ja toksikologia), 166 Schmidt H. (ed.) (Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Pharmacology and Toxicology), 6th edition), 188 School of Biological Sciences, Forensic science, 373 School of Chemical Sciences, Forensic Science, 372 School of Environmental Studies, 87 School of Graduates Studies, 88 School of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, 372 School of Medicine, 587 School of Public Health, 89 School of the Environment, 89 Schvartsman S. (Intoxicac¸o˜es agudas, 4th ed. (Acute Poisonings)), 61 Schvartsman S. (Tratamento das Intoxicac¸o˜es Agudas, 4th ed. (Treatment of Acute Poisonings)), 61 SciELO—Spain—Scientific Electronic Library Online, 514 Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC), 232 Science and Scholarship in Poland (Nauka w Polsce), 411 Science and Technology of Food Industry, 113 Science approach document (SciAD), 80 Science Letters, 327328 Science of Toxicity: From Molecules/Cells to Human Populations (Kumagai (ed.) etal.), 290 The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), 561 Scientific Committee on Emerging and newly identified Health Risks (SCENIHR), 12 Scientific Committee on Food (SCF), 285 Scientific Journal of Guayas Physicians Association, 157 Scientific Publishers, 227 Scientific Research Disinfectology Institute, 429 Scientific societies, 281288

767 Scion, 372 SCIRI  Food alert coordinated network, 523 Scorpion Venoms (Gopalakrishnakone et al.), 456 Scottish Agricultural Science Agency (SASA), 577 Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA), 578 Scottish National Heritage (SNH), 578 Sea Snake Toxinology (Gopalakrishnakone, P. (editor)), 456 Seawright A.A. (Chemical and Plant Poisons, 2nd Edition, Volume 2, Animal Health in Australia), 38 SEBBM—Spanish Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 520 SEBC—Spanish Society of Cellular Biology, 520 SECAL—Spanish Society of the Science of Laboratory Animals, 520 SECCFF—Spanish Society of Physiological Sciences, 520 The Second Military Medical University, 122 Secretariat of Programming for the Prevention of Drug Addiction and the Fight Against Drug Traffick (SEDRONAR), 32 Security Forces Hospital, 436 SEE—Spanish Society of Epidemiology, 520 SEF—Spanish Society of Pharmacology, 520 ˇ Segrt Z. (Akutna trovanja hemijskim materijama), 450 Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (Health and Safety at Work) (1977), 512 Seguridad, Salud y Ambiente en la Floricultura (Harari), 157 SEI. See Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) Seibel S.D. (Dependeˆncia de Drogas (Drug Addiction)), 61 Selected Modern Toxicology Issues (TsoukaliPapadopoulou), 206 Selenium Compounds and Health (Sanotskiy I. V. (ed.)), 422 Self-Assessment and Review of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (Aggrawal A.), 212 Selvitys elinympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨— Kansallisen kemikaaliohjelman taustaselvitys (Jantunen), 164 SEMA—Spanish Society of Environmental Mutagenesis, 520 SEMICYUC—Sociedad Espan˜ola de Medicina Intensiva y Unidades Coronarias, 520 Semnan University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 SEMS. See Society for Emergency Medicine in Singapore (SEMS) Senate Commission on Substances and Resources in Agriculture, DFG, 196 ´ Senczuk W. (ed.) (Contemporary Toxicology (Toksykologia wspo´łczesna)), 395 Se´nczuk W. (ed.) (Toxicology—Textbook for Students, Physicians, and Pharmacists (Toksykologia—podre˛cznik dla studento´w, lekarzy i farmaceuto´w), 4th Edition), 395 SENSE Research School, 363

768 Sensibilidad quı´mica mu´ltiple: un desafı´o para la salud ocupacional Rev. Me´d. Urug (de Ben et al.), 599 Sensibilidad Quimica y Ambiental Multiple. Sobrevivir en un entorno toxico (Fernandez Sola et al.), 508 Sensitizing Agents Data Bank, 270 Seoul National University (Department of Environmental Health and Department of Food and Nutrition), 501 Seoul National University, 496 SEPA. See Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) SEQC—Spanish Society of Cosmetic Chemists, 520 Serbia, 447 centers National Poison Control Center (NPCC), 453 Toxicological Risk Assessment Center (TRAC), 453 databases Open Data Portal (Serbian), 452 Serbian Healthcare Fund—Obligatory Healthcare Insurance, 452453 governmental agencies, 452 history of toxicology in, 447 Institutes acute poisonings, 453454 Institute of Public Health of Serbia, 453 modern toxicology education, 448449 nongovernmental organizations and professional societies, 452 relevant national legislation laws, 451 ministries, 452 rulebooks, 451452 resources books, 450 journals, 450451 medical data, 451 toxicological education in, 447448 universities and faculties teaching toxicology in Serbia University Business Academy in Novi Sad, 449 University of Belgrade, 449 University of Defence in Belgrade, 449 University of Kragujevac, 449 University of Niˇs, 449 University of Novi Sad, 449 Serbian Environmental Protection Agency, 452 Serbian Healthcare Fund—Obligatory Healthcare Insurance, 452453 Serbian Open Data Portal, 452 Serbian Society of Toxicology, 448, 452 SERC. See Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) Sergipe Toxicological Information Center, 67 Serious undesirable effects (SUE), 287 Service center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 117 Servicio Agrı´cola y Ganadero: Sub-Departamento de Plaguicidas y Fertilizantes, 94

Index

Servicio Autonomo de Sanidad Agropecuaria (SASA), 605 Servicio Me´dico Legal, 95 Servicio Nacional de Informacio´n Toxicolo´gica Veterinaria (SNITV), 27 Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria (SENASA) (National Agrarian Health Service), 387 SES. See Shohratgarh Environmental Society (SES) SESA. See Spanish Society of Environmental Health (SESA) SESA—Spanish Society of Environmental Health, 520 SESPAS. See Spanish Society of Public Health and Administration (SESPAS) SESPAS—Spanish Society of Public Health and Administration, 520 SETAC ArgentinaSociety of Environmental Toxicology and ChemistryLatin America Regional Chapter, 32 SETAC Australasia (SETAC-AU), 37 Setsunan University, 303 Settimi, L. (Sistema informativo nazionale per la sorveglianza delle esposizioni pericolose e delle intossicazioni: casi rilevati nel 2014. Nono rapporto annuale (National information system for monitoring dangerous exposure and intoxication: cases detected in 2014. Ninth annual report)), 268 ˇ Sevela, K. (Akutnı´ intoxikace a le´kova´ poˇskozenı´ v intenzivnı´ medicı´nˇe (Acute Intoxication and Pharmaceutical Injuries in Intensive Care Medicine)), 131 ˇ Sevela, P. (Akutnı´ intoxikace a le´kova´ poˇskozenı´ v intenzivnı´ medicı´nˇe (Acute Intoxication and Pharmaceutical Injuries in Intensive Care Medicine)), 131 Sevilla University, 519 Sevilla, R. (Plaguicidas en Ecuador: Mas alla de una simple advertencia), 157 Sezai Kaya (Toxicology in Veterinary Medicine (Turkish)), 559 SFDA. See Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA) SFT. See Swedish Society of Toxicology (SFT) Shabanov P.D. (Drug Addiction Treatment: Practical Guide for Physicians), 422 Shabbaj, Ibrahim Ismail (Investigation on environmental impact of Jeddah Oil Refinery (MSc thesis)), 439 Shafaghi, B. (Analysis of Toxic Substances (Emergency & Practical)), 253 Shafi S.M. (Environmental Pollution), 219 Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 250 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Shahramain, I. (Narcotic in Children’s Medicine), 253 Shahtaheri, J. (Occupational Toxicology), 254 Shama, M. (Toxic Effects on Animals), 252 Shan Yujuan (Food Toxicology (textbook)), 104

Shandong University School of Public Health, 122 Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Public Health, 122 Shanxi Medical University School of Public Health, 122 Shao Longyi (Physical and Chemical Characteristics and Toxicological Research of Indoor Inhalable Particulate Matter), 104 Shaw I. (Principles of Environmental Toxicology), 570 Shell, 364 Shen Jianzhong (Animal Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.)), 104 Shen Minghao (ed.) (Food Toxicology (2nd ed.)), 104 Shen Minghao (Food Toxicology (textbook)), 104 Shen Zhemin (Environmental Toxicology), 104 Sheng T.J. (Food Additives), 546 Shenyang Medical College School of Public Health, 122 Sherma J. (Chromatographic Techniques in the Forensic Analysis of Designer Drugs—1st Edition), 395 Shestakova G.A. (Man-made systems and environmental risk), 421 Shi Zhicheng (Toxicology on Quercus Plants), 104 Shi Zhicheng (World History of Poison Vol. 51-6), 104 Shiau S.Y. (Biochemical Pharmacology), 547 Shihezi University Faculty of Preventive Medicine, 122 Shimada Y. (ed.) (Radiological Sciences), 290 Shinshu University, 304 Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 250 Shivaji University, 240 Shkodich P.Ye. (Ecologo-Hygienic Aspects of Utilization of Chemical Weapons), 422 Shohratgarh Environmental Society (SES), 235 Shokrzadeh, M. (Toxicology in Veterinary), 254 Showa University, 304 Shrivastava A.K. (Encyclopaedia of Environmental Pollution, Agriculture and Health Hazards), 219 Shu Zhan (Environmental Toxicology Experiment (textbook)), 104 Shu Zhan (Introduction to Hydrology and Water Resources), 104 Shukla J.P. (Fundamentals of Toxicology), 218 SIA. See Safety Institute of Australia (SIA) SIBSA ArgentinaIbero-American Society of Environmental Health, 32 Sichuan University West China School of Public Health, 122 SICTA—Iberoamerican Society of Contamination and Environmental Toxicology, 520 Siddique, Abdulaziz A. (Guide to the management of poisonings), 439 Sigsgaard T. (ed.) (Miljø- ogarbejdsmedicin), 148

Index

Sikhwivhilu L. (Chapter 8. Relevance of nanotechnology to Africa: Synthesis, Applications and Safety), 464 Silesian University of Technology, 405 Silico toxicology, 491 Silva E.S. (InseticidasAcaricidas: Organofosforados e Carbamatos (InsecticidesAcaricides: Organophophate and Carbamate)), 60 Silveira A. (Brain dysfunction changes in abstinent cocaine abusers), 599 Silvestre A.A. (Toxicologı´a de los alimentos (Food Toxicology)), 18 Silvestrini, B. (Malati di Droga (Sick of Drugs)), 268 Simon Fraser University, 87 Simonsen J. (Retsmedicinogmedicinallovgivning), 148 Simonsen L. (ed.) (Toksikologiiarbejdsmiljøet, Bind 1_2), 148 SINAC—Information System on Water of Human Consumption, 514 Sinan Su¨zen (Casarett and Doull’s: Essentials of Toxicology), 559 Sindrome de lesio´n por inhalacio´n de humo (SLIH) (Neira et al.), 24 Singapore Association of Pharmaceutical Industries (SAPI), 459 Singapore Civil Defense Force (SCDF), 458 Singapore College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 459 Singapore Dental Association, 459 Singapore General Hospital, 457 Singapore Government Ministries, 458 Singapore Institution of Safety Officers, 459 Singapore Medical Association, 458 Singapore Medical Council, 458 Singapore Medical Journal, 457 Singapore Nurses Association, 459 Singapore Pharmacy Council, 458 Singapore Statutes Online, 460 Singapore Veterinary Association, 459 Singapore poisonings in, 455 resources books, 456457 government and nongovernmental agencies, 457458 journals, 457 legislation and regulations related to medicines and poisons, 460 professional societies, 458459 universities, 459 Singh D.K. (Pesticide Chemistry and Toxicology: ToxicologyAgriculture and Environment), 219 Singh V.P. (Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants and Animals), 219 Singh V.P. (Toxic Metals and Environmental Issues), 219 Singhealth Academy Institute of Medical Simulation: Hazmat Medical Life Support (HMLS) Programme Basic Provider Course, 458

Sinha P.C. (ed.) (Hazardous Wastes, Organic Pollutants and Prior Informed Consent: Global Environmental Law, Policy and Action Plan Series), 220 Sinha P.C. (Environmental Policies), 220 Sinha P.C. (Toxic and Hazardous Wastes), 220 Sino-Japan Friendship Centre for Environmental Protection, 115 Siqueira M.E.P.B. (Toxicologia Analı´tica (Analytical Toxicology)), 60 SIRIM Bhd, 334 SIRIPQ—Information and Rapid Interchange System on chemical products. Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare, 514 Sisa¨ilmayhdistys ry, 174 SISAL—Information System on Occupational Health, 514 Sistema informativo nazionale per la sorveglianza delle esposizioni pericolose e delle intossicazioni: casi rilevati nel 2014. Nono rapporto annuale (National information system for monitoring dangerous exposure and intoxication: cases detected in 2014. Ninth annual report) (Settimi et al.), 268 Sistema Nacional de Informacio´n Ambiental (National System of Environmental Information), 386 Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud (SNIS), 595 SIT. See Italian Society of Toxicology (SITOX) SITOX, 281 Situacion epidemiologica de las intoxicaciones agudas por plaguicidas chile, 94 Sivolap Yu.P. (Abuse of Opioids and Opioid Dependence), 422 SK Biopharmaceuticals, 500 Skiba Yuri N. (Introduccio´n a los me´todos de dispersio´n y control de contaminantes (Introduction to the methods of dispersion and control of pollutants)), 347 Skin Care for Targeted Drug Therapy (Healthy World Series; 230) (Zhu Jiayu), 107 Skin Reactions Associated to Phenytoin Administration: Multifactorial Cause (Va´zquez), 598 ´ Słomczynska B. (Environmental Toxicology— Laboratory Exercises—Collective Work (Toksykologia s´rodowiska—´cwiczenia laboratoryjne—praca zbiorowa), 2nd Edition), 395 Sly L. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Sly P. (Networking to advance progress in children0 s environmental health), 599 Sly P.D. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Sly P.D. (Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures), 599 Sly P.D. (Networking to advance progress in children’s environmental health), 600

769 Small Animal Toxicology (3rd ed.) (Hao Zhihui et al.), 101 A Small Dose of Toxicology: The Health Effects of Common Chemicals (2nd ed.) (Zhou Zhijun et al.), 107 Smart R.C. (Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, Wiley), 376 Smulevici I. (Manual of primary attention of Intoxications), 25 Smyth E. (Recollida e limpeza do fuel do Prestige. Avaliacio´n da exposicio´n e danos a´ sau´de en voluntarios e traballadores (Cleaning of Fuel from the Prestige. Exposure Evaluation and Health Effects in Volunteers and Workers)), 508 Snake Bites and their Treatment (Gopalakrishnakone P.), 456 Snake Venoms (Hidetoshi Inagaki et al.), 456 Snakes and Snakebite  Venomous Snakes and Management of Snakebite in Southern Africa (Visser et al.), 463 Snakes of Medical Importance: Asia-Pacific Region (Gopalakrishnakone et al.), 456 SNH. See Scottish National Heritage (SNH) SNITV. See Servicio Nacional de Informacio´n Toxicolo´gica Veterinaria (SNITV) Soares A. (Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures), 599 Social Security Risks at Work Legislation, 161 Sociedad Chilena de Medicina Legal, Forense y Criminalistica, 95 Sociedad Chilena de Nutricio´n, Bromatologı´a y Toxicologı´a, 95 Sociedad Chilena de Toxicologı´a, 95 Sociedad Mexicana de Bioquı´mica A.C. (Mexican Society of Biochemistry), 354 Sociedad Mexicana de Toxicologı´a, A.C (Mexican Society of Toxicology), 354 Sociedad Quı´mica de Me´xico A.C. (Mexican Chemical Society), 354 Sociedade Brasileira de Toxicologia, 57 Societa` Italiana di Nanotossicologia; Italian Society of Nanotoxicology (SIN), 281 Society for Emergency Medicine in Singapore (SEMS), 458 Society for Free Radical Research (Australasia) (SFRR Australasia), 55 Society for Occupational and Environmental MedicineMalaysian Medical Association, 339 Society for Participatory Research in Asia (PRIA), 235 Society for Risk Analysis Japan (SRAJ), 309 Society Of Biological Chemists (India), 243 Society of Biosciences, 243 Society of Clinical Toxicology, 185 Society of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology (SETAC), 462, 568 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Asia/Pacific, 55 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Southern Africa chapter of SETAC Africa, 483

770 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), 37 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry United Kingdom Branch (SETACUK), 590 Society of Forensic & Clinical Toxicology (SOFOCT), 563 Society of Genetic Toxicology, 185 Society of the Environment and Cultural Heritage, 209 Society of Toxicology India, 243 Society of Toxicology of Canada, 91 Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 459 Soffritti, M. (Salud Ocupacional y Ambiental: Realidades Diversas), 157 SOFOCT. See Society of Forensic & Clinical Toxicology (SOFOCT) Sogorb M.A. (Casos Pra´cticos de Evaluacio´n de Riesgo Toxicolo´gico y Ecotoxicolo´gico (Practical Cases of Toxicological and Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment)), 510 Sogorb M.A. (Te´cnicas analı´ticas de contaminantes quı´micos: aplicaciones toxicolo´gicas, medioambientales y alimentarias (Analytical Techniques of Chemical Pollutants: Toxicological, Environmental and Food Applications)), 510 Soil Ecological Toxicology and Environmental Bioremediation Engineering (Min Jiukang), 103 Soldani, G. (Tossicologia veterinaria (Veterinary Toxicology)), 267 Soldatovi´c, Danilo, 447448 Soler F. (Plantas To´xicas para el Ovino I (Toxic Plants for the Ovine I)), 510 Soler F. (Plantas To´xicas para el Ovino II (Toxic Plants for the Ovine II)), 510 Soler F. (Toxicologı´a Clı´nica de Pequen˜os Animales (Clinical Toxicology of Small Animals)), 509 Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007, 340 Solub, 78 Solvay Pharmaceuticals, 365 Soma K. (ed.) (Clinical Toxicology), 290 Song Lihua (Drug Toxicology), 104 Song Yuguo (Haematotoxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 102 Song Zhihui (Aquatic Ecotoxicology Experiment), 104 Soochow University School of Public Health, 122 Sood A. (Toxicology), 220 Soraci A. (Intoxicaciones en carnı´vorosdome´sticos. (Poisonings in domestic carnivores.)), 21 Sosa A. (E-Waste Informal recycling: An Emerging Source of Lead Exposure in South America), 599 Sosa A. (Intoxicacio´n por Plaguicidas Agrı´colas y veterinarios en Uruguay. Primer Premio MSP), 600 Sosa A. (Substance use in adolescents with environmental lead exposure in childhood), 599

Index

Sosa A. (Tobacco use in adolescents exposed to lead), 599 Sosa Botana A. (Substance use in adolescents with environmental lead exposure in childhood), 599 Sosa Botana A. (Tobacco use in adolescents exposed to lead), 600 Sosa C. (Consumo de Alcohol, Cocaı´na y Cafeı´na en el embarazo: efectos sobre el embarazo y el nin˜o) Sosa C. (Consumo de mate en el embarazo con el peso al nacer Arch Pediatr Urug), 599 Sosa V. (Efectos del cannabis sobre la viabilidad celular y el ciclo suen˜o vigilia en un modelo animal), 599 Sosnowiec, 409 South Africa books, 462464 databases, 468469 governmental strategies, guidelines, action plans, and reports, 468 journals, 464467 organizations—government, 469470 organizations—nongovernment, 470485 legislation, 484485 poison control centers, 483484 professional societies, 481483 science councils, 472475 universities, 475481 technical reports and other documents, 467 technical reports, 467468 Water Research Commission (WRC), 467468 South African Agency for Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA), 469 South African Association of Physicists in Medicine and Biology (SAAPMB), 483 South African Bureau of Standards (SABS), 474 South African Chemical Institute (SACI), 482 South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions (SACNASP), 461, 482 South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), 473474 South African Institute for Environmental Health (SAIEH), 474, 482 South African Journal of Animal Science, 466 South African Journal of Botany, 466 South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 466 South African Journal of Science, 466 South African Medical Journal, 466 South African Medical Research Council (MRC), 474 The South African National Accreditation System (SANAS), 475 South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), 469, 475 South African Pharmacology Society (SAPHS), 483 South China Inspection Bureau, 115 South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, 115 South Korea. See Republic of Korea Southeast University School of Public Health, 122

Southern African Institute for Occupational Hygiene (SAIOH), 482 Southern African Society of Aquatic Scientists (SASAqS), 483 Southern Cross University (SCU), 53 Southern Medical University School of Public Health, 122 Southern Regional Office of Nuclear and Radiation Safety Inspection, 115 Southwest Inspection Bureau, 115 Southwestern China Regional Office of Nuclear and Radiation Safety Inspection, 115 Souza y Machorro M. (Psiquiatrı´a de las Adicciones (Addictions Psychiatry)), 348 Sova Rye (Main Physiological Standard Indicators in Humans), 422 Spain, 505 books, 506510 databases, 513515 journals, 510512 legislation, 520522 miscellaneous resources, 522523 organizations (government), 515517 organizations (nongovernment), 517518 poison control and information centers, 520 professional societies, 519520 technical reports and other documents, 512 universities, 518519 Spanish Agency of Medicines and Health Products (AGEMED), 506 Spanish Association of Toxicology (AETOX), 505 Spanish Committee of the International Union of Toxicology (IUTOX), 506 Spanish Foundation of Clinical Toxicology (FETOC), 506 Spanish legislation on Hazardous Substances, Chemical and Occupational Safety and Health, 514 Spanish legislation. Journal of the Official Gazzete, 514 Spanish National Research Network, 523 Spanish Society of Environmental Health (SESA), 505506 Spanish Society of Public Health and Administration (SESPAS), 505506 Specialist in Pharmacology and Toxicology, 202 Specialist Pharmacist for Toxicology and Ecology, 202 Specialist Veterinarian for Pharmacology and Toxicology, 202 Specialists Association in Emergency Controls with Dangerous Materials (AsoHazMat), 610 Specialization in Evaluation of Pollution and Toxicological Risk, 30 Specialization in Toxicology, 66 Specialization schools, 280281 specialty journals-health and medical sciences, 350351

Index

Speranza Mourine M.N. (Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por benzodiazepinas recibidas en el Centro de Informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico uruguayo en el perı´odo), 598 Speranza N. (Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por antidepresivos recibidas en el Centro de informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico en el periodo), 598 The Spider Guide of Southern Africa (Dippenaar-Schoeman A.S.), 463 Spider Venom (Gopalakrishnakone et al.), 456 Spielmann H. (Arzneiverordnung in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit), 189 Spigel A.S. (Conclusive Medicine: Perspectives for Homotoxicology), 422 SPIN database (Norway), 382 Spinosa H.S. (Toxicologia aplicada a´ Medicina Veterina´ria (Applied Toxicology to Veterinary Toxicology)), 61 Sponton F. (Estudio epidemiolo´gico de una poblacio´n expuesta laboralmente a plomo), 599 Sponton F. (Evaluacio´n Clı´nica y Biomarcadores de genotoxicidad en nin˜os y adultos expuestos a mezclas de plaguicidas), 599 Sponto´n F. (Sensibilidad quı´mica mu´ltiple: un desafı´o para la salud ocupacional Rev. Me´d. Urug), 599 Sport Fish Contaminant Monitoring Program Database (FISHBASE), 85 Springall C.J. (Adrenal Toxicology), 569 SRAJ. See Society for Risk Analysis Japan (SRAJ) Sredstva koja izazivaju zavisnost s analitikom (Ðuki´c et al.), 450 Srishti, 235 Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo, 450 SSCPT. See Swiss Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (SSCPT) SSPT. See Swiss Society of Pharmacology and Toxicology (SSPT) The Standardization Organizations in Norway, 380 Standards for Contamination of the Environment by Enterprises, 424 STANPA—Spanish Association of Perfumery and Cosmetic, 518 Starek A. (Organ Toxicology (Toksykologia narzadowa)), 395 Starke K. (Allgemeine und spezielle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie.Begru¨ndet von W. Forth, D. Hentschler, W. Rummel), 188 State Administration for Industry and Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, 114 State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, 117 The State Agency for the Prevention of AlcoholRelated Problems, 399 State Establishment “Nutrition Institute”, 429 State Inspectorate for Environmental Protection, 400 The State Inspectorate of Health, 361

State Institute for Drug Control, 137 State of the Environment Norway, 382 State of the Environment Reporting Information System (SERIS): Poland, 410 State Office for Nuclear Safety (SONS), 137 State Report  Toxic Wastes, 424 State Research Center “Institute of Biophysics”, 429 State Veterinary Administration, 137 Statistical Analysis for Toxicological Studies 2015 (Kobayashi K.), 290 Statistics Finland, 173 Statistics in Toxicology: A Volume in Memory of David A. Williams (Morgan B.J.T. (Ed.)), 569 Steinke T.D. (Chapter 13. Coastal Vegetation), 464 Stem cell, 491 Stephan U. (Handbuch der gefa¨hrlichen Gu¨ter. Gesamtwerk: Merkbla¨tter 1-2900), 191 Stockholm Center for Public Health (Centrum fo¨r folkha¨lsa), Stockholm County Council, 540 The Stockholm Conference, 4 The Stockholm Convention (POPs), 2 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 448 Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), 535 Stockholm University (Stockholms Universitet), 538 Stoeppler M. (ed.) (Elements and their Compounds in the Environment, 2nd edition), 190 The Story of Snake Venom Research in Taiwan (Yang Y.N.), 548 Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM), 5, 71 Street Level Heroin, an Overview on its Components and Adulterants. In: Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse (Akhgari et al.), 255 Street, Drainage And Building Act 1974, 340 Strobel U. (Handbuch der gefa¨hrlichen Gu¨ter. Gesamtwerk: Merkbla¨tter 1-2900), 191 Structural Appropriateness Activity Related Material Information Status, 493 The Structural Organization of the Italian National Health Service, 272 Strydom H.A. (ed.) (Environmental Management in South Africa), 464 Strzałko J. (ed.) (Compendium of Knowledge about Ecology (Kompendium wiedzy o ekologii), 3rd Edition), 395 Study on The Combined Toxicity and Mechanism of Quantum Dots and Cu21 on L02 Cells and Bacteria (Zhao Yuxia), 107 Study on the Toxicology of Microcystins (Li Xiaoyu), 102 Study Toxicology Through Questions (Timbrell J.), 570 Su Biling (Handbook of Common Medicines for Small Animals), 104 Suarez H. (Fisuras, dos estudios sobre pasta base de cocaı´na en el Uruguay. Aproximaciones cuantitativas y etnogra´ficas. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacio´n), 597

771 Suarez H. (Viajes sinte´ticos, Estudios sobre uso de drogas de sı´ntesis en el Uruguay contempora´neo Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacio´n), 597 Subject Group of Studies on Alcohol and DrugsGREA, 64 Subproductos de desinfeccio´n_cloracio´n del agua (Precursores, formacio´n, toxicologı´a y epidemiologı´a) (Garcı´a-Villanova R.J.), 508 Substance Manager, 366 Substance reports, 7 Substance use in adolescents with environmental lead exposure in childhood (Pascale Prieto et al.), 599 Substance use in adolescents with environmental lead exposure in childhood (Pascale et al.), 599 Substances of very high concern (SVHCs), 12 Suelos contaminados por metales y metaloides: muestreo y alternativas para su remediacio´n (Metal and metalloid contaminated soils: methods and bioremediation alternatives) (Volke Sepu´lveda et al.), 350 Suelos y acuı´feros contaminados: evaluacio´n y limpieza (Polluted soils and aquifers: evaluation and remediation) (Iturbe Argu¨elles M.R.), 345 Suk W.A. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Suk W.A. (Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures), 599 Suk W.A. (Networking to advance progress in children’s environmental health), 600 Sumano Lo´pez H. (Farmacologı´a y toxicologı´a aplicada en equinos (Equine applied pharmacology and toxicology)), 348 Sun Hanxiao (Pharmaceutical Molecular Toxicology (Jinan university graduate textbook)), 104 Sun Jianyun (Basic Guidelines for Animal Experiments of Hygienic Toxicology), 106 Sun Li (Guide to Standard Operating Procedures for Experimental Dogs (series of books on toxicological safety evaluation)), 104 Sun Suqun (ed.) (Food Toxicology (2nd ed., textbook)), 104 Sun Suqun (Food Toxicology (textbook)), 104 Sun Yat-sen University School of Public Health, 122 SUN YAT-SEN UNIVERSITY, 126 Sun Yingbiao (ed.) (Cardiovascular Toxicology), 102 Sun Zhen (Concise Food Toxicology (textbook)), 104 Sun Zhiwei (ed.) (Toxicology (7th ed., textbook for students majoring in preventive medicine)), 105 Sun Zhiwei (Toxicology Foundation), 106 Sun Zuyue (Drug Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology), 105 Sun Zuyue (ed.) (History of Drug Reproduction and Developmental Toxicology), 105

772 Sungkyunkwan University (Division of Toxicology), 501 Sungkyunkwan University, 497 Suomen La¨a¨ka¨rilehti, 167 Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo (SRT), 32 Superintendencia Nacional de Aduanas y de Administracio´n Tributaria (SUNAT) (National Superintendency of Customs and Tax Administration), 388 Superior Institute of Environmental Studies— Secretariat of Science and Technology— National University of Co´rdoba, 29 Supervising Scientist Branch, 41 Surgery in Burning Substances Poisoning (Hajinasrollah), 253 Survey of Pesticide Residues at Golf Courses, 494 Sustainability Development—CONAMA Foundation, 518 Sustainable chemistry, 78 Sustancias de abuso cocaı´na y pasta base de cocaı´na en Patologı´a Forense Oficina del Libro (Sarkissian May), 598 Sustancias desinfectantes y drogas de utilidad en las piscifactorias: manual de usos (Disinfectant substances and useful drugs in fisheries) (Lazaro-Chavez Mancilla E.), 349 Sustancias to´xicas persistentes (Persistent toxic substances) (Fernandez A.), 349 Sutherland S.K. (Australian Animal Toxins: The Creatures, Their Toxins and Care of the Poisoned Patient, 2nd Edition), 38 ˇ ´ bova´, K. (Vybrane´ kapitoly z pracovnı´ho Sva le´kaˇrstvı´. Dı´l 4. Toxikologie, karcinogeny, traumatologicky´ pla´n, pracovnˇe tepelna´ za´tˇezˇ (Selected Chapters from Occupational Medicine. Part 4, Toxicology, Carcinogens, Traumatological Plan, Occupational Heat Stress)), 131 SWA. See Safe Work Australia (SWA) Swanson T.M. (ed.) (Regulating Chemical Accumulation in the Environment: The Integration of Toxicology and Economics in Environmental Policy-making), 570 SWEDAC, the Swedish Board for Accreditation and Conformity Assessment (Styrelsen fo¨r ackreditering och teknisk kontroll), 530 Sweden databases, 527 historical notes in Swedish toxicology, 525526 hospitals, 540541 journals, 527 miscellaneous resources, 540 organizations (government), 527533 governmental agencies, 529533 ministries, 527529 organizations (nongovernment), 534535 poison control centers, 540 professional societies, 539540 toxicology, 526541 universities, 535539

Index

The Swedish Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences (SAPS) (La¨kemedelsakademin, Apotekarsocieteten), 539 The Swedish Board of Agriculture (Jordbruksverket), 530 Swedish Chemicals Agency (Kemikalieinspektionen, KemI), 530 Swedish Chemicals Agency, 527 The Swedish Consumer Agency (Konsumentverket), 531 Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (Forskningsra˚det fo¨r arbetsliv och socialvetenskap, FAS), 531 Swedish Defense Research Agency, FOI (Totalfo¨rsvarets forskningsinstitut), 531 Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Natur-va˚rdsverket), 532 The Swedish Gene Technology Advisory Board (Genteknikna¨mnden), 532 Swedish Museum of Natural History (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet), 532 Swedish National Institute of Public Health, SNIPH (Statens Folkha¨lsoinstitut), 532 The Swedish Plastics and Chemicals Federation (Plast- & Kemifo¨retagen), 535 Swedish Poison Information Center (Giftinformationscentralen), 540 The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (Stra˚lsa¨kerhetsmyndigheten, SSM), 533 Swedish Rescue Services Agency—SRSA (Ra¨ddnings-verket), 533 The Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsra˚det), 533 Swedish Society of Toxicology (SFT), 526 Swedish Society of Toxicology (Svensk Fo¨rening fo¨r Toxikologi, SFT), 539 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet), 538 Swedish Work Environment Authority, SWEA (Arbetsmiljo¨verket), 533 Swiecky C. (Epidemiologı´a del hidroarsenicismo cro´nico regional ende´mico en la Repu´blica Argentina (Epidemiology of chronic endemic regional hydroarsenicism in Argentine)), 21 Swimming pool water treatment products. Ministry of Health, Consumption and Social Welfare, 514 Swinburne University of Technology (Swinburne), 53 Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 544 Swiss Register of Toxicology (SRT), 544 Swiss Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (SSCPT), 544 Swiss Society of Pharmacology and Toxicology (SSPT), 543544 Swiss Society of Toxicology (SST), 544 Switzerland societies, 543544 toxicological information sources, 544 toxicological registries, 544 Syste´me de Surveillance E´pide´miologique sur les Maladies a´ De´clarations Obligatoires (MADO) (Epidemiological Surveillance System), 76

Szaster, Jan, 393 Szczeklik’s Internal Medicine (Interna Szczeklika ´ Z.: 2017) chapter: Klimaszk D. and Kołacinski Zatrucia (Intoxications) (Gajewski P. (ed.)), 394 Szkoda M.T. (Bioterrorism—Principles of Medical Procedure (Bioterroryzm—zasady poste˛powania lekarskiego)), 394 Szukalski B. (Drugs of Abuse—Methods of Analysis (Metody analizy s´rodko´w uzalezniaja˛cych)), 395 Szukalski B. (Narcotics (Narkotyki)), 395 Szumska M. (Biomonitoring of Xenobiotics— Selected Problems (Biomonitoring ksenobiotyko´w—wybrane zagadnienia)), 395

T Taalikka, P. (ed.) (Lasten myrkytykset), 164 Tabiphane Military Medical School, 557 Table of concentrations of xenobiotics in human biological fluids as reference for the toxicological diagnostic, 515 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Tabuk Poison Control Center, 438 Taghaddosinejad, F. (Clinical Toxicology; Diagnosis and Treatment), 254 Taher, N. (Environmental Concerns and Policies in Saudi Arabia. In Energy and Environment in Saudi Arabia: Concerns & Opportunities), 440 Taibah Drug and Poison Information Unit, 439 Taibah University, 439 Taif University, 439 Taipei Medical University, 554 Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, 552, 556 Taiwan Association for Medical Informatics, 555 Taiwan Environmental and Occupational Medicine Association, 556 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 555 Taiwan Journal of Public Health (1983), 549 Taiwan National Poison Center, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 556 Taiwan Public Health Association, 556 Taiwan books, 545548 journals, 548549 organizations (government), 549552 organizations (nongovernment), 552 poison information centers, 556 professional societies, 555556 reports, 549 universities, 552555 Takahashi M. (ed.) (Ito’s Toxicologic Pathology), 290 Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 304 Talamoni M. (Guı´a de Diagno´stico y Tratamiento en Toxicologı´a (Diagnostic Guide and Treatment in Toxicology)), 25 Talcott P.A. (Small Animal Toxicology (3rd ed.)), 101

Index

Talwar P. (ed.) (Environmental Management), 220 Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, 240 Tamosiuna G. (Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por antidepresivos recibidas en el Centro de informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico en el periodo), 598 Tamosiunas G. (Una introduccio´n al perfil farmacolo´gico y terapo´utico de la marihuana in Ach Med Interna), 599 Tamosiunas Gorski G.A. (Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por benzodiazepinas recibidas en el Centro de Informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico uruguayo en el perı´odo), 598 Tan C K (Progress in Venom and Toxin Research: Proceedings of the First Asia-Pacific Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins), 456 Tan Yuzhi (Drug Toxicology), 105 Tan Zhuangsheng (Immunotoxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 105 Tang Huanwen (The Basic Toxicology Experiment Guides (textbook)), 105 Tang Huanwen (Toxicology (2nd ed.)), 101 Tang Hui (ed.) (Principles of Forensic Toxicology), 105 Tang Shengsong (Drug Toxicology (textbook)), 105 Tang Shusheng (Small Animal Toxicology (3rd ed.)), 101 Tapia M.O. (Intoxicaciones en carnı´vorosdome´sticos. (Poisonings in domestic carnivores.)), 21 Tapia, R. (Toxicologia (Toxicology)), 93 Taplin L.E. (Chapter 21. Recent Developments in Osmoregulation of Crocodilians), 464 Taran L. (Intoxicacio´n por Plaguicidas Agrı´colas y veterinarios en Uruguay. Primer Premio MSP), 600 Tarazona, J. (ed.) (Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3rd Edition, Volumes 1-4), 254 Tarek R. Rahmy (Snake Venoms), 456 Tarno´w, 409 Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI), 236 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), 236 Taubate´ Poison Control Center, 67 Tauchi H. (ed.) (Radiological Sciences), 290 TBST Toxicological Basic Support and Therapy. Argomenti di Tossicologia clinica d’urgenza (Barelli et al.), 266 TCDD Nieuwsbrief, 359 Techera A. (Efectos del cannabis sobre la viabilidad celular y el ciclo suen˜o vigilia en un modelo animal), 599 Technical Equinoctial University, 160 Technical Guides for the Evaluation and Prevention of Risks, 512 Technical reports, 487488 Technical Research Centre of Finland, 173 Technical Rules for Hazardous Substances (Technische Regeln Gefahrstoffe, TRGS), 192 Technical University of Denmark, 153

Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 262 Technological Research, 29 Te´cnicas analı´ticas de contaminantes quı´micos: aplicaciones toxicolo´gicas, medioambientales y alimentarias (Analytical Techniques of Chemical Pollutants: Toxicological, Environmental and Food Applications) (Sogorb et al.), 510 Tecno ambiente: Revista profesional de tecnologı´a y equipamiento de ingenierı´a ambiental (Professional Journal of Technology and Equipment in Environmental Engineering), 512 Tecnologı´as de remediacio´n para suelos contaminados (Remediation technologies for soil pollution) (Volke Sepu´lveda T.), 350 Tecnologı´as de remediacio´n para suelos contaminados (Remediation technologies for soil pollution) (Velasco Trejo J.A.), 350 Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), 248, 251 Teikyo University, 304 Tejado Gallegos M. (La contaminacio´n del suelo por residuos peligrosos y su regulacio´n en Me´xico (Hazardous Waste Soil Pollution and its Regulation in Me´xico)), 348 Tel Aviv University, 263 Telechea H. (Exposicio´n a cocaı´na en nin˜os menores de 5 an˜os: serie de casos), 599 Telechea H. (Intoxicacio´n aguda por cocaı´na en un lactante no asociada a lactancia materna. A propo´sito de un caso clinic), 598 Temas de Medicina Ambiental (Subjects of Environmental Medicine) (Tolcachier A.), 21 Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 459 Ten Lessons of Risk in Taiwan: Food Safety (Chou K.T.), 546 Teng W.C. (Biotechnology), 547 Tentative Permissible Exposure Levels (TPELs), 422 Tentative Safe Exposure Levels (TSELs), 422423 Tenwei (Risk Assessment and Toxicological Application of Pesticide Residues), 102 Teodorovi´c I. (Ekotoksikologija), 450 Terapeˆutica Medicamentosa e suas Bases Farmacolo´gicas, 6a ed, 417 Teräsmaa, E. (Kemikaaliturvallisuuden tiedonla¨hteet), 164 Teratogenic Agents Information Service, 27 Teratology (Principles and Practices), 253 TERI University, 240 TERI. See Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) Terken Baydar (Pharmaceutical Toxicology), 559 Testing of soils and grounds for the Presence of Organic Toxicants on the Territory of St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region, 424 Testud, F. (Produits Phytosanitaires: Intoxications aigue¨s et risque´ professionnels), 179 TetraQ, 50

773 Teuscher E. (Biogene GifteBiologie ChemiePharmakologieToxikologie), 190 Textbook of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology: Principles & Practice (Vij K.), 220 Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (Aggrawal A.), 212 Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 2nd Edition (Pillay V.V.), 218 A Textbook of Modern Toxicology (3rd ed.) (Jiang Guibin et al.), 101 Tezpur University, 240 T. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, 137 Thabet, H. (Intoxications Aigue¨s), 178 Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, 240 Theocharis, S. (Basic Principles Of Toxicology), 205 Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), 35, 42 Therapeutic Index, 417 The´riaque, 182 Thesaurus: Re´fe´rentiel national des interactions me´dicamenteuses, 180 ThinkTank Research Center for Health Development, 120 The Third Military Medical University Faculty of Preventive Medicine, 122 Thomsen C. (Interlaboratory Comparison on POPs in Food 2017), 376 Thomsen J.L. (ed.) (Retsmedicin: nordisklærebog), 148 Thorn I. (ed.) (Handbook of Toxicology and Ecotoxicology for thePulp and Paper Industry), 570 Thorn I. (Toxicology and Ecotoxicology in Chemical Safety Assessment), 570 “3Rs” principle, 568 Thukral A.K. (Environmental Protection), 220 Thunberg, Carl Peter, 525 Tianjin Medical University School of Public Health, 122 Tibballs J. (Australian Animal Toxins: The Creatures, Their Toxins and Care of the Poisoned Patient, 2nd Edition), 38 Tibet University Faculty of Preventive Medicine, 122 TIFR. See Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) Tijdschrift Kanker, 359 Tijdschrift voor Bedrijfs  en verzekeringsgeneeskunde, 359 Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde, 359 Tijdschrift voor sociale gezondheidszorg, 359 Timbrell J. (Introduction to Toxicology), 570 Timbrell J. (Study Toxicology Through Questions), 570 Timbrell J.A. (Principles of Biochemical Toxicology), 570 Timbrell J.A. (Principles of biochemical toxicology, 4th Edition, Taylor Francis), 376 Tip Revista Especializada en Ciencias Quı´micoBiolo´gicas (Tip Specialized Journal in Chemical-Biological Sciences), 352

774 TLSR. See Tropical Life Sciences Research (TLSR) TMIPH. See Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health (TMIPH) TNO Innovation for life, 361 TO21 Co. Ltd., 499 Tobacco (Control of Advertisement and Sale Act), 460 Tobacco use in adolescents exposed to lead (Pascale Prieto et al.), 599600 Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 291 Tohoku University, 304 TOKEVA-ohjeet, 169 Toksikologiiarbejdsmiljøet, Bind 1_2 (Midtgard et al (eds.)), 148 Toksikologija (Jokanovi´c M.), 450 Toksikologija metala (Matovi´c V.), 450 Toksikologisen osaamisen turvaaminen (Pyo¨tsia¨), 166 Toksikoloˇska procena rizika (Antonijevi´c et al.), 450 Tokushima Bunri University, 304 Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health (TMIPH), 313 Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 305 Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 305 Tokyo University of Science, 305 Tolcachier A. (Temas de Medicina Ambiental (Subjects of Environmental Medicine)), 21 Toledo A. (Agua, hombre y paisaje (Water, man and landscape)), 350 Tomasina F. (Estudio epidemiolo´gico de una poblacio´n expuesta laboralmente a plomo), 599 Tomasina F. (Estudio sobre riesgos y dan˜os en trabajadores de viveros de plantas de eucalyptus), 600 Tomasina F. (Evaluacio´n Clı´nica y Biomarcadores de genotoxicidad en nin˜os y adultos expuestos a mezclas de plaguicidas), 599 Tomasina F. (Landrigan Ph. Children’s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures), 599 Tomasina F. (Sensibilidad quı´mica mu´ltiple: un desafı´o para la salud ocupacional Rev. Me´d. Urug), 599 Tomaz V.A. (Animais de Laborato´rio: Cuidados na iniciac¸a˜o experimental (Laboratory Animals: Concerns in Experimental Initiation)), 59 Tong Jian (Essentials of Toxicology (2nd ed., Bilingual textbooks)), 101 Tong Xing (Compilation of Experimental Techniques for Radiation Nanomedicine and Toxicology), 106 Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology School of Public Health, 122 To´picos selectos de toxicologı´a de la reproduccio´n (Selected topics in reproductive toxicology) (Handal Silva A.), 345

Index

Torres A.M. (Toxicologı´a del alcohol etı´lico (Toxicology of ethyl alcohol)), 21 Torres Bustillo L.G. (Remediacio´n de suelos y acuı´feros contaminados: bases teo´ricas y experiencias reales (Polluted Soil and Water Bioremediation: Theoretical Bases and Real Experiencies)), 348 Torterolo P. (Yerba Mate: efectos sobre la vigilia y el suen˜o), 599 To´rtora S. (Exposicio´n a cocaı´na en nin˜os menores de 5 an˜os: serie de casos), 599 Tortorella Dalies M.N. (Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por benzodiazepinas recibidas en el Centro de Informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico uruguayo en el perı´odo), 598 Tortorella M. (Humoral immune responses to venom and anti-venom of patients bitten by Bothrops snakes), 600 Tortorella M. (Intoxicaciones ma´s frecuentes en Pediatrı´a. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello Sehabiague  Prego  de Leonardi), 598 Tortorella M. N. (Estudio epidemiolo´gico de una poblacio´n expuesta laboralmente a plomo), 599 Tortorella M.N. (Evolution of venom antigenaemia and antivenom concentration in patients bitten by snakes in Uruguay), 600 Tortorella M.N. (Mene´ndez C. Ofidismo en Uruguay. Especies peligrosas y caracterı´sticas del accidente ofı´dico), 597 Tortorella M.N. (Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por antidepresivos recibidas en el Centro de informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico en el periodo), 598 Toscano Junior A. (Dependeˆncia de Drogas (Drug Addiction)), 61 Tossavainen, A. (Kemikaalit ja tyo¨—Selvitys tyo¨ympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨), 166 Tossavainen, A. (Prevention and Management of Asbestos-Related Diseases in Finland), 166 Tossicologia (Toxicology), 3rd edition (Galli et al.), 267 Tossicologia degli alimenti (Food Toxicology) (Capuano et al.), 266 Tossicologia forense: in schemi, tabelle e testo. In allegato: doping, principali avvelenamenti, gas tossici, stupefacenti, alcaloidi delle piante, veleni animali, tecniche di tossicologia analitica (Forensic toxicology: in diagrams, tables and text. Attached: doping, main poisonings, toxic gases, narcotics, plant alkaloids, animal poisons, analytical toxicology techniques) (Gagliano Candela), 267 Tossicologia generale e applicata ai farmaci (General Toxicology and Drug-applied Toxicology) (Balduini et al.), 266 Tossicologia medica (Medical Toxicology) (Mannaioni et al.), 267 Tossicologia molecolare e cellulare (Molecular and Cellular Toxicology) (Cantelli Forti et al.), 266

Tossicologia veterinaria (Veterinary Toxicology) (Mengozzi et al.), 267 Tossicologia. Principi e applicazione all’uso dei farmaci e dei prodotti della salute salute (Toxicology. Principles and application to the use of drugs and health products) (Ghi et al.), 267 Tossicologia: generale e ambientale (General and Environmental Toxicology) (Dolara P.), 266 Total Environment Centre (TEC), 47 Toulouse (Occitanie), 185 Town And Country Planning Act 1976, 340 Tox Info Suisse, 544 Toxalim, 183 Toxaphene, 2 Toxibase, 182 Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals (Prabhakar V. K.), 218 Toxic and Hazardous Wastes (Sinha P.C.), 220 Toxic Chemicals Control Law (TSCL), 487 Toxic Effects on Animals (Shama), 252 Toxic GHS Information, 494 Toxic Metals and Environmental Issues (Singh V.P.), 219 Toxic Plants and Animals: A Guide for Australia (Covacevich et al.), 38 Toxic Plants, 182 Toxic substances and physical and chemical characteristics of transboundary sources of air pollution in seas in Russia (sea aerosol, surface microlevel, and surface water), 425 Toxichem Krimtech: Mitteilungsblatt der Gesellschaftfu¨rToxikologische und ForensischeChemie, 192 Toxicidad pulmonar por inyeccio´n intravenosa de eugenol (Me´ndez), 598 Toxicity and Biomonitoring; Gene Expression. In: Anticholinesterase Pesticides: Metabolism, Neurotoxicity, and Epidemiology (Pournourmohammadi et al.), 254 Toxicity information DB, 493 Toxicity, 487 ´ a pracovnım ´ prostˇredı´ Toxicke´ kovy v zˇivotnım cˇloˇreka (Toxic Heavy Metals in the General and Occupational Environment) (Bencko et al.), 129 Toxicke´ poˇskozenı´ ledvin houbami: patogeneze, klinika, le´ˇcba (Toxic Renal Injury from Fungi: Pathogenesis, Clinic, Treatment) (Herink et al.), 130 TOXICLIN Medical ServicesToxicology solutions, 63 Toxicokinetics (Toxicological Safety Assessment Series) (Zhang Shuangqing et al.), 107 Toxicol—List of Toxicology, 523 Toxicologı´a (Toxicology) (Buzzo A), 17 Toxicologı´a (Toxicology) (Ryczel et al.), 21 Toxicologia (Toxicology) (Tapia), 93 Toxicologı´a alimentaria (Food toxicology) (Lerda D), 20 Toxicologı´a Alimentaria (Food Toxicology) (Repetto et al.), 509

Index

Toxicologı´a ambiental (Environmental toxicology) (Jaramillo Jua´rez et al.), 345 Toxicologia Ambiental y Ocupacional (Rojas Maritza), 604 Toxicologia Ambiental: Evaluacion de Riesgo para la Salud Humana (Environmental Toxicology: Human Risk Assessment) (de Moreno M.D.), 507 Toxicologı´a Ambiental: Seguridad Quı´mica (Environmental Toxicology: Chemical Safety) (de la Pen˜a et al.), 508 Toxicologia Analı´tica (Analytical Toxicology) (Moreau et al.), 60 Toxicologı´a Analı´tica y Experimental (Analytical and Experimental Toxicology) (Larez), 604 Toxicologı´a Animal originada por Plantas (Toxicology of Animals due to Plants) (San Andre´s M.I.), 510 Toxicologı´a Animal Originada por Plantas, Flora Silvestre Espan˜ola (Animal Toxicology from the Spanish flora) (Ballesteros et al.), 507 Toxicologia aplicada a´ Medicina Veterina´ria (Applied Toxicology to Veterinary Toxicology) (Spinosa et al.), 61 Toxicologı´a Avanzada (Advanced Toxicology) Dı´az de Santos: Madrid (Repetto et al.), 509 Toxicologı´a ba´sica (Basic toxicology) (Jaramillo et al.), 345 Toxicologı´a Clı´nica (Clinical Toxicology) (Bataller Sifre R.), 507 Toxicologı´a Clı´nica (Clinical Toxicology) (Lazcano et al.), 20 Toxicologı´a clı´nica (Clinical toxicology) (Montoya Cabrera M.A.), 346 Toxicologı´a Clı´nica de Pequen˜os Animales (Clinical Toxicology of Small Animals) (Pe´rez et al.), 509 Toxicologı´a Clı´nica en Medicina Interna (Clinical Toxicology in Medicine) (Oliva Navarro et al.), 509 Toxicologı´a clı´nica en urgencias (Clinic toxicology in the intensive care unit) (Lorı´a Castellanos J. et al.), 346 Toxicologia de Alimentos (Food Toxicology) (Midio et al.), 60 Toxicologı´a de alimentos (Food Toxicology) (Valle Vega P.), 349 Toxicologı´a de los alimentos (Food Toxicology) (Calvo Carrillo et al.), 343 Toxicologı´a de los alimentos (Food Toxicology) (Silvestre A.A.), 18 Toxicologı´a de los residuos en la elaboracio´n de celulosa (Toxicology of waste in celluloseprocessing) (Moretton J.A.), 20 Toxicologı´a de Postgrado (Postgrade Toxicology), 10th Edition (Repetto M.), 509 Toxicologı´a de Pregrado (Undergraduate toxicology) (Astolfi E.A.), 17 Toxicologı´a del alcohol etı´lico (Toxicology of ethyl alcohol) (Torres A.M., Camargo F.J.), 21 Toxicologia do Mercu´rio (Mercury Toxicology) (Azevedo F.A.), 58 Toxicologia dos Praguicidas (Toxicology of Pesticides) (Larini L.), 59

Toxicologia Forense, 417 Toxicologı´a Forense (Forensic Toxicology) (Locani et al.), 20 Toxicologia ForenseTeoria e Pra´tica (5th ed.) (Passagli M.F.), 60 Toxicologia Fundamental, 417 Toxicologı´a Fundamental, 4th Edition (Fundamental Toxicology) (Repetto M.), 509 Toxicologı´a gene´tica y salud ambiental (Genetic toxicology and environmental health) (Aiassa D., Bosch B.), 19 Toxicologia in silico: fundamentos e aplicac¸o˜es (In Silico Toxicology: Fundamentals and Applications) (Matos C.E.), 59 Toxicologia laboral (Occupational toxicology) (Perez Lucio C.), 346 Toxicologı´a Laboral. Criterios para el monitoreo de la salud de los trabajadores expuestos a sustancias quı´micas peligrosas (Occupational Toxicology.Criteria for monitoring the health of workers exposed to hazardous chemicals) (Albiano N.), 19 Toxicologı´a me´dica (Medical toxicology) (Croce et al.), 19 Toxicologia na Pra´tica Clı´nica (Clinical Toxicology) (Andrade et al.), 58 Toxicologia Ocupacional (Occupational Toxicology) (Michel O.D.), 59 Toxicologı´a Pediatrica (Pediatric Toxicology), 3rd Edition (Carmona et al.), 604 Toxicologı´a practica para el internista (Practical Toxicology for the Internist) (Wilkins Ga´miz A.), 348 Toxicologia Veterina´ria: Guia Pra´tico para Clı´nico de pequenos animais (Veterinary Toxicology: Practical Guide for Small Animal Veterinarians) (Pires R.C.), 60 Toxicologı´a y quı´mica ambiental. Contribuciones para un desarrollo sustentable (Toxicology andenvironmental chemistry. Contributions for sustainable development) (Herkovits et al.), 20 Toxicologia, 2nd ed. (Toxicology) (Larini L.), 59 ToXicologia.net, 515 Toxicologı´a: guı´a de pra´cticas (Toxicology: A Guide of Practical Teaching) (Lo´pez de Cerain et al.), 508 Toxicologı´a: to´xico e intoxicaciones (Toxicology: toxic and poisoning) (Higa et al.), 20 Toxicological Advisement and Information Center (CIATOX), 156 Toxicological Analysis Service (SATOX), 603 Toxicological analytical procedures for laboratories of low complexity) (Fiorenza Biancucci et al.), 22 Toxicological Assistance Center of Botucatu, 67 Toxicological Assistance Center of Campina GrandeCIAT, 67 Toxicological Assistance Center of Clinical Hospital of Medical FacultyUniversity of Sa˜o Paulo, 68 Toxicological Assistance Center of Fortaleza— CEATOX Fortaleza, 68 Toxicological Assistance Center of Paraı´ba— CEATOX, 68

775 Toxicological Assistance Center of PernambucoCEATOX, 68 Toxicological Assistance Center of Sa˜o Jose´ do Rio Preto, 68 Toxicological Attendance CenterTOXCEN of Vito´ria, 68 Toxicological Chemistry (Chen et al.), 546 Toxicological Chemistry (Pletnyova T.V. (ed.)), 421 Toxicological clinical analysis laboratories (LACTs), 16 Toxicological Council (Toxikologiska Ra˚det), 540 Toxicological Data Sheets, 181 Toxicological Information and Advisory Center, 160 Toxicological Information Center of Goia´s, 68 Toxicological Information Center of Marı´lia, 68 Toxicological Information Center of Presidente Prudente, 68 Toxicological Information Center of Rio Grande do Sul, 68 Toxicological Information Center of TeresinaCITOX, 68 Toxicological Information Center of the Metropolitan Hospital in Quito, 158 Toxicological Information Center, 141 Toxicological Information Service, National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences. Tel 91 562 04 20, 520 Toxicological Research, 488 Toxicological Risk Assessment Center (TRAC), 453 Toxicological Safety Evaluation: GLP Compliance Inspection and Inspection (Toxicology Safety Evaluation Series) (Wang Xiuwen), 105 Toxicological Study of Pesticides in Animals (Dikshith T.S.S.), 214 Toxicologie (Coumoul et al.), 178 Toxicologie (Menu et al.), 178 Toxicologie (Viala et al.), 179 Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique, 179 Toxicologie Clinique (Baud et al.), 178 Toxicologie Industrielle et Intoxications Professionnelles (Lauwerys et al.), 178 Toxicologie van het immuunsysteem (Toxicology of the Immune System) (Van Loveren et al.), 359 Toxicologie van huis tuin en keuken: kennismaking met de schadelijke & nuttige stoffen in ons leven (Toxicology of Home Garden and Kitchen: Getting to know the Harmful and Useful Substances in our Lives) (Koen van Deun), 358 Toxicology, 99, 254, 455, 501 at chemistry faculty, 596597 at health sector DTOX, 595596 faculty of medicine, 595, 596f Republic of Korea, 488489 research doctorate (PhD) in, 280 Turkey, 557558 in Uruguay, 595 Toxicology (2nd ed.) (Jiang Yueming et al.), 101

776 Toxicology (7th ed., textbook for students majoring in preventive medicine) (Sun Zhiwei), 105 Toxicology (A. Koutselinis), 206 Toxicology (Sood A.), 220 Toxicology (textbook for comprehensive experiments) (Zhang et al.), 106 Toxicology Alternatives (Peng Shuangqing et al.), 104 Toxicology and Ecotoxicology in Chemical Safety Assessment (Robinson et al. (eds.)), 570 Toxicology and Environmental Health, Proceedings of a National Symposium (Vohora (ed.) et al.), 221 toxicology and environmental pollution, 350 Toxicology and pesticides 2nd edition (Alkhwater, Saleh), 439 Toxicology And Poisons Network Australasia Inc. (TAPNA), 55 Toxicology AreaCentral Laboratory, 28 Toxicology AreaCentral LaboratoryPediatric Hospital, 28 Toxicology AreaFaculty of Exact and Natural SciencesNational University of La Pampa, 29 Toxicology Basics: Case Study (textbook, 2nd ed.) (Zhang Aihua et al.), 106 Toxicology Basis (textbook, 5th ed.) (Wang Xinru), 105 Toxicology Centre, 89, 161 Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment in Poisoning (Turkish) (Ismet Do¨kmeci), 559 Toxicology Division, 27 Toxicology education Venezuela teaching at graduate level, 601602 teaching at postgraduate level, 602 Toxicology education of Saudi Arabia, 438439 Toxicology Experimental Methods and Technology (3rd ed.) (Wang Xinru), 105 Toxicology Foundation (Zhang Aihua et al.), 106 Toxicology Group, 590 Toxicology Handbook, 2nd Edition (Murray et al.), 38 Toxicology in Veterinary (Shokrzadeh, M.), 254 Toxicology in Veterinary Medicine (Turkish) (Sezai et al.), 559 Toxicology Information and Advisory Center, 429 Toxicology International, 224 Toxicology Lectures, 253 Toxicology Manual: Its Projections Toward Industrial Hygiene and Forensic Chemistry, 93 Toxicology module, 601602 Toxicology National Network, 610 Toxicology Network of Latin America and the Caribbean (RETOXLAC), 16 Toxicology of Alcohol—Select Problems (Toksykologia alkoholu—wybrane zagadnienia) (Gubała W.), 394 Toxicology of Chemical Respiratory Hypersensitivity (Dearman et al.), 569

Index

Toxicology of Medicinal Preparations (Guskova T.A.), 421 Toxicology of Nanobiomaterials. In: Stem Cell Nanoengineering (Bonakdar et al.), 255 Toxicology of Pesticides and Plants Diseases (Imani), 253 Toxicology of Skin, Eye, and Bone (Target Organs Toxicology Series) (Mao Wenge et al.), 103 Toxicology of the Human Environment: The Critical Role of Free Radicals (Rhodes C.J.), 569 Toxicology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (textbook) (Peng Cheng), 103 Toxicology on Quercus Plants (Shi Zhicheng et al.), 104 Toxicology program, 88 Toxicology-related databases, 487488 Toxicology related regulations in Uruguay, 600 Toxicology-related societies, Australia, 37 Toxicology Research Center, 29 Toxicology research, Australia, 3637 Toxicology Risk Communication Monographs, 417 Toxicology Secrets (Translated into Russian) (Ling et al.), 421 Toxicology SectionChemical Laboratory DivisionArgentine Federal Police, 30 Toxicology—Select Problems (Toksykologia— wybrane zagadnienia) (Brandys J. (ed.)), 394 Toxicology Service of the Paraı´so National Hippodrome, 602603 Toxicology Society of Singapore, 455 Toxicology Society of South Africa (TOXSA), 461, 483 Toxicology Society of Taiwan (TSTA), 556 Toxicology Society Singapore (TSS), 458 Toxicology—Textbook for Students, Physicians, and Pharmacists (Toksykologia—podre˛cznik dla studento´w, lekarzy i farmaceuto´w), 4th Edition (Se´nczuk W. (ed.)), 395 Toxicology Unit, 27 Toxicomanı´as. Aspectos toxicolo´gicos, psicolo´gicos, sociolo´gicos, jurı´dicos, me´dicolegales, Criminalı´sticos, criminolo´gicos (Drug addiction. Toxicological, psychological, sociological, legal, medical-legal, criminological, and criminological aspects) (Astolfi et al.), 17 Toxicometry and Organ Toxicology (Toksykometria i toksykologia narza˛dowa) (Piotrowski et al. (eds.)), 395 Toxicon, 573 To´xicos. Los Enemigos de la vida (Toxic compounds. The Enemies of life) (Guitart R.), 508 Toxics Link, 236 Toxikologie: interakce sˇkodlivy´ch la´tek s zˇivy´mi organismy, jejich mechanismy, projevy a ˚ dusledky (Toxicology: Interactions of Harmful Substances with Living Organisms, Their Mechanisms, Manifestations and Effects) (Linhart), 130

TOXIKONOccupational Toxicology and Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, 63 Toxin in Life (Lin J.L.), 547 Toxinopathology LaboratoryCenter for Experimental and Applied Pathology, 28 Toxins and Drug Discovery (Gopalakrishnakone et al.), 456457 Toxinz, 371 Toyo University, 305 Toys safety, Spanish legislations, 521 TPELs. See Tentative Permissible Exposure Levels (TPELs) Trabajo Infantil y Salud (Harari), 156 Tra˛bka-Kostka E. (Interactions of Drugs in Clinical Practice (Interakcje leko´w w praktyce klinicznej)), 395 TRAC. See Toxicological Risk Assessment Center (TRAC) Trace Elements Science Association of China (CTESA), 119 Trace Metal Ecological Toxicology and Biogeochemistry (Wang Wenxiong), 105 Traditional Health Practitioners Act, 2004, 485 Traite´ de toxicologie me´dico-judiciaire (Kintz), 178 Traite´ EMC, 179 Traitement de l’incertitude dans le processus d’e´valuation des risques sanitaires des substances chimiques. Rapport d’expertise collective, 180 Trakhtenberg I.M. (Main Physiological Standard Indicators in Humans), 422 Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 563 Transgenic Medicinal Plants (Bajaj etal.), 212 Translation books in Turkey, 559 Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act, 78 Transporte y almacenamiento de plaguicidas (Transport and storage of pesticides) (Brunstein etal.), 22 Trastornos Adictivos (Addictive Alterations), 512 Tratamento das Intoxicac¸o˜es Agudas, 4th ed. (Treatment of Acute Poisonings) (Schvartsman et al.), 61 Tratamiento biolo´gico de compuestos orga´nicos vola´tiles de fuentes fijas (Biological treatment of volatile organic compound from stationary sources) (Ca´rdenas et al.), 349 Tratamiento de Urgencia de las Intoxicaciones Descontaminacio´n digestiva, y cuta´nea. Antı´dotos. En Emergencias y Urgencias Pedia´tricas., Bello, Sehabiague, Prego, de Leonardis (Negrin), 598 Trends in Food Science & Technology, 573 Trent University, 88 Triaca J. (Coca y sus derivados. en Pautas de evaluacio´n y tratamiento de los consumos problema´ticos de sustancias en los tres niveles de atencio´n), 597 Trivedi S.P. (Fundamentals of Toxicology), 218 Trivedy R.K. (A Handbook of Environment Impact Assessment), 216 Tropical Life Sciences Research (TLSR), 328

Index

Truhana R. (Compendio de Toxicologı´a (Toxicology Compendium), Tomo III), 604 Trujillo, F. (Manual de Intoxicaciones por Plaguicidas), 157 Trushkin A.G. (Hygiene and Ecology of Humans, 4th Edition), 422 Trushkina L.Yu. (Hygiene and Ecology of Humans, 4th Edition), 422 Tryptophan Metabolism: Implications for Biological Processes, Health and Disease (Molecular and Integrative Toxicology) (English) (Atilla et al.), 559 Tsai F.G. (Poisonous Plants Found Commonly in the Garden of Taipei City), 547 TSCL. See Toxic Chemicals Control Law (TSCL) TSELs. See Tentative Safe Exposure Levels (TSELs) Tseng C.M. (Industrial Safety and Health/ Management and Practice), 547 Tshwane University of Technology (TUT), 477 Tsoukali-Papadopoulou, E. (Practice of Necropsy and Toxicological Analysis), 206 Tsoukali-Papadopoulou, E. (Selected Modern Toxicology Issues), 206 TSS. See Toxicology Society Singapore (TSS) TST. See Turkish Society of Toxicology (TST) TSTA. See Toxicology Society of Taiwan (TSTA) Tsungming Tu, 545 Tsygankov B.D. (ed.) (Emergent State in Drug Addiction Treatment), 422 TUDelft, Department of Biotechnology, 362 TUMS. See Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) Tuncay Ku¨me (Resolving Erroneous Reports in Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: A Comprehensive Guide), 559 Tuomi, T. (Prevention and Management of Asbestos-Related Diseases in Finland), 166 Tuomisto, J. (Selvitys elinympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨—Kansallisen kemikaaliohjelman taustaselvitys), 164 Tuomisto, J. (Ympa¨risto¨terveys), 165 Turan Turhan (Resolving Erroneous Reports in Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: A Comprehensive Guide), 559 Turkey history of toxicology, 557558 legislation and regulation, 564565 organizations, 561 poison control centers, 564 professional societies, 563564 resources books in Turkish, 559 international publications by Turkish editors, 559 journals, 560561 translation books, 559 universities, 562563 Turkish Chemical Manufacturers Association, 563 Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 560 Turkish Journal of Biology, 560 Turkish Journal of Hematology, 561 Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 561

Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 561 Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 561 Turkish Society of Clinical Toxicology, 563 Turkish Society of Pathology, 564 Turkish Society of Pharmacology, 563 Turkish Society of Toxicology (TST), 558 Turkish Society of Toxicology with the Participation of the Hellenic Society of Toxicology (TURKHELTOX 2015), 558 Turkish Society of Toxicology, 563 TUT. See Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) Tychinin V.A. (Main Physiological Standard Indicators in Humans), 422 TYKI, 169 Tyo¨, terveys, turvallisuus, 167 Tyo¨ympa¨risto¨n kemiallisten ja fysikaalisten riskien arviointi ja hallinta (Pa¨a¨kko¨nen et al.), 165 Tyrpirn´ K. (Biomonitoring of Xenobiotics— Selected Problems (Biomonitoring ksenobiotyko´w—wybrane zagadnienia)), 395

U UCV Agronomy Faculty Journal, 604 UCV Pharmacy Faculty Journal, 604 UESM. See Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management (UESM) The UK Expert Committee on Pesticides (ECP), 578 The UK’s Environmental Audit Committee, 568 UKEMS. See United Kingdom Environmental Mutagen Society (UKEMS) UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), 336 Ulku¨ Undˇeger Bucurgat (Pharmaceutical Toxicology), 559 Ulm, 202 UM Alqura University, 439 Umea˚ University (Umea˚ Universitet), 538 Umpierrez E. (Consumo de Alcohol, Cocaı´na y Cafeı´na en el embarazo: efectos sobre el embarazo y el nin˜o) Umpierrez E. (Consumo de mate en el embarazo con el peso al nacer Arch Pediatr Urug), 599 Umpie´rrez E. (Exposicio´n no intencional a cannabis en nin˜os en el marco de la regulacio´n del mercado en Uruguay), 599 Umwelt&Gesundheit, 192 Umweltwissenschaften und SchadstoffForschung, 192 UN Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (CETDG/GHS), 56 Una introduccio´n al perfil farmacolo´gico y terapo´utico de la marihuana in Ach Med Interna (Tamosiunas et al.), 599 UNCED. See United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) Undergraduate toxicology education in Turkey, 562

777 UNECE. See United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) UNEP National Committee for Russia (UNEPCOM), 427 UNEP. See United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) UNEP/GRIDWarsaw, 411 Unger M.A. (Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology (Environmental Science and Engineering Series)), 107 Unidad de Investigacio´n Preclı´nica (UNIPREC) (Preclinical Research Unit), 355 Unidad de Servicios para la Industria de Alimentos (USIA) (Food Industry Service Unit), 355 Unidad de Toxicologı´a Clı´nica (UNITOX)— Departamento de Emergencia—Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, 389 UNIDO. See United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Unilever, 365 Union Carbide Corporation, 212213 UniSA Future Industries Institute (FII), 51 UniSA School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, 51 Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management (UESM), 477 Unit of Clinical Toxicology, 520 UNITAR. See United Nations Institute for Vocational Training and Research (UNITAR) United Kingdom Environmental Mutagen Society (UKEMS), 591 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 45 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), 4, 282 United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), 2, 4, 67, 282 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), 8 United Nations Institute for Vocational Training and Research (UNITAR), 8, 16 Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), 605 Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV). Servicio de Informacio´n de Medicamentos y To´xicos (SIMET), 606 Universidad de Carabobo. Center for Toxicological Investigations (Centro de Investigaciones Toxicolo´gicas) (CITUC), 606 Universidad Nacional de San Martı´n (UNSAM), 31 Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 390 Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, 390 Universita` (Italian Universities), 265 Universite´ de Montre´al, 89 Universite´ du Que´bec a´ Montreal, 89 Universiti Malaya, 336 Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 338 Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 338 Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 337 Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 337 Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 337 Universiti Putra Malaysia, 336

778 Universities in Singapore, 459 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 335 Universiti Sains Malaysia, 336 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 337 Universiti Teknologi MARA, 337 Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 338 University Business Academy in Novi Sad, 449 University Los Andes (Universidad Los Andes) (ULA). Me´rida, 605 University of Aberdeen, 586 University of Adelaide, 50 University of Alberta, 87 The University of Auckland, 372 University of Belgrade, 449 University of Bergen (Norway), 380 University of Birmingham, 587 University of Bochum, 197 University of Brası´lia, 66 University of British Columbia, 87 University of Calcutta, 240 University of Calgary, 87 University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 64 University of Canberra (UC), 53 University of Cape Town (UCT), 477 University of Carabobo (UC), 601 University of Carabobo (Universidad de Carabobo) (UC). Valencia, 606, 612 University of Copenhagen, 152 University of Defence in Belgrade, 449 University of Dundee, 587 University of Du¨sseldorf, 197 University of East Anglia, 587 University of Eastern Finland, 174 University of Freiburg, 197 ´ 405 University of Gdansk, University of Groningen, 363 University of Guelph, 88 University of Halle Wittenberg, 197 University of Hamburg Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine, 197 University of Helsinki, 174 University of Jammu, J & K, 241 University of Johannesburg (UJ), 479 University of Jyva¨skyla¨, 175 University of Kerala, 241 University of Kragujevac, 449 University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), 479 University of Leicester, 587 University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 402 University of Limpopo (UL), 480 University of Liverpool, 587 University of Lodz, 405 University of London, 588 University of Los Andes (Universidad Los Andes [ULA]. Me´rida), 612 University of Madras, 241 University of Manchester, 588 University of Manitoba Rady Faculty of Health Science, 87 University of Melbourne (UniMelb), 50 University of Mysore, 241 University of New England (UNE), 53 University of New South Wales (UNSW), 50 University of Newcastle, 50

Index

University of Niˇs, 449 University of Novi Sad, 449 University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 88 University of Oslo (UiO) (Norway), 380381 The University of Otago, 372 University of Ottawa and University of Carleton Ottawa-Carleton Joint program, 88 University of Oulu, 175 University of Pretoria (UP), 480 University of Queensland (UQ), 50 University of Rajasthan, 241 University of Sa˜o Paulo (USP), 63 University of Saskatchewan, 89 University of Science and Technology, 501 University of Seoul (School of Environmental Engineering), 501 University of Seoul, 495 University of Shizuoka, 305 University of Silesia in Katowice, 405 University of South Australia (UniSA), 51 University of South China School of Public Health, 121 University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, 153 University of Stellenbosch, 480 University of Surrey, 588 University of Sydney (USyd), 51 University of Tabuk, 439 University of Tampere, 175 University of Tasmania (UTAS), 51 University of Technology Sydney (UTS), 51 University of Technology, Braunschweig, 197 University of Technology, Dortmund, 197 University of Technology, Kaiserslautern, 198 University of the Free State (UFS), 478 University of the West of England (UWE), 588 University of the Witwatersrand (WITS), 481 University of Thessaly (PMS Toxicology), 207 University of Toronto, 88 University of Tu¨bingen, 200 University of Turku, 175 University of Venda (UV), 481 University of Wales, Aberystwyth, 588 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 405 University of Western Australia (UWA), 51 University of Wollongong (UOW), 53 University of Wrocław, 406 University of Zulia (Universidad del Zulia) (LUZ). Maracaibo, 606, 612 Uno Y. (ed.) (Atlas of Comet Assay Images), 289 UoA School of Public Health, 50 UoAMolecular Toxicology, 50 Uppsala University (Uppsala Universitet), 538 Uppsala University Hospital (Akademiska sjukhuset, Uppsala), 541 Ural State Medical Academy, Ekaterinburg, 428 Urbanek-Karłowska B. (Food Toxicology (Toksykologia z˙ywno´sci), 2nd Edition (improved and updated)), 395 Urbanization, 370 Urg’Intoxications (Weber et al.), 179

Urgences Toxicologiques de l’adulte (Danel et al.), 178 Urgoiti M. (Exposicio´n no intencional a cannabis en nin˜os en el marco de la regulacio´n del mercado en Uruguay), 599 Uria M. (Skin Reactions Associated to Phenytoin Administration: Multifactorial Cause), 598 Uriarte Bonilla V.R. (Manual clı´nico de los antidepresivos (2a. Ed.) (Clinical manual for antidepressants)), 348 Urinary System Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series) (Cao et al.), 100 Urmia University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Uruguay bibliographic resources books, 597 chapter titles, 597598 journal articles acute poisoning, 598 environmental and occupational toxicology, 599600 natural toxins, 600 psychoactive drugs, 598599 PCC(CIAT) database 2017, 596t toxicology at chemistry faculty, 596597 toxicology at health sector DTOX, 595596 faculty of medicine, 595, 596f toxicology in, 595 toxicology related regulations, 600 USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 386 Use of proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy and rates of major malformations: A metaanalysis. In: Medication Safety in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding (Nikfar et al.), 254 USydClinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Group, 51 Utilisation du phe´noxye´thanol dans les produits cosme´tiques, 180 Utrecht University, 363 UTS Centre for Forensic Science, 51 UTS Climate Change Cluster, 51 UWA School of Biomedical Sciences, 52 UWA School of Human Sciences, 52 UWA School of Population and Global Health, 52

V Vaal University of Technology (VUT), 481 Va¨ha¨kangas, K. (ed.) (La¨a¨ketieteellinen farmakologia ja toksikologia), 166 Vahide SAVCI (Poisoning and Drug Overdose), 559 Vainio, H. (Kemikaalit ja tyo¨—Selvitys tyo¨ympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨), 166 Vainio, H. (Prevention and Management of Asbestos-Related Diseases in Finland), 166 Valdez M. (Exposicio´n a cocaı´na en nin˜os menores de 5 an˜os: serie de casos), 599 Valdez M. (Intoxicacio´n por Anı´s de Campo), 598 Valencia—Estado Carabobo, 611

Index

Valeurs repe´res d’aide a´ la gestion dans l’air des espaces clos: les particules, 180 Valeurs repe´res d’aide a´ la gestion pour le naphtale´ne dans l’air des espaces clos, 180 Valeurs repe´res d’aide a´ la gestion pour le trichlore´thyle´ne dans l’air des espaces clos, 180 Valladolid University, 519 Valle Vega P. (Toxicologı´a de alimentos (Food Toxicology)), 349 Valledor A. (Envenenamiento por animales (Poisoning due to Animals)), 510 Valverde J.L. (Manual de Toxicologı´a Medioambiental Forense (Manual of Environmental Forensic Toxicology)), 510 Vamvakas S. (Toxikologie—Eine Einfu¨hrung fu¨r Chemiker, Biologen und Pharmazeuten), 188 Van den Berg M. (E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem), 599 Van Den Berg M. (Networking to advance progress in children’s environmental health), 600 Van Hall Instituut, 363 van Heerden F. (Poisonous Plants of South Africa), 463 van Leeuwen C.J. (Risk assessment of chemicals: an introduction, 2nd Edition. Springer), 376 Van Leeuwen, C. J. (Risk Assessment of Chemicals: An Introduction), 358 Van Loveren, H. (Toxicologie van het immuunsysteem (Toxicology of the Immune System)), 359 van Oudtshoorn B. (Medicinal Plants of South Africa), 463 van Oudtshoorn B. (Poisonous Plants of South Africa), 463 van Wyk B.-E. (Medicinal Plants of South Africa), 463 van Wyk B.-E. (People’s Plants), 463 van Wyk B.-E. (Poisonous Plants of South Africa), 463 van Wyk B.E. (Handbuch der giftigen und psychoaktiven Pflanzen), 190 Vargas G. (Efectos del cannabis sobre la viabilidad celular y el ciclo suen˜o vigilia en un modelo animal), 599 Vatavaran, 236 Vecchio, S. (Antidoti: guida all’uso clinico e all’approvvigionamento (Antidotes: a guide to clinical use and supply)), 267 Vega G.S. (Aspectos especı´ficos de la toxicologı´a de algunos contaminantes (Specific aspects of some pollutants toxicology)), 349 ˇ de procuracio´n de justicia ambiental Veinteanos en Me´xico:un homenaje a la creacio´n de la Procuradurı´a Federal de Proteccio´n al Ambiente (Twenty years of Environmental Justice Enforcement in Mexico: an homage to the creation of the Federal Enforcement Agency for Environmental Protection) (Carmona Lara et al. (ed.)), 343 Velasco E. (Emisiones bioge´nicas (Biogenic emissions)), 350

Velasco Martin A. (Compendio de Toxicologia (Compendium of Toxicology)), 510 Velasco Santos P. (Rı´os de contradiccio´n: contaminacio´n, ecologı´a polı´tica y sujetos rurales en Nativitas, Tlaxcala. Me´xico (Contradictory rivers: pollution, politic ecology and rural subjects in Nativitas, Tlaxcala, Mexico)), 348 Velasco Trejo J.A. (Tecnologı´as de remediacio´n para suelos contaminados (Remediation technologies for soil pollution)), 350 Vena¨la¨inen, R. (Selvitys elinympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨—Kansallisen kemikaaliohjelman taustaselvitys), 164 Venenos en el arte. Luces, sombras y matices de la toxicologı´a (Poisons in art. Lights, shadows and Nuances of toxicology (Scarlato et al.), 21 Venenos: armas quı´micas de la naturaleza. (Poisons:nature’s chemical weapons) (Cifuentes J.L.), 344 Venenos: armas quı´micas de la naturaleza. (Poisons:nature’s chemical weapons) (Germa´n Cupul F.), 344 Venezuela centers, services and toxicological units, 602604 government institutions related to Toxicology, 607608 journals, 604 legal links, 612 legislation, 611 nongovernmental organizations, 609612 organizations, 608 postgraduate studies (postgrados), 612 professional societies, 610611 resources, 604607 services, 608609 teaching at graduate level, 601602 teaching at postgraduate level, 602 toxicology centers, 611 universities, 611612 Venezuela Association for the Advancement of Science, 610 Venezuela System of Integrated Toxicology (SIVEINTOX), 610611 Venezuelan ecologic association for marine of sea life, 605 Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Investigations (IVIC), 608 Venezuelan Society of Toxicology, 610 Venom and Toxin Research Programme, 459 Venom Genomics and Proteomics (Gopalakrishnakone), 457 Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals (Williamson et al.), 38 Venoms and Victims (Pearn et al.), 38 Venter S. (Home-gardens to Address Vitamin A Deficiency in South Africa: A Food-based Approach), 464 Ventimiglia H. (Pilot study on Mercury and Health at the University Hospital), 597 Vera D.J. (Actividades molestas, insalubres, nocivas y peligrosas: normativa de evaluacio´n del impacto ambiental y prevencio´n y control de la contaminacio´n (Regulations for the

779 Environmental Impact Evaluation and Prevention and Control of Contamination)), 510 Vermeire T.G. (Risk assessment of chemicals: an introduction, 2nd Edition. Springer), 376 Vernet J. (La prevencio´n y el control integrados de la contaminacio´n (The integrated pollution prevention and control)), 507 Very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB), 12 Vesmı´r (Cosmos), 133 Veterinary and Forensic Toxicology Service, 520 Veterinary Drug Toxicology (textbook) (Li Peifeng), 102 Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD), 578 Veterinary pharmaceuticals, Spanish legislations, 521 Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Association, 563 Veterinary Products Committee (VPC), 580 Veterinary Research Institute, 137 Veterinary toxicology, 145 Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand (Dalefield R.), 38 Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd edition (Gupta R.C.), 214 Vetten M. (Chapter 2. Nanoscience, nanotechnology, nanomaterials and nanotoxicology in South Africa), 464 Vetter K. (Arzneiverordnung in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit), 189 VETTOX, 133 VI International Congress of Toxicology (ICT-VI), 281 Viajes sinte´ticos, Estudios sobre uso de drogas de sı´ntesis en el Uruguay contempora´neo Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacio´n (Suarez H., Rossal M.), 597 Viala, A. (Toxicologie), 179 Victoria University (VU), 52 Victoria University of Wellington, 373 Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth), 44 Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM), 3940, 44, 4849 Victorian Poisons Information Centre (VPIC), 56 Vicun˜a N. (Intoxicacio´n Medicamentosa Aguda. Manual de Toxicologı´a Clı´nica y Analı´tica (Drug Intoxication Help, Manual of Clinical and Analytical Toxicology)), 604 Vidal Haddad Jr. (Marine and Freshwater Toxins), 456 Vidal, 182 VIFM. See Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM) Vighi, M. (Ecotossicologia (Ecotoxicology)), 268 Vighi M. (ed.) (Regulating Chemical Accumulation in the Environment: The Integration of Toxicology and Economics in Environmental Policy-making), 570 Vigil’Anses, 179 VIGItox, 179

780 Vigna A. (Intoxicacio´n por Anı´s de Campo), 598 Vigo University, 519 Vij K. (Textbook of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology: Principles & Practice), 220 Vilanova E. (Casos Pra´cticos de Evaluacio´n de Riesgo Toxicolo´gico y Ecotoxicolo´gico (Practical Cases of Toxicological and Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment)), 510 Vilanova E. (Te´cnicas analı´ticas de contaminantes quı´micos: aplicaciones toxicolo´gicas, medioambientales y alimentarias (Analytical Techniques of Chemical Pollutants: Toxicological, Environmental and Food Applications)), 510 Viljoen J.H. (A Review of Proposed Maximum Tolerated Levels for Fumonisins in Maize and Maize Products), 464 Villaamil Lepori E. (Guı´a para la obtencio´n, conservacio´n y transporte de muestras para ana´lisis toxicolo´gicos (Guide fortheobtaining, conservation and transport of samples for toxicological analysis)), 25 Villalobos H. (Principios de la Toxicologı´a Gene´tica (Principles of Genetic Toxicology)), 604 Viluksela, M. (Selvitys elinympa¨risto¨n kemikaaliriskeista¨—Kansallisen kemikaaliohjelman taustaselvitys), 164 VINNOVA, Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems, 533 Vinoba Bhave University, 241 Virk G.S. (Environmental Protection), 220 Virtanen, S. (Elektoniikka-alan kemikaaliopas), 164 Virtual Anaesthesia Textbook: Poisonings, Bites and Envenomations, 40 Virtual Health Library, 523 Virtual Library on Health in Spain, 515 Virtual University of Occupational Medicine, 181 Visconti A. (ed.) (Fumonsin B1. Environmental Health Criteria 219), 464 Visconti A. (Fumonisins  Occurrence, Toxicology, Metabolism and Risk Assessment), 464 Vismer H.F. (Food for Thought about Mycotoxins, Organic and Genetically Modified Foods), 464 Visser J. (Snakes and Snakebite  Venomous Snakes and Management of Snakebite in Southern Africa), 463 Vitalis, 605 Vitorovi´c S. (Osnovi toksikologije sa elementima ekotoksikologije), 450 Viviana D. (Perfil epidemiolo´gico de las intoxicaciones por benzodiazepinas recibidas en el Centro de Informacio´n y Asesoramiento Toxicolo´gico uruguayo en el perı´odo), 598 VivoPharm, 50 VLAG, 364 VMD. See Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) Vocational masters, 281

Index

Vogel, Carl-Wilhelm (Snake Venoms), 456 Vohora S.B. (ed.) (Toxicology and Environmental Health, Proceedings of a National Symposium), 221 Vojenska´ toxikologie (Military Toxicology) (Patoˇcka et al.), 131 Vojnosanitetski pregled (VSP), 451 Volke Sepu´lveda T. (Tecnologı´as de remediacio´n para suelos contaminados (Remediation technologies for soil pollution)), 350 Volke Sepu´lveda T. (Suelos contaminados por metales y metaloides: muestreo y alternativas para su remediacio´n (Metal and metalloid contaminated soils: methods and bioremediation alternatives)), 350 Von Ahlefeldt D. (Medicinal Plants Traded on South Africa’s Eastern Seaboard), 463 Vondra´cˇ ek, V. (Klinicka´toxikologie: toxikologie ˚ potravin, jedovaty´ch zˇivoˇcichu˚ a rostlin le´ku, aj. (Clinical Toxicology: Pharmaceuticals, Foods, Poisonous Flora & Fauna)), 132 von Mu¨hlendahl K.E. (Vergiftungen im Kindesalter (Intoxications in Childhood), 4th edition), 189 Vos, J. G. (Toxicologie van het immuunsysteem (Toxicology of the Immune System)), 359 VPC. See Veterinary Products Committee (VPC) VPIC. See Victorian Poisons Information Centre (VPIC) Vrije Universiteit van Amsterdam, 364 Vuˇcini´c S. (Akutna trovanja hemijskim materijama), 450 Vuorinen, H. (Ympa¨risto¨terveys), 165 VU´OS—Research Institute of Organic Synthese, 138 Vybrane´ kapitoly z pracovnı´ho le´kaˇrstvı´. Dı´l 4. Toxikologie, karcinogeny, traumatologicky´ pla´n, pracovnˇe tepelna´ za´tˇezˇ (Selected Chapters from Occupational Medicine. Part 4, Toxicology, Carcinogens, Traumatological ˇ ´ bova´), Plan, Occupational Heat Stress) (Sva 131 Va´zquez M. (Erros De Medicac¸a˜o: Um Risco de Sau´de Medication Errors: A Risk of Healthcare), 598 Va´zquez M. (Skin Reactions Associated to Phenytoin Administration: Multifactorial Cause), 598

W WA Poisons Information Centre (WAPIC), 56 Wageningen University and Research Centre, 363 Walter and Eliza Hall Institute (WEHI) of Medical Research, 45 Walter Sisulu University, 481 Wang Bing (Environmental Toxicology Research Technology and Methods (textbook)), 102 Wang Dayong (Model Organism Toxicology: Summary and Thinking Based on The Study of Caenorhabditis Elegans), 105

Wang Hongtao (ed.) (Presenting Toxicology Results: How to Evaluate Data and Write Reports), 105 Wang Huili (ed.) (Food Toxicology (textbook)), 105 Wang J.D. (Basic Principles and Practical Applications in Epidemiological Research), 548 Wang J.D. (Deadly Dust: Asbestos-related diseases, a major occupational disease epidemic in the history of industrialization), 546 Wang J.D. (Public Health, 5th edition), 548 Wang Jianguo (Pharmacology and Toxicology of Fishery Drugs), 105 Wang Kaiyu (Pharmacology and Toxicology of Fishery Drugs), 105 Wang Lei (A New Approach to Toxicology Research: The Basic Connotation and Research Progress of Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP)), 102 Wang Minsheng (Alimentary System Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 105 Wang Minsheng (Chemical Carcinogenesis (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 107 Wang Taiping (Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology (Environmental Science and Engineering Series)), 107 Wang Wenxiong (Trace Metal Ecological Toxicology and Biogeochemistry), 105 Wang Xiangdong (Food Toxicology (textbook)), 105 Wang Xiangdong (Food Toxicology (textbook): A series of teaching materials for food specialty in colleges and universities), 105 Wang Xinru (Experimental Method and Technology of Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.)), 105 Wang Xinru (Fundamental Toxicology (textbook, 6th ed.)), 105 Wang Xinru (Toxicology Basis (textbook, 5th ed.)), 105 Wang Xinru (Toxicology Experimental Methods and Technology (3rd ed.)), 105 Wang Xiuwen (Toxicological Safety Evaluation: GLP Compliance Inspection and Inspection (Toxicology Safety Evaluation Series)), 105 Wang Yaling (ed.) (Food Toxicology (2nd ed.)), 104 Wang Yaling (Food Toxicology (textbook)), 104 Wang Yan (Basic Environmental Toxicology (textbook)), 102 Wang Yuhong (ed.) (Cardiovascular Toxicology), 102 Wang Yutang (Pharmacology and Toxicology of Fishery Drugs), 105 Wang Zijian (Advances in Environmental Benchmarks (Advances in ecotoxicology, series 1)), 106 Wang, Jung-Der, 545 Warehouse of Persistent Organic Pollutants in East Asian Countries, 494 Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 406

781

Index

Warsaw University of Technology, 406 Warszawa, 409 Wasielewski M. (Safety in Chemical Laboratory ´ (Bezpieczenstwo w pracowni chemicznej)), 395 Waste Management & Research (WM&R), 573 Waste Management Association of Australia (WMAA), 46 Waste Prevention Association 3R, 402 Waste, Spanish legislations, 522 Watanabe I. (ed.) (Environmental Toxicology), 290 Watanabe T. (ed.) (Science of Toxicity: From Molecules/Cells to Human Populations), 290 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 245 Water Pollution Act, 369 Water Pollution Prevention Act, 312 Water Quality Database, 77 water quality report, 328329 Water quality. Ministry of Health and Consumer Issues, 515 Water Research Australia (Water RA), 43 Water Research Commission (WRC) (South Africa), 467468, 475 Water Research, 573 Water SA, 466 Water Science and Technology, 573 Water Supply Act, 312 Water, 369 Water, Spanish legislations, 522 Watertox. Ecological and hygienic properties of environmental pollutants (toxicity and hazard of substances), 423 Watkins, J. B. (Casarett & Doull Basic Toxicology (2nd edition)), 205 Watt J.M. (The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. Being an Account of Their Medicinal and Other Uses, Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Effects and Toxicology in Man and Animal, 2nd Edition), 463 Weber A. (Mass Spectral and GC Data of Drugs, Poisons, Pesticides, Pollutants and Their Metabolites, 5th edition), 189 Weber, M. (Me´mo Intoxications Aigue¨s), 179 Weber, M. (Urg’Intoxications), 179 Weber-Scho¨ndorfer C. (Arzneiverordnung in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit), 189 Wehling M. (Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (Pharmacology and Toxicology), 18th edition), 189 Wei Jing (Poison and Peril: Forensic Toxicology), 106 Wei Linlin (Basic Guidelines for Animal Experiments of Hygienic Toxicology), 106 Weifang Medical College School of Public Health and Management, 122 Weinstein S. (Australia’s Dangerous Snakes: Identification, Biology and Envenoming), 38 Welbourn P. (Environmental toxicology), 107, 570 Wenzhou Medical University Faculty of Preventive Medicine and Management, 122

Werner A.F. (Venenos en el arte. Luces, sombras y matices de la toxicologı´a (Poisons in art. Lights, shadows and nuances of toxicology)), 21 Wesseling C. (Pesticide Health Impacts in Developing Countries), 464 West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, 405 Westcape Biotech (Pty) Ltd, 471 Western Sydney University (WSU), 53 Wexler, P. (ed.) (Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3rd Edition, Volumes 1-4), 254 White J. (ed.) (Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons), 38 Whitehorse General Hospital, 92 WHMIS. See Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) WHO. See World Health Organization (WHO) WHS Act, Regulations and Codes of Practice, 56 WHS. See Work health and safety (WHS) WHSQ. See Workplace Health and Safety Queensland (WHSQ) Wichmann H.E. (Handbuch der Umweltmedizin digital), 191 Widmark, Erik MP, 526 Wiegand, T. J. (ed.) (Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3rd Edition, Volumes 1-4), 254 WikiTox, 40 Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 245 Wild Life Reserves Singapore, 458 Wilkins Ga´miz A. (Toxicologı´a practica para el internista (Practical Toxicology for the Internist)), 348 William R. Kem (Marine and Freshwater Toxins), 456 Williamson J.A. (ed.) (Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals), 38 WINGIS online Information System for Hazardous Substances, 192193 Wink C. (Handbuch der giftigen und psychoaktiven Pflanzen), 190 Wink M. (Handbuch der giftigen und psychoaktiven Pflanzen), 190 Wirth W. (Toxikologie (Toxicology), 5th edition), 189 WMAA. See Waste Management Association of Australia (WMAA) Wojcieszak J. (Desinger Drugs and OTC Medicines—the new players on the market of psychoactive substances. (Dopalacze I leki OTC—nowi gracze na scenie zwia˛zko´w psychoaktywnych)), 396 Women’s Environmental Network (WEN), 584 Wonkwang University, 497 Wooley A. (Practical Toxicology: Evaluation, Prediction and Risk), 570 Work health and safety (WHS), 41 Work Injuries and Diseases Database (NWISP) (Association of Workers’ Compensation Boards of Canada), 77 Work Injury Compensation Act, 460 Worker protection, Spanish legislations, 521 Workers Center of Health Studies (CEST), 610

Workers Health Studies Center (Centro de Estudios de Salud de los Trabajadores) (CEST), 606 Workers Health, 604 Working Environment in Life-Cycle Assessment (Poulsen et al.), 148 Working group on metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 185 Workplace Environment Health & Safety Reporter, 73 Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS), 77 Workplace Health and Safety Queensland (WHSQ), 43 Workplace Safety and Health Act, 460 Workplace Safety and Health Council, 457 Workplace Safety and Health, 457 WorkSafe BC, 85 World Health Organization (WHO), 23, 6, 8 World History of Poison Vol. 51-6 (Shi Zhicheng), 104 The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), 45 World Wildlife Fund (WWF-UK), 585 World Wildlife Fund Australia (WWFAustralia), 47 Woron´ J. (Interactions of Drugs in Clinical Practice (Interakcje leko´w w praktyce klinicznej)), 395 Wright D.A. (Environmental Toxicology), 107, 570 Wrocław Medical University, 406 Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 406 Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 407 Wrocław, 409 WSU. See Western Sydney University (WSU) Wu Bingchun (Basic Technical Methods for Pharmacological and Toxicological Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 106 Wu Haihua (Pesticide Toxicology), 106 Wu Yijun (Toxicology Alternatives), 104 Wuhan University School of Health Sciences, 122 Wu¨rzburg, 202 Wu¨rzburg University, 200

X Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems, 573 Xia Shijun (Pesticide Toxicology (Modern Toxicology Series)), 106 Xiamen University School of Public Health, 122 Xı´an Jiaotong University School of Public Health, 122 Xiang Ming (Drug Toxicology (textbook, 3rd ed.)), 106 Xiao Cunjie (Research Development of Toxicology Onboard The Submarine Environment), 106 Xinjiang Medical University School of Public Health, 122

782 Xiong Xiaojing (Environmental Toxicology (textbook)), 101 Xuan Zhiqiang (Compilation of Experimental Techniques for Radiation Nanomedicine and Toxicology), 106 Xuzhou Medical University School of Public Health, 122123

Y y cols Plaguicidas: Toxicologı´a clı´nica, laboral y ambiental (Laborde A.), 597 Yager M. (Chemische Lebensmittelkonservierung: Stoffe, Wirkung, Methodes (Translated into Russian)), 421 Yamazaki F. (ed.) (Files of Acute Poisoning Information (4th edition)), 290 Yamazaki H. (ed.) (Medical Drug Metabolism), 290 Yan Weixing (Food Toxicology (textbook)), 106 Yang C.C. (Detoxification), 548 Yang C.C. (Epidemiologic Data of Acute Pesticide Poisoning in Taiwan, 19852001), 548 Yang Hongmei (Drug Toxicology (textbook)), 106 Yang M.T. (Industrial Safety and Health/ Management and Practice), 547 Yang Xingfen (Food Safety Risk Assessment: Principles, Methods and Applications of Toxicology (Technical Serieson Food Safety Risk Analysis)), 106 Yang Y.N. (The Story of Snake Venom Research in Taiwan), 548 Yang Zhanshan (Radiation Toxicology (4th ed.) (series of textbooks on radiation medicine)), 106 Yang Zhenhua (Sandstorm Medicine and Toxicology), 103 Yazd University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Yazdanpanah, H. (Aflatoxins and their management. In: Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism), 255 Ydinturvallisuus (Sandberg) (ed.), 166 Yearbook on Environmental Protection (1983), 549 Yeditepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, 562 Yegorov B.F. (Hazard Indicators of Substances and Materials, Vols. 14), 420 Yeow Chin Wee A Colour Guide to Dangerous Plants (A Colour Guide to Dangerous Plants), 456 Ye´pez, J. (Cancer Epidemiology in Quito and others Ecuadorian Regions), 156 Yerba Mate: efectos sobre la vigilia y el suen˜o (Torterolo et al.), 599 Yeungnam University, 495 Yi Youjin (Food Toxicology (textbook)), 104 Ying Shan (Environmental Toxicology Research Technology and Methods (textbook)), 102 Ympa¨risto¨terveys (Mussalo-Rauhamaa et al.), 165, 167 Ynet, 264

Index

Yokohama National University, 305 Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 305 Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 459 Yong Yau ONG (A Clinical Approach to Medicine), 456 Yonsei University, 495496 Yu Ya-hui (Toxicology on Quercus Plants), 104 Yuan Bojun (Drug toxicology), 102 Yuan Bojun (Experimental Methods and Techniques of Drug Toxicology), 106 Yuan Boxiong (The basis and clinic of respiratory toxicology), 103 Yuan Jianhui (Nanotoxicology: Characterization, Dosing and Health Effects), 107 Yuan Jing (ed.) (Molecular Toxicology (Guidance Book Series to improve core ability of scientific research personnel)), 106 Yuan Zengping (ed.) (Principles of Forensic Toxicology), 105 Yufit S.S. (Poisons Around Us. Challenge to the Mankind), 422 Yugoslav Society of Toxicology, 448

Z Zahedan University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Za´klady toxikologie: obecna´ toxikologie a ekotoxikologie (The Foundations of Toxicology: General Toxicology and Ecotoxicology) (Prokeˇs et al.), 131 Za`klady vodnı´ ekotoxikologie (Fundamentals of Aquatic Ecotoxicology) (Koop et al.), 130 Zakrzewski S.F. (ed.) (Environmental Toxicology), 570 Załeska-Radziwiłł M. (Environmental Toxicology—Laboratory Exercises—Collective Work (Toksykologia s´rodowiska—´cwiczenia laboratoryjne—praca zbiorowa), 2nd Edition), 395 Zamani, N. (An Overview on MethadoneIntoxicated Patients. In: Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse), 255 Zanjan University of Medical Sciences DPIC, 252 Zaragoza University, 519 Zawilska J. (Desinger Drugs and OTC Medicines—the new players on the market of psychoactive substances. (Dopalacze I leki OTC—nowi gracze na scenie zwia˛zko´w psychoaktywnych)), 396 Zelada B. (Mordedura por vı´bora de coral), 600 Zhan Dongrong (Handbook of Common Medicines for Small Animals), 104 Zhan Hao (Aerospace Pharmacology and Toxicology), 103 Zhang Aihua (ed.) (Toxicology (textbook for comprehensive experiments)), 106 Zhang Aihua (Toxicology Basics: Case Study (textbook, 2nd ed.)), 106 Zhang Aihua (Toxicology Foundation), 106

Zhang Fang (Pharmacology, Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, and Toxicology Experiments (textbook)), 102 Zhang Hengdong (Toxicology of Skin, Eye, and Bone (Target Organs Toxicology Series)), 103 Zhang Jingxu (Reproductive and developmental toxicology (Series of target organs toxicology)), 102 Zhang Leshuai (Compilation of Experimental Techniques for Radiation Nanomedicine and Toxicology), 106 Zhang Lishi (Food Toxicology (textbook)), 107 Zhang Quanxi (Sandstorm Medicine and Toxicology), 103 Zhang Shu (Drugs Blood Toxicology and Detection Methods (series of books on toxicological safety evaluation)), 103 Zhang Shu (Guide to Standard Operating Procedures for Experimental Dogs (series of books on toxicological safety evaluation)), 104 Zhang Shu (Guidelines for the Evaluation of Toxicological Safety Standards), 101 Zhang Shuangqing (Toxicokinetics (Toxicological Safety Assessment Series)), 107 Zhang Yingge (Nanotoxicology: for Safe Use of Nanomaterials), 107 Zhang Zengli (Toxicology of Skin, Eye, and Bone (Target Organs Toxicology Series)), 103 Zhang Zhiyong (Nanotoxicology and Safety Research Methods), 107 Zhang Zhiyong et al. (Research Methods and Experimental Techniques of Nanotoxicology (Nano Science And Technology Series)), 107 Zhao Chaoying (Neural System Toxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 107 Zhao Jinmin (Clinical Toxicology: Case Study (textbook)), 101 Zhao Yuan (Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology (Environmental Science and Engineering Series)), 107 Zhao Yuliang (Nanotoxicology: Basics for Safe Application of Nanomaterials (2nd ed.)), 107 Zhao Yuliang (Nanotoxicology: The Foundation for Safe Application of Nanomaterials), 107 Zhao Yuxia (Study on The Combined Toxicity and Mechanism of Quantum Dots and Cu21 on L02 Cells and Bacteria), 107 Zhao Zhen (Basic Environmental Toxicology (textbook)), 102 Zhao Zhendong (Immunotoxicology (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 105 Zhejiang University School of Public Health, 123 Zheltobryukhov V.F. (Ecologo-Hygienic Aspects of Utilization of Chemical Weapons), 422 Zheng Rongliang (Free Radical Toxicology), 102

Index

Zhengzhou University College of Public Health, 123 Zhou Li (Drug Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology), 105 Zhou Li (ed.) (History of Drug Reproduction and Developmental Toxicology), 105 Zhou Liguo (Drug Toxicology (2nd ed.)), 107 Zhou Zhijun (A Small Dose of Toxicology: The Health Effects of Common Chemicals (2nd ed.), 107 Zhou Zhijun (Basic Toxicology (textbook)), 107 Zhou Zhijun (Essential Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.)), 107 Zhou Zongcan (Modern Toxicology: A Concise Course), 107

Zhu Baoli (Chemical Carcinogenesis (Target Organ Toxicology Series)), 107 Zhu Feipeng (Practical Toxicology of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 103 Zhu Jiayu (Skin Care for Targeted Drug Therapy (Healthy World Series; 230)), 107 Zhu Lin et al. (Environmental toxicology), 107 Zhu Pingsheng (Practical Toxicology of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 103 Zhu Shaohua (Forensic Toxicology Experiment Guide (textbook, 2nd ed.)), 107 Zhuang Zhixiong (Nanotoxicology: Characterization, Dosing and Health Effects), 107

783 Zitting, A. (Kemikaaliturvallisuuden tiedonla¨hteet), 164 ZonMw, 362 Zou Libo (Pharmacology and Toxicology (textbook, 2nd ed.)), 108 Zuk M.M. (Introduccio´n a la evaluacio´n de los impactos de las termoele´ctricas de Me´xico (Introduction to the impact evaluation of thermoelectricity in Mexico)), 350 Zulia University (LUZ), 601 Zunino C. (Consumo de alcohol en nin˜os y adolescentes), 598 Zwo´zdziak J. (ed.) (Man, Environment, Threat (Człowiek, s´rodowisko, zagrozenie)), 396