Imperialist Archaeology in the Canary Islands: French and German Studies on Prehistoric Colonization at the End of the 19th Century 9781841713946, 9781407327617

Table of contents :
Cover
Copyright
Contents
Introduction
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSIONS
References

Citation preview

Imperialist Archaeology in the Canary Islands French and German Studies on Prehistoric Colonization at the End of the 19 th Century

A. Jose Farrujia de la Rosa

BAR International Series 13 3 3 2005

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 1333 Imperialist Archaeology in the Canary Islands © A. José Farrujia de la Rosa. and the Publisher 2005 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781841713946 paperback ISBN 9781407327617 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841713946 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by John and Erica Hedges in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2005. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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I ndex I N TRODUCT ION

. 1

CH APTER 1 TH EE ARLY P HASE O FS TUD IES ON H UMAN COLON IZAT ION

5

The f i rs t p hase ( 14 t h c entury -1848 )

6

-

A nnexa t ion i s tC o lon i sa t ion t h eor ie s : i n d igenou sp eop le a si n d iv idua ls t ob ec onque red , c o lon ized a nd c onve r ted

. 9

I n d igenou so ra l s ou r ce sa nd t h e f i r s tc o lon iza t ion o ft h eC ana r ie s

1 3

I d ea so ft h en ob i l i ty i n1 76 c en tu ry c o lon iza t ion t h eo r ie s -

T he E n l igh tenmen ta nd u n if y ing t h eo r ie so ft h ec o lon iza t ion o ft h ei s land s

. 1 5 1 6

T he i n troduct ion o fa rchaeo log ica l d if fus ion ism : t he c ontr ibut ion o fJ ean B ap t is te B ory d eS a int -V incent a nd t he a ntecedents o fi mper ia l is ta rchaeo logy

-

-

. 1 7

T he r e la t ion sh ip i np r im i t ive t ime sb e tween t h eC ana ry I s land s , E gyp t a nd P e r s ia

1 8

T he i mpe r ia l is ti n ter p re ta t ion o fe a r ly c o lon iza t ion

2 4

CHAPTER I EU ROPEAN A RCHAEOLOGY A ND P HYS ICAL A NTHROPOLOGY I NT HE CA NARY I S LANDS

2 9

T he d eve lopment o fb io log ica le vo lut ion ism , E uropean a rchaeo logy a nd p hys ica l a nthropo logy a nd t he ir i ncorpora t ion w i th in s tud ies o f t he C anar ian i nd igenous p eop le

. 3 0

F rench a r chaeo logy a nd p hy s ica l a n th ropo logy a s af r ame o fr e f e rence f o rn i ne teen th -cen tu ry C ana r ian S tud ie s

3 4

G erman a r chaeo logy a nd p hys ica la n th ropo logy i nn i ne teen th -cen tu ry s t ud ie s o ft h e i n d igenou sC ana r ian w o r ld

. 3 7

T he t h eo re t ica lg u ide l ine s : e vo lu t ion i sm a nd d i f f u s ion ism

3 9

CHAPTER II TH EH ISTOR ICAL C ONTEXT : TH E CA NARY I S LANDS A ND T HE CO LON IAL P ART IT ION ING O F AF R ICA

4 3

T he c o lon ia l p ar t i t ion ing o fA f r ica a nd F rench a nd German i n tere s ts

4 4

i nt he Canar ian a rch ipe lago

i

CHAPTER IV THE FRENCH CONTR IBUT ION TO THE S TUDY OF I NSULAR COLON IZAT ION : THE CRO- MAGNON RACE , CELT IS M AND MEGAL IT IS M

4 9

T he d eve lopment o fF rench i mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt he n or th o fA f r ica

4 9

-

T he c on t r ibu t ion o fL ou is L eon C d sa rF a idhe rbe

5 2

-

T he c on t r ibu t ions o fC ha r le sJ o seph T is so ta nd P au l B roca

. 5 7

T he c ontr ibu t ion o fS ab in B er the lo t -

-

5 9

T he A f r ican is tc o lon iza t ion t h eo ry o fB e r the lo t : A rab -Be rbe rd ua l i ty ( 1842 )

6 0

T he C e l t ic a nd e c lec t ic c o lon iza t ion t h eo r ie s o fB e r the lo t( 1879 )

6 4

T he c ontr ibut ion o fR ene V erneau : t he a n thropo log ica l c l as s if ica t ion o f t he e ar ly c o lon iza t ion o ft he C anary I s lands

6 8

CHAPTER V THE GER MAN CONTR IBUT ION TO THE S TUDY OF I NSULAR COLON IZAT ION :

7 5

VANDALS , ARYANS AND AR MEN IANS

T he p re sence o ft he V anda ls i nt he C anary I s lands : t he h ypo theses o fF ranz v on L öher ( 1886 )

-

-

-

T he mode l o fc o lon iza t ion p ropo sed b y v on L öhe r

. 7 9

T he o r ig ins o ft h ew o rk a nd v i s ion o fv on L öhe ro nt h ee a r ly c o lon iza t ion o ft he C ana r ie s

. 8 0

T he C ana ry I s land sa nd t h e ir p l ace w i th in G erman i mpe r ia l is t s phe re s : t h ep a s ta sa n i d eo log ica l c on s t ruc t

. 8 4

T he f i na l c on t r ibu t ions o fv on L öhe rt oa r chaeo log ica l a nd l i ngu is t ic s t ud ie s o ft he C ana r ie s

8 5

T he c o lon iza t ion o ft he C anary I s lands a ccord ing t ot he t heory o f H ans Meyer a nd F e l ix v on L uschan ( 1896 ) -

. 7 5

8 7

T he o r ig in s o f Meye ra nd v on L u schan 's v i s ion o ft h e c o lon iza t ion o ft he C ana r ie s

. 9 1

CHAPTER VI IMPER IAL IST ARCHAEOLOGY AND I TS REPERCUSS IONS ON CANAF t IAN

9 7

SC IENT IF IC PRODUCT ION

T he b ir th o fa rchaeo logy a nd p hys ica l a nthropo logy i nt he C anar ie s : t he i n s t i tut iona l f r amework

9 7

1

-

T he i n s t i tu t ion sa nd t h et h eo re t ica l f r amewo rk

9 9

-

T he d eba te b e tween t h ee vo lu t ion is t sa nd t h eC a tho l ic t r ad i t iona l is t s

1 00

-

S cho la r ly a nd n a tu ra l i s tp a rad igm s

1 03

-

T he m e thodo log ica l f r amewo rk : a r chaeo logy

1 07

F rench i mper ia l is ta rchaeo logy a nd i t s i nf luence o n t he Canar ian a uthor s

. 1 10

G erman i mper ia l ist a rchaeo logy a nd i t s ef ec t s o n t he Canar ian a uthor s

. 1 14

CONCLUS IONS

. 11 9

1 25

RE FERENCES

i

I n troduc t ion

Who f i r s t a r r ived i nt h e C ana ry I s land s a nd

p o s s ib i l i t ie s . T he r e f e rence s t o i d en t i ty u sed

c o lon ized t h em? When a nd h ow d i d t h is

b y t h e d i f f e ren t a u tho r s a l so i mp l ied d ea l ing

h appen? Whe r e d i d t h e f i r s t i n hab i tan t s c ome

w i th r a c ia l c a tego r ie s o r t ype s , e spec ia l ly

f r om? T he se a r e t h e f o u r m a in q ue s t ion s

f r om t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e

r e la t ing t o t h e c o lon iza t ion o f t h e C ana r ie s

o nwa rd s . T h is i sw hy n a t ive C ana r ian s w e r e

d u r ing p r im i t ive t ime s t h a t e t hnog raphe r s ,

a l so

h i s to r ians a nd a r chaeo log is t sh ave b een t r y ing

a n th ropo log ica l

t o s o lve f o r s i x c en tu r ie s , e ve r s i nce t h e

Magnon r a ce , w i th t h e S em i t ic r a ce , w i th t h e

r e d iscove ry o f t h e i s lands b y E u rope i n t h e

Med i ter ranean , A rmen ian a nd N o rd ic t y pe s ,

1 4t h c en tu ry u pt ot h ep r e sen td ay .

e t c . , w i th a l t h e i mp l ica t ion s , n o t n ece s sa r i ly

c l a s s if ied

o n

t h e

1 9t h c en tu ry

b a s is

s im i la r i t ie s

o f

t h e ir

w i th t h e

C ro -

e xc lu s ive ly a r chaeo log ica l o ra n th ropo log ica l , T he

s t udy

o f t h is

i nf luenced

t h e

e t hnog raphy ,

t o p ic

w ay

h a s

n o t

i n w h ich

a r chaeo logy

a nd

o n ly

t h a t c ou ld b e d e r ived f r om t h e se k i nd s o f

C ana r ian

r e la t ion sh ip s . I n t h is s en se , a nd a s F e rnando

p hys ica l

E s t& vez

( 200 1 :

3 34 )

h a s

p o in ted

o u t ,

a n th ropo logy h ave d eve loped i n r e la t ion t o

r e con s t ruc t ing t h e c oncep t o f t h e G uanche l

t h e i n d igenou s w o r ld , b u t h a s a l so g i ven r i se

r a ce d oe s n o t i n vo lve d i scu s s ing a l e gacy o f

t o c oun t le s s h ypo the se s t h a t h ave s e rved t o

t h e

f u r the r

c onnec t ion s

c omp l ica te

s u r round ing t h e

t h e

c on t rove r sy

f i r s t c o lon iza t ion

o f t h e

o n

t h is

m a t t e r

w i th in

c en tu ry ;

b u t

b e tween

r a the r

s c ience ,

t h e p owe r

i n te r a nd

i d eo logy t h a t h ave c ond i t ioned t h e l a s t t wo

i s land s . S ign if ican t ly , t h e g r ea t m a jo r i ty o f o p in ion s

1 9t h

c en tu r ie so fC ana r ian h i s to ry .

t h e

h i s to r iog raph ica lt r ad i t ion w e re f o rmed o nt h e b a s is o f i d ea l is t ic , s ymbo l ic a nd p o l i t ic ized d i scou r se s t h a t w e r e t h e r ef o re t h e r e su l t o f s oc ia l

c on s t ruc t ion

r a the r

t h an

IA l though t h i s i st h e i n d ig enou s n ame f o r t h e a n c ien ti n hab i ta n t s o fT en e r if e , i nt h e 1 9t h c e n tu r y t h i s t e rm w a s u s ed i na n u n if y ing s e n se , w hen r e f e r r ing t o t h e s e t t le r s o f t h e C ana r ia n a r ch ip e lago . A cco rd ing t ot h e c h ron ic le s a nd f i r s t w r i t t en s o u r ce s , e v e ry i s l and w a s c o lon iz ed b y a d ef ined e t hn ic g r oup : G ra n C a na r ia b y t h e C ana r i i ; L a nza ro t e a nd F u e r t ev en tu ra b y t h e M aho s ; E lH ie r ro b yt h eB imba cho s ; L aP a lma b y t h e A ua r i ta s ; L a G ome ra b y t h e G omero s ; a nd T ene r if e b y t h e G uanch e s . T h i s e t hn ica l d i s t r ibu t ion h a s o n ly b e en a r cha eo log ica l ly c onf i rmed i n T ene r if e , L anza ro te a nd F ue r t e v e n tu ra . N eve r the le s s , t h e r e i sn o d oub t o n t h e L i byc -Be rb e r o r ig in o fa l t h e f i r s t s e t t le r s o ft h e C a na r y I s l and s( F a r ru j ia ,2 004 a ) .

a u then t ic

a r chaeo log ica l o r e mp i r ica l e v idence . I t i s o n ly i nt h i s w ay t h a t w e c an u nde r s tand h ow t h e n a t ive C ana r ian p eop le b egan a s t h e d e scendan t s

o f Noah ,

t h en

b ecame

t h e

s u rv ivo r s o fA t lan t is a nd l a te r w e re f ound t o b e r e la ted t o t h e E gyp t ian s , C e l t s , I b e r ian s , V anda l s , A rmen ian s , C anaan i t e s , P hoen ic ian s , L ibyan s , R omans a nd a l o ng l i s t o f o t he r

1

I mper ia l is ta rchaeo logy i nt he Canary I s land s

I n c onnec t ion w i th t h is r e la t ion sh ip b e tween

c onnec t ion

r a ce

c en tu ry E u ropean a r cha eo logy , a sH o l l ( 1 990 :

a nd

a r che type s ,

i t i s i mpo r tan t

t o

i n n i ne teen th -

e mpha s ise t h a t d u r ing t h e 1 9t h c en tu ry a nd a t

2 96 )

t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e 2 0f i c en tu ry , t h e c oncep t

p o in ted

o fa n th ropo logy a s ag ene ra l s t udy o fm an a nd

a r chaeo logy a nd a n th ropo logy d eve lop ed i n

o f

A f r ica a f t e r c o lon ia l p a r t i t ion ing ( The B e r l in

v a r ia t ion

i n

s ynch ron ica l ly p hys ica l

a nd

h uman

a nd

g roup s ,

d i ach ron ica l ly

c u l tu ra l

t e rm s ,

b o th a nd

h ad

i n

a nd

w i th t h is t r end

T r igge r

( 1 990 :

3 10 -3 11)

h ave

o u t , t h e r e

i s n o

d oub t t h a t t h e

C onf e r ence , 1 884 1885 ) w a s ac l ea r e xamp le o fE u ropean i mpe r ia l is t ic i n te rven t ion ism .

s p r ead

t h roughou t E u rope . T h i s p r e suppo sed ac l o se r e la t ion sh ip

b e tween

p r eh is to ry ,

t h ree

p hy s ica l

I n

d i sc ip l ine s :

a n th ropo logy

t h e

C ana r ie s

t h is

h ad

o bv iou s

r e pe rcu s s ion s , b ecau se , a s t h is m onog raph

a nd

e t hno logy , w h ich w e re c on s ide red t o b e n o t

w i l l

o n ly t h e b a s is o ft h e o t he r s oc ia l a nd h uman

a nnexa t ion i s t a sp i ra t ion s i n r e la t ion t o t h e

s c ience s

i s land s

e t c . ) ,

( h is to ry ,

b u t

a l so

s o c io logy , t h e

l i nk

b e tween

d i sc ip l ine s a nd t h e n a tu ra l a n th ropo logy b ecau se

p rov id ing

o f i t s

c l o se s t

n a tu re

( i n

i t w a s

t h a t

F r ench

u l t ima te ly

a nd

G e rman

f a vou r ed

t h e

d eve lopmen t o f ab ou rgeo is a r chaeo logy w i th

t h e se

c l ea r

s c ience s , w i th

t h e

s c ien t if ic

p sycho logy ,

s how ,

i mpe r ia l is t ic

i mp l ica t ion s

a nd

t h e

l i nk

c on sequen t e xp r e s s ion o f n ew h ypo the se s

t h e

a bou t c o lon iza t ion d u r ing p r im i t ive t i me s . I t

p o s i t iv is t s e n se ) a nd b ecau se i tf o l lowed t h e

s hou ld a l so b e r emembe r ed t h a t , d u r ing t h i s

s ame m e thod s ( o f c l a s s if ica t ion , e xpe r imen -

p e r iod ,

t a t ion , t e chn ique s u sed , e t c . ) ( O r t iz , 2 00 1 :

e s tab l i sh t h e C ana r ie s i n ar e la t ion sh ip o f

2 74 ) .

d ependence 3.

T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween a n th ropo logy a nd

O nce t h e se a spec t s h ave b een o u t l ined , t h i s

p r eh is to ry

t h e

monog raph a im s t o a na ly se h ow i mp e r ia l is t

t h e

a r chaeo logy w a s d eve loped a nd a r t icu la ted i n

C ana r ie s a tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 9t h c en tu ry a nd t h e

t h e C ana r ie s b y c oun t r ie s l i ke F r ance a nd

b eg inn ing

o f t h e

2 0t h

G e rmany .

p a r t icu la r ,

i n t h e

i mpe r ia l i s t

w a s

a r chaeo log ica l

e ncap su la ted

s t ud ie s

i n

d eve loped

c en tu ry ,

i n

a nd ,

i n

We s te rn

E u rope

I t w i l l

a l so

w a s

s e ek ing

r ef lec t

o n

t o

t h e

r e pe rcu s s ion s o ft h is t y pe o f a r cha eo logy o n

a r cha eo logy

d eve loped i nt h e i s land s a tt h e e nd o ft h e 1 9 t h A s o ne a spec to ft h i sh eg emony , s uch n a t ion se xer t p owerf u l c u l tura l , a s w e l l a s p o l i t ica l a nd e conom ic , i nf luence o ver t h e ir n e ighbour s . 3 H oweve r , t h is n i ne teen th -cen tu ry e xamp le i sn o t a n i s o la ted c a se , b ecause t h e i n terna t iona l isa t ion o f t h e C ana ry I s lands d a tes b ack t o t h e 1 4 t h

c en tu ry b y s ome E u ropean c oun t r ie s ( s uch a s F rance a nd G e rmany ) , w h ich c o inc ided w i th t h e

c o lon ia l

p a r t i t ion ing

o f

A f r ica 2. I n

c en tu ry . T he ref o re , i ti sp o s s ib le t o r e f e r t oo t he r p e r iods w h ich f e a tu re r e la t ionsh ip s b e tween t h e C ana r ies a nd E u rope , a nd t o t h e t h eo re t ica l a nd p rac t ica l i nf luence o f t h e se r e la t ionsh ips o n t h e

T he c oncep t " impe r ia l is t a r chaeo logy" f o l low s B . T r igge r 's ( 1984 : 3 63 ) d ef in i t ion : I mper ia l i s t o r w or ld -o r ien ta ted a rchaeo logy i sa s soc ia ted w i th a s ma l l n umber o fs t a tes t ha t e n joy o r h ave e xer ted p o l i t ica ld om inance o ver l a rg e a rea s o ft h e w or ld 2

2

I n t roduc t ion

t h e s t udy o ft h ep r eh is to r ic c o lon iza t ion o ft h e

a lway s t a ken i n to a ccoun t " t he c on tex t o f

i s land s a nd a l so o n t h e s c ien t if ic p roduc t ion

d i scove ry " , i nw h ich i n f orma t ion i sg ene ra ted ,

o f c on tempo ra ry C ana r ian a u tho r s . I n t e rm s

a nd " t he c on tex to fj u s t if ica t ion" , i nw h ich t h e

o ft h eme s ,t h e f i r s tc hap te rw i l l c on ta in ab r ief

i n f orma t ion i sa s s im i la ted a nd g i ven m ean ing

a na lys is

( Kuhn ,

o f h ow

c o lon iza t ion

s t udy

o f p r im i t ive

1 990 [ 1 962 ] : 3 1) . T ha t i s t o s ay ,

a r t icu la ted p r io r t o t h e

w h i ls t s t udy ing t h e d i f f e ren t p opu la t iona l

d eve lopmen t o fn i ne t een th c en tu ry i mpe r ia l i s t ic

h ypo the se s Ih ave r ema ined a wa re o f t h e

a r chaeo logy . I n t h is c hap t e r w e w i l l a l so

s oc ia l c on tex t i nw h ich t h ey e me rged , a sw e l l

s t udy t h e c on t r ibu t ion m ade b y J ean B ap t i s te

a st h e h i s to ry o ft h e a r chaeo log ica l d i sc ip l ine

B o ry d e S a in t -V incen t , s i nce t h e w o rk o ft h is

t h a t g ave m ean ing t o t h em . I t s hou ld b e

F r ench a u tho r r e p re sen t s ac l ea rp r eceden t f o r

r emembe red t h a t o t he r s c ien t if ic f i e ld s h ave

i mpe r ia l i s t a r chaeo logy i n c onnec t ion w i th

a l ready

t h e C ana r ie s . I n t h e s e cond c hap te r w e w i l l

k now ing t h e p a s t h i s to ry o ft h e d i sc ip l ine i n

a na ly se t h e t h eo r e t ica l a nd m e thodo log ica l

q ue s t ion

f r amewo rk

a nd

c on tex t

t h e

e me rged a nd b een d eve loped , i n o rde r t o

F rench a nd G e rman e xamp le s , a s w e l l a s o n

u nde r s tand t h e c u r ren t s t a te o fr e sea rch , s i nce

t h e e me rgence o f t h i s f r amewo rk w i th in t h e

s c ience

C ana r ie s . T he t h ird c hap te r c on s ide r s t h e

a s ep t ic , n o r i si t s p rac t ice i n nocen t . I n t h is

n i ne teen th -cen tu ry

w i th

s e n se , a nd a s A lmudena H e rnando ( 1987 -88 :

c o lon ia l

4 1) , D iaz -And r eu a nd Mo ra ( 1997 : 9 ) a nd

p a r t i t ion ing o f A f r ica , i t s r e la t ion sh ip t o t h e

G ran -Ayme r ich ( 200 1 : 2 6 ) h ave p o in ted o u t ,

g eo s t ra teg ic p o s i t ion o f t h e C ana ry I s land s

i t i s

a nd t h e c omme rc ia l r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween t h e

u nde r s tand ing o fa r chaeo logy a s ad i sc ip l ine

i s land s , F rance a nd G e rmany . I n t h e f o u r th

i n teg ra ted

a nd f i f th c hap te r s t h e F r ench a nd G e rman

p e r spec t ive a nd t h e ref o r e i n sepa rab le f r om

c on t r ibu t ion s t ot h e s t udy o ft h e c o lon iza t ion

t h e p o l i t ica l -cu l tu ra l s t ud ie s o f e ach p e r iod .

o ft h e i s land s d u r ing p r im i t ive t ime s w i l l b e

F o r t h is r e a son , t h e h i s to ry o f a r chaeo logy

s t ud ied i nt u rn . I nt h e s i x th a nd l a s t c hap te r ,

c anno t b e u nde r s tood i n i s o la t ion f r om t h e

w e

o f

g ene ra l s oc ia l c on tex t a nd i d ea s o f e ach

Ca na r ia n

h i s to r ica l p e r iod . I na dd i t ion , i ts hou ld n o t b e

p hy s ica l

w a s

t h e

o f E u ropean a n th ropo logy ,

p a r t icu la r

r ef lec t

i mpe r ia l is t

f o cu s ing

h i s tor ica l

r e f e rence

w i l l

a r chaeo logy

o n

t o

t h e

A rchaeo logy

o n

c on tex t , t h e

r e pe r cu s s ion s o n

d emon s t ra ted

a nd i n

t h e

w h ich

i s n o t

t h e

h i s to r ica l v a r iou s

s ome th ing

n ece s sa ry

t o

w i th in

i mpo r tance

a nd

a

p o l i t ica l

t h eo r ie s

h ave

o b jec t ive

f o reg round

g l oba l

o f

a nd

a n ew

h i s to r ica l

f o rgo t ten , a s G ran -Ayme r ich ( 200 1 : 1 8 ) h a s

s c ien t if ic p roduc t ion .

a l ready

p o in ted

o u t ,

t h a t t h e

h i s to ry

o f

B ef o re c onc lud ing t h i s i n t roduc t ion , Iw ou ld

a r chaeo logy b e long s t o e p i s temo logy , e ven

l i ke t o s t re s s t h a t i n m y r e sea r ch I h ave

t h ough i ti sa l so p a r t o fh i s to r iog raphy . T h is

d if e r en t

h ypo the se s

e l a bo r a t ed

s i n ce

t h en

( F a r r u j ia ,2 002 y2 004 a) .

3

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

i mp l ie s , t h e ref o re , t h a t i tc an b e a pp roached

A cknow ledgement s

f r om ad ive r s i ty o fa ng le s 4.

I nd eve lop ing t h is r e sea rch , w h ich f o rms p ar t o f my d oc to ra l t h e s is , many p eop le h ave a l so

a s s is ted m e a nd h e lped m ake my w o rk mo re

e mpha s ised t ha t n e i the r t he E u ropean n o r t h e

r ewa rd ing . T he ref o re , Iw ou ld l i ke t oe xp re s s

Nor th

o f b o th

my mo s t s i nce re g ra t i tude t o my f am i ly ,

t h eo ry a nd p rac t ice ) c an b es epa ra ted f r om t h e

e spec ia l ly t o I s abe l ; t o M a d e l C a rmen d e l

h i s to ry

A rco

E qua l ly ,

i n

t h is

A f r ican

r e sea rch ,

c on tex t ( i n

o f C ana r ian

I h ave

t e rm s

a r chaeo logy ( T r igge r ,

A gu i la r ,

s upe rv iso r

o f my

d oc to ra l

1 990 ; S heppa rd , 1 990 ; P ou i l lon , 1 993 ; H aou i ,

t h e s is , w h ich w a s d ef ended i nt h e U n ive r s i ty

1 993 ; C amp s , 1 998 ; S ibeud , 2 00 1) a nd w e

o f L a L aguna i n May 2 003 ; t o Ma rga r i ta

s hou ld b ea r i n m ind t ha t C ana r ian h i s to ry

D iaz -And reu , f o r h e rw e lcome a nd h o sp i ta l i ty

c anno t b e u nde r s tood w i thou t e s sen t ia l a nd

d u r ing

p ermanen t

A rchaeo logy

r e f e rence

t o

i t s

i n te rna t iona l

my

t ime a t

D u rham

U n ive r s i ty

a nd ,

t he

t h e

d i scu ss ion s w e h ad ; t o F e rnando E s t6vez

i n te rna t iona l iza t ion o f t h e c onf l ic t f o r t h e

G onzä lez , M igue l R od r iguez , J uan G onzä lez ,

c onque s t o f t he i s land s i n t h e 1 5t h c en tu ry ,

A na

a nd

o f t h e

A co s ta a nd S heena C a ldwe l l ; a nd a l so t o t h e

a r ch ipe lago w i th in t h e moder n h i s to ry o ft h e

s t af f o f E l Mu seo C ana r io , e spec ia l ly D .

E u ropean

o f A f r ica a nd t h e

D iego L opez D iaz a nd L u is R egue ira B en i tez .

A t lan t ic . I nl a te r c en tu r ie s , t h e r o le p l ayed b y

T o a l l o f t h em , Io f f e r my mo s t s i nce re

t he i s land s i n A t lan t ic n av iga t ion i ng ene ra l ,

t h ank s .

s oon

a f te r ,

t h e

h e re

i s

i n co rpo ra t ion

c o lon iza t ion

V i l la

B r i to ,

e n r ich ing

o f

o bv iou s ly ,

p o in t

t h e

D epa r tmen t

r e la t ionsh ip s . We s hou ld a l so r emembe r t h a t s t a r t ing

f o r

a t t h e

M igue l

A nge l

s c ien t if ic

C ab re ra

a nd i n Ame r ican n av iga t ion i np a r t icu la r w a s a ccen tua ted , ( Vo i tu r iez & B r i to , 1 984 : 3 7 ; B ravo

H ernändez

d e

L aguna ,

1 992 :

1 0 ) .

B e ing a wa re o ft h e se h i s to r ica l a n teceden t s , i t s eems o bv iou s t ha t i ti si mpo ss ib le o rd i ff icu l t t o

a pp roach

t h e

h i s to ry

o f

C ana r ian

a r chaeo logy i fw e d o n o t b ea r i n m ind t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e C ana r ie s a nd t h e i mmed ia te

E u ropean

a nd

No r th

A f r ican

c on tex t s . T h i st y pe o fs t udy h a sa l ready b een d eve loped i n E u rope ( Dan ie l , 1 9 86 ; T r igge r , 1 992 ; S chnapp , 1 999 ; G ran -Ayme r ich , 2 00 1) a nd i np a r t icu la r , i n t h e I b e r ian P en in su la ( A r ce & O lmo s , 1 99 1 ; A ya rzagüena , 1 992 ; D ia z -And r eu & Mo ra , 1 997 : 4

9 ; Mo ra & D iaz -And r eu , 1 997 ; Mo ra , 1 9 98 ) a nd t h eB a lea r ic I s l and s( Gue r r e ro , 1 997 ) .

4

CHAPTER I

TH EE ARLY P HASE OF S TUD IES ON HUMAN COLON IZAT ION

T he C ana ry I s land s w e re r e d i scove red i nt h e

i s land s a nd i tw a s n o t u n t i l t h e 1 5t h c en tu ry

M idd le A ge s d ue t o E u ropean e xpan s ion i n

t h a t t h e t r ue o ccupa t ion o f t h e A rch ipe lago

t h e

b y

b egan . O nce t h e e conom ic p o s s ib i l i t ie s o ft h e

P o r tuga l , A ragon a nd I t a ly i nt h e 1 4t h c en tu ry ,

i s land s a nd t h e ir s t ra teg ic l o ca t ion i nt e rm s o f

l a te r j o ined b y C a s t i le i n t h e 1 5t h c en tu ry

a cce s s t oA f r ican g o ld b ecame w e l l k nown , a

( Mo ra le s ,

s y s tem

A t lan t ic ,

a p henomenon

i n i t ia ted

1 97 1) ' . T he f a c to r s b eh ind t h is

E u ropean e xpan s ion i sm w e r e :

a )t h e e f f o r t s

o f

e f f ec t ive

m i l i ta ry

r u le

w a s

e s tab l ished o n t h e t e r r i to ry , w h ich i n c luded a

o fm e rcan t i le c ap i ta l t o f i nd d i r ec t a cce s s t o

r emode l l ing o ft h e p opu la t ion , t h e a nn ih i la t ion

A f r ican g o ld ( Ma c ia s , 1 995 : 1 40 a nd 2 00 1 :

o r e n s lavemen t o f t h e i n d igenou s C ana r ian

1 3 1132 ) ;

p eop le a nd t h e i mpo s i t ion o f an ew f i sca l

b )

p r e -cap i ta l i s t

t r ade ,

w h ich

f a vou red c o lon isa t ion a b road , a s o ppo sed t o

a dm in is t ra t ive s y s tem .

e a r l ie r c once rns w i th f r on t ie r c o lon iza t ion d u r ing t h e H igh M idd le A ge s ( Te je ra &

T h is p roce s s o f c onque r ing t h e i s land s w a s

A zna r ,

1 69 ) ; a nd c ) t h e d e s i re t o

n e i the rq u ick n o rc on t inuou s , a nd i tl a s ted f o r

i n co rpo ra te n ew d i scove r ie sw i th in t h e r e a lm s

a lmo s t t h e e n t i re c en tu ry . F rom 1 402 u n t i l

o fC h r i s t ian i ty b ef o re t h ey w e r e a b so rbed b y

1 477 , t h e c onque s t w a s l e d b y t h e n ob i l i ty

I s lam ( S teven s , 1 997 : 8 6 ) .

a nd w a s c a r r ied o u t b y t h e No rman F rench ,

1 985 :

a f e c t ing t h e D u r ing t h e i n ten t ion

1 4t h c en tu ry t h e re

o f s e t t l ing

w a s

p e rmanen t ly

o n

i s l and s o f L anza ro t e ,

F ue r te -

l i t t le

v en tu ra , L a G ome ra a nd E l H ie r ro . F rom

t h e

1 478 , t h e C rown , h eaded b y t h e C a tho l ic K ing s , p l ayed a l a rge r p a r t i n t h e c onque s t , a nd t h er e ga l p ha se b egan . T h is n ew s t age l e d

IO bv iou s ly , a tt h a tt i me t h et e rm " Eu rop ea n" d i d n o t h ave t h e s ame c onno t a t ion s t h a t i t h a s n owada y s . I nu s ing i t ,f o l low ing S t even s A r royo ( 1 997 : 8 6 ) , Ia m r e f e r r ing t o ac onc ep t o fE u rop e w h ich i ss y nonymou s w i th C h r i s t endom . I ti s , t h e r ef o r e , at e rm u s ed w i th c u l t u r a l c onno ta t ion s r a th e r t h an g eog raph ica l i mp l ica t ion s , a nd i t d e s c r ib e s ah omogeneou s w o r ld w he r e p eop le b e l iev ed i no ne s o le r e l ig ion ,a n dw he r et h ey w e r e a l g ov er n ed b y t h e s ame l a w s a nd m o ra l c r i t e r ia . T he o ppo s i t e t e rm , " I s lam " , d e s igna t ed t h e r e l ig ion o ft h eg r ea tm a jo r i ty o ft h e i n hab i ta n t s o f A f r ica a nd t h eM ed i t e r ranea np a r to fA s ia .

t ot h e a nnexa t ion o fG ran C ana r ia ( 1483 ) , L a P a lma ( 1493 ) a nd T ene r if e ( 1496 ) b y t h e K ingdom o fC a s t i le . O nce a l t h e i s land s h ad b een

c onque red ,

t h e

f i na l

r e su l t

w a s

a

p o l i t ica l m ap d i v ided i n to t wo t e r r i to r ie s , t h e r e ga l a nd t h e s e igno r ia l , a nd t h is d i v i s ion r ema ined t h roughou tt h eA nc ien Ng ime , o n ly

5

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C ana ry I s land s

d i sappea r ing w i th t h e e nd o ft h e s e igno r ia l o r

p er iod i nt h e s t udy o ft h e c o lon isa t ion o ft h e

m ano r ia l r e g ime i nt h e

i s land s .

19 t h

c en tu ry .

Ad i rec t c on sequence o ft h e c on tac t b e tween

O nce t h e se a spec t s h ave b een o u t l ined , t h is

t h e i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le — w ho h ad

c hap te r w i l l d e ta i l t h e e vo lu t ion o ft h e s t udy

b een i s o la ted o n t h e i s land s f o r c en tur ie s —

o f

a nd t h e E u ropean s w a s t h e c r ea t ion a nd

h i s to r iog raph ica l t r ad i t ion d eve loped p r io r t o

e l abo ra t ion , b y t h e c o lon ize r s , o f s e ve ra l

t h e i mp e r ia l i s t ic n i ne teen th -cen t u ry a r chaeo -

h ypo the se s t oe xp la in t h e c o lon iza t ion o ft h e

l o gy . I tw i l l a l so a na lyze t h e t h eo r e t ica l a nd

C ana ry I s land s d u r ing p r im i t ive t ime s f r om a

m e thodo log ica l b a se s f o r t h is f i r s t p ha se a nd

E u ropean p o in to fv i ew . T hey w e re o bv iou s ly

i t sm a in c onc lu s ion s a nd p ay s pec ia l a t ten t ion

i n te r e s ted i n k now ing w ho t h e se " ba rba r ic"

t o t h e c on t r ibu t ion m ade b y J e an B ap t is te

a nd " s avage" p eop le w e r e w ho h ad l i ved

B o ry

c onf ined o n a n a r ch ipe lago i nt h e m idd le o f

r e p re sen t s ac l ea rp r eceden t f o rt h e i mper ia l i s t

t h e A t lan t ic O cean , a nd a l so w he r e t h ey h ad

a r chaeo logy d eve loped i nt h eC ana r ie s 2.

h uman

c o lon iza t ion

d e S a in t -V incen t ,

w i th in

s i nce t h i s

t h e

a u tho r

c ome f r om a nd w ha t t h e i r t r ad i t ion s w e r e . N eve r the le s s ,

a s

w i l l

b e

a r gued

i n t h e

TH EF IRST P HASE

C ENTURY - I8 48 )

( 14 1 1 1

f o r thcom ing p age s , o p in ion s c once r n ing t h e i n d igenou s

C ana r ian

p eop le

w e re

a l so

T he s t udy o f t h e c o lon iza t ion o f t h e i s land s

c ond i t ioned b y a n e n t i r e s e r ie s o fn o t m e re ly

d u r ing

e t hnog raph ic i n te r e s t s . N eve r the le s s , t h is d i d

i n f luenced , d u r ing t h i s f i r s t p ha se , b y t h e

n o t p r even t t h e s t udy o f c o lon iza t ion d ur ing

J ew ish -Ch r i s t ian w o r ld v i ew a nd b y c l a s s ica l

p r im i t ive t ime s f r om b ecom ing a r e cu r r ing

t r ad i t ion , s i nce l o ca l o r a l i n f o rma t ion w a s n o t

d i scu r s ive

v a lued .

p r ac t ice

e t hnog raph ic

s ou rce s ,

i n

m any

c h ron ic le s ,

o f

t h e

m emo i r s

p r im i t ive

I n

c o lon iza t ion ,

t h e t h e

t i me s

s t udy

w a s

o f

e a r ly

p r eva i l ing

d i rec t ly

h uman

c u l tu ra l

a nd

a nd g ene ra l h i s to r ie s w r i t ten o n t h e i s land s

m en ta l

d u r ing t h e 1 4t h , 1 5 th a nd 1 6f ic en tu r ie s .

c on su l t ing a u tho r i t ie s w ho w e re v a lued f o r

s t ruc tu re

o f t h e

p e r iod

f a vou red

t h e i r e r ud i t ion a nd t e x t s t h a t h ad C h r is t ian L a te r , d u r ing t h e 1 7f i a nd 1 8t h c en tu r ie s , t h e

a ff i l ia t ion s , s u ch a s t h e ( G reek a nd R oman )

t e rm s o ft h e e nqu i ry i n to t h e c o lon isa t ion o f

c l a s s ica l

t h e i s land s d i d n o t e xpe r ience a ny s ub s tan t ia l

c on tex t , i ts hou ld b e r emembe red t h a t t h e

c hange s

f u ndamen ta l c ode s o f ac u l tu re a r e t h o se t h a t

i n

r e la t ion

t o

t h e

f o rme r

a u tho r s

a nd

t h e

B ib le .

I n t h i s

h i s to r iog raph ica l t r ad i t ion . I tw a s n o t u n t i l t h e

e s tab l ish

m idd le o ft h e 1 9f i c en tu ry — f o r r e a son s t h a t

( Foucau l t ,2 00 1 [ 1 966 ] : 5 ) , a nd f o rt h is r e a son

t h e

e mp i r ica l

o rde r

i n a dvance

w i l l b e e xp la ined l a te r —t h a t t h e r e w a s a c omp le te b r eak w i th t h ep r ev iou s p e r iod . T h is

A l l t h e q ue s t ions r a ised i n t h is c hap te r h ave a l ready b een c ove red e x tens ive ly i na no the r b ook ( Fa r ru j ia , 2 004 a) ,t ow h ich w e r e f e rt h er e ade r . 2

m a rked t h e b eg inn ing o f as e cond p ha se o r

6

T he e a r ly p ha se o fs t ud ie so nh uman c o lon i za t ion

e t hnocen t r ism a nd c e r ta in b i b l ica l p a s sage s

t h an a f ew t h ou sand y ea r s l o nge r . I tw a s

w e re t h e m a in f i l te r s u sed t o e xp la in t h e

b e l ieved t h a t h uman i ty h ad b een c r ea ted b y

i n d igenou s w o r ld .

G od i n t h e G a rden o f E den , l o ca ted i n t h e N ea r E a s t , a nd f r om t h e re m en w ou ld h ave

T he u s e f r om t h e v e ry o u t se t( 1 4t h c en tu ry ) o f

e m ig ra ted t o o t he r p a r t s o f t h e w o r ld a f te r

t h e se t y pe s o fw r i t ten s ou r ce s w a s o bv iou s ly

t h ey h ad b een e xpe l led f r om t h e G a rden , a nd

d ue t o t h e c u l tu ra l c on tex t i n w h ich t h e

h ad

d i f f e ren t c h ron ic le s a nd h i s to r ie s h ad b een

d i a spo ra , d i f f e ren t ia t ion b y l a nguage w ou ld

w r i t ten , ac on tex t i n to w h ich t h e C ana r ie s

h ave

w e re i n se r ted f r om t h e b eg inn ing , s i nce o nce

h uman i ty a f t e r man 's p r e sump tuou sne s s i n

t h e c onque s t w a s o ve r , t h e i s land s w e r e

b u i ld ing t h e T owe r o f B abe l . T he f a c t t h a t

i n corpo ra ted w i th in E u ropean c u l tu ra l t r end s ,

t h is w o r ld v i ew s u rv ived u n t i l t h e 1 9t h c en tu ry

w i th t h e f i r s t b ook s a nd l i b ra r ie s a ppea r ing

g ua ran teed t h a t t h e c en t re o f w o r ld h i s to ry

s hor t ly

t h e

w ou ld r ema in i n t h e N ea r E a s t f o r al o ng

l i gh t

t ime ,t h a ti st os ay , t h a t i tw ou ld r ema in i nt h e

a f t e rwa rd s .

c onque ro r s ,

t h e

T oge the r

p raye r

b ook s

w i th a nd

s uf f e red Noah 's

t a ken

p l ace ,

f l ood .

I n a s e cond

i mpo sed

b y

G od

o n

l i t e ra tu re a r r ived , i n c lud ing h ag iog raph ic a nd

a r ea

m o ra l w o rk sa nd b ook so nh o r semansh ip .

e vo lu t ion o fJ uda ism a nd w hence C h r is t ian i ty

w he re

t h e

B ib le

h ad

r e co rded

t h e

h ad s p r ead t o E u rope ( E l l io t t , 2 000 [ 1 970 ] : E u ropean t h ough t a nd c on sequen t ly C ana r ian

4 3 -45 ; D an ie l , 1 973 : 1 7 ; R ama , 1 98 1 : 3 0 -31 ;

t h ough t , w e re f i rm ly a ncho red , a s w e h ave

T r igge r , 1 992 : 4 0 -43 ; S chnapp , 1 999 : 3 19 -

s a id , w i th in t wo t r ad i t ion s : t h e p agan s c ience

3 20 ) .

o f R oman a nd H e l len ic a n t iqu i ty , a nd t h e J ew i sh -Chr i s t ian w o r ld v i ew . I tw a sn ece s sa ry

C on sequen t ly ,

t o l o ok f o r t h e a nswe r s t oq ue s t ion s t h a t h ad

c o lon i sa t ion o ft h e C ana ry I s land s t h e re w a s

a r isen a s ar e su l t o f t h e n ew d i scover ie s i n

n o v a l id a l ter na t ive t ot h e b ib l ica l v e r s ion o f

b o th ,

p o s s ib le

t h e c r ea t ion o f man a nd h i s d i spe r sa l a f t e rt h e

a l te rna t ive . T he H o ly S c r ip tu r e s , o n t h e o ne

f l ood . I t w a s t h e o n ly a ccep ted h i s to r ica l

h and , a nd t h e c l a s s ica l w r i te r s , o n t h e o t he r ,

e xp lana t ion .

g ave t h e c orec t a n swe r s a nd t h e i r a u tho r i ty

i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le w e re c on s ide red

w a s

t o b e r e la ted t o t h e b i b l ica l p a t r ia r ch s , a nd

w i thou t

n eve r

r e cou r se

q ue s t ioned .

t o

a ny

A cco rd ing t o t h e

i n a ny

I t a l so

d i scu s s ion

e xp la in s

t h e

c on sequen t ly

h ad b een w r i t ten w i th t h ep u rpo se o ft e ach ing

A n tön , 1 982 : 1 75 ) . T he r ef o re , t h e d i f f e r en t

t h e m ean ing o fh i s to ry a nd o ft h e w o r ld ) , i t

a u tho r s

w a s

h ad

i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le p roceeded a st h e

s uper na tu ra l a nd r e la t ive ly r e cen t o r ig in s i n

E u ropean r e sea r che r s h ad d one : t h ey t r ied t o

a r ound t h e f i f th o r f ou r th m i l lenn ium BC a nd

l i nk We s te rn E u rope w i th t h eh i s to ry r e co rded

t h a t i tw a s n o t l i ke ly t h a t i tw ou ld l a s t mo re

i nt h e N ea r E a s t a nd t h e c l a s s ica l w o r ld a nd

b e l ieved

t h a t

t h e

u n ive r se

7

s t ud ied

t h e

s t ock

w hy

f o rme r , a nd e s sen t ia l ly t oG ene s i s ( at e x t t h a t

w ho

t o A dam 's

o f t h e

( Gonza lez

o r ig in s

o f t h e

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C ana ry I s land s

" con s t ruc ted" g enea log ie s a tw h im i no r de rt o

t h e A r ch ipe lago , t h e i r i s o la t ion o n t h e i s land s

i d en t if y f amou s c ha rac te r s f r om h i s to ry , s u ch

a nd

a s t h e f ounde r s o f t h e E u ropean n a t ion s o r

i s land s ( a s t h ey k new n o th ing a bou t s a i l ing ) ,

t h e i r f i r s t k i ng s , w i th B ib l ica l c ha ra c te r s . I n

l e d t ot h e d eve lopmen t o fd i f f e ren t l a nguage s

t h e c a se o f t h e C ana r ie s , f o r e xamp le , t h e

o r d i a lec t s o n e ve ry i s land . T h i s w ou ld h ave

P o r tugue se G a spa r F ru tuo so ( 1964 [ 1 590 ] :

e xp la ined w hy , a cco rd ing t o t h e l e gend , t h e

9 2 ) o r L eona rdo T o r r ian i ( 1978 [ 1 59 4 1 8 )

i n hab i tan t s o ft h e d i f f e r en t i s land s c ou ld n o t

a nd J uan d eA b reu G a l indo ( 1 977 [ 1 60 4 3 4 ) ,

u nde r s tand e a ch o t he r .

t h e

l a ck

o f c ommun ica t ion

b e tween

w ou ld l i nk G ome r , J aphe th 's s on , t ot h e e a r ly i n hab i tan t s o f o ne o ft h e C ana ry I s land s : L a

T he p a ra l le l s b e tween t h is l e gend a nd t h e

G ome ra .

o f

B ib l ica l t e x t a r e e v iden t , s i nce , a cco rd ing t o

h omonymy w a s u s ed t oj u s t if y ad i f f u s ion i s t

t h e s t o ry o ft h e T owe r o f B abe l , i tw a s G od

m ode l o fc o lon isa t ion i na cco rdance w i th t h e

w ho h ad i mpo sed t h e d i f f e ren t l a nguage s a nd

p r eva i l ing m en ta l i ty .

t h e ref o re t h e e xodu s a s ap un ishmen t . I nb o th

I n o t he r

w o rd s ,

t h e

d ev ice

s t o r ie s ( t he T owe r o f B abe l a nd t h e l e gend ) H oweve r ,

i n t h e

f i r s t

w r i t ten

C ana r ian

t h e

p a ra l le l s

a r e

o bv iou s :

a p un ishmen t

s ou r ce s , t h e m o s t d eep ly r o o ted m ode l o f

e xecu ted b y s upe r io r e n t i t ie s ( t he R oman

c o lon i sa t ion w a s t h e o ne i n sp i red b yt h e s t o ry

a u tho r i t ie s /God ) l e d t o t h e e xpu ls ion a nd

o ft h e T owe r o fB abe l a nd t h e s t o ry t h a t l a y

d i spe r sa l o f p eop le w ho t h e r ef o re e nded u p

b eh ind , t h e s o -ca l led " l egend o f t h e c u t -of f

s peak ing d i f f e ren t l a nguage s 4.T he r e a son f o r

t o ngue s" , ah ypo the s is a bou t t h e p opu la t ion

t h e e xpu l s ion v a r ie s s l igh t ly a cco rd ing t ot h e

t h a t f e a tu re s , w i th s l igh t v a r ia t ion s , i nn ea r ly

v a r iou s a u tho r s w ho e choed t h e l e gend , b u t i n

a l t h e f i r s t d ocumen ta l s ou rce s 3.A cco rd ing

f a c tt h e r e i s ac ommon u nde r ly ing f a c to ri na l

t o t h is l e gend , t h e C ana ry I s land s h ad b een

t h e e xp lana t ion s : p eop le a r e e xpe l led f r om a

p opu la ted b y d epo r ted A f r ican s w ho h ad h ad

t e r r i to ry b ecau se t h ey d o n o t r e spec t t h e

t h e ir t o ngue s c u t o f f a s ap un i shmen t a nd

c u l tu ra l ,

b een e xpe l led b y t h e R oman s f r om t h e i r

i mpo sed b y t h e R oman s . I nt h e b i b l ica l s t o ry ,

d oma in s ( Mau r i tan ia T ing i tana ) . T he a r r iva l

t h e p un i shmen t i sa l so d ue t o t h e r e f u sa l t o

o ft h e se p opu la t ion s w i th c u t -of ft o ngue s o n

a ccep t aw i l l ,b u t i nt h is c a se i ti s ad i v ine w i l l

e conom ic

a nd

r e l ig iou s

r u le s

( Fa r ru j ia & A r co ,2 002 b:4 7 -50 ) . L e C ana r ien ( 1980 [ 1404 19 ] : 6 2 ) ; C a r r iazo ( 1946 [ 1406 1420 ] : 7 -8 ; F ru tuo so ( 1964 [ 1 590 ] : 9 4 -95 ) ; T or r ian i ( 1978 [ 1 59 4 2 0 ) ; F ray A lonso d e E sp ino sa ( 1980 [ 1 594 ] : 3 2 ; A b reu G a l indo ( 1977 [ 160 4 3 0 -34 ) ; e t c . A s w e h ave a l ready p o in ted o u t ( Fa r ru j ia & A rco , 2 002 b:4 7 -7 1) , t h e l e gend o f t h e c u t -of f t o ngue s c ou ld h ave b een e l abo ra ted b y t h e C a ta lan - Ma jo rcan f r ia r s w ho s t ayed i n G ran C ana r ia b e tween 1 342 a nd 1 393 a nd c o l lec ted i n t h e s o c a l led T e s tamen to d e l o s t r ece h ermano s , w h ich n owadays i sm is s ing . 3

I n r e la t ion t o t h e s im i la r i t ies e x is t ing b e tween b o th s t o r ies L eona rdo T o r r ian i 's o p in ion o n t h e l e gend o ft h e c u t -of ft o ngue s i st yp ica l : " The re w a s s uch a c onf u s ion o f l a nguage s a mong t h em ( a lmos t a s much a s i nt h e T owe r o fB aby lon ) t h a t t h ey d i d n c s t u nde r s tand e ach o t he r " ( To r r ian i , 1 978 [ 1 592 ] : 2 0 ) .

4

8

T he e a r ly p ha se o fs t ud ie so nh uman c o lon i za t ion

I n t e rm s o f t h e s t udy o f t h e c o lon iza t ion o f

f i r s t c h ron ic le r s , e t hno -h is to r ian s , e t c . , t h a t

t h e

c on sequen t ly

t h e C ana ry I s land s , l o ca ted o f f t h e c oa s t o f

p rov ide s a n e xp lana t ion f o rt h e n on -ex i s tence

A f r ica , w e r e p opu la ted i n e a r ly t ime s b y

o f a ny a r chaeo log ica l t h e s is i n t h e v a r iou s

J aphe th 's

p opu la t iona l t h eo r ie s c omp i led i n t h e f i r s t

Mada i , J avan , T uba l , Ma soch a nd T i ra s ) —a s

w r i t ten s ou r ce s . N o r s hou ld w e l o se s i gh t o f

L eona rdo T o r r ian i a r gued ( 1978 [ 1 592 ] : 1 8 )—

a no the r f a c t : t h e se f i r s t d ocumen ta l s ou rce s

b ecau se , a s J aphe th h ad i n he r i ted A t lan t ic

p rov ide i n f o rma t ion a bou t t h e a u toch thonou s

A f r ica , i tw a s l o g ica l t o s uppo se t h a t t h e

p opu la t ion s , w ho h ad n o ty e t b een w iped o u t ,

i s land s , l o ca ted o ppo s i te t h e A t la s moun ta in s ,

s o t h a t t h e f i r s t c h ron ic le r s s poke a bou t

w e r ea l so ap a r to fh i sp a t r imony .

i s land s ,

t h is

s i tua t ion

d e scendan t s

( Gome ro ,

Magog ,

e t hnog raph ic p opu la t ion s , r a the r t h an e x t inc t o ne s . T h is i sw hy i nt h eC ana r ie s n om ed ieva l

H oweve r ,

a r chaeo logy w a s d eve loped , i nc on t ra s t w i th

p a ra l le ls e s tab l ished b e tween t h e C ana r ian

t h e a r chaeo logy b e ing p r a c t i sed a tt h e t ime i n

a nd t h e No r th A f r ican p opu la t ions a l so h ad a

E u rope , w he re r e sea rch i n to m a te r ia l r ema in s

g r ea t i nf luence o n t h e g ene s is o ft h e A f r ican

s upp lemen ted

h ypo the s is . I n t h is s en se , a nd a s A lon so d e

s t ud ie s

b a sed

o n

w r i t ten

t h e

e t hnog raph ic

a nd

l i ngu is t ic

E sp ino sa p o in ted o u t w hen r e f e r r ing t o t h e

d ocumen ta t ion ( T r igge r , 1 992 : 2 2 ) .

G uanche s 5o fT ene r if e F rom ag eog raph ica l p o in t o fv i ew , t h e f o ca l . T hey a r e A f r ican , a nd t h ey a r e d e scended f r om t h a t c on t inen t , a s c an b e d educed f r om t h e v i c in i ty o f t h e l a nd s , f r om t h e i rc u s tom s a nd l a nguage , a nd f r om t h e i d en t ica l w ay i n w h ich t h ey c oun t . T hey e ven e a t t h e s ame d i she s , s uch a s g o f io 6, m i lk , s ho r ten ing , e t c . [ E sp ino sa , 1 980 ( 1 594 ) : 3]

p o in tf o rt h eo r ig in s o ft h e f i r s tp opu la t ion s o f t h e A rch ipe lago w a s l o ca ted i nt h eN ea rE a s t , a cco rd ing t ot h e B ib le , a nd a l so i nt h eA f r ican c on t inen t ,

b ecau se

t h e

p rox im i ty

o f t h e

C ana ry I s land s t oA f r ica h ad l e d t h e d i f f e ren t c hron ic le r s , e t hno -h is to r ian s , e t c . , t o p l ace t h e i r

o r ig in s ,

w i thou t

h e s i ta t ion ,

o n

t h e

w e s te rn s i de o f t h e A f r ican c on t inen t . T he

AN NEX AT ION IST

J ew ish -Ch r is t ian w o r ld v i ew a l so s uppo r ted

C OLON IS AT ION

T HEOR IES :

I ND IGENOU S P EOPLE AS I ND IV IDU ALS TO B E

t h is , b ecau se t h e d i spe r sa l o f Noah 's t h ree

C ONQUERED , C O LON IZED A ND C ONVERTED

c h i ld ren ( Shem , H am a nd J aphe th ) a c ro s s t h e E a r th w ou ld h ave b een t h e r e a son f o r t h e

W i th in t h e s ame m en ta l f r amewo rk w e h ave

e a r ly d i ve rgence i n l a nguage s a nd f o r t h e

j u s t d e sc r ibed , i nw h ich t h e J ew ish -Ch r is t ian

p r e sence o f A f r ican p eop le o n t h e i s land s .

w o r ld v i ew a nd c l a s s ica l t r ad i t ion p r eva i led ,

A cco rd ing t ot h e B ib le ,t h eA f r ican l a nguage s

o t he r c o lon isa t ion t h eo r ie s w e re f o rmu la ted

w e re k nown a s H am i t ic , t h o se o ft h e L evan t S em i t ic , a nd t ho se o f t h e n o r ther n l a nd s

5I n

t h i s c a s e t h ew o rd Guanche o bv iou s ly m ak e s r e f e r enc et ot h ea n c ien ti n hab i ta n t so fT ene r if e . Ak i nd o fc o r nf lou r .

J aphe t ic . T h is i sw hy i ts e emed o bv iou st ot h e

6

9

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

d u r ing t h e c onque s t a nd c o lon iza t ion o f t h e

t o t h e J ew s a nd t h e Mu s l ims , av i s ion t ha t

C ana ry

m ake s s e nse i fw e b ea r i nm ind t ha t a mong s t

I s land s t h a t o r ig ina ted

f r om

v e ry

d i f f e ren t mo t iva t ions a nd i n te re s t s .

t h e p ap is t s , i nf ide l s oc ie ty w a s n o t e n t i t led t o s ove re ign ty t o o rgan ize i t se lf p o l i t ica l ly . I t s

T he p roce ss o fc onque s t a nd c o lon iza t ion , a s

m embe r s w e re e nem ie s o f C h r is t , a nd t h e

w e

w en t

P ope h ad t h e a u tho r i ty t o g ran t d i spen sa t ion

( 1402 1477 ) ,

t ot h e C h r is t ian p r ince s , n o t o n ly t oc ommend

w h ich c en t red o n t h e i s lands o f L anza ro te ,

t h e ir p eacef u l c onve r s ion , b u t a l so t o o rde r

F ue r teven tu ra , E l H ier ro a nd L a G ome ra .

t h e o ccupa t ion a nd a nnexa t ion o ft h e ir l a nd s ,

I mmed ia te ly

C a tho l ic

a nd e ven t h e ir e n s lavemen t ( Pe rez V o i tu r iez ,

K ing s h ad c ome t op owe r a nd t h e C rown h ad

1 977 : 3 32 ; R u se l l , 1 978 : 1 ; V a lcä rce l , 1 997 :

p o l i t ica l s t ab i l i ty , a n e xpans ion is t p l an w a s

1 96 ) . I n t h is s ense , t h e i n f orma t ion s upp l ied

d eve loped a nd t h e r oya l p owe r s i n te rvened

b y L e C anar ien o n r e l ig iou s d ive r s i ty c an b e

d i rec t ly i n t h e c onque s t , s ubdu ing t h e t h ree

l i nked t o Norman a mb i t ions t o c on t ro l t h e

o the r i s land s : G ran C ana r ia ( 1483) , L a P a lma

e n t ire

( 1493 )a nd T ene r if e( 1496 ) .

i mp l ied

h ave

t h rough

a l ready

m en t ioned ,

a s e igno r ia l

p ha se

a f t erwa rd s ,

a s

f i r s t

t h e

A rch ipe lago , t h a t

c onve r ted

t o

a l l

b ecau se t h e

t h e

i s land s

C a tho l ic

s hou ld

r e l ig ion

a nd ,

p ha se s , t h e s e igno r ia l a nd t he r ega l , s eve ra l

c onque red , c o lon ized , a nd c onver ted . T he

c o lon isa t ion t h eo r ie s e me rged w h ich w e re

c hron ic le a l so f e a tu re s a no the r a rgumen t t ha t

t h ema t ica l ly p urpo se :

t o

a nnexa t ion C anar ien ,

j u s t if y o f

b e

o ne

s o le

r e inf o rced t h is b y s t a t ing t ha t t he n a t ive s l i ve

l e g i t im ize

t h e

p ar t ly a s b ea s t s , a nd t h e ir s ou l s a re i n t h e

I s land s .

L e

p roces s

C ana ry

Norman

s hou ld

( Le

C anar ien ,

1 980

[ 1404 19 ] : 4 5 ) . F rom t h e E u ropean p o in t o f

f e a tu red t h e l e gend o f t h e c u t -of f t ongue s

v i ew t h i sj u s t if ied , b o th mo ra l ly a nd s oc ia l ly ,

u sed

o f L a

t h e o u t rage s c omm i t ted a ga ins t t h e se p eop le ,

Gome ra d u r ing p r im i t ive t ime s ( Fa r ru j ia &

i n c lud ing t h e ir c ap tu re , s i nce i t s p urpose w a s

A rco , 2 002 b:4 9 ) . T he o r ig in o ft h e s e t t le r s o n

t o c onver t t h em t o t h e C h r is t ian f a i th . T he

t h e o t he r i s land s , h oweve r , w a s n o t e xp la ined

d imens ion s o f av en tu re l i ke t h is h ad l e d

i n t h e No rman F rench c h ron ic le . T he t e x t

G ad if e r t o r e que s t t h e h e lp o f aC h r is t ian

o n ly s pec if ied t ha t t h e s even i s land s w e re

p r ince a nd J ean d e B&hencou r t t o s u r rende r

i n hab i ted

b y

v a s sa lage t ot h e K ing o fC a s t i le .

d i f f e ren t

r e l ig ion s

e xp la in

t h e

F rench

o f p erd i t ion

c h ron ic le ,

t o

t h e

t h e

a nd

h ad

n a t ive s

b e

c on sequen t ly ,

b u t

t h e

p l u ra l i ty

C o inc id ing w i th t h ed eve lopmen to ft h e se t wo

d i f f e ren t ,

a l l

t h is

c o lon iza t ion

i nf ide ls a nd

w ho h ad

w o r sh ipped d i f f e ren t

l a nguage s . T h is c a ta logu ing o ft h e n a t ive s a s

P a ra l le l t o t h e w r i t ing o f L e C anar ien , i n

i nf ide ls i mp l ied t h a t e ven t hough t h ey w e re

1 4 17

a wa re o f t h e d iv ine r e ve la t ion , t h ey d id n o t

c h ron ic le r

w an tt oa ccep t i t .T hey w e re s imp ly c ompa red

h ypo the s is a bou t c o lon iza t ion w h ich h ad t h e

1 0

A lva r G a rc ia o f

J uan

d e I ,

S an ta

Ma r ia ,

e choed

t h e

a no the r

T he e a r ly p ha se o fs t ud ie so nh uman c o lon i za t ion

s ame a nnexa t ion is t p u rpo se . A s h e a r gued i n

d i scove r ie s , i tt r anqu i l ized c r i t ica l c on sc ience s ,

t h e 4t h c hap te ro ft h e C hron ic le o fJ uan I ,t h e

a l though n o t a l , i n c lud ing t h a t o f F a the r

C ana ry I s land s h ad b een p opu la ted b y t h e

B a r to lome d e L a s C a sa s , a nd i te xp la ined i n

s e af a r ing Moo r s a nd b y t h e s ub jec t s o fK ing

s imp le t e rm s f o r t h e i g no ran t c onque r ing

A lmanzo r ( Ca r r iazo , 1 946 [ 1 406 1420 ] : 7 8 ) ,

h o s t s t h e c au se s a nd t h e p urpo se s o fH ispan ic

t h a t i st o s ay , Muhamad B en A bda l lah B en

o ve r sea s e xpans ion , n ame ly t o c onve r t t h e

A b i A hme r e l Moaf e r i ( 9 39 1002 ) , c a l iph o f

n a t ive s a nd , i ne xchange , t or e ce ive e conom ic

C ö rdoba b e tween 9 76 a nd 1 002 , a nd o ne o f

r ewa rd s

t h e mo s t c e leb ra ted c aud i l lo s i nA rab S pa in .

r e ce ived t h e n ew s ub jec t s ' t r ibu te s a nd l e ga l

T he c ha ra c te ri nq ue s t ion w a s r emembe red b y

p o s se s s ion o ft h e t e r r i to ry d i scove red ) a nd o n

C h r is t ian s a nd A rab s f o r h i s l a ck o fs c rup le s

a p e r sona l

a nd h i s c r ue l ty i nd ef ea t ing h i s r i va ls , a sw e l l

r e ce ive

a s f o r t h e d eva s ta t ion h e h ad c au sed w i th h i s

[ c once s s ion s ] , t h e n a t ive s ' p e r sona l s e rv ice s ,

e xped i t ion s o u t s ide Mu s l im

l i cence s t oe xp lo i t r e sou r ce s , e t c . ) ( Va lcä r ce l ,

S pa in ,

w h ich

b o th

a t s t a te

l e ve l t h e

( t he

l e ve l

( t he

C rown

c onque ro r s

s o -ca l led

w ou ld

e ncom ienda s

i n c luded at o ta l o f5 2 e xped i t ion s a ga in s t t h e

1 997 :

C h r i s t ian s i nj u s t 2 6 y ea r s . I nt h ey ea r9 82 h e

o ve r sea s e xpan s ion , p r e -cap i ta l is t t r ade h ad

h ad t a ken Z a ragoza ; i n 9 84 h e h ad r a vaged

a dop ted t h e g ene ra l

L eön , A s to rga a nd G o rmaz ; i n 9 86 h e t o ok

c o lon iza t ion

a nd p l unde red B a rce lona ; i n 9 89 h e t o ok

n o t ion o f f r on t ie r c o lon iza t ion d u r ing t h e

A t ienza , O sma a nd Mon temayo r a nd i n9 97

H igh M idd le A ge s . T he C hron ic le o fJ uan I

h ee n te red i nG a l ic ia a nd d e s t royed S an t iago .

w a s , i n f a c t , w r i t ten a tt h e b eg inn ing o ft h e

3 7 -38 ) .

A lso ,

i n c onnec t ion

w i th

p r inc ip le o f e x te rna l

i n o ppo s i t ion

t o t h e

f o rme r

1 5t h c en tu ry , w hen t h e R econque s t , h av ing T he s uppo sed p r e sence o f A rab s o n i s land s

s t agna ted f o r mo r e t h an h a lf a c en tu ry , w a s

t h a t h ad b een d ependen t o n C ö rdoba j u s t if ied

r e newed a s a r e su l t o f t h e d emog raph ic

t h e i r a nnexa t ion a s o ne m o r e p ha se i n t h e

g row th a nd e conom ic d eve lopmen t t h a t h ad

R econque s t , a l l t h e mo re s o i fw e b ea r i n

t a ken p l ace b y t h en . I n 1 4 10 , f o r e xamp le ,

m ind t h a t f r om 1 236 o nwa rd sC ö rdoba w a s i n

A n teque ra w a st a ken b yt h e I n f an te F e rnando ,

C h r is t ian h and s . I n t h is c on tex t , w e s hou ld

t h e y ounge r b ro the r o f E n r ique

a l so b ea r i n m ind t h a t t h e mo s t n o to r iou s

t o ge the r w i th Q ueen C a ta l ina d e L anca s te r ,

c ha ra c te r is t ic o f S pan ish o ve r sea s e xpan s ion

R egen t o f C a s t i le w h i ls t J uan I r ema ined a

w a st h e s p ir i to ft h e c r u sade st h a t i n sp i r ed t h e

m ino r ( 1405 1454 ) ( A r ie ,

c onque ro r s

T he

s hou ld a l so b ea ri nm ind t h a tC a s t i le 's f o re ign

h ypo the s is o f al i nk b e tween t h e R econque s t

p o l icy w a s h eav i ly i nf luenced b y i t s i n te rna l

a nd t h e c onque s t o ft h e C ana r ie s —a nd l a te r

s i tua t ion : t h en ob i l i ty h ad i mpo sed i t sp o in to f

o n o ft h e I nd ie s —( t hu s a u tho r ized b y D iv ine

v i ew i na l a r ea s a nd c on t ro l led r e ga l p o l i t ic s ,

P rov idence ) w a s v e ry i mpo r tan t b ecau se i t

s o t h a t F er nando d e A n teque ra n eeded t o

l e g i t im ized

c r ea te m i l i ta ry p r e s t ige i n o rde r t o i mpo se

( Zava la ,

t h e

1 99 1 :

m i l i ta ry

1 ) .

a spec t

o f

t h e

1

I l

1 982 : 4 1) .

a nd ,

We

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s

h im se lf o n h i s r i va ls . T he w a r o fR econque s t

i t se lf t o o ve r sea s

n o t o n ly p rov ided t h is o ppo r tun i ty , b u t a l so

c onnec t ion w i th t h e m o re p r e s s ing c once rn s

r emoved t h e n ob le s f r om t h e C ou r t ( Ma r t in ,

o f t h e m omen t . T h is s i tua t ion , a nd t h e f a c t

1 984 : 7 23 ) .

t h a t t h e 1 5t h c en tu ry r e p r e sen ted as i gn if ican t

v en tu re s

t h a t

h ad

n o

p ha se i ns e igno r ia l e xpan s ion i nt h e s ou th o f W i th t h is w ho le s e r ie s o f a n teceden t s , i ft h e

A nda lu s ia ( f rom t h e P o r tugue se f r on t ie rt ot h e

C ana r ie s w e re s e en a sh av ing b een d ependen t

K ingdom o f G ranada ) e xp la ins , a s R o ldän

o n

V e rde jo ( 1 995 : 2 55 ) h a s p o in ted o u t , w hy t h e

C ö rdoba ,

c a l ipha te s

o ne

o f t h e

S pan ish

w h ich h ad b een t a ken

C h r is t ian s

i n

1 2 36 ,

a nd

A rab

b y t h e

v en tu r e w a s

u nde r taken

b y t h e

i f t h e i r

A nda lu s ian s e igneu r s , w ho w e re a l r eady u sed

i n d igenou s i n hab i tan t s w e r e c on s ide red t h e

t ot h es l ave t r ade i nt h eA t lan t ic , a nd w ho s aw

s ub jec t s o f o ne o f t h e c aud i l lo s w ho h ad

t h e C ana r ie s a s a n a r ea i nw h ich t h ey c ou ld

w reaked t h e mo s th avoc i nC h r is t ian d oma in s ,

e xpand t h e i rd om in ion . T he No rman p r e sence

i tw a s e v iden t t h a t t h e R econque s t s hou ld b e

i nt h e e a r ly p a r t o ft h e c onque s t c an a l so b e

e x tended t o t h e se i s land s w h ich l a y c l o se t o

e xp la ined b y t h e e conom ic c r is is t h a t a f f ec ted

t h e A f r ican

t h e l e s se r E u ropean n ob i l i ty f r om t h e 1 4t h

c on t inen t .

h ypo the s i s

o f

G a rc ia

b a s is

o n

p eop le

I n t h is s e n se , t h e Ma r ia

c en tu ry o nwa rd s a nd i mpe l led t h e i r m embe r s

o f t h e

i n d igenou s

t o move a way i ns e a rch o fr e sou r ce so ve r sea s .

p rov ided t h e

i d eo log ica l

c once r n ing t h e o r ig in s C ana r ian

a l so

C ana r ian

w h ich

t h e

d e

S an ta

c onque s t

o f

t h e

Af t e r t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e r oya l c onque s t o f

A r ch ipe lago c ou ld b e s u s ta ined . I ts hou ld a l so

G ran

b e r emembe red t h a t t h e c h ron ic le s w r i t ten i n

c o lon iza t ion d i d n o t s uf f e r a ny c hange s . I n

t h e

P en in su la r o r o ff ic ia l

1 490 , A lon so P a lenc ia , t h e o ff ic ia l c h ron ic le r

c h ron ic le s ) r ef lec ted t h e k i ng s ' i n te re s t s a nd

o f t h e c onque s t o f t h e i s land , a nd F e rnando

r e spon s ib i l i t ie s

d e l

P en in su la ( t he

a nd

s ome

o f t h em

w e re

C ana r ia ,

t h e

s t udy

o f

i n su la r

P u lga r , b o th d e s igna ted t h e C ana r ian

i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e G enera l C hron ic l e o f

p eop le a sb arbar ian s , i mp ly ing t h a t t h ey h ad

t h e K ingdom o fC a s t i l e , a s i tw a s t h e c a se

t o b e e vange l ized a nd a s s im i la ted t h rough

w i th t h e C hron ic le o fJ uan I ( J imenez , 1 998 :

m anda to ry c onve r s ion t o C h r is t ian i ty . T h i s

2 05 ) .

o bv iou s ly i mp l ied t h a tt h e i rd oma in s a l so h ad t ob e c onque r ed . S oon a f t e r , i n 1 495 , A nd re s

Y e t i ns p i te o ft h e e f f o r t s o fG a r c ia d e S an ta

B e rnä ldez

Ma r ia , w ho a imed t oj u s t if y t h e a nnexa t ion o f

s i nce h e w a s u nab le t o e xp la in t h e e a r ly

t h e C ana r ie s , t h e f a c t r ema ined t h a t t h e w eak

c o lon iza t ion o f G ran C ana r ia i n a ny o t he r

m ona r chy , w h ich a tt h e b eg inn ing o ft h e 1 5t h

w ay .

c en tu ry w a s

p r e sence o f t h e C ana r ian s o n t h e i s land s a s

n ob i l i ty

w ho

l o cked i n b a t t le a ga in s t t h e r e f u sed

t o

g i ve

u p

a ppea led

I n o t he r

t o d i v ine

w o rd s ,

h e

p r ov idence

c once ived

t h e

t h e i r

d ue t o d i v ine i n te rven t ion a nd u s ed t h is t o

t r ad i t iona l p r iv i lege s , w a s u nab le t o d evo te

j u s t if y t h e i r a nnexa t ion a nd c onve r s ion . T h is

1 2

T he e ar ly p ha se o fs t ud ie so nh uman c o lon i za t ion

a t t i tude w a s c l o se ly l i nked , a tt h e s ame t ime ,

T ene r if e ) ( Ba lb in y T e je ra , 1 983 ) a nd t h e

t o as t rong n a t iona l is t f e e l ing t h a t w ou ld l e ad

Z ana ta S tone ( Gonzä lez A n tön e ta l . , 1 995 ) .

B e rnä ldez t o a ff i rm t h a t S pa in h ad b een t h e

R ega rd ing t h e c o lon iza t ion o f L anza ro te a nd

n a t ion e l ec ted b y t h e n a t ive s f o r s uch ag r ea t

F ue r teven tu ra , i ti si mpo r tan t t op o in t o u t , i n

p u rpo se .

c onnec t ion w i th t h ep o s s ib le e t ymo logy o ft h e e t hn ic n ame Mahorero , t h a t t h e G reco -La t in

I ND IGENOU S O RAL S OURCES A ND T HE F I RST

a u tho r s h ad a l ready r e f e r red p r ev iou s ly t ot h e

C OLON IZ AT ION O FT HE CA N AR IES

Ma zye s( Heca teu so fM i le tu s , 6t h c en tu ry BC . ) a nd t h e Maxye s ( He rodo tu s , 5t h c en tu ry BC . ) ,

I n c on t ra s t t o t h e s c ena r io d e sc r ibed a bove ,

b o th B e rbe rt r ibe s w ho h ad s e t t led i nt h eG u lf

t h eh i s to r ie so fa u tho r s l i ke T o r r ian i ,E sp ino sa

o f S y r te ( L ibya ) a nd o n t h e T un is ian c oa s t .

a nd A b r eu , w r i t ten a f t e r t h e i s land s h ad b een

T he i r e t hn ic n ame s w e re mod if ied b y l a te r

c onque red a nd w i th o t he r i n te r e s t s i n m ind ,

L a t in w r i te r s t o Ma z ice s o r Mad ice s a nd w e r e

s a t isf ac tor i ly

a t t r ibu ted

c omp i led

i n f o rma t ion

f r om

t o

d i f f e ren t

p opu la t ion s

f r om

i n d igenou s o r a l s ou rce s . O nt h eb a s is o ft h e se

v a r iou s t ime s a nd v e ry d i s tan t r e g ion s . T h is

s ou rce s , T o r r ian i r e la ted t h e i n hab i tan t s o f

c onf i rm s t h e g ene r ic c ha rac te r o f t h e e t hn ic

T ener if e t o t h e No r th A f r ican Z ena ta s o r

n ame . I n t h e 2 0t h c en tu ry , i n 1 927 t o b e

A zanegh a nd t h e i n hab i tan t s o fF ue r teven tu ra

p r ec i se , S t ephan G se l l a ff i rmed t h a t t h e L a t in

a nd L anza ro te t o t h e Maho s o r Mahor ero s .

n ame o ft h e Maur i w a s L ibyan i no r ig in a nd

E sp ino sa a nd A b r eu , o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e

c ou ld

t e s t imon ie s o f t h e s o -ca l led o ld G uanche s ,

a t t r ibu t ing a P un ic e t ymo logy t o Maho . H e

c ou ld o n ly c onf i rm t h e A f r ican o r ig in o ft h e

a l so r e la ted i tt ot h e f o rm Maouhar im , w ho se

n a t ive s ' .

m ean ing ( " the We s te rne r s" ) d e s igna ted t h e

b e

r e la ted

t o t h e

n ame

Mauro s ,

e t hn ic g roup s w ho h ad s e t t led i n t h e f a r T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e G uanche s o f

N or th - We s t o f t h e Magh reb ( Cab r e ra , 1 993 :

T ene r if ea nd t h eZ ena ta so rA zanegh h a sb een

1 6 ;

p a r t ia l ly c onf i rmed b y a r cha eo logy , t h ank s t o

A lva rez D e lgado ( 1957 ) a r gued t h a t Maoh

t h e r o ck e ng rav ing s o fA r ipe ( Gu ia d e I s o ra ,

c ou ld b e ag ene r ic w o rd t r an s la tab le a s " t he

1 996 : 7 4 ) . A c oup le o f y ea r s l a te r ,

e a r th" T he f i r s t g ene ra l h i s to r ie s w r i t t en a bou t t h e C ana r ie s a l so r e la t ed t h e c o lon iz a t ion o f o t h e r i s l and s t o o t he r N o r th A f r ican h uman g r oup s d ef ined b y , a mong o t he r a s p e c t s , t h e i r e t hn ic n ame s . T h i s i s t h e c a s e i n t h e r e la t ion sh ip e s t ab l i shed b e tw e en G r an C ana r ia a nd t h eC ana r i i o r b e tw e en L a G ome ra a nd t h e G om e ro s , e t c . N eve r th e le s s , u n t i l n ow a r cha eo log ica l d a ta h a s n o t s u ppo r t ed s u ch a h ypo th e s i s . I nf a c t , i nt h e c a se o f G ran C ana r ia , t h e a r cha eo log y o f t h e i s l and r e f u t e s t h e e x i s tence o f a ny r e la t ion sh ip b e tw e en t h eC ana r i ia nd t h ef i r s ti n hab i ta n t so ft h e i s l a nd ( F a r r u j ia ,2 004 a) .

o r

" t he

c oun t ry" ,

b u t

m ade

n o

r e f e r ence t o t h e n ame o f t h e i s land i t se lf .

7

T he ref o re , Mahorero s w ou ld b e a n a r cha i sm d e r ived f r om Maho a nd , w i th t h e a dd i t ion o f t h e

S pan ish

s uff ix

" e ro"

w h ich

i s v e ry

c ommon i nt h e C ana r ie s , i tw ou ld m ean " t he s e t t le r s" . L a te r o n , G eo rge s Ma r cy ( 1962 : 2 82 -283 ) ,

r e jec t ing

A lva rez

D e lgado 's

o p in ion a nd s e cond ing G se l l , r e la ted t h e t e rm

1 3

I mper ia l i s ta rcha eo log yi nt h e C anary I s land s

Maho t ot h e Mauro s , t h a t i st os a y , t h e p r o to -

i sn ece s sa ry t oe mpha s i se t h a t n owaday s i ti s

B e rbe r

k nown

p eop le

w ho

h ad

s e t t led

o n

t h e

t h a t t h e se

p eop le

a r r ived o n t h e

Mo roccan A t lan t ic c oa s t b ef o re t h e R oman

w e s ter n c o s t s o f A f r ica ( Mo rocco ) i nt h e 8t h

o ccupa t ion .

c en tu ry

AD

( Muf ioz ,

1 994 :

1 99 -206 ) .

T he ref o r e , t h e o r ig in o f t h e f i r s t i n hab i tan t s T he

a s soc ia t ion s

b a sed

p h i lo log ica l

f r om L anza ro te a nd F ue r teven tu ra w a s n o tt h e

a r gumen t s c an a l so b e c o r robo ra ted b y t h e

A t lan t ic c oa s to ft h eA f r ican c on t inen t . O nt h e

a r chaeo log ica l r ema in s p r e sen t o n L anza ro te

c on t ra ry , a s h a s a l ready b een i n d ica ted , t h e

a nd F ue r teven tu ra ( a t ype o f h ab i ta t , t h e

G reco -La t in

s ub jec t m a t te r a nd m o rpho logy o f t h e r o ck

p opu la t ion s i n L ibya a nd o n t h e T un i s ian

e ng rav ing s , a l phabe t ica l i n scr ip t ion s , p o t t e ry ,

c oa s t b y t h e 6t h c en tu ry BC , a nd t h is m ean s

e t c . ) , s i nce t h ey d i sp lay c e r ta in p a ra l le ls w i th

t h a t t h ey f i r s t m ig ra ted t ot h e C ana r ie s f r om

t h e

t h e se a r ea s .

a r chaeo log ica l

We s te rn

o n

r ema in s

Magh r eb

a nd

f o und

a l so

i n t h e

w i th

a u tho r s

h ad

l o ca ted

t h e se

t h o se

r e co rded i n t h e a r ea s u r round ing T un is ia

T he a pp rox ima te p e r iod i n w h ich t h e f i r s t

( Ca r thage ) . T h is c l ea r ly r ef lec t s t h e e x i s tence

c o lon iza t ion o f L anza ro te a nd F ue r t even tu ra

o f

c ou ld

a c ommon

c u l tu r e

s ha red

b y

t h e

h ave

t a ken

p l ace

i s s t i l l

t o

b e

p opu la t ion s w ho s e t t led o n t h e t wo i s land s

d e te rm ined . A l though t h e re a r e r a d ioca rbon

( Lanza ro te

d a te s f r om E l B ebede ro f o r t h e f i r s t i s land

a nd

F ue r teven tu ra )

a nd

t h o se

l o ca ted i nt h a tp a r to fA f r ica . A l so , a sC ab r e ra

( A toche e ta l , 1 995 : 3 6 -37 ) , t h a t g i ve u s a

Nr ez h a s p o in ted o u t ( 1992 , 1 993 a nd 1 996 ) ,

c h rono logy o f a r ound t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e

t h e c u l tu ra l a na log ie s b e tween t h e i n d igenou s

C h r is t ian e r a , t h e m o s t r e cen t t h eo r ie s i nf a c t

s o c ie t ie s

a r gue i nf a vou ro f ac o lon iza t ion o ft h e e n t i re

o f L anza ro te

a nd

F ue r teven tu ra

w ou ld m ake t h e p ropo sa l t h a t t h e re w a s a

A r ch ipe lago d u r ing t h e l a s t m i l lenn ium BC

c ommon

i s land s

a nd p robab ly a r ound t h e y ea r 5 00 B C i fn o t

a ccep tab le . I nt h i s c on tex t , L eona rdo T o r r ian i

b ef o re . I ft h e d a te w e re a ny l a te r , a sw e h ave

h ad

t o

e xp la ined , t h e Maho s w ho r ema ined o n t h e

w ho

A f r ican c on t inen t w ou ld h ave m oved t owa rd s

i n hab i t ed t h i s i s land b ef or e i tw a s c onquer ed

t h e w e s ter n a r ea o ft h e c on t inen t , af a c t t h a t

b yt h e C hr i s t ian s w er e v e ry s im i la rt ot h o se o f

e xp la in s

L anza ro t e , i nt h e i rs peech , i nt h e w ay o fl i f e ,

b e tween t h e p eop le w ho i n hab i ted t h i s a r ea

i nt h e w ay t h ey b u i l tt h e ir h ou se s a nd i nt h e i r

a nd

f orm o fw or sh ip a nd m ar r iag e ( To r r ian i , 1 978

F uer teven tu ra . I nt h e l i gh t o ft h is h ypo the s is ,

[ 1 59 4 7 2 ) .

t h e re i sn o d oub tt h a t p eop le f r om t h em au ro s

p opu la t ion

a l r eady

F ue r teven tu ra ,

p o in ted t h a t

f o r

o u t ,

b o th

i n r e la t ion

t h e f i r s t p eop le

e t hn ic N eve r the le s s , i n s p i te o f w ha t h a s b een s a id

t h e

t h e

c u l tu ra l

i s land s

g roup

o f

p opu la ted

p a ra l le ls

v e r if ied

L anza ro te

t h e

i s land s

a nd

o f

L anza ro te a nd F ue r teven tu ra b ef o r e t h e 8t h

l bou t t h e o r ig in s o ft h e Mauro s o r Maho s , i t

1 4

T he e a r ly p ha se o fs t ud ie so nh uman c o lon i za t ion

c en tu ry a nd k ep t t h e i r o r ig ina l p a t ronym ic

i s land s ( Tene r if e a nd L a P a lma ) w h ich i nt h e

u n t i lt h e E u ropean c onque s t .

1 7t h c en tu ry h ad a n e xpo r t e conomy a nd h ad w i tne s sed t h e s i gn if ican t d eve lopmen t o ft h e

I DEAS

OF

T HE

NOB IL ITY I N

1 7T H

o l iga r chy , w ho p a id p a r t icu la r a t ten t ion t o

CENTURY

l i neage 8.I n t h is w ay , t h e p r e -em inence a nd

COLON IZAT ION T HEOR IES

l e ve l o fd eve lopmen ta t ta ined b y T ene r if ea nd O nce t h e v i ne h ad b ecome e s tab l ished a st h e

L a P a lma i nt h e 1 7t h c en tu ry w e re h i s to r ica l ly

m a in

j u s t if ied o n t h e b a s is o f t h e o r ig in s o f t h e i r

f o rm o f c u l t iva t ion

i n t h e

C ana ry

I s land s , w i th a l t h e e conom ic a nd s oc io -

e a r ly

c u l tu ra l c on sequence s t h is i mp l ied , e spec ia l ly

i s land s w h ich h ad a s e lf suff ic ien t e conomy

f o r i s land s l i ke T ene r if e a nd L a P a lma a nd i n

i nt h e 1 7t h c en tu ry a nd al e s s d eve loped e l i te

p a r t icu la r f o r t h e s oc ia l g roup s i n c ha rge o f

( Lanza ro te a nd F ue r teven tu ra )w e re p opu la ted

t h e w ine e xpo r t t r ade , t h e w o rk s o fA n ton io

i np r im i t ive t ime s , a cco rd ing t oV iana , N ü r lez

d e

l a P e r ia a nd

a nd P e rez d e l C r is to , b y t h e c ommon p eop le

C r is töba l P e rez d e l C r i s to , a l f r om T ene r if e ,

( t he A f r ican s o f t h e c u t -of f t ongue s ) . T he

w e re w r i t ten . T he se a u tho r s , d i r ec t ly l i nked

p r e sence o f B e rbe r s w i th c u t -of f t o ngue s i n

a nd i d en t if ied w i th t h e i n te re s t s a nd i d ea s o f

L anza ro te a nd F ue r teven tu ra w ou ld j u s t if yt h e

t h e

b ackwa rdne s s o f t ho se i s land s , a cco rd ing t o

V iana ,

J uan

Nü r lez d e

C ana r ian

n ob i l i ty ,

d eve loped

a

i n hab i tan t s .

H oweve r ,

t ho se

o t he r

c o lon isa t ion t h eo ry w h ich a imed t o i n c r ea se

t h e m en ta l i ty o fV iana , N ü r lez a nd P e r ez d e l

t h e

C r is to .

s t and ing

r e p re sen ted ,

o f

t h e

s o c ia l

d i sgu i s ing

g roup

t h e i r

t h ey

c ommon

i n te r e s t s a sa l t ru ism a nd p rov id ing t h e s e c t ion

O n t h is b a s i s , i ti so bv iou s t h a t t h e i s land s

o f s oc ie ty t h ey e mbod ied w i th a my th ica l

w i th a n e xpo r t e conomy a nd a s i gn if ican t ly

v enee r . T h i s d ef ence o f c l a s s i n te re s t s l e d

d eve loped o l iga rchy w e re i n hab i ted b y t h e

t h em t o d i s rega rd i n d igenou s o r a l e v idence

e l i te ( Tene r if e a nd L a P a lma ) , i nc on t ra s t t o

a nd t h e f a c t t h a t t h e ir r e spec t ive l a bou r s t o ok

t h e o t he r i s land s w h ich h ad a s e lf suff ic ien t

p l ace i n ap r ac t ica l ly i d en t ica l s oc ia l c on tex t

e conomy a nd al e s s d eve loped l o ca l e l i te , a nd

t o t h a t o f E sp inosa , T or r ian i a nd A b reu l e d

w e re

t h em t o d eve lop a t h eo re t ica l b a s is t h a t w a s

( Lanza ro te a nd F ue r teven tu ra ) . T he e xpo r t

i n sp i red

e conomy f a vou red t h e d eve lopmen t o fs oc io -

b o th

b y

t h e

J ew i sh -Ch r is t ian

i n hab i ted

b y

t h e

c ommon

p eop le

t r ad i t ion a nd t h ec l a s s ica l s ou rce s . T he p r o ce s s o f s o c io -e conom ic d if e r en t ia t ion t h a th ad b e en f o rg ed i nt h e A r ch ipe lago s i nce t h e c onque s t a nd c o lon iza t ion o ft h e i s l a nd s r e a ched i t sc u lm ina t ing p o in ti nt h e 1 7 c e n tu ry .T he b oom i nt h e m a l va s ia ( av a r ie t y o fg r ape )t r ade , a nd t h e c on s id e rab le b enef i t s t h i s b r ough t t ot h e a g r a r ia n e l i t e s , s t r eng thened a nd s t imu la t ed a d e s i r e f o r f ame a nd d i s t inc t ion a mong s t t h e e n r iched m ino r i t ie s w h ich w a s p e r f e c t ly p a lpab le i nt e rm s o fc u r r en tm en ta l i t ie s . 8

T hu s i nf luenced , V iana ,N ü r lez d e l aP e t la a nd

t h

P e rez d e l C r is to p ropo sed a n e l i t is t n o t ion o f c o lon iza t ion ( r ep re sen ted b y t h e s ub jec t s o f K ing H ab i s ,t h e my th ica l k i ng o fT a r te s so s , 9 r S a lu s t iu s ,

a R oman

c ha ra c te r )

f o r

t h o se

1 5

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo log yi nt h e C ana ry I s land s

e conom ic d i f f e r en t ia t ion a nd t h e c on sequen t

t h e c o lon iza t ion o f t h e i s land s f r om a no the r

a ppea rance o f l i neage s a nd n ob le t i le s , a

p e r spec t ive .

p henomenon f o r w h ich V iana , N t lf iez d e l a P e f ia

a nd

Hrez

d e l

C r i s to

p r ov ided

a

A n a u tho r l i ke P ed ro A gu s t in d e l C a s t i l lo

h i s to r ica l j u s t if ica t ion . T he c oncep t o f t h e

( 1737 ) d eve loped h i s d i scou r se u nde r t h e

w o r ld

i n

i n f luence o f t h e p o l i t ica l p r em i se s o f t h e

t e rm s o f t h e p e r spec t ive o f t h e d om inan t

t ime s , h i s f e rven t r e l ig iou s b e l ief s ( i . e . t h e

s oc ia l g roup s . I nt h is c on tex t , i ts hou ld a l so b e

J ew ish -Ch r is t ian

r emembe red t h a t d u r ing t h e 1 7f i a nd le

e t hnocen t r ism . I n t h is w ay , t a k ing a c l ea r ly

c en tu r ie s t h e c oncep t o f a nc ien t h i s to ry w a s

n a t iona l is t

d i r ec t ly i nf luenced b y t h e w ay i n w h ich

c en t ra l i s t p o l i t ic s d eve loped b y t h e B ou rbon

s cho la r s l i nked l o ng t e rm h i s to ry w i th s ho r t

d yna s ty ,

t e rm h i s to ry ( po l i t ica l t ime a nd t h e t ime o f

i n hab i tan t s o ft h e C ana r ie s w i th K ing T ago , a

o b se rvab le a nd v e r if iab le f a c t s ) ( S chnapp ,

d e scenden t o fT uba ! ( J aphe th 's f i f th s on , a nd

1 999 : 3 20 ) .

N oah 's g r and son ) , w ho w a s c on s ide red a tt h e

c on sequen t ly

a cqu i red

m ean ing

w o r ld

a t t i tude ,

t h e

a u tho r

v i ew )

i nf luenced

i d en t if ied

a nd

b y

t h e

t h e

f i r s t

t ime , a c co rd ing t ot h e J ew ish -Ch r is t ian w o r ld I nt h e c a se o fG ran C ana r ia , a n i s land t h a t i n

v i ew , t ob e t h e f i r s t i n hab i tan t o ft h e I b e r ian

t h e

1 7t h c en tu ry w a s h ome t o t h e c i ty ' s

P en in su la . I n a n e r a d ef ined b y a b so lu t ism

C a thed ra l , t h e E p i scopa l P a lace ( dom in ion o f

a nd r i s ing c en t ra l i sm , i tw a s n ece s sa ry t o

A gü ime s ) ,

o t he r

j u s t if y t h e c ommon o r ig in s o ft h e S pan ia rd s

t r ibuna ls ( b e long ing t o t h e C ru sade s a nd t h e

a nd t h e C ana r ian s , a sl e g i t im ised b y B ou rbon

I n qu i s i t ion ) , t h e e a r ly i n hab i tan t s w ou ld h ave

p o l i t ic s ,

b een C rano a nd C rana , t h a t i st os a y , N oah ' s

d e scenden t o fT uba l , w a s s e en a sr e spon s ib le

c h i ld ren . I n t h is w ay , t h e i s land 's r e l ig iou s

f o r t h e c o lon iza t ion o f t h e i s land s . I n t h i s

p r e -em inence w a s j u s t if ied . O n t h e o t he r

c on tex t , i ts hou ld b e r emembe r ed t h a t o ne o f

h and ,

t o p opu la r

t h e p o l i t ica l m ax im s d eve loped d u r ing t h e

e t ymo logy , w ou ld h ave b een c o lon ized b y

r e ign o ft h e B ou rbon F e l ipe V w a s t o u n if y

G ome r , a nd E l H ie r ro , d ue t o i t s p r ox im i ty

t h ee n t i r eS pan ish k i ngdom a nd t h i sh ad l e dt o

w i th L a G ome ra , b y t h e s ame g roup o f

t h e r e f o rma t ion o f V a lenc ia ( 1707 ) a nd t h e

p eop le .

i n t roduc t ion o f t h e N ew P l an t D ec r ee s i n

L a

t h e

R oya l

G ome ra ,

C ou r t s

a cco rd ing

a nd

w h ich

i s w hy

K ing

T ago ,

t h e

A ragon , C a ta lon ia a nd Ma jo r ca ( 1 7 15 17 17 ) ( Enc iso , 1 99 1) .

TH E EN L IGHT ENMENT A ND U N IFY ING T HEOR IES O FT HE C O LON IZ AT ION O FT HE I S LANDS

O n t h e o t he r h and , t h e c on t r ibu t ion o fo t he r When t h e 1 e c en tu ry a nd t h e E n l igh tenmen t

E n l igh tenmen t a u tho r s l i ke A n ton io P o r l ie r y

b egan , t h e re w a s n o n ew e p i s temo log ica l

S op ran is ( 1 753) a nd J o sé d e V ie ra y C lav i jo

m ovemen t c apab le o fd eve lop ing t h e t o p ic o f

( 1772 ) , d eve loped i nt h e s ame s oc ia l c on tex t

1 6

T he e ar ly p ha se o fs t ud ie so nh uman c o lon i za t ion

a nd f o r t h e s ame p u rpo se s , c o r robo ra ted t h e

J ean B ap t is te B o ry d e S a in t -V incen t ( Agen ,

n a t iona l is t v i s ion o ft h e i n d igenou s C ana r ian

1 780 -P a r is , 1 846 ) v i s i ted t h e i s land s f o rt h e

p eop le o n t h e b a s is o ft h e i r i d en t if ica t ion w i th

f i r s t t ime d u r ing t h e 1 790 s . H e w a s aF r ench

t h e s u rv ivo r s o ft h e l o s t A t lan t is , ac on t inen t

t r ave l le r , s o ld ie r a nd n a tu ra l is t , t h e a u tho r o f

w h ich P l a to s poke a bou t i nh i s b ook T imaeu s .

n ume rou s s c ien t if ic w o rk s a nd a l so t h e h ead

T he

t h e

o ft h e h i s to r ica l s e c t ion o ft h e Wa r M in is t ry

t h e

( 1830 ) ,

r e la t ionsh ip

i n d igenou s

e s tab l ished

C ana r ian

b e tween

p eop le

a nd

t h e

h ead

o f A lge r ia 's

S c ien t if ic

A t lan tean s i mp l ied t h a t t h e e a r ly i n hab i tan t s

C omm iss ion ( 1840 ) a nd a m embe r o f t h e

o ft h e i s land s h ad b e longed t oo ne n a t ion ( t he

A cademy o fS c ience s . H e h ad b een a ppo in ted

c on t inen t o f A t lan t is ) , s ha r ing a c ommon

t ot h er a nk o fc o lone l f o rt h ep a r th ep l ayed i n

l a nguage ,

c u l tu re

a nd

o r ig in ,

a nd

t h is

v a r iou s Emp i re c ampa ign s . Af t e r as t ay o nt h e

w a s

a l so

i n k eep ing

w i th

i s land s h e w ro te t h e b ook E s sa i s s u r l e s I l e s

p o l i t ic s .

T he

o f

F o r tunie s e tl ' A t lan t ique A t lan t id e o up réc i s

o f

d e

i n te rp re ta t ion B ou rbon

N eoc la s s ic ism

g ua r an teed

d eve lopmen t t h e

s ucce s s

l ' h i s to i re

g jnjra l

d e

1' a rch ip ie l

d e s

P l a to ' s T imaeu s a nd t h e i d en t if ica t ion o ft h e

C ana r ie s , p ub l ished i n 1 803 . I n t h is e s say ,

n a t ive s w i th t h e A t lan tean s , t h a t i st o s ay ,

a l though h e r e cogn ized h i s l im i ta t ion s a s a

w i th am y th ica l p eop le .

r e sea rche r9,B o ry o u t l ined h i s p e r sona l v i s ion o f t h e e a r ly

c o lon iza t ion o f t h e

i s land s ,

TH E I NTRODUCT ION O F A RCHAEOLOG ICAL

f o l low ing V ie ra y C lav i jo 's o p in ion , i ns p i te

D IFFUS ION ISM :

o fh av ing c on su l ted o t he rw r i t ten s ou r ce s ' ' .

T HE

C ONTR IBUT ION

O F

JE AN BA PT ISTE BO RY D E SA INT -VI NCENT A ND T HE A NTECEDENTS O F I MPER IAL IST

Q uo t ing V ie ra y C lav i jo , B o ry d ef ended t h e

A RCHAEOLOGY

u n i ty o ft h e a nc ien t l a nguage o ft h e C ana r ie s , c on s ide red t h e i s land st ob et h er ema in so ft h e

T he t h eo ry o fA t lan t is d eve loped b y P o r l ie ry

l o s t A t lan t is , a nd p o in ted o u t t h a t t h e f i r s t

S op ran i s a nd V ie ra y C lav i jo w a s t a ken u p

i n hab i tan t s o ft h e i s land s s eem t ob e t h e l a s t

a ga in a tt h e b eg inn ing o ft h e 1 9t h c en tu ry b y

o f ap eop le t h a t , a f ter b e ing d e s t royed o r

J ean B ap t i s te B ory d e S a in t -V incen t( 1803 ) , a

d i sper sed b y a n e ven t t h a t s na tched f rom

F rench a u tho rw ho se c on t r ibu t ion , a sw e h ave

t h em n ea r ly a l lt h e i rk now l edg e , m e ta ga in t o

a l ready n o ted , r e p re sen t s ac l ea rp r eceden tf o r

l i ve i ns oc ie ty ( p . 7 3 ) .

t h e i mpe r ia l i s t ic a r chaeo logy d eve loped i nt h e C ana r ie s a t t h e e nd o f t h e

1 91 c en tu ry .

Id a r ed t od o t h i s w o rk w h i ch , a l thoug h i td o e s n o ts e em d i f i cu l t , m ay b e v e r ym u ch b e yond m y f o r c e s a nd m y i n t e l l ig enc e ( Bo ry , 1 9 88 [ 1 803 1 : 1 4 ) . I ° When w r i t ing h i s b ook , S a in t -V incen t c o n su l t ed , a mong o t he r s , t h e f o l low ing a u tho r s : F r a yA lon so d eE sp ino sa ,A b r eu G a l indo ,A n ton io d e V iana , N üf i ez d e l aP ef ia , C r i s töba l P e r ez d e l C r i s to a nd V ie r a yC lav i jo . 9

T he ref o re i nt h is p r e sen t c hap te r Ii n tend t o s t udy h i s c on t r ibu t ion t o t h e t o p ic o f t h e c o lon iza t ion o f t h e i s land s d u r ing p r im i t ive t ime s .

1 7

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo log yi nt h e C anary I s land s

R ef e r r ing t ot h e d i spe r sa l o ft h e se p eop le , a nd

TH E

f o l low ing

B ETWEEN T HE CA N ARY I S LANDS , EG YPT A ND

t h e

B ib l ica l

e xp lana t ion

t h a t

l o ca ted t h e o r ig in s o ft h e d i a spo ra i nt h eN ea r

R E LAT ION SH IP

I N

P R IM IT IVE

T IMES

PE RS I A

E a s t , B o ry a ff i rmed t h a tt h e f am i l ie s f r om t h e P l a teau o f T a r ta ry a nd t h e C auca su s w e re

I n r e la t ion t o t h e A t lan t is h ypo the s i s , S a in t -

t h o se t h a t w ou ld h ave s p read t h roughou t

V incen t —a sa l r eady b een s a id —f o l lowed t h e

E u rope , S y r ia , M ino r A s ia a nd A rab ia t o

t h e s is o fV ie ra yC lav i jo , w ho a r gued f r om a

r e ach Mau r i tan ia a nd t h ea r ea s u r round ing t h e

p u re ly m y th ica l v i ewpo in t i n f a vou r o f t h e

T e ide ( pp . 2 63 -264 ) . T he r e a son f o r t h is

c o lon iza t ion o f t h e i s land s b y ag roup o f

e m ig ra t ion

E gyp t ians ( A t lan teans ) , t h e d e scendan t s o f

s i nce

t h e se

w a s t h e

u nf avou rab le c l ima te ,

p opu la t ions

o n ly

l e f t

t h e i r

N ep tune . H ow eve r , i nc on t ra s t t oV ie ra , B o ry

h ome land d ue t ot h es ever ew in ter . I ft h ey h ad

t o ok

b een a sw e l l -educa t ed a nd c i v i l i zed a st oday ' s

a dop t ing a p o s i t ion i nf luenced b y m a te r ia l

m en , t h ey w ou ld h av e t r iumphed o v er s uch

( a r chaeo log ica l )

i n c l emenc ie s ( pp . 2 66 -267 ) . When s peak ing

e me rg ing c u l tu ra l p a ra l le l s t h a t , i nh i s v i ew ,

a bou tt h e r a c ia l m akeup o ft h e se p eop le , B o ry

c ou ld b e m ade b e tween t h e G uanche s a nd t h e

a ff i rmed t h a t b e tween t h e G uanche s a nd t h e

E gyp t ian s . T h is n ew s l an t o n t h e A t lan t is

o t her Af r ican s

n o

h ypo the s is w a s d oub t le s s t h e r e su l t o f av e ry

p hy s ica l o rm ora lr e la t ion sh ip . F o rt h e G a l l ic

c onc re te s i tua t ion : a t t h e e nd o f t h e le

s cho la rt h e re w a s s imp ly ac ommon o r ig in f o r

c en tu ry h a rd ly a ny th ing w a s k nown a bou t t h e

t h e a nc ien t C ana r ian s , t h e E u ropean s , t h e

a nc ien t c i v i l iza t ion s o f E gyp t a nd t h e N ea r

E gyp t ian s a nd t h e f i r s t We s te rn A s ian s ( p .

E a s t , e xcep t t h a t t h ey h ad b een r e co rded i n

2 66 ) . T h is h ypo the s is w a s t h e r e su l t o fa )h i s

t h e B ib le a nd b y G r eek a nd R oman w r i te r s .

o wn r a c ia l p r e jud ice s , w h ich w e r e e choed i n

T he m anu sc r ip t s o f t h e se c u l tu re s c ou ld n o t

h i s b ook w hen h e r e f e r red t o t h e b l a ck

b e r e ad a tt h a t t ime a nd a l t h e i r w r i t ing s a nd

p opu la t ion s o f A f r ica ( pp .116 117 ) ; a nd b )

w o rk s

a ccep tance

u n touched f o r al o ng p e r iod o ft i me ( T r igge r ,

b ecau se

o f

i f t h e

t h ere

t h e

w a s

a b so lu t e ly

B ib l ica l

G uanche s

e xp lana t ion ,

h ad

o r ig ina l ly

u p

t h e

o f a r t

A t lan t is

h ypo the s is

e v idence

h ad

a nd

r ema ined

w h i ls t

b y

b ur ied

t h e

a nd

1 992 : 4 7 ) . T h is s i tua t ion h e lp s t oe xp la in t h e

d epa r ted f r om t h e N ea r E a s t , t h ey m u s t h ave

my th ica l

b e longed t ot h e s ame h uman g roup s t h a t h ad

H oweve r ,

o nce p opu la ted E u rope .

a nc ien t E gyp t b egan a t t h e e nd o f t h e le

n a tu r e

o f

s y s tema t ic

V ie ra 's

d i scou r se .

i n ve s t iga t ion s

i n to

c en tu ry , w i th t h e f i r s t o b se rva t ion s m ade b y t h e F r ench s cho la r s w ho h ad a c compan ied N apo leon B onapa r te w hen h e i n vaded E gyp t . A ng lo -F rench r i va lry h ad l e d F r ance t ot a ke p o s se s s ion o f E gyp t a nd r e ach P e r s ia t o c u t o f f t h e r ou te t o I n d ia f r om t h e B r i t ish . B y

1 8

T he e a r ly p ha se o fs t ud ie s o nh uman c o lon i za t ion

1 798 N apo leon h ad a r r ived i nA lexand r ia f o r

O n ly t h ree y ea r s l a te r , i n 1 802 , at r ave l b ook

t h is p urpo se , e n te r ing C a i ro a f t e rt h e B a t t le o f

e n t i t led

t h e P y ram id s . B u t a f t e r t h e s i nk ing o f t h e

E;g yp t e p endan t l e s c ampagne s d u g ene ra l

F rench f l ee t i nA lexand r ia b y t h e E ng l ish , l e d

B onapar te w a s w r i t ten b y a no the rm embe ro f

b y N e lson i nt h e B a t t le o ft h e N i le , t h e g r ea t

t h e c omm is s ion , D om in ique V ivan t D enon

F rench p ro jec t e nded , d ue t ot h e i s o la t ion o f

( 1745 1825 ) , w ho c o l lec ted mo re i n f o rma t ion

t h e

E u rope

a bou t t h e E gyp t ian a n t iqu i t ie s a nd f o cu sed

( Mau ro is , 1 995 : 5 5 -66 a nd G ran -Ayme r ich ,

p a r t icu la r ly o n t h e d i scove r ie s o f mumm ie s .

2 00 1 : 2 1) .

T he w o rk r a n t o f o r ty -e igh t e d i t ion s d u r ing

e xped i t iona ry

f o r ce

f r om

V oyag e d an s l e B a s se e t H au t e -

t h e c en tu ry , w a s s oon t r an s la ted i n to E ng l ish I ns p i te o ft h e l ow r a te o fm i l i ta ry s ucce s s f o r

a nd G e rman a nd b ecame a mode l f o r o t he r

t h e F rench , i tr ema ined a f a c t t h a t s i nce t h e

m i s s ion s

F rench o ccupa t ion o f C a i ro , k now ledge o f

P hoen ic ia ( G ran -Ayme r ich , 2 00 1 : 9 6 ) .

t o G reece ,

P e r s ia ,

A lge r ia a nd

E gyp t a nd i t s a n t iqu i t ie s h ad a cqu i red an ew i mpe tu s , m a in ly a f t e r t h e c r ea t ion o f t h e

B o ry d e S a in t -V incen t , w ho w a s i n vo lved

I n s t i tu t N a t iona l d 'Eg yp te , c on s i s t ing o f t h e

w i th t h e F rench m i l i ta ry a nd s c ien t if ic w o r ld ,

o ne h und red s cho la r s w ho , o n N apo leon ' s

h ad b een a wa re o f t h i s w ho le s e r ie s o f

o rde r s , h ad a ccompan ied t h e F r ench a rmy ,

d i scove r ie s s i nce t h e o u t se t , s o t h a t i n 1 803 ,

n ame ly t h e C omm is s ion o fA r t sa nd S c ience s .

w hen h e s poke a bou t t h e c o lon iza t ion o ft h e

A s ar e su l t o ft h e w o rk o ft h i s c omm is s ion ,

C ana r ie s , h e h ad n o h e s i ta t ion i nr e la t ing t h e

t h e D e scr ip t ion d e l ' Egyp t e , o u R ecue i l d e s

G uanche st ot h eE gyp t ian s ,b ecau se

O b serva t ion s e td e s R eche r che s q u i o n t e t e T he mumm ie s , a nd t h e w ay i n w h ich t h ey a r e p r epa red , o f f e r s u rp r is ing a na log ie s b e tween t h e G uanche s a nd t h e E gyp t ian s . Among t h em , t h e p eop le w ho p r epa red t h e c adave r s w e r e h a ted . T hey h ad d i f f e ren t t ype s o f e mba lmmen t . ( . . ) T he E gyp t ian s w e re f o rced , a s t h e G uanche s w e re , t o d ry t h e c adave r s i nt h e o pen a i r o r i na s t ove i np l ace o ft h e s un . [ Bo ry , 1 988 ( 1803 ) : 2 76 -279 ]

f a i r e s e n E gyp t e , p ub l ie p a r l e s o rd re s d e s a Ma j e s te l ' Emper eur Napo leon l eG rand , w a s w r i t ten a nd p ub l ished i n 1 809 . H oweve r , b y 1 799 ,

t wo

o f

t h e

m embe r s

o f

t h i s

c omm i s s ion , J o l lo is a nd D e V i l l ie r s , h ad a l ready m ade ac a r tog raph ic s t udy o ft h e s o c a l led V a l ley

o f t h e

K ing s w h ich

m ade

r e f e rence t o s i x teen t omb s a nd t o f une ra l f i gu r e s , mumm ie s a nd t emp le s ( Dan ie l , 1 986 : 5 6 -57 ; R ome r , 1 992 : 4 3 -53 ; S chnapp , 1 999 :

H oweve r , S a in t -V incen t h ad n o t o b ta ined t h i s

2 95 -298 )1.

i n f o rma t ion

o n

t h e

p r epa ra t ion

o f

t h e

G uanche s ' mumm ie s f r om d i rec t s t udy . O n t h ec on t ra ry ,h et ook i tf r om ab ook w r i t ten b y

I nt h es e cond v o lume o fD esc r ip t ion d e 1' 4 fyp te d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ions o f E gyp t ian mumm ie s w e re t oa ppea ra ga in ( AA .VV . : 1 994 :2 18 -225 ) . 1

V ie ra yC lav i jo w ho , i nt u rn , h ad o b ta ined t h e

1 9

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo log yi nt h eC ana ry I s land s

i n f orma t ion

f r om

t h e

H i s tory

b y

A b reu

O nce

a ga in ,

i n f o rma t ion

B o ry

f r om

h ad

o b ta ined

d u R oy , w r i t ten b y D auben ton . Mo reove r ,

( Ab reu a nd V ie ra yC lav i jo ) r a the r t h an f r om

V ie ra

v i s i t ing

n eve r

s t a ted

t h a t

G uanche

a r chaeo log ica l

i n d i r ec t

b een

G a l indo a nd f r om t h e D e scr ip t ion d u C ab ine t

h ad

b y

t h is

s i te s .

s ou rce s

A lso ,

w h i ls t

m umm if ica t ion h ad E gyp t ian o r ig in s . H e h ad

t h e se w r i t ten s ou rce s h ad o n ly d e sc r ibed t h e

o n ly i n d ica ted t h e e x is tence o fs im i la r i t ie s i n

f u ne ra l t r ou s seaux p r e sen t i n t h e G uanche

m umm if ica t ion t e chn ique s i n b o th p eop le s

c ave t omb s , w i thou t e s tab l i sh ing a ny k i nd o f

a nd

c u l tu ra l p a ra l le l , i tw a s a ga in B o ry d e S a in t -

p o in ted

o u t ,

w i thou t

p rov id ing

a ny

r e a son , t h a t t h e se t e chn ique s s e emed t oh ave

V incen t

h ad i n dependen t r a the r t h an c ommon o r ig in s ,

e s tab l ished

b ecau se

L a s t ly ,

t h e

G uanche s ,

t h ank s

t o

w ho , t h e

o n

C ana r ie s

a l so

w ere a b le t o d i scover t h e s e c re t o fh ow t o

t h eo ry , b ecau se

o wn

r e la t ion sh ip

t h e p r e sence

e xper imen ta t ion a nd r epea t ed o b serva t ion ,

h i s

i n i t ia t ive ,

w i th

E gyp t .

o f p y ram id s

i n t h e

s uppo r ted

h i s

c o lon iza t ion

m ak e t h e i rd ead l i ve f orever a nd h ow t om ak e t h e i r x axo s1 2 c omparab le t ot h e m umm i e s o r

E ven mo re c onc lu s ive i s t h e m onumen to fd r y s t one s t h a tw a s v e ry f r equen t ly b u i l t i n t h e C ana r ie so ve rt h ed ead p eop le , i n t h e s hape o f ap y ram id , ( . . ) w i th t h e n ece s sa ry m od if ica t ion s t h a t e x i s ted a mong s t t h e t wo p eop le s d ue t od i f f e rence s i nr e sou r ce s . I t c an b e s u rm i sed t h a t t h e A t lan tean s b u i l t t h e f i r s t p y ram id s , w i thou t a ny d oub t a s a s ton ish ing a s t h o se o f t h e P ha raoh s , a nd t h e se monumen t s w ou ld h ave e s caped t h e r a vage s o ft i me i ft h ey h ad b een l o ca ted o n t e r ra f i rma . [ Bo ry , 1 988 ( 1 803 ) : 2 8 1]

f amou s c adaver s e mba lmed b y t h e a nc ien t E gyp t ian s ( V ie ra , 1 967 [ 1 772 ] , T . I : 1 69 ) . T he a r chaeo log ica l l i nk ing o f t h e C ana r ian m umm ie s

w i th

t h e

E gyp t ian

c on tex t ,

t h e r ef o re , w a s t h e r e su l t o f S a in t -V incen t 's i n te rp re ta t ion .

T oge the r w i th t h e

s im i la r mumm if ica t ion

t e chn ique s , t h e G uanche f u ne ra l t r ou s seaux , a cco rd ing

t o

B o ry ,

a l so

c on s t i tu ted

a n

a r gumen t i n s uppo r t o f t h e ir r e la t ion sh ip t o t h ec oun t ry o ft h eN i le , b ecau se

N eve r the le s s , a s i n t h e t wo p r ev iou s c a se s , S a in t -V incen t t o ok t h e p y ram id a r gumen t

I n t h e c ave t omb s , n ea r t h e c adave r s o f t h e k i ng s a nd o f t h o se w ho w an ted t o d i e , t h ey l ef t v a r iou s i t em s o f f u rn i tu re a nd p rov i s ion s , a s m any o t he r p eop le d i d f o r t h e i r h onou red d ead , f o r t h em t ou se i nt h e n ex t w o r ld o r i n t h e r e su r rec t ion . [ Bo ry , 1 988 ( 1803 ) : 7 4 ]

f r om V ie ra y C lav i jo w ho , f o l low ing A b reu G a l indo i n t h e f i r s t v o lume o f h i s H i s to ry , n o ted t h e f o l low ing w hen r e f e r r ing t o t h e n a t ive s o fG ran C ana r ia : i nt h e s t ony p lace s w ec a l lm a lpa i se sI 3 t h ey b u i l ts ome v au l t s t h a t w ere c ov er ed w i th C anary I s land p ine p lank s , i nw ho se m au so l eum s t h ey b ur ied t h e c adaver

1 2

T he i n d ig enou sn ame f o rt h ec a dav e r s .

1 3

2 0

" Bad la nd s " o f v o lcan .c o r ig in .

T he e ar ly p ha se o fs t ud ie s o nh uman c o lon i za t ion

t wen ty l e t te r s . H oweve r i tm ay h ave b een r e duced , t h e s ame l e t te r s c an b e f ound i n t h e a nc ien t P e r s ian a l phabe t , w h ich , a cco rd ing t oM . G eb l in , o n ly h ad t wen ty c ha rac te r s . . . [ Bo ry , 1 988 ( 1 803 ) : 2 84 ]

w i th t h e h ead t ot h e N or th , a nd t h en c overed i tw i th l a rge i n t er l ink ing s t one s , s o t h a t t h e b u i ld ing s h ad ap y ram id s hape ( V ie ra , 1 967 [ 1 772 ] , T . I : 1 76 ) . B ory d e S a in t -V incen t , t h e ref o r e ,

s imp ly

r e la ted

t h e se

f une ra l

s t ruc tu re s t ot h e E gyp t ian p y ram id s , w hen t h e A vo id ing a ny s o r t o f c ommen ta ry o n t h e se

o r ig ina l d e sc r ip t ion b y A b r eu , s e conded b y

p h i lo log ica l c onc lu s ion s d e r ived f r om t h e

V ie ra , d ef in i te ly o n ly r e f e r s t o t h e f une ra l

i mag ina t ion o f B o ry d e S a in t -V incen t , t h e

t umu l i p r e sen ti nG r an C ana r ia , a nd n e i the ro f

c u l tu ra l p a ra l le ls e s tab l ished o n t h e b a s is o f

t h em s pec if ied a ny c u l tu ra l a s c r ip t ion .

a r chaeo log ica l

p h i lo log ica l p a ra l le ls ( homonymy i n P e r s ian

b y S a in t -V incen t , i ti sa l so n ece s sa ry t op o in t

a nd G uanche t e rm s a nd t h e e x is tence o f a

o u t t h a t t h a t , p a ra l le l t o t h e r e d iscove ry o f

c ommon a l phabe t ) w h ich e nab led h im t o

E gyp t , t h e F rench c ampa ign s i n S y r ia a l so

r e la te t h e e a r ly s e t t le r s o ft h e C ana ry I s land s

h ad a l lowed s ub s tan t ia l k now ledge o f t h e

t o E gyp t a nd t h e N ea r E a s t c an b e a ff i rmed .

P e r s ian w o r ld t o e me rge , a s w e l l a s t h e l a nguage s

T hey w e re m ade p o s s ib le b y t h e k now ledge

b y

o f t h e E gyp t ian a nd P e r s ian w o r ld t h a t h ad

c ab ine t s cho la r s . T h is m ean t t h a t w i th t h e

b ecome a va i lab le a f te r t h e F r ench m i l i ta ry

d i scove ry o ft h eA s sy r ian s ,t h eS ume r ian s a nd t h e

E lam i te s ,

r e c ip roca l

t h e re

w e r e

i n te r change s

c on s tan t

c ampa ign s

a nd

T he ref o re ,

B o ry

d e

S a in t -V incen t

p o in t s imp ly

a nd

S y r ia .

o f v i ew , f o l lowed

F rom

a

t h e r ef o r e , i n

t h e

f o o t s tep s o f h i s F r ench c ompa t r io t s , w ho ,

S a in t -V incen t ,

a f te r t h e e xped i t ion s t o E gyp t a nd S yr ia ,

i n f luenced b y t h e r e sea r ch b e ing c a r r ied o u t

c omp le ted t h e i r k now ledge o f t h e a nc ien t

b y h i sc ompa t r io t s , d i dn o th e s i ta te t oi n d ica te

c i v i l iza t ion s o fE gyp t a nd Me sopo tam ia w i th

t h e e x is tence o f l i nk s b e tween t h e G uanche s

t h e s t udy o fm a te r ia l r ema in s , i n sc r ip t ion s o r

a nd t h e P e r s ian s , s i nce b o th w o r sh ipped t h e S un G od .

i n E gyp t

m e thodo log ica l

b e tween p h i lo logy

a nd a r cha eo logy ( G ran -Ayme r ich , 2 00 1 : 9 4 1 08 ) .

( mumm if ica t ion ,

f u ne ra l t r ou s seaux a nd p y ram id s ) a nd t h e

I nr e la t ion t ot h ec o lon iza t ion t h eo ry p ropo sed

d ec iphe r ing o f o ld E a s te r n

e v idence

p h i lo logy .

I n a dd i t ion , M i t ra , w ho w a s t h e

G uebro G od o ft h e S un , h ad ab ody o fp r ie s t s H oweve r ,

k nown a s t h e m ag e s , a nd m ag a nd m agec

w he rea s

t h e se

s t ud ie s

w e r e

e ndo r sed i n t h e N ea r E a s t b y w ide sp read

w e r e t h e C ana r ian w o rd s f o r t h e s un ( Bo ry ,

a r chaeo log ica l

1 988 [ 1 803 ] : 2 84 ) . I n r e la t ion t ot h e w r i t ing ,

e xcava t ion s t h a t a i ded t h e

d eve lopmen to fF r ench a r cha eo logy , s pon so red

a cco rd ing t ot h eG a l l ic s c ho la r ,

a nd p ro tec ted b y o ff ic ia l o rgan isa t ion s , t h e re w a s n o s im i la r d eve lopmen t i n t h e C ana ry

. .T he G uanche a l phabe t w a s c ompounded o fj u s t n i ne teen o r

I s land s . T he re , i t w ou ld n o t b e u n t i l t h e

2 1

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

s e cond h a lf o ft h e le c en tu ry , p a r t ly d ue t o

r e la t ion sh ip e s tab l ished

b y

t h e d eve lopmen t o f p r eh is to r ic s t ud ie s i n

E gyp t a nd t h e C ana ry

I s land s

We s ter n

a r t icu la ted e s sen t ia l ly o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e

E u rope

a nd

t o t h e

r e la t ion sh ip

B o ry b e tween h ad b een

e s tab l ished b e tween t h eC ro -Magnon r a ce a nd

C ana r ian

t h e G uanche s , t h a t a r chaeo logy , a s a" s c ience

t h roughou t h i s w o rk .

o fo b jec t s" a nd f i e ldwo rk b egan t ot a ke o f f ' ' ' .

i n d ica te , t h e r ef o r e , t h a t t h e F r ench s c ho la r

T h is

c ou ld

d i d

n o t

i mp ly ,

h oweve r ,

t h a t

t h e

m umm ie s ,

n o t

r e s is t t h e

a s

h e

r e i te ra ted

E ve ry th ing s e em s t o

f a sc ina t ion t h a t t h e

C ana r ian a nd f o re ign s c ho la r s w ho e xcava ted

G uanche m umm ie s e xe r ted o ve r E u ropean s ,

o n t h e i s land s u nde r s tood a nd i n terp r e ted

t o t h e e x ten t t h a t h e m ade t h em s ome th ing

c or rec t ly e ve ry th ing t h ey f o und , a s w e w i l l

l i ke

h ave o cca s ion t o i n d ica te .

c o lon iza t ion

I n t h is c on tex t ,

t h e

" f o s s i l i sed t h eo ry .

c en t rep iece" N o r

o f

s hou ld

h i s

i t b e

h oweve r , i ti s i mpo r tan t t o s t re s s t h a t t h e

f o rgo t ten

c u l tu ra l

E gyp t ian m umm ie s h ad b een d i scove red i n

r e la t ion sh ip

b e tween

t h e

C ana ry

t h a t ,

c on tempo ra ry

w i th

t h is ,

I s land s a nd E gyp t o rt h e N ea r E a s t p r opo sed

t h e

b y ac ab ine t s c ho la r l i ke B o ry d e S a in t -

c ompa t r io t s , as i tua t ion t h a t h ad l e d B o ry d e

V incen t , w a s t r aced t h rough a s ub jec t ive

S a in t -V incen t t o c l a im t h e e x i s tence o f p a s t

r e ad ing

l i nk sb e tween t h eC ana ry I s land sa nd E gyp t .

o f

d eve lop ing

w r i t ten t h e

s ou r ce s ,

r e levan t

w i thou t

f i e ldwo rk

c oun t ry

o f t h e

N i le

b y

h i s

F r ench

a nd

t h e ref o re w i thou t k now ing t h ea r chaeo logy o f

Y e t d e sp i te t h e t h eo r e t ica l a nd m e thodo log ica l

t h e i s land s . A s w e h ave a l ready m en t ioned ,

d ef ic ienc ie s o b se rved i n h i s w o rk , h e w a s ,

B o ry 's

n eve r the le s s , t h e f i r s t a u tho r t o i n co rpo ra te a

o wn

a r chaeo log ica l

e v idence

w a s

" s a lvaged" f r om p r ev iou s w r i t ten s ou r ce s ,

d i f f u s ion i s t

a l though

g r aph ica l p roduc t ion o f t h e C ana ry I s land s

i t w a s

c h rono log ica l r a the r

t h an

e xcava t ion

a nd

p rov ided c u l tu ra l

b a sed

o r t h e

w i th

w i th in

t h e

h i s to r io -

i n te rp r e ta t ion ,

t h a t

a r cha eo log ica l

c u l tu ra l p a ra l le ls w i th a n e x ter na l r e f e rence

r e cogn i t ion o f

p o in t , a nd o n a r chaeo log ica l a nd , t h e ref o re ,

o n

i n s i tu

a n ew

p o s i t ion

a r chaeo log ica l s i te s .

w a s

b a sed

o n

t h e

e s tab l ishmen t o f

m a te r ia l e v idence . T he r ef o re , i no ppo s i t ion t o t h e

p seudo -d if f u s ion ism

o r

t h eo re t ica l

T he o n ly a r chaeo log ica l e v idence t h a t c ou ld

d i f f u s ion ism p r ev iou s ly o u t l ined , t h a t h ad

c ompen sa te f o r t h i s v o id w a s t h e C ana r ian

b een d ef ined b y a n e t hnog raphy a nd C h r is t ian

m umm ie s , a n a r chaeo log ica l h e r i tage t h a tw a s

w o r ld v i ew c onf igu red b y c u l tu ra l p r e jud ice s

w e l l -known , d e s i red a nd p l unde red b y a l t h e

( To r r ian i , E sp ino sa , A b r eu , e t c . ) , i fn o t b y

E u ropean i n te l lec tua ls , n a tu ra l is t s o r s c ho la r s

c l a s s i n te re s t s ( V iana , N ( i i iez , d e l C a s t i l lo ,

w ho a r r ived o n t h e C ana ry I s land s d u r ing t h e

e t c . ) ,

1 7

t h, 18 " a nd

le c en tu r ie s .

I n f a c t , t h e

f o r

t h e

f i r s t

t i me

i n co rpo r a ted m a te r ia l e v idence ( a r cha eo log ica l a nd

1 4

S a in t -V incen t

n on -e thnog raph ic )

i n to

d i f f u s ion i s t

d i scou r se , a l though a s ar e su l t o f c on su l t ing

T he se f a c to r sw i l lb es t r e s sed l a t e r .

2 2

T he e a r ly p ha se o fs t ud ie so nh uman c o lon i za t ion

w r i t ten s ou rce s r a the r t h an f i e ld w o rk , i fw e

a lmo s t a l t h e a u tho r s r e so r ted t o c on t inua l ly

d i s rega rd h i s p o s s ib le f i r s t -hand k now ledge o f

e s tab l ish ing

t h e m umm ie s . T h is , h oweve r , d i d n o t a low

p a ra l le l s w i th a r ea s b eyond t h e i s land w hence

f o r o b jec t ive t r ea tmen t o f k now ledge a bou t

t h ed i f f u s ion s uppo sed ly o r ig ina ted .

e t hnog raph ic

a nd

c u l tu ra l

t h e e a r ly s e t t le r s o f t h e i s land s , b ecau se B o ry 's s peech w a s e xce s s ive ly i d ea l is t ic a nd

T he o n ly w ay t o " e scape" f r om d i f f u s ion is t

c ond i t ioned b y t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f c u l tu ra l

a pp roache s w a s t o a ccep t t h a t t h e i s land s

p a ra l le ls w i th a c h rono log ica l a nd c u l tu ra l

w e r e t h e r ema in s o fA t lan t i s . I nt h i s w ay , t h e

r e f e rence p o in t t h a t , o bv iou s ly , t u rned o u t t o

e a r ly

b ee r roneou s .

n av iga t ion , w ou ld h ave b een t h e d e scendan t s

s e t t le r s

w ho

k new

n o th ing

o f t h o se w ho h ad o r ig ina l ly

a bou t

i n hab i ted a

T he d eve lopmen t o ft h is d i scou r se , e xp re s sed

c on t inen t w h ich , a f t e r t h e c a tac ly sm , e nded

a sd i f f u s ion i sm , d i d n o t i mp ly t h e e l abo ra t ion

u p f r agmen t ing a nd b ecom ing a n a r ch ipe lago .

o f ah i s to r ic is ta r gumen to rt h e i n t roduc t ion o f

S a in t -V incen t ,

t h e n o t ion o f" a r ea s" o r " cu l tu ra l c i rc le s" , a s

d i f f u s ion is t mode l o f c o lon iza t ion , a l though

h appened l a te r a t t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e 2 0t h

h e h ad d ef ended t h e e x is tence o ft h e my th ica l

c en tu ry , w i th t h e c u l tu ra l -h is to r ica l s c hoo l .

c on t inen t . H e d i d s o b ecau se , a s h e a r gued ,

T he d i f f u s ion i sm o u t l ined b y B o ry d e S a in t -

t h e c a tac lysm w ou ld h ave t a ken p l ace l a te r

V incen t w a s ad i rec t c on sequence o f t h e

t h an t h e a r r iva l o f t h e e a r ly c o lon ize r s w ho

r e d iscove ry

P e r s ian

c ame f r om t h e O r ien t , as i tua t ion t h a t , f r om

a n t iqu i t ie sa f t e rF rance 's m i l i ta ry i n te rven t ion

h i s p e r spec t ive , a lowed h im t o c on t inue t o

i nE gyp t a nd t h e N ea r E a s t a nd , o bv iou s ly , a

b e l ieve i nt h ee x i s tence o fA t lan t is .

o f t h e

E gyp t ian

a nd

n eve r the le s s ,

d eve loped

a

c on sequence o f h i s l i nk s w i th m i l i ta ry a nd s c ien t if ic

c i rc le s

c oun t ry .

T he r e la t ion sh ip e s tab l i shed b y S a in t -V incen t

T he ref o r e , h i s d i f f u s ion is t p e r spec t ive d i d n o t

b e tween t h e f i r s t s e t t le r s o n t h e i s land s a nd

r e spond

E gyp t o r t h e N ea r E a s t m ake s h im t h e f i r s t

t o

a ny

m e thodo log ica l

i n

s or t

h i s

o f

o wn

t h eo re t ica l w i th in

t h e

d eve lop ing d i sc ip l ine o f a r chaeo logy .

I n

q ue s t ion t h e r o le p l ayed b y c l a s s ica l t r ad i t ion

a dd i t ion , i n t h e c a se o f B o ry , a s w i th t h e

w i th in t h e d i f f e ren t t h eo r ie s a nd h ypo the se s

e a r l ie r

C ana ry

o n t h e c o lon iza t ion o f t h e i s land s , a l though

d i f f u s ion is t

t h e a u tho r h ad d ef ended t h e e x i s tence o f

a u tho r s

I s land s , a pp roach

t h e

t r an sf o rma t ion

o r

i n te re s ted

a dop t ion

w a s

o f t h e

h i s to r iog raphy

t o

g eog raph ica l s i tua t ion o ft h e C ana ry I s land s

t e x t . T h is c hange o f p e r spec t ive t ook p l ace ,

t h em se lve s . T he i s land s , d ue t ot h e ir p hy s ica l

w i thou ta ny d oub t , b ecau se t h er ed iscove ry o f

i s o la t ion ,

b y

E gyp t a nd Me sopo tam ia , a nd t h e c on sequen t

f o re ign c o lon ize r s , w he the r A f r ican o r f r om

b i r th o f E gyp to logy a nd O r ien ta l ism , e nded

s ome o t he rg eog raph ica l a r ea . F o rt h a tr e a son ,

u p b y d eep ly mod if y ing t h e v i s ion o f t h e

b een

b y

C ana r ian

A t lan t is a ga in s t V ie ra , b y r e so r t ing t oP la to 's

h ave

i nf luenced

w i th in

t h e

mu s t

h eav i ly

i n t h e

a u tho r

p opu la ted

2 3

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo log yi nt h eC ana ry I s land s

a nc ien tw o r ld a nd , c on sequen t ly , t h e v i s ion o f

p r im i t ive t i me s b y t h e a nce s to r s o f t h e t wo

t h e c on tempo ra ry w o r ld . T he We s t a nd i t s

n a t ion s t h a t F rance h ad t r ied t o d om ina te a t

G reco -La t in

i n he r i tance

t h e e nd o ft h e 1 8t h c en tu ry a nd t h e b eg inn ing

u n shakeab le

a nd

t h e

w e re

n o

O r ien t

l o nge r

r e vea led

a

o f t h e 1 9t h c en tu ry : t h e E gyp t ian s a nd t h e

c i v i l iza t ion o f e x t rao rd ina ry c omp lex i ty a nd

P e r s ian s .

b r i l l iance 1 5. T he r ef o re ,

E gyp t ian s a nd

T he F r ench s cho la r , i g no r ing e a r l ie r S pan ish

P e r s ian s w e re n ow t h e f i r s t s e t t le r s w ho ,

a u tho r s , r e jec ted t h e r e la t ion sh ip t h a t h ad

a cco rd ing

b een

t o

t h e

S a in t -V incen t ,

w ou ld

h ave

r e pea ted ly

e s tab l ished

n a t ive

o f S e r to r io o r t h e A f r ican s o f t h e c u t -of f

B e rbe r

t o ngue s d epo r ted b y t h e R oman s , t h a t i st o

T a r te s s ian p eop le . B o ry s imp ly d eve loped t h e

s ay ,

A t lan ta

E sp ino sa ,

m en t ioned A b reu

h ypo the t ica l

o r

V iana

f r om h i s

T h is

t owa rd s

w o rk s

R oman s

o u t l ined

b y

A f r ican o r

V ie ra

t h e

y

i s land s ,

i n s i s t ing o n t h e l i nk b e tween t h e C ana ry

c o lon iza t ion t h eo ry .

I s land s , E gyp t a nd t h e N ea r E a s t . D id t h is

a l so

i mp ly t h a t t h e C ana ry I s land s c ou ld a l so b e

f a vou red ar e af f irma t ion o ft h e c oncep t o ft h e

d om ina ted b y F rance? D id F rance h ave t h e

O r ien t a s t h e b i r thp la ce o f c i v i l i sa t ion , t h e

r i gh t t o o ccupy t h e i s land s t h a t , i n ac e r ta in

c r uc ib le o f E u ropean c u l tu re a nd t h i s , i nt h e

s e n se , h ad b een p opu la ted e a r l ie r o n b y

l a s t i n s tance ,e nded u pr e inf o rc ing t h eJ ew ish -

E gyp t ian s a nd P e r s ian s , t wo n a t ion s t h a t i t

C h r is t ian

b e

h ad t empo ra r i ly s ub juga ted a tt h e e nd o f 1 8t h

r e ca l led , m a in ta ined t h a t t h e G a rden o fE den

c en tu ry? Wa s i tp o s s ib le t o u se h i s to ry t o

w a s l o ca ted t h e r e .

j u s t if y t h e F rench p r e sence i n t h e C ana ry

w o r ld

t h e

t h e

v i ew

N ea r

t h e

h ypo the s i s

t h e

N o r th

C lav i jo , d i lu t ing i t s m y th ica l c ha ra c te r a nd

o f

a s

o f

p opu la t ion s ,

t h e

f i r s t

c o lon ize r s

d i sappea r ed s w ing

i n t h e

a nd

t h e

p opu la ted t h e C ana ry I s land s a nd t h e R omans

t h o se

C ana r ian s

b e tween

w h ich ,

E a s t

i t m ay

T he t h eme o f o r ig in ,

t h e r ef o re , r ema ined f a i thf u l t o t h e B ib l ica l

I s land s?

s t o ry o ft h ec r ea t ion .

s c ien t if ic I s land s ,

TH E

Wa s

i t p e r t inen t

i n te rven t ion ism b eh ind

w h ich

t o d eve lop i n

t h e

a c l ea r

a

C ana ry p o l i t ica l

p u rpo se c ou ld b e h i dden? Ib e l ieve t h is i st h e

IMPER IALIST I NTERPRETAT ION OF E ARLY

c a se a nd ag ood d ea l o fe v idence f o rt h is c an

COLON IZAT ION

b e f o und i nt h e w o rd s o fB o ry h im se lf , w hen T he i s land s t h e r ef o re , a cco rd ing t o S a in t -

i n c hap te r

V incen t 's v i s ion , h ad b een p opu la ted d ur ing

c omme r ce ,h er e cogn ized t h a t

1 5 S ymp toma t ic o f t h is d eve lopmen t w a s t h e i n augu ra t ion , o n 1 " May 1 847 i n t h e L ouv re Museum , o f t h e f i r s t A ssyr ian e xh ib i t ion i n E u rope . Mesopo tam ia r e vea led a n a nc ien t c i v i l iza t ion o f w ho se a r t n o th ing w a s k nown , a d if e ren t a r t t o t h a t o f t h e c l a ss ica l w o r ld . T h is i mp l ied t h a t t h e e xh ib i t s o fa n t iqu i ty d i sp layed i n t h e L ouv re w e re n o l o nge r e xc lu s ive ly G reco L a t in ( G ran -Ayme r ich ,2 00 1 : 17 ) .

2 4

I V ,

w h ich

w a s

d ed ica ted

T he E u ropean n a t ion t h a t m anaged t o r u le t h e A zo r e s , Made i ra , t h e C ana ry I s land s , a nd e ven C ape V e rde , a nd t h a t d i d n o t n eg lec t t h e ir a g r icu l tu r e a nd d eve lopmen t , w ou ld f i nd i nt h e se a r ch ipe lago s a n i n exhau s t ib le

t o

T he e ar ly p ha se o fs t ud ie so nh uman c o lon i za t ion

s ou rce o f r i che s t h a t w ou ld n o t h ave t h e d i sadvan tage , u n l ike t h o se w e o b ta in f r om o u r d i s tan t c o lon ie s , o ft a k ing ac on s ide rab le t ime t o a r r ive [ Bo ry , 1 988 ( 1803 ) : 15 ] .

t e d i n o ne p e r son , w ho w a s t h e o rgan o f t h e n a t ion a nd t h e i n te rp re te r o f t h e l aw s a nd n o t t h e o wne r o f t h e p eop le . I n t h e G uanche v ocabu la ry w e h ave f ound a w o rd t h a t p rope r ly m ean s r e pub l ic [ Bo ry , 1 988 ( 1 803 ) : 7 1 ] .

T he F rench n a tu ra l is t a nd s o ld ie r e ven w en t s o f a r a s t os ugge s t as u i tab le c o lon ia l mode l

T he n a t ive C ana r ians , t h e ref o re , w e re c l o se r

f o r t h e C ana ry I s land s b a sed o n t h e s l ave

t o t h e F rench t h an t h e S pan ish i n t e rm s o f

t r ade , s i nce

p o l i t ica l p r ax is .

Wha teve r c o lon ia l s y s tem i s a dop ted , i t w ou ld b e e a sy t o o b ta in a n a g r icu l tu ra l w o rkf o r ce w i thou t al o ng p a s sage c au s ing d i sea se a nd l o s se s a mong s t t h e n eg ro s , w ho w ou ld q u ick ly b e c onduc ted f r om t h e c on t inen t t o t h e s ub juga ted a r ch ip e lago ( . . ) . I n s av ing t h em f r om d ea th o r s l ave ry a nd i n mak ing t h em f u lf i l t h e i r o b l iga t ion s , d o w e n o t h ave t h e r i gh t t od emand aw age f r om t h em? S hou ld t h is w age n o t b e t h ep roduc to ft h ew o rk t h ey d o? ( . . )The se n eg ro s , t h e n a tu re a nd d u ra t ion o f w ho se l a bou r w ou ld b e e s tab l ished b y l aw s , w ou ld t h u s r e compen se t h o se w ho r i sked t h e i r g ood s a nd l i f e t o s ave t h em f r om t h e h and s o f t h e ir e nem ie s [ Bo ry , 1 988 ( 1803 ) : 16 117 ] .

I n

a dop ted

t h is

i mpe r ia l is t ic

S a in t -V incen t ,

t h e

a t t i tude f o l low ing

1 797 ,t h a ti st os ay , a lmo s tc on tempo ra ry w i th t h e d eve lopmen t o f t h e F rench c ampa ign i n E gyp t , a n E ng l ish e xped i t ion l e d b y N e lson a t tacked T ene r if e . I t w a s p a r t o f t h e w a r b egun t h a t y ea r a s a r e su l t o f t h e S an I l def on so t r ea ty w i th F rance ( 1796 ) , w h ich e n t ru s ted S pa in w i th t h e d i rec t ion o f t h e h o s t i l i t ie s a ts ea . H oweve r , t h e B r i t i sh a c t ion w a s a l so c onnec ted w i th t h e s t ra teg ic p o s i t ion t h a tt h e i s land s o f f e red e n r ou te t ot h e I n d ie s . I n

t h is

s en se ,

t h e

d i sp lacemen t

o f t h e

w o r ldw ide t r ade a x i s f r om t h e Med i te r ranean t owa rd s t h e A t lan t ic d u r ing t h e t r an s i t ion f r om t h e A nc ien t o t h e N ew R eg ime m ean t

f i nd s uppo r tf o rh i s i mpe r ia l i s t ic a sp i ra t ion s i n

t h a t

p o l i t ic s , s i nce t h e e a r ly i n hab i tan t s o f t h e

t h e

i s land s

i mpe r ia l is t

I s land s h ad d eve loped a p o l i t ica l

w e re

p o l i t ic s

o f

a f f ec ted s eve ra l

b y

t h e

E u ropean

n a t ion s ( F rance , E ng land a nd H o l land ) . I nt h e

s y s tem t h a t d i s tanced t h em f r om t h e S pan ish a b so lu t i s t m ona rchy .

b y

t o

f a c to r s s hou ld a l so b e t a ken i n to a ccoun t . I n

I na dd i t ion , B o ry d eS a in t -V incen tw ou ld a l so

C ana ry

r e la t ion

c a se

A s t h e F rench s o ld ie r

o f

F rance ,

t h e

R evo lu t ion

a nd

N apo leon ic e xpan s ion ism m ade t h e C ana ry

c l a imed ,

I s land s

a v e ry

i mpor tan t

a r ea

f r om

a

g eopo l i t ica l p o in t o f v i ew ( Pe rez & B r i to ,

I ti sp o s s ib le t o a r gue t h a t t h e C ana ry I s land s f o rmed s ma l l a r is toc ra t ic g over nmen t s , w ho se

1 984 : 3 7 -39 , a nd B r i to , 1 989 a : 2 5 -27 ) a nd i n t h is

e xe cu t ive p owe r s w e r e c oncen t ra -

2 5

e nv i ronmen t

a r chaeo logy

a ppea red ,

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo log yi nt h eC ana ry I s land s

w i thou t a ny d oub t , a so ne o ft h e d ev ice s u sed

t h e s c ien t if ic c on tex t i t s e lf i nw h ich h i s w o rk

t o r e inf o r ce F r ench i nf luence i n t h e C ana ry

w a s c once ived , b y t h e r e d i scove ry o f E gyp t

I s land s . I ts hou ld b e r emembe red t h a t F r ench

a nd t h eN ea r E a s t b y F r ench s c ho la r s , a nd b y

t r ip s ,

F rance 's i mpe r ia l is t p o l i t ic s . I nt h i s s e n se , t h e

e xped i t ion s

a nd

a r chaeo log ica l

m is s ion s , w e re s uppo r ted b y p ub l ic f u nd ing

a r gumen t s

a nd t h is g ave t h em a n o ff ic ia l c ha ra c te r ,

a cqu i r ed am y th ica l c ha ra c te r( t he c o lon iza t ion

a ly ing

S t a te 's

o ft h e C ana ry I s land s b y N ep tune 's E gyp t ian

I n f a c t t h e o ff ic ia l

d e scendan t s ) , a ppea red i n B o ry d e S a in t -

n a tu re o ft h e m i s s ion s , a sw e l l a st h e n eed f o r

V incen t , ac a r ee r s o ld ie r l i nked t o F r ench

t h em t o b e u nde r taken , w a s r e cogn ized i n

i mpe r ia l i s t ic p o l icy , a s as i tua t ion t h a t c ou ld

1 842 w i th t h e c r ea t ion o f t h e B u reau d e s

b e v er if ied t h ough a r chaeo logy . B o ry h ad

M i s s ion s S c ien t if ique s e l L i t t e ra i re s ( G ran -

u sed V ie ra y C lav i jo a s ar e f e rence b ecau se

A yme r ich ,2 00 1 : 1 37 140 ) .

h e w a s aF rancoph i le a u tho r , a nd i na dd i t ion ,

t h e i r

p o l i t ica l

d eve lopmen t

p e r spec t ive s .

t o t h e

t h a t

i n V ie ra

y C lav i jo

h ad

b ecau se h e f ound i nh i s w o rk t h e a r gumen t s I nt h e l i gh t o fa l t h is i n f orma t ion , t h e c a se o f

t h a ts uppo r ted h i so wn d i scou r se .

B o ry d e S a in t -V incen t c an b e r e la ted t o t h e u s e t h a t E ng land o r F rance m ade , a tt h e e nd

A l l o f t h e se a spec t s c onf i rm t h a t B o ry d e

o ft h e 1 9t h c en tu ry , o ft h e d i f f u s ion is tp o s i t ion

S a in t -V incen t 's c on t r ibu t ion i sn o t i mpo r tan t

o f a n a u tho r l i ke G u s tav O sca r Mon te l iu s

f r om a s c ien t if ic p o in t o f v i ew a nd t h a t , i n

( 1 843 192 1) . A cco rd ing t ot h is S wed ish p r e -

s p i te o fi t sp seudo -a r chaeo log ica l c ha rac te r , i t

h i s to r ian ,

E u ropean

i s n o t p o s s ib le t o s t udy t h e f i r s t h uman

c i v i l iza t ion c ou ld b e e xp la ined b y as e r ie s o f

c o lon iza t ion o f t h e i s land s i n d ep th o n t h e

i n nova t ion s t h a t h ad s p read f r om t h e N ea r

b a s i s o f h i s w o rk . Mo reove r , h i s c oncep t o f

E a s t t ot h e p er iphe ry . T he E u ropean n a t ion s ,

h i s to ry w a s a mb iguou s a nd c on t rad ic to ry ,

o n t h e b a s is o ft h is a r gumen t , h ad i n te rvened

s i nce h e h ad i n he r i ted t h e v i s ion o ft h e " good

i n c rea s ing ly i np o l i t ica l a nd e conom ic m a t te r s

s a vage" e xp re s sed b y V ie ra y C lav i jo a nd

i nt h e N ea r E a s t , s i nce t h e We s te rn E u ropean

c r i t ic ized t h e C a s t i l ian

n a t ion s

d e s t ruc t ion o f i n d igenou s c u l tu re w h i ls t , o n

t h e

c ou ld

i n te rven t ion

d eve lopmen t

j u s t if y

i n t h e

o f

E u ropean

r e g ion ,

a nd

c o lon ia l a l so t h e

t h e

o t he r

h and ,

c onque s t a nd t h e

s uppo r t ing

E u ropean

E u ropean c o lon iza t ion o fA f r ica b y c l a im ing

d om ina t ion o ft h e i s land s a nd s ugge s t ing t h a t

t h a t t h ey , r a the r t h an t h e A rab p eop le , w e r e

c o lon ie sc ou ld b ee s tab l ished t h e r e .

t h e t r ue h e ir s o f t h e a nc ien t N ea r E a s te rn c i v i l iza t ion s ( T r igge r , 1 992 : 1 54 155 ; G ran -

F rom 1 848 o nwa rd s , a f t e r t h e w o rk s o fB o ry

A yme r ich ,2 00 1 : 1 1) .

d e S a in t -V incen t o n t h e C ana ry I s land s h ad a ppea red , an ew p ha se d eve loped i n E u rope

T he t h eo re t ica l a nd m e thodo log ica l p o s i t ion

t h a t a low s u s t o e s tab l ish a n a ccep tab le

o fB o ry d e S a in t -V incen t w a s c ond i t ioned b y

d i v id ing

2 6

l i ne

b e tween

t h e

f i r s t

r oman t ic

T he e a r ly p ha se o fs t ud ie so nh uman c o lon i za t ion

h i s to r iog raph ica l movemen t , a nd a s e cond

s t udy o ft h e e a r ly c o lon iza t ion o ft h e C ana ry

m ovemen t t h a t w a s p o s i t iv is t i n c ha ra c te r .

I s land s t o b e e s tab l ished , b e tween 1 848 a nd

F rom t h i s p o in t o nwa rd s , t h e i nf luence o f

1 9 36 1 6 .T he b eg inn ing o ft h is s e cond p ha se ,

p o s i t iv ism a nd e vo lu t ion ism b ecame m o re

c o inc id ing w i th t h e d eve lopmen t o fE u ropean

e v iden t ,

o f

a r cha eo logy a nd p hy s ica l a n th ropo logy , w a s

C ha r le s D a rw in 's w o rk T he O r ig in o f t h e

t o h ave a d ec is ive e f f ec t o n s t ud ie s o f t h e

S pec ie s ( 1 859 ) a nd t h e i d ea o fc on s t ruc t ing a

e a r ly c o lon iza t ion o ft h eC ana ry I s land s , s i nce

" s c ience

i t w a s

m a in ly

a f te r

o f h i s to ry "

t h e

p ub l ica t ion

a nd

a " s c ience

o f

p r eh is to ry " w a sa dvanced .

j u s t

a r chaeo log ica l

a f t e r

1 848

t h a t

a nd a n th ropo log ica l

C ana r ian s t ud ie s

b egan a nd t h es c ien t if ic i n s t i tu t ion sa s soc ia ted T he

t h eo ry

b i o log ica l

o f e vo lu t ion ,

e vo lu t ion

e spec ia l ly

o u t l ined

b y

t h e

w i th

D a rw in ,

b o th

d i sc ip l ine s

w e re

f ounded :

E l

G ab ine te C ien t i f ico ( 1877 ) a nd E l Mu seo

q ue s t ioned t h e m ed ieva l C h r i s t ian w o r ld v i ew

C ana r io ( 1880 ) .

t h a t h ad s u rv ived u n t i l t h e m idd le o ft h e 1 9 t h c en tu ry .

Mo reove r ,

t h e

f i rm

p rog re s s ,

a s a r e su l t o f t h e

b e l ief

i n

H av ing c on s ide red t h e se a spec t s , i nt h e n ex t

i n nova t ion s

c hap te r w e w i l l a na lyse t h e d eve lopmen t o f

e xpe r ienced d u r ing t h e I n du s t r ia l R evo lu t ion ,

E u ropean

g ua ran teed t h a t e vo lu t iona ry i d ea s w ou ld b e

a n th ropo logy , i n p a r t icu la r t h e F r ench a nd

w e l l r e ce ived a nd w ou ld , i n ac e r ta in s en se ,

G e rman v a r ian t s . We w i l l a l so c on s ide r h ow

c ome t o l e g i t im ise t h e a dvance o f c e r ta in

t h is E u ropean f r amewo rk b ecame e s tab l ished

n a t ion s

i nt h eC ana ry I s land s .

o ve r

s upe r io r i ty

o t he r s ,

a nd

i t s

a nd

o f

c on sequen t

E u ropean

a r chaeo logy

a nd

p hy s ica l

c o lon ia l

d om in ion o ve r A f r ica ( Nü t lez R u iz , 1 977 : 9 ; U zo igwe , 1 987 : 4 4 -45 ; B a r ro s , 1 990 : 1 60 ; T r igge r ,

1 992 :

17 ) . P a ra l le l t o t h is , t h e

e conom ic a nd s oc ia l t r an sf o rma t ion st h a tt o ok p l ace a s ar e su l t o ft h e I n du s t r ia l R evo lu t ion l e dt ot h ed eve lopmen to ft h eb ou rgeo is ie a nd , t h e r ef o r e , t o t h e g ene s is o f a n e m inen t ly b ou rgeo is h i s tor iog raphy a nd a r chaeo logy .

A s w e h ave a l r eady p o in t ed o u t ( F a r ru j ia , 2 004 a) ,t h eb eg inn ing o ft h e S pan i sh C iv i l Wa ri n 1 9 36 b r ough tt h i ss e cond p ha se ,t h a th ad b egun i n 1 8 48 , t o a n e nd . T he c o nf l ic t i n t e r rup t ed a l s c ien t if i c a c t iv i ty , a nd i n1 9 39 , a f t e r t h e t r i umph o f F r a n co ' s d i c ta to r sh ip , S pa n i sh a r cha eo logy e xp e r ienced ac h ang e o f d i r e c t ion a nd t h e t h i rd p ha se i nt h e s t udy o ft h e p r eh i s to r ic c o lon iza t ion o f t h t C a na ry I s land s b egan ( F a r ru j ia , 2 003 b; F a r ru j ia & A r co ,2 002 a) .

I nt h eC ana r ie sa si nE u rop e ,t h is w ho le s e r ie s

1 6

o ft r an sf o rma t ions f a vou red t h e d eve lopmen t o f

a " s c ience

i nf luenced

b y

o f

p r eh is to ry " ,

e vo lu t ion is t

s t rong ly

t h eo r ie s .

T h is

e p is temo log ica l c hange i n p e r spec t ive t h a t b egan i n 1 848 e nab led as e cond p ha se i nt h e

2 7

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo log yi nt h e C anary I s land s

2 8

CHAPTER I

EU ROPEAN A RCHAEOLOGY A ND P HYS ICAL A NTHROPOLOGY I NT HE CA NARY I S LANDS

T he d eve lopmen t o f t h e s e cond p ha se o f

g roup a nd , a si nt h e r e s t o fE u rope , t h e s e c to r

s t ud ie s o n t h e p r im i t ive c o lon iza t ion o f t h e

o f s oc ie ty

C ana ry I s land s ( 1848 1936 ) w a s d ef ined , a s

a r chaeo log ica l a nd a n th ropo log ica l s t ud ie s . I n

h a s

t h is s e n se , i tw a s t h e r e la t ion sh ip f o rged w i th

a l ready

b een

s t a ted

i n t h e

p r ev iou s

m o s t

c l o se ly

c once rned

w i th

c hap te r , b y t h e i n corpo ra t ion o f e vo lu t ion is t

t h e

a nd p o s i t iv is t p r inc ip le s w i th in t h e s t udy o f

b ou rgeo is a u tho r l i ke S ab in B e r the lo t , a nd

t h e i n d igenou s C ana r ian w o r ld w h ich , f r om

l a te r b y o t he r b ou rgeo is a u tho r s s uch a s

t h en o nwa rd s , w a s e s sen t ia l ly a na ly sed o n t h e

G rego r io C h i l yN a ran jo , t h a t d ef ined t h e

b a s is

o f

a r chaeo logy

a n th ropo logy .

T h is

F r ench a n th ropo log is t s , a t f i r s t b y a

a nd

p hys ica l

d eve lopmen t

q ua l i ta t ive

t u rnabou t ,

a r cha eo logy .

o f

t h e

e me rg ing

C ana r ian

e xpe r ienced f r om t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 9t h c en tu ry

o nwa rd s ,

c anno t

w i thou t

a s se s s ing

t h e

b e

s e r ie s

T he

l e ad ing

g eo s t ra teg ic

r o le

o f

t h e

o f

A r ch ipe lago i t se lf i n r e la t ion t o t h e c o lon ia l

e conom ic , p o l i t ica l a nd s oc ia l t r an sf o rma t ion s

p a r t i t ion ing o f A f r ica b y E u rope i s af a c to r

t h a t t o ok p l ace i n E u rope a s ar e su l t o f t h e

t h a t h a s t o b e t a ken

I n du s t r ia l R evo lu t ion , a nd a f ec ted — i nt h e i r

a na lys ing t h e d i f f e ren t a pp roache s t o t h e

f o rma t ion

n ew ly

c o lon i sa t ion o f t h e i s land s d eve loped a tt h e

e me rg ing a r chaeo log ica l a nd a n th ropo log ica l

t ime , s i nce i tw a s t h e mo t ley f r amewo rk o f

d i sc ip l ine s t h a t w e r e c l o se ly c onnec ted t ot h e

a nnexa t ion is t a nd i mper ia l is t i n te re s t s t h a t

b ou rgeo is s e c to r so fs oc ie ty . I nt h ec a se o ft h e

e ven tua l ly

C ana ry I s land s , e conom ic f a c to r s ( ac r is is o r

c ove ted b y c e r ta in E u ropean n a t ion s . I tw a s

b oom i n p a r t icu la r t y pe s o f f a rm ing , t h e

t h is s e t o fc i rcum s tance s t h a t w ou ld , i nf a c t ,

e s tab l ishmen t o f t h e

r e -

f a vou r t h e d eve lopmen t w i th in t h e i s land s o f

l a unch ing o fm e rcan t i le a c t iv i ty , e t c . ) w ou ld

a n i mpe r ia l is t a r chaeo logy , w i th c l ea r r a c i s t

c onf igu re

a nd

l e an ing s ,

e conomy ,

m ak ing

a nd

w ho le

u nde r s tood

d eve lopmen t — t h e

F r ee

c onso l ida te t h e

P o r t s , t h e

t h e

c ap i ta l is t

( c omme r c ia l

m ade

t h e

i n w h ich

i n to a ccoun t w hen

i s land s

s ome

a n

f o re ign

e nc lave

a u tho r s

a nd

e ngaged i n C ana r ian s t ud ie s w e re i n vo lved .

l a ndown ing ) b ou rgeo is ie t h e d om inan t s oc ia l

T h i s w a s t h e c a se w i th t h e F r ench a u tho r s

7 9

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C ana ry I s land s

S ab in B e r the lo t , C e sa r F a idhe rbe a nd R end

l i ke

V e rneau a nd t h e G e rman a u tho r s F r anz v on

i n te re s t s i nN o r th A f r ica , d i d n o t d eve lop a n

L öhe r , H ans Meye ra nd F e l ix v on L u schan . I n

i mpe r ia l is t a r chaeo logy w i th in t h e i s land s .

t h i s s t r ic t ly i n su la r e nv i ronmen t , t h e s t udy o f

H oweve r , t h is w a s d ue t o av e ry c onc re te

e a r ly c o lon iza t ion b y C ana r ian a u tho r s w a s

s i tua t ion : t h e B r i t i sh s phe re o f i n f luence i n

d i r e c t ly i n f lu enced b y i mp e r ia l i s t a r cha eo logy

A f r ica w a s b a sed e s sen t ia l ly i n t h e E a s te rn

a nd b y t h e p o l i t ica l s i tua t ion o f t h e C ana ry

Med i te r ranean , t o b e m o re p r ec i se i n t h e

I s land s t h em se lve s ( Reg iona l ism ) . T he r ef o re ,

U ppe r N i le . I na ny c a se , t h is d i d n o t p r even t

a s h ad b een t h e r u le f r om t h e le c en tu ry

t h e B r i t i sh f r om m a in ta in ing i n te r e s t s i nt h e

o nwa rd s , t h e t h eme o f t h e p r im i t ive h uman

i s land s , i n t h e f o rm o f t h e d eve lopmen t o f

c o lon iza t ion o ft h e C ana ry I s land s r ema ined a

p seudo -co lon ia l t r ade r e la t ion s , f o r e xamp le ,

r e cu r r ing a r gumen t t h a t s e rved t o l e g i t im ise

w i th t h e C ana ry I s land s . T h is e xp la in s t h e

t h e a nnexa t ion is t o r i mper ia l i s t a sp ira t ion s o f

n on -ex i s tence

s ome E u ropean n a t ion s . A t t h e s ame t i me i t

i n te rven t ion ism i n t h e C ana ry

w a s

c on t ra s t

v i ewed

b y

t h e

i s land

a u tho r s

f r om

G r ea t

B r i ta in ,

w i th

o f

w i th

t h e

c l ea r c o lon ia l is t

B r i t i sh

F r ench

s c ien t if ic I s land s , i n

a nd

G e rman

e xamp le s .

a no the r p e r spec t ive , a s ad i scu r s ive p r a c t ice u sed , a mong s t o t he r t h ing s , t o e ndo r se t h e i n he r en t c l a s s i n te re s t s o f c e r ta in C ana r ian

TH E

p o l i t ica lg roup s . I no t he rw o rd s , i ns p i te o ft h e

E VOLUT ION ISM , EU ROPEAN A RCHAEOLOGY

m o re p o s i t iv is tc ha rac te ro ft h ea r chaeo log ica l

A ND P HYS ICAL A NTHROPOLOGY A ND T HE IR

a nd a n th ropo log ica l w o rk d eve loped d u r ing

I NCORPORAT ION W ITH IN S TUD IES

t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e

CA NAR IAN I ND IGENOUS P EOPLE

l e century, the close

D EVELOPMENT

OF

B IOLOG ICAL

OF

T HE

r e la t ion sh ip b e tween a r chaeo logy a nd p o l i t ic s i n

f a c t

g ua ran teed

k now ledge

t h a t

g ene ra ted

t h e

w a s

T he o r ig in s o fe vo lu t ion is t i d ea s d a te b ack t o

s c ien t if ic

s pa r se

t h e R ena i s sance a nd , i np a r t icu la r , t ot h e f i r s t

a nd

p r eca r iou s .

e ncoun te r s o ft h e E u ropeans w i th m embe r s o f o t he r r a ce s f r om d i f f e ren t p a r t s o ft h e p l ane t ,

H av ing

c on s ide red

t h e se

a spec t s ,

i n t h is

a s w a s t h e c a se w i th t h e r e d i scove ry o f t h e

c hap te r w e w i l l a na ly se t h e d eve lopmen t o f

C ana r ie s

E u ropean

e xp lo re r s o ft h e 1 5t h a nd le c en tu r ie s f a ced

a r chaeo logy

a n th ropo logy ,

a nd

p hy s ica l

f o cu s ing e s sen t ia l ly

a n

o n t h e

a nd

Ame r ica .

i n te l lec tua l

p a radox

T he

E u ropean

w hen

t h ey

F r ench a nd G e rman e xamp le s . We w i l l a l so

e ncoun te r ed t h ef i r s tn a t ive s . T hey w e re ,q u i te

d emon s t ra te h ow t h e

s imp ly , d i f f e r en t , a nd E u ropean i n te l le c tua ls

r e f e r ence

a f f ec ted

E u ropean

t h e

f r ame o f

C ana r ie s .

c on sequen t ly d i scove red t h a t p eop le e x is ted

When

s t udy ing t h is E u ropean f r ame o fr e f e rence , i t

w ho d i d n o t p r ac t i se a ny o f t h e a r t s o f

m ay s e em s u rp r is ing t h a t aE u ropean n a t ion

c i v i l iza t ion :

3 0

t h ey

w e re

n aked

( wh ich

E u ropean a rchaeo logy a nd p hy s ica la n thropo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s w a s s ynonymou s w i th b a rba r ism ) , t h ey w e r e

h uman h i s to ry t h a t w a s s uff ic ien t ly g l oba l t o

n o tg ove rned b y a ny c ode o fl aw , t h ey h ad n o

q ue s t ion t h ew ho le m ed ieva l w o r ld v i ew . T h is

f o rm o fs t a te o rgan iza t ion , a nd a bove a l ,t h ey

m ovemen t , i n i t ia ted i nF rance , w a s a s soc ia ted

p rof e s sed n o C h r is t ian f a i th y e t , i n s p i te o f

w i th p h i lo sophe r s l i ke Mon te squ ieu , T u rgo t ,

t h is ,t h e se b arbar ian s o rs avag e s b ehaved i na

V o l ta ir e a nd C ondo rce t b u t u n t i l t h e

1 9 11 1

n ob le a nd c i v i l ized m anne r . I tw a s d i ff icu l tt o

c en tu ry

t h a t

e xp la in e ve ry th ing t h ey s aw u s ing t h e m en ta l

w ou ld a low a n e vo lu t ion is t a pp roach m o re

f r amewo rk o ft h e t ime , s o o ne s o lu t ion t ot h e

r e a sonab le

p uzz le

d egene ra t ion is t s t oe me rge . I tw a s d u r ing t h e

w a s t o p ropo se a p owe rf u l

i d ea :

n o

f a c tua l

t h an

e v idence

t h e

e x is ted

v i ew s

o f

t h e

m aybe , t h e c i v i l i zed E u ropean s h ad a l so b een

1 9f i c en tu ry t h a t t h e e l emen ta ry

l i ke t h e se n a t ive s i nt h e p a s t . Maybe , i no t he r

e vo lu t ion ism w a s d eve loped b y a u tho r s l i ke

w o rd s , t h e se s avage s r e p re sen ted s ome t ype

H e rbe r t S pence ra nd C ha r le s D a rw in . S pence r

o fp r ev iou s p ha se o r i n f e r io r o rde r o fh uman

w ou ld e mpha s ise t h e c u l tu ra l a spec t s , a nd

e x is tence , f r om w h ich t h e p r e sen t -day h uman

D a rw in t h e b i o log ica l ( Foucau l t , 2 00 1 [ 1 966 ] :

b e ing s h ad e vo lved .

1 5 1163 ; Nü i lez R u iz , 1 977 : 7 8 ; G rä s lund , 1 98 1 : 4 5 ;

A s ar e su l t o ft h i s c o lon ia l e ncoun te r a nd o f

L u l l & M icö ,

1 997 :

i d ea o f

10 a nd

J ohnson ,2 000 : 1 69 17 1) .

t h e i n te l lec tua l c ha l lenge t h a t i tp r e sen ted t o E u ropean

t h ough t

a t t h e

t i me ,

t h e

f i r s t

I tw a s t h e b i o log ica l e vo lu t ion ism o u t l ined b y

a n t iqua r ian s b egan t o i mag ine a v e ry d i s tan t

C ha r le s

p r eh is to r ic p a s t a nd , a t t h e s ame t ime , t o

q ue s t ioned t h e m ed ieva l C h r is t ian w o r ld v i ew

c on s ide r a n i d ea w h ich w a s f u ndamen ta l t o

t h a t h ad s u rv ived u n t i l w e l l i n to t h e 1 9 t h

t h e d i f f e ren t v e r s ion s o f s o c ia l o r c u l tu ra l

c en tu ry , a l though u ndoub ted ly t h roughou tt h e

e vo lu t ion ism ; n ame ly t h a t d i f f e r en t p eop le i n

1 9f i c en tu ry t h e re h ad b een c onf l ic t s b e tween

d i f f e ren t

s c ience a nd r e l ig ion a s ar e su l t o f s c ien t if ic

p a r t s

o f t h e

w o r ld

e xpe r ienced

D a rw in

( 1 809 1882 )

t h a t

t r u ly

s im i la r s oc ia l p roce s se s a nd c hange s . I n a

d eve lopmen t s d ur ing t h a t c en tu ry a nd t h e

s imp l if ied w ay , t h is i d ea w a s c once ived o fa s

w o rk o ft ho se a u tho r s w ho f a vou red a pp ly ing

t h e

t o

ap o s i t iv is t m e thodo logy t o t h e s t udy o f

" t he

n a tu re , w i th in t h e m a rg in s o f t h e d oc t r ine s

t r an s i t ion

" c iv i l iza t ion" ,

f r om b e tween

" s avage ry" " t hem"

a nd

E u ropean s" . H oweve r , t h e g r adua l p roce s s i n

a nd t r u th s s uppo sed ly r e vea led .

E u rope o fb ecom ing a wa re o ft h is r e a l i ty s t i l l d i d n o t r e qu i re a n e vo lu t ion i s t p e r spec t ive t o

I n o ppo s i t ion t o t h e s t r ic t ly s c ien t if ic d eba te

b e a dop ted ( T r igge r , 1 992 : 5 8 -62 ; G ue r r e ro ,

t h a t r e jec ted t h e g eo log ica l u s e o ft h e f l ood ,

1 997 : 1 9 ) .

o rt h e s i x -day p e r iod t oe xp la in t h e f o rma t ion o ft h e E a r th , t h e s o -ca l led B ib l ica l g eo log is t s

L a te r , t h e e n l igh tened p h i lo sophy o ft h e 1 8f i

m a in ta ine c

c en tu ry f o rmu la ted a n e vo lu t ion is t v i s ion o f

p a leon to log ica l

3 1

t h a t

s t ra t ig raph ic

e v idence

c ou ld

o n ly

a nd b e

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC ana ry I s land s

e xp la ined b y t h e s t o r ie s o ft h e f l ood a nd t h e

s t ruc tu re h ad b een e xam ined b y an a tu ra l is t , w ou ld h ave b een

c r ea t ion a nd t h a t a ny r e levan t g eo log ica l

c l a s sed a mong s tt h e Q uad rumana , a ss u re ly a st h e s t i l l mo re a nc ien t p r ogen i to r o f t h e O ld a nd N ew Wo r ld m onkey s [ Da rw in , 1 882 : 4 ] .

t h eo r ie s h ad t ob e p ropounded o n t h e b a s is o f s uch i n terp r e ta t ion s . B a s ica l ly , t h e d ef ende r s o f t h e se r e l ig iou s

u l t ramon tane

p o s i t ion s

d ogma t o p l ay

a k ey

r e qu i red r o le

i n D a rw in a l so l o ca ted m an 's o r ig in s i nA f r ica ,

e ve ry th ing , e ven t h e h i s to r ica l i n terp re ta t ion

b ecau se

o fn a tu r e( Dan ie l , 1 973 : 2 9 -33 ; P e layo , 1 988 ) .

T he f a c t t h a t t h ey b e longed t o t h is s t ock c l ea r ly s hew s t h a tt h ey i n hab i ted t h e O ld Wo r ld ; b u t n o t A u s t ra l ia n o r a ny o cean ic i s land , a sw e m ay i n f e rf r om t h e l aw s o f g eog raph ica l d i s t r ibu t ion [ Da rw in , 1 882 : 5 ]

I n t h e c a se o f D a rw in , t h e E ng l i sh s c ien t i s t h ad a r gued i nh i s w o rk T he O r ig in o fS pec i e s , p ub l ished i n 1 859 , t h a t m an 's b ody s t ruc tu r e w a s s im i la rt ot h a to fo t he rm amma l s , a sw e re h i s

m u sc le s ,

n e rve s ,

b l ood

v e s se ls

a nd

i n te rna l o rgan s . H e a l so m a in ta ined t h a t t h is

D a rw in t h e ref o r e s h if t ed m ank ind ' s p l a ce o f

s pec ie s r e p roduced i na n i d en t ica l w ay t oa l

o r ig in t h a t w a s l o ca ted a cco rd ing t ot h e B ib le

o t he r m amma ls a nd t h a t man , l i ke o t he r

i n

a n ima l s , h ad t o b e r a ndom ly e xpo sed t o t h e

N eve r the le s s , h e s uppo r ted monogen i sm , a s

s t rugg le f o r s u rv iva l a nd , t h e r ef o re , t o t h e

t h e H o ly S c r ip tu re s d i d , b y a ff i rm ing t h a t a l

r i go rou s l aw s o f n a tu ra l s e lec t ion . Among s t

t h e e x i s t ing h uman r a ce s r e semb led e ach

a l t h e p r inc ip le s h e d ef ended , t h e o ne t h a t

o t he r o n av a s t n umbe r o f p o in t s , w h ich

t r u ly d ef ied t h e r u le s o ft h e C hu r ch w a s t h e

i mp l ied t h a tt h ey c ame f r om t h es ame l i neage .

t h e

N ea r

E a s t ,

t o

t h is

c on t inen t .

c l a im t h a t m an w a s d e scended f r om t h e a pe s . A s h ep o in ted o u t ,

A no the r p r inc ip le d ef ended b y D a rw in w h ich w a s o fp r ime i mpo r tance t o t h e d eve lopmen t

B y c on s ide r ing t h e e mb ryo log ica l s t ruc tu r e o f m an ,— the h omo log ie s w h ich h e p r e sen t s w i th t h e l owe r a n ima ls ,— the r ud imen t s w h ich h e r e ta in s , —and t h e r e ve r s ion s t o w h ich h e i s l i ab le , w e c an p a r t ly r e ca l l i n i mag ina t ion t h e f o rme r c ond i t ion o f o u r e a r ly p r og en i to r s ;a nd c a n a pp rox ima te ly p l ace t h em i nt h e i r p rope r p l ace i nt h e z oo log ica l s e r ie s . We t h u s l e a rn t h a t m an i sd e scended f r om a h a iry , t a i led q uad ruped , p r obab ly a r bo rea l i n i t s h ab i t s , a nd a n i n hab i tan t o f t h e O ld Wo r ld . T h is c r ea tu re , i fi t sw ho le

o fa r cha eo logy , w a s h i s c l a im t h a t t h e h uman r a ce s

w e r e

r e spon s ib le

f o r

t h e ir

e x t inc t ion . T hu s , a cco rd ing t oh im , A nc ien t m onumen t s a nd s t one i mp lemen t s f o und i na l p a r t s o f t h e w o r ld , a bou t w h ich n o t r ad i t ion h a s b een p r e se rved b y t h e p r e sen t i n hab i tan t s , i n d ica te m uch e x t inc t ion . S ome s ma l l a nd b r oken t r ibe s , r emnan t s o f f o rme r r a ce s , s t i l l s u rv ive i n i s o l a t ed a nd g ene r a l ly moun ta inou s d i s t r ic t s [ Da rw in , 1 882 : 1 8 1]

3 2

o wn

E u rop ean a rchaeo logy a nd p hy s ica la n thropo logy i nt h e C ana ry I s land s T h i s s e r ie s o f a pp roache s c ha l lenged t h e

U zo igwe , 1 987 : 4 4 -45 ; B a r ro s , 1 990 : 1 60 ;

B ib l ica l t e x t , w h ich w a s —a sw e h ave a l ready

T r igge r ,

s t a ted —t h e s c ien t if ic m anua l t h a to rde red a nd

Q ue ro l , 2 00 1 : 4 5 -46 ; O r t iz , 2 00 1 : 2 74 a nd

p o la r ized

B lanckae r t , 2 00 1 a: 1 4 ) . I n t h i s c on tex t , w e

p a leon to log ica l ,

b i o log ica l

a nd

1 992 :

17 ; J ohn son , 2 000 :

1 7 1 ;

a n th ropo log ica l k now ledge t o ag r ea t e x ten t

s hou ld

u n t i l w e l l i n to t h e 1 9t h c en tu ry .T he c onf l ic to f

D a rw in , w hen c i v i l i sed n a t ion s c ome i n to

i n te re s t s t h u s e ngende r ed f a vou r ed t h e u se o f

c on tac t w i th b arbar ian s t h e s t rugg l e i ss hor t ,

a r chaeo logy i n t h e s e a r ch f o r a r gumen t s t o

e xcep tw he re ad ead ly c l ima te g i ve s i t s a id t o

s uppo r t e i the r s i de i n t h e i r d eba te a s t o

t h e

w he the r i tw a s e vo lu t ion i sm o r G ene s i s t h a t

c i v i l i sa t ion s eems t o b e am o s t i mpor tan t

p r ov ided a m o re t r u s two r thy a n swe r t o t h e

e l emen t i nt h e s ucce s s o fc ompe t ing n a t ion s .

q ue s t ion o f t h e o r ig in s o f h uman i ty . W i th in

A f ew

a r chaeo logy , i tw a s P a laeo l i th ic a r chaeo logy ,

i n road s o fE a s tern b a rbar ian s ; n ow a ny s uch

c ha rged w i th i n ve s t iga t ing i s sue s r e la ted t o

f ea rw ou ld b e r i d icu lou s ( Da rw in , 1 882 : 1 82 -

b ea r

i n m ind

n a t ive

r ace

c en tu r ie s

t h a t ,

.T he

a go

a cco rd ing

g rad e

o f

t o

t h e i r

E urope f ear ed t h e

t h e o r ig in s o fm ank ind , t h a t e xpe r ienced t h e

1 83 ) .

m o s t s i gn if ican t l e ve l o f d eve lopmen t , s i nce

c on tempo ra ry e xp lana t ion s o fS pence r i nh i s

t h e se p rob lem s w e re o fc r uc ia l i mpo r tance t o

S oc io logy , i nw h ich t h e a u tho r d ef ended t h e

t h e e n t ir e s c ien t if ic c ommun i ty a s ar e su l t o f

s u rv iva l o ft h e f i t te s t , e n su red t h e s ucce s s o f

t h e c on t rove r s ie s b e tween t h e e vo lu t ion is t s

t h e s oc ia l a spec t s o f D a rw in i sm ( Que ro l ,

a nd t h ec r ea t ion is t s ' .

2 00 1 : 4 8 ) .

I nt h e c onc re te c a se s o fE ng land a nd F rance ,

T he ref o re , P a laeo l i th ic a r chaeo logy w a s s oon

w he r e P a la eo l i th ic a r ch a eo logy h ad d eve loped

a f ec ted b y t h e c on t rove r s ie s t h a t a ccompan ied

s ub s tan t ia l ly , t h e f i rm b e l ief i n p rog re s s —

D a rw in 's w o rk , a nd s t rong ly i n f luenced b y

c om ing s oon a f te r t h e i n nova t ion s o f t h e

t h e

I n du s t r ia l R evo lu t ion —g ua ran teed aw e lcome

e vo lu t ion .

f o r e vo lu t ion is t i d ea s w h ich , i n ac e r ta in

a r cha eo logy w ou ld a ppea rf o rt h e f i r s tt ime i n

s e n se , l e g i t im ised t h e d eve lopmen t o f s ome

1 865 , w hen t h e E ng l i sh b anke r a nd n a tu ra l i s t

n a t ion s o ve ro t he r s a nd ,a sw ew i l l l a te rs how ,

J ohn

E u ropean s uper io r i ty a nd i t s r i s ing c o lon ia l

D a rw in 's

d om ina t ion o ve rA f r ica ( Nü t iez R u iz , 1 977 : 9 ;

p r eh is to r ic a r cha eo logy

S uch

c oncep t s

r e inf o rced

e me rg ing

T he

L ubbock

h i s tor ic A s M aA ng e l sQ ue ro lh a sp o in t ed o u t( 2 00 1 : 5 7 5 8 ) , t h e p o s s ib i l i ty —t h a t m a y s e em r emo t e t ou s n owaday s —o fc on s id e r ing G en e s i s a s ap i e ce o f s c ien t if i c w r i t ing h a s a lwa y s b e en p r e s en t i n S pan i sh c on t empo ra r y h i s to r iog r aphy . T h i s o bv iou s ly s h ow s h ow d e ba t e b e tw e en t h e s c ien t if ic a nd r e l ig iou s p o s i t ion s s u r v ived i n to t h e 2 0t hc e n tu r y .

i d ea s ,

v i s ion

T ime s .

o u t

n ame

o f

h uman

t h e

o f b i o log ica l

o f

( 1834 19 13 )

b y

P a laeo l i th ic

i n co rpo ra ted n a tu re

i n to

i n h i s b ook P re -

A cco rd ing

t o

L ubbock ,

mode rn p r im i t ive s oc ie t ie sc ou ld s hed l i gh to n t h e b ehav iou r o f p r eh is to r ic h uman b e ing s . I nf luenced

b y

u n i la te ra l

a nd

c u l tu ra l

e vo lu t ion ism a nd a pp ly ing t h e p r inc ip le s o f g eo log ica l

3

s t ra t ig raphy

t o

p r eh is to ry ,

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo log yi nt h e C anary I s land s

L ubbock d i v ided t h e S tone A ge i n to t h e

d a ta a nd b y u s ing s e r ia t ion a nd s t ra t ig raphy

P a laeo l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic e r a s a nd t h e Me ta l

( K l ind t Jen sen ,

A ge i n to t h e B ronze Age a nd t h e I r on A ge 2.

G rä s lund , 1 98 1) .

I n h a rmony w i th

FR ENCH

t ho se o f t h e ( 1788 1865 )

L ubbock 's s t ud ie s w e re

D ane C h r is t ian w ho ,

i n 1 836 ,

1 98 1;

K r is t iansen ,

A RCH AEOLOGY

A ND

1 98 1;

P HYS ICAL

J . T homsen

A NTHROPO LOGY A S AF RAME OF R EFERENCE

e s tab l ished a

F OR N INETEENTH-C ENTURY CA N AR IAN ST UD IES

c hrono log ica l s equence f o r D an ish p r eh is to ry , b a sed o n h i s o wn w o rk o n s e r ia t ion a nd

I n t h e c a se o f t h e F rench , t h e s t ra t ig raph ic

r e la t ive c hrono logy t h a t l e d h im t od e f ine f i ve

e xcava t ion

e vo lu t iona ry s t age s : t h e F i r s t S tone A ge , t h e

A bbev i l le i n 1 837 b y t h e p ionee r o f F r ench

S econd S tone A ge , t h e B ronze A ge a nd t h e

p r eh is to ry , B ouche r C revecoeu r d e P e r the s

I r on A ge , w i th t h e l a t te r s ubd iv ided i n to t wo

( 1788 1868 ) ,

p e r iods a cco rd ing t o d eco ra t ion ' . T he s ame

p ub l ished i n 1 860 , i n augu ra ted a p ha se i n

may b e s a id o ft h e w o rk o ft h e G ermans L i sch

p r eh is to r ic s c ience t ha t w a s c ha rac te r ized b y

( 1832 ) a nd D ane i l ( 1825 1838 ) , t h e S co t sman

t h e d i scove ry o fa n ted i luv ian m an 4.H oweve r ,

D an ie l W i lson ( 18 16 1892 ) w ho , i n 1 851 ,

t h e ma in a dvance s i nP a laeo l i th ic a r chaeo logy

w a s

w hen

t ook p l ace a f te r 1 860 , w hen t h e n umbe r o f

S co t t ish

p r eh is to r ic e xcava t ions i n c rea sed . T he r e su l t s

i n sp ired

b y

r eo rgan iz ing t h e S oc ie ty

o f

T homsen 's a r tef ac t s

A n t iqua r ians ,

mode l

o f t h e a nd

t h e

S w iss

o f t h e se

o f t h e

a r chaeo log ica l

w hose

d i scove r ies

r e su l t s

w e re

s i te

w ere

p ub l ished

o f

l a te r

a nd

F e rd inand K e l le r ( 1800 188 1) . T he w o rk o f

d i s sem ina ted t h roug h t h e R evue A rchjo log ique

a l l

a n

a nd p a r t icu la r r e levance w a s p l aced o n t h e

o rgan iza t iona l s chema w ho se mos t i mpo r tan t

d i scove r ie s f r om t h e r i ve rt e r race s i nt h e n o r th

f e a tu re s

o f t h e c oun t ry ( Aya rzagüena , 1 992 : 4 5 -49 ;

t h e se

a u tho r s

w e re

t h e

w a s

m a te r ia l

b a sed

b a s is

o n

o f t h e

a r tef ac t s a nd t h e c apac i ty t o d eve lop r e la t ive

S chnapp ,

c h rono log ies o n t h e b a s is o f a r chaeo log ica l

2 00 1 a:1 90 196 ) . T he mo s t r e levan to ft h e se —

1 999 :

2 99 -303 ;

G ran -Ayme r ich ,

p a r t icu la r ly b ecau se o f t h e r epe rcu ss ions i t

L ubbock 's i d ea s w e re c l o se ly r e la ted t ot h o se o f Sm i th a nd L ye l l ( 1830 ) i nt h e f i e ld o fg eo logy , s o t h a t i t c ou ld b e s ugge s ted t h a t a r chaeo log ica l l e ve ls c on ta ined s pec if ic o b jec t s i ne ve ry s t ra tum , a nd t h a t t h ese f o ss i ls c ou ld b e u sed t o i d en t if y d epo s i t s w i th t h e s ame c h rono logy i no t he r p l ace s ( Ha r r is , 1 99 1 : 2 6 ) . 3 I n c onnec t ion w i th L ubbock 's i nf luence o n t h e D an ish a u tho r s , i ts hou ld b e r emembe red t h a t t h e E ng l ish s cho la r , i n sp i red b y Wo r saae a nd o t he r c on t inen ta l a r chaeo log is t s , h ad v i s i ted D enma rk i n t h e 1 860s w i th t h e a im o fg a the r ing m a te r ia l f o r h i s P reh i s tor ic T imes . T he b ook , i nf a c t , w a s v e ry s ucce s sf u l i n S cand inav ia a nd w a s t r an s la ted t o D an ish i n 1 874 , u nde r t h e f o l low ing t i t le : Menne ske t id en f orb i s tor iske T id ( K l ind t Jensen , 1 98 1 : 1 7 ) . 2

w ou ld h ave f o r t h e f o re ign a nd C ana r ian i n te l lec tua ls w ho s t ud ied t h e p reh is to ry o ft h e I n 1 859 B ouche r d e P e r the s w a s v i s i ted i n A bbev i l le b y t h e E ng l ishmen J o seph P re s tw ich ( 18 12 1896 ) , J ohn E vans ( 1823 -1908 )a nd C ha r le s L ye l l ( 1797 1875 ) —a l l o ft h em m embe r s o ft h e L ondon G eo log ica l S oc ie ty — w ho w e re i n a g reemen t a s t o t h e a u then t ic i ty o f A bbev i l le 's d i scove r ie s . T he se d ec la ra t ions f r om t h e E ng l ish h ad s uch a n i mpac t t h a t F rench s cho la r s f i na l ly a ccep ted B ouche r d e P e r the s ' a rgumen t s a nd , t h e ref o re , t h e e x is tence o f f o s s i l m an ( Dan ie l , 1 973 : 3 9 -4 1; S chnapp , 1 999 : 3 14 ; G ran A yme r ich ,2 00 1 : 1 94 ) .

4

3 4

E uropean a rchaeo logy a nd p hy s ica la n thropo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s C ana ry A rch ipe lago —o ccur red i n1 868 , w hen

c r an iome t r ica l

L ou is L a r te t ( 1840 1899 ) d i scove red a t t h e

C ampe r i n 1 764 a nd 1 770 r e spec t ive ly , w ho

C ro -Magnon s i te ( Le s E yz ie s , D o rdogne ) t h e

d eve loped t h e a ng les a nd p ro jec t ions m e thod

r ema ins o ff i ve m embe r s o ft h is r a ce . A rmed

t ha t e nab led t h em t ot ake e xac t mea su remen t s

w i th

s t ud ie s

o ft h e s ku l l . T h is me thod w ou ld l a te r b e u sed

s ub sequen t ly c a r r ied o u t a imed t o d e term ine

b y a n th ropo log is t s i n te re s ted i n c ompa ra t ive

h ow l o ng h uman b e ing s h ad b een i nt h e a r ea ,

a na tomy .

t h is

m a te r ia l

e v idence ,

t h e

s t ud ie s

o f

D auben ton

a nd

a nd i f e vo lu t ion is t c ha rac te r is t ic s c ou ld b e d e tec ted i nt h e P a laeo l i th ic p e r iod . H oweve r ,

N eve r the le s s , t h e b eg inn ing s o fa n th ropo logy

i tw a s n o t u n t i l 1 867 t ha tt h ee ng inee rG ab r ie l

—a tl e a s t f r om a n i n s t i tu t iona l p o in t o fv i ew —

d e Mor t i l le t ( 18211898 ) d eve loped as y s tem

d a te f r om 1 859 , w hen t h e a n thropo log is t P au l

s im i la rt o L ubbock 's t od ef ine f ou r a ge s : t h e

B roca

C a rved S tone Age , t h e P o l ished S tone Age ,

d 'An thropo log ie ,

t h e B ronze Age a nd t h eI r on Age .

i mpor tan t g roup o fa n th ropo log is t s i n c lud ing

( 1824 1880 )

A rmand

f ounded

b r ing ing

d e

Qua t ref age s

t h e

S oc id li '

t oge the r

a n

( 1810 1892 ) ,

T he y ea r 1 867 , i n f a c t , r ep re sen ted a h igh

Mor t i l le t , T op ina rd a nd o the r s w ho v o iced

p o in t

t h e ir i d ea s t h rough t he B u l le t ins d e l aS oc ij t

i n

F rench

p reh i s to ry ,

w hen

a

c omm is s ion p re s ided o ve r b y E . L a r te t , w i th

d 'An thropo log i e o r t h e R evue d 'An thropo log ie ,

Mo r t i l le t

t h e

e xh ib i t ion

a s

t he

o f

s ec re ta ry ,

p reh is to r ic

o rgan ized o b jec t s

a t

a n t h e

l a t te r

p ub l ished

f r om

1 872

o nwa rd s ,

i n dependen t ly o ft h eS oc ie ty o f An thropo logy .

U n ive r sa l E xh ib i t ion i n P a r is . A t t he s ame t ime ,

t he

f i r s t

I n terna t iona l

C ong re ss

o f

B y 1 865 a nd 1 875 B roca h ad a l ready c ar ied

An th ropo logy a nd P reh is to r ic A rchaeo logy

o u t h i s f i r s t m e thodo log ica l s t ud ie s o f t h e

t ook p lace a nd t he

d if e r en t

Mu seum o f Na t iona l

r a ce s ,

g a the r ing t o ge the r a n th ropo -

An t iqu i t ie s i nS a in t -Germa in -en -Laye o pened

me t r ica l t e chn iques t ha t p rov ided a g rea t

i t s d oo r s ( Dan ie l , 1 973 : 4 1-43 a nd 1 986 : 6 0 -

i mpe tu s f o r a n th ropo logy . A cco rd ing t o t h is

6 8 ,9 0 108 ; S ch i l le r , 1 979 : 1 54 ;A lc ina , 1 989 :

a u tho ra nd Qua t ref age s , t h e s t udy o ft h e r a ce s

1 7 19 ; T r igge r , 1 992 : 9 7 -100 ) .

h ad

t o

i n c lude

c ha rac te r is t ic s

t ha t

w e re

b roade r t han j u s t t he p hys ica l a nd i tw a s H oweve r ,

t h e

a r chaeo logy

d eve loped

i n T h i s p r e suppo sed a c l o se r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h r e e d i s c ip l ine s : p r eh i s to r y , p hy s ica l a n th ropo logy a nd e t hno logy , w h ich w e r e c on s ide r ed t ob e n o t o n ly t h e b a s is o f t h e o t he r s o c ia l a nd h uman s c ience s( h i s to ry , s o c io logy , p s ycho logy , e t c . ) , b u t a l so t h e l i nk b e tween t h e se d i sc ip l ine s a nd t h e n a tu ra l s c ience s , w i th a n th ropo logy p r ov id ing t h e c l o se s t l i nk b e cau s e o fi t ss c ien t if ic n a tu r e ( i n t h e p o s i t iv i s t s e n s e) a nd b ecau se i tf o l lowed t h e s ame m e t hod s( o fc l a s s i f ic a t ion ,e xp e r im en t a t ion ,t e chn ique s u s ed ,e t c . )( O r t iz ,2 00 1 : 2 74 ) .

F rance c anno tb e u nde r s tood i ni s o la t ion f r om a n th ropo logy 5,

a nd

i n

p a r t icu la r

t h e

I ts hou ld b e r emembe r ed t h a t d u r ing t h e 1 9t h c en t u ry a nd a tt h e b eg inn ing o ft h e 2 0t h c e n tu ry , t h e c oncep t o fa n th ropo logy a st h e g ene ra l s t udy o f m an a nd o f v a r ia t ion i nh uman g r oup s , b o th s ynch ron ica l ly a nd d i a ch ron ica l ly a nd i np hy s ica l a nd c u l tu ra l t e rms , h ad s p read t h roughou tE u rope . 5

3 5

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

f e a s ib le t o make a d i s t inc t ion b e tween t wo

a dop ted

r a ces o n t h e b a s is o fc ha rac te r , e ven i fi tn o t

a pp roach t os t udy ing t h e i nd igenou s C ana r ian

v e ry s i gn if ican t , t h a t c ou ld b e i n he r i ted a nd

p eop le

w a ss uf i c ien t ly s t ab le o ve rs eve ra l g ene ra t ions .

T r igge r h a s p o in ted o u t ( 1992 : 8 9 , 1 02 & 17 ) ,

F rom

t h is

p o in t

c ha rac te r is t ic s i mpor tan t ,

o f

w e re

d ue

t o

v i ew ,

c ons ide red t h e ir

w e re

mo s t

r e la t ive ly

( Es t6 /ez ,

w ho le sa le a s t h e ma in

1 987 :

i t i s i mpor tan t

9 9 124 ) .

t o

s t re s s

A s

B .

t h a t

t h e

a r chaeo logy a nd a n th ropo logy o f t h is p e r iod

p hys ica l t h e

r a c io logy

r e spec ted

d eve loped

s t ab le

i n

b ecau se

t h ey

h ad

F rance

a nd

b een

E ng land ,

d u ra t ion , w he rea s c u l tu ra l o ne s w e re s ub jec t

i n te rna t iona l c en t re s f o r p o l i t ica l , e conom ic

t o mod if ica t ions . Mo reove r , t h e r a c io logy a nd

a nd c u l tu ra l d eve lopmen t a tt h e t ime . D ue t o

e vo lu t ion ism

i t s

Q ua t ref age s , E u ropean

d eve loped l i ke

t h e

b y

B roca

m a jo r i ty

a n th ropo log is t s ,

o f

h ad

a nd

p r e s t ige ,

P a laeo l i th ic

a r chaeo logy

t h e ref o re p rov ided a mode l f o r t h e s t udy o f

o t he r

p os t -Pa laeo l i th ic

c l ea r ly

p r eh is to ry

i n

We s tern

e t hnocen t r ic i mp l ica t ion s . E u ropean p eop le ,

E u rope . O f n o l e s s i mpo r tance w a s t h e f a c t

n a t ions a nd " r ace s" r ep re sen ted t h e p innac le

t ha t

o f c i v i l iza t ion 's p rog re s s a nd a ch ievemen t s ,

o u t l ined

w he rea s o t he r r a ce s a nd p eop le s o ccup ied t h e

p reem inence , a st h e re w a s as uppo sed ly c l ea r

l owe r r ung s o f al o ng l a dde r t h a t t ha t l e d

c on t ra s t b e tween E u ropean c i v i l iza t ion a nd

a lways t o t h e O ld C on t inen t . I ts hou ld c ome

t h e l e s s t e chno log ica l ly d eve loped s oc ie t ie s .

a s n o s u rp r ise , t h e ref o re , t ha t a n th ropo logy

H is p o s i t ion w a s n o t o n ly a t t rac t ive t o t he

w a s c once ived o fa s as c ience p o l i t ique a nd

B r i t ish , b u t a l so i n f luenced t h e i n te rp re ta t ion

t ha t t h e re w a s a c onnec t ion b e tween t h e

o f a r chaeo log ica l

q ue s t ion

E u rope

o f c o lon ia l

d om ina t ion

a nd

t h e

t h e

v e r s ion b y

o f c u l tu ra l

L ubbock

a nd

e vo lu t ion ism

f a vou red

d a ta

b eyond .

a r chaeo logy

E u ropean

i n o the r p a r t s I n

c on t ra s t ,

i n i t ia ted

b y

o f t he

t h eo re t ica l p roduc t ion o ft h e F rench s cho la r s

p reh is to r ic

t h e

( Sch i l le r , 1 979 : 1 32 135 ; H aou i , 1 993 : 5 1 ;

S cand inav ians a nd l a te r b y t h e Sw i s s a nd t h e

B lanckae r t , 2 00 1 a:1 6 19 ; S ibeud , 2 00 1 : 1 78 ) .

S co t s w a s i g no red b y t h e E ng l ish a nd F rench , w ho w e re o pposed t o f o l low ing t h e e xamp le

T h is v a s t p ro jec t i n i t ia ted b y t h e F rench

o f c o l league s f r om a p e r iphe ra l c oun t ry l i ke

a n th ropo log is t s e ven tua l ly made t h e i r c oun t ry

D enma rk . F rench a nd E ng l ish i n te l lec tua ls

a n o b l iga to ry r e f e rence p o in t f o r E u ropean

t h e ref o re f o cu sed e s sen t ia l ly o n t h e s t udy o f

a n th ropo log is t s . T he ref o re , t h e c on tac ts t h a t

a r tef ac t s a s m e re d a t ing e l emen t s a nd a s

c e r ta in C ana r ian a u tho r s s uch a s G rego r io

e v idence

C h i l yN a ran jo o r J uan B e thencour t A lf on so

b o the r ing t o s t udy h ow h uman b e ing s h ad

m a in ta ined

l i ved

w i th

n i ne teen th -cen tu ry

F rance C ana r ian

m ean t

t h a t

o f

i n

c u l tu ra l

t h e ir

C onsequen t ly ,

a n th ropo logy ,

e vo lu t ion ,

p r eh is tor ic

i n t h e

p r inc ip le s

e nv i ronmen t . I s land s o f

t h e

f o l low ing t h e m e thodo logy a nd t h eo re t ica l

a s s im i la t ion

p r inc ip le s o f F rench p hys ica l a n th ropo logy ,

P a laeo l i th ic a r chaeo logy — a s ar e s t I to f t h e

3 6

o f t h e

C ana ry

w i thou t

F rench

E u ropean a rchaeo log ya nd p hy s ica la n thropo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s b ond s e s tab l ished b y C h i l yN a ran jo a nd

C on sequ en t ly ,t h et h eo r e t ica la nd m e thodo log ica l

B e thencour t A lf onso w i th F r ench a cadem ic s

g u ide l ine s d eve loped i nG e rman a r chaeo logy

—m ean t t h a t a r tef a c t s w e re a l so c on s ide red

a nd a n th ropo logy d i d n o t h ave s uch a d eep

" key p i ece s" w hen e xp la in ing t h e c u l tu ra l

e f f ec to n t h e C ana r ian a cadem ic w o r ld , w h ich

e vo lu t ion o f t h e I s land s . Y e t , w he rea s i n

w a s mo re o pen a nd r e cep t ive t o t h e F r ench

E ng land

s c ien t if ic

a nd

F rance t h e

s c a rc i ty

o f t h e

e nv ironmen t .

V a r iou s

f a c to r s

a r chaeo log ica l d a ta h ad l e d a r chaeo log is t s t o

i n f luenced t h is s i tua t ion : t h e c on ta c t b e tween

r e so r t t o c onc lu s ion s r e ached b y p hy s ica l

C ana r ian a nd F rench s c ho la r s ; t h e l a nguage

a n th ropo log is t s , l i ngu is t s a nd e t hno log is t s o n

b a r r ie r ,

t h e

i n te l lec tua ls s poke G e rman 6;a nd t h e e a r ly

a s sump t ion

t h a t

e t hno logy

r e vea led

s i nce

h a rd ly

a ny

C ana r ian

a lmo s t e ve ry th ing t h ey w an ted t ok now a bou t

r e la t ion sh ip

p r eh is to r ic t ime s , i nt h e C ana ry I s land s i tw a s

G uanche s a nd t h e C ro -Magnon t ype a nd ,

p hy s ica l

c on sequen t ly ,

a n th ropo logy

a nd

t h e

a c tua l

e s tab l ished

w i th

t h e

b e tween

F r ench

t h e

p r eh is to r ic

c h ron ic le s a nd e t hno -h i s to r ica l s ou r ce s t h a t

e nv i ronmen t . T he ref o r e , t h e w o rk s o fa u tho r s

c omp lemen ted

a nd

l i ke F ranz v on L öhe r , H an s Meye r o r F e l ix

a n th ropo log ica l i n f o rma t ion . F o r t h a t r e a son ,

v on L u schan o n t h e C ana r ie s w e re u nknown

t h e a r chaeo logy d eve loped i n t h e C ana ry

t oa lmo s t a l C ana r ian a cadem ic s . O n ly s ome

I s land s w a s c l o se t o t h a t w h ich h ad b een

a u tho r s f r om t h e I s land s r e f e r red t ot h em —a s

d eve loped

n o

w e w i l l h ave t h e o cca s ion t op o in t o u t —b u t

t h eo re t ica l o r m e thodo log ica l a ff in i t ie s w i th

w i thou t d eve lop ing ac r i t ica l r e ad ing o ft h e ir

t h ea r chaeo logy d eve loped i nD enma rk .

w o rk s , a n a spec t d oub t le s s i nf luenced b y a

t h e

i n

a r chaeo log ica l

F rance ,

b u t

r e vea led

l a ck o fk now ledge o ft h eG e rman l a nguage ' . GE RM AN

A RCH AEO LOGY

A NTHROPO LOGY S TUD IES

OF

I N

THE

A ND

P HY S ICAL

R ega rd ing t h e m a in p r inc ip le s o f G e rman

N INETEENTH -CENTURY

a r chaeo logy , a nd i nc on t ra s tt ot h o se o b se rved

I ND IGENOU S

CA N AR IAN

i nF rance ,t h e s t ud ie so n p r eh i s to ry d eve loped

W ORLD

b y

G e rman

i nf luenced A no the r k ey E u ropean e nv i ronmen t i n t h e

w a s G e rmany .

a nd a n th ropo log ica l

s t ud ie s

H oweve r , u n l ike t h e F r ench

e nv i ronmen t , i t s i mpo r tance d i d n o t o r ig ina te f r om s c ien t if ic c on ta c t b e tween C ana r ian a nd G e rman i n te l lec tua l s , b u t r a the r f r om t h e d i r ec t i n vo lvemen t o f t h e G e rman s cho la r s t h em se lve s

i n s t ud ie s

o f t h e

e t hno logy ,

w e r e d ue

s t rong ly t o

t h e ir

T he b i b l iog raph ie s u s ed b y t h e n i ne t een th c e n tu r y C ana r ian a u tho r s a r ea ni n d ica t ion o ft h i s , s i n c e a n a b sence o f w o rk s w r i t t en i n G e rman f e a t u r e s c o n s t a n t ly , i nc o n t r a s t t ot h e p r edom ina nce o ft h o se w r i t t en i nE ng l i sh o rF r ench . W e s h ou ld a l so n o t e t h a t t h e r e w a s av e ry l ow r a te o f c i r cu la t ion o fG e rma np ub l ica t ion si nt h eC a na r ie s a s t h ey w e r e m a in ly p r in t ed i n m aga z ine s t h a t w e r eu nknown t ot h eC ana r ian a c ad em ic w o r ld . 7 A n e xamp le o ft h i s c a n b ef o und i nt h ew o rk o f G r ego r io C h i l yN a ran jo ( 1 876 ) , a st h e C ana r ia n a u tho r k new o f F r a nz v on L öhe r ' s w o rk o n t h e C ana r ie s n o t f r om t h e o r ig ina l G e rman t e x t , b u t f r om t h e r e v iew s ( i n F r ench ) t h a t P au l B roca w ro t ef o rt h eR evu ed ' An th ropo log i e .

6

d eve lopmen t o f n i ne teen th -cen tu ry C ana r ian a r chaeo log ica l

b y

h i s to r ian s

i n d igenou s

C ana r ian w o r ld .

3 7

,

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

c onv ic t ion t h a t c ompa ra t ive e t hno logy w ou ld

I n t h e c a se o f b o th G ermany a nd F rance ,

e nab le t h em t o i d en t if y t h e o r ig in s o fh uman

a n th ropo log ica l

b ehav iou r . I n t h is s ense , t h e c on t r ibu t ion o f

p r eh is to r ic

a u tho r s l i ke G eo rg F o r s te r ( 1754 1794 ) , t h e

d eve loped i n F rance b y B ouche r d e P e r the s ,

f ounde r

E . L a r te t a nd G . d e Mo r t i l le t w a s f o l lowed

o f

c ompa ra t ive

e t hno logy

a nd

s t ud ie s e ven tua l ly a f f ec ted

s t ud ie s

a s

w e l l .

T he

w o rk

g eog raphy , o rJ ohann Go t tf r ied H e rde r( 1744 -

w i th p a r t icu la r a t ten t ion i nG ermany , s i nce i t

1 803 ) ,

i n f ormed t h em t h a t t h e o r ig in s o f h uman i ty

w ho

f o cu sed

o n

p reh is to r ic

o r

h i s to r ica l s t ud ie s t h rough d i sc ip l ine s f r om t h e

c ou ld b e r e la ted t o ad i s tan tg eo log ica l p a s t . I t

h uman i t ie s

s uch

a s

h i s to ry

l aw

a nd

o f

( V o lk skund e ) ,

w a s

G erman ,

p h i lo logy ,

w a s J . J . Wo r saae ( 18211885 ) w ho w a s

n a t iona l

e t hno logy

r e spon s ib le f o r d emons t ra t ing t h is ,

c ruc ia l .

T h is

c oncep t

n o r th

o f J u t land

( Denma rk )

w he re

i n t h e l a rge

w ou ld r ema in f i rm ly r oo ted a mong s t G e rman

q uan t i t ie s o f mo l lu sc s a nd o t he r c r u s taceans

a cadem ic s d u r ing t h e 1 9t h c en tu ry a nd ag ood

w e r e f ound f a r a way f r om t h e b eache s a nd

d ea l

s t ee r ing

a bove s ea l e ve l , m ixed w i th s t one a r tef ac t s ,

a p h i lo log ica l specu la t ive

c e ram ic s a nd a n ima l b one s ( Ko s sack , 1 992 :

d i rec t ion a nd a way f r om i t s l i nk s w i th t h e

7 9 ) . H oweve r , i nc on t ra s t t o F rench p hys ica l

n a tu ra l s c ience s ( Ko ssack ,

1 992 : 7 5 ) . T he

a n th ropo logy , t h e G erman v a r ian t w a s o n ly

G e rman h i s to r ian s a l so h oped t h a t a r chaeo logy

m onog en is ta f t e ri th ad b ecome i n s t i tu t iona l ized

w ou ld a l low t h em t or e cons t ruc tt h e p roce s se s

a nd i tw a s f o rmed f r om s eve ra l s c ien t if ic

t h a t h ad , s i nce p reh i s to r ic t ime s , c on t r ibu ted

t r ad i t ion s , n ame ly m ed ica l a nd c ompa ra t ive

t owa rd s t h e d eve lopmen t o f t h e p eop le a nd

a na tomy , c r an io logy , a n th ropome t ry ,g eog raphy ,

t r ibes w ho h ad f ounded t h e G erman n a t ion :

e t hno logy a nd l i ngu is t ic s , a r chaeo logy a nd

t h e G e rmans , C e l t s a nd S lays .

I n t h is w ay ,

h i s to ry , a nd g eo logy a nd p a laeon to logy . I t

a r chaeo logy w a s u sed t o p rov ide ah i s to ry o f

w a s o n ly d u r ing t h e 1 860s t h a t i tb egan t o

t h e n a t ion f r om t h e t ime w hen w r i t ten s ou rce s

s e t t le d own i n to a n i n dependen t d i sc ip l ine

w e re ,

o b jec t ive ,

w i th a s pec if ic m e thodo logy ( Ma s s in , 1 996 :

n ever the le s s , w a s a lmo s t i mpos s ib le , s i nce t h e

8 2 ) . I nf a c t , b y t h e e nd o ft h e d ecade , i n1 869 ,

c hrono log ie s w e re u nknown a nd , i na dd i t ion ,

t h e

i t

( 182 11902 )

o f

t he

a r chaeo logy

a s

w a s

r e cogn ize

f o l low ing

i n

y e t ,

u nknown .

o ne ,

T h is

a r chaeo log ica l ly

i mpo ss ib le

o r

e t hn ic

i d en t if y

t he

t o

g roup s .

B e r l in a n th ropo log is t h ad

u nd U rg e sch ich te .

C e l t s o r S lays t h e a r tef ac t s o n ly h ad a n

s oc ie ty

i lu s t ra t ive p urpose . D ue t o a n i g no rance o f

p e r iod ica ls :

c hrono log ie s ,

Nachr ich ten

c u l tu re s

w e re

c omp l ica ted

t h e

m ixed , t a sk

f r om w h ich

( Lec le rc ,

d i f f e ren t f u r the r 1 972 :

c r ea ted

t h e

G ese l l schaf t f ür A n thropo log ie ,

Mo reove r , i n d i scu ss ion s o n t h e G ermans ,

ma te r ia ls

R udo lf V irchow

a l so

K os sack , 1 992 : 7 8 ) .

3 8

E thno log ie

I n t h e s ame y ea r , t h is

b egan Z e i t schr if t

t o

p ub l ish

f ür

t h ree

E thno log ie ,

u ber d eu t sche A l ter tum sf und e

a nd A rch iv f ür A n thropo log ie .

7 4 ;

D eu t sche

E u rop ean a rchaeo logy a nd p hy s ica la n thropo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s T he e me rg ing G erman a n th ropo logy l e d b y

TH E THEORET ICAL GU IDEL INES : EVOL UT ION ISM

V ir chow a nd h i s s choo l s oon c en t red o n t h e

AND D IFFUS ION /SM

s t udy a nd d ef in i t ion o f e t hn ic g roup s , t h e d i agno s is

o f

t h e i r

t h e

A s w e h ave a l ready m en t ioned , t h e t h eo ry o f

d e term ina t ion o f t h e ir g eog raph ica l l o ca t ion

e vo lu t ion m a rked t h e b i r th o f p r eh is to r ic

a nd t h e i n ve s t iga t ion o f c hange s i n t h e se

a r chaeo logy

g roup s

c u l tu ra l

a n th ropo logy . N eve r the le s s , a st h e y ea r s w en t

p e r iod s ( Ko s sack , 1 992 : 8 0 -8 1; Ma s s in , 1 996 :

b y , e vo lu t ion is t a r gumen t s b egan t o l o se

8 2 ; Z immerman , 2 00 1 : 4 5 ) . I ts hou ld n o t

s t a tu s , b a s ica l ly f r om 1 880 o nwa rd s , a s a

t h e r ef o re a ppea rs t range t h a tt h ea n th ropo logy

c on sequence o f t h e p rob lem s a r is ing o u t o f

d eve loped i n B e r l in c en t red o n t h e s t udy o f

t h e

r e g ion s o u t s ide G e rmany a nd e ven o u t s ide

s up remacy o f t h e m idd le c l a sse s a nd t h e

E u rope ( Z imme rman , 2 00 1 : 5 )8.I n t h e f i e ld

c on sequen t r e jec t ion o ft h e i d ea o fp rog re s s .

o fa r chaeo logy , t h e b a s ic i d ea o fd e te rm in ing

T h is l e d m any a u tho r s t o a r gue t h a t c hange

a r ea s i n hab i ted b y p eop le o f h omogenou s

w a s c on t ra ry t o h uman n a tu re a nd i ta l so

e t hn ic

m ean t

t h roughou t

g roup s

c ha rac te r is t ic s ,

t h e

b y

d i f f e ren t

e xam in ing

t h e

f o rma l

a nd

I ndu s t r ia l

t h a t

E u ropean

R evo lu t ion ,

t h e

c oncep t

p hy s ica l

t h e

o f

p o l i t ica l

i n dependen t

c ha ra c te r i s t ic s o fa r tef ac t s i nr e la t ion t ot h e i r

d eve lopmen t w a s d i sc r ed i ted , s i nce i tw a s

t e r r i to r ia l d i s t r ibu t ion w a s d e r ived f r om t h e

b e l ieved t ob e u n l ike ly t h a t c er ta in i n ven t ion s

c u l tu ra l

g eog raphy

b y

R i t te r

c ou ld t a ke p l ace mo re t h an o nce i n h uman

R a tze l

( 1 844 -

h i s to ry . T he m a in c on sequence o ft h is s e r ie s

1 904 ) ( Zwernemann , 1 983 : 2 4 -26 ) , a l though

o f t r an sf o rma t ions w ou ld b e t h e e me rg ing

t h e s pec if ic a pp l ica t ion o f t h e se i d ea s t o

s u cce s s o ft h e d i f f u s ion is t o rm ig ra to ry t h e s is

p r eh is to r ic

t o e xp la in c u l tu ra l c hange . A cco rd ing t ot h is

( 1779 1859 )

a nd

d eve loped

F r ied r ich

a r chaeo logy

w a s

m ade

b y

K o s s ina , w ho w i l l b ed i scu s sed l a te r .

t h eo ry , a lmo s ta l c u l tu ra l c hange sr e co rded i n a r cha eo logy

c ou ld

b e

a t t r ibu ted

t o

t h e

d i f f u s ion o fi d ea s f r om o ne g roup t oa no the r , o r t o m ig ra t ion s t h a t h ad l e d t o o ne h uman g roup a nd c u l tu re b e ing r e p la ced b y a no the r . N eve r the le s s ,

t h e

e vo lu t iona ry

mode l

g radua l ,

A s P o l iakov h a s p o in t ed o u t ( 1 996 : 7 1 ) i n r e la t ion t ot h i st r end i nn i n e t e en th cen tu r yG e rman s c ience , aG e rman h i s to ry b ook u s ua l ly b egan b y r e f e r r ing t ot h e e xpan s ion o ft h e G e rman p eop le , t h a t i st os a y , b y r e la t ing e v en t s t h a t t o ok p l a ce c e n tu r ie sa go i nI t a ly ,S pa in ,F r a nc e ,o ri n de ed a n y o t he r p l a ce e x cep t G e rma ny . A s ac o n sequence , t h eG e rma n sw e r ei n c l ined ,f r om t h e i re a r ly s c hoo l d a y s , t o b e i n t e r e s t ed i nt h e a n ce s to r s o f o t he r n a t ion s a n d t o d eve lop a p o s se s s ive f e e l ing t owa rd st h ec on t inen to fE u r ope . 8

a nd

f r equen t ly

t r an s i t ion t o

f r om

t h e

d i f f u s ion ism

w a s

d i f f u s ion is t

s h a r ed

m any

e xp lana t ion s e vo lu t ion i s t

c ha ra c te r i s t ic s . I n t h is s e n se , t h e n i ne teen th c en tu ry e vo lu t ion is t s c on s ide r ed t h e re w a s n o r e a l o ppo s i t ion b e tween e vo lu t ion ism a nd d i f f u s ion ism ,

a 5 i t w a s n o t n ece s sa ry t o

d i s t ingu i sh b e tween i n ven ted a nd d i f f u sed

3 9

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

e l emen t s i no rde r t od emon s t ra te t h a t s im i la r

E gyp t ian

c u l tu ra l p ha se s h ad b een f o l lowed b y o t he r s

m umm if ica t ion . I nt h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 9t h

i n au n if o rm w ay . T he o n ly i mpo r tan t t h ing

c en tu ry , h oweve r , a r chaeo log ica l l i t e ra tu re o n

w a s t o v e r if y t h e e vo lu t iona ry u n if orm i ty o f

t h e C ana r ie s w a s b road ly d ef ined o n t h e b a s is

h uman

o f

g roup s .

C on sequen t ly ,

n i ne teen th -

e nv i ronmen t ,

a c omb ina t ion

b a s ica l ly

o f

v i a

e vo lu t ion is t

a nd

c en tu ry a r chaeo logy d i d n o t c on s ide rt h a t t h e

d i f f u s ion i s t a r gumen t s , w i th a r chaeo log ica l

c oncep t s

d a ta

o f m ig ra t ion

o r d i f f u s ion

w e re

b ecom ing

a n

i n c rea s ing ly

i mpo r tan t

a n t i the t ica l t oe vo lu t ion , b u t i n s tead w e re t wo

c omponen t . T h i s t h eo re t ica l a nd m e thodo lo -

f a c to r s t h a t c on t r ibu ted t owa rd s p r omo t ing

g i ca l c hange i nC ana r ian a r chaeo logy w a sd ue

e vo lu t iona ry

t o : a )t h e i n f luence o ft h e E u ropean f r ame o f

c hange

( Dan ie l ,

1 973 :

5 8 ;

H e rnando , 1 987 -88 : 3 9 ; A lc ina , 1 989 : 1 9 ;

r e f e rence

T r igge r , 1 992 :

C ana r ian a u tho r s a nd b ) t h e n a tu re o f t h e

1 46 149 ; G ue r re ro , 1 997 : 2 3

a nd J ohn son , 2 000 : 1 7 1) .

( e spec ia l ly

t h e

F rench )

o n

t h e

i s land s t h em se lve s , s i nce t h is p hy s ica l r e a l i ty , a cco rd ing t ot h ew o r ld v i ew o ft h e n i ne teen th -

I nc on t ra s t , i nt h e C ana r ie s d i f f u s ion is tt h e se s

c en tu ry a r chaeo log is t s , h ad h ad a d ec i s ive

h ad b een p a r t o fh i s to r iog raphy s i nce t h e 1 4t h

i n f luence o n t h e g r adua l

c en tu ry . T h is w a s d ue t os eve ra l f a c to r s : f i r s t ,

p r im i t ive s e t t le r s o ft h e C ana ry I s land s . F rom

a lmo s t a l e t hno -h is to r ica l s ou r ce s c on ta ined

at h eo re t ica l p o in t o f v i ew , s e cu la r i s o la t ion

e t hnog raph ica l

o n ly

c ompa r ison s

b e tween

t h e

i s o la t ion o f t h e

p r even ted e vo lu t ion is t t h eo r ie s

f r om

i s land s a nd t h e A f r ican c on t inen t ; s e cond , a l

b e ing a pp l ied t o e xp la in c u l tu ra l c hange ,

t h e

J ew ish -

b ecau se i ts hou ld b e r emembe red , a s D a rw in

C h r i s t ian w o r ld v i ew a nd t h e d i a spo ra o r

h ad p o in ted o u t ( 1882 : 1 90 ) . . a bor ig ine s ,

m ig ra t ion c oncep t s a s a n i n he ren t p a r t o f i t

w ho h ave l o ng i n hab i t ed i s land s , a nd w ho

a nd l a s t , a nd m o s t i mpor tan t o fa l , i t s s t a tu s

m u s t h ave

a s a n i s land m ean t t h a t t h e f i r s t s e t t le r s h ad

u n if orm

h ad t o r e a ch t h e a r ch ipe lago b y t h e s e a , a nd

a f f ec ted b ya ny c hang ei nt h e ir h ab i t s .

a u tho r s

h ad

a s s im i la ted

t h e

b een

l o ng e xpo sed t o n ear ly

c ond i t ion s ,

s hou ld

b e

s pec ia l ly

w e re t h u s f o re ign i no r ig in . F o r t h i s r e a son t h e f o re ign a nd C ana r ian N eve r the le s s ,

t h e

d i f f u s ion is t

a r gumen t s

i n te l lec tua l s

r e spons ib le

s t udy ing

i n d igenou s

c en tu ry o nwa rd s w e re n o t a r t icu la ted o n t h e

d i f f u s ion i s t a nd e vo lu t ion is t t h eo r ie s w hen

b a s i s o f a r chaeo log ica l a r gumen t s . A s w e

e xp la in ing

h ave a l ready s t a ted i nt h e p r ev iou s c hap te r , i t

i n exp l icab le t h a th uman g roup s w ho h ad l i ved

w a s n o tu n t i l t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e 1 9t h c en tu ry

i ni s o la t ion c ou ld e vo lve a tt h e s ame p a ce a nd

t h a t J e an B ap t is te B o ry d e

i nt h e s ame w ay a s g roup s f r om t h e A f r ican

a ppea led f o r t h e f i r s t t ime t o a r chaeo log ica l

c on t inen t

d i f f u s ion ism , b y r e la t ing t h e C ana r ie s t o t h e

d i f f u s ion i s t

4 0

c u l tu ra l

h ad

d one

t h e se s ,

p eop le

a ppea led

t h e

d eve loped i nt h e C ana ry I s land s f r om t h e 1 4t h

S a in t -V incen t

C ana r ian

f o r

c hange .

a nd

t h a t

s t ar t ing

I t

t o

w a s

i s w hy w i th

t h e

E u ropean a rchaeo logy a nd p hy s ica la n thropo log y i nt h eC ana ry I s land s m e chan i sm o fm ig ra t ion , p r ov ided e xp lana t ion s

a pp roa che s . When f o re ign a pp roache s w e r e

f o r t h e s im i la r i t ie s o b se rved b e tween t h e

a pp l ied , i n d igenou s C ana r ian c u l tu re s w e r e

A rch ipe lago a nd t h e p l ace o fo r ig in (We s te rn

t r ea ted

A f r ica , t h e N ea r E a s t , e t c . ) 9.A no the r a spec t

e vo lu t iona ry d eve lopmen t a s o t he r p a r t s o f

t h a t

A f r ica o r E u rope . I n t h is s e n se , t h e c u l tu ra l

e ven tua l ly

i nf luenced

t h e

t h eo re t ica l

a s

i f

t h ey

s ha red

t h e

s ame

a nd

e vo lu t ion is t mode ls s imp l if ied t h e i n d igenou s

a n th ropo log ica l s t ud ie s w a s t h e e xogenou s

C ana r ian s oc ie t ie s , a s t h ey d i d o t he r p a s t

n a tu re o f t h e d i f f e ren t p opu la t iona l t h eo r ie s .

s oc ie t ie s ( Lu l l & M icö , 1 997 : 16 ; J ohn son ,

B a s ica l ly , w hen d ef end ing t h e c o lon iza t ion o f

2 000 : 1 78 ) . T ha t i s w hy t h e p a r t icu la r o r

t h e i s land s b y c e r ta in f o re ign h uman g roup s

s pec if ic

t h a t w e re

c on s ide red i mpo r tan t e l emen t s . S econd ly , t h e

b a s i s

o f

C ana r ian

r a c ia l ly

a r chaeo log ica l

a nd c u l tu ra l ly

d ef ined

f e a tu re s

o f a c u l tu re

c u l tu ra l

e vo lu t ion i s t

p o s i t ions w e r e o b l iga to r i ly a dop ted , a s t h ey

c on t ingency

h ad b een s i nce t h e 1 4t h c en tu ry .

a c coun t . I ts e emed t h a t a l s oc ie t ie s e vo lved

h i s to r ica l

t o ok

n o t

( Ce l t ic , E gyp t ian , V anda l , e t c . ) , d i f f u s ion is t

n o r

mode ls

w e r e

n e i the r

a cc iden t

i n to

i n exo rab ly t owa rd s t h e f o rma t ion o f as t a te . T he

w ho le

s e r ie s

o f

e vo lu t ion is t

A no the r f i na l p o in t s hou ld b e b or ne i nm ind :

a nd

d i f f u s ion is t a r gumen t s t h a t w e re d eve loped i n

t h e

E u rope a nd , a t t h e s ame t i me , i n corpo ra ted

a n th ropo logy

i n to

a nd

c o lon ia l p a r t i t ion ing ( The B e r l in C onf e r ence ,

a n th ropo log ica l s t ud ie s v i a t h e F r ench , l e d t o

1 884 1885 ) w a s ac l ea r e xamp le o fE u ropean

t h e f o rma t ion o f n ew p opu la t iona l t h eo r ie s .

i mpe r ia l i s t ic

N eve r the le s s ,

2 96 ; T r igge r , 1 990 : 3 10 ) . I no t he r w o rd s , t h e

C ana r ian

a r cha eo log ica l

t h e

mo s t

t r ad i t iona l

a nd

e vo lu t ion is t

a r chaeo logy

d eve loped

i n

i n te rven t ion i sm

t h eo r ie s

a nd

A f r ica

( Ho l l ,

1 990 :

r e a c t iona ry s e c to r s o ft h e C ana r ian a cadem ic

p opu la t iona l

w o r ld c on t inued t o d eve lop t h e se s t h a t h ad

C ana r ie s a t t h e e nd o f t h e 1 9t h c en tu ry b y

t h e i r t h eo re t ica l r oo t s i nt h e J ew i sh -Ch r is t ian

E u ropean

w o r ld v i ew , a nd t h e ref o re , i n m ode ls w h ich

i mpe r ia l i s t i n te r e s t s a nd m o t iva t ion s r a the r

p r eda ted t h e e vo lu t ion is t o ne s . E vo lu t iona ry

t h an b y s c ience .

a u tho r s

d eve loped

a f te r

w e re

i n

i nf luenced

t h e

b y

t h eo r ie s , h oweve r , e ven t h ough p o s i t iv is t , c on ta ined

i mpor tan t

m e thodo log ica l q ua l i ta t ive

t h eo r e t ica l

d ef ec t s ,

a dvance

t h ey

i n s p i te

I ns t r ic t ly a n th ropo log ica l t e rm s , t h e a dop t ion

a nd

o f

o f t h e

r e p r e sen ted

t h e

t h eo r e t ica l

a nd

m e thodo log ica l

p r inc ip le s o f F rench p hy s ica l a n th ropo logy

i n

m ade

r e la t ion t ot h e R ena is sance a nd E n l igh tenmen t

i t

i mpo s s ib le

f o r

t h e

d ec i s ive

i mpo r tance o f s oc io -cu l tu ra l f a c to r s t o b e r e cogn ized .

A t h eo r e t ica l g u ide l ine e v id en t a mong s t t h e E u ropean a n t i evo lu t ion i s t s , c on s i s t en t i n t h e a c c ep ta nce o f t h e d if u s ion i s t p o s tu la t e s a s t h e ° n it p o s s ib le e xp lana to ry m od e l ( J ohn son , 2 000 : 1 7-i ) , w a s a l so p r e sen t a mong s t t h e a n t i e vo lu t ion i s tC a na r ian a u tho r s .

9

I n

t h is

s en se ,

t h e

C ana r ian

a n th ropo logy o ft h e p e r iod d i d n o t c on t r ibu te much t owa rd s a n u nde r s tand ing o ft h e c u l tu re a nd

4 1

s oc ie ty

o f t h e

i n d igenou s

C ana r ian

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s

p eop le . T he h o tchpo tch o fc l a s s if ica t ions a nd

e vo lu t iona ry t h eo ry a s e l abo ra ted i n E u rope

t ypo log ie s h a rd ly h e lped c l a r if y t h e e n igma s

a nd

p o sed b y t h e h i s to ry o ft h e G uanche p eop le .

i n te l lec tua ls , p l a ced t h e n on - We s te r n s o c ie t ie s

T he f i rm ly

o u t s ide h i s to ry .

h e ld b e l ief t h a t t h e l e ve l o f

t h e r ef o re

l e a r ned

b y

t h e

C ana r ian

W i th in t h e se c oo rd ina te s ,

c i v i l iza t ion d epended u nequ ivoca l ly o n t h e

o n ly t h e g r ea t a nc ien t c i v i l iza t ion s c ou ld

s i ze

f i r s t

c l a im a n h onou rab le p o s i t ion i nt h e h i s to ry o f

a n th ropo log is t s t o i g no re t h e d ec is ive r o le o f

h uman i ty , a nd t h is g oe s al o ng w ay t owa rd s

a ccu l tu ra t ion a nd , i ng ene ra l , t h e m echan i sm s

e xp la in ing t h e i mpor tance f o r t h e C ana r ian

o f t h e e conom ic s , p o l i t ic s , r e l ig ion , e t c . , o f

a u tho r s o f a s soc ia t ing t h e a nc ien t C ana r ian s

t h o se t h ey a t temp ted t os t udy . T he d i scove ry

w i th t h e f o und ing o f t h e g r ea t c i v i l iza t ion s

o f t h e C ro -Magnon r a ce a nd i t s a na tom ica l

( Ce l t ic , E gyp t ian , e t c . ) . I n c onnec t ion w i th

s im i la r i t ie s

t h is , a no the rf a c ts hou ld b e b or ne i nm ind : t h e

o f

t h e

c r an ium

w i th

t h e

l e d

o u r

i n d igenou s

C ana r ian

p eop le i mp l ied t h e i r e x t rapo la t ion w i th in a

c oncep t o f r a ce d eve loped b y B roca a nd h i s

h i s to r ica l e vo lu t ion t h a t w ou ld f i na l ly l e ad t o

c o l league s i mp l ied t h a t o t he r n on -wh i te r a ce s

t h eg r ea tE u ropean c i v i l iza t ion . T h i s l e dt ot h e

w e r e u nab le t o a t ta in t h e s ame l e ve l o f

G uanche m a te r ia l c u l tu re , m o ra l sa nd c u s tom s

d eve lopmen t i n s c ience , t e chno logy a nd a r t

b e ing o ve rva lued , t h u sj u s t if y ing t h e i rd i gn i ty

( Sch i l le r , 1 979 : 1 37 138 ) .

a nd , t h e r ef o re , t h e i r i n corpo ra t ion w i th in t h e m o s t p r og re s s ive t r end s i n t h e e vo lu t ion o f t h e h uman r a ce s . I ts hou ld n o t b e f o rgo t ten t h a t t h e F rench a n th ropo log i s t s , e spec ia l ly B roca , c once ived o ft h e C ro -Magnon r a ce a s a n i n te l l igen t a nd p e rf ec t ib le r a ce t h a t h ad d eve loped

a r t ,

a r e f lec t ion

o f t h e i r

f i ne

c e reb ra l o rgan iza t ion ( Sch i l le r , 1 979 : 1 56 ) .

T he a dop t ion o ft h e se p r em ise s e xp la in s t oa g r ea t

e x ten t

t h e

C ana r ian

a u tho r s

G uanche

p eop le

r e la t ion sh ip p ropo sed a nd t h e

t h a t

s ome

b e tween

t h e

g r ea t E u ropean

c u l tu re s ( I be r ian o rC e l t ic ) , a l though i th ad n o a r chaeo log ica l b a s is , s i nce i tw a s t h e o n ly p o s s ib le w ay t ol i nk t h e i n d igenou s p eop le o f t h e i s land s w i th u n ive r sa l h i s to ry . I n t h is s en se , p o in ted

a s

F e rnando

o u t

a pp l ica t ion ,

E s t &ez

h a s

a l r eady

( 1987 :

1 00

a nd

1 63 ) ,

d evo id

o f

a ny

t r ace s

t h is o f

4 2

CHAPTER I I

TH EH ISTOR ICAL C ONTEXT : TH E CA NARY IS LANDS A ND T HE C OLON IAL P ART IT ION ING O F AF R ICA

A s p r ev iou s ly m en t ioned , t h e d eve lopmen t o f

T h is g oe s al o ng w ay t owa rd s e xp la in ing w hy

aE u ropean i mpe r ia l is t a r chaeo logy i n t h e

t h e B r i t i sh a cadem ic w o rk d eve loped a tt h e

C ana r ie s w a s d i rec t ly r e la ted t o t h e c o lon ia l

e nd o ft h e 1 9t h c en tu ry i nr e la t ion t oC ana r ian

p a r t i t ion ing o f A f r ica a tt h e e nd o f t h e 1 9t h

a r chaeo logy w a s n o t p romo ted o r i n s t iga ted

c en tu ry . D ue t o i t s g eo s t ra teg ic l o ca t ion i n

b y o ff ic ia l e n t i t ie s , i nc on t ra s t t ot h e G e rman

r e la t ion t ot h e n e ighbou r ing c on t inen t a nd t o

a nd

e xpans ion t h roughou t t h e S ou th A t lan t ic , t h e

o cca s ion t o p o in t o u t .

A rch ipe lago b ecame a " key" p i ece i n t h e

c onc lu s ion s r e a ched b y B r i t ish a u tho r s l i ke

i mpe r ia l is t p o l i t ic s o fc oun t r ie s l i ke F rance o r

t h e Ma rqu is o f B u te ( 1987 [ 1 89 1] ) o r J ohn

G e rmany , w h ich w ou ld e ven tua l ly e n su re

A be r c romby ( 1990 [ 1 9 17 ] ) i nt h e ir w o rk s o n

F rench a nd G e rman a cadem ic i n te rven t ion i n

C ana r ian p r eh is to ry , a l though c ond i t ioned b y

a r chaeo log ica l s t ud ie so nC ana r ian p r eh is to ry .

t h e E u ropean t h eo re t ica l a nd m e thodo log ica l

I ti sn o tab le t h a t aE u ropean p owe rl i ke G rea t

f r amewo rk

B r i ta in , w i th c l ea r c o lon ia l i n te re s t s i n No r th

d i f f u s ion ism ,

A f r ica ,

r a c io logy ,

d i d

n o t

a r chaeo logy

o n

d eve lop t h e

a n

C ana ry

i mpe r ia l is t I s land s .

F rench

e xamp le s ,

o f

t h e

a s w e

s ubo rd ina ted

t o

t ime

w e re t h e

h ave

C on sequen t ly , t h e

( e vo lu t ion ism ,

c ompa ra t ive e t c . ) ,

w i l l

l i ngu i s t ic s ,

n o t ,

g u ide l ine s

i n o f

f a c t , t h e

N eve r the le s s , t h i s w a s d ue t o av e ry c onc re te

i mpe r ia l is t s t a te p o l i t ic s o f t h e ir c oun t ry ,

s i tua t ion : t h e B r i t ish s phe re o f i nf luence i n

s i nce t h e se g u ide l ine s , a s p r ev iou s ly s t a ted ,

A f r ica w a s b a sed e s sen t ia l ly i n t h e E a s te rn

h ad

Med i te r ranean , t o b e m o re p r ec i se i n t h e

Med i te r ranean .

b een

e s tab l ished

i n

t h e

E a s ter n

U ppe r N i le . I na ny c a se , t h i s d i d n o t p r even t t h e B r i t i sh f r om ma in ta in ing i n te re s t s i nt h e

H av ing c ons ide red t h e se p o in t s , t h is c hap te r

i s land s , i n t h e f o rm o f t h e d eve lopmen t o f

w i l l a na ly se t h e C ana r ian s i tua t ion i nr e la t ion

p seudo -co lon ia l

t o t h e c o lon ia l p a r t i t ion ing o f A f r ica a tt h e

t r ade

r e la t ion s

w i th

t h e

C ana ry I s land s .

e nd o ft h e 1 9t h c en tu r : i .

4 3

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

TH E C OLON IAL P ART IT ION ING OF AF R ICA

( M iege , 1 975 : 3 7 a nd U zo igwe , 1 987 : 5 6 ) .

A ND FR ENCH A ND GE RMAN I NTERESTS I N

S ub sequen t ly i nt h e 1 870s t h ese r ough e a r ly

T HE CA NAR IAN A RCH IPELAGO

c a lcu la t ion s w e re d eve loped f u r the r , w h i ls t i n t h e 1 880s a n ew c oncep tua l r e pe r to ire w a s

F o rs ome a u tho r s , 1 880 w a s t h e y ea r i nw h ich

i n t roduced , i n vo lv ing a g reemen t s o r p a r t i t ion

t h e

t r ea t ie s , u l t ima tum s a nd g ua ran tee t r ea t ie s .

c o lon ia l

p a r t i t ion ing

o f A f r ica b egan

( Adu , 1 987 : 3 9 ) . I ti sc e r ta in , h oweve r , t ha t

F rom

f r om t h e t h ird q ua r te r o f t h e

c en tu ry

c onf l ic tua l p ha se o f i n terna t iona l " r obbery"

o nwa rd s t h e E u ropean p owe r s ( F rance , G rea t

b egan , u nde r t h e g u ise o f t h e mo s t c yn ica l

B r i ta in , P o r tuga l a nd G ermany ) h ad a cqu ired

a nd p ragma t ic o f m i l i ta ry a nd d i p loma t ic

c omme rc ia l

t a sk s .

i n te re s t s

a nd

1 9 t h

h ad

b egun

t h is

p o in t

o nwa rd s ,

a t e nse

a nd

D u r ing t h e se y ea r s , as e r ie s o ft r ea t ie s

d eve lop ing t he ir i nf luence i nd i f f e ren t p a r t s o f

d i s t r ibu ted t h e v ar iou s a r ea s a mongs t t he

A f r ica , a l though t h e ir d i rec t p o l i t ica l c on t ro l

E u ropean

w a s v e ry l im i ted ( Uzo igwe , 1 987 : 5 0 ) . F rench

a cqu i red T ogo , C ame roon , S ou th We s tA f r ica

a c t iv i ty ,

i n

a nd E a s t A f r ica . F rance , o n t h e o t he r h and ,

S enegamb ia a nd i nt h e C ongo b y 1 870 . I nt h e

h ad a l ready a cqu i red A lge r ia i n 1 830 a nd

c a se

o ccup ied

f o r

o f

e xamp le ,

G ermany ,

h ad

t h e

b egun

f i r s t

i n f orma l

p owe r s .

G e rmany

T un is ia

i n

1 88 1 ,

f o rma l ly

i n i t ia l ly

movemen t s b egan a t t h e s t a r t o f t h e 1 870s ,

e s tab l ish ing a p ro tec to ra te , b u t l a te r o n , i n

a n t ic ipa t ing

1 883 , i n vad ing i tm i l i ta r i ly .

t h e

t r an s i t ion ,

f r om

1 876

o nwa rd s , t owa rd s af o rma l p o l icy t ha t l e d t o t h e a nnexa t ion o f S ou thwe s t A f r ica , T ogo ,

A l l t h e G erman p o s se ss ion s i n A f r ica , w i th

C ame roon a nd E a s t A f r ica a tt h e e nd o f 1 883

t h e e xcep t ion o fE a s t A f r ica , w e re l o ca ted o n

( Uzo igwe , 1 987 : 5 1) .

t h e w e s te rn s i de o ft h e A f r ican c on t inen t , s o t ha t a cce s s ing t h em b y s ea t h e ref o re i mp l ied

I tw a s f r om 1 883 o nwa rd s t ha t t h is f o rma l

s a i l ing t h rough t h e w a te r s o f t h e C ana r ian

p o l icy g ave w ay t ot h e i n s t i tu t iona l isa t ion o f

a r ch ipe lago . I fw e t a ke i n to a ccoun t t h e f a c t

G erman c o lon ia l p o l i t ics , w i th t h e c r ea t ion o f

t h a t

o rgan isa t ions

C o lon ia l

o ve r sea s e xpan s ion i n to t h e S ou th A t lan t ic ,

C ompany f o r S ou th We s t A f r ica , f ounded i n

t h e C ana r ie s h ad u nde rgone a n u nden iab le

F eb rua ry 1 885 ( Lude r i tz ) , o rt he G erman E a s t

s t ra teg ic r e va lua t ion ( Pe rez V o i tu r iez & B r i to ,

A f r ica S oc ie ty ( Ca r l P e te r s ) ( M iege , 1 975 :

1 984 : 3 7 -39 ; B r i to , 1 989 b:8 1) , i tt h e ref o re

6 0 ) . I n r e la t ion t o " f orma l" p o s se ss ion o ft h e

s eems e v iden t t ha t b o th G e rman a nd F rench

c o lon ie s ,

b y

A ng lo -

a r chaeo log is t s w ou ld c a r ry o u t t h e ir w o rk

G e rman

t r ea ty

w h ich

w i th t h e a im o f j u s t if y ing t h e ir r e spec t ive

i n t roduced t h e n o t ion o fs phe re s o fi nf luence

c oun t r ie s ' i n te re s t s i n t h e i s lands , d ue t o t h e

a nd d ef ined t h e a r ea s o f i n te rven t ion o f t h e

s i gn if ican t

t wo

a r ch ipe lago

c oun t r ie s

l i ke

t h e

2 9f i l A p r i l h ad

G e rman

1 885

b een

a n

s i gned

i n s pec if ic p ar t s o f A f r ica

4 4

s i nce

t h e

i n i t ia l

g eos t ra teg ic i t se lf .

p ha se

o f E u ropean

p o s i t ion

G erman

a nd

o f

t h e

F rench

T he h i s tor ica lc on t ex t

i n te re s t s

i n c on t ro l l ing

t h e

A rch ipe lago

m ean t t h a tt or e a ch i tb y s e a , c i rcumnav iga t ing

o bv iou s ly f o l lowed t h e m ode l f o r f o r e ign

A f r ica

p r e sence s d eve loped i nA t lan t ic A rch ipe lago s

n ece s sa ry t o s a i l t h rough t h e o cean c l o se t o

b y

t h e C ana r ie s . T h is s t ra teg ic l o ca t ion , w i th in a

o t he r

E u ropean

p owe r s :

t h ey

w e re

f r om

t h e

Med i te r ranean ,

i t w a s

c on s ide red t e r r i to r ie s w i th al a ck o r s ho r tage

c omp lex

o f f u e l

i n ter na t iona l i n te re s t s , w ou ld m ean t h a t t h e

a nd

m in ing

r e sou rce s

f i nanc ia l ly

p r eca r iou s

f a vou rab le

g eo s t ra teg ic

b u t

a nd

w e re

p o s se s sed

l o ca t ion

a

i s land s

i n te r sec t ion

w e re

o f

c on s tan t ly

t r aff ic

a nd

i nf luenced

b y

( B r i to ,

i n ter na t iona l c onf l ic t s i n vo lv ing t h e S pan ish

1 989 b:5 3 ) . T h is g eo s t ra teg ic l o ca t ion t u r ned

s t a te a nd b y t h e a ppe t i te s o f t h e n ew r i s ing

t h e A r ch ipe lago i n to a n o b l iga to ry s t opp ing -

p owe r s ( F rance , E ng land , H o l land , t h e U SA

o f fp o in t o n t h e r ou te s t h a t h ad b een o pened

a nd G ermany ) .

u p b y i mpe r ia l is t e xpan s ion , m a in ly f r om

d ec la ra t ion o f w a r a ga in s t S pa in i n 1 898 ,

1 880 o nwa rd s , w hen t h e w ide sp read u s e o f

p r eceded b y t h e B r i t ish u l t ima tum t oP o r tuga l

s t eam sh ip s r e qu i red f r equen t p o r t s t o s upp ly

i n 1 890 a nd b y t h e f a i lu r e o f t h e p o l i t ica l

c oa l a nd w a te r , a nd c on s ignee c ompan ie s a nd

p ro jec t ion o f t h e Z an jön P ea ce a f t e r 1 893 ,

f i nanc ia l m idd lemen t o f a c i l i ta te m e rcan t i le

w ou ld

a c t iv i t ie s w ho se ma in t h ea t re s w e r e t h e We s t

a r ch ipe lago a c ove ted a nd s t r a teg ic p i ece i n

A f r ican c oa s t a nd L a t in Ame r ica ( Mac ia s &

t h e c omp lex g ame o fe xpan s ion i s t i n te re s t s i n

R od r iguez , 1 995 : 3 87 -388 ) .

t h e S ou th A t lan t ic ( Reye s , 1 986 ; B r i to , 1 989 b:

I n t h i s

e ven tua l ly

s e nse , t h e

m ake

t h e

U SA ' s

C ana r ian

2 5 ) . I ti sa l so n ece s sa ry t op o in to u t , i nc onnec t ion w i th t h e i mpo r tance o f t h e C ana r ie s f o r

Af t e r 1 890 , G ermany c on t inued t o c on t ro l

G e rmany

T ogo , C ame roon , S ou th We s tA f r ica a nd E a s t

o r

F rance ,

t h a t

t h e

B e r l in

C onf e rence i t se lf — w he re t h e p a r t i t ion ing o f

A f r ica .

A f r ica w a s p l anned —t o ok p l ace p a r t ly d ue t o

e xe rc is ing i nf luence i nt h eN o r th E a s ter ns i de

a n

o f A f r ica w a s a f f ec ted s oon a f t e r i t s r i va lry

i mmed ia te

a nd

p r e s s ing

c once rn :

t h e

H oweve r ,

G e rmany ' s

i n te r e s t

i n

c onf l ic t o ve r t h e C ongo R ive r m ou th . F o r a

w i th E ng land i n ten s if ied d ue t ot h e e xpan s ion

l o ng t ime , a cce s s t o t h i s g r ea t b a s in h ad

o f t h e G e rman w a r f l ee t , t h e e conom ic a nd

p roved d i ff icu l t a nd o n ly s ome f a c to r ie s h ad

c o lon ia l r i va l ry b e tween t h et wo p owe r sa nd a

b een e s tab l ished o n t h e A t lan t ic b ank o r o n

l a ck o fd i p loma t ic s k i l l s ( Abe l län , 1 997 : 8 6 ) .

t h e e s tua ry b ecau se f r om t h is p o in t o nwa rd s

T he f i na l c on sequence w a s t h a t t h e 1 890 a nd

t h e n ume rou s r a p id s i mp eded n av iga t ion a nd ,

1 893 A ng lo -Ge rman t r ea t ie s , a s w e l l a s t h e

i na dd i t ion ,t h e c oa s ta l t r ibe s w e re o ppo sed t o

A ng lo I ta l ian t r ea ty o f 1 89 1 , e nded u p b y

t h e w h i te s p ene t ra t ing t h e i n te r io r ( Zo rgb ibe ,

r e cogn iz ing t h e U ppe r N i le a s ar e g ion t h a t

1 997 : 8 5 ) . T he C ongo , a st h e g a teway t ot h e

c ame u nde r t h e B r i t i sh s phe re o f i nf luence

i n ter icr o f A f r ica , i sl o ca ted o n t h e w e s ter n

( Uzo igwe ,

s i de o f t h e A f r ican c on t inen t , w h ich a l so

c on t ro l led a s ub s tan t ia l p a r t o fN o r th A f r ica

4 5

1 987 : 5 6 ) .

I n a dd i t ion , F rance

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC ana ry I s land s

a nd , a f t e r s i gn ing a n a g reemen t w i th t h e

p e r iod , t h e p ropo r t ion h e ld b y G rea t B r i ta in

B r i t ish ,

r o se f r om 2 4 .5% t o5 0% , w h i ls tt h a to fF r ance

i t r e nounced

c on t ro l

o f

E gyp t

p r ov ided t h a t t h e E ng l ish d i d n o t i n te rvene i n

d ropped

A lge r ia a nd T un is ia . G ermany , t h e r ef o r e , w a s

H e rnändez , 1 988 : 2 65 ,2 58 -259 ) .

f r om

1 8%

t o

1 2%

( Ma r t in

f o rced t or e af f irm i t sp r e sence i n We s tA f r ica . T he C ana r ie s c on sequen t ly b ecame , f r om a

C onf l ic t s

g eo s t ra teg ic p o in to fv i ew , ak ey p i ece i nb o th

i n s ta l la t ion o f u nde rwa te r t e leg raph ic c ab le s

G e rman a nd F r ench i mpe r ia l is tp o l i t ic s .

a nd t h e g a in ing o f s t ra teg ic o b jec t ive s i n

b a sed

o n

c once s s ion s

f o r

t h e

S ou th A t lan t ic r ou te s , w h ich f o rmed p a r t o f H oweve r , p a ra l le l t ot h eg eo s t ra teg ic f a c to r , i t

t h e t e n s ions p r io r t o t h e G rea t Wa r , a l so

i s a l so

m ean t t h a t as i len t w a r o f A ng lo -Ge rman

n ece s sa ry

t o

a s se s s

t h e

a c tua l

c omme rc ia l i n te r e s t s o fG ermany a nd F rance

c onf ron ta t ion

i nt h eC ana r ie s . I nt e rm s o ft h e i mpo r tt r ade a t

C ana r ie s .

t h e

i n

s i gn if ican t p r e sence o f B e lg ian c ap i ta l ) a nd

t o u r ism t h a t h ad s t imu la ted i mpo r t s o f a l

t h e ( Ge rman ) p o r t o pe ra t ive s a nd t ou r ism

t y pe s o fm a te r ia l s a nd s upp l ie s n eeded f o rt h e

c ompe ted

h o te l s a nd s ana tor ium s t h a t w e re b e ing b u i l t ,

h egemony o n t h e i s land s ( t he f r u i t t r ade a nd

t h e C ana r ie s b a s ica l ly i mpo r ted c o t ton c l o th ,

c omme r ce , c oa l , c on s ignmen t s o fs h ip s , l o ca l

c oa l a nd c ome s t ib le s ( b i scu i t s , o i l a nd g r a in ) .

b ank ing ,

T he G e rman c omme rc ia l

p r e sence i n t h e

C ommun ica t ion s , m o r eove r , l e ad t o at o ugh

C ana r ie s , w h ich h ad b egun i n t h e 1 860 s ,

d i p loma t ic c onf ron ta t ion b e tween t h e B r i t ish

w ou ld d oub le i ns i ze i nj u s t af ew y ea r s a nd ,

a nd G e rman g over nmen t s w h ich

d ue t o i t s a gg r e s s ive t r ad ing m e thod s , b y

t h e

a r ound 1 860 G e rman g ood s w e re a b le t o

G over nmen t i nr e la t ion t o t h e i n s ta l la t ion o f

d i sp la ce i mpor t s f r om t h e r e s t o ft h e n a t iona l

i n te r con t inen ta l

t e r r i to ry . T h ree y ea r s l a te r , F rench i mpo r t s ,

A f r ica a nd Ame r ica t h a t i n vo lved m oo r ing i n

w h ich h ad a ppea red t o r ema in s t a t iona ry ,

t h eC ana r ie s( B r i to , 1 989 b:7 7 ) .

t ime ,

t h e

r e su l t

o f d eve lopmen t s

w a s

P ub l ic

w i th

m a in ta ined s e rv ice s

t h e

e t c . )

d ec is ion s

a r ound

t h e

( i nvo lv ing

t h e

u nden iab le

( B r i to ,

m ade

1 989 b:

b y

c ab le s

B r i t ish

t h e

b e tween

5) .

h ampe r ed S pan ish

E u rope ,

e xpe r ienced as im i la r d own turn a nd G e rmany b ecame t h e mo s t d i rec t r i va l t o B r i t ish t r ade .

T h is c on tex t e nab le s u s t o u nde r s tand t h e

F rom 1 885 o nwa rd s , t h e ref o re , t h e C ana r ie s

d eve lopmen t , i n A f r ica , o f a n i mpe r ia l i s t

b ecame a no the rt h ea t re f o rt h e i n ten se B r i t ish -

a r chaeo logy w i th r a c is t l e an ing s b yt wo o ft h e

G e rman c omme r c ia l r i va l ry t h a t h ad e x tended

m a in E u ropean p owe r s : F rance a nd G ermany .

a c ro s s t h e e n t i re w o r ld , a cqu i r ing s p ec ia l

F r ench a n th ropo log is t s a nd a r chaeo log i s t s , a s

n o to r ie ty i nt h e c o lon ia l t e r r i to r ie s . Wh i l s t i n

w e w i l l a r gue , w ou ld r e la te t h e b l ond A f r ican

1 869 G e rmany h ad s upp l ied

p opu la t ion s t o t h e C e l t s , o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e

1 . 5% o f t h e

g ood s i mpo r ted i n to t h e C ana r ie s , b y 1 890 i t s

r e la t ion sh ip t h ey

s ha re h ad i n c rea sed t o 1 2%

We s ter n

I n t h e s ame

4 6

h ad e s tab l ished b e tween

E u ropean

a nd

No r th

A f r ican

T he h i s tor ica lc on t ex t

Mega l i t ih ism ( Fa idhe rbe , 1 873% T i s so t , 1 876 a nd B roca , 1 876 ) . T ov a l ida te t h is t h eo ry ,t h a t i st o s ay , t h e i d ea o f ap opu la t iona l u p su rge t h a t w ou ld l e ave C e l t ica , r e a ch t h e S t ra i t s o f G ib ra l ta r a nd A lge r ia a nd f i na l ly a r r ive a tt h e f r on t ie r s o f E gyp t , t h e f o l low ing a r gumen t s w e r e s uff ic ien t : t h e a r chaeo log ica l a r gumen t ( Mega l i th ism )

a nd

t h e

a n th ropo log ica l

a r gumen t ( t he p r e sence o f b l ond p eop le i n A f r ica s i nce t h e f a rd i s tan tp a s t ) . T he p u rpo se o f t h e se c l a im s w a s t o l e g i t im i se a nd g i ve p r ecedence t ot h e F rench o ccupa t ion o ft h e se t e r r i to r ie s , a nd i n t h is c on t ex t t h e f o l low ing f a c t i ss i gn if ican t : t h e a u tho r s w ho d eve loped t h e t h eo ry w e r e d i r ec t ly l i nked t o o ff ic ia l F r ench c o lon ia l is tc i r c le s i nA f r ica .

A t t h e s ame t ime , G e rman a r chaeo log is t s a nd a n th ropo log is t s w e re a l so d eve lop ing t h e i r w o rk . N eve r the le ss , w h i ls t t h e F r ench h ad r e la ted t h e b l ond p opu la t ion s o fA f r ica t ot h e C e l t s , t h e G e rmans e s tab l i shed an exu s w i th t h eA ryan p opu la t ion s .

T he d eve lopmen t o f G e rman a nd F rench i mpe r ia l is t a r chaeo logy i nt h e C ana r ie s w i l l b et h em a in f o cu so ft h ef o l low ing c hap te r s .

4 7

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

4 8

CH APTER I V

TH E FR ENCH C ONTR IBUT ION T OT HE S TUDY O FI NSULAR C OLON IZAT ION : T HE CR O -MAGNON R ACE ,C ELT ISM A ND MEGAL IT ISM

T he F r ench i mpe r ia l i s t a r cha eo logy d eve loped

R e sea r ch i n to t h e i r o r ig in s u ndoub ted ly o wed

i nt h e C ana r ie s w a s b a sed o n t h e s t udy o ft h e

m uch t ot h e d eve lopmen t o fa r chaeo logy a nd ,

c o lon iza t ion o f t h e i s land s d u r ing p r im i t ive

i n p a r t icu la r , t h e e xcava t ion o f m ega l i th ic

t ime s ,

o n

monumen t s , w h ich w e re v e ry n ume rou s i n

e vo lu t ion i s t a nd d i f f u s ion i s t t h eo r ie s . T h i s

E a s tern A lge r ia a nd C en t ra l T un is ia . T he se

c on t r ibu t ion ,

d o lmen s a t t rac ted t h e a t ten t ion o f E u ropean

a nd

w a s

f r om

e s sen t ia l ly

a n

f ounded

a r chaeo log ica l

a nd

a n th ropo log ica l p o in t o f v i ew , w a s d i rec t ly

t r ave l le r s

a nd

i nf luenced b y t h e No r th A f r ican f r ame o f

C ap ta in R oze t w a s a l ready d e sc r ib ing t h e

r e f e rence . I n t h is c hap te r , t h e ref o re , w e w i l l

d o lmen s

a na lyse t h e F rench No r th A f r ican c on t r ibu t ion

k i lome t re s t o t h e w e s t o f A lg ie r s , a s t h e

a nd t h e w o rk o f L ou is F a idhe rbe , S ab in

d ru id ic m onumen t s o f S id i F er ruch . T h r ee

B e r the lo t a nd R ene V e r neau i nr e la t ion t ot h e

y ea r s

C ana r ie s .

h e s i ta te t o c ompa re t h em t o t h e d o lmen s o f

o f

l a te r ,

s o ld ie r s ,

B en i

t h e

s o t h a t

Me s su s ,

s u rgeon

b y

1 843

a s co r e

G uyon

d i d

o f

n o t

S amu r , s uppo r t ing a t h eo ry t h a t h ad a l ready TH ED EVELOPMENT OF FR ENCH I MPER IAL IST

b een d eve loped b y o t he r a r chaeo log is t s , t h a t

A RCHAEOLOGY I NT HE N ORTH OF AFR ICA

t h e se monumen t s w e re t h e t omb s o f G au l s w ho h ad s e rved i nt h eR oman a rmy .

T he F rench p r e sence i n A f r ica l e d t o t h e t a k ing o fA lg ie r s b y t h e F r ench i n 1 830 , a nd

L a te r o n , t h e re w e re o t he r , mo re d e ta i led ,

s oon a f t e rwa rd s , b e tween 1 830 a nd 1 857 , t o

s t ud ie s : t h e many d o lmen s w e r e p roof , n o t

t h e

o n ly t h a t s ome R oman G au ls w e re e n l is ted i n

c onque s t

o f

N o r th

A lge r ia .

A s

a

a n ew

t h e c oho r t s o ft h e A f r ican a rmy , b u t a l so o f

i n te r e s t e me rged i n t h e s t udy o f t h e B e rbe r

t h e a r r iva l o fC e l t ic p opu la t ion s i nA f r ica . I n

a nd

t h e

a dd i t ion , o t he r F rench a u tho r s l i ke F i rm in -

Med i te r ranean t ype , w ho d i f f e red f r om t h e

D ido t , L eon R en ie ro rS t ephane G se l l p o in ted

A rab s i nt h e i rl a nguage a nd c u s tom s .

o u t t h a t t h e i r c oun t ry w a s f o l low ing i n t h e

c on sequence

N o r th

o f t h is

A f r ican

i mpe r ia l i sm ,

p opu la t ion s

o f

f o o t s tep so fR ome i nA lge r ia b y r e sum ing t h e

4 9

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

w o rk b egun b y t h e R omans f o r t h e b ene f i t o f

t h roughou t t h e 1 9 'h c en tu ry , c l ose ly r e la ted t o

c i v i l iza t ion a nd h uman i ty ( Camp s , 1 998 : 9 ) ' .

a

I n c onnec t ion w i th t h e d eve lopmen t o f t h is

A cad ém ie C e l t ique , f ounded i n 1 804 , h ad i n

i mpe r ia l is t a r chaeo logy , w e s hou ld n o t l o se

f a c t b een c r ea ted t o i n ve s t iga te t h e e a r ly

s i gh to ft h e e n t ire s e r ie s o fe ven t st h a t h ad l e d

C e l t ic

t o t h e c r ea t ion o f an a t iona l a r chaeo logy i n

p urpo se

F rance , i nw h ich m ega l i th ic s t ruc tu re s p l ayed

c omp i le a nd t r ansc r ibe i n f orma t ion a bou t a l

ap a r t icu la r ly s i gn if ican t r o le . T he F rench

t h e monumen t s , c u s tom s a nd t r ad i t ions a nd t o

R evo lu t ion , i ng i v ing b i r th t ot h e n a t ion , h ad

c ompa re a nd c ommen t o n t hem . E thno log ica l

a l so g iven r i se t o a n ew n o t ion , t h a t o f

r e sea rch b egan i n F rance w i th t h is a im i n

h e r i tage ,

m ind .

w h ich

e ncompa s sed

n a t iona l

g row ing

n a t iona l ism .

l a nguage i t w a s

I n

1 853

a nd

T he

c u l tu re ,

c on s ide red

T he

s o -ca l led

f o r

w h ich

n ece s sa ry

C om i tj

d e s

t o

t r avaux

i d en t i ty 2.T he o b jec t s a nd monumen t s , i nt h is

h i s tor ique s e ts c ien t if ique s , i nt u rn , p ub l ished

s ense , b egan t o b e c on s ide red man if e s ta t ion s

I n s t ruc t ion s s ur l ' archjo log ie , r e commend ing

o f

t h e

n a t iona l

s uppo sed ly

i d en t i ty

e vo lu t ion

o f " no te s

o n

monumen t s"

a nd

s oc ie ty t ha t h ad c r ea ted t h em . A t t h e s ame

e s tab l ish a n a r chaeo log ica l map o fF rance a nd

t ime ,

s ome g ene ra l s t a t is t ic s o n t h e m onumen t s

e nd

i d en t i ty

i d ea

q ue s t ionna ire s o n G a l l ic r ema ins i no rde r t o

t he

t h e

t h e ir

o f t h e

f r om

r ef lec ted

a nd

o f t h e

1 8t h c en tu ry

o nwa rd s , t h e re w a s ad e s ire i n F rance t o

( Gran -Ayme r ich , 2 00 1 a:4 7 ) .

d emon s t ra te t h e c u l tu ra l a ch ievemen t s o ft h e C e l t s , w ho w e re i d en t if ied a st h e a nce s to r s o f

A

t h e F rench , s o t ha t a n e n t ire s e r ie s o fs t ud ie s

C omm is s ion o ft h e G au l w a s f ounded , w ho se

o n p re -Roman t ime s b egan , i n dependen t ly o f

m iss ion w a s t o s t udy g eog raphy , h i s to ry a nd

c l a s s ica l

n a t iona l a r chaeo logy u p t o t h e a r r iva l o f

a r chaeo logy ,

a nd

c on t inued

I n s p i t e o f t h e s im i la r i t ie s t h a t e x is t b e twe en E u ropean a nd N o r th A f r ican m ega l i th i sm , g i ven t h e n a tu r e a nd d if e r ing c h rono logy o f e a ch m an if e s ta t ion , n owaday s t h e i r g ene t ic i s o la t ion i s e v iden t . I ti sc on s ide r ed , i na lmo s t a l c a se s , t h a t t h ey a r e s im i la r c on s t ruc t iona l s o lu t ion s , i n dependen t ly a dop ted b y v e ry d if e r en t c u l tu r e s . T he e x i s t ing a na logy , s u ppo sed ly g ene r ic , a mong t h e d if e r en t b r anche s w ou ld b e t h e r e su l t o f a s imp le p henomenon o f t y po log ica l c onve rg ence , w i thou ta ny s o r to fr e la t ion sh ip ( De l ibe s , 1 9 85 :4 ) . I tw a s , i nf a c t , a tt h i st i me t h a tt h en a tu ra l is t a nd a n t iqua r ian A ub in L ou i s M i l l in ( 1 759 18 18 ) i n ven ted t h e t e rm " n a t iona l a n t iqu i t ie s " , a pp ly ing i tt o ac o l lec t ion o ff i ve v o lume st h a th ep ub l i shed i n 1 790 ( An t igun& n a t iona l e s , o h r e cue i l d e m onumen t s p ou r s e r v i r äl ' h i s to i r e g i .n&a l e e t p a r t icu l i& e d e l ' emp i r e f ranca i s , t e l s q ue t ombeaux , i n sc r ip t ion s , s t a tue s , v i t raux ,f r e sq eux , e t c . ; t i r e s d e s a bbay e s , m ona s t& e s , c hâ t eaux e t a u t r e s l i eux d ev enu s d oma ine s n a t ionaw c ) ( S chnapp , 1 996 : 5 2 ) . 1

2

5 0

l i t t le

l a te r ,

i n

1 858 ,

t h e

T opog raphy

C ha r lemagne . I n 1 862 t h e Mjmo i re s ur l e s monumen t s

m iwa l i th ique s

b y

A lexand re

B e r t rand ( 1820 1902 ) a ppea red , aw o rk i n w h ich t h e f i r s t m ap o fm ega l i th ic m onumen t s i n F rance w a s c omp i led a nd i n 1 869 t h e D ic t ionna ire

a rchjo log ique

d e

l a

G au le

c e l t ique w a s f i r s t p ub l ished . P a ra l le l t o t h is , t h e p o l i t ic ian H en r i Ma r t in ( 1810 1883) made h i s

c on tr ibu t ion

b y

p ra is ing

t h e

C e l t ic

a nce s to r s o f t h e F rench , f o rg ing a m y th ica l i mage o ft h em a nd i n s is t ing o n a t t r ibu t ing t h e m ega l i th ic monumen t s t o t h em . Two o f h i s w orks ,

H i s to ire

d e

F rance

( 1837 )

a nd

H i s to ire d e F rance p opu la i re ( 1875 ) , i n f a c t

T he F rench c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t ud yo fi n su lar c o lon i za t ion

g u ided t h e t e a ch ing s o f t h e w ho le s c hoo l .

o f t h e Magh reb w a s f ounded m a in ly o n t h e

F i na l ly , i n 1 879 , w i th in t h e C omm is s ion o f

b a s is o fe p ig raph ic t e x t s r a the rt h an d i g s , a nd

H i s to r ica l Monumen t s as ubcomm i t tee f o r

i tw a s n o t u n t i l 1 890 t h a t a n a r chaeo log ica l

m ega l i th ic m onumen t s w a s f o rmed ( T r igge r ,

s t udy o f N o r th A f r ica b egan t o t a ke o n a

1 992 : 5 6 ; C oye , 1 992 : 1 27 ; S chnapp , 1 996 :

s epa ra te e x is tence ( G ran -Ayme r ich , 2 00 1a :

5 1 , 1 999 : 2 80 ; O l iv ie r , 1 999 : 1 78 ; D emou le ,

1 43 165 ; B lanckae r t , 2 00 1a : 1 2 ) 3.

1 999 ; G ran -Ayme r ich , 2 00 1a : 1 45 146 , 1 90 1 96 , 2 87 a nd 6 0 1 ; L opez J im& lez , 2 00 1 : 7 7 -

T he d eve lopmen t o fa l t h is F rench a cadem ic

8 3 ; B eyne ix , 2 003 : 4 5 ) .

a c t iv i ty i n A lge r ia l e d t o ap ro l if e ra t ion o f l e a r ned s oc ie t ie s a nd t h e ir v a r iou s o rgan s : t h is

T h is s i tua t ion c l ea r ly r ef lec t s h ow t h e h i gh

w a s h ow t h e A rchaeo log ica l , H is to r ica l a nd

p o in t o f a r chaeo logy i n A lge r ia c anno t b e

G eog raph ica l

u nde r s tood u n le s s i ti sc l o se ly r e la ted t o t h e

f o rmed

F r ench c onque s t o f t h e c oun t ry a nd t o t h e

p ub l ished i n 1 853 . I n 1 856 , t h e A lge r ian

c o lon ia l p o l i t ic s t h a t t h i s i n augu ra ted , s i nce

H is to r ica l S oc ie ty b egan p ub l ish ing t h eR evue

p owe r f ound i n a r cha eo logy a s ou rce o f

Af r ica ine ; i n 1 858 t h e Mu seum o f A lg ie r s

i n f orma t ion o n c onque s t , a nd a mode l f o r

w a s o pened a nd f r om

c o lon iza t ion . I nf a c t , i ni n s t i tu t iona lt e rm s ,t h e

H is to r ica l Monumen t s S erv ice s t ook c ha rge

F r ench M in is t ry o f Wa r h ad r e que s ted t h e

o f t h e a dm in is t ra t ion o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l

A cademy o fI n sc r ip t ion s a nd B e l le s L e t t re s t o

h er i tage t h rough i t s o ff ic ia l r e p re sen ta t ive s .

s e t u p ar e sea r ch p rog ram i n 1 833 i n to t h e

T he se s oc ie t ie s , w h ich w e r e m ade u p o f

h i s to ry

c i v i l ian

a nd

C on sequen t ly ,

a r chaeo logy t h e

o f

f i e ldwo rk

A lge r ia .

i n

S oc ie ty 1 852 ,

a nd

a dm in is t ra t ion ,

e ven tua l ly

a nd

i t s A nnua i re

w a s

1 880 o nwa rd s t h e

m i l i ta ry

m embe r s

a r ch i tec t s

o ff ic ia ls ,

o ff ic ia la dm in is t ra to r sa nd t h ec i v i l s e rvan t s—

p roduced t opog raph ica l r e p roduc t ion s . F rench

m any o f w hom w e re f o nd o f a r chaeo logy —

a mb i t ion s f o r f u r the r c onque s t m ean t t h a t t h e

w ho t ook c ha rge o f l o ca t ing t h e r u in s a nd

s c ience

c opy ing d own t h e n ume rou s

T un is ia a nd , b y a r ound 1 880 , a l o f No r th

t o

m i l i ta ry o ff ic ia ls w ho p rov ided t h e n ece s sa ry

e xp lo ra t ion s w e re a l so c a r r ied o u t b y t h e

i mpe tu s f o r f i e ld a r chaeo logy . N eve r the le s s ,

D an ish , I t a l ian s , E ng l ish a nd G e rman s , t h e

t h e se

f u nc t iona r ie s

h ad

b een

a t t h e P o ly techn ic S choo l s i nce 1 830 , w ho h ad g i ven t h em l e s son s o n a nc ien th i s to ry a nd t a ugh t

t h em

h ow

t o

A l though

A t t h e b eg inn ing o f t h i s c o lon ia l p e r iod , t h e s i t ua t ion o f F r ench a r cha eo logy a nd p r eh i s to r y w a s c h ang ing q u ick ly . I n1 8 66 t h e f i r s t C ong r e s s o f A r cha eo log y a nd P r eh i s to r ic A n th ropo logy t o ok p l a ce i nP a r i s ; i n 1 8 76 t h e A n th ropo log ica l S choo l o f P a r i s w a s f o unded a nd s p ec ia l i s t m aga z ine s a l so a pp ea r ed : L ' An th ropo log i e ( 1 872 ) a nd L 'Homme p ra i s to r igu e ( 1 384 ) ( Ho l l , 1 9 90 : 2 98 ) .

3

i n s t ruc ted b y K a r l B ened ik t H a se , ap rof e s so r

h ad

e xp lo r ed .

A lge r ia

a nd

A f r ica

o f

b een

f r om

d i g s

B e tween 1 830 a nd 1 850 , i tw a s b a s ica l ly

m any

h ad

e x tended

a nd

t h e

c a r r ied

s oon

e xp lo ra t ion s

a nd

o f

b ecame t h e p rope r ty o ft h e c o lon ia l a rmy , t h e

i n sc r ip t ion s .

o u t

o f C on s tan t ine w a s

r e p roduce

i n sc r ip t ion s . T h is m ean tt h a tt h e a r chaeo logy

5 1

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

g rea te s t b enef i t s w e re r e se rved f o r F rench

F ranco -P ru ss ian Wa r b roke o u t , w he reupon

r e sea rch , d ue t o t h e t e rm s t h a t h ad b een

h e r e que s ted a p o s i t ion i n t h e R h ine a rmy .

s e t t led w hen A lg ie r s w a s t a ken i n 1 830 . T h is

A f te r S edan , h e w a s p romo ted t o G ene ra l o f

g ua ran teed a n ea r monopo ly f o r F rance i n

D iv is ion a nd w a s a ppo in ted C ommande r in -

Nor th A f r ica ( Ba r ro s , 1 990 : 1 57 ; H o 1 1 , 1 990 :

C h ief o f t h e No r ther n A rmy . J u s t a f te r t h e

2 98 ; S heppa rd , 1 990 : 1 73 ; G ran -Ayme r ich ,

a rm is t ice , h e w a s e l ec ted a r ep re sen ta t ive o f

2 00 1 a: 1 43 -165

t h e N a t iona l A s semb ly . S oon a f te rwa rd s h e

a nd

1 97 -203 ;

B lanckae r t ,

2 00 1 a:1 2 ) .

r e s igned a nd w a s t h en p u t i n c ha rge o f p h i lo soph ica l

a nd

a r chaeo log ica l

w o rk ,

R ega rd ing t h e d eve lopmen t o f t h e s e r ie s o f

i n vo lv ing am is s ion t oU ppe r E gyp t , w he re h e

t h eo r ie s t h a t r e la ted t h e C e l t s t o t h e No r th

d i scove red

A f r ican m ega l i th ic s t ruc tu r es , t h e i n s t i tu t iona l

g ene ra l a dv iso r i n t h e N o r th f r om 1 870 , h e

a nd a cadem ic f r amework i t se lf m ean t t ha t t h e

w a s e l ec ted S ena to r i n 1 879 , b u t d ue t o a n

i n te l lec tua ls r e spon s ib le f o r d eve lop ing t h e

a t tack o f p a ra lys is , h e p layed l i t t le p a r t i n

t h eo r ie s w e re e i the r f r om t h e a rmy o r e l se

G ove rnmen t w o rk . F rom 1 880 o nwa rd s h e

w e re

w a s

a dm in is t ra to r s

o ff ic ia l

c i rc le s .

w i th

T h is

l i nk s t o F r ench

w a s

t h e

c a se

w i th

G rand

s ome

L ibyan

i n scr ip t ion s 4. A

C hance l lo r o f t h e

L eg ion

o f

H onou r , a nd i n 1 884 h ej o ined t h e A cademy

F a idhe rbe ,T is so ta nd B roca .

o f I n sc r ip t ions

( Cou r s ie r ,

1 989 ;

AA .VV . ,

1 994 [ 1924 ] : 9 3) . TH E C ONTR IBUT ION O F LO U IS LE ON Ci SAR FA IDHERBE

T he f i r s t w o rk F a idhe rbe w ro te o n t h e No r th A f r ican i n sc r ip t ion s w a s C o l lec t ion c omp l&e

L ou is L eon C e sa r F a idhe rbe ( L i l le , 1 8 18 -

d es I n scr ip t ion s N um id ique s ( L ibyque s ) a vec

P a r is ,

d e s a per o s e t hnog raph ique s s ur l e s Num id e s

1 889 ) ,

a p rof e ss iona l

s o ld ie r ,

h ad

s e rved i n A lge r ia b e tween 1 842 a nd 1 849 ,

( 1870 ) .

w he re

i n sc r ip t ion s d i scove red i nE a s tern A lge r ia a nd

h e

h ad

b een

r e spons ib le

f o r

f o r t if ica t ion w o rk . I n 1 852 h e w a s a ppo in ted

I n t h is

b ook

h e

r e f e r red

t o t h e

T un i s ia , i n scr ip t ion s t ha t — h e a ff irmed —

S ub -D i rec to r o ft h e S enega l E ng inee r s a nd i n D u r ing h i s l i f e , F a idhe rbe w a s i nc ha rg e o fm any a r ea s , e s pec ia l ly t h o se r e la t ed t o g eog raphy , e t hnog raphy a nd a r cha eo logy . B e s ide s n ume rou s a r t ic le s p ub l i shed i n t h e B u l le t in o f t h e G eog raph ica l S oc ie ty o f P a r i s , h e w ro te t h e f o l low ing w o rk s : C o l l ec t ion c omp lt e d e s i n sc r ip t ion s n um id ique s ( L i la , 1 870 ) ; S ur l e s t ombeaux i nga l i th iqu e s e ts u r l e s b l ond s d e l a L i by e ( 1 870 ) ; N ouv e l l e s i n scr ip t ion s n um id ique s d e S id i -Ar ra th ( 1 874 ) ; L e s D o lmen s d e l ' Af r ique ( 1 873 ) ; E p ig raph i e p hjn ic i enne ( 1 873 ) ; C on t r ibu t ion ä l ' i lud e d e l a l a ngu e b e r ebe r e ( 1 877 ) ; L e S oudan f r an va i s ( 1 884 ) a nd L e Sn g .ga l . L a F rance d on s l ' Af r ique o c c id en ta l e ( 1 889 ) .

1 854 Governo r o ft h is p o s ses s ion , ap o s i t ion

4

h e h e ld u n t i l 1 86 1 a nd a ga in f r om 1 863 t o 1 865 . D ur ing t h e se t e n y ea r s h e c omp le te ly r eo rgan ized t h e c o lony a nd a tt h e s ame t ime o rgan ized s eve ra l s c ien t if ic e xped i t ions a nd f ounded

s choo ls ,

b a r rack s ,

a n

a dvanced

g ua rd , h o sp i ta ls a nd a mu seum . A B r igade G ene ra l f r om 1 863 , i n 1 867 h e t ook m i l i ta ry c on t ro l

o f B öne ,

o ccupy ing

i t u n t i l

t h e

5 2

T he F rench c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t ud yo fi n su la rc o lon i za t ion

w ou ld h ave b een e xecu ted b y t h e n a t ive s o r

I n 1 873 t h e F rench s o ld ie ro nce a ga in i n s is ted

N um id ian s . T he p r e sence o f l i gh te r sk inned

o n a t t r ibu t ing t h e d o lmen s t o t h e C e l t s ,

p opu la t ions i nt h ea r ea sw he re t h e i n sc r ip t ion s

b ecau se c e s d i ver s m onumen t s m jga l i th ique s

h ad b een l o ca ted l e d F a idhe rbe t oa ff i rm t h a t

s on t

s emb lab le s

ä c eux

d e

F rance

e t

d 'Ang la t er re ( Fa idhe rbe , 1 873 : 19 ) , b u t h e c onceded t h a t t h e p r e sence o ft h e se t ype s o f

L e s h omme s b l ond s , d on t n ou s r e conna is son s a u jou rd 'hu i l e s d e scendan t s d an s l e p ay s , q u i e nvah i r en t l ' Egyp te e n v enan t d e l a L ibye , q u i o n t c ouve r t l a L ibye d e d o lmen s t o u t -ä -f a i t s emb lab le s äc eux d e l ' Eu rope , v ena ien t d u No rd d e l ' Eu rope , q u i at ou jou r s e t e & q u i e s t e nco re a u jou rd 'hu i l e p ay s d e s b l ond s ; i le s t äs uppo se r q u ' i ls a va ien t e nvah i l a L ibye p a r l e s t r o is p r e squ ' i le s d e l ' Eu rope d an s l a Med i te r rannee . L e s u n s , a r r ive s p a r l ' E spagne , s ' e ta ien t e t ab l i s d ans t ou te l ac on t ree q u i f o rme l e Ma roc a c tue l ; l e sa u t r e s , a p re s a vo i r t r ave r se l ' I ta l ie & l a S i c i le , s ' e ta ien t a ba t tu s s u r l a N um id ie , p ays o ü i l s o n t l a i s se t a n t d e t r ace s . E nf in d ' au t r e s e t a ien t s an s d ou te v enu s d e l a G rece a vec l e s P e la sge s , s im 8me u s n e d o iven t p a s 8 t r e c onf ondu s a vec c eux -c i ; p u is c eux d e l a Num id ie s e r e un i ren t a ux P e la sgue s p ou r c onque r i r l a B a s se -ügyp te . [ Fa idhe rbe , 1 870 : 2 3 ]

s t ruc tu re s w a s n o t y e t c onf i rmed i n Mo rocco . T ha t y ea r h e w ro te a no the r p ape r f o r t h e S oc ie ty o f A n th ropo logy ( Fa idhe rbe , 1 873 b) i nw h ich h e r e f e r red t ot h e C ana ry I s land s f o r t h e f i r s t t ime , s i nce t h e i s land s , a cco rd ing t o t h e F r ench s o ld ie r , h ad b een i n hab i ted b y t h e s ame s e t t le r s t h a t h ad s p r ead f r om E gyp t t o t h e A t lan t ic a nd w ho se l a nguage w a s B e rbe r . T he se B e rbe r p opu la t ion s w e re t h e r e su l t o f i n te rma r r iage

t h e T amahou s 5. L a te r t h e p r e sence o f t h e P hoen ic ian s

L ibyan

c oa s t

l e d t o

w o rd s ,t ot h eL ibyan -Phoen ic ian s .

C on t ra r i ly t ot h e b e l ief s o fF a idhe rbe , c ommon a mong h i sc on t empo ra r ie s ,t h e r ew a sn o E u rop ean p r e s ence i np a s t t i me s t h a t i n f luenc ed t h e r a c ia l a nd c u l tu ra l c onf igu ra t ion o f t h e B e rbe r s . T he B e rbe r s o r P r o to -Be rbe r s o f t h e M agh r eb w e r e c e r ta in ly t h e r e su l t o f t h e c o a l i t ion o r f u s ion , d u r ing t h e N eo l i th ic e r a i np r opo r t ion s s t i l l t ob e s p e c if ied , o ft h r e e A f r ican e l emen t s : t h e I b e r ian M au r i ta n ic , t h e C ap s ian a nd t h e N eo l i th ic . T he I b e r ian M au r i ta n ic i so fp r obab le o r ien ta l o r ig in , c om ing f r om t h e n o r th o ft h e S udan ; t h e C ap s ian c i v i l iza t ion a l so c ame f r om t h e e a s t , b u t n o t b y s e a , w h i l s t t h e N eo l i th ic c omponen t s c a n b e c on s ide r ed t h e " c ou s in s" o f t h e C ap s ian s . I n c onne c t ion w i th t h e T amahou s o r T emehu s , i ti s n owada y sr e cogn iz ed t h a tt h e ya r et h ea n c e s to r so f t h e L i byan s , k nown b y t h e G r eek s a sC y r ena ic s . N eve r the le s s , t h e h ypo th e s i s t h a t i d en t if i e s t h e T amahou s w i th t h e i mmed ia t e n e ighbou r s o ft h e E gyp t ian s ( De sang e s , 1 9 83 : 4 30 -437 ) c a nno t b e a c c ep ted .

o n ly i n t h is w ay c ou ld h e e xp la in t h e n on e x is tence o f a ny r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e t h e

o n t h e

i n te rma r r iage w i th t h e n a t ive s o r , i n o t he r

s k inned p opu la t ion s w e r e p r e -A ryan , s i nce

a nd

f a i r sk inned

a nd t h e L ibyan s , w hom t h e E gyp t ians c a l led

F a idhe rbe a l so s pec if ied t h a t t h e se l i gh te r -

i n sc r ip t ion s

t h e

p opu la t ion s w ho h ad d e scended f r om E u rope ,

5

N um id ian

b e tween

A ryan

l a nguage . T he p re sence o f d o lmen s w a s t h e o t he ra r gumen tp o sed b yF a idhe rbe t ol i nk t h e a nce s to r s o ft h e f a i r sk inned p opu la t ion s w i th t h ea r r iva l o ft h eC e l t s .

5 3

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo log yi nt h eC ana ry I s land s

I n 1 874 , j u s t a f te r t h e d i scove ry o ft h e r o ck

e nd o ft h e 1 9t h c en tu ry a nd t h e b eg inn ing o f

a r t s i te o fE l J u lan ( E l H ier ro ) i nt h e C ana ry

t h e2 0t h c en tu ry ( T r igge r , 1 990 : 3 12 ) .

I s land s , F a idhe rbe p o in ted o u t i n Q ue lque s m o t s s u r l ' e thno log ie d e l ' Arch ip ie l C ana r i en

T he

t h a t

F a idhe rbe f o r t h e c o lon iza t ion o ft h e i s land s

t h e

i n sc r ip t ion s

c ou ld

b e

L ibyan

( Fa idhe rbe , 1 874 a : 9 2 ) . T he ref o re ,

e xp lana to ry

m ode l

p r opo sed

b y

i sd ef ined b y t h e p r eva lence o f ap r e sen t is t , r a c i s t , p o s i t iv is t , a nd m a rked ly i mpe r ia l is t ic

L a p opu la t ion d e s C ana r ie s s ' e ta i t f o rm& d e t r o is e l emen t s c r o i se s s u r c e r ta in s p o in t s , j ux tapo se s e te n g ue r r e e n t r e e ux s u rd ' au t re s : 1 °d e s n o ir so uo lof s ; 2 ° d e s L yb ien s ; 3 ° d e s b l ond s d 'Eu rope . D an s l e u r l a ngue , o n t r ouve d e s n om s b e rbe re s p ou r c e r ta in s l i eux : T ouen t , T aga s t , T acue toun t , e t c . ; p ou r c e r ta ine s t r ibu s : O uanche r i ( Guanche s ) , H ooua ra , G home ra , e t c . ; p ou r c e r ta in s p e r sonnage s : Ma saga ( c 'e s t l e n om d u g ene ra l d e s L ibyen s äl ' a rmee d e X e r ce s ) , Ma sdache , e t c . . . . [ Fa idhe rbe , 1 874 a : 9 2 -93 ] .

v i s ion , r e f lec t ing t h e a u tho r 's p u rpo se s a nd b ackg round .

I ta ppea r s t h is w ay b ecau se , w hen d r aw ing o n am ode l o f" t ran sp lan ted" p opu la t ion s , t h a t i s t o s a y , w hen c l a im ing t h a t p eop le h ad b een s h ipped t o n ew t e r r i to r ie s o r c o lon ie s ( t he C ana r ie s ) , t h e F r ench s o ld ie r a ppea r s t oh ave b een h eav i ly i nf luenced b y t h e s e t t le r m ode l d eve loped b y t h e m a jo r E u ropean p owe r s , i n c lud ing

F rance ,

d u r ing

t h e

n i ne teen th -

c en tu ry o ccupa t ion o f t h e n or th o f A f r ica . B u t t h e p r e sence o fL ibyans f r om E a s t A f r ica

C o lon ia l i sm

o n

t h e

c ove red b y a n a dm in is t ra t ive a nd m i l i ta ry

a nd

c o lon ia l n e two rk t h a t c r ea ted a E u ropean

m umm if ica t ion t ot h e C ana r ie s ,w e r ec omp lex

c o lon ia l p r e sence o n t h e c on t inen t ( Be t t s ,

i s sue s t o r e so lve , b ecau se n one o f t h e se

1 987 ; S heppa rd , 1 990 : 1 73 ) a nd F a idhe rbe ,

c u l tu ra l

w ho h ad e xp la ined t h e c o lon iza t ion o f t h e

t h e

i s land s

i n t roduc t ion

a nd ,

o f

f a c to r s

c onsequen t ly ,

L ibyan

h ad

b een

w r i t ing

d ocumen ted

i n

h ad

m ean t

t h a t

A f r ica

w a s

We s te rn A f r ica , n o r o n t h e r ou te p r e sumed t o

i s land s

h ave b een f o l lowed b y t h e L ibyan s t o t h e

" co lon ia l i s t s" b rough t b y t h e P hoen ic ian s ,

A t lan t ic c oa s t .

r e so r ted t ot h es ame e xp lana to ry m ode l , b a sed

I n v i ew o f t h is s i tua t ion ,

b y

t h e

F a idhe rbe s o lved t h e p rob lem b y m ak ing t h e

o n

P hoen ic ian s i n te rvene i n t h e c o lon iza t ion o f

s t r ic t ly e conom ic p u rpo se s .

t h e

C ana r ie s

( Fa idhe rbe ,

e m ig ra t ion

a ppea rance

t o o ve r sea s

o f

L ibyan

t e r r i to r ie s

f o r

I8 74 a: 9 3 -94 ) .

H oweve r , i n c onnec t ion w i th t h i s S em i t ic

I nc onnec t ion w i th t h is i n te rp re ta t ion , a no the r

i n te rven t ion c i ted b y F a idhe rbe , i ts hou ld n o t

f a c t s hou ld a l so b e r emembe red : a tt h e t ime

b e f o rgo t ten t h a t t h a t b o th t h e P hoen ic ian s

w hen

a nd C a r thag in ian s w e r e t r ea ted a s p ro to type

r e g i s te red d i sp lacemen t s o f s l ave l a bou r f o r

c i v i l iz ing c o lon ize r s b y a r chaeo log is t s a tt h e

e conom ic p urpo se s . T he e xpo r ta t ion o fs l ave s

F a idhe rbe

w a s

w r i t ing ,

t h e r e w e re

t o Ame r ica , w h ich h ad b egun i n t h e 1 6t h

5 4

T he F rench c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t ud yo fi n su lar c o lon i za t ion

c en tu ry , h ad b een d eve loped a f t e r 1 770 t o

s i tua t ion s h ave b een a r chaeo log ica l ly v e r if ied

a n swe r

( Gonza lez

t h e

d emand

Ame r ican c o t ton

f o r

l a bou r

o n

p l an ta t ion s a nd

t h e

A n tön

e t a l . ,

1 995 :

4 5

a nd

G onzä lez Wagne r , 1 999 : 50 -55 1) .

l a te r t o

s a t i sf y i n c rea s ing d emand s f r om B raz i l . A lso , m ig ra to ry m ovemen t s a s ar e su l t o f i n te r na l

C on sequen t ly , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e c o lon ia l

s l ave ry w e re t a k ing p l a ce w i th in t h e A f r ican

p o l i t ic s d eve loped b y t h e E u ropean p owe r s o f

c on t inen t i t se lf , f a vou red b y t h e i n te rven t ion

t h e 1 9t h c en tu ry c ou ld h ave h ad a n i nf luence

o fm ed ia to r s( Ca ldwe l l , 1 987 ) .

o n F a idhe rbe w hen h ep ropo sed h i s mode l f o r t h e c o lon iza t ion o ft h e C ana ry I s land s u s ing

T h is c on tempo ra ry h i s to r ica l s i tua t ion m ay

" t ran sp lan ted"L ibyan P hoen ic ian p opu la t ions .

h ave

h i s

B u t i ti sa l so c e r ta in t h a t t h e c o lon ia l mode l

c o lon iza t ion t h eo ry . N eve r the le s s , w e s hou ld

d eve loped b y t h e P hoen ic ian s a nd P un ic s i n

n o t r e jec t t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t h e m ay h ave

t h e Med i te r ranean c o r robo ra te s t h e t h eo ry

b een f am i l ia r w i th B ook Two o f A r i s to t le ' s

o u t l ined b yt h eG a l l ic a u tho r . R e la t ion sh ip s o f

P o l i t ic s —a l though h e d i d n o t m en t ion i t— i n

p owe r , d om inance a nd r e s is tance t h a t e x i s t

w h ich

b e tween c o lon ize r a nd c o lon ized , a s w e l l a s

h e lped

t h e

F a idhe rbe

t r an sf e r

t o

d eve lop

o f L ibyan -Phoen ic ian

p opu la t ion

o f

C a r thage

t o t h e

t e r r i to r ie s

w a s

a l ready

r e cogn ized

o ngo ing

a nd

p o s i t ive

m ovemen t s o fa u toch thonou s p opu la t ion s f o r

o ve r sea s a s a n

e conom ic p u rpo se s , w e re a spec t s t h a t t h e

t h a t

c o lon ia l mode ls o f t h e a nc ien t a nd mode rn

m a in ta ined t h e p o l i t ica l a nd e conom ic s y s tem

w o r ld s ha red a nd i ti si mpo r tan t t o s t re s s , i n

t h a t t h e N o r th A f r ican c i ty h ad c r ea ted i nt h e

t h i s c on tex t , t h a t moder n c o lon ia l ism w a s

We s te rn

o f t en j u s t if ied o n t h e b a s is o f i t s c on t inu i ty

Med i te r ranean .

o ccu r rence

T h is

i n vo lved

A f r ican s w ho s e rved a s m e rcena r ie s i n t h e

w i th

P un ic a rm ie s , o r i n d iv idua ls w ho c ou ld b e

e xamp le , a leged t h a t t h e i r a nnexa t ion o ft h e

t r an spo r ted

n o r th o fA f r ica r e p re sen ted ac on t inu i ty w i th

t o

c o lon ize

a r ea s

u nde r

t h e

e a r l ie r

p o l i t ica l a nd e conom ic a eg i s o fC a r thage , a s

t h e

w a s t h e c a se i n H ispan ia d u r ing t h e 5 t h , 4 t h

E ng l i sh

a nd 3 `d c en tu r ie s BC ( Gaud io , 1 958 : 1 53 155 ;

( F ranken s te in , 1 997 : X ) .

A toche e t a l . ,

1 997 :

R oman

p r ac t ice s

s phe re

c l a imed

( t he

F rench ,

o f i nf luence t h e

s ame

f o r

a nd t h e

f o r

E gyp t )

1 3 14 a nd G onzä lez

Wagne r , 1 999 : 5 08 ) . Mo r eove r , t h e e x i s tence

W i th in t h e e xp lana to ry mode l o u t l ined b y

o f

F a idhe rbe , t h e r a c ia l p l u ra l i ty c l a imed f o r t h e

i mpo r tan t

p r eceden t s

f o r

t h e

P un ic

c o lon iza t ion o ft h e Med i te r ranean h ad a l ready

C ana r ie s

b een i n d ica ted , i n vo lv ing N o r th A f r ican n eo -

i nf luenced

B e rbe r p opu la t ion s , a s w e l l a s t h e u se o f

d ocumen ted i n t h e No r th A f r ican F rench

a u toch thonou s

c o lon ie s ( Top ina rd , 1 873 ; T i s so t , 1 876 a nd

w o rkf o r ce C a r thag in ian

L ibyan s

f o r

t h e

a s

a d ependen t

e xp lo i ta t ion

p rope r t ie s ,

a nd

o f

b o th

w a s b y

a l so , t h e

i n a c e r ta in a c tua l

r a c ia l

s e n se ,

p l u ra l i ty

S aba t ie r , 1 882 ) , w he r e t h e B e rbe r s a nd t h e

t h e

b l ack

t h e se

5

p opu la t ions

l i ved

a l ong s ide

t h e

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s

E u ropean s . I n o t he r w o rd s , t h e t h r ee r a c ia l

f am ine , i ti sn ow k nown t h a t p r ac t ica l ly a l

g roup s t h a t F a idhe rbe c l a imed h ad a r r ived i n

A f r ican

t h eC ana r ie sw e r er e p r e sen ted t h e re .

r e s i s tance i n a l t h e r e g ion s i n w h ich t h e

s o c ie t ie s

r e s is ted

a nd

t h e r e

w a s

E u ropean s a dvanced , i n t h e f o rm o f r u ra l F rom t h e n i ne teen th -cen tu ry p o in t o f v i ew ,

r e be l l ion so rg ue r r i l la w a r( Range r , 1 987 ) .

t h e E u ropean p r e sence i nA f r ica w a s a c cep ted a s aj u s t if ica t ion f o r t h e s oc ia l a nd e conom ic

C on sequen t ly , f r om a t h eo re t ica l p o in t o f

d eve lopmen t o f t h e c on t inen t ( Be t t s , 1 987 ;

v i ew ,

B a r ro s , 1 990 : 1 60 ) a nd o n t h e i s land s t h e r e

c o lon iza t ion f o rmu la ted b y

F a idhe rbe , w e

w e r e ,

s hou ld b ea r

i t i s c ommon

i n

f a c t ,

L ibyan

o r

m ixed race

a nd

i n r e la t ion

t o t h e

i n m ind t h a t

v i s ion

o f

d e scenden t s o f t h e p r e -A ryan o r E u ropean

p r ac t ice t o a ppea l t o t h e p r e sen t i no rde r t o

r a ce s

a nd

r e c rea te m ode ls o ft h e p a s tt h a ta r eh ope le s s ly

m umm if ica t ion , t wo c l ea r p roof s o f t h e i r

c ond i t ioned b y o u r o wn d i rec t e xpe r ience .

c u l tu ra l d eve lopmen t , a s o ppo sed t ot h e l a ck

T he s o c ia l p e r cep t ion o f m ig ra to ry m ovemen t s

o f c on t r ibu t ion f r om t h e b l ack o uo lof s , a s

a nd

F a idhe rbe d e sc r ibe s t h em . N eve r the le s s , i ti s

d i a lec t ica l ly r e la ted t o t h e m ig ra to ry m ode ls

n ece s sa ry t o p o in t o u t t h a t , i n s p i te o f t h e

t h a t

w ho le s e r ie s o f p r e jud ice s u nde r ly ing t h e se

e xp lana t ion s ( Chapman , 1 998 : 3 08 -3 11 a nd

p o s i t ion s ,

n on -

C hapman & H ame row , 1 997 : 2 ) . I nt h e c a se

e x i s tence o f t h e L ibyan p r e sence o n t h e

o fF a idhe rbe , ap a r t ic ipan t i n , a nd af i r s t -hand

i s land s

w i tne s s o f ,

w ho

h ad

t h is

a nd

i n t roduced

d oe s

t h is

n o t

h a s

w r i t ing

i mp ly

t h e

n owaday s

b een

a r chaeo log ica l ly c onf irmed ( Fa r ru j ia , 2 004 a ) .

c on tempo ra ry

w e r e

i n va s ion s

p ropo sed

F rench

a s

c an

b e

a r chaeo log ica l

c o lon ia l ism

i n N o r th

A f r ica , e ve ry th ing s e em s t o i n d ica te t h a t t h e a u tho r e x t r apo la ted ac on tempo ra ry h i s to r ica l

Mo reove r , w hen F a idhe rbe r e f e r r ed t o t h e

r e a l i ty

c oex is tence o ft h e t h ree e t hn ic g roup s i nt h e

c o lon iza t ion o f t h e C ana ry I s land s d u r ing

C ana r ie s ( j ux tapo se s e t e n g uer r e e n t re e ux

p r im i t ive t i me s , i n c lud ing t h e d e ta i l w e h ave

s ur d ' au t re s

a l ready n o ted o f r e f e r r ing t o " t ran sp lan ted"

r ef lec ted

1 874 a :

9 2 ] ) , h e o nce a ga in

a c on tempo ra ry

c onf ron ta t ion s

i n

A f r ica

s i tua t ion :

t h e

b e tween

t h e

t o e xp la in

t h e

d ynam ic s

o f t h e

p opu la t ion s .

c o lon ize r s a nd t h ec o lon ized , a s ar e su l to ft h e

T h is s ame d i a lec t ica l p r oce s s a low s u s t o

r e s is tance o ft h e l a t te r t o t h e f o rme r . I n t h is

u nde r s tand , i nt u rn ,t h eu se t h a tF a idhe rbe a nd

s en se ,

o t he r c on tempo ra ry a u tho r s ( Be r the lo t a nd

a nd

E u ropean

c on t ra ry

t o

h i s to r iog raph ica l

t h e

t r ad i t iona l

v i ew

w h ich

V erneau ) , m ade o f t h e t e rm i n va s ion s w hen

c on s ide red t h a t A f r ican t own s s aw t h e a r r iva l

r e f e r r ing t o t h e c o lon iza t ion o f t h e i s land s .

o f c o lon ia l ism a s as t roke o f l u ck f o r t h em ,

W i th t h e se a u tho r s , ac oncep tua l s w ing c an b e

b r ing ing l i be ra t ion f r om f r a t r ic ida l w a r s o f

i d en t if ied i nr e la t ion t oe a r l ie r h i s to r iog raphy

m u tua l a nn ih i la t ion , e p idem ic s a nd p e r iod ic

s i nce , f a ced w i th t h e c onno ta t ion s i mp l ic i t i n

5 6

T he F r ench c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t ud yo fi n su lar c o lon i za t ion

t h e a c t ion o fi n vad ing o r e n ter ing ap l a ce b y

p robab le

f o r ce , t h e r e w e re o t he r c o lon iza t ion m ode ls ,

[ 1 969 ] : 9 2 -93 ) . T he ref o re , t h e a ccep tance o r

e s tab l ished p r io r t o t h e w o rk s o f F a idhe rbe ,

n on -accep tance o f t h e s e af a r ing a b i l i t ie s o f

B e r the lo t a nd V erneau , i nw h ich a no the r s e t

t h e

o f t e rm s , c oncep t s o r v e rb s w e r e i n voked ,

c o lon iza t ion mode ls a nd t h e a c tua l s oc ia l

w i th a s i gn if icance t h a t s u i ted t h e d i f f e ren t

c on tex t s i n w h ich t h e d i f f e ren t c o lon iza t ion

c i r cum s tance s . T he r ef o re , i nt h e c o lon iza t ion

t h eo r ie s w e r e d eve loped , w e je f a c to r s t h a t l e d

m ode ls w h ich h ad e mpha s i sed t h e n a t ive s '

t o t h e u se o f c e r ta in c oncep t s o r " ac t ions"

i n ab i l i ty

w i th

t o s a i l ,

c l a im s

w e re

made

f o r

o r

p o s tu la ted

n a t ive s ,

t h e

p a r t icu la r

( Foucau l t ,

v a l id i ty

m ean ing s .

o f

T h is

2 00 1

c e r ta in

o bv iou s ly

m ig ra t ion w h ich i mp l ied t h e p a r t ic ipa t ion o f

c ome s t or ef lec t t h e f a c t t h a t c oncep t s , o rt h e

m ed ia to r s , o r e l se f o r tu i tou s a r r iva l : r e ach ing

e xp re s s ion

a n u nexpec ted p l ace b y c hance ( Bon t ie r &

i n ten t iona l

L eve r r ie r , G a r c ia d e S an ta Ma r ia , V iana ,

h i s to r ica l a gen t s a r e w ho r e so r t t ot h em i na

N ür iez ,

p l anned w ay , i na cco rdance w i th c e r ta in r u le s

Ma r in

d e

C uba s ,

P o r l ie r ) ;

b e ing

b an ished ( N icho ls , V iana , ) ; l e av ing ( Ab reu

o f a c t ion s , c on t ro l

c anno t e s cape t h e

o f

i n d iv idua l s ,

t h e

( A rö s tegu i , 2 00 1 : 1 9a nd 2 8 -29 ) .

G a l indo ) o r b e ing s en t ( G la s ) . O n t h e o t he r h and , t h e m o re g ene r ic t y pe o f c o lon iza t ion

TH E CONTRIBUT IONS OF CH ARLES JO SEPH

m ode ls , i n w h ich t h e a r r iva l o f t h e f i r s t

T ISSOT AND

PA U L BR OCA

s e t t le r s w a s a u tonomou s , w e re e xp r e s sed i n t e rm s

o f

d i f f e ren t

c ou r se s

o f

a c t ion :

T o r e tu rn t o t h e d eve lopmen t o f F rench

c o lon isa t ion ( D iaz T anco , T heve t , F ru tuo so ,

c o lon ia l

T o r r ian i , E sp ino sa , V iana , Nür iez , S o sa , d e l

F r ench a u tho r w ho c on t r ibu ted t owa rd s t h e

C a s t i l lo ,

d eve lopmen t

o f t h i s

a r cha eo logy

w a s

V ie ra ) ;

a r r iva l

( E sp ino sa ,

A b r eu

G a l indo ) , o rs p read ( Ab reu ) .

a r chaeo logy

i n

A f r ica ,

r a c is t

a nd

a no the r

p o s i t iv i s t

C ha r le s Jo seph

T i s so t

( 1 828 1884 ) , t h e F rench C on su l i nT un is ia i n T he f a c tt h a ti nt h eC ana r ian h i s to r iog raph ica l

1 852 , F rench Amba s sado r i nC on s tan t inop le ,

t r ad i t ion t h e se s ame c oncep t s o ra c t ion s w e re

p l en ipo ten t ia ry

n o t u sed t o d ef ine t h e m ig ra to ry p roce s se s

1 87 1 , m embe ro ft h eA cademy o fI n sc r ip t ion s

t h a t a f f ec ted t h e

a f te r 1 874 , p l en ipo ten t ia ry Amba s sado r i n

r ef lec t ion

t h e

n a tu re

f r om

L ondon i n 1 882 , K n igh t o f t h e L eg ion o f

t r an sc r ib ing w ha t w a s o b se rved o r k nown b y

H onou r , a nd o ne o ft h e f ounde r s o f moder n

i n tu i t ion . T he c oncep t s a nd t h e e xp re s s ion o f

c ompa ra t ive g eog raphy . B e tween 1 853 a nd

a c t ion s , i nt h is s en se ,d epended o n w hom t h ey

1 858 , s pu r r ed o n b y t h e d emand s o f h i s

w e r e a dd re s sed t o a nd t h e t ype o fd i scou r se

d i p loma t ic

i t se lf . T he c hang ing u se o f t h e se c oncep t s

e xp lo ra t ion s

i n to

b egan t o r ef lec t ,

c omb in ing

e p ig raph ica l

s e en ,

c hang ing

i n T ang ie r

o f

m emo r ized ,

o f

i s land s i s a s i gn if ican t

m in is te r

h e ref o re , w ha t h ad b een d educed ,

a dm i t ted

c a ree r ,

h e

c a r r ied o u t s e ve ra l

t h e

h ea r t

o f

T un is ia ,

r e sea rch

w i th

c ho rog raphy a nd , p r io r t o 1 876 , h e t r ave l led

a s

5 7

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo log yi nt h eC anary I s land s

a l ong

a l

t h e

R oman

r o ad s

i n Mo rocco ,

F rom t h e r a c io log ica l p o in t o f v i ew , t h is

r e p roduc ing t h e r u in s a nd i n sc r ip t ion s a nd

C e l t ic p r e sence i n Mo rocco i np a s t t ime s w a s

d r aw ing a m ap o f ar e g ion a lmo s t u nknown

c o r robo ra ted

b ef o re t h en ( G ran -Ayme r ich , E .a nd J . , 1 986 ;

s k inned p opu la t ion ( t he L ibyans ) , w ho w e re

G ran -Ayme r ich , E . , 2 00 1a : 3 17 -32 1 y2 00 l b:

c on s ide r ed t o b e t h e d e scendan t s o f t h e

6 63 -665 ) 6.

a nce s to r so ft h eG au l s . A cco rd ing t oT i s so t ,

I n f a c t , s oon a f te r c omp le t ing h i s w o rk o n Mo rocco ,

h e

w ou ld

b e

r e spons ib le

L ' imp r e s s ion g ene ra le q ue l a i s se c e t te p opu la t ion b e rb& e , c ' e s t q u 'e l le a ppa r t ien t ä u ne r a ce i d en t ique ä l a n ö t r e . L e b e rbe re d u N o rd e td u c en t re d u Ma roc a u ne p hy sonom ie e s sen t ie l lemen t e u ropeenne : s e s m oeu r s , s e s h ab i tude s l e r a pp rochen t d e n ou s e t c onf i rmen tc e t t e s uppo s i t ion d 'u ne o r ig ine c ommune . [ T i s so t , 1 876 : 3 9 1]

f o r

d emon s t ra t ing f o r t h e f i r s t t i me t h e e x is tence o f

t o u te s

l e s

m ega l i th ique s : c rom lech s . . .

v a r ie te s d o lmen s ,

i n t h is

d e s

m onumen t s

m enh i r s ,

t umu l i ,

e nv i ronmen t

( T is so t ,

b y t h e e x i s tence o f a f a ir -

1 876 : 3 85 ) ,t h a t i st os ay , i nt h eo n ly r e g ion i n t h e n or th o f A f r ica w he re t h e se t y pe s o f s t ruc tu re s h ad n o t y e t b een d i scove r ed . T he i mpor tance o ft h e se d i scove r ie s d i d n o t r e s ide

I n

i nt h e ir m e re a r chaeo log ica l v a lue b u t r a the r

i d en t if ied o t he r r a c ia l

i n t h e

i n t h is

d a rke r sk inned p eop le w i th E u ropean t r ace s

g eog raph ica l a r ea r e p re sen ted t h e m is s ing

( Ge tu lu s ) , d a rk sk inned p eop le o f o r ien ta l

l i nk t h a t e nab led h im t od emon s t ra te t h a t t h e

o r ig in

m ega l i th s h ad b een b u i l tb yt h eC e l t s w ho h ad

G e tu lu s , t h e r e su l t o f i n te rma r r iage b e tween

c ome d own f r om t h en o r th o fE u rope , c r o s sed

t h eb l ack sa nd t h eB e rbe r s .

f a c t

t h a t

t h e i r

p r e sence

h i s

f i na l

c l a s s if ica t ion ,

( Num id ian s )

t ype s ,

a nd

T i s so t

a l so

r e f er r ing t o

t h e

m ixed race

t h e S t ra i t s o fG ib ra l ta r a nd a r r ived i nA f r ica . U n t i l

t h en ,

m ega l i th s

h ad

o n ly

b een

T he F r ench a n th ropo log is t P au l B ro ca ( 1 824 -

d i scove red i n A lge r ia , s o t h a t Mo rocco , t h e

1 880 ) , i nt u rn , c onf i rmed t h e p r e sence o f a

a r ea c l o se s tt ot h e S t ra i t s , f i na l ly p rov ided t h e

f a ir sk inned r a ce i nt h en or th o fA f r ica , w ho se

k ey t o s uppo r t ing t h is i mpe r ia l i s t v i s ion o f

a nce s to r s w ou ld a l so h ave c ome f r om t h e l a nd

F r ench a r chaeo logy .

o f t h e C e l t s i n p a s t t ime s . A s h e a ff i rmed , l ' ar r ivee

d e s

b l ond s

d an s

l ' Af r ique

s ep t en t r iona le r emon t e d onc a u m o ms a u T i sso t w ro te , a mong s t o t he r s , t h e f o l low ing w o rk s : I t i n e ra i r ed e T ang e r aR aba t( Pa r is , 1 876 ) ; R echerches s ur l a . 0og raph ie c omparü d e l a Maur&an ie t i ng i tane ( Pa r is , 1 877 ) ; L e B a ss in d u B ragada e t l a v o ie r oma ine d e C ar thag e ä H ippone p ar B u l la R eg ia ( Pa r is , 1 88 1) ; R echerches s ur l ac ampagne d e C&ar e n A f i ique ( Pa r is , 1 884 ) ; o r E xp lora t ion s c ien t if ique d e l a T un i s ie . G eog raph ie c ompa r* d e l a p rov iice r oma ine d 'Af r ique ( Pa r is , 1 884 189 1) .

q ua tor z i eme s i èc l e a van tJ e su s -Chr i s t ; e t ,d e s

6

l o r s , i lp ara i t a s se z p robab l e q u ' e l le s ' e s t p rodu i t e äl as u i t ed el ag rand e i n va s ion d el a p en in su l e i b er ique p a r d e s p eup l e s v enu s d e

5 8

T he F r ench c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t ud yo fi n su lar c o lon i za t ion

l aC e l t ique ( 1876 : 3 94 ) 7.T h i se n t i re c orpu so f

l e av ing t h e L ycee I mpe r ia l , aS t a te s choo l .

i d ea s w ou ld r ema in v a l id u n t i l t h e e nd o ft h e

B e r the lo t o n ly v i s i ted t h e i s land s f o r t h e f i r s t

1 9t h c en tu ry ( Lapogue , 1 889 ) .

t ime i n 1 820 a nd s pen t t e n y ea r s t h e re . F rom 1 828

o nwa rd s

h e

g a the r ed

h e rb s

i n t h e

T he w o rk s o ft h e se t h ree F r ench i n te l lec tua ls

moun ta in s , w i th t h e h e lp o f t h e E ng l ish

( Fa idhe rbe , T i s so t a nd B roca ) m ean t t h a t ,

a r cha eo log is t a nd n a tu ra l is t M r . Webb ( 1793 -

l i t t le b y l i t t le , t h e i d ea t h a t t h e d o lmen s

1 859 ) , a nd b egan t oc o l lec tm a te r ia l t ow r i te a

e x is ted p r io r t o t h e G au ls s p r ead t h roughou t

h i s to ry o f t h e A rch ipe lago . I n 1 842 , h av ing

E u rope . T he b u i lde r s o ft h e se d o lmen s w ou ld

r e tu r ned t o F rance , h e p ub l i shed h i s w o rk ,

h ave b een t h e a nce s to r s o ft h e B e rbe r s , a nd

e n t i t led L 'E thnog raph ie e tl e s A nna l e s d e l a

t h e se o r ig in s e xp la ined t h e p r e sence o f f a i r -

C on q ui te .

s k inned i n d iv idua ls w i th l i gh t e ye s a mong s t t h e N o r th A f r ican p opu la t ion s , e s sen t ia l ly

I nh i s o wn c oun t ry h e w a s G ene ra l S ec re ta ry

t h o se o f t h e ma s s if s i n t h e n o r th o f t h e

o ft h eS oc ie te d e G eog raph ie i nP a r is f o r f o u r

Magh reb ( R if , C ab i l ia ) . T he r ef o re , a sG ab r ie l

y ea r s , f r om 1 840 t o 1 844 , a nd w a s a l so o nt h e

C amp s h a s p o in ted o u t ( 1 998 : 1 0 ) , m i l i ta ry

e d i to r ia l b oa rd o f t h e s oc ie ty ' s B u l le t in . I n

a r cha eo logy

C e l t ic

1 845 h e f ounded t h e S oc ie te E thno log ique

p r e sence aj u s t if ica t ion f o r t h e c onque s t o f

a nd i n 1 846 h e w a s e l ec ted K n igh t o f t h e

A lge r ia b y t h e F rench , t h a t i st o s ay , b y t h e

L eg ion o fH onou r . B u ti tw a sn o tu n t i l A ugu s t

d e scendan t so ft h eC e l t s .

1 847 , w hen t h e F r ench g overnmen t n amed

f ound

i n t h e

e a r l ie r

h im i n te r im C on su la r A gen t i n S an ta C ruz T h is

w a s

m ade

t h e

t h a t h e r e tu rned t oT ene r if e , a tt h e e nd o ft h e

a r chaeo logy ,

y ea r . L a te r , i n1 86 1 , h e w a s e l ec ted H ono ra ry

s uppo r ted b y ab ou rgeo is , e vo lu t ion i s t a nd

C on su l , i n 1 867 C on su l S econd C la s s a nd i n

p o s i t iv i s t d i scou r se , c ha ra c te r is t ic o ft h e 1 9t h

1 874 C on su l F i r s t C la s s . I n Ma rch 1 867 t h e

c en tu ry . I tw a s t h e o n ly w ay t oe xp la in h ow

F rench g ove rnmen t g ran ted h im t h e r i gh t t o

t h e

t h e r e t i remen t t h a t h e h ad r e que s ted m on ths

d eve lopmen t

C e l t s

h ad

o f

p o s s ib le a

b een

r a c is t

d ue

r e spon s ib le

t o

f o r

t h e

m ega l i th s t h a t t h e a nce s to r s o f t h e B e rbe r s ,

b ef o re .

p r io rt ot h e i ri n te rma r r iage w i th t h ep r e -A ryan r a ce ,w ou ld h ave b een " unab le" t ob u i ld .

D ur ing

h i s

s e cond

B e r the lo t w ro te , TH E CONTR IBUT ION OF SA B IN BE RTHELOT

s t ay

i n t h e

C ana r ie s

a mong s t o t he r w o rk s , a

s e r ie s o f t e x t s o n t h e i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le , a r gu ing i nf a vou ro ft h e i n teg ra t ion o f

S ab in B e r the lo t ( Ma r se i l le , 1 794 -T ene r if e ,

t h e i s land s w i th in t h e E u ropean a nd , i n

1 880 ) h ad s e rved i n t h e F r ench n avy s i nce

p a r t icu la r ,

W ew i l le mpha s i se P au lB ro ca ' sw o rk i nt h en e x t c h ap t e r . 7

5 9

t h e

F rench ,

s c ien t if ic

s phe r e s .

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s

I ts hou ld b e r emembe red t h a t i tw a s i n 1 868

n ou s a u ron s än ou s o ccupe r p lu s t a rd ( p .

t h a t L u is L a r te t h ad d i scove r ed t h e f o s s i l

2 64 ) 8.

r ema in s

o f t h e

C ro -Magnon

r a ce

i n L a

D o rdogne ( F rance ) . A f ew y ea r s l a te r , i n

I ns p i te o ft h is s t a temen t , i tw a sn o tu n t i l 1 877

1 87 1 , P au l B roca h ad n o t iced t h a t t h e r e w e re

t h a t B e r the lo t s e n t t e n s ku l ls t h a t h ad c ome

m orpho log ica l

f r om E l H ier ro a nd G ran C ana r ia t o P a r is , a

s im i la r i t ie s

b e tween

s ome

C ana r ian s ku l ls i nt h e B oug l inva l c o l lec t ion ,

r e a son t h a t e xp la in s w hy t h e l o ng -awa i ted

h ou sed i nt h e S choo l o f H ighe r E duca t ion —

c ha ra c te r i s t ic s o ft h e C ro -Magnon r a ce c ou ld

w h ich h ad c ome f r om t h e B a r ranco H ondo

n o t b e c l ea r ly d ef ined u n t i l t h em . T h is l e d t o

a r chaeo log ica l s i te ( Tene r if e ) —a nd t h o se o f

Q ua t r ef age s c omm is s ion ing R en

C ro -Magnon

u nde r take

m an .

A no the r

F r ench

a n

e xhau s t ive

V e rneau t o i n ve s t iga t ion ,

a n th ropo log is t , Uodo re H amy , a g r eed w i th

r e su l t ing i n h i s s c ien t if ic m is s ion t o t h e

B roca , a nd t h is l e dA rmand d e Q ua t ref age st o

C ana r ie s .

w r i te t oB e r the lo tt or e que s th im t os e nd m o re m a te r ia l t h a t c ou ld b e s t ud ied w i th t h e a im o f

TH E AFR ICAN /ST COLON IZAT ION T HEORY O F

c onf i rm ing t h is p o s s ib le r e la t ion sh ip ( Va l lo is ,

BERTHELOT : ARAB -BERBER DUAL ITY ( 1 842 )

1 969 : 1 00 10 1 ; D iego , 1 977 : 2 73 -274 a nd F a r ru j ia ,

2 004 a ) .

Q ua t ref age s

a nd

H oweve r , H amy ,

i n

1 874 ,

w i thou t

h av ing

B e r the lo t 's

l i ngu is t ic ,

a r cha eo log ica l

a nd

r a c io log ica l s t ud ie s l e d h im t oa r gue i nf a vou r o ft h e A f r ican o r ig in s o ft h e e a r ly s e t t le r s o n

r e ce ived t h e m a te r ia l t h ey h ad r e que s ted ,

t h e i s land s , b ecau se c ompa ra t ive o b se rva t ion s

p ub l ished a s umma ry o f t h e i r w o rk , C ran ia

i mmed ia t e ly

e t hn ica , l e s c rane s d e s r ace s h uma ine s i nt h e

i nd ica t e

t h e

e x i s t ence

o f

r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween t h e l a nguag e t h a t t h e

B u l l e t in d e l a S oc ij tj d' A n thropo log ie d e

a nc i en tC anar ian p opu la t ion s s pok e , a nd t h a t

P a r i s , b a sed o n t h e s t udy o ft h e d i s t r ibu t ion

o f t h e

o ft h e C ro -Magnon f o s s i l r ema in s k nown s o

i n hab i tan t s

o f t h e

A t la s

r eg ion

f a r . T he a u tho r s p o in ted o u t t h e d i f f e rence s T he t h eo ry t h a t t h e C ro -Magnon r a ce e xpanded f r om aF r ench e nv i ronmen t h ad ac l ea r i mpe r ia l is t p urpo se , a s w e w i l l a r gue . T h is s hou ld n o t b e s u rp r is ing i fw e b ea r i nm ind t ha t , a sQ ua t ref age s p o in ted o u t i n1 873 i nt h e a r t ic le " La S c ience e tl a P a t r ie" ( pub l ished i n t h e B u l le t in o f t h e A ssoc ia t ion f ranva i se p our l ' avancemen t d es s c ience s ) , t h e s c ien t is t i s as o ld ie r , t h e b es tt r a ined o r e duca ted p opu la t ion i st h e mos t ef i c ien t , a nd s c ien t if ic w o rk w ou ld b r ing j oy t o t h e p a t r io t ic s p ir i t o f t h e c oun t ry . T h is p a t r io t ism , i n f a c t , w ou ld l e ad t o t h e r e cogn i t ion i n 1 889 o f t h e S choo l o f A n th ropo logy o f P a r is a s a n e s tab l ishmen t i n vo lved i nw o rk st h a t b enef i ted t h e p ub l ic a nd w ou ld l e d G ab r ie l d e Mor t i l le t , o ne o f t h e mos tp r e s t ig ious F r ench p r eh is to r ian s , t ow r i te h i s w o rk F o rma t ion d e l an a t ion f ranga i se ( 1897 ) ( B lancka er t ,2 00 1 a:1 8 19 ) .

t h a t e x is ted b e tween t h eN eande r tha ls a nd t h e C ro -Magnon

r a ce

( Qua t ref age s

1 874 :

a nd

2 62 )

2 6 1

a nd

8

& H amy ,

a ff irmed

t h e

p r e sence o ft h e C ro -Magnon r a ce i n F r ance , H o l land , I t a ly a nd T ene r if e ( pp . 2 62 -264 ) . A s t h ey a r gued , t h e o r ig in s o f t h e C ro -Magnon r a ce d u r ing t h e q ua te rna ry p e r iod w ou ld h ave b een f o cu sed i nt h e L a Wz& e r e g ion , a nd t h e r ema in s d ocumen ted i no t he r p a r t s o fE u rope a nd i nT ene r if e n e s e ra ien t q ue l e s t r ace s d e c o lon ie s , j ux tapo sje s äd 'au t re s r ace s d on t

6 0

T he F rench c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t ud yo fi n su la rc o lon i za t ion

( Be r the lo t , 1 978 [ 1 84 4 1 49 ) , t h a t i st o s ay ,

s e t t le r s b ecau se , h e c l a imed ,t h e e t ymo logy o f

t h e L ibyan -Be rbe r p opu la t ion s . F o r B e r the lo t ,

t h e n ame o ft h is i s land w a s t h e mo s t o b scu re .

m o s t o ft h e s im i la r i t ie s c ou ld b e e s tab l ished

T h is w a s n o t t h e c a se , h oweve r , w i th t h e

w i th t h e s ch i lah d i a lec t , a nd a l so w i th t h e

i s land o f E l H ier ro , w ho se i n hab i tan t s w e re

a ma z igh . I n a dd i t ion , ac ompa ra t ive s t udy o f

r e la ted t o t h e B eny ' B ach ir o r B inbacho s , a

t h e C ana ry I s land s ' t opog raph ica l n ame s a nd

w o rd t h a t , a cco rd ing t oB . B onne t ( 1926 ) w a s

t h o se o ft h ed i s t r ic t s o fN o r th A f r ica i n hab i ted

l i nked t ot h e t r an sf orma t ion o ft h e t e rm B en -

b y t h e B e rbe r s h e lped h im t oe xp la in c e r ta in

C hen i ( u sed t o d enom ina te t h e i n d igenou s

n ame s a nd t or e cogn ize i nb o th t h e e x i s tence

p opu la t ion o f T ene r if e ) t o B in -Ban -Chen i ,

o fh omophony i nt h en ame so ft own s .

w h ich

m ean s ,

a cco rd ing

t o

t h i s

a u tho r ,

" ch i ld ren o fT ene r if e 's c h i ld r en" 1 °. T h is i mp l ied t h a t ac l o se r e la t ion sh ip mu s t h ave e x is ted b e tween t h e t wo h uman g roup s ,

F rom

a r a c io log ica l

w h ich w a s c onf i rmed , a cco rd ing t oB e r the lo t ,

c ompa r ison o ft h e p hy s ica l c ha rac te r is t ic s o f

b y t h e a s soc ia t ion s t h a t c ou ld b e e s tab l ished ,

t h e

i n t u rn , b e tween t h e n ame s o f s ome N o r th

i n hab i tan t s o f t h e A t la s r e g ion c onf i rmed ,

A f r ican t r ibe s a nd t h e a nc ien t s e t t le r s o ft h e

a cco rd ing

i s land s ( pp . 1 59 162 ) . T he ref o re , B e r the lo t

a na log ie s( Be r the lo t , 1 978 [ 1 842 ] : 1 6 3) .

i n d igenou s

t o

p o in t

C ana r ian

B e r the lo t ,

o f

p eop le

t h e

v i ew ,

a nd

a

t h e

l i ngu is t ic

r e la ted t h e G uanche s t o t h e g uan scher i s o r g uan ser i s , aB e rbe r t r ibe t h a t i n hab i ted t h e

I na dd i t ion , t h e a c tua l g eog raph ica l p rox im i ty

m oun ta in s

( D jebe l

o f t h e C ana r ie s t o t h e A f r ican c on t inen t l e d

o uan ser i s ) t o t h e s ou th o f C ape T enez a nd

h im t o t h ink t h a t t h e i s land s ' p opu la t ion h ad

a l so t ot h ez ene t i o rz ene tah , t h e l a t te r amo re

c ome f r om t h e c on t inen t n ea re s t t o t h e ir

c r ed ib le l i nk , f o r r e a son s a l ready o u t l ined i n

c oa s t s ( p .

o f

t h e

s ame

n ame

1 45 ) . T he r ef o re , t h e a r gumen t s

t h e f i r s t c hap te r . T he s e t t le r s o f L a P a lma w e re r e la ted t o t h e h aour i tha s ; t h o se o f L a

'I n c onne c t ion w i th t h i s h ypo the s i s , M a C ruz J iminez ( 1 993 : 2 0 ) h a s p o in t ed o u t t h a t a r cha eo logy h a s n o t y e t m anag ed t o f i nd a s o lu t ion .N eve r the le s s , i ti sn e ce s sa ry t op o in t o u t t h a t , i ns p i t e o ft h e a u tho r ' s o p in ion , h e r r e sea r ch w o rk h a s n o t b e en o r ien t a t ed t owa rd s c l a r if y ing t h i s a r ea o fC ana r ian a r cha eo logy . T he r ef o r e , w e c on s ide r t h a t t h e f u tu r e v i ab i l i ty o ro t he rw i se o f t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e twe en t h e G uan ch e s a nd t h e B imbach e s d ep end s o n t h e s t udy a nd m e t icu lou s c ompa r i son o f t h e a r cha eo logy o f b o th i s l a nd s ( T ene r if e a nd E lH ie r ro ) , at a sk t h a t h a sy e tt ob e u nde r tak en . I na n y c a se , i ti sn e ce s sa r y t op o in t o u t t h a t , b o th i n T ene r if e a nd E l H ie r ro , t h e p r e sence o f a l phab e t ic r o ck i n sc r ip t ion s o f t h e L i byan -Be rb e rt y p eh a sb e en v e r if ied ,a n di ts e em s p o s s ib le t o r e la t e t h e p o t t e ry o f b o th i s l a nd s , b ea r ing i nm ind t h e g r ea t e r u n r e l iab i l i t y o ft h e E l H i e r ro p r odu c t ion .

G ome ra w i th t h e g omha ra ; a nd t h o se o f F uer teven tu ra w i th t h e Maghraouah , aB e rbe r t r ibe

t h a t

I b n Ja ldün

z ene tah 9. I n t h e B e r the lo t

d i d

a l so

c a se

n o t

o p t

l i nked

o f G ran f o r

t o t h e C ana r ia ,

a c onc re te

h ypo the s is a nd i n t h e c a se o f L anza ro te , h e w a s u nab le t oi d en t if y t h e e t hn ic n ame o fi t s

I n t h e c a se o f t h e e a r ly i n hab i tan t s o f F ue r t ev en tu ra a nd L a nz a ro t e , w e h ave a l r eady i n d ica t ed t h e i rl i nk st od u m aho so rM au ro si nt h e f i r s t c hap te r , t h u s i n va l ida t ing B e r the lo t ' s h ypo the s i s .

9

6 1

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s

p o s i ted b y B er the lo t w e re n o d i f f e ren t f r om

b e c onf i rmed f r om a r a c io log ica l p o in t o f

t h o se p ropo sed t h ree c en tu r ie s b ef o re i nt h e

v i ew s i nce , a cco rd ing t o B e r the lo t , m o s t o f

f i r s t w r i t ten s ou r ce s , a nd b y a u tho r s l i ke

T ene r if e 's

T or r ian i ,

A b r eu

c ha ra c te r is t ic s o ft h e v a r iou s B e rbe r o r f a i r -

G a l indo , w ho b y t h e 1 6t h c en tu ry h ad a r gued

s k inned r a ce s ( t he d om inan t G uanche t ype ) ,

f o r

t h e

a nd t h i sc ou ld b e v er if ied i n mo s to ft h es ku l ls

i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le o n t h e b a s is o f

t h a t h ad c ome f r om t h e t umu l i o f G ran

c ompa ra t ive e t hnog raphy , l i ngu i s t ic s ( ba s ica l ly

C ana r ia a nd f r om t h e c ave s o f T ene r if e a nd

t o ponymy

t h e

L a P a lma . T he p r e sence o f m umm if ica t ion

A f r ican

a l so a lowed h im t o r e la te t h e i n d igenou s

c on t inen t . C on sequen t ly , t h e s u rv iva l o f t h e

p opu la t ion t o t h e L ibyan r a ce . T he se f a ir -

A f r ican is th ypo the s is i nt h e w o rk o fB e r the lo t

s k inned

w a s t h e r e su l t o f t h e i nf luence o ft h e se f i r s t

c onf ormed t o t h e o r ig ina l

w r i t ten d ocumen ta ry s ou rce s .

G uanche s , w ho h ad w h i te c omp lex ion s a nd

A lonso

N o r th

p r ox im i ty

d e

A f r ican

a nd o f t h e

E sp ino sa

o r

a ff i l ia t ion s

e t hn ic

f o r

n ame s )

i s land s

a nd

t o t h e

m umm ie s

B e rbe r s ,

d i sp layed

a c co rd ing

t h e

t o B e r the lo t , b r anch o f t h e

r e d h a i r a nd i n hab i ted t h e w e s te rn p a r t o ft h e S e t t ing a s ide t h e t r ad i t iona l i nf luence s , t h e

C ana r ian

t r ue c on t r ibu t ion o f B e r the lo t l a y

C ana r ia , L a P a lma , L aG ome ra a nd E lH ie r ro )

i n h i s

a r ch ipe lago

( Tene r if e ,

G ran

i n

b ef o re t h e c onque s t o ft h e i s land s . T he n on -

a dd i t iona l t oa dd ing d e ta i l t ot h e p h i lo log ica l

We s ter n a r ea s ( Lanza ro te a nd F ue r teven tu ra )

c ompa r ison s .

w e re b a s ica l ly i n hab i ted b y A rab s ( Be r the lo t ,

i n t roduc t ion o f t h e r a c io log ica l

B e r the lo t

a r gued

f a c to r ,

t h a t

t h e

1 978 [ 1 84 4 1 86 187 ) .

i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le w e r e r e la ted t o t h e B e rbe r p opu la t ion s , w h i ls t a l so p r opo s ing d ua l i ty o n t h e

T he f i r s t( Be rbe r )a r r iva l o nt h e i s land s w ou ld

A rch ipe lago . A cco rd ing t o h i s a r gumen t , t h e

h ave t a ken p l ace al o ng t ime b ef o r e t h e s t a r t

i s land s w ou ld h ave b een c o lon ized i nr emo te

o ft h e C h r i s t ian e r a , a st h is w a s t h e o n ly w ay

t ime s b y t wo s epa ra te b r anche s o ft wo m a in

t oe xp la in h ow t h e G uanche s , w ho c ame f r om

l i ne s ( A rab a nd B e rbe r ) , m ean ing t h a t t h e

t h e t wo Mau r i tan ia s t h a t w e re p rov ince s o f

i s lande r s f o rmed t wo , r a the r t h an o ne , n a t ion

t h e R oman Emp i re , a r r ived s o l a ck ing i n

t h a t

t h a t

k now ledge . I nt h e v i ew o ft h e G a l l ic s c ho la r ,

e m ig ra t ion t ot h e i s land s p robab ly t o ok p l a ce

o n ly t h e n on -ex is tence o f c on tac t w i th t h e

a td i f f e ren tt ime s .

R oman s

t h e e x i s tence o f a r a c ia l

h ad

s p l i t

a nd

s epa ra ted ,

s o

c ou ld

e xp la in

t h e

c u l tu ra l

b ackwa rdne s s o f t h e i n d igenou s p eop le a nd T he i d ea o fr a c ia l d ua l i ty o n t h e i s land s w a s

t h is u l t ima te ly e xp la in s w hy B e r the lo t , w ho

p u r sued b y B e r the lo t o nce a ga in o n t h e b a s is

h ad r e ad a u tho r s l i ke E sp ino sa , A b reu a nd

o f c onc lu s ions t h a t c ou ld b e e x t r ac ted f r om

V ie ra , d i d n o t a ta ny t i me m en t ion t h e l e gend

p r ev iou s

( Fa r ru j ia ,

o f t h e c u t -of f t o ngue s , as t o ry w h ich t h o se

2 004 a ) . H oweve r , t h e c onc lu s ion s c ou ld a l so

a u tho r s h ad i n s is ted o n w hen r e f e r r ing t ot h e

d ocumen ta ry

s ou r ce s

6 2

T he F r ench c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t ud yo fi n su lar c o lon i za t ion

e a r ly c o lon iza t ion o f t h e C ana r ie s . I ts hou ld

t h e

a l so b e b orne i nm ine t h a t , a c co rd ing t o t h e

p r em ise s d e r ived f r om t h e ir o wn c u l tu re , a nd

l e gend , t h e i s land s w e re c o lon ized b y N o r th

f r om

A f r ican p opu la t ion s w ho h ad b een d epo r ted

e xp la in s

t h e r e b y t h e R oman s . F rom t h e l i ngu is t ic

T he ref o re ,

i t w a s

p o in t o f v i ew , a cco rd ing t o B e r the lo t , t h e re

e xp lo ra t ion

w a s

w a s a no the r a r gumen t a ga in s t t h e l e gend ; t h e

n i ne teen th -cen tu ry F rench c o lon ia l ism , t h a t

d i f f e rence s b e tween t h e d i a lec t s s poken o n

t h is A rab -Be rbe r r a c ia l d ua l i ty b egan t o b e

t h e i s land s a nd o n t h e n e ighbou r ing m a in land

d ef ined . S oon a f te r t h e m i l i ta ry c ampa ign s i n

i n c l ined h im t o t h ink i n t e rm s o f m any

A f r ica , w h ich m ade c l o se r k now ledge o ft h e

c en tu r ie s o f i s o la t ion , ap r e sump t ion t h a t l e d

B e rbe r s a nd A rab s p o s s ib le , t h e f o rme r w e re

t h e

c once ived o f a s a f a i r sk inned

G a l l ic

s c ho la r

t o o p t

f o r t h e

e a r ly

1 8 'h c en tu ry

L a t in

w e re

c u l tu re

t h e

u s e

d eve loped

i n o f

p a r t icu la r , t h e

n o t

w h ich

t e rm u n t i l

d eve loped ,

f r om

Mauro . s c ien t if ic

p romo ted

b y

E u ropean

c o lon iza t ion o f t h e A r ch ipe lago , b ef o re t h e

p opu la t ion t h a t h ad d i spe r sed i n g roup s a nd

s t a r t o f t h e C h r is t ian e r a ( Be r the lo t , 1 978

s e t t led f a r a way f r om t h e m a in r ou te s . T he

[ 1 842 ] : 1 9 1192 ) . T hu s r e a son ing , B e r the lo t

A rab s , o n t h e o t he r h and , w e re c once ived o f

w ou ld d i scoun t t h e t h eo ry o f t h e c u t -of f

p e jo ra t ive ly ,

t o ngue s w hen e xp la in ing t h e f i r s t h uman

b e l l ige ren t , r e be l l iou s a nd m a rg ina l g roup s

o ccupa t ion o ft h eA rch ipe lago .

w ho se p hys ica l f e a tu r e s a l so d i s tanced t h em

a nd

w e re

c ons ide red

t o b e

f r om t h e E u ropean p opu la t ions ( Pou i l lon , F i na l ly , i nc onnec t ion w i th t h e r a c ia l d ua l i ty

1 993 ; H aou i , 1 993 : 5 2 , 6 1-62 ; E s t vez , 2 00 1 :

p ropo sed b y B e r the lo t , w e s hou ld n o t l o se

3 42 -343 ;

s i gh t o ft h e f a c tt h a t t h e e t hn ic s imp l if ica t ion

s i tua t ion g r ea t ly i nf luenced t h e c o lon iza t ion

e s tab l ished b y t h e F rench i n t h e n o r th o f

t h eo ry

A f r ica s oon a f t e r o ccupy ing t h is t e r r i to ry i n

C ana r ie s , b ecau se t h e F r ench s cho la r k new

t h e 1 9 " ' c en tu ry h ad l e d t ot h e d ef in i t ion o f

a bou t e t hn ic s imp l if ica t ion a nd h ad n o d oub t

t wo

B e rbe r

t h a tt h e r ew e r ep a ra l le ls o nt h e i s land s , s imp ly

( Top ina rd , 1 873 ; S aba t ie r , 1 882 ) . H oweve r ,

b ecau se t h ey w ou ld h ave b een c o lon ized ,

b ef o re t h i s c en tu ry , a c co rd ing t o t h e b e s t

a cco rd ing t o h i s a r gumen t , b y t h e s ame

F r ench o b se rve r s ( t he t r ave l le r s a nd s cho la r s )

h uman

t h e p opu la t ion s o fN o r th A f r ica w e re n e i the r

A f r ica ' 1.

e t hn ic

c a tegor ie s :

A rab

a nd

B lanckae r t ,

p ropo sed

g roup s

b y

t h a t

2 00 1a :

B e r the lo t

h ad

1 8 ) .

T h is

f o r

i n hab i ted

t h e

N or th

A rab n o r B e rbe r , b u t s imp ly Mauro . T he re w a ss uch am ixed race p opu la t ion i nt h ec i t ie s t h a tt h is v ague c o l lec t ive t e rm w a s a pp l ied . I n r e la t ion t o t h is , i ts hou ld a l so b e b or ne i n m ind t h a t e t hn ic q ue s t ion s w e re a pp roached

1 T he c ompa r isons s ugge s ted b y B er the lo t w i th t h e A rab wo r ld a r e n o t s c ien t if ica l ly — a l id n owadays ( Cab re ra P e rez , 1 992 a nd 1 )93 ; F a r ru j ia , 2 004 a) .

o n t h e b a s is o f p r econce ived i d ea s , w i th t h e r e su l tt h a tt h e w o rk so ft h e F r ench s cho la r s o f

6 3

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC ana ry I s land s

TH E CE LT IC A ND E CLECT IC C O LON IZ AT ION

S ab in

T HEOR IES OF BE RTHELOT ( 1879 )

F a idhe rbe 's w o rk s s i nce 1 874 . H e g enu ine ly

B e r the lo t

h ad

b een

a wa re

o f

v a lued t h em a nd s t a ted i n h i s l a s t wo rk , w e I n 1 879 , i nh i s w o rk A n t iqu i t& c anar ienne s ,

h ave c ommen t ed o n t h e w ork o f G enera l

B e r the lo t

F a id herbe l 2 w i thou t t h e s l igh te s t c r i t ic i sm ;

d eve loped

a no the r

t h eo ry ,

i n s is t ing

t h is

" roo t s"

o f

e a r ly

t h e

t ime

c o lon iza t ion

o n

t h e

i n hab i tan t s

C e l t ic

t h i s

o f t h e

b eau t if u l b ook h a s

d ur ing

C ana r ie s . T he F rench s cho la r s imp ly a rgued

o ur

l o ng s t udy

b een v ery u sef u l o f t h e

C anar ian

a n t iqu i t ie s ( Be r the lo t , 1 980 [ 1 879 ] : 7 5) .

t ha t i nt h e s ur round ing s o fL o s L e t re ro s , i nE l H ie r ro ,

t h e re

s t ruc tu re s

Mo reove r , e ve ry th ing s e ems t o i n d ica te t h a t

( menh i r s a nd d o lmen s ) w i th l a rge c i r cu la r

B er the lo t ' s r e la t ionsh ip t o F rench o ff ic ia l a nd

w a l ls r em in iscen t o f t h e C e l t ic c rom l echs

i n te l lec tua l c i rc le s , a s w e l l a s t h e i mpe r ia l is t

( 1980 [ 1 879 ] : 15 ) . R e tu rn ing t o a rgumen t s

p o l ic ie s d eve loped b y F rance i nN or th A f r ica

t ha t h ad a l ready b een o u t l ined i n 1 842 , h e

a nd t h e g eo s t ra teg ic r o le t ha t t h e C ana r ia s

a l so

A rab

p l ayed i n S ou th A t lan t ic e xpans ion ism h ad

t h e

l e d h im t oa ccep t a nd t od eve lop t h e t h eo r ie s

s t a ted

w e re

t ha t

c omponen t

m ega l i th ic

a B e rbe r

c ou ld

b e

a nd

a n

d e tec ted

i n

i n d igenou s p opu la t ions ( p . 16 ) .

o fh i s f r iend a nd c ompa t r io t , F a idhe rbe . T h is m a rked a n i mpo r tan t h i a tu s b e tween h i s f i r s t

I t i s d i ff icu l t t o e xp la in t h is t u rnabou t i n

a nd s e cond w o rk s ( 1842 1879 ) , s ot h a t a f te ra

B e r the lo t 's

i n d igenou s

l e sse r e mpha s is o n r a c io logy a nd a r chaeo logy

wo r ld w i thou t b ea r ing i n m ind t h e F rench

i nh i s f i r s t w o rk ( 1842 ) , B e r the lo t t hen w en t

c o lon ia l is t i n te rven t ion i n Nor th A f r ica , a s

o n t o s t re s s b o th d i sc ip l ines w i th t h e h e lp o f

w e l l a s t h e i nf luence t ha t t h e e vo lu t ion is t

e vo lu t ion is ta nd p o s i t iv is ta rgumen t s .

c oncep t ion

o f t h e

w o rk s o f F a idhe rbe h im se lf , h i s f r iend a nd c ompa t r io t , h ad h ad o n t h e F rench C on su l .

G ene ra l F a idhe rbe h ad a rgued i nf a vou ro ft h e

N eve r the le ss , i ti sn eces sa ry t o p o in t o u t t ha t

p re sence

B e r the lo t

No r the r n E u ropean s w ho h ad i n vaded L ibya ,

w a s

n o t

e xac t ly

i n f a vou r

o f

i n t h e

C ana r ie s

o f f a ir sk inned

D a rw in ism b ecau se , a s h e p o in ted o u t i n a

a nd s o a f t e r 1 879 B e r the lo t r e f er red t o t h e

l e t te r t o A gu s t in M i l la re s T or re s d a ted 2 7t h

e x is tence o fm ega l i th s i nE l H ier ro , o ne o ft h e

Novembe r

i s land s w he re t h e L ibyan e ng rav ing s h ad , i n

t r ansf orm i sm

1 878 , ( . .) ;

I G od

d on ' t h a s

b e l ieve n o t

i n

c rea ted

f a c t ,

b een

d ocumen ted .

T he

p urpose ,

s pec ies , g end er s o r v ar ie t ie s , h e h a s o n ly

o bv iou s ly , w a s t h e s ame a s t h e o ne h i s

c rea ted s eed s t ha t , i n t h e d if f eren t c l ima te s

c ompa t r io t s

w here t h ey h ave b een s pread , h ave d eve loped

n e ighbou r ing m a in land : t oa ppea l t oh i s to r ica l

a ccord ing t ot h e i nf luence o ft h e e nv ironmen t , ( . .) Ia m ap o lygen i s t( M i l la re s T or re s , 1 880 d: 1 95 196 ) .

6 4

w e re

p u r su ing

o n

t h e

1 2 T he w o rk m en t ioned i sC o l l ec t ion c omp l i l e d e s I n sc r ip t ion s N um id ique s ( L ibyqu e s ) a v ec d e s a p er gu s e t hnog raph ique s s u r l e s N um id e s ( F a idhe rbe , 1 8 70 ) .

T he F r ench c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t ud yo fi n su lar c o lon i za t ion

a r gumen t s i n o rde r t o l e g i t im ise d om ina t ion

A f r ica . A l l t h is s c ien t if ic a c t iv i ty m ean t t h a t

o ve r at e r r i to ry . H oweve r , i ti sn o t p o s s ib le t o

t h e m ega l i th ic s t ruc tu re s a t t r ibu ted t o t h e

r e la te

C e l t s s oon b ecame h uge d ef in ing f a c to r s i n

B e r the lo t ' s

C ana r ian

i d en t if ica t ion

m ega l i ths

w i th

t h e

o f

t h e

t h e

n i ne teen th -

n a t iona l

i d en t i ty

o f

F rance ,

i t s

t h e se

a r chaeo log ica l h e r i tage a nd i t s p a s t i mper ia l

s t ruc tu re s , w h ich o n o cca s ion w e re w rong ly

a ch ievemen t s , a s r ef lec ted i n t h e w o rk s o f

i d en t if ied w i th s imp le n a tu ra l o r g eo log ica l

T i s so t , B roca o r F a idhe rbe . B e r the lo t , w ho

n on -an th rop ic p henomena . B e r the lo t , i nf a c t ,

w a s t h e F rench C on su l i n T ene r if e , l i m i ted

h ad n eve r s e en i n s i tu t h e m ega l i th s h e

h im se lf , t h e r ef o re , t oa r gu ing f o rt h e p r e sence

m en t ioned . H is a dvanced a ge ( i n 1 874 h e w a s

o f m ega l i th ic

e i gh ty y ea r s o l d ) , h i s p r of e s s iona l c a ree r a nd

i nf luenced b y t h e n a t iona l is t a nd i mpe r ia l is t ic

t h e c o r r e spondence h e m a in ta ined w i th h i s

a cadem ic

c o l labo ra to r s , t h e p r ie s t A qu i l ine P ad rön i n

c on tempo ra ry p o l i t ica l i n te re s t s h es uppo r ted .

c en tu ry

c oncep t

t h a t

e x is ted

o f

s t ruc tu re s

l i t e ra tu re

h e

i n t h e

r e ad

C ana r ie s ,

a nd

b y

t h e

t h e c a se o fE l H ie r ro a nd R amön C a s ta i ley ra i nF ue r teven tu ra , w e re t h e m a in r e a son s t h a t

T he d ef ence o ft h e se p o l i t ica l i n te r e s t s c ou ld

i n duced h im t os t ay i nT ene r if e . A sh es t a ted :

b e

a l so

j u s t if ied

b y

a no the r

s e r ie s

o f

a r gumen t s . F rance o ccup ied a p r e -em inen t p o s i t ion i n t h e C ana r ian a g r icu l tu ra l e xpor t

I f m y r e spon s ib i l i t ie s a nd c on su la r d u t ie s h ad a lowed m e a nd m a in ly , i f Ih ad n o t b een t o o o l d t o b ea r t h e p r iva t ion s a nd f a t igue s o f al o ng e xped i t ion o n f oo t , a s Iu sed t ob e a b le t od o , I w ou ld n o th ave h e s i ta ted as i ng le i n s tan t ; Iw ou ld h ave e xam ined t h e se c u r iou s a n t iqu i t ie s f o r m y se lf ; b u t t oday , b e ing a l ready mo re t h an o c togena r ian , Ia m o b l iged t o r e s t . Ih ave h ad t ob e s a t i sf ied w i th t h e d a ta a nd d raw ing s t h a tt h eg ood p r ie s t ( A . P ad rön ) a nd h i s b r o the r M r . G ume r s indo h ave s en t m e . [ Be r the lo t , 1 980 ( 1 879 ) : 9 4 ]

t r ade , a l though i ts t i l l r a nked b eh ind E ng land ( Ma r t in

a nd

i s land s , d ec reed o n 11 t h J u ly 1 852 , w i th t h e l aw o fF ree P or t s( Ze ro lo , 1 99 1 [ 1 88 1] c:1 25 ) . U nde r t h e t e rm s o f t h i s l aw , t h e i s land e conomy w a s e ne rg ized , a nd p r io r i ty w a s g i ven t ot h ep o r ta nd c omme rc ia l s e c to ra bove a l o t he r p roduc t ive s e c to r s , s o t h a t t h e l aw w a s

c onsequen t ly

b enef ic ia l

t o

F rench

c omme r c ia l i n te re s t s . B er the lo t h ad a l so d one s ome w o rk i n t h e C ana r ie s w i th t h e a im o f d eve lop ing

s hou ld n o t l o se s i gh t o f t h e e n t i re s e r ie s o f

t h e

C ana r ian -Saha r ian

e ven t s , a l ready d e sc r ibed , t h a t f a vou r ed t h e

f i sh ing s hoa l

p o ten t ia l a nd

o f t h e

i n 1 840

h e

p ub l i shed at e x t o n f i sh ing i nt h e w e s t c oa s t

d eve lopmen t o f an a t iona l a r chaeo logy i n F rance , a s w e l l a s t h e d eve lopmen t o f a a r cha to l ogy

4 1-53 ) ,

t h e f i gh t f o r t h e c omme rc ia l f r eedom o ft h e

t h e p r e sence o f mega l i th s i nt h e C ana r ie s , w e

i mpe r ia l is t

1 988 :

B e r the lo t h ad , i nf a c t , p l ayed a n a c t ive p a r t i n

Mo reove r , i nr e la t ion t oB e r the lo t ' s t h eo ry o n

F rench

H e rnändez ,

o f A f r ica .

I n r e la t ion

t o t h e

b ond s

h e

e s tab l ished w i th o ff ic ia l F rench c i r c le s , i t

i n N o r th

s hou ld a l so b e r emembe red t h a t , w i th t h e

6 5

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo log yi nt h eC ana ry I s land s

a r r iva l o f A nge l Mackay ( 1788 1855 ) a tt h e

t h e se s t ruc tu r e s w e re n o t o n ly v a lued b ecau se

F r ench Ma r ine M in i s t ry , B e r the lo t w a s g i ven

t h ey p r ov ided a n t iqu i t ie st h a tw e r e am ean so f

t h e t a sk o fg a the r ing i n f orma t ion o n e x i s t ing

d i scove r ing

f i sh ing c en t re s f r om Monaco t oG ib ra l ta r . A s

i n hab i tan t so ft h e c oun t ry , b u ta l so b ecau se o f

ar e su l to ft h is w o rk h e p ub l ished at e x to nt h e

t h e ir v a lue a s m onumen t s . T he c h rono logy

d eve lopmen t o f t h e s ou the rn c oa s t o f S pa in

a s s igned t o t h em w a s v a r ied , a l though i n

( 1867 ) a nd as t udy o ft h e f i sh m a rke t s i nt h e

g ene ra l t h ey w e re a lway s d a ted w i th in r e cen t

Med i te r ranean a nd t h e A t lan t ic O cean ( 1 868 ) .

t i me s , j u s t p r io r t ot h e R oman p r e sence , a nd

C on sequen t ly , e ve ry th ing s e em s t o i n d ica te

w e r e c l a s s if ied a s" Ce l t ic d ru id ic t emp le s" o r

t h a t

i n

C e l t ic m onumen t s . T h is v i s ion w a s v a l id u n t i l

T ene r if e , d ef ended t h e i n te re s t s o fh i s c oun t ry

w e l l i n to t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 9t h c en tu ry

b o th i nt e rm s o fp o l i t ica l a nd a l so d i a lec t ica l

( Aya rzagüena ,

p r ac t ice ,

a nd

t h e r ef o r e l i nked d i rec t ly t o F r ench d i scou r se .

a n th ropo logy , b ecau se a s Ma r io D e lgado h a s

H oweve r , i n t h e c a se o f S pa in t h e r e w e r e

p o in ted o u t( 1994 : 2 0 ) , t h eC ana r ian s ku l ls , i n

a u tho r s w ho v i ewed t h e C e l t s a s f o re igne r s

s ome s en se , h ad t o b e i d en t if ied w i th t h e

a nd , a l though t h ey a t t r ibu ted t h e d o lmen s t o

E u ropean e nv ironmen ta nd t h e E u ropean r a ce .

t h em , p o in ted o u t t h a tt h ey w e re ap opu la t ion

T he u nde r ly ing i d ea w a s t ou n i te t h eC ana r ie s

t h a t l i ved b eyond t h e i r b o rde r s . T h is d i d n o t ,

c omme r c ia l ly w i th E u rope .

h oweve r , p r even tt h eC e l t s f r om b e ing s e en a s

B er the lo t ,

a s t h e

a ppea l ing

F rench

t o

C on su l

a r chaeo logy

t h e

r emo te

1 992 :

o r ig in s

o f

t h e

1 00 110 ) a nd i tw a s

a n e ven tua l e t hn ic a nd c u l tu ra l s ub s t ra tum T h is e nab le s u s t ou nde r s tand w hy aP a r i s ian

t h a t s e t t led i nt h e n o r thwe s t a nd w e s t o ft h e

n ew spape r , L e S o l e i l , c ove r ing t h eA n t iqu i tj s

I b e r ian P en in su la , a nd l a te r moved t owa rd t h e

c anar ienne s i n ab i b l iog raph ica l m agaz ine

c en t re , i n te rma r ry ing w i th t h e I b e r ians a nd

p ub l ished w i th t h e i s sue f o rf it h F eb rua ry 1 880

g i v ing

— a nd e choed b y A gu s t in M i l la r e s T o r r e s

( Mon rea l ,

( 1880b : 1 02 103 ) -h i gh l igh ted t h e r o le t h a t

e l emen ti nn a t iona l i d en t i ty .

B e r the lo t

a t t r ibu ted

t o

t h e

r i se

t o 1 890 ) ,

t h e a n

C e l t ibe r ian a u then t ic

c u l tu re d ef in ing

m ega l i th ic

c on s t ruc t ion s ,o fC e l t ic o r ig in .

H oweve r , i nt h e c a se o fB e r the lo t , d ue t ot h e i mper ia l i s t n a tu re o fh i s d i scou r se , t h e I b e r ian

R ega rd ing t h e a ccep tance o f t h is t h eo ry b y

f a c to rw a s u nde rva lued , i fn o td i scoun t ed ,a nd

C ana r ian i n te l lec tua l s , w e s hou ld r emembe r

e mpha s i s w a s p l aced o n t h e L ibyan e l emen t

t h a t , a t t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e 1 9t h c en tu ry ,

i nt h e C e l t ic r oo t s . I no t he r w o rd s , i ns p i te o f

m ega l i th ic monumen t s i n S pa in w e r e a l so

t h e a ppa ren t " Span i shne s s" u nde r ly ing h i s

c l o se ly l i nked t o n a t iona l is t s e n t imen t s . T he

t h eo ry o f c o lon iza t ion , t h e G a l l ic s c ho la r

e xcava t ion o fd o lmen s w a s t h e ref o re u s ed a s

a r gued i n f a vou r o f F r ench , a nd s t r ic t ly

am ean s o fs e ek ing o u t n a t iona l o r ig in s a tt h e

C e l t ic , a ff i l ia t ion s . I nt h i s s en se , a nd a s Ma r io

h e igh t o ft h e R oman t ic p e r iod . N eve r the le s s ,

Le l gado

6 6

h a s

p o in ted

o u t

( 1994 :

2 0 ) ,

T he F rench c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t ud yo fi n su lar c o lon i za t ion

B e r the lo t , a n a gen to ft h e F r ench g ove rnmen t ,

p r eh is to ry t h a t w a s d i rec t ly i nf luenced b y t h e

h ad n o s c rup le s i nt r an sf o rm ing t h e G uanche

w o rk

i n to t h e f r iend s o fE u rope a nd t h e e nem ie s o f

t h e r ef o r e c l a imed t h e e x i s tence o ft wo p ha se s

S pa in .

t h a t

o f Manue l

w e r e

d e

a c l ea r

e s tab l ished

f o r

G öngo ra .

B e r the lo t

r ef lec t ion

A nda lu s ia

o f

b y

t h o se

G öngo ra .

I nh i s w o rk A n t iqu i tj s c ana r i enne s , B e r the lo t

B e r the lo td ef ined : a ) af i r s t , p r eh is to r ic p ha se ,

d eve loped a no the rc o lon iza t ion t h eo ry , i nt h is

r e p r e sen ted b y t h e i n sc r ip t ion s o f E l H ie r ro

c a se " ec lec t ic" , t h a t c oex i s ted w i th t h e C e l t ic

a nd L a P a lma , a nd i d en t ica l t o t h e o ne

o ne , a nd t h a t w a s d i r ec t ly i n f luenced b y t h e

v e r if ied i nt h ep en in su la rs ou th , b ecau se t h e r e

w o rk A n t igüedad e s

d e A nda luc ia

( 1868 ) ,

w ef i nd ( E l H ier ro a nd L a P a lma ) , t h e s ame

w r i t ten

d e G öngo ra .

I n t h is

t h ing s

b y

e c lec t ic

Manue l

t h eo ry ,

B e r the lo t

d ef ended

t h e

t h a t

i n sc r ip t ion s

a re

i n A nda lu s ia ;

n ea r

f unera l

l a p ida ry

c ave s

w he re

p r e sence o f t h e C ro -Magnon r a ce i n t h e

p r im i t ive p opu la t ion s p laced t h e i r d ead ; w e

C ana r ie s

p e r iod ,

r e cogn i ze t h e s ame f orm o fb u r ia l a s i n t h e

b ecau se i t w a s " l og ica l" t h a t t h e i s land s

c ave rn s v i s i t ed b y G öngo ra , a nd i n scr ip t ion s

w ou ld h ave b een i nc on tac tw i th t h eE u ropean

w ho se

c on t inen t s i nce g eo log ica l t ime s ( Ber the lo t ,

s ome t ime s i d en t ica l ( Be r the lo t , 1 980 [ 1 879 ] ;

1 980 [ 1 879 ] : 1 33 ) . T he ref o re , a cco rd ing t o

1 34 ) ; a nd b ) as e cond , m ega l i th ic o r p ro to -

h i s a pp roa ch , t h e a nce s tor s o ft h e g uanche s

h i s to r ic

c an

H i span ia b y t h ed ru id ic m onumen t s , d o lmen s ,

d u r ing

b e

t h e

c on s id ered

p opu la t ion ,

s ame

a n

r ep re sen t ed

i n

a nd

a nc ien t

A f r ica a nd i nt h e C anar ie s a s e v id ence , i fn o t

E uropean r ace s ( p . 1 33 ) ( t he a u toch thonou s

o ft h e d om inance , a tl e a s t o ft h ep re sence o f

h ypo the s is ) . F o l lowed t h is , h e l i nked t h e f i r s t

t h e s ame r ace t h a t b u i l t t h e d o lmen s i n t h e

i n hab i tan t s

o f

p en in su la ( p . 1 34 ) . T o e ndo r se t h e e x is tence

Ame r ica ( ah ype r -d if f u s ion i s th ypo the s is ) a nd

o f t h is m ega l i th ic e r a , B e r the lo t c i ted t h e

h e i n s is ted , a s i n 1 842 , o n a n A rab p r e sence

p r e sence

i n

C ana r ie s ,

C ana r ie s

i s land s

r ace

p ha se ,

i s s im i lar

i n hab i t ed w e s tern E urope b ef ore t h e I ndo -

e a s ter n

t h e

o f w r i t ing

m enh i r s , a nd t omb s t h a t c an b e f ound i n

o f t h e

a s

a u toch thonou s

t y pe

t h a t

t h e

t h e

Q ua te rna ry

t o t h o se

( a

d i f f u s ion is t

o f m ega l i th ic s uch

a s

t h e

s t ruc tu re s w a l l

i n t h e

o f

J and ia

( Fue r teven tu ra ) , t h e h ou se s a nd c on s t ruc t ion s

h ypo the s is ) .

d e sc r ibed i n L e C anar ien ( p . 1 39 ) ; t h e b i g H oweve r , i ns p i te o fa ff i rm ing t h a t t h e e a r ly

s i nk s t one s , s a c r if ice a l ta r s a nd c i r cu la r w a l ls

c o lon iza t ion o f t h e i s land s h ad t a ken p l ace

o fs t one d e scr ibed b y A qu i l ino P ad rön i nE l

p r io r

H ie r ro ,

t o t h e

s t a r t

o f t h e

C h r is t ian

e r a ,

e t c .

T he

s ma l l

d i f f e rence s

t h a t ,

B e r the lo t r e cogn ized t h a t h e c ou ld n o t o f f e r

a cco rd ing t oB e r the lo t , e x is ted b e tween t h e se

a n

e ven t .

s t ruc tu re s a nd t h o se i no t he r p a r t s o f E u rope

N eve r the le s s , t h is w a s n o t a n o b s tac le , a s h e

c ou ld b e e xp la ined b ecau se t h e n a ture o ft h e

d eve loped ad i ach ron ic s e quence f o rC ana r ian

l a nd a nd o t her l o ca l c i rcum s tance s d o n o t

a pp rox ima te

d a te

f o r s uch

a n

6 7

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

f avour t h e e x t rac t ion o fl a rge s t ones , a nd i n

m ean t t h a t i n 1 874 Q ua t ref age s a nd H amy

m any p laces , t h e t r anspor t o ft h e se m ono l i ths

c ou ld

i sa lmo s ti mpo s s ib le ( p . 1 39 ) .

c ha rac te r is t ic s o ft h eC ro - Magnon r a ce .

I n

t h e

t h e

e xpec ted

B e r the lo t a n e n t ire s e r ie s o f c on t rad ic t ion s

c omm i ss ioned R end V erneau t o u nde r take a n

c an

o f

e xhau s t ive i n ve s t iga t ion i n vo lv ing as c ien t if ic

c on s is tency a nd e mp ir ic ism , r ef lec ted i n t h e

m iss ion t ot h e C ana r ie s . R end P i e r re V e rneau

b o ld e s tab l ishmen t o f c u l tu ra l r e la t ion sh ip s

( La C hape l le ,

w i th A nda lu s ia , ad i rec t c on sequence o f t h e

p rof e s so r a tt h e N a t iona l Mu seum o fN a tu ra l

i nf luence o f G öngo ra . T h is w ho le s e r ie s o f

H is to ry

i n cong ru i t ie s w a s d ue t o t h e a b sence o f a ny

P a laeon to logy , c u ra to r o f t h e Museum o f

s y s tema t ic c r i t ique o f t h e i n f orma t ion a s a

E thnog raphy , P re s iden to ft h e F rench I n s t i tu te

w ho le t ha t h e h ad r e ad , a nd a l so t h e d i ff icu l ty

o f

o fr e conc i l ing h i s r oman t ic a t t i tude t ot h en ew

magaz ine

p o s i t iv is t

p a r tne ro fE l Mu seo C ana r io o fL a s P a lma s d e

a nd

t ha t

s ugge s ted

d ef ine

T he ref o re Qua t ref age s , o n 2 2n d M a r ch 1 876

d e tec ted

s equence

c l ea r ly

b y

b e

c u l tu ra l

n o t

s how

e vo lu t ion is t

i t s

l a ck

a pp roache s

h e

i n corpo ra ted i n to h i s f i na l r e sea rch ( 1879 ) .

1 852 ;

a nd

t h e

A r chaeo logy ,

P a r is ,

1 938 )

I n s t i tu te

o f

e d i to r in -ch ief

A n thropo log ie ,

a nd

w a s

a

H uman

o f

t h e

h ono ra ry

G ran C ana r ia , a mong s to t he ri n s t i tu t ions .

B u t w h i ls t a cknow ledg ing t h e se d ef ic ienc ie s , w e o we t o B e r the lo t t h e f i r s t a t temp t t o

H e t r ave l led t ot h e i s land s i nA p r i l 1 876 , o n a

p rov ide a c u l tu ra l c l a ss if ica t ion o f C ana r ian

s cho la r sh ip

p reh is to ry o n t h e b a s is o f a r chaeo logy a nd

P ub l ic I n s t ruc t ion , a nd a l so o n f i ve l a te r

r a c io logy . P r io rt ot h is , B o ry d e S a in t -V incen t

o cca s ions : 1 884 , 1 889 , 1 925 , 1 932 a nd 1 935 .

h ad

f o r

H is f i r s t s t ay i n t h e C ana r ie s ( 1876 1878 )

i n t roduc ing ad i f f u s ion is t v i s ion , o n t h e b a s is

c o inc ided w i th ap e r iod o fd rough t t h a t l a s ted

o f a r chaeo log ica l e v idence ( mumm if ica t ion ) .

e i gh t y ea r s a nd p r even ted h im f r om v i s i t ing

B e r the lo t t h en c omb ined t h is v i s ion w i th a n

L anza ro te a nd F ue r teven tu ra , w h ich a t t ha t

e vo lu t ion is t

t ime w e re g o ing t h rough a p er iod o f t o ta l

b een

t h e

f i gu re

p e r spec t ive

r e spon s ib le

a nd

a t temp ted

t o

e s tab l ish ad i ach ron ic t h eo ry .

f r om

t h e

F rench

M in i s t ry

o f

d e ser t if ica t ion . V e rneau t h e ref o re r e tur ned t o F rance j u s t o ne y ea r b ef o re t h e f ounda t ion o f

TH E CONTR IBUT ION OF RE Nü VE RNEAU :

E l Museo C ana r io ( R io , 1 944 : 4 7 -52 ; Mar t in

T HE A NTHROPOLOG ICAL C LASS IF ICAT ION

d e G uzmän ,

OF

T HE E ARLY COLON IZAT ION OF T HE

AA .VV . ,

1 984 : 7 ; H e r re ra ,

1 99 1

[ 1929 ] :

1 987 :

1 582 1583

1 3 ; a nd

CA NARY I S LANDS

V e rneau , 1 996 [ 1 89 1] : 5 -6 ) .

A s a l ready s t a ted , i tw a s n o t u n t i l 1 877 t h a t

A s ar e su l to fh i s f i r s t s t ud ie s o ft h e i s land s , i n

B e r the lo t s en t t e n s ku l ls t ha t h ad c ome f r om

1 878 V erneau p ub l ished h i s w o rk o n t h e

E l H ier ro a nd G ran C ana r ia t o P a r is , w h ich

p l u ra l i ty o ft h e a nc ien t r a ce s o ft h e C ana r ian

6 8

T he F rench c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t ud yo fi n su la rc o lon i za t ion

a r ch ipe lago . I n t h is w o rk , d eep ly i nf luenced

A

b y

m e thodo log ica l

a n th ropo log is t c on t inued t o s t re s s t h e r a c ia l

p r inc ip le s o f t h e e me rg ing F r ench p hy s ica l

p l u ra l i ty o f t h e C ana ry I s land s b ef o re t h e

a n th ropo logy , h e c l a imed t h e e x is tence o f

c onque s t ,

d i f f e ren tr a ce s i nt h eC ana r ie s , r e f er r ing t ot h e

S em i t ic o r S y r ian -A rab ic r a ce t ot h e s ou th o f

p r e sence o ft h e G uanche r a ce i nT ene r if e a nd

G ran C ana r ia , a sw e l l a st oE l H ie r ro a nd L a

L a G ome ra , a s o ppo sed t o t h e S em i t ic r a ce ,

P a lma .

d ocumen ted i nt h e n o r th o fG ran C ana r ia ( La

G uanche e l emen t ( pp . 6 1-62 ) t ob e o lde r , a nd

I s le ta ) , w h ich w a s s im i la r t o t h e A rab r a ce

h e

a nd d i f f e r en t i n m any a n th ropome t r ic a nd

C ana r ia

c u l tu ra l a spec t s t o t h e G uanche s ( Ve rneau ,

r e c t if ica t ion s , t h e a u tho r f i na l ly c l a imed t h a t

1 996 [ 1 878 ] : 5 3 -55 ) .

a l t h e i s land s h ad b een i n hab i ted a lmo s t

t h e

t h eo re t ica l

a nd

c oup le

o f

e x tend ing

I n

a l so

y ea r s

l a te r

t h e

a dd i t ion ,

( 1 88 1 b) , t h e

p r e sence

h e

c on s ide red

d e tec ted t h e ir p r e sence a nd

e n t i re ly

b y

L a

t h e

o f t h e

P a lma .

G uanche

i n G ran

Af t e r

r a ce

t h e

t h e se

( t he

C ro -

F rom t h e s t r ic t ly c u l tu ra l p o in t o f v i ew , t h e

Magnon t ype ) —w i th t h e ir p r e sence s t ronge s t

S em i t ic r a ce w a s d ef ined b y i t s b u r ia l o ft h e

i nT ene r if e a nd L aG ome ra —t hu s c omp r is ing

d ead i n t umu l i , a s o ppo sed t o t h e G uanche

t h e c ommon s ub s t ra tum o f t h e p opu la t ion .

p r a c t ice

t h e

G ran C ana r ia a nd E l H ie r ro w ou ld l a te r

p r oduc t ion o f c l o th ing m ade f r om v ege tab le

r e ce ive Num id ian a nd S em i t ic s e t t le r s ( t he

f i b r e t e x t i le s t h a t d i d n o t e x is t a mong s t t h e

l a t te r w ou ld a l so r e ach L a P a lma ) a nd t h e re

G uanche

w ou ld

o f e mba lm ing

r a ce

( p .

5 6 ) ,

( p .

5) ,

b y

b y

t h e

mo re

b e

o ne

w ho se

f i na l

g roup o f l ow s ta tu s

s oph is t ica ted p o t te ry ( s o l id , d eco ra ted a nd

s e t t le r s ,

o r ig in s

w e re

i g no red

b y

c o lou red ) a so ppo sed t ot h e G uanche v e s se ls ,

V e rneau , t h a t s e t t led m a in ly i n t h e n o r th o f

w h ich w e re c r ude a nd u ndeco ra ted ( p . 5 6 ) , b y

t h ei s land s .

t h e r ef ined l i t h ic i n du s t ry , r e p r e sen ted b y " axe s " , r a the r t h an t h e b l un t , c a rved o b s id ian

I t i s n ece s sa ry t o e mpha s i se , a s m ay b e

p i ece s o ft h e G uanche r a ce ( p . 5 6 ) a nd b y t h e

e v iden t , t h e f a c t t h a t V e r neau h ad n o t p a id

l a ck o fk now ledge o fw r i t ing i nt h e G uanche

a ny p a r t icu la ra t ten t ion i nh i se a r ly w o rk st oa

o fT ene r if e a nd L a G ome ra ( p . 5 7 ) . V e rneau

s t udy o f t h e C ro -Magnon r a ce , w ho se e a r ly

a l so r e f e r red t o t h e e ng rav ing s o f E l J u lan ,

p r e sence i nt h e C ana r ie s h ad b een t h e r e a son

c l a s s if y ing t h em a s h i e rog lyph ic s , b ecau se I

f o r h i s s c ien t if ic m is s ion . I tw a s o n ly i n1 886

f i nd i ti mpo s s ib le t os e e t h em a s a l phabe t ica l

t h a t

w r i t ing b ecau se , a pa r t f rom t h e d i sord er ly

monog raph t oa na na lys i so ft h is q ue s t ion .

a r rang emen t o f t h e c ha rac t er s ,

t h e

a n th ropo log is t

d evo ted

h i s

f i r s t

i t i s n o t

p o s s ib le t oa ccep t a n a l phabe t t h a t e mbrace s

T he

r e a son

f o r

t h e

a ppea rance

o f t h is

m or e t h an at h ou sand s i gn s( p . 5 7 ) .

p ub l ica t ion — b a sed e xc lu s ive ly o n as t udy o f t h eC ro -Magnon r a ce —t e ny ea r sa f t e rh i s f i r s t s t ay o n t h e i s land s , i su ndoub ted ly d ue t ot h e

6 9

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s

i n he ren t ly c omp lex p r oce s s o fa na ly s is i nt h e a n th ropome t r ic

s t udy

d eve loped

b y

( . . )T he C ro -Magnon r a ce w ou ld h ave e x tended i n to t h e n o r th o f A f r ica , f r om T un is ia t o Mo rocco . I t c an a l so b e f o und f a r the r a f ie ld , i n t h e C ana r ian A r ch ipe lago , w he re t h e i r f i r s t r e p re sen ta t ive s a r ived ( . . ) i n r e la t ive ly r e cen tt ime s . [ Ve r neau , 1 996 ( 1 886 ) : 2 3 -24 ]

t h e

a n th ropo log is t , a s w e l l a s t o t h e n o l e s s c omp lex c l a s s if ica t ion o f a l t h e i n f o rma t ion g ene ra ted . N eve r the le s s , w e s hou ld b ea r i n m ind t h a t t h is t o ok p l ace a t at ime w hen t h e s t rugg le f o rt h ec o lon ia l p a r t i t ion ing o fA f r ica h ad i n ten s if ied — a s h a s a l ready b een p o in ted

U l t ima te ly ,

o u t a nd w i l l b e a ga in i n t h e n ex t c hap te r ,

a sp ira t ion s t h a t j u s t if ied t h e d i spe r sa l o f a

w hen a na lys ing t h e w o rk s o fF ranz v on L öhe r

r a ce w ho se r emo te o r ig in s w e re l o ca ted i nt h e

a nd H an s Meye r — g i ven t h a t t h e B e r l in

f a the r land . I t s p r e sence i nt h e n or th o fA f r ica

C onf e rence ,

w a s

a nd t h e C ana r ie s l e g i t im ised t h e i ra nnexa t ion ,

1 884 1885 .

a nd t h a t i sw hy i tw a s e s sen t ia l t o i n s is t o n

w he re

p a r t i t ion ing

d i scu s sed , t ook p l ace b e tween

i t w a s

F rance 's

i mpe r ia l is t

T h is m ean t t h a t , p a ra l le l t ot h is , t h e E u ropean

t wo

p owe r s s uch a s G e rmany o r F rance w e re

S ou thwe s t F rance w a s o l de r t h an t h e o ne i n

i n ten s if y ing t h e i r a nnex ion is t a sp ira t ion s i n

t h e C ana r ie s ,

r e la t ion t ot h e C ana ry I s land s , ag eo s t ra teg ic

e m ig ra ted f r om t h e f o rme r t o t h e

a r ch ipe lago

w he rea s

i n t e rm s

o f

S ou th

A t lan t ic

p o in t s :

a ) t h e

t h e

C ro -Magnon

m ean ing t h a t

c on t ra ry

r a ce

i t m ay

w a s

i n

h ave l a t te r ,

i n adm is sab le

e xpan s ion ism . T h is i sw hy , i nc on t ra s t t ot h e

( Ve rneau ,

p r e -Aryan

G uanche

w ho

p ropo sed w hen r e f e r r ing t o t h e C ro -Magnon

i s land s

d i sp layed

r a ce , w h ich t h ey l i nked t o G e rman t e r r i to ry ,

c ha rac t er i s t ic s o f t h e q ua ter na ry m an o f L a

V e rneau , o n t h e o t he r h and , a r gued i nf a vou r

V ez6-e( p . 2 4 ) . T he p hys ica l s im i la r i t ie s c i ted

o f t h e f o l low ing : t h e p o s s ib le e m ig ra t ion o f

b y V e rneau o bv iou s ly e x is ted , b u t n o t t h e

t h e C ro -Magnon p eop le o f t h e Wzre t y pe

j ou rney t h a t h e s ugge s ted

s t a r ted o f f , w i thou t a ny d oub t , f r om P e r igo rd

Magnon p eop le t ot h eC ana r ie s .

a ff i l ia t ion s

t h a t

t h e

G erman s

1 996

[ 1 886 ] :

2 6 ) ;

u ndoub ted ly a l

a nd b ) t h e l i ved

t h e

o n

t h e

p hy s ica l

t o ok t h e C ro -

( F rance ) a nd h eaded t owa rd s t h r ee p o s s ib le a r ea s : t h e n o r th , t h e s ou thea s t ( I ta ly ) a nd t h e

I nr e la t ion t ot h is i mpe r ia l is t v i s ion , af u r the r

s ou thwe s t , w i th t h e l a t te r w ave c r o s s ing t h e

f a c t i ss ymp toma t ic : a c co rd ing t o t h e G a l l ic

w ho le o ft h e I b e r ian P en insu la u n t i l ap a r t o f

s c ien t i s t s , t h e C ro -Magnon r a ce , w h ich w a s

i tr e a ched P o r tuga l . F rom h e re ,

F r ench i n o r ig in , h ad i n f a c t a r r ived i n t h e N o r th A f r ican t e r r i to r ie s a l r eady r u led b y

T he r e sea r ch o f MM . B ou rgu igna ta nd Mac C a r thy a nd i n p a r t icu la r t h a t o f G ene ra l F a idhe rbe , h ave s hown u s t h e C ro -Magnon t y pe o n t h e o t he r s i de o ft h e Med i ter ranean , i nt h e m ega l i th ic s epu lch re s o fR okn ia .

F rance o rt h a t h ad r e que s ted a nnexa t ion , a nd f r om t h e r e t h ey w ou ld h ave m ig ra t ed t o t h e i s land s . T ha t i s t o s a y , t h e i d ea t h a t t h ey a r r ived d i r ec t ly i n t h e C ana r ie s f r om t h e I b e r ian

7 0

P en in su la

w a s

r e jec ted ,

b ecau se ,

T he F rench c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t ud yo fi n su la rc o lon i za t ion

a cco rd ing t o V erneau ( 1 996 [ 1 886 ] : 2 5 ) i t

s uppo r ted , V erneau i n s is ted o n t h e a r r iva l o f

w a s m uch m o re p robab le t h a t , i n s tead o f

s ucce s s ive

m ak ing s uch a l o ng j ou rney b y s ea , t h ey

c on sequen t ly , o ugh t t o h ave i n teg ra ted t h e ir

f o l lowed at e r re s t r ia l r ou te a nd t h en s a i led t h e

r e spec t ive

s ho r t d i s tance t h a t s epa ra te s Mo rocco f r om

c u l tu ra l f r amewo rk .

t h e

C ana r ian

A r ch ipe lago .

T he

w ave s

m a te rna l

o f

p opu la t ions

l a nguage s

t h a t ,

w i th in

t h e

c u l tu ra l

e v idence c i ted t oe ndo r se t h i s d i spe r sa l o ft h e

H oweve r , d ue t o t h e i mpo s s ib i l i ty o f b e ing

C ro -Magnon r a ce w a s s uff ic ien t ly g ene r ic t o

a b le t o s u s ta in t h is l o g ica l c on sequence , t h e

g ua ran tee t h a t t h e t h eo ry w ou ld b e a ccep ted :

F rench a n th ropo log is t s imp ly o f f e red an a ive

t h e p r e sence o f s epu lch ra l c ave s o r d o lmen s

a n swe r : t h e n ew i mm ig ran t s i n t roduced n ew

i nL a Wze re , R okn ia , A lge r ia , Mo rocco a nd

w o rd s , b u t d i d n o t i mpo se a ny o t he r l a nguage

t h e C ana r ie s . C on sequen t ly , V e rneau s imp ly

( Verneau , 1 996 [ 1 89 1] : 9 4 -95 ) . O n ly i nt h i s

c o r robo ra ted

c ompa t r io t s

w ay c ou ld h e r e conc i le t h e e x is tence o f

Q ua t ref age s a nd H amy h ad a l ready a ff irmed

s ucce s s ive w ave s w i th t h e i d ea o f as i ng le

i n1 874 .

l a nguage s poken o n a l t h e

w ha t

h i s

i s land s .

B u t

f u ndamen ta l ly , t h is r e a son ing c on t rad ic ted h i s I n 1 89 1 V erneau 's m o s t e x ten s ive w o rk o n

o wn p r inc ip le s , b ecau se i fV e rneau w e re t o

t h e C ana ry I s land s , C ing a n t i& d e s e jour a ux

i n s is t

I l e s C anar ie s w a s p ub l i shed i nP a r is . I nt h is

G uanche , i tw a s n o t v e ry c onv inc ing t h a t t h e

w o rk h e i n s is ted o n t h e s ame p o in t s h e h ad

L ibyan o r S em i t ic p opu la t ion s , w ho w e re

o u t l ined p r ev iou s ly .

c u l tu ra l ly

o n

t h e

c u l tu ra l

p r ecedence

o f t h e

mo re a dvanced , w ou ld e nd u p

a ccep t ing a nd s peak ing a no the r l a nguage . F rom t h is d a ta i ti sp o s s ib le t o o b se rve h ow

A lso , t h e d i s t inc t ion e s tab l ished b e tween t h e

V e rneau

a nd

G uanche a nd t h e Num id ian s o r L ibyans l e d

m e thodo log ica l p r inc ip le s o f t h e e me rg ing

V e rneau t oc on s ide r t h e l a t te r r e spon s ib le f o r

F r ench p hy s ica l a n th ropo logy , w i th a l i t s

t h e e ng rav ing s a tE lH ie r ro a nd G ran C ana r ia ,

c on sequence s .

n o t

w he rea s n owadays i ti sk nown t h a tb o th r a c ia l

i n ter na l

o r e t hn ic g roup s w e r e p a r t o f t h e s ame

d eve loped

p r even t

t h e

t h eo r e t ica l

N eve r the le s s ,

e r ro r s

a nd

t h is

s e r iou s

d i d

c on t rad ic t ion s f r om a ppea r ing i nh i sw o rk .

c u l tu re .

U ndoub ted ly

t h e

w o rk

o f

h i s

c ompa t r io t F a idhe rbe o n t h e N o r th A f r ican V e rneau n eve r ( ba sed

o n

i n c luded p h i lo log ica l

h omonymy

o r

d a ta

Num id ian i n f luence

c ompa ra t ive

i n sc r ip t ion s o n

t h e

h ad

F rench

h ad

a g r ea t

a n th ropo log i s t ' s

l i ngu is t ic s ) i nh i s i n ve s t iga t ion s , a nd t h is w a s

v i ew s , p a r t icu la r ly t h e s t r ic t a pp l ica t ion o f

d ue t o ac on t rad ic to ry f a c t : c on t ra ry t o t h e

e vo lu t ion is t

i d ea

t h e

( c u l tu ra l ly mo re a r cha ic t h an t h e L ibyans )

c ompa t r io t s

w e re r e la ted t o t h e C ro -Magnon t ype a nd ,

B e r the lo t

t h e ref o r e , b e ing i l i te ra te , c ou ld n o t h ave

o f

l i ngu is t ic

u n i ty

i n d igenou s

p eop le

B o ry

S a in t -V incen t

d e

w h ich

a mong s t h i s a nd

7 1

i d ea s ,

s i nce

t h e

G uanche

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo log yi nt h eC ana ry I s land s

c r ea ted s u ch i n sc r ip t ions . C on sequen t ly t h e

a n th ropo log ica l a r gumen t s t h em se lve s i n h i s

w o rk mu s t h ave b een c a r r ied o u t b y t h e

w o rk s o ve r shadowed t h e r o le t h a t s o c io -

L ibyans , w ho w e re c u l tu ra l ly m o re a dvanced

c u l tu ra l f a c to r s m igh t h ave p l ayed a sd ef in ing

b u t , p a radox ica l ly , h ad e nded u p a s s im i la t ing

e l emen t so ft h es o c ie t ie sb e ing s t ud ied .

t h e G uanche l a nguage . I n a ny c a se , i t i s n ece s sa ry t o p o in t o u t t h a t i n te rp re ta t ion s

F rom a m e thodo log ica l p o in t o f v i ew , t h e

s im i la r t o t h o se o f V e rneau c an b e f o und i n

a r cha eo log ica l d i g s h e p e r sona l ly u nde r took

o t he r

a cadem ic

c en t r ed o n ly a nd e xc lu s ive ly o n t h e r e cove ry

c on tex t s , s i nce t h e a pp l ica t ion o ft h e se s ame

o fb one r ema in s , b a s ica l ly s ku l ls , w h ich a l so

e vo lu t ion i s t

c on t r ibu ted

c on tempo ra ry

E u ropean

i d ea s

h ad

a r chaeo log is t s t o r e jec t ,

l e d

m any

f o r e xamp le , t h e

t owa rd s

u nde rva lu ing

o t he r

m a te r ia l e v idence ( a r tef ac t s ) , a s w e l l a s t h e

a u then t ic i ty o ft h e r o ck p a in t ing s , c on s ide r ing

a r cha eo log ica l c on tex t i t se lf . C on sequen t ly a

t h em t o o a dvanced t o h ave b een c a rr ied o u t

g ood p a r t o f t h e C ana r ian a r cha eo log ica l

d u r ing t h e e a r l ie s t p ha se s o ft h e h uman r a ce

p o ten t ia l t h a t m ay b e s t ud ied n owaday s u s ing

( T r igge r , 1 992 : 1 02 ) .

am o re e xa c t m e thodo logy f o r e xcava t ion , w a sa l so u nde rva lued .

T oge the r

w i th

t h e

d ef ic ienc ie s

w e

h ave

m en t ioned , w h ich w e re t h er e su l to ft h ea c tua l

I n s ho r t ,

s c ien t if ic c on tex t i n w h ich V emeau 's w o rk s

S chw ide tzky h a s p o in ted o u t ( 1 963 :

c an b e p l aced , w e c an a pp r ec ia te h ow h i s

c on s i s ted o f c l a s s if y ing

c on t r ibu t ion t o C ana r ian a r cha eo logy a nd

a n th ropo log ica l

a n th ropo logy

b y

d i scove r ed m e thod s , w h i ls t a tt h e s ame t ime

e t hnocen t r ism , a s w e l l a s p o s tu la te s s uch a s

w o rk ing f r om a w ide a r chaeo log ica l a nd

" r ace "

w h ich

e t hno log ica l

T he se

d i scove r a n i mpo r tan t p a r t o f w ha t l a te r

p r em ise s , a pp l ied t ot h e i r l o g ica l c onc lu s ion ,

r e sea r che r s w ou ld r e i te ra te : t h e f a c tt h a t t h e re

w ou ld l e ad h im t o d ef end t h e n on -ex i s tence

w e re l a rge n umbe r s o f i n d iv idua ls f r om t h e

o fh ou se s o r s hack s i nT ene r if e , b ecau se t h i s

C ro -Magnon r a ce , e spec ia l ly i n L a G ome ra

w a s a f te r a l ad ef in i t ive f e a tu re o ft h e r a c ia l

a nd T ene r if e , a nd t h e re w e r e

g roup t h a t h ad p opu la ted t h e i s land . T he

d i f f e rence s i nt h e p opu la t ion o fG ran C ana r ia .

G uanche s q u i te s imp ly w e re n o t a r ch i tec t s .

H oweve r ,

V emeau a l so w ou ld d ef ine t h e i n d igenou s

m a in ly o f s ku l ls , w a s s t i l l q u i te s pa r se ; h e

c u l tu re i nt e rm s o f m ega -e lemen t s ( do lmen s

p ub l ished o n ly a p a r t o f t h e m a te r ia l h e

o r s epu lch re s i n c ave s ) , w h ich c on t r ibu ted

c o l lec ted a nd n eve r f u l ly

t owa rd s c r ea t ing a n e xce s s ive ly s imp l is t ic

Mu seo C ana r io c o l lec t ion , w h ich h e h im se lf

v i s ion

h ad b een c omm is s ioned t oc o l lec t .

w a s

a nd

n owaday s

" cu l tu re " ,

h ave

o f t h e

a dd i t ion ,

h eav i ly

t h e

n o

b i nom ia ls

v a lue

c u l tu re s

i nf luenced

a t a l .

b e ing

i mpo r tance

s t ud ied . o f

I n t h e

7 2

V erneau 's

a l

d a ta

b a se .

h i s

c on t r ibu t ion ,

T h is

t h e

u s ing

a lowed

m a te r ia l ,

w h ich

a s I l se 1 4 ) ,

a va i lab le r e cen t ly

h im

t o

i mpo r tan t

c on s i s ted

r e v ised t h e E l

T he F rench c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t ud yo fi n su lar c o lon i za t ion

F i na l ly , a s w e h ave a l ready s t a ted , h i s v i s ion o f t h e d i spe r sa l o f t h e C ro -Magnon r a ce c on t r ibu ted

t owa rd s

i mpe r ia l is t

i n te re s t s

d ef end ing i n

A f r ica

F rench a nd

t h e

C ana r ie s , p roceed ing i nt h e s ame w ay a s h i s c ompa t r io t s B o ry , F a idhe rb e a nd B e r the lo t h ad d one . I ti ss ymp toma t ic i n t h is r e spec t t h a t V e rneau c ame t o t h e C ana r ie s o n a n o ff ic ia l s c ien t if ic m is s ion , u nde r t h e a u sp ice s o ft h e F rench M in is t ry o fP ub l ic I n s t ruc t ion , a nd t h a t , a l though h e w a s ad oc to r , h e d i d n o t k now a bou t o r d i d n o t w an t t or e cogn ise t h e e no rmou s p o s s ib i l i t ie st h a t as t udy o fi l ne s se s ( p a leopa tho logy )

o f f e red ,

g i ven

t h e

v a s t

a moun t s o f a n th ropo log ica l m a te r ia l h e h ad t h e o ppo r tun i ty t o s t udy . H is p r io r i t ie s l e d h im t o f o cu s a lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly o n t h e s t udy a nd d ef in i t ion o f t h e r a c ia l t y pe s e x i s t ing a mong s t t h e i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le a nd h e

w a s

o bv iou s ly

i mp l ica t ion s

t h a t

a wa r e

t h is

t y pe

o f o f

a l

t h e

a na ly s is

p r e sen ted i nh i so wn t ime .

A rgumen t s

a ga in s t

t h i s

w ho le

s e r ie s

o f

e vo lu t ion i s t a nd p os i t iv i s t p o s tu la te s r e la ted t ot h e C e l t s a nd t h e F rench C ro -Magnon r a ce , p r e sen t i n t h e s t ud ie s o f V e rneau a nd h i s F r ench c ompa t r io t s , w ou ld b e d eve loped b y a no the r o f t h e m a jo r E u ropean p owe r s w i th i n te r e s t s i n N or th A f r ica , n ame ly G e rmany , a nd t h e se q ue s t ion s w i l l b e a na ly sed i n t h e n ex tc hap te r .

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

7 4

CHAPTER V

TH E GE RMAN C ONTR IBUT ION T OT HE S TUDY O FI NSULAR COLON IZAT ION : VA NDALS , AR YANS AND ARMEN IANS

A tt h ee nd o ft h e 1 9 ' "c en tu ry ,w i th in t h es ame

c o lon i sed b y t h e V anda ls i n t h e 5 `h c en tu ry

s o c ia l

AD

c on tex t

d e sc r ibed

f o r

t h e

F r ench ,

c e r ta in G e rman a u tho r s w e r e a l so i n te re s ted i n s t udy ing t h e c o lon iza t ion o f t h e C ana ry

T he S pan i sh e d i t ion o f L öhe r 's w o rk o n t h e

I s land s d u r ing p r im i t ive t ime s . T h is w a s t h e

C ana r ie s( 1 990 [ 1 886 ] )h a st we lve c hap te r s , s i x

c a se w i th F ranz v on L öhe r , w ho a pp roa ched

o f w h ich — h a lf t h e b ook , f r om c hap te r 5t o

t h e s ub jec t f r om a p u r e ly h i s to r ic i s t a nd

c hap te r 1 0— a r e d ed ica ted t o ad e sc r ip t ion o f

d if u s ion i s t p e r sp ec t ive , a pp ea l ing o cca s iona l ly

t h e

t o c ompa ra t ive l i ngu i s t ic s , a nd a l so H an s

r e l ig ion . e t c . ) o n t h e b a s i s o f i n f o rma t ion

Meye r a nd F e l ix v on L u schan w ho , u n l ike

c on ta ined i n t h e c h ron ic le s a nd f r om e t hno -

t h e i r c ompa t r io t , d i d s o f r om p o s i t ion s q u i te

h i s to r ica l

c l o se t o t h o se a l ready d eve loped b y F rench

d e sc r ip t ion w a s a l so c on s t ruc ted i n t e rm s o f

a u tho r s .

t h em

f r equen t c ompa r i son s b e tween t h e i n d igenou s

i n te re s ted i n t h e t o p ic o f e a r ly c o lon iza t ion

C ana r ian p eop le a nd t h e G e rman s , a s w i l l b e

a nd t h e i r v i ew s o n t h e m a t te r a r e q ue s t ion s

s hown l a te r i n t h i s c hap t e r . R ega rd ing t h e

t h a tw i l lb ec on s ide red i nt h i sc hap te r .

C ana r ian w r i t t en s ou r ce s , v on L öhe r r e ad t h e

T he

r e a son s

t h a t

m ade

G uanche

p opu la t ion

w r i t ten

( h ab i ta t ,

s ou r ce s .

c u s tom s ,

H oweve r ,

t h e

w o rk s o fv a r iou s a u tho r s ' . I n h i s o p in ion , t h e TH E P RESENCE OF THE VA NDALS I N T HE

ma in w o rk w a s t h e o ne b y Ab r eu G a l indo ,

CA NARY I S LANDS :

d ue t oi t sc ohe rence a nd h i s to r ica l v a lue . Y e t ,

TH E H YPOTHESES OF

FR ANZ V ON LÖHER ( 1 886 )

i n s p i te o fb e l iev ing t h is , v on L öhe r d i d n o t

B e tween F eb rua ry a nd A p r i l 1 876 , as e r ie s o f

t o

a r t ic le s o n t h e C ana r ie s w r i t ten b y F ranz v on

a pp roached t h e l e gend o ft h e c u t -of ft ongue s

L öhe r

G e rman

f r om r e f e rence s i nA b reu , t h e G erman a u tho r

m agaz ine A ug sbu rg er A l lg eme ine Z e i tung .

p o in ted o u tt h a ts uch as t o ry c ou ld n o tr e f e rt o

L a te r ,

R oman A f r ica b u t , o n t h e c on t ra ry , t o t h e

h e s i ta te t od i s to r tA b reu 's h i s to r ica l d i scou r se

w e r e t h e se

p ub l i shed w o rk s

i n

w e r e

t h e

t r an s la ted

i n to

s u i t

h i s

o wn

p u rpo se s .

When

h e

S pan ish — w i thou t h i s a u tho r iza t ion — a nd p ub l ished i n 1 886 u nde r t h e t i t le o f L o s

I np age s 4 5 , 4 6 a nd 4 7 , v on L öhe r r e f e r s t ot h e a u tho r s h e r e ad w h i ls t p repa r ing h i s b ook : B occacc io , a l -Ed r is i , B on t ie r & L e V er r ie r , Z u ra ra , B e r inä ldez , N icho ls , E sp inosa , A b reu G a l indo , V iana , C a ira sco , Nü t iez d e l aP e r la , G la s , V ie ra y C lav i jo , R i t te r , H umbo ld t , B o ry d e S a in t V incen ta nd B e r the lo t .

G ermano s e n l a s I s la s C ana r ia s ( A lva rez Ma r t inez , 1 989 :

1 0 11) . I n t h i s w o rk , t h e

a u tho r a r gued t h a t t h e C ana ry I s land s w e r e

7 5

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s

A ryan s o r V anda l s ( Löhe r , 1 990 [ 1 886 ] : 3 1-

t h a t o n m o re t h an o ne o cca s ion h e m ade

3 2 ) . H is o p in ion s o n t h e w r i t ten s ou rce s a l so

r e f e rence t o a rmed k n igh t s , k i ng s , p r ince s ,

l e d h im t oc r i t ic ize E sp ino sa a nd A b reu , o nce

a b so lu t em ona rchy , t a xe s , e t c . A r cha eo log ica l

a ga in ,

a r gumen t s , o n t h e o t he r h and , w e r e a b sen t

i n r e la t ion

t o t h e

o r ig in

o f t h e

G uanche s , a r gu ing t h a t b o th o ft h em i g no red

f r om h i s w o rk , w h ich i sw hy h i s c on t r ibu t ion

t h e i n f o rma t ion s upp l ied b y T a c i tu s o n t h e

h a s t ob e p l a ced w i th in t h e p r e -a r cha eo log ica l

G erman ic p opu la t ion s ( Löhe r , 1 990 [ 1 88 4

a cadem ic t r ad i t ion o f s t ud ie s o f t h e a nc ien t

1 08 ) . H ej u s t if ied h i s c r i t ic ism b y r e f e r r ing t o

p opu la t ion so ft h eC ana r ian a r ch ipe lago .

D e o r ig ine e ts i tu G ermanorum b y C or ne l iu s T ac i tu s , i nw h ich t h e L a t in a u tho r e xp la ined

A ppea l ing t oc ompa ra t ive e t hnog raphy , L öhe r

t h ec u s tom s i nt h eG e rman ic t own sa tt h et i me

r e la ted t h e a b sence o fu r ban n e two rk s a nd t h e

o f t h e V a r ian d i sa s te r . T h i s w a s t h e s ou r ce

h ou se s o ft h e V anda ls — d esc r ibed b y T ac i tu s

w h ich v on L öhe r u s ed a s ab a s is f o r h i s

— t o t h e h ou se s

d e scr ip t ion o ft h e G e rman ic p eop le a nd t h e ir

i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le , w h ich w e r e v e ry

c ompa r ison w i th t h e G uanche s . I nr e la t ion t o

s im i la r , i n h i s o p in ion , t o t h o se o f L owe r

t h e

b e

S axony ( Löhe r , 1 990 [ 1 886 ] : 4 9 a nd 5 1) . T h is

r emembe red t h a t G e rman a cadem ic t r ad i t ion

c ompa r ison b e tween t y pe s o fs e t t lemen t s a nd

h ad i n f a c t b u i l t i t s n a t iona l i d en t i ty a r ound

h ab i ta t w a s p r opo sed b y t h e a u tho r o n t h e

t h e G e rman ic t r ibe s , o n t h e b a s i s o f c l a s s ic

b a s is o f s uppo sed t y po log ica l s im i la r i t ie s —

t e x t s s uch a s t h e o ne b y t h i s L a t in a u tho r

b a sed o n c i ta t ion s

( McCann ,

7 ;

a ppea l ing a t a ny t ime t o a ny e xamp le s o f

W iw jo r ra , 1 996 : 1 65 ; L opez J im& lez , 2 00 1 :

C ana r ian o r G e rman a r chaeo logy , af a c t t h a t

7 4 ) .

r e vea ls

t e x t

b y

T ac i tu s ,

1 990 :

i t s hou ld

7 6 ;

a l so

S hennan ,

1 994 :

t h e

a nd s e t t lemen t s o f t h e

f r om t e x t s — w i thou t

w eakne s s

o f h i s

h ypo the s is .

N owaday s i ti sw e l l k nown t h a t t h e t y pe s o f U s ing e x t rac t s f r om t h e w o rk s o fT ac i tu s , a nd

h ou se s

f r om

d i f f e ren t i nt h e d i f f e r en t i s land s ( A rco e ta l . ,

d econ tex tua l ised

c i ta t ion s

o f

t h e

o r

h ab i ta t iona l

s t ruc tu r e s

w e re

c h ron ic le s a nd e t hno -h is to r ica l s ou r ce s , L öhe r

1 992 : 4 2 ) , m ean ing t h a t t h e u n if ied v i s ion o f

o f f e red

o f t h e

h ab i ta t h e s ough t t o c onvey , a nd w h ich w a s

h i s

G uanche s .

o wn B y

p ecu l ia r

v i s ion

a ppea l ing

t o

a " f o rced"

s uppo sed t o b e d ue t o t h e p r e sence o f t h e

e t hnog raphy ,

h e

a r gued t h a t

V anda l s o n t h e i s land s , i sn o t s c ien t if ica l ly

G e rman ic p opu la t ion s h ad b een p r e sen t i nt h e

c o r rec t . I n f a c t , o ne o ft h e e r ro r s o f L öhe r 's

C ana r ie s

w o rk

c ompa ra t ive

s i nce

t h e

5t h

c en tu ry

AD ,

a

w a s

t o m ake

e t hn ic

a nd

c u l tu ra l

h ypo the s is t h a t h a s n o b a s is a ta l i nt h e l i gh t

g ene ra l i sa t ion s

o fp r e sen t -day a r cha eo log ica l r e sea r ch 2.T h i s

a r ch ipe lago a s i fi tw e r e ac u l tu ra l u n icum .

e t hnocen t r ic

t o

H is w o rk i se xp re s sed i n t e rm s o f ab r oad -

e x t rapo la te p henomena a nd c oncep t s f r om

b a sed o r g ene ra l i sed v i s ion o f t h e i s land s ,

E u ropean c u l tu re a nd h i s to ry , w i th t h e r e su l t

w h ich a lowed n o v a r ia t ion , a nd h e u s ed t h e

v i s ion

a l so

l e d

L öhe r

t e rm

G uanche ,

a bou t

t h e

t h e

e t hn ic

e n t ir e

n ame

C ana r ian

f o r t h e

p opu la t ion o fT ener if eo n ly ,t oa pp ly t oa l t h e

N o t et h a t ,a sp o in t ed o u ti nc h ap t e rI I ,t h es t ud ie s o n p r eh i s to r y c a r r ied o u t b y G e rman h i s to r ian s o f t h e 1 9t h c e n tu r y , w e r e s t r ong ly i n f luen ced b y c ompa ra t ive e t hno log y , d u e t o t h e i r c o nv i c t ion t h a t t h i s d i s c ip l ine w ou ld e n ab le t h em t oi d en t if y t h eo r ig in so fh uma nb e hav iou r . 2

i s land s , f o l low ing t h e r u le e s tab l i shed b y S ab in B e r the lo t .

7 6

T he G erman c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t udy o fi n su lar c o lon i za t ion

C ompa ra t ive e t hnog raphy a l so a lowed L öhe r

( p . 6 ) t ob e i d en t if ied i nt h e C ana r ie s , w h ich

t o i d en t if y c e r ta in r e l ig iou s p r ac t ice s t h a t

w a s

w e re

p opu la t ions ( Löhe r , 1 990 [ 1 886 ] : 9 2 -93 ) . A s

c ommon

t o t h e

G e rman s

a nd

t h e

o bv iou s ly

r e la ted

t o

t h e

G erman

i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le , s ot h a t w hen h e

w e h ave a l ready p o in ted o u t i nt h e p r ev iou s

r e f e r r ed t o t h e h ar imaguada s o r p r ie s te s se s ,

c hap te r , s oma t ic a spec t s , p r inc ipa l ly f a ir s k in

h e w ou ld n o t h e s i ta te t o a f f i rm t h a t y ou th s

a nd b l ond h a ir , a sa n a r gumen tt h a tr e la ted t h e

f r om t h e i s land s d r es sed i nl o ng w h i te t u n ic s

N o r th

l i ke t h e G e rman p r ie s te sse s d e scr ibed b y

E u ropean o r ig in , w a s aw ide ly -he ld b e l ief i n

T a c i tu s

T he

E u ropean n i ne teen th -cen tu ry a cadem ic c i r c le s

i mmun i ty t h a t w omen , c h i ld ren a nd o l d m en

a nd o ne w h ich l e g i t im i sed i n te rven t ion i n

h ad i nt ime s o f w a r , a s d educed f r om s ome

N o r th A f r ica .

( Löhe r ,

1 990

[ 1 886 ] :

8 8 ) .

A f r ican

p opu la t ion s

t o

o t he r s

o f

C ana r ian e t hno -h is tor ica l s ou r ce s , w a s a l so r e la ted t o a p a s sage f r om T a c i tu s w h ich

L öhe r

r e f e r red t ot h e b a t t le s o ft h e G e rmans a nd t h e

a r chaeo log ica l a r gumen t s a l ready m en t ioned ,

w omen w ho t o ok c a re o f t h e w ounded ( pp .

a s

9 8 -99 ) .

a n th ropo log ica l

I n

a dd i t ion ,

L öhe r

o b se rved

c ompen sa ted

w e l l

a s

t h e

f o r

t h e

l a ck

p r eca r iou sne s s o ne s ,

b y

o f

o f

t h e

m ean s

o f

s im i la r i t ie s b e tween b o th p eop le s i nt e rm s o f

c ompa ra t ive l i ngu is t ic s , a pp ly ing c ompa ra t ive

l aw s i nce , a mong s tb o th t h eG uanche sa nd t h e

a nd

G e rmans , t h e k i ng , i nt h e e ven t o fh om ic ide ,

c ha ra c te r i s t ic o ft h e t ime s a nd w i th w h ich t h e

a pp l ied t h e G erman ic c od e w h ich i n vo lved

G ermans h ad t o ta l ly r e vo lu t ion ized t h e s t udy

c onf i sca t ing t h e l i ve s tock a nd g ood s o f a

o fl a nguage s . N eve r the le s s , t h e p r eva lence o f

c r im ina l a nd g i v ing t h em t o t h e v i c t im ' s

p h i lo log ica l a na lys is i n t h e w o rk o f L öhe r

r e la t ive s , w h i ls t e x i l ing t h e mu rde re r f o r l i f e .

w a s n o t d i rec t ly a nd e xc lu s ive ly d ue t o t h e

Mo reove r , a cco rd ing t o v on L öhe r , a l t h e

s p a r sene s s o f a r chaeo log ica l a nd a n th ropo -

G uanche l aw s w e re d i rec t ly i n f luenced b yt h e

l o g ica l a r gumen t s b u t w a s r a the r t h e r e su l t o f

p ub l ic a nd c ommon r i gh t s o f t h e a nc ien t

t h e c oncep t a nd s t a tu s t h a t p h i lo logy h ad

G e rman s ( p . 1 07 ) . S im i la r i t ie s i nw ay o fl i f e

a cqu i red i nG e rmany i nt h es e cond h a lf o ft h e

w e re , h oweve r , l e s s e a sy t oe xp la in , g i ven t h e

1 9t h c en tu ry . P h i lo log is t s , a r chaeo log is t s a nd

h i s to r ic is t

f o cu se s

w h ich

w e re

d e te rm in is t v i s ion t h a t t h e G e rman h i s to r ian

G e rman e p ig raph is t s o ft h e t ime t h ough t t h a t

u phe ld i n r e la t ion t o m an ' s a dap ta t ion t o h i s

t h e mo s ts u i tab le s c ien t if ic mode l w a st h eo ne

e nv i ronmen t : t h e f i r s t a spec t s t o c hange a nd

s upp l ied b y p h i lo logy w h ich , i nd e te rm in ing

b e m od if ied i n t e rm s o f t h e c l ima te , n a tu re

l aw s f o r t h e e s tab l ishmen t o f l a nguage s , h ad

a nd p roduce o f an ew c oun t ry w ou ld h ave

r e vea led t h ed ef in i t ive r u le st h a tp r e s ided o ve r

b een

d a i ly

t h e d eve lopmen t o f t h e s oc ia l s k i l ls . T h is

o ccupa t ion s ,e t c . ( Löhe r , 1 990 [ 1 88 4 3 8 -39 ) .

s c ience , d eve loped i n G e rmany , w a s a l so

t r ad i t iona l

f o od ,

d r e s s ,

c l o se ly l i nked t ot h e n a t iona l s en t imen t s a nd T oge the r w i th c ompa ra t ive e t hnog raphy , v on

i tw a s c on s ide red t h a t t h e s cope o f h i s to ry

L öhe r a l so a ppea led — a l though m a rg ina l ly —

w a s i n co rpo ra ted w i th in p h i lo logy a nd t h a t ,

t o a n th ropo log ica l a r gumen t s . A cco rd ing t o

t h e ref o re , t h e t r ue h i s to r ian w a s ap h i lo log i s t .

h i s p o in t o f v i ew , p hy s ica l o rgan iza t ion , t h e

F rom t h e a cadem ic G e rman p o in t o f v i ew ,

m o s t p e rmanen t e l emen t , h ad e nab led t h e

l a nguage w a s t h e e s sen t ia l e x te rna l a spec t o f

p r e sence o f af a ir sk inned , b l ond -ha i red r a ce

n a t iona l

7 7

c ha ra c te r

s o t h a t ,

o f a l

e t hn ic

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s

p henomena ,

l a nguage s

m o s t

b egun t oa na ly se u nknown l a nguage s i nt e rm s

a u then t ic a nd i mmed ia te r e p re sen ta t ion s o f

o ft h e g r amma r o fE u ropean l a nguage s , L a t in

t h e V o lk sg e i s t er ( Sm i th , 1 979 : 7 0 -7 1 ; A lva rez

i np a r t icu la r , t h u s e s tab l ish ing ab a s is f o r t h e

Ma r t inez ,

c ompa r i son ( Bunz l , 1 996 : 3 0 -33 ) .

1 989 :

1 0 ;

w e re

t h e

K o s sack ,

1 992 :

7 5 ;

K e l la s , 1 998 : 3 9 ; G ran -Ayme r ich , 2 00 1a : 2 66 ; L opez J im6 lez ,

c oncep t

T he f i r s t s t ep L öhe r t o ok w a s t od emon s t ra te

w ou ld r ema in i n v ogue a mong s t G e rman

t h e G e rman r o o t so ft h et e rm G uanche , w h ich

a cadem ic s t h roughou t t h e 1 9t h c en tu ry a nd a

h e s t a ted c ame f r om t h e t e rm w and schen .

g ood

s t ee r ing

T h is w a s t h e w r i t ten f o rm o f t h e w o rd t h e

a p h i lo log ica l specu la t ive

S pan ia rd s p ronounced a s G uanche , t r an s -

d i rec t ion , a way f r om a ny l i nk s w i th n a tu ra l

f o rm ing t h e G e rman " w " i n to " gu " a nd t h e

s c ience s . V on L öhe r , ad i rec t h e i r o f t h is

" d sch " i n to " c h " ( Löhe r , 1 990 [ 1 886 ] : 6 ) .

p a r t

2 00 1 :

o f t h e

a r chaeo logy

i n

7 4 ) .

T h is

2 0t h c en tu ry ,

s c ien t if ic m ode l a nd l i ne o f t h ough t , w ou ld

When p r oceed ing t o ac ompa r i son b e tween

n o t h e s i ta te t o c onf e r a l e ad ing r o le o n

G uanche a nd G e rman , L öhe r a ppea led t o

p h i lo logy i nh i s w o rk . N ever the le s s , i no rde r

a nc ien t G e rman a nd t ot h e G o th ic l a nguage ,

t o d eve lop

n o t o n ly b ecau se t h e l a t te r w a s t h e o l de s t o f

a l i ngu is t ic

a na ly s i s

o f t h e

G uanche s , L öhe r h ad f i r s t t o c r i t ic ize t h e

a l

e x ten t o ft h e S pan ish a u tho r s ' k now ledge o f

p r e se rved , b u t a l so b ecau se t h e V anda l s a nd

t h e l a nguage o f t h e i n d igenou s C ana r ian

t h e V i s igo th s c ame f r om t h e s ame l i ngu is t ic

p eop le . I n h i s o p in ion , aw ho le s e r ie s o f

b r anch ( p . 1 4 ) . N eve r the le s s , t h is c ompa ra t ive

p rob lem s

h ampe red

s t udy p r e sen ted d i ff icu l t ie s b ecau se , a s t h e

u nde r s tand ing o f t h e l a nguage ( i gno rance o f

a u tho r s t a ted , a s t i me w en t b y , t h e G uanche

t h e l aw s , r u le s , v o ice s a nd g r amma t ica l f o rm s

l a nguag e s epara ted f rom t h e G o th i c , u n t i l a l l

o f

e r roneou s

s im i la r i t ie s b e tween t h em d i sappea red ( p .

S pan ish

17 ) . I ti sp r ec ise ly f o r t h is r e a son t h a t h e

G uanche

t r an sc r ip t ion s f u nc t iona r ie s

o f a nd

a ny

t h a t h ad b een

r e l iab le

t h e

h ad

t h e G e rman ic d i a lec t s

l a nguage , w o rd s c hu r ch

b y

a u thor i t ie s ,

a nd

d e lega ted t h e r e spon s ib i l i ty o f g r amma t ica l

i g no rance o f t h e i r e xac t m ean ing s ) . I tw a s

s t ud ie s t o o t he r , m o re q ua l if ied , p h i lo log i s t s

o n ly b y a dop t ing t h i s a pp roa ch t h a t L öhe r

a nd c ho se t of o cu s o nt h e s t udy o fv ocabu la ry

c ou ld t h en j u s t if y t h e a b sence o fa lu s ion s t o

s i nce , a c co rd ing t o h im , m any w o rds h ad

t h e a nc ien t G erman s i nt h e d i f f e ren t C ana r ian

G erman ic o r ig in s a nd m ean ing s ( p . 18 ) . O n

w r i t ten s ou rce s t h a t h ad s t ud ied t h e G uanche

t h i s b a s i s a nd b y a ppea l ing t o h omonymy ,

l a nguage .

v on L öhe r a na lysed d i f f e ren t w o rd s f r om " eve ryday l i f e" ( pp . 1 23 136 ) a nd p ropo sed

H oweve r , i ns p i te o ft h is s omb re a nd n o t v e ry

t h e f o l low ing e t ymo log ie s : mogada s ( Go th ic

p rom i s ing s c ena r io , v on L öhe r t h ough t h e

m aga the i s ) , t h e g i r l s ; h a r

c ou ld

c r owd ,

o f f e r

a c ohe ren t

e xp lana t ion

t o

p eop le ;

e s e ro

a nd

( Go th ic h ar j i s ) , a ce ro

( Go th ic

d emon s t ra te t h a t t h e Guanche l a nguage h ad

e i sarn ) , e t c . , e t c . I n t o ponymy , t h e a nc ien t

i t s r oo t s i na nc ien t G erman a nd i nt h e G o th ic

C ana r ian p eop le — a cco rd ing t oL öhe r —u sed

l a nguage . T h is r ef lec t s t h e c onduc t is t n a tu re

t h e n ame o f t h e g od Man , f r om w hom t h e

o f h i s d i scou r se , a l though i n t e rm s o f h i s

V anda ls w e re d e scended , i n t h e n ame s o f

m e thodo logy i ts hou ld n o t b e f o rgo t ten t h a t ,

c e r ta in

a tt h e t ime , o t he r G e rman s c ho la r s h ad a l so

7 8

p opu la t ion s ,

s u ch

a s

Man tenor ,

T he G erman c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t udy o fi n su lar c o lon i za t ion

Mence ina ,

Man sa ,

T imanf aya . . .

( p .

1 36 ) .

s ub sequen t ly

s t a ted

t h a t

t h e

p r eva i l ing

s uppo s i t ion h ad b een t h a t t h e r e s iden t s o ft h e A vo id ing

a ny

c ommen t s

o n

t h e se

C ana r ie s

c ame

f r om

t h e

n e ighbou r ing

c onc lu s ion s , w h ich a r e l a ck ing i n s c ien t if ic

c on t inen t . V on L öhe r , o f c ou r se , d i d n o t

r i gou r , i ti sn ece s sa ry t op o in t o u t i nr e la t ion

s uppo r t t h is i d ea , a s h e w a s c onv inced o ft h e

t o L öhe r ' s p h i lo log ica l a nd a na ly t ica l s k i l ls

e x i s tence o f ac l o se r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e

t h a t h i s l i ngu i s t ic s t ud ie s c on ta ined o bv iou s

G uanche s a nd t h e G e rman p eop le . I nL öhe r 's

e r ro r s i nu nde r s tand ing a nd a na ly s i s ( A lva rez

o p in ion , i t w a s p o in t le s s t o c ons ide r t h e

Ma r t inez , 1 989 : 1 0 ) . A n ton io T e je ra ( 1990

a r gumen t s

[ 1 88 4 V I I I ) , mo reove r , h a s p o in ted o u t t h a t

r e la t ion sh ip s

L öhe r 's s t udy w a s f l im sy a nd i ns ome c a se s

Mex ican , C a r r ibbean p opu la t ion s , e t c . , w hen

s o f o rced t h a t t h e s c ien t if ic d a ta a lmo s t

t h e g eog raph ica l p o s s ib i l i ty e x i s ted t h a t t h e

b ecame c a r ica tu re .

V anda l s h ad e m ig ra ted f r om A f r ica t o t h e

u sed

b y

a u tho r s

w i th t h e

t o

C e l t ic ,

e s tab l ish

P hoen ic ian ,

C ana r ie s ( p . 1 38 ) . A cco rd ing t o t h e G e rman R e tu rn ing t o L öhe r ' s c o lon iza t ion t h eo ry , w e

h i s to r ian , i ts e emed o bv iou s t h a tt h e V anda ls ,

n ow e ncoun te rt h e f o l low ing f a c t : t h eG e rman

a f t e r

a u tho r , w ho a r gued i nf a vou ro ft h e r e la t ive ly

B e l isa r iu s , w ou ld h ave c r o s sed t h e A t la s

r e cen t c o lon iza t ion o ft h e C ana ry I s land s ( 5 t h

Moun ta in s u n t i l t h ey a r r ived a t C ape Mu r ,

c en tu ry AD ) , a nd w ho k new B e r the lo t ' s e a r ly

o ppo s i te t h e C ana r ie s . F rom t h e re ,t h ey w ou ld

w o rk o n t h e e t hnog raphy a nd a nna ls o f t h e

h ave s e en Moun t T e ide a nd , e i the r u nde r

C onque s to ft h eC ana ry I s land s —i nw h ich t h e

p r e s su re o ro u t o fn ece s s i ty , o re l se d r iven b y

F r ench C on su l h ad c omp i led a n e x ten s ive l i s t

t h e

o fG uanche v ocabu la ry c on s is t ing o fo ve ro ne

c ha rac te r i s t ic o f t h is v agabond r a ce , t h ey

h und red t e rm s —h ad t oa ccep tt h ee x is tence o f

c r o s sed t o t h e o t he r s i de . T he f a c t t h a t t h e

a B e rbe r

c o lon iza t ion

t h e

i s land s

G e rman ic

o ne ,

t h e

c ond i t ion s w e re g ood f o r s a i l ing w e r e t wo

a nd

p r ev iou s

t o

c on sequen t ly ,

e x i s tence o f a B e rbe r l a nguage t h a t a l so

b e ing

e xpe l led

o ve r r id ing

w e re

a r gumen t s

f r om

s p ir i t

c l o se t o t h e

t h a t ,

C a r thage

o f

b y

a dven tu re

c on t inen t a nd

a cco rd ing t o v on

L öhe r ,

e x is ted p r io r t o t h e a r r iva l o f t h e V anda ls

w ou ld h ave f a c i l i ta ted t h e move ( p .

( Löhe r , 1 990 [ 1 886 ] : 1 2 1122 ) .

N eve r the le s s , a cco rd ing t o h i s a r gumen t , t h e

1 6 ) .

i d ea o f t h e V is igo th s r e ach ing t h e C ana r ie s w a sa l so ap o s s ib i l i ty , b ecau se o nce t h eA rab s TH E MODE L OF C O LON IZ AT ION P ROPOSED B Y

h ad c ome t op owe r i nS pa in , t h ey c ou ld h ave

V ON L ON ER

l e f tt h e P en in su la a nd h eaded t h e r e .

I ti sb a s ica l ly i nc hap te r s Ia nd V t h a t L öhe r

A s a l r eady p o in ted o u t w hen r e f er r ing t o

e ncap su la ted h i s v i s ion o fh ow a nd b y w hom

l i ngu i s t ic

t h e C ana ry I s land s w e re p opu la ted . A t t h e

w ou ld h ave s e t t led i n t h e i n su la r t e r r i to r ie s

b eg inn ing o f t h e f i r s t c hap te r ( p .

1 ) t h e

p r ev iou s ly p opu la ted b y t h e B e rbe r s . T he ir

i d ea s

a r r iva l , t h e ref o re , w ou ld h ave p r e suppo sed

a u tho r

c on s ide red

s ome

o f

t h e

s t ud ie s ,

G e rman ic

c o lon ia l is t s

p r ev iou s ly p ropo sed b y o t he r w r i te r s 3,a nd ( Phoen ic ian ) E sp inosa ( Nor th A f r ican o r ig ins ) , G la s ( Be rbe r s ) , V ie ra ( de scend ing f r om t h e A t la s r e g ion ) , R it te r( Be rbe r ) a nd B er the lo t( Be rbe r ) .

N i u lez d e l a P e r ia ( I be r ian , Q u in to S e r to r io , Num id ian ) , A b reu ( A rab o r ig ins ) , T or r ian i 3

7 9

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s

t h e

s ub jec t ion

o f t h e

B e rbe r s ,

s i nce t h e

s t a te o fG erman c u s tom s a nd t r ad i t ion s b y t h e

V anda ls w e r e c on s ide red b y v on L öhe r —

1 5t h c en tu ry , w hen t h ey w e r e f i r s t d e sc r ibed

f r om

e t hnocen t r ic

b yt h ec h ron ic le r s a nd e t hno -h is to r ians , w h ich

p o s i t ion —as upe r io rr a ce i nc u l tu ra l t e rm s ( p .

w a s s o m a rked t h a t n one o f t h e a u tho r s

1 39 ) . O nce a ga in w e e ncoun te r t h e r e cu r r ing

a c tua l ly

i d ea p r e sen t i n t h e d i f f e ren t c o lon iza t ion

N eve r the le s s , t h e a u tho rp o in ted o u tt h a te ven

m ode ls o u t l ined

i n t h e

i n t h e 1 9t h c en tu ry t h e r u ra l p opu la t ions o f

w h ich

T ener if e , L a G ome ra , L a P a lma a nd G ran

e s sen t ia l ly p ropo sed t h a t t h e i s land s w e re

C ana r ia s t i l l p r e se rved m emo r ie s o f t h e i r

c o lon ised a s ar e su l t o f ac l a sh b e tween

G erman

d i f f e ren t p opu la t ion s i nw h ich t h e e a r l ie rr a ce

c l o th ing , w ay o f l i f e , s upe r s t i t ion s a nd t h e

w a s s ubdued , d ue t o t h e s upe r io r r a c ia l a nd

e duca t ion o f c h i ld r en ( p . 4 8 ) . O nce h e h ad

c u l tu ra l q ua l i t ie s o f t h e l a te r a r r iva ls . I n t h e

o u t l ined t h e se t h e se s , L öhe r w ou ld b eg in t h e

c a se o fv on L öhe r , t h e f i na l r e a l i ty w ou ld b e

l a s t c hap te r ( X I I ) o f h i s w o rk w i th t h e

t h e c u l tu ra l d om inance o f t h e s t ronge s t ( t he

f o l low ing w o rd s : w e c on s id er t h e h i s to r ica l

G e rman s ) o ve r t h e w eake s t ( t he B e rbe r s ) ,

e n igma

a l though t h e e a r l ie r s ub s t ra tum w ou ld n o t

C ana r ian p eop le h a sb een s o l ved ( p . 1 37 ) .

h i s

s e cond

e vo lu t ion is t

a nd

f o r t h e C ana r ie s

h a lf o f t h e

1 9f i c en tu ry ,

n o t iced

t h e i r

p r edece s so r s ,

o f t h e

G e rman

r o o t s .

n ame ly

o r ig in s

t h rough

o f t h e p r im i t ive

h ave b een t o ta l ly a nn ih i la ted ,a tl e a s tn o tf r om al i ngu i s t ic p o in t o f v i ew , s i nce t h e G erman h i s to r ian r e cogn ized t r a ce s o f t h e B e rbe r

TH EO R IG IN SO FT HE W ORK A ND V I S ION O FV ON

l a nguage i nt h et o ponymy .

L ÖH ER ON T HE E AR LY C O LON IZ AT ION O F T HE CA N AR IES

R ega rd ing t h e c h rono logy o f t h e V anda l c o lon iza t ion , a c co rd ing t o v on L öhe r i tw a s

A s f a ra st h e b i og raphy o fF ranz v on L öhe r i s

p o s s ib le t h a t t h e c o lon isa t ion o f t h e i s land s

c once rned , t h e G e rman h i s to r ian w a s b o rn i n

t o ok p l ace b ef o re o r d u r ing t h e r i s ing o ft h e

P ade rbo rn , o n 1 5t h o fO c tobe r 1 8 18 , a nd d i ed

A rab s i n Mo rocco , t h a t i st o s a y , i nt h e 5t h

i n Mun ich o n 1 ' Ma r ch 1 892 . A f te r s t udy ing

c en tu ry AC , w i thou t t h e re b e ing a ny k i nd o f

Med ic ine f o r ay ea r i n H a l le h e f i na l ly

c oa l i t ion b e tween t h e se p opu la t ion s a nd t h e

d ec ided t os t udy L aw a nd g r adua ted i nB e r l in ,

V anda ls

i n 1 845 . A s ar e su l t o f t h e se s t ud ie s , w h ich

( p .139 ) .

O nce

t h e

i s land s

w e re

p opu la ted , t h e G e rman ic s e t t le r s w ou ld h ave

w e re

m a in ly

u nde rgone a p e r iod o f c u l tu ra l r e ta rda t ion ,

p e r spec t ive s , h e b ecame i n te r e s ted i n t h e

d ue t ot h e ir i s o la t ion , u n t i l t h e c onque s to ft h e

e xpan s ion o f G e rman i sm t h rough t h e w o r ld ,

i s land s i nt h e 1 5t h c en tu ry , m ean ing t h a t t h ey

d ef end ing G e rman s up r emacy i n R oman ic a nd

t h rough

a r t o f b u i ld ing a nd n av iga t ing . A l so , t h e i r

g a the r ing

l a nguage

t h e

G e rman s i n Ame r ica t h a tw a s l a te ru s ed i nt h e

C h r is t ian i ty t h a t w a s i n t roduced w ou ld h ave

b ook sD e sd eu t schen V o lk e sB ed eu tung i nd er

b een t o ta l ly d ef o rmed ( pp . 1 39 140 ) . I tw a s

W e l tg e sch ich te

o n ly t h rough t h is d egene ra t ion is t a r gumen t

G e sch ich t e u nd Z u s tänd e d er D eu t schen i n

t h a t v on L öhe r c ou ld j u s t if y t h e l amen tab le

Amer ica ( C inc ina ty , 1 848 a nd G ö t t ing , 1 855 ,

p e t r if ied

a nd

8 0

C anada

I n

a nd

m a te r ia l

f o r

1 846

h i s to r ica l

c omp le te ly f o rge t t ing t h e u se o fi r on a nd t h e h ave

c u l tu r e s .

b y

w ou ld h ave e xpe r ienced ac u l tu ra l r e g re s s ion ,

w ou ld

S l av

g u ided

t h e

h e t r ave l led

U n i ted

S t a te s ,

a h i s to ry

o f t h e

( C inc ina ty ,

1 847 )

a nd

T he G erman c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t udy o fi n su la rc o lon i za t ion

2n d e dn . ) . I nt h e s p r ing o f1 849 h ew a s e l ec ted

" r oo t s" o ft h is w o rk l i e i nt h eN a t iona l i ty L aw

t ot h e L owe r H ou se o fB e r l in . H ej o ined t h e

t h a t h ad b een i s sued o n 2 9t h N ovembe r 1 868

m ode ra te l e f t a nd s e rved a s l e ade r o f t h e

i nt h e H unga r ian s t a te , w h ich e s tab l ished t h a t

m un ic ipa l c ounc i l i n P ade rbo rn f o r o ve r a

a l t h e i n hab i tan t s o f H unga ry f o rmed a n

y ea r . S ome y ea r s l a te r , i n 1 855 , h e w a s

i n d iv is ib le n a t ion w ho se o ff ic ia l

a ppo in ted

s hou ld

p rof e s so r

a t t h e

U n ive r s i ty

o f

Mun ich a nd Membe r o ft h e R oya l A cademy

b e

H unga r ian .

n a t iona l i s t

l a nguage

F o l low ing

movemen t

b egan

t h is ,

a nd

a t h e

o fS c ience s . A t t h e s ame t ime , i nr e cogn i t ion

a nnexa t ion is t a sp i ra t ion s o ft h e G erman S t a te

o fh i s v a s t k now ledge , h e r e ce ived t h et i t le o f

t owa rd sH unga ry w e re r e duced .

D oc to r

o f L aw

T üb ingen .

H e

f r om

U n ive r s i ty

V on L öhe r 's w o rk r e jec ted t h is s i tua t ion a nd

p o s i t ion s i n t h e p o l i t ica l a dm in is t ra t ion o f

d ef ended G e rman r i gh t s t o Magya r t e r r i to ry .

B ava r ia

T he

w a s

o ccup ied

o f

i mpo r tan t

a nd

a l so

t h e

l i t e ra ry

a nd

s c ien t if ic

h i s to r ian

m ade

r e f e rence

t o

t h e

e s tab l ishmen to fG e rman s a nd o ft h e ir c u l tu r e

s e c re ta ry t o K ing Max im i l ian I . I n f a c t , o n t h e o rde r s o ft h is k i ng , h e t r ave l led t o R ome

i n

a nd L owe r I t a ly i n 1 863 . B e tween 1 865 a nd

s ub sequen t ly , o nt h eb a s i s o ft h ed emog raph ic

1 888 — d u r ing t h e r e ign o fL ou i s I —h e w a s

c a lcu la t ion s

t h e

o f

r e f e r red t o t h e p r e sence i n H unga ry a nd

B ava r ia ; i n 1 873 , a ga in o n t h e o rde r s o ft h e

T ran sy lvan ia o f a n i mpo r tan t c on t ingen t o f

k i ng , h e v i s i ted t h e C ana r ie s a nd t h e G r eek

t h e G e rman p opu la t ion : t h ey w e re t h e s e cond

A r ch ipe lago a nd i n 1 875 h e t r ave l led t o

l a rge s t g roup ( 1 3% ) i nt h e e n t i re p opu la t ion ,

C yp ru sa nd C re te . A s ar e su l to ft h e l a t te rt r ip ,

a f t e r t h e 3 6% t h a t r e p re sen ted t h e Magya r s ,

h e w ro te C ypern ( S tu t tga r t , 1 878 , 3 "1 e dn . ,

a nd w e re s i gn if ican t ly l a rge rt h an a l lt h eo t he r

d i rec to r o f t h e

I mpe r ia l

A rch ive

H unga ry

s i nce m ade

a nc ien t

i n 1 860

t ime s b y

F ide r ,

a nd h e

1 888 ) . I n t e rm s o fh i s t h eme s , i fw e b ea r i n

m ino r i ty g roup s ( J ew s , S l ovak s , R oman ian s ,

m ind t h a t t h e m a in o b jec t ive o f B ava r ian

S loven ian s ,

p o l i t ic s s i nce t h e e a r ly 1 850 s h ad b een t h e

r i gh t s o ft h e G e rman s t o H unga r ian t e r r i to ry

f o rma t ion

a u tonomou s

w e r e a l so j u s t if ied b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e re h ad

g roup o f s t a te s o ppo sed t o t h e

b een a G e rman p r e sence i n H unga r ian l a nd

a mb i t iou s a im s o f P ru s s ia a nd A u s t r ia , i ti s

a nd i nt h e v i c in i ty o ft h e D anube b ef o re t h e

e a sy t o u nde r s tand t h e n a t iona l i s t t one o ft h e

Magya r s .

e a r ly w o rk s i n t h is f i r s t s c ien t if ic p ha se o f

n a t iona l i s t a u tho r l o ya l t ot h e G e rman S t a te ,

F ranz v on L öhe r .

P au l d e L aga rde ( 1827 189 1) , p ub l i shed a

G e rman

o f

a c omp le te ly

C roa t ian s

Y ea r s

l a te r

a nd

i n

S e rb ian s ) .

1 878 ,

T he

a no the r

c o l lec t ion o fa r t ic le s u nde r t h e t i le D eu t sche Af t e r t h e f ound ing o f t h e G e rman S t a te

S chr if t en , i n w h ich h e s t re s sed t h e i d ea s

( 187 1) ,

L öhe r b egan t o d ef end t h e

a l r eady p u t f o rwa rd b y v on L öhe r . A s h e

i n te re s t s o ft h e e mp i re , s t r e s s ing n a t iona l ism ,

a ff i rmed , t h e m i s s ion o fG e rmany a s an a t ion

i mp e r ia l i sm

w a s t h e c o lon iza t ion o fa l t h e o t he r e x is t ing

v on

a nd

P an

G e rman ism

i n h i s

d i scou r se . I n 1 874 , t h e ref o re , moved b y t h e

n on -Ge rman

r i se o ft h e Magya rn a t iona ls t a te , h ep ub l ished

mona rchy . T he Magya r s , C zech s a nd o t he r

t h e w o rk D a s d er d eu t schen N a t iona l i tä t i n

n a t iona l i t ie sr u led b y A u s t r ia w e re ah i s to r ica l

U ngarn w i th t h e a im o ft r y ing t o d ef end t h e

r e spon s ib i l i ty , a nd i tw a s t h e ref o r e n ece s sa ry

r i gh t s o ft h e G e rman p eop le t oH unga ry . T he

8 1

c oun t r ie s

o f

t h e

A u s t r ian

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC ana ry I s land s

t h a t t h ey

s hou ld

s ubm i t t o t h e

s upe r io r

a nd c u l tu ra l s upe r io r i ty o ft h e E u rop ean r a ce ,

G erman c u l tu re ( Abe l län , 1 997 : 1 1112 ) .

i n t h i s c a se t h e A ryan r a ce , e xp la ined t h e V anda ls ' c o lon iza t ion o f t h e i s land s a nd t h e

F rom t h e a bove , i tc an b e o b se rved t h a t v on

s ub jec t ion o ft h e p r ev iou s B e rbe r s ub s t ra tum

L öhe rh ad c l ea r l i nk s w i th o ff ic ia l c i r c le s a nd

a sa n i n ev i tab le p r oce s s o f" na tu ra l s e lec t ion" .

G e rman p o l i t ic ian s a nd d ef ended , f o rp o l i t ica l

I n t h i s s e n se , t h e a r gumen t s o f t h e G e rman

r e a son s ,t h es upe r io r i ty o ft h eG erman p eop le ;

h i s to r ian w e re s t ruc tu r ed o n t h e b a s is o f

f i r s t i n t h e s e rv ice o f B ava r ian p o l i t ic s , a nd

d i f f e r en t

l a te r i nt h e s e rv ice o ft h e G e rman s t a te . A l so ,

S oc ia l

i tc an b eo b se rved t h a th i st r ip t ot h eC ana r ie s ,

h i s to r ic ism a nd d i f f u s ion ism ( t he G erman s

l i ke t h eo ne st oC yp ru s a nd C re te , w a so ff ic ia l

w e re r e spon s ib le f o r i n t roduc ing t h e i r c u l tu re

i nc ha ra c te r , s i nce h e t r ave l led t ot h e v a r iou s

t o p er iphe ra l

i s land s o n t h e o rde r s o ft h e d i f f e ren t k i ng s , i n

d i f f u s ion i sm a nd w i th t h e c u l tu ra l p a ra l le ls

h i sr o le a ss c ien t if ic s e c re ta ry .

e s tab l i shed

t h eo r e t ica l

D a rw in ism ,

g u ide l ine s

a r ea s ) .

b y

i n c lud ing

c ompa ra t ive p h i lo logy ,

I n c onnec t ion

v on

L öhe r ,

w e

w i th s hou ld

r emembe r t h a t b y t h i s t ime h i s c ompa t r io t A s ar e su l to fh i st r ip t ot h e C ana r ie s h e w ro te

R a tze l , m en t ioned i nt h e s e cond c hap te r , h ad

N ach

i d en t if ied

d en

G lüc l ichen

R e i se tag e ( 1876 ,

I n se ln .

w ha t

h e

t e rmed

c omp lexe s" ,

a f te r

d i scu s sed h i s s t ay i nT ene r if e , L a P a lma a nd

g eog raph ica l

d i s t r ibu t ion

G ran C ana r ia ( i t s e ems t h a t h e a l so w en t t o

o b jec t s w a s t h e s ame a s t h a t o f t h e p eop le

L anza ro te a nd F ue r teven tu ra , a l though t h e se

w ho h ad p r oduced o ru s ed t h em . I nt h is w ay ,

t r ip s a r e n o t d e sc r ibed i n d e ta i l ) . I n v a r iou s

t h e r a p id d i f f u s ion o f ac u l tu re w a s d ue t ot h e

c hap te r s o ft h is b ook , s uch a sc hap te r s 2 3 , 2 5 ,

m ig ra t ion o f t h e p eop le r e spon s ib le f o r t h e

2 7 a nd 2 8 , t h e re a r e n o te s o n t h e l a nguage o f

c u l tu r e i nq ue s t ion . L eo F roben iu s , ad i sc ip le

t h e a nc ien t i n hab i tan t s o f t h e A r ch ipe lago ,

o f R a tze l , w ou ld d eve lop t h e t h eo ry a nd

a nd s ome t ime st h is l e dh im t or e coun tl e gend s

w ou ld s t udy w ha t h e c a l led " cu l tu re c i rc le s"

l i ke t h a to fD o rama s ( c hap te r2 3 ) . I nt h e s ame

a nd b o th t h eo r ie s w e r e u sed b y h i s to r ian s a nd

y ea r

n ame ly

G erman p r e -h is to r ian s t o s t udy t h e t empo ra l

b e tween F eb rua ry a nd A p r i l o f1 876 , h e a l so

a nd s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h ec u l tu r e —m a in ly

p ub l ished v a r iou s a r t ic le s o n t h e r e la t ion sh ip

m a te r ia l c u l tu re — o f h uman g roup s ( Dan ie l ,

o f t h e V anda l s t o t h e C ana ry

1 973 :

w o rk

w a s

p ub l i shed ,

I s land s —

p r ev iou s ly m en t ioned — a nd t h e se w e re a l so

7 5 -76 ;

a ff irm ing

" cu l tu ra l

i n w h ich h e

t h is

B ie lef e ld ) ,

C ana r i sche

o f

Zwe r ne rnann ,

t h a t

t h e

e t hnog raph ic

1 983 :

H o l l , 1 990 : 2 99 a nd T r igge r , 1 990 : 3 11

2 4 -26 ;

) .

p ub l ished i n 1 886 i nS pa in u nde r t h e t i le o f L o s G ermano s e n C anar ia s .

R ega rd ing t h e p ro tagon ism o ft h e V anda ls i n t h e w o rk o fv on L öhe r , w e d o n o tb e l ieve t h a t

F rom t h is d a ta , i ts e em s o bv iou s t h a t v on

t h is h a s n ece s sa r i ly t o b e u nde r s tood a s a

L öhe r ' s w o rk o n t h e G ermans i nt h e C ana r ie s

r a c ia l a nd c u l tu ra l a r gumen t u sed t oe s tab l ish

a l so c on ta in s a n i mper ia l is t v i s ion o f t h e R a tze l i sc ons ide red t h e f ounde r o ft h et h eo ry o f m ig ra t ion , b u t R a tze l h im se lf d ef in i te ly a t t r ibu ted t h is t o Mo r i tz Wagne r ( 1 813 -1887 ) . T o R a tze l w e o we t h e s t udy o f t h e d ynam ics o f t h e h i s to r ica l p roces s a nd i t sm ean ing i nt e rms o ft h e m ovemen t o f p eop le s a nd , b y e x tens ion , t h e movemen t o f c u l tu re ( Zwe rnemann , 1 983 : 3 0 ) .

G erman p eop le , j u s t if ied b y t h e e vo lu t ion is t a r gumen t s

p r eva i l ing

a mong s t

4

E u ropean

a u tho r s i nt h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 9t h c en tu ry . S oc ia l D a rw in ism , w h ich d ef ended t h e r a c ia l

8 2

T he G erman c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t udy o fi n su la rc o lon i za t ion

ar e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e C ana r ie s o n t h e b a s is o ft h e G erman p r e sence i nN o r th A f r ica i nt h e

In e n ou s p a ra i t p a s i n u t i le d e s a is i r c e t te o cca s ion p ou r mon t re r a ux a n th ropo log is te s c e q ue p eu t d even i r l ' e thno log ie l o r squ 'e l le e s t m ise a u s e rv ice d e s a sp i ra t ion s p o l i t ique s o u n a t iona le s . E s t -ce b i en e t hno lo g i e q u ' i l f a u t d i re? O n s e ra i t t e n ti p l u tö t d e d i re e t hnomanc ie , äv o i ra vec q ue l le f a c i l i t6 P a r td e d&ouv r i r l e s o r ig ine s d e s p eup le s e t p ou s s6 j u squ 'ä u n d eg ré v o i s in d e l a d i v ina t ion . [ B roca , 1 876 : 4 03 -404 ]

5t h c en tu ry AD . O n t h e c on t ra ry , w e b e l ieve t h a t a no the r i mpo r tan t f a c to r i nf luenced t h e a u tho r i nf a vou ro ft h e V anda ls : t h e r e b ir th o f G e rman l i t e ra tu re d u r ing t h e

1 8t h c en tu ry

o nwa rd s , c ha ra c te r ized b y ar e jec t ion o f t h e c l a s s ica l l e gacy o f We s te rn E u rope a nd a g l o r if ica t ion m ed ieva l

o f

t h e

p e r iod

G e rman ic

( T r igge r ,

p a s t

1 992 :

a nd 1 45 ;

Ma r ten s , 1 994 : 5 7 ; P o l iakov , 1 996 : 7 2 ) . H is w o rk , i nf a c t , r e p re sen ted a n e xp re s s ion o ft h e p r ide t h a t t h e G e rmans f e l t t owa rd s t h e i r

I nt h e e xp r e s s ion o ft h ank s , n eve r the le s s , i tw a s

a ch ievemen t s a s ar a ce . I nt h is s e n se , a nd a s B roca

( 1 876 :

4 03 )

p o in ted

o u t

n o t s imp ly c u t i no rde rt oi mp rove t h e p o l i t ica l

w hen

a sp ec t s o f t h e w o rk , s i nce o t he r a s pec t s w e r e

c on s ide r ing v on L öhe r 's w o rk , a no the r o ft h e

c r i t ic ized ,s u ch a st h ew eakne s so ft h el i ngu i s t ic

p urpo se s t h a t t h e G e rman h i s to r ian p u r sued

a r gumen t s ( p .

w a s t oi mp rove t h e o f f en s ive i mage g i ven b y

5 65 ) ,

o r t h e o r ig in o f t h e

C ana r ian s e t t le r s , w ho h ad t ob e r e la ted t ot h e

h i s to r iog raphy o f t h e V anda ls , w ho w e re

P hoen ic ian s , a cco rd ing t o t h e c l ub ( p . 5 66 ) .

c on s ide r ed at e r r ib le , b e l l ige ren t a nd i g no ran t

A lso , a l though v on L öhe r w a s t h anked f o r

p eop le . A cco rd ing t o v on L öhe r 's v i s ion , a

h av ing r e s to r ed h onou r t ot h e r e v i led V anda ls

p eop le w ho h ad t r ansm i t ted t h e i r c i v i l iza t ion

( p . 5 63 ) , h e w a s c r i t ic iz ed f o r n o t c on s ide r ing

t ot h e B e rbe r s s e t t led i nt h e C ana r ie s o ugh tt o

t h em

b e c on s ide red f r om a no the r , m o re b enevo len t ,

A ryan s ,

b u t

G e rman s .

T h is

a t i tude

r ef l ec ted ap a r t icu la r c onc r e te s i tua t ion ; i nt h e

p e r spec t ive .

S l av -Ge rman ic c l ub , w he r e S l av ic t e ndenc ie s w e r e p r edom inan t , i tw a s c on s ide r ed t h a t t h e

V on L öhe r e xp la ined t h e p u rpo se o fh i s v i ew

V anda l s

o f t h e c o lon iza t ion o f t h e C ana r ie s i n t h e

h ad

e ve ry th ing

f o rewo rd h e w ro te t o h i s a r t ic le s i n 1 876 : i f

b e tween

t h e G uanche s w e re G e rman , t h ey s hou ld b e

w a s t h e

S l av ic

r o o t s .

a d i a le c t ica l P an -S lav i s t s

U nde r ly ing c onf ron ta t ion

a nd

t h e

P an -

G e rman i s t s .

l i be ra ted s oone r o r l a te r f r om t h e S pan i sh y oke a nd i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e g r ea t G e rman

F a ced w i th t h is w ho le s e r ie s o f a n teceden t s ,

e mp i re . T h is f o rewo rd w a s r emoved f r om t h e

w e a r e n ow a b le t o a ff i rm t h a t F ranz v on

S pan ish e d i t ion o fh i s w o rk ( 1 886 ) , a l though

L öhe r 's v i s ion o f t h e c o lon iza t ion o f t h e

i ti sc e r ta in t h a t ac opy o fp a r t o fi ta ppea red

C ana r ie s w a s t h e r e su l t o f t h e h i s to r ica l

i nt h e t e x t o fa n e xp re s s ion o ft h ank s s en t t o

c on tex t i nw h ich t h e w o rk o r ig ina ted , w h ich

v on L öhe r b y t h e S l av -Ge rman ic c l ub o f V ienna i na pp rec ia t ion o fh i s r e hab i l i ta t ion o f

R evu ed ' An th ropo log i e ,w he r et h ea f o r emen t ioned c ommun ica t ion w a s r e p rodu ced . I t h ad b e en s i gned i nV a t e r land , o n 2 4t h M ay , 1 8 76 u nde rt h e t i le A d r e s se d er eme r c imen t s[ s i c ]d u c l ub s l a vo g erman iqu e d e V i enn e äM . F ran zd e L öh e rp ou r s a r e hab i l i ta t ion d e s V and a l e s ( R evu e d ' An th ropo log i e . V o lume V :5 63 -567 ) .

t h e V anda ls 5.V on L öhe r ' s p o s i t ion l e d B roca t od ed ica te t h ef o l low ing w o rd st oh im :

5I nh i s a r t ic le o n v on L öh e r 's w o rk , P au l B ro ca r e f e r r r ed t o t h e " M i sc e l la neou s " s e c t ion o f t h e 8 3

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo log yi nt h eC anary I s land s

w a s ad i rec t r e su l t o f h i s s e rv ice s t o t h e

b egan i n t h e e a r ly 1 870 s —i ti se nough t o

G e rman s t a te . T he ref o re , i tw a s t h e c o lon ia l

r emembe r t h a t

L öhe r v i s i ted

t h e

C ana ry

i n te r e s t s o ft h e G e rman e mp ire i nA f r ica t h a t

I s land s i n 1 873 — mov ing a f te r 1 876 t owa rd s

u l t ima te ly s haped L öhe r 's v i s ion a nd n o t t h e

af o rma l p o l icy t h a t l e d t ot h e a nnexa t ion o f

s imp le v i s i t t h a t t h e G e rman s cho la r m ade t o

S ou thwe s t A f r ica , T ogo , C ame roon a nd E a s t

t h e C ana r ie s , a sA n ton io T e je ra ( 1990 [ 1 886 ] )

A f r ica a tt h e e nd o f 1 883 . B ava r ia , r u led b y

w rong ly s uppo sed . I nr e la t ion t ot h is p o l i t ica l

L ou i s I ,w ho w a s d i rec t ly r e spon s ib le f o rt h e

s i tua t ion ,

b e

v i s i t o f L öhe r t o t h e C ana r ie s , h ad b ecame

a no the r

r emembe r ed :

mu s t

f o r

p a r to ft h eG e rman s t a te , t h eD eu t sche sR e ich , o n 1 'J a nua ry 1 87 1 , t h e d a te w hen t h e n ew

t o ge the r

s t a te w a sf o rma l ly e s tab l ished ( Abe l län , 1 997 :

t h e

p r ime

a l so

c o lon iza t ion h ad a l r eady b een m onopo l ized , w i th

t h e

f a c t

m o t ive

s t r a teg ic

a nd

p o l i t ica l

r e a son s a nd p sycho log ica l r e a son s , n ame ly

8 2 ) .

i s sue s o f p r e s t ige , e xa l ta t ion o f n a t iona l is t

m embe rs t a te sp r e ser ved t h e i r mona rch ie s a nd

s en t imen t s ,

E u ropean

ac on s ide rab le a moun t o f p owe r i n i n te rna l

s upe r ior i ty a nd t h e d e s i re t o e xpand t h e

m a t te r s , b u t f o re ign p o l icy a nd w a r w e re

c i v i l iza t ion ( Ba r ro s , 1 990 : 1 60 ; H o 1 1 , 1 990 :

c on s ide r ed

2 96 ; Z o rgb ibe , 1 997 : 8 2 ) . T he se w e re t h e

( Fu lb rook , 1 995 : 1 79 ) .

a wa rene s s

p r inc ip le s t h a t m oved

o f

v on

L öhe r ,

I t s

f e de ra l i s t n a tu re

a r ea s

o f

m ean t t h a t t h e

n a t iona l

j u r i sd ic t ion

a s a n

i n te l lec tua l i nt h e s e rv ice o f ap o l i t ica l r e g ime

T h is c on tex t e nab le s u s t o u nde r s tand h ow a

w i th i mpe r ia l i s t a im s , t ow r i te h i s w o rk . T he

r a c i s ta r chaeo logy w a s d eve loped i nA f r ica b y

a u tho r c on s ide red t h a t t h e C ana r ie s h ad b een

G e rmany . T he F r ench a n th ropo log i s t s a nd

p opu la ted b y t h e G erman s i n t h e M idd le

a r chaeo log is t s , a sp o in ted o u t i nt h e p r ev iou s

A ge s , w h ich i mp l ied t h a t t h e G e rmans h ad

c hap te r , h ad r e la ted t h e b l ond s e t t le r s i n

h i s to r ica l r oo t s i n t h e a r ch ipe lago a nd t h e

A f r ica t ot h e C e l t s , d ue t o t h e l i kene s s t h ey

r i gh tt oo ccupy t h em .

s aw b e tween t h e m ega l i th i sm o f We s te rn E u rope a nd N o r th A f r ica ( Fa idhe rbe , 1 873 a ;

G iven t h i s , a nd i n o rde r t o u nde r s tand w hy

T i s so t , 1 876 a nd B roca , 1 876 ) . T o c onf e r

t h e C ana r ian A r ch ipe lago w a s s o i mpo r tan t i n

v a l id i ty o n t h i s h ypo the s is , t h a t i st os a y , t h e

G e rman i mpe r ia l is t s phe r e s , i ti sn ece s sa ry t o

i d ea o f ap opu la t ion w ave t h a t h ad l e f t t h e

a na ly se w ha t G e rman i n te re s t s i n A f r ican

C e l t ic l a nd s , p a s sed t h e S t ra i to fG ib ra l ta ra nd

c o lon ia l p o l i t ic s d u r ing t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e

A lge r ia a nd a r r ived a tt h e f r on t ie r s o fE gyp t ,

1 9t h c en tu ry a c tua l ly w e r e , aq ue s t ion t h a th a s

a r chaeo log ica l a r gumen t s ( mega l i th ism ) a nd

a l ready b een d i scu s sed i nc hap te rt h r ee .

a n th ropo log ica l a r gumen t s ( t he p r e sence o f f a i r -ha i r ed p eop le i n A f r ica s i nce r emo te t ime s ) w e r e s uff ic ien t . T he p u rpo se o f t h e se

TH E

CA N ARY I S LANDS A ND

T HE IR

P LACE

p o s tu la te s w a s t ol e g i t im ize a nd g i ve p r io r i ty

W ITH IN GE RM AN I MPER IAL IST S PHERES : T HE

t ot h e F r ench o ccupa t ion o ft h o se t e r r i to r ie s ,

P ASTAS A N

a nd i nt h is s e n se ap o in t a l ready d i scu s sed i n

I DEO LOG ICAL C ON ST RUCT

t h e p r ev iou s c hap te r i s s ymp toma t ic : t h e A s a l ready m en t ioned i nt h e t h i rd c hap te r , i n

a u tho r s

t h e

i n f o rma l

d i r ec t ly l i nked t o o ff ic ia l F r ench c o lon ia l

m ovemen t s t owa rd s c o lon iza t ion i n A f r ica

c i r c le s i n A f r ica . F a idhe rbe w a s aF r ench

c a se

o f G e rmany

t h e

f i r s t

8 4

w ho

d eve loped

t h is

t h eo ry

w e re

T he G erman c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t ud yo fi n su lar c o lon i za t ion

l o r squ 'on l ' app l ique a ux n oms d e s h omme s , d e s p eup le s o u d e s

g ene ra l w ho h ad s e rved i n v a r iou s m i l i ta ry a nd

c o lon ia l

S enega l

a nd

c ampa igns T i s so t

i n A lge r ia

w a s

a nd

l i e ux , e te i le p e rme t d e d emon t re r , a vec l a d e rn ire e v idence , q ue l e s G uanche s d e s C ana r ie s e t a ien t d e s V anda le s . [ B roca , 1 876 : 4 02 ]

p l en ipo ten t ia ry

m in is te ro f F rance i nT ang ie r . T he w o rk o f v on L öhe r , c on sequen t ly , w a s c once ived a nd p ub l ished a t at ime w hen t h e F r ench w e re a l so d eve lop ing a c o lon ia l a nd r a c is t

a r chaeo logy

i n

A f r ica .

TH E F IN AL C ONT R IBUT IONS O F V ON L ON ER T O

H oweve r ,

A RCH AEO LOG ICAL A ND L INGU I ST IC S TUD IES O F

w he r ea s t h e F rench h ad r e la ted t h e b l ond

T HE CA N AR IES

p opu la t ion s o f A f r ica t o t h e C e l t s , L öhe r r e la ted t h em t o t h e V anda ls , w h ich e xp la in s

W i th in t h is p o l i t ic -econom ic c on tex t , v on

t h e a b sence o f r e f e rence s t o " Ce l t s" i n t h e

L öhe r 's c on t r ibu t ion t ot h e G e rman r e g ime —

w o rk o fL öhe r : h i s P an -Ge rman is ta t t i tude l e d

i nt e rm so ft h eC ana r ie s —w ou ld n o tc onc lude

h im t o r e jec t a ny th ing r e la ted t o t h e C e l t ic

i n1 876 . T he a u tho rs pen tt h e l a s ty ea r s o fh i s

w o r ld . T h is , i nf a c t , i sw hy P au l B roca ( 1 876 ) c r i t ic ized

v on

L öhe r ' s

v i s ion ,

l i f e e l abo ra t ing amo re c omp le te w o rk o n t h e

b ecau se

C ana r ie s

a mong s t o t he r r e a son s , i tg ave p r ior i ty t ot h e

b y

L öhe r

s i nce ,

a u tho r h e h ad c on su l ted f o r h i s 1 876 w o rk b u th i s l a s tw o rk o nt h e C ana r ie s , e n t i t led D a s

t h et ime , t h e p o s i t ion o ft h e F r ench e xp re s sed a r chaeo logy

a nd

t o

e d i t ion o ft h e p oem o fA n ton io d e V iana —a n

i n

a cco rdance w i th t h e s c ien t if ic a pp roa che s o f t h rough

c on t inued

t o u s e . I nT üb ingen i n 1 883 h e p ub l ished a n

i sa l so t r ue t h a t B roca 's c r i t ic i sm t o uched o n u sed

h e

t h e V anda ls — a nd s ea rch ing f o r n ew s ou r ce s

G e rman i mpe r ia l is t p o l i t ic s . N eve r the le s s , i t m e thod s

w h ich

e mpha s ise t h e c o lon iza t ion o ft h e i s land s b y

G e rman p r e sence i n A f r ica , a nd t h e r ef o re t o

t h e

— i n

K ana r ierbuch . G e sch ich te u nd G e s i t tung d er

a n th ropo logy

G ermanen a uf d en K anar i schen I n se ln , w a s

( r ac io logy ) , w a s mo re p o s i t iv i s t t h an t h e o ne

p ub l ished p os thumou s ly i n 1 895 , j u s t t h r ee

d eve loped b y L öhe r . A cco rd ing t ot h e F rench

y ea r s

a n th ropo log is t :

a f te r

h i s

d ea th .

A cco rd ing

t o M a

A nge le s A lva rez Ma r t inez ( 1989 : 1 0 11) , t h is w a sv on L öhe r 's f u l le s tw o rk o nt h eC ana r ie s ,

I l( Löhe r ) t r ouve p l u s s imp le d e f a i re d e scend re l e s C ana r ien s b l ond s d e q ue lque r e s te , i n connu j u squ ' ic i , d e s V anda le s d e G e l ime r , e ti ll ep rouve , n on p a s p a r l a a n th ropo log ie , n i p a r l ' a r cheo log ie , n ip a rl ' h i s to i re , n i p a r l a l i ngu i s t ique p rop remen t d i te , m a i s p a r c e v i eux p rocede , p l u s o u mo ms p h i lo log ique , q u i c ons is te ä d emo l i r l e s mo t s s y l labe p a r s y l lab e , e t ä l e s r e p lä t re r l e t t re p a r l e t t re ,j u squ 'ä c e q u ' i ls a i en t r e ve tu l a f o rme c he r chee . C e t te m e thode n e c onna i tp a sd 'ob s ta c le s ; e le j ou i t d 'une e l a s t ic i te i n def in ie , s u r tou t

s i nce i tw a s 6 03 p age s l o ng a nd i n i tt h e a u tho r r e coun ted t h e h i s to ry o f e ve ry i s land f r om c l a ss ica l a n t iqu i ty t o t h e M idd le A ge s a nd t h e t ime o f t h e C onque s t . H e d i scu s sed t h e m a in k i ng o f e ve ry i s land a nd t h e ir c u s tom s

i n d e ta i l

c hap te r ( c hap te r

a nd

d ed ica ted

a l a rge

1 0 , p p . 5 28 -572 ) t o t h e

l a nguage o ft h e n a t ive s , e xam in ing i t s t r ace s a nd m ak ing c ompa r ison s w i th t h e B e rbe r a nd G o th ic

l a nguage s ,

a l e r t

t o

t h e

r i sk

o f

s upe rf ic ia l s im i la r i t ie s a nd p ay ing a t ten t ion t o t o ponymy , r e l ig iou s e xp r e s s ion s , a n th ropo n ymy , e t c . , i no rde rt od emon s t ra te h i s t h eo ry

8 5

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

o f t h e

G e rman ic

i n hab i tan t s

o r ig in s

o f t h e

o f t h e

A r ch ipe lago .

s upp l ied i mpo r tan tm a te r ia l t h a tc ou ld b e u s ed

a nc ien t O n

t o c onf igu re a n a t iona l is t i d eo logy ( Abe l län ,

t h is

o cca s ion , t oge the r w i th T a c i tu s , v on L öhe r

1 997 :

1 1) ,

P au l d e

L aga rde , p r ev iou s ly

q uo ted t h e c l a s s ica l t a le o fL eon t h e A f r ican ,

r e f e r red t oa si n vo lved w i th v on L öhe r 's w o rk

w r i t ten i nt h e le c en tu ry , t oh e lp t r a ck d own

o n t h e d ec l ine o ft h e G e rman n a t iona l ism i n

a l t h e d e ta i ls o ft h e V anda l s i nt h e n o r th o f

H unga ry ; a nd R udo lf Vi r chow ( 1 82 11902 ) ,

A f r ica .

o ne o f t h e f i r s t G e rman p r e -h i s to r ians w ho a pp l ied t h e c oncep t o f" e thno s" a nd " peop le"

T he p o l i t ica l c on tex t i nw h ich t h e w o rk w a s

f o r i mpe r ia l i s t e nd s ( Ar no ld ,

p ub l i shed i so bv iou s ly t h e s ame a s t h e o ne

T hey a l r ef lec t t h e p o l i t ica l o r ien ta t ion t h a t

p r ev iou s ly d e sc r ibed . G ermany c on t inued t o

h i s to r ica l a nd a r cha eo log ica l s c ience s h ad

c on t ro l T ogo , C ame roon , S ou thwe s t a nd E a s t

a dop ted a f t e r 1 87 1 , s oon a f te r t h e e me rgence

A f r ica .

o ft h eG e rman s t a te ( Abe l län , 1 997 : 1 08 ) .

H oweve r ,

G e rmany 's

i n te re s t

i n

1 990 : 4 65 ) .

d eve lop ing i t s i nf luence i nN o r th E a s t A f r ica h ad d im in ished s oon a f te r t h e e s ca la t ion o f

L a te r , i n 1 9 11 , t h e G e rman a r cha eo log i s t

r i va l ry w i th E ng land , f r om 1 890 o nwa rd s , a s

G u s tav K o s s ina ( 1 858 193 1) , l i ke

ar e su l t o ft h e e xpan s ion o ft h e G e rman w a r

w ou ld d i scove r i n a r chaeo logy a c hance t o

f l ee t ,

r i va lry

e s tab l i sh h i s to r ica l r i gh t s t o o t he r t e r r i to r ie s .

b e tween b o th p owe r s a nd a l a ck o f s k i l led

T he r ef o r e , a l t h e p l ace s w he r e s uppo sed ly

d i p loma cy ( Abe l län ,

G erman a r tef a c t s w e r e f ound w e r e d ec la red

t h e

e conom ic

c on sequence

a nd

c o lon ia l

1 997 : 8 6 ) . T he f i na l

w a s t h a t

t h e A ng lo -Ge rman

f o rme r

G erman

t r ea t ie s o f 1 890 a nd 1 893 , a s w e l l a s t h e

r e c lama t ion

A ng lo I ta l ian

G e rmany .

t r ea ty

r e cogn iz ing t h e

o f

1 89 1 ,

e nded

u p

o r T h is

t e r r i to r ie s , r e conque s t t y pe

L öhe r

s ub jec t b y

t o

mode rn

o f i n terp r e ta t ion

o f

a r cha eo log ica l e v idence a dop ted b y K o s s ina —

U ppe r N i le a s a r e g ion

b e long ing t o t h e B r i t ish s phe re o f i n f luence

a nd

( Uzo igwe , 1 987 : 5 6 ) . F rance , o n t h e o t he r

e vo lu t ion i s t p o s tu la te s —w ou ld e ncou rage t h e

h and , c on t ro l led al a rge p a r t o fN o r th A f r ica ,

G e rman st oc on s ide rt h e S l ay sa nd o t he rr a ce s

m ean ing t h a t G e rmany w a s f o r ced t or e aff i rm

a si n f e r io ra nd t ou s et h is a s ap r e tex tt oa t tack

i t sp r e sence i nt h ep o s i t ion s i th e ld i n We s te rn

t h em ( A rno ld , 1 990 : 4 64 -467 ; R enf r ew , 1 990 :

A f r ica .

1 3 ; T r igge r , 1 992 : 1 58 160 a nd V e i t , 1 994 :

T he

C ana r ie s ,

c on sequen t ly ,

c on t inued t o b e a k ey p i ece i n G e rman

e xp r e s sed

t h rough

d i f f u s ion is t

a nd

4 9 ) .

i mpe r ia l is t p o l i t ic s f r om a g eo s t ra teg ic a nd R ega rd ing t h e p e r s is tence o f t h e

e conom ic p o in to fv i ew .

V anda l

t h eo ry a sa n e xpan s ion i s t a r gumen t , t h eN az i s T he c a se o f F ranz v on L öhe r , a n i n te l lec tua l

a l so r e so r ted t o t h e w o rk b y K o s s ina , D ie

i nt h e s e rv ice o ft h e G erman s t a te , i sn o t a n

D eu t sche V org e sch ich t e . E ine h e rvor rag end

i s o la ted e xamp le d u r ing t h is p e r iod . T he re

n a t iona l e

w e re o t he r n a t iona l is t h i s to r ian s s u ch a s v on

r e p r in ted a t l e a s t n i ne t ime s , t o l o ca te t h e

T re i t schke , w ho c on t r ibu ted t owa rd s m ak ing

h ome land o ft h e V anda ls i nP o land f r om t h e

t h e a n t i -Sem i t ism t h a t h ad b een r e lea sed a f t e r

c u l tu re

t h e

r e spec tab le

e xpans ion is ta r gumen ti na r chaeo logy . I nf a c t ,

( Fu lb rook , 1 995 : 1 83 ) , J u l iu s L angbehn w ho

t h is w o rk w a s e ven tua l ly c on s ide red o ne o f

e conom ic

c r i s is

o f

1 873

8 6

W i s sen schaf t ( 1896 ) , w h ich w a s

o f

P rzewo r sk ,

t h u s

f i nd ing

a n

T he G erman c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t udy o fi n su lar c o lon i za t ion

t h e b a se s o r s uppo r t s o f N a t iona l S oc ia l is t

s umma r ized t h e g eo logy a nd h i s to ry o f t h e

i d eo logy .

V anda ls ,

i s land , c ove r ing s ome a spec t s l i nked t o t h e

h oweve r , w ou ld e nd w i th t h e S econd Wo r ld

f i r s t s e t t le r s a nd l a te rh i s to r ica l d eve lopmen t s ,

T he

t h eo ry

o f

t h e

Wa r , w hen t h et h ird R e ich a nd i t s p h i lo sophy

a nd a l so d e sc r ibed t h e d i f f e ren t e xcu r s ion s

e nded , a l though t h i s h ad n o tp r even ted i tf r om

t h a t

b ecom ing

c ou ld

b e

t a ken

a r ound

t h e

i s land

s ynonymou s

w i th

N a z i

( c hap te r s I-X ) . F rom t h e se l a s t c hap te r s ,

( Ma r ten s ,

1 994 :

6 0 -62 ;

w h ich m ake u p t h e b u lk o f t h e w o rk , w e

e xpan s ion ism

W iw jo r ra , 1 996 : 1 75 176 ) .

k now t h a t t h e G e rman w r i te r h ad v i s i ted a lmo s t a l o f t h e i s land , t a k ing t r ip s t o t h e

T he

s im i la r i t ie s

b e tween

t h e

d i scou r se

n o r th

a nd

n o r thea s t

( San ta

C ruz ,

t h e

o u t l ined b y v on L öhe r a nd b y K o s s ina d i d

m oun ta in s o f A naga , T aganana , L a L aguna ,

n o t , h oweve r , e x tend t o t h eo re t ica l -p rac t ica l

L a O ro tava , I c od , T eno a nd S an t iago d e l

m a t te r s , s i nce K o s s ina , u n l ike v on L öhe r ,

T e ide ) a s w e l l a s t h e s ou th ( Gü ima r , A rona ,

p l aced

o n

A de je a nd G u ia ) a nd , l i ke t h e m a jo r i ty o f

a r chaeo log ica l e v idence , a t t h e e xpen se o f

t r ave l le r s a t t h e t ime , h ad a l so v i s i ted L a s

l i ngu i s t ic e v idence . I tw a s i n t h e w o rk o f

C ar iada s a nd c l imbed Moun t T e ide . H is w o rk

K o s s ina t h a t n a t iona l is t a r chaeo logy b ecame

h ad a n a ppend ix ( pp . 2 83 -319 ) , w r i t ten b y t h e

s ucce s sf u l i np r ac t ice . H oweve r , t h is d i d n o t ,

A u s t r ian

a cco rd ing t o H a s smann ( 2 000 : 6 6 ) , d e t ra c t

F l ix

m uch

mo re

e mpha s is

a n th ropo log is t

v on

L u schan

a nd

e t hnog raphe r

( 1 854 1924 )6 e n t i t led

f r om a no the rf a c t : t h e i d eo log ica l e xp lo i ta t ion

Ü ber

o fa r chaeo logy b egan i nG e rmany s oon a f te r

C ana r i schen I n se ln . T h is a u tho r h ad s t ud ied

t h e R oman t ic movemen t a nd t h e r i se i n

a n th ropo logy i nP a r is , w he re h e h ad b een o ne

n a t iona l is t a nd i mpe r ia l is t s en t imen t s i n t h e

o f B roca ' s p up i ls a nd , a mong s t t h e p o s t s h e

1 9t h c en tu ry a nd , b a s ica l ly , s oon a f t e r t h e

h e ld , w a s p hy s io logy d emon s t ra to r a t t h e

c r ea t ion o ft h e G e rman R e ich i n 1 87 1 . I nt h e

U n ive r s i ty

c a se

A n th ropo log ica l S oc ie ty o fV ienna i n 1 874 , a

t h a t c once rn s

u s ,

o ne

o f t h e

f i r s t

e i ne

S chad e l samm lung

v on

d en

o f V ienna a nd t r u s tee o f t h e

e xamp le s c an b e f ound i nt h e w o rk o fF ranz

m i l i ta ry d oc to r i n B o sn ia b e tween 1 878 a nd

v on L öhe r .

1 880 , d o zen t i n A n th ropo logy i n V ienna i n 1 882 ,

TH E

C OLON IZAT ION

T HE

O F

CA NARY

a nd

E thnog raphy

i n

1 888 o f

i n t h e

B e r l in ,

Mu seum p rof e s so r

o f o f

I S LANDS A CCORD ING TO T HE T HEORY OF

A n th ropo logy a nd E thno logy f r om 1 900 , a nd

HA NS M E YER A ND FE L IX V ON LU SCHAN

d i rec to r , f r om 1 904 o nwa rd s , o f as e c t ion o f

( 1896 )

t h eE thnog raph ic Mu seum o fB e r l in .

I n 1 896 , o n ly o ne y ea r a f t e r F ranz v on L öhe r 's f i na l p ub l ica t ion o n t h e C ana r ie s , H an s Meye r 's b ook o n T ene r if e , D ie i n se l T ener if e .

W and erung en

i m

6

K anar i schen

h ocha T i ef land , w a s p ub l i shed i n L e ipz ig ( Ge rmany ) . I nt h is w o rk , t h e a u tho r s upp l ied i n f o rma t ion o n t h e e conomy , t r an spo r t a nd l i t e ra tu re

o f

t h e

i s land

( c hap te r

T he b i og raph ica l d a ta o n v on L u schan c ome s

f r om t h e E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l us trada E uropeo Amer icana , v o lume XXX I ( p . 8 45 ) , a s w e l l a s f r om t h e s e c t ions t ha t B eno i t Ma s s in ( 1996 : 8 4 -90 ) a nd A nd rew Z imme rman ( 2001 : 4 6 ) d ed ica ted t o h im i n t h e i r r e spec t ive w o rks . T he b i° g raph ica l i n f orma t ion o n H ans Meye r c ome s f r om t h e E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l u s trada E uropeo Amer icana ,v o lume XXX IV ( p . 1 383 ) .

I ) ,

8 7

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C ana ry I s land s

T he w o rk o f t h e G erman e xp lo re r H ans

b u t o n ly t h e a r r iva l o f p eop le d i sp laced b y

Meye r ( 1 858 ? ) w a s t h e r e su l t o fh i s t r ip t o

c u r ren t s a nd w ind s . T he f i r s t r e s iden t s w ou ld

T ene r if e

h av ing

h ave c ome f r om t h e m o s t d en se ly p opu la ted

p r ev iou s ly v i s i ted t h e w e s ter n a nd e a s te rn

i n t h e

a r ea o ft h e n e ighbou r ing c on t inen t , t h a t i st o

c oa s t o f A f r ica , a nd K enya i n 1 887 a nd i n

s a y , f r om N o r thwe s t A f r ica . Meye r r e g r e t ted

1 889 .

s e cond

n o t b e ing a b le t o s p ec if y i nd e ta i l t h e e xa c t

c hap te ro fh i s b ook f o cu sed o n , a mong s to t he r

a r ea o fo r ig in , b u tf e l tt h a tt h e r ew a sn o t much

a spec t s , t h e f i r s t s e t t le r s o n t h e i s land s . When

t h a t c ou ld b e s a id o n t h e b a s i s o f af ew

d ea l ing w i th t h is t o p ic , a nd p a r t icu la r ly w hen

s ke le ton s , m umm ie s , w eapon s a nd a r tef ac t s ,

r e f e r r ing t ot h ew ay i nw h ich t h ee a r ly s e t t le r s

s i nce t h e i n d igenou s p opu la t ion h ad b een

A s

s p r ing

a l ready

o f

1 894 ,

i n d ica ted ,

t h e

h ad a r r ived o n t h e i s land s , h e r e cogn ized t h a t

" ab so rb ed" b y t h e i mm ig ran t p opu la t ion a f t e r

t h ef a c tt h a tt h ey h ad a r r ived i ns h ip sa nd l a te r

t h e H i span ic -Norman o ccupa t ion . T he f ew

a bandoned

f a c t s t h a t w e re k nown , a s h e s pec if ied , c ame

a l

c ommun ica t ion ,

f o rm s a s

o f

v e r if ied

m a r ine a f t e r

t h e

f r om t h e c h ron ic le s d a t ing f r om t h e t i me o f

H ispan ic -No rman c onque s t , w a s a n e n igma . H e

a l so

f o und

i t i l og ica l ,

g i ven

t h ec onque s t( Meye r , 1 896 a : 3 1-32 ) .

t h e

a bundance o f C ana r ian P i ne — t h e v e ry b e s t

R ef e r r ing t o t h e a n th ropo log ica l s t ud ie s o f

w ood f o r b oa tbu i ld ing , i nh i s o p in ion — a nd

C h i l

t h e i n exp l icab le f a c t t h a t s uch a n i mpo r tan t

r e cogn iz ed t h a tt h e s c ena r io t h e re w a s c l ea re r ,

c u l tu ra l l e ga cy a s s a i l ing c ou ld d i sappea r i n

b ecau se t h ey v e r if ied t h a t t h e A rch ipe lago

a n i n su la r p eop le w i thou t l e av ing a ny t r a ce s .

h ad b een p opu la ted b y a tl e a s t t h r ee d i f f e ren t

T he o n ly l o g ica l e xp lana t ion s h e f o und f o r

r a ce s w ho h ad e m ig ra ted a t d i f f e r en t t ime s .

t h is f a c t w e re t h e d ange r s o fs a i l ing a l ong t h e

A cco rd ing

C ana r ian c oa s t , w he re s t rong w ave s b a t te red

r e p re sen ted b y 1 )t h e C ro -Magnon t yp e 2 ) a

t h e r o ck s , a nd t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s imp le c r af t s

b l ond t y pe v a ry ing i n h e igh t b e tween 1 . 65

b e longed t o e m ig ran t s w i th av e ry l ow l e ve l

a nd

o f c u l tu ra l d eve lopmen t . O n ly i n t h is w ay

b r a chycepha l ic

c ou ld h e u nde r s tand w hy t h e n ew r e s iden t s

w ou ld

m oved f r om t h e s e a t o t h e i n ter io r o f t h e

p r e sen t e s sen t ia l ly i nL a G ome ra b u t a l so i n

i s land s a f te r o ne o r m o re a r r iva ls ( s ince i n

t h e w ho le A r ch ipe lago ( p . 3 10 ) a nd 3 ) a

e ach i n su la r e nv i ronmen t t h ey w ou ld h ave

d a rke r sk inned t ype t h a t c ou ld b e r e la ted t o

y N a ran jo

t o

a nd

Meye r ,

V e rneau ,

t h e se

Meye r

r a ce s

w e r e

1 . 67 m , w ho w e re f a ir sk inned a nd a nd

i d en t if y

w hom

w i th t h e

v on

L u schan

A rmen ian t ype ,

f o und e ve ry th ing t h ey n eeded ) a nd w hy t h e i r

t h e

k now ledge o fs a i l ing g radua l ly d im in i shed , a s

l a nguage o f t h e se i n hab i tan t s , t h e G e rman

i t w a s h a rd ly e ve r u sed , u n t i l

a u tho r

i t f i na l ly

H am i t ic

p opu la t ion s .

s imp ly

s a id

R ega rd ing

t h a t

i t

w a s

t h e a n

d i sappea red c omp le te ly ( Meye r , 1 896 a : 3 1) .

i n comp r ehen s ib le B e rbe r l a nguage t h a t b o re

T he

f i r s t

s im i la r i t ie s t ot h e S ch i lah o rS che luha -B erber

c o lon iza t ion w e re t h e s imp le p rox im i ty o ft h e

d i a lec t s ( p . 4 1) . A cco rd ing t o Meye r , t h e

a r ch ipe lago t o t h e A f r ican c on t inen t , a s t h e

a n th ropo log ica l c ond i t ion o f t h e G uanche s

c l o se s t i s land w a s a bou t 1 00 km s a way , a nd

c o inc ided e xac t ly w i th t h a t o f t h e s o -ca l led

a r gumen t s

t h a t

e xp la ined

t h e

t h e c on sequen t v i s ib i l i ty o f t h e i s land s f r om

C ro -Magnon

t h e c on t inen t . I n h i s o p in ion , t h e re h ad n o t

o r ig ina ted i nt h e w e s t o ft h e A nc ien t Wo r ld ,

b een a ny e m ig ra t ion o r p l anned c o lon iza t ion ,

i nE u rope a nd N o r th A f r ic . 1 al o ng t i me b ef o re

8

o r

p r e -A ryan

r a ce

w ho

T he G erman c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t udy o fi n su la rc o lon i za t ion

t h e A ryan r a ce m ig ra ted f r om A s ia t h rough e a s te rn

E u rope .

I t s

c ha ra c te r is t ic

E u ropean g roup , a nd h ad a dvanced o n t h e

c r an ia l

We s t

b ecau se

o f

t h e i r

e xpans ive

a nd

f o rm s w e re t o b e f ound f r om t h e s ou th o f

b e l l ige ren t c ha rac te r , t wo o t he r t op ic s t h a t

E u rope t o t h e n o r th o f N eo l i th ic G e rmany ,

w e r e a s sumed t oge the r w i th t h e r e s t o f t h e

w he re t h e A u s t r ian a nd S w is s h ou se s b u i l t o n

t h eo ry ( Fow le r , 1 987 : 2 39 ; McCann , 1 990 :

s t i l t s w e re a bundan t , a nd i te x tended f r om

8 2 ; W iw jo r ra , 1 996 ; L opez J im6 lez , 2 001 :

t h e r et oF rance d u r ing t h eN eo l i th ic p e r iod ( p .

7 5 ; A lva rez C h i l iad , 2 002 : 2 17 ) . T h is I ndo -

4 3 ) .

E u ropean h ypo the s is w a s o bv iou s ly c on t ra ry t ot h e F rench n a t iona l i mage t ha t w a s b a sed

T he ref o re , a sc an b e o b se rved , Meye r l o ca ted

o nt h e i d ea o f au n if ied t e r r i to ry f r om t h ev e ry

t h e o r ig in s o ft h i s C ro -Magnon o r p r e -A ryan

b eg inn ing s o f i t s h i s to ry . T he F rench p r e -

r a ce i n t e rm s o f t h e g eog raph ica l a r ea o f

h i s to r ian G ab r ie l d e Mor t i l le t , f o r e xamp le ,

G e rmany , w hence t h ey w ou ld h ave e m ig ra ted

d ec la red h e d i d n o t k now w ha tt h e c oncep t o f

t oF rance . T he F rench a n th ropo log is t s o n t h e

" I ndo -Eu ropean" w a s , t h a t h e k new n o th ing

o t he r h and , a s a l ready p o in ted o u t i n t h e

a bou tt h e r a ce a nd t h a t h e c ou ld n o t t h e ref o re

p r ev iou s c hap te r , c on s ide r ed t h a t t h e C ro -

d i scu s s t h em . I n a dd i t ion , D&he le t te , i n h i s

Magnon r a ce o r ig ina ted i nt h e r e g ion o f L a

Manue l

Wzre ( Pe r igo rd , F rance ) a nd h ad i t s m a in

c e l t ique ( 19 14 ) , a l so p o in ted o u t t h a t t h e

c en t re t h e re , w hence i tw ou ld h ave e x tended

c oncep t o f t h e I ndo -Eu ropeans c on s t i tu ted

t h roughou t t h e n o r th a nd s ou th o f E u rope

o ne o ft h ee r roneou st op ic sw i th in t h es c ience .

u n t i l i ta r r ived i nt h e C ana r ie s( Qua t ref age s &

T he F rench p hy s ica l a n th ropo log is t s , a s w a s

H amy , 1 874 : 2 62 -264 a nd V e rneau ,

1 996

o bv iou s , a l so s uppo r ted t h is p o s i t ion a nd i n

I n t e rm s o f t h is d i spa r i ty o f

f a c t , o ne o ft h em a in t a sk so ft h e P a r is S oc ie ty

a pp roache s , w e s hou ld n o t l o se s i gh t o f t h e

o f A n th ropo logy , f ounded b y B roca , w a s t o

p o l i t ica l r i va l ry t h a t e x is ted b e tween F rance

e s tab l i sh t h a tt h e re w a sn o r a c ia l h omogene i ty

a nd G e rmany , t wo E u ropean p owe r s w i th

a mong t h e F r ench ( s eve ra l r a ce s e x i s ted , n o t

c l ea r

a nd ,

o ne s i ng le A ryan o ne ) a nd t h a t t h e l o ca l

c on sequen t ly , t h e i n te rna t iona l c on tex t w h ich

o r ig in so ft h e F rench , i fn o t ak nown f a c t ,w a s

w a s s t i l l d om ina ted b y c ompe t i t ion b e tween

a t l e a s t ac l a im , f o r w h ich a n th ropo log is t s

G e rman s c ience a nd F r ench s c ience ( G ran -

s hou ld t r y t o f i nd a s c ien t if ic j u s t if ica t ion

A yme r ich ,2 00 1a : 4 00 ) .

( Sch i l le r , 1 979 : 1 37 ; D emou le , 1 999 : 1 92 -

[ 1 88 4 9 ) .

e xpan s ion is t

a mb i t ion s

d ' a rchjo log ie

1 93 ; B lanckaer t ,

2 00 1

b :

p rjh i s tor ique

e t

1 08 ) 7 .

T he re i so ne o t he r e x t r eme ly i mpor tan t f a c to r t h a t

i s l i nked

t o

t h i s

p o l i t ica l sc ien t if ic

T h e p o s i t ion o f B ro ca , s e conded b y t h e g r ea t m a jo r i ty o ft h e S o c ie t y , w a s t h e f o l low ing : t h e r e w a sn o to ne F r en ch r a c e , b u tt wo G a l l ic r a ce s ; t h e K im r i s , t a l l , b l onde a nd d o l icocepha l ic , i n t h e n o r th a nd t h e G a l l s , s ma l l , d a rk a nd b r a chycepha l ic , i n t h e s o u th . T h e s e t wo r a ce s w ou ld h a ve s u r v ived t h el a t e ri n va s ion sa nd e v en a p henomenon c on s ide r ed e x c lu s ive ly l i ngu i s t ic b y B ro ca , n ame ly t h e d if u s ion o ft h e I n do -Eu rop ean l a nguag e s ( B ro ca , 1 8 62 : 2 69 ) . T he F r ench n a t ion , c on sequen t ly , w a s b a sed n e i the r o n l a nguag e ( t he G au l s w ou ld h av e l o s tt h e i r s ) n o r o n t h e n a t iona l s o u l ,b u to nt wo r a ce sa nd t h e i rt e r r i to r y . 7

c onf ron ta t ion : b y 1 873 , M . F i ck , i nh i s w o rk D i e

e hema l ing e

S p ra ch e inhe i t

d e r

I ndo -

g ermanen E u ropa s , c on s ide red a p r e s t ig iou s w o rk w i th in t h e s pec ia l iz ed l i t e ra tu re o f t h e t ime , h ad q uo ted t h e A ryan s a s ac u l tu ra l a nd r a c ia l m ode l f o r t h e p r oud a nd e xpan s ive G e rman p eop le . T he A ryan s o rI n do -Ge rman s w e r e c on s ide red t h e p u re s t r a ce i nt h e I ndo -

8 9

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s

I nc onnec t ion w i th t h is p o l i t ica l a nd s c ien t i f ic

t h e G uanche s a s V anda ls (W and schen ) , w ho

r i va lry ,

e s caped

a nd

w i th in

t h is

i n s t i tu t iona l

a f te r

t h e

f a l l

o f

t h e

V is igo th

f r amewo rk , i ts hou ld a l so b e r emembe red t h a t

K ingdom ( Meye r , 1 896 a : 4 3) .

a l though

T he H am i t ic p opu la t ion w a s d ef ined a sb e ing

t h e

I n te rna t iona l

C ong re s se s

o f

A n th ropo logy a nd P reh is to r ic A r cha eo logy —

c ompo sed o f d a rk -ha i red

w h ich h ad b een e s tab l ished b y t h is t ime —

w e r e

w e re f o unded f o r , a mong s t o t he r r e a son s , t h e

c u l tu ra l h e r i tage , a nd f r om w hom t h e l a te r

p u rpo se o fi n s t i tu t iona l i s ing p r eh i s to ry w i th in

d a rk m e socepha l ic C ana r ian i mm ig ran t s w e re

t h ee p is temo log ica l l i m i t st h a tt h e i rp romo te r s

d e scended , w hom , i tw a s s uppo sed , h ad a

w an ted t os e t f o rt h is n ew d i sc ip l ine , i ti sa l so

r i che r c u l tu re a nd u nde r s tood s ome f o rm o f

c e r ta in

w r i t ing .

t h a t

f u ndamen ta l ly

t h e c ong r e s se s

r e spon s ib le

f o r t h e

i n d iv idua ls w ho a nc ien t

B ef o re a nd a f t e r t h is

B e rbe r

p opu la t ion

w an ted t od emon s t ra te t h e i ra b i l i ty t od eve lop

w ave ,m any o t he rg roup sm ay h ave a r r ived o n

n a t iona l r e sea rch o n a n

i n te rna t iona l l e ve l ,

t h e A r ch ipe lago b u t t h ey w e re t o o w eak t o

w i th c l ea r p o l i t ica l i mp l ica t ion s . I nt h is w ay ,

s u rv ive a nd w e re e ven tua l ly a b so rbed b y

t h e c ong re s se s b ecame a no the r o ft h e a r ena s

o t he r

i n w h ich F r ench -Ge rman s c ien t if ic -po l i t ica l

a cco rd ing t o Meye r , i sh ow t h e q ue s t ion o f

c onf ron ta t ion st ook p l a ce ( Kae se r ,2 00 1) .

t h e o r ig in s o ft h e i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le

r a ce s ,

m a in ly

t h e

G uanche s .

T h is ,

c ou ld b es o lved ( Meye r , 1 896 a : 4 5 ) . W i th in t h i s i n ter na t iona l c on tex t , i ts e em s l o g ica l t h a t t h e v i s ion o f t h e o r ig in s o f t h e

R ega rd ing t h e b l ond t y pe t h a t Meye r h ad

C ro -Magnon

Meye r

d e scr ibed , i t w a s v on L u schan w ho f i r s t

i n s is ted o n c a tego r iz ing t h e r a ce a s p r e -

p ropo sed t h e i r a ff i l ia t ion s w i th t h e A rmen ian

A ryan , b ecau se t h i s w a s t h e o n ly w ay t h a t i t

t y pe i nt h e a ppend ix a l r eady m en t ioned ( pp .

c ou ld

c o lon iz ing

3 09 -311) . N eve r the le s s , H an s Meye r w ou ld

s ub s t ra tum o n w h ich t h e A ryan s w ou ld l a te r

a l so s e cond t h is o p in ion t h a t s ame y ea r i n

s e t t le . T h i s p r e -A ryan r a ce , o fG e rman o r ig in ,

a no the r p ub l ica t ion o n t h e s ame t o p ic , i n

Meye r a r gued , w ou ld l a te r r e ach A f r ica a nd

w h ich h e o nce a ga in r e jec ted L öhe r 's t h eo ry

t h e

o ft h e V anda l o r ig in s o ft h e C ana r ian p eop le

b e

r a ce

s uppo r ted

i d en t if ied

C ana r ie s ,

b u t

w i th

c ou ld

b y

t h e

n o t

c on t inue

d eve lop ing c u l tu ra l ly w h i l s t o n t h e i s land s , a s

( Meye r ,

i tw a s i s o la ted f r om i t s o r ig ina lN eo l i th ic w ay

A rmen ian s a nd H am i t ic p opu la t ion s t o t h e

o f l i f e . A s t h e a u tho r a r gued , t h i s a nce s t ra l

f i r s t r e s iden t s o ft h e i s land s , w ho se p r e sence

t ype , w h ich h ad as ma l l f a ce a nd l a rge s ku l l ,

a f f ec ted t h e w ho le A r ch ipe lago ( pp . 6 8 a nd

r e p re sen ted o ne o ft h et wo m a in c r an ia l f o rm s

7 7 ) , a nd s p ec if ied t h a t t h e A rmen ian s w e r e

1 896 b: 6 7 ) .

H e

a l so

r e la t ed t h e

i n n i ne teen th -cen tu ry E u rope . T he r ef o re , i t

p r e sen t t h e r e b ef o re t h e H am i t ic r a ce , s i nce

s hou ld

m any

t h e G uanche s , l i ke t h e A rmen ian s , h ad n o

G e rmans w ho v i s i ted t h e C ana r ie s a nd w en t

k now ledge o f h av ing i mm ig ra ted a nd w e re

t ot h e A r chaeo log ica l Mu seum o fL a s P a lma s

c on s ide r ed a u toch thonou s , a cco rd ing t o t h e

t o o b se rve t h e G uanche s mumm ie s f ound

c h ron ic le s , af a c t t h a t c ou ld b e u nde r s tood a s

t h em r em in iscen t o ft h e c r an ia l f o rm s o ft h e

m ean ing t h ey h ad b een p r e sen t o n t h e i s land s

p ea san t s i nt h e i r c oun t ry a nd t h a t a n o b se rve r

s i nce v e ry r emo te t ime s( p . 7 8 ) .

c ome

a s n o

s u rp r ise

t h a t

a s s en s i t ive a nd f u l l o f f a n ta sy a s F ranz v on L öhe r c ou ld d eve lop t h e u n t idy h ypo the s i s o f

9 0

T he G erman c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t udy o fi n su lar c o lon i za t ion

H an s Meye r 's h ypo the s is , a s w e h ave s a id ,

T he s u rv iva l i nt h e C ana r ie s o ft h is a nce s t ra l

w a s b a sed o n as t udy b y v on L u schan o f5 2

p r a c t ice f r om t h e S tone A ge w a s a l so r e la ted

s ku l l s , 4 5 o f w h ich h ad b een o b ta ined b y

t o t h e i s o la t ion o f t h e A r ch ipe lago , w h ich

Meye r h im se lf i nT ene r if e d u r ing h i s s t ay o n

w ou ld h ave f a vou red i t s e ndu rance ( Meye r ,

t h e i s land i n 1 894 . L u schan , n eve r the le s s ,

1 896 a : 3 19 ) 8.

e nded u p e xp re s s ing u nce r ta in ty a bou t t h e t r ue a n t iqu i ty o f t h e s ku l l s h e h ad s t ud ied ,

F a ced w i th H an s Meye r 's w o rk o n T ene r if e

b ecau se h e s t a ted t h a t h e o n ly k new t h a t t h ey

a nd t h e c onc lu s ions o ft h e c r an io log ica l s t udy

h ad c ome f r om e xcava t ion s c a r r ied o u t i n

b y F e l ix v on L u schan , s e conded b y Meye r i n

c ave s , b u t d i d n o t k now w hen t h e a nc ien t

t h e s ame y ea r o f 1 896 , i ts e em s p o s s ib le t o

h ab i to ft h eb u r ia ls i nc ave sh ad b een r e p laced

r e la te t h e o b jec t ive s p u r sued b y b o th a u tho r s

i n t h e

b u r ia l

t o t h o se o ft h e i r c ompa t r io t v on L öhe r . T he

t r ad i t ion s . H e c on s ide red i tl o g ica l t h a t t h is

m a in d i f f e rence i n t h e a r gumen t s o f Meye r

h ad h appened u nde r t h e i n f luence o f S pa in

a nd L u schan , a so ppo sed t ot h e h i s to r ic ism o f

a nd P o r tuga l , t h a t i st o s a y , f r om t h e 1 5t h

L öhe r , l i e s i nt h e i mpo r tance t h a tb o th a u tho r s

c en tu ry o nwa rd s , a nd h e t h e ref o re a s sumed

p l aced o n r a c io log ica l d a ta . T he r e a son s t h a t

t h a t a l l t h e s ku l ls b e longed t o ap e r iod b ef o re

l e d t h em t o d i scu s s t h e p r e sence o n t h e

t h a tc en tu ry ( Meye r , 1 896 a:2 85 -286 ) .

i s land s o ft h e C ro - Magnon o rp r e -Aryan r a ce

C ana ry

I s land s

b y

o t he r

a nd t h e A rmen ian s a tt h is p o in t i nt ime w i l l F rom t h e c onc lu s ion s h e d r ew

f r om h i s

b ed ea l tw i th l a te r .

a n th ropo log ica l s t ud ie s , h e a ff i rmed t h a t i t w a s n o t n ece s sa ry t o d i sca rd t h e t h eo ry p r ev iou s ly p ropo sed b y v on L öhe rc oncern ing

TH E O R IG IN S OF ME YER A ND V ON LUSCHAN 'S

t h e c o lon iza t ion o f t h e i s land s b y a n A ryan

V I S ION

r a ce ,w h ich h ad b een s ow ide ly a cc la imed . H e

CA N AR IES

OF

T HE

C O LON IZ AT ION

OF

T HE

c o r robo ra ted t h e p re sence o f t h e t h r ee r a ce s o n t h e i s land s , a sw e l l a st h e s u r v iva l o fC ro -

R ega rd ing H ans Meye r 's w o rk o n T ene r if e , i t

Magnon

h a s a l ready b een s t a ted t h a tt h e a u tho rr e la ted

t r a ce s

p opu la t ion

t h e

1 896 a :

2 86 )

c u r ren t h e

t h eC ro -Magnon r a ce t oG e rman g eog raph ica l

t ype s

t e r r i to ry a nd t h e p r e -A ryan r a ce , c on t ra ry t o

e s tab l ished b y R ene V e rneau , a l though w i th

t h e p ropo sa ls o f t h e F r ench a n th ropo log is t s .

s ome

t h e

T h is i mp l ied t h a t s ome o f t h e N eo l i th ic

i n t h e

i n hab i tan t s o ft h e C ana r ie s , w ho w e re r e la ted

C ana r ie s , a s a l ready p o in ted o u t . T h i s t ype

t o t h e C ro -Magnon r a ce , c ame f r om t h o se

w a s d e sc r ibed a s ab ra chycepha l ic t ype , w i th

p opu la t ions ,

aw ide , s ho r ts ku l l , an a r row ,s ha rp n o se a nd a

e v iden t . T he i r a ff i l ia t ion s w i th t h e H am i t ic

l o ng , n a r row f a ce . I t s c epha l ic i n dex w a s 8 4

g roup s , h oweve r , w e re l o g ica l i nt e rm s o ft h e

a nd i t sv e r t ica l i n dex 7 9 .5 .T he s t udy o fs ku l ls

s c ien t if ic p o s tu la te s o f t h e momen t , a s t h is

a l so a l lowed h im t o v e r if y t h e p r e sence

n ame w a s i d en t if ied w i th t h e d e scendan t s o f

a ccep ted

t h e

s y s tem

v a r ia t ion s ,

p r e sence

a mong

( Meye r ,

a mong s t

o f t h e

t h e

o f

b ecau se

r a c ia l h e

A rmen ian

G uanche s

a nd

u phe ld t ype

s i nce

t h e i r

r e la t ion sh ip

w a s

o f t r epana t ion , t h e

o r ig in s o f w h ich w e r e l i nked t o t h e B e rbe r

8V on L uschan a l so s t ud ied t r epana t ion a mong s t t h e G Lanche s i n o t he r wo rk s p ub l ished b e tween 1 896 a nd 1 899 ( s ee t he f i na l r e f e rence s ) .

k ab i la s , f r om n ea rt h e D jebe l Au re s( A lge r ia ) .

9 1

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

H am , o r C am , i nt h e g enea log ies o fG ene s i s .

F rom a l i ngu is t ic p o in t o f v i ew , s t ud ie s o f

T he

c ompa ra t ive

m a in

a nc ien t

H am i t ic

g roup s

w e re

l i ngu is t ic s

b y

t h e

G erman

r ep re sen ted b y t h e E gyp t ians — a l though w i th

H üb schamann

a n a dded S em i t ic e l emen t — a nd b y t h e

1 908 ) '° w e re t h e f i r s t t o r e la te t h e A rmen ian

Num id s o r L ibyan s , t he l a t te r d iv ided i n to

l a nguage t o t h e I ndo -German c i rc le" . H is

t r ibe s , o f w h ich t h e max io s w a s o ne o f t h e

v a r iou s s t ud ies o n t h e ma t te r —A rmen i sche

mos t i mpo r tan t . We h ave a l ready e xp la ined

S t ud i en ( Le ipz ig , 1 883 ) , D a s i ndog erman i sche

h ow v a r iou s a u tho r s p r io r t o Meye r ( Bo ry d e

v oka l sy s tem

S a in t -V incen t ,

A rmen i sche

F a idhe rbe

a nd

S ab in

( E rf u r t ,

I8 48 ;

( S t ra sbou rg ,

S t ra sbou rg ,

1 885 )

G ramma t ik ( Le ipz ig ,

a nd

1 897 ) —

B e r the lo t ) h ad l i nked t he C ana r ie s t o d i ve r se

a lowed f o r c ons ide ra t ion o ft he f a c t t ha t t h e

H am i t ic p opu la t ions ( Egyp t ian , L ibyan . . . ) , s o

A rmen ian l a nguage b e longed t o t h e I ndo -

t h a t t h e h ypo the s is p ropo sed b y t h e G erman

G e rman ic f am i ly a nd c ou ld b e c ons ide red o ne

a u tho r d id n o t d i f f e r f r om t he o ne p ropo sed

o f i t s i n dependen t b ranche s , r a the r t h an p a r t

b y o t he r f o re ign i n te l lec tua ls w ho h ad b een

o ft h e I r an ian g roup . A s d ec is ive e v idence o f

c once rned w i th t h e C ana r ie s . H oweve r , t h is

t h e o p in ion u phe ld b y H üb schamann , t h e re

w a s

w a s

n o t

t he

c a se

w i th

t h e

A rmen ian

t h e

v oca l isa t ion

o f

t h e

A rmen ian

a f f i l ia t ions p roposed b y v on L u schan a nd

l a nguage , w h ich

s e conded

b y

s ound s a , ea nd o ,w h i ls t i n p r im i t ive A ryan

e x is tence

o f r e la t ion sh ip s

Meye r ,

w h ich

i mp l ied

w i th

t h e

t h e

I ndo -

a l o ft h em w e re c onf u sed w i th t h e

G e rmans o rI ndo -Eu ropean s .

b e l ieved t h a t b y 6 50 BC , t h e I ndo -Ge rman ic C imme r ians ,

A chkuzo s

a nd

Medes , c on s ide red t o b e s uper io r i nt e rm s o f t h e ir c i v i l iza t ion , a nd f r om w hom t he moder n A rmen ian s w e re s upposed ly d e scended , h ad i n vaded A rmen ia . I t w a s t hough t t ha t t h e A rmen ian p opu la t ion h ad b een f o rmed f r om a c omb ina t ion

o f

t h e

B u t , a s

t h e N ea r E a s t , a l though t h ey w e re n o t o f t en u s ed ( Roux , 1 990 :2 55 -257 ) . 1 ° T he b i og r aph ica l d a ta f o rt h is a u tho rc ome f r om v o lume XXV I I I o f t h e E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l

t h e 1 9h c en tu ry o n t h e I ndo -Eu ropean s , i tw a s

o f t h e

C 11 2 .

Me inande r ( 198 1: 1 0 1) a nd R enf rew ( 1990 :

F rom t h e k now ledge a va i lab le a tt h e e nd o f

t r ibe s

h ad c onserved t h e t h ree

a nc ien t

moun ta in

p opu la t ion a nd t h e I ndo -German ic i n vade r s , w ho , a f t e rt h e f a l l o ft h e Mede Emp ire , w ou ld h ave b een s ubdued b yt he P e r s ian s 9. T he t h eo ry o f a n A ryan i n va s ion i n t h is g eog raph ica l a r ea w a s r e jec ted w i th d if icu l ty f o r s ome y ea r s , c l a im ing t h a t t h e p r e sence o f r o ya l f o re ign n ames w e re j u s t " hono ra ry t i t le s" , a nd t h a t t h e w o rd s w e re o n ly " f o ss i ls" ; b u tt h e mo s t s eve re c r i t ics h ad t o a dm i t t h a t a t l e a s t a t ac er ta in momen t a nd i ns ome a r ea s , t h e re mus t h ave b een c on tac t b e tween t h e l o ca l g roup s a nd t h e I n do A ryans , a l though t h ey w e re n o tr e spons ib le f o rt h e i n t roduc t ion o f t h e h o r se a nd t h e w a r c ha r io t . T he se h ad a l ready b een k nown f o r s ome t ime i n

9

9 2

I l u i s t rada E uropeo Amer icana ( p . 5 18 ) . 1i T he t e rm I ndo -Ge rman o r I ndo -Eu ropean b a s ica l ly r e f e r s t o al a rge l i ngu is t ic f am i ly w h ich a l l t h e m odem l a nguage s o f E u rope ( e xcep t ing B a sque a nd F inno -Ug r ic ) , b e long t o , i n c lud ing A rmen ian , I r an ian , H indu a nd o t he r I nd ian d i a lec t s , a s w e l l a s t h e " H it t i te " l a nguages f r om a n t iqu i ty , S ansk r i t , G reek , L a t in a nd s ome o t he r l e ss w e l l -known e xamp le s . A l l t h e se l a nguage s h ave n ume rou s c ommon f e a tu res a nd t h ey d e r ive f r om a" p ro to Indo -Eu ropean" l a nguage ,e v iden t ly h ypo the t ica l , b u t t h a t h a s b een p a r t ia l ly r e cons t ruc ted ( Roux , 1 990 : 2 45 ) . 1 2 T he r e la t ionsh ip o f A rmen ian t o t h e I ndo E u ropean l a nguage i s a ccep ted n owadays , a l though s ome f e a tu re s o f A rmen ian a r e d escended f r om t h e n on I ndo -Eu ropean l a nguage t ha t w a s s poken i n t h e a r ea d u r ing t h e f i r s t m i l lenn ium BC , t h e l a nguage o f t h e U ra r tu c i v i l iza t ion , l o ca ted i nt h e a r ea o fL ake V an t ot h e e a s t o f A na to l ia , a nd s ome t imes c a l led U ra r t ian . T h is l a nguage m ay h ave b een d escended f r om o ne o f t h e n on I n do -Eu ropean l a nguages t h a t a ppea r o n s ome o ft h e c l ay t a b le t s o fB oghazköy n ea r ly a t housand y ea r s b ef o re : t h e I l u r r i t ic l a nguage ( Renf rew , 1 990 : 6 7 ) .

T he G erman c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t udy o fi n su lar c o lon i za t ion

2 1) p o in t o u t , t h e se s t ud ie s w e re s t i l l n o t

a ga in a p o s s ib i l i ty o f e s tab l ish ing l i nk s w i th

s uppor ted b y

G e rmany , f r om w ho se g eog raph ica l a r ea i t

e v idence .

a ny t ype o f a r chaeo log ica l

A t t h e t ime a l t h e a r gumen t s

w a s s uppo sed t h a t t h e o r ig ina l s ub s t ra tum o f

d epended o n ly o n l i ngu is t ic e v idence , af a c t

t h e

A ryan s

h ad

t h a t d i d n o t p r even t t h em f r om b e ing u sed t o

A rmen ian" p r e sence t h e ref o re b ackda ted t h e

s uppo r tt h e i d ea o ft h er a c ia l s upe r io r i ty o ft h e

G e rman p r e sence o n t h e i s land s t o ap ha se

I ndo -Eu ropean s , a s soc ia ted i n g ene ra l w i th

b ef o re t h e o ne p ropo sed b y

t h e n o t ion o f b l ond A ryan s w i th b l ue e ye s ,

m ean ing t h a t t h e r i gh t o ft h e G e rman s t a te t o

w ho se U rhe ima t ( home land ) w a s i n va r iab ly

t h e

l o ca ted i n s ome p a r t o fN o r the rn E u rope , i n

h i s to r ica l ly j u s t if iab le b u tw a sa l so r e inf o r ced .

A r ch ipe lago

n o t

T h is

o n ly

v on

L öhe r ,

r ema ined

G e rmany , S cand inav ia , o ri nL i thuan ia . U n t i l

A p r e -A ryan

w ou ld h ave s e t t led f i r s t o n t h e i s land s ( f i r s t

t h e I n do -Eu ropean l a nguage s w a s ap rob lem

c l a imed b y H an s Meye r ) ,

w ho se s o lu t ion d epended f u ndamen ta l ly o n

A rmen ian s , a nd l a s t ly t h e H am i t ic s . T h i s

l i ngu is t ic

i mp l ied t h a tt h e f i r s t t wo p opu la t ion w ave s o f

H oweve r ,

w i th

t h e

d eve lopmen t o f p r eh is to r ic a r cha eo logy , a

C ro -Magnon

" A ryan -

t h e n ex t c en tu ry t h e q ue s t ion o ft h e o r ig in s o f

e v idence .

o r

c ome .

p opu la t ion

f o l lowed b y t h e

t h ei s land sw e re r e la ted t ot h eA ryan s .

m e t icu lou s s t udy o f t h e m a te r ia l e v idence r e cove red

f r om

p r eh i s to r ic

t ime s

C on sequen t ly , w h i ls t v on L öhe rh ad a ppea led

w a s

i n ev i tab le a nd l i ke ly t ot h row n ew l i gh to nt h e

b a s ica l ly

t o p ic . T he f i r s t p e r son t ou nde r take t h is t a sk

e t hno logy , t h e w o rk s o f v on L u schan a nd

t o

i n as y s tema t ic w ay w a s G u s tav K o s s ina ,

Meye r w e re b a sed o n p hy s ica l a n th ropo logy ,

w ho se a r t ic le o n t h e I n do -Eu ropean p rob lem

o rc r an io logy t ob e mo re p r ec ise , f r om w h ich

w a sp ub l ished i n1 902 1 3.

much

mo re

l i ngu is t ic s

p o s i t iv is t

a nd

c ompa ra t ive

c onc lu s ion s

w e re

o b ta ined t h a t w e re i n a g r eemen t w i th t h e F rom t h i s d a ta , i tc an b e o b se rved h ow H l ix

s c ien t if ic a rgumen t s o ft h e t ime . W i th r e ga rd

v on L u schan a nd H an s Meye r h ad p ropo sed

t o t h i s , i th a s a l r eady b een p o in ted o u t t h a t

l i nk ing t h e A rmen ian t ype w i th t h e i n su la r

v on L u schan h ad t r a ined i nP a r i s ,t h e " c rad le"

n a t ive so nce t h e s t ud ie s o fH üb schamann a nd ,

o fa n th ropo log ica ls t ud ie s a tt h et ime . Meye r ' s

c on sequen t ly , t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e

c r i t ic i sm s o fL öhe r 's w o rk n eed , i nf a c t , t ob e

A rmen ian s

w e r e

u nde r s tood w i th in t h is c on tex t , s i nce w ha t h e

a l ready k nown . T he p r e sence o ft h eA rmen ian

a imed t od o w a s t oh i gh l igh t t h e w eakne s s o f

t yp e —c om ing f r om A s ia i n t h e C ana r ie s —

t h e

i mp l ied t h a t

a r gumen t s a nd s ub sequen t ly o f f e r n ew a nd

a nd

t h e

t h e

I n do -Ge rman s ,

I n do -Ge rman s

o r I n do -

G e rman

h i s to r ian ' s

a n th ropo log ica l

E u ropean s w ou ld h ave a r r ived o n t h e i s land s

mo re " r igo rou s " a n th ropo log ica l a r gumen t s I t

i nt h e p a s t , w h ich m ean t t h a t t h e re w a s o nce

i st h e r ef o re s ymp toma t ic t h a t Meye r d i d n o t e nd u pq ue s t ion ing t h ep r e sence o ft h eA ryan s i nt h eC ana r ie s , e ven t h ough h ed i dn o ta ccep t

I th a s b e en p o s s ib le t ol o ca te i nt h e s t epp e s o f s o u the rn R u s s ia t h e c e n t r e f r om w h ich t h e I n do E u rop ean sd i sp e r s ed . I ti sk nown t h a tt h ey c r o s sed t h ep l a in so fP o land a nd G e rma ny a nd r e a ched t h e b ank s o ft h e R h ine b y 1 6 00 ,w he r et h ey m e tw i th o t he r i n vade r s c om ing f r om t h e I b e r ian P en in su la ( Roux , 1 9 90 : 2 45 -246 a n d R enf r ew , 1 9 90 : 2 1 ) . C on sequen t ly , t h e p o s s ib i l i t y o fG e rman ic o r ig in s h a sb e en r e je c t ed . 1 3

t h e r e la t ion sh ip t o t h e V anda ls . A t f i r s t h e s poke o f ap r e -A ryan c o lon iza t ion a nd t h en h e a ccep ted t h ee x is tence o ft h eA rmen ian t ype .

9 3

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

I n c onnec t ion w i th t h e p ropo sed r e la t ion sh ip

u nde r t h e d i rec t ion o ft h e R oya l Mu seum s o f

t o t h e A rmen ian t ype , i ti sa l so n ece s sa ry t o

B e r l in

p o in t o u t t ha t t h e s t ud ie s o f H üb schamann ,

A yme r ich , 2 00 1 a:4 39 -440 y5 66 )1 6.

Meye r

a nd

L u schan

h ad

i n

f a c t

( Ma rchand ,

1 996 :

2 98 -300 ;

G ran -

b een

d eve loped a t t h e s ame t ime a s t h e r i se o f

I n

G e rmany i n E gyp t a nd Me sopo tam ia s i nce ,

d eve lop ing h i s s t ud ie s o n t h e a n th ropo log ica l

o n t h e e ve o f t h e F i r s t Wo r ld Wa r , t h e

ma te r ia ls o b ta ined f r om t h e c ampa ign s i nt h e

O t toman e mp ire h ad b ecome a p o l i t ica l a nd

N ea r

e conom ic a r ena o ft h ef i r s to rde r .

f a c t ,

L u schan

E a s t ,

t h a t

Me sopo tam ia

d ec is ions

w ou ld

i n

o f t h e

f a c t

a r chaeo log ica l D eu t sche

l e ad

t o

t h e

i n s t i tu t ions I n s t i tu t

A l ter tumskund e , D eu t sche

G erman

O r ien t

f ounded

s uch

f ür

a s

G e se l l schaf t ,

1 898 , s o t ha t i n t h is w ay

f i r s t

A na to l ia

A rmen ian

a f t e r

r e s iden t s h ad

t ype ,

o f

b een w i th

a t h e

t h em . T h is j us t if ied t h e p redom inance o ft h e

t h e

A ryan p r e sence i nt h e t e r r i to r ie s o ft h e N ea r E a s t ,

o r t h e

f ounded

a rgu ing ,

o f

ä gyp t i sche

i n 1 897 ,

u p

Med i te r ranean d o l ichocepha l ic s a r r iv ing a f t e r

p o l i t ic ian s c r ea t ion

t h e

a nd

b rachycepha l ic T he

e nd

a nd

c onsequen t ly

l e g i t im ized

t h e

G erman r i gh tt oo ccupy t h em 1 7.

i n T he ref o re , e ve ry th ing s e emed t o i n d ica te t h a t

a n a u then t ic

K u l turpo l i t ie w a s d eve loped . A lso , a l though

L u schan

i ti st r ue t ha t w i th t h ed i scove ry o ft h e H i t t i te s

s c ien t if ic f i e ld i nt h e N ea r E a s t t h a t c ou ld b e

t h e

G eo rge s

u sed t os uppor tt h ee xpan s ion is t a sp ira t ion s o f

P e r ro t a nd E rne s t C han t re o ccup ied i mpo r tan t

G e rman p o l i t ic ians i nr e la t ion t ot h e C ana r ie s .

p o s i t ions I 5, t h e re w e re a l so t h e G e rman s ,

I t s hou ld

g u ided

c on tempo ra ry a n th ropo log is t s a nd l i ngu is t s

F renchmen

b y

K a r l

C ha r le s

H umann

T ex ie r ,

( 1839 1895 )

—

a nd

Meye r h ad

a l so

b e

b o rne

f ounded a n ew

i n

m ind

t h a t

d i rec to r o ft h e R oya l Mu seums o fB e r l in a nd

s aw t h e c ur ren t d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e w e s ter n

d i rec to r

o f t h e

P e rgamo

E u ropean r a ces a st h e r e su l t o f ag r ea t e a s ter n

b e tween

1 878 a nd 1 886 — a nd F e l ix v on

m ig ra t ion o f d o l ichocepha l ic s a nd b rachy -

e xcava t ions

o f

L u schan h imse lf , w ho i n 1 888 u nde r took t h e

c epha l ic I ndo -Eu ropean s .

f i r s t a r chaeo log ica l d ig a tt h e s i te o fS end j i r l i ,

1 4 T he s o c a l led K u l turpo l i t ik c a r r ied o u t " dome s t ic" f unc t ions , b ecau se i tc en t ra l ized a nd s t anda rd ized G e rman c u l tu ra l p a t ronage b y e s tab l ish ing n a t iona l b u reauc ra t s i n E gyp t a nd Mesopo tam ia . W i th in t h is K u l turpo l i t ik , c l a s s ica l a r chaeo logy p l ayed a v e ry i mpo r tan t r o le , s i nce o ne o f i t s p r ime o b jec t ive s w a s t o e ndow t h e R oya l Museum o f B e r l in w i th c o l lec t ions t h a t m a tched t hose o f t h e L ouv re o r t h e B r i t ish Museum ( Ma rchand , 1 996 : 2 99 -300 ) . 1 5 T ex ie rv i s i ted A s ia M ino ri n1 834 a nd p ub l ished h i s D escr ip t ion d e l ' As ie M ineure i n 1 839 , P e r ro t v i s i ted A na to l ia d u r ing t h e f amou s m is s ion o f 1 862 , a ccompan ied b y t h e a r ch i tec t E .G u i l laume , a nd p ub l ished t h e E xp lora t ion a rchi .o log ique d el a G a la t ie e t d e l a B i thyn ie i n 1 872 a nd C han t re u nde r took t wo e xped i t ions t oC appadoc ia i n1 893 1 894 , a nd s u rveys i n A laca H öyük , B oghazköy a nd Y az i l ikaya .

1 6 A t t h e e nd o f t h e 1 880s , t h e i n te rven t ion o f G u s tav v on G o ss le r , h ead o ft h e P rus s ian M in is t ry o f C u l tu re b e tween 1 879 a nd 1 89 1 , a nd R icha rd S chöne , g ene ra l d i rec to r o f t h e R oya l Museum , w ou ld e ncou rage t h e d eve lopmen t o f a r chaeo l o g ica l d i g s i n o rde r t o i n c rea se n a t iona l c o l lec t ion s . W i th t h is n ew p o l icy ,t h eG e rman d ig s i n A s ia M ino r b ecame much mo re n ume rou s d u r ing t h e 1 890s . T he G e rman p o l icy o bv iou s ly a imed t o r e ach t h e s ame l e ve l a s t h e o t he r E u ropean p owe r s i n t e rms o f s t ud ie s o f t h e A ssy r ian a nd B aby lon ian w o r ld a nd t op eacef u l ly e xp lo re t h eN ea rE a s t . 1 7 L uschan 's a n th ropo log ica l h ypo the s is , n eve r the le s s , h a s n o s c ien t if ic v i ab i l i ty a t a l b ecause , a sM igue l F us te ( 1956 : 19 ) h a s p o in ted o u t , t h e o ppo s i te i n f a c t h appened , t h a t i st os ay , t h e a r r iva l o ft h e Med i ter ranean d o l ichocepha l ics o ccu r red p r io rt ot h a to ft h eA rmen ian t y pe .

9 4

T he G e rman c on t r ibu t ion t ot h es t udy o fi n su la rc o lon i za t ion

T h is

t h e r ef o re

c onf e r red G e rman

o n

e xp la in s t h e

t h e

A rmen ian

a u tho r s '

l e ad ing t ype

d i a ch ron ic

r e nounced o u t l in ing at h eo ry o fo r ig in s a nd a

r o le

m o re c onc r e te l i m i t w hen c l a s s if y ing t h e

i n t h e

t h eo ry

b r a chycepha l ic C ana r ian t ype , v on L u schan

o f

a nd Meye r d i d n o t h e s i ta te t o c on s ide r t h em

c o lon iza t ion .

A rmen ian s ' s.W i th t h is a s soc ia t ion t h ey w e re N eve r the le s s ,

i n s p i te

o f t h e

a b le

s i gn if ican t

t o

a dap t

t h e

r e su l t s

o f

t h e i r

p o s i t iv ism p u t f o rwa rd b y b o th s cho la r s , t h e

a n th ropo log ica l s t ud ie s t o t h e p o l i t ica l a nd

p r io r c l a im s o f t h e A rmen ian s i n r e la t ion t o

e conom ic i n te r e s t s p u r sued b y t h e G e rman

t h e

n o

s t a te a s p a r t o f i t s c o lon ia l e xpan s ion i n

i n t h e i r

A f r ica . T he A rmen ian t y pe , s ynonymou s w i th

f a vou r . A lso , f r om al i ngu is t ic p o in t o fv i ew ,

a n I ndo -Ge rman ( A ryan ) p re sence i n t h e

t h e p ropo sed t h eo ry h ad n o s c ien t if ic b a s is ,

C ana ry I s land s , j u s t if ied a nd l e g i t im ized t h e

s i nce t h e A f r ican l a nguage s — k nown a s

a nnexa t ion o ft h e A rch ipe lago b y t h e G e rman

H am i t ic a nd S em i t ic d ue t ot h e i r c onnec t ion

Emp ir e , i n t h e s ame w ay t h a t t h e r i gh t s o f

w i th

G e rmany t o t e r r i tor ie s i nt h e N ea r E a s t h ad

H am i t ic

p opu la t ion s

a r chaeo log ica l

a r gumen t s

N oah ' s

s on s ,

h ad

a t a l

H am

a nd

S hem ,

b een j u s t if ied .

r e spec t ive ly — c onnec ted w i th t h e i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le r e vea led n o t r a ce s o f a ny I n do -Eu ropean l a nguage . T ha t i sw hy Meye r

A lso , w i th r e ga rd t ot h is c o lon iza t ion t h eo ry ,

a nd L u schan o f f e red s t r ic t ly a n th ropo log ica l

t h e r e la t ion sh ip s m a in ta ined b y b o th a u tho r s

c onc lu s ions ,

c u l tu ra l

w i th t h e o ff ic ia l c i r c le s o f G e rman c o lon ia l

i mp l ica t ions , a vo id ing a ny k i nd o f i n t ru s ion

p o l i t ic s a r e s ymp toma t ic . H an s Meye r h ad

i n to t h e f i e ld o f l i ngu i s t ic s . A rchaeo log ica l

b een a m embe r o f t h e D eu t sche C o lon ia l -

a r gumen t s d o n o t f e a tu r e i nt h e i rw o rk e i the r .

g e se l l schaf t ( t he C o lon ia l S oc ie ty o f B e r l in )

T h is i s d ue t o t h e r a c io log ica l f o cu s t h ey

s i nce

d eve loped i nt h e ir s t ud ie s o n t h e c o lon iza t ion

f ounded i n 1 887 , w h ich d ef ended G e rman

o ft h e C ana r ie s a nd , a s w e h ave p o in ted o u t ,

c o lon ia l i n te r e s t s a nd a c ted p a r t ly a s al o bby

t o t h e i mpo r tance o f l i ngu is t ic s i n I ndo -

f o r t h e g ove rnmen t ( Abe l län ,

E u ropean s s t ud ie s u n t i l t h e e nd o f t h e 1 9t h

Meye r h ad a l so w r i t ten v a r iou s a r t ic le s o n

c en tu ry .

c o lon ia l

w i th

r a c ia l

T he ref o re ,

t h e r e

a nd

w e r e

n o

I n do -

1 90 1 ,

a nd

i t w a s

t h is

p o l i t ic s t oge the r w i th

i n s t i tu t ion ,

1 997 : h i s

16 ) . t r ave l

E u ropean a r chaeo log ica l r e f e rence st h a tc ou ld

b ook s . N o r w a s t h is t h e o n ly a n th ropo log ica l

b e r e la ted t ot h e C ana r ian i n d igenou s w o r ld .

w o rk t h a t t h e m i l i ta ry d oc to r , F e l ix v on

C on sequen t ly , n e i the r L u schan n o r Meye r ,

L u schan ,

n o r v on L öhe r e a r l ie r o n , a pp l ied t h e c oncep t

G e rman c o lon ia l i n te re s t s . A lready i n1 887 h e

o f " a r chaeo log ica l c u l tu re" t o t h e i r w o rk s , a

h ad p ub l ished B e i t räg e z u r V ö lk erkund e d er

c on t r ibu t ion

d eu t schen S chu t zg eb ie te i n B e r l in , a mo re

t h a t

G u s tav

K o s s ina

w ou ld

h ad w r i t ten

i n c onnec t ion

w i th

c omp le te e d i t ion o ft h e o ff ic ia l r e po r t o n t h e

d eve lop s ome y ea r s l a te r .

f i r s tc o lon ia l e s tab l i shmen t i nG e rmany . O n ly F rom a l t h e a r gumen t s o u t l ined s o f a r i t

T he s u ppo sed o r ig in s o f t h e C a na r ian b r a chycepha l ic s w e re r e la t ed b y o t he r a u tho r s t o v e ry d i spa ra te g eog raph ica l a r ea s . T h i s w a s t h e c a se w i th E . A lb e r t H oo ton , w ho t h ough t t h ey w e r e f r om C en t ra l A s ia ( Mongo l ian ) , o r E ug en F i s che r , w h3 r e la t ed t h em t ot h e N eo l i th ic s k u l l s o fS pa in ( F a lkenbu rg e r , 1 9 42 :4 5 ) . 1 8

s e ems o bv iou s t h a t v on L u schan a nd H an s Meye r w e re p u r su ing ac l ea r o b jec t ive w hen t h ey r e a ched t h e i r c onc lu s ion s . Wh i ls t o t he r a n th ropo log is t s

l i ke

R eni

V e rneau

h ad

9 5

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s

o ne y ea rl a te r , i n1 888 , a sa l ready p o in ted o u t ,

w h ich

h e h ad b een s en t t o S end j i r l i b y t h e R oya l

( t heo r e t ica l

Mu seum s

c oncep t s , e t c . ) , a r e s ub jec ted t o , r e f lec ted t h e

o f B e r l in ,

c o inc id ing

w i th

t h e

t h e

e l emen t s

o f

t h e

d i scou r se

a spec t s ,

t h ema t ic

e l ec t ion ,

d eve lopmen t o fG e rman e xpan s ion is t p o l i t ic s

b ou rgeo is ,

i nt h e N ea r E a s t . I n 1 896 h e h e lped o rgan ize

c o lon ia l n a tu r e o f t h e i r c o lon iza t ion t h eo ry .

t h e

Mo reove r ,

f i r s t

G e rman

e xh ib i t ion

p romo t ing

e vo lu t ion is t , i n

i mpe r ia l is t

c onnec t ion

w i th

a nd t h e i r

G erman c o lon ia l ism , a nd h e w ou ld e nd u p

c on t r ibu t ion i nt h e f o rm o ft h e d ef in i t ion o f

c once iv ing o f a n th ropo logy a s ap o ten t ia l

t h e A rmen ian t y pe , i ts hou ld b e r emembe red

" t oo l"

t h a t

t owa rd s

t h e

t h a t , a s Ma r io D e lgado h a s a l ready p o in ted

w h i ls t

a l so

o u t ( 1 998 : 2 67 ) , t h e a n th ropo log i s t s , b a s ing

d eve lop ing c l o se r e la t ion sh ip s w i th t h e c i v i l

t h e i r w o rk o n t h e c oncep t o ft ype , d ed ica ted

a nd m i l i ta ry c o lon ia l s e rv ice s . F rom 1 885

t h e i r e f f o r t s t o a r b i t ra r i ly d ef in ing a r a c ia l

o nwa rd s ,

w i th

r e a l i ty t h a t w a s e xce s s ive ly c ond i t ioned b y

i mpe r ia l i s t p o l i t ic s , h e w a s d i r ec to r o f t h e

t r ad i t ions a nd n a t iona l i n te r e s t s . I nt h i s s en se ,

B er l in

R a s senhyg iene

t h e i r c oncep t o f" t ype" w a s as t ra teg ic e s cape

( Soc ie ty f o r R a c ia l H yg iene ) , a s w e l l a s t h e

f r om t h e p r ob lem s t h a t b i o log ica l v a r iab i l i ty

O cean ia

b rough tt ot h e i d ea o fr a ce .

s ucce s s

c ou ld

c on t r ibu te

o f c o lon ia l

d ue

t o

p o l i t ic s ,

h i s

G e se l l schaf t a nd

c onnec t ion s

f ü r

A f r ica

d epa r tmen t

o f

t h e

Mu seum o f B e r l in , t h is b e ing a p r e s t ig iou s d epa r tmen t s i nce i t i n c luded t h e c o lon ia l

H av ing

p o s se s s ions o f G e rmany i n A f r ica . I n s ho r t ,

n ece s sa ry t op o in t o u t t h a t , a lmo s t p a ra l le l t o

a cco rd ing t o B eno i t Ma s s in ( 1996 : 1 00 106 )

t h e d eve lopmen t o f t h e w o rk s o f L öhe r ,

a nd A nd rew Z imme rman ( 200 1 : 4 6 ) , L u schan

Meye r

w a s af i rm p a t r io t , n a t iona l i s t a nd i mpe r ia l is t

s cho la r s a nd i n te l lec tua ls w e re i n t roduc ing

w ho

a G erman

a nd a pp ly ing p o s i t iv i s t , e vo lu t ion i s t a nd a n t i -

o ve r sea s e mp i re a nd d ef ended t h e u t i l i ty o f

D a rw in is t p o s tu la te s t o t h e s t udy o f t h e

i mper ia l i s t c ompe t i t ion . T h i s w a s w hy h e

i n d igenou s w o r ld . T h i s h appened a st h e f i r s t

a dop ted

s c ien t if ic s o c ie t ie s o f t h e 1 9 6'c en tu ry w e re

s uppo r ted

t h e

n eed

a p ro -be l l ige ren t

d ef end ing

t h e

i mpe r ia l is t

f o r

p os i t ion

w hen

i n te re s t s

c on s ide red

a nd

t h e se

L u schan ,

a spec t s ,

d i f f e ren t

i t i s

C ana r ian

o f

a ppea r ing i nT ene r if e , G ran C ana r ia a nd L a

G ermany i n A f r ica , t h u s r e p r e sen t ing t h e

P a lma , s o t h a t i ts e em s o ppor tune t oa na ly se ,

r up tu re w i th t h e h uman i ta r ian t r ad i t ion o f

i nt h e n ex t c hap te r , w ha t m ay b e c on s ide red

G e rman p hys ica l a n th ropo logy , b a sed o n t h e

t h e

s e cu la r isa t ion o fC h r is t ian i ty . T he s im i la r i t ie s

a r chaeo log ica l

b eg inn ing s

o f

a u then t ic

r e sea r ch .

T h is

C ana r ian

r e sea r ch , a s

b e tween t h e t wo a u tho r s e xp la in h ow b o th

m ay b e s uppo sed , w ou ld b e a ccompan ied b y

e nded

d eve lop ing a s i ng le d i scu r s ive

t h e r e levan t d eve lopmen t o f t h eo r ie s o n t h e

f o rma t ion , s i nce t h ey s ha r ed t h e s ame t ype o f

o r ig in s o f t h e p r im i t ive i n hab i tan t s o f t h e

t h eo re t ica l

A r ch ipe lago ,

u p

e nunc ia t ion

( e vo lu t ion is t

a nd

d i rec t ly

i nf luenced

b y

t h e

d i f f u s ion i s t ) a nd m e thodo logy ( a r t icu la ted o n

p r em ise s o fi mpe r ia l i s t a r chaeo logy , b a s ica l ly

t h e b a s is o f r a c io logy ) , as i ng le t h eme ( t he

i ni t sF r ench f o rm .

f i r s t c o lon iza t ion o ft h e C ana r ie s b y t h e I n do G e rmans )

a nd

i d en t i ty

r e f e r ence

( t he

i mpor tance o ft h e A rmen ian t y pe ) . T he r u le s o ff o rma t ion , t h a t i st os a y , t h e c ond i t ion s t o

9 6

CHAPTER V I

I MPER IAL IST A RCHAEOLOGY A ND I TS R EPERCUSS IONS ON CA NAR IAN S C IENT IF IC P RODUCT ION

T he d eve lopmen t o f i mpe r ia l is t a r chaeo logy

t o u r i s t s v i s i t ing t h e c ap i ta l o fT ene r if e a tt h e

p a ra l le led t h e g ene s is o f a r chaeo logy a nd

t ime .

p hy s ica l a n th ropo logy i nt h e C ana r ie s . A s I c hap te r ,

I n 1 840 t h e C a s i lda Mu seum w a s f ounded b y

e vo lu t ion is t a nd d i f f u s ion is t t h eo r ie s m a rked

S eba s t iän Nrez Y änez , k nown a s S eba s t iän

t h e b eg inn ing s o fC ana r ian r e sea r ch , a l though

C a s i lda ,

i t w a s

a l though h e h ad n o f o rma l e duca t ion , d ec ided

h ave

s hown

a l so

i n

t h e

s e cond

i nf luenced b y

t h e

w o rk

o f

a f a rme r

t h is c hap te r , Iw i l l c on s ide r s ome q ue s t ion s

a n th ropo logy

r e la ted t ot h e o r ig in s o fC ana r ian a r chaeo logy

Af t e r

a nd p hy s ica l a n th ropo logy , a nd w i l l l a te r

c o l lec t ion

e mpha s ize

o f

c o l lec to r a nd i n 1 889 i tl ef tt h e p or t o fS an ta

r e f e rence i nf luenced s c ien t if ic p roduc t ion i n

C ruz d e T ene r if e b ound f o r A rgen t ina . S ome

t h eC ana ry I s land s .

y ea r s p r io r t o t h is , i n 1 874 , t h e s cho la r

t h is

E u ropean

f r ame

a nd

d ea th , w a s

n a tu ra l

w ho ,

t o

h i s

a C ana r ian

T aco ron te

E u ropean a u tho r s , e spec ia l ly t h e F rench . I n

h ow

f o und

f r om

a r cha eo logy h oweve r ,

s o ld

t o

i n

a n

h i s to ry , c o l lec t ion 1 868 ,

t h e

A rgen t inean

A nse lmo J . B en i tez h ad f ounded t h e V i l la TH EB IRTH OF A RCHAEOLOGY A ND P HYS ICAL

B en i tez Mu seum , w i th t h e a im o fe xh ib i t ing

A NTHROPOLOGY I N T HE CA NAR IES : T HE

s amp le so fm ine ra ls a nd e ng rav ing s a nd i t em s

I N ST ITUT IONAL F RAMEWORK

o fa r t is t ic a nd a r chaeo log ica l i n te r e s t .

I n te r e s t

i n

s e ek ing

o u t

a nd

N eve r the le s s ,

c o l lec t ing

a l though

a t t h e

t ime t h e se

a r chaeo log ica l r ema in s i nt h eC ana r ie s s t a r ted

a r chaeo log ica l c o l lec t ion s w e re c on s ide r ed

a t t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e 1 9t h c en tu ry . I t i s

mu seum s , i nt h e s en se t h a tt h ey w e re o pen t o

k nown t h a t i nt h e 1 820 s ,J uan d e Meg l io r in i y

v i s i to r s a nd h ou sed i n te re s t ing o b jec t s a nd

S p ino la h ad an a tu ra l h i s to ry c o l lec t ion i nh i s

a n th ropo log ica l r ema in s f r om t h e i n d igenou s

h ou se a nd v a r iou s o b jec t s f r om G uanche

C ana r ian p opu la t ion s , t h e C a s i lda Mu seum

c u l tu re , i n c lud ing a mummy t h a t c on s t i tu ted

a nd t h e V i l la B en i tez Mu seum c anno t r e a l ly

a n a t t ra c t ion i ni t se lf f o rt r ave l le r s a nd f o re ign

b e c on s ide red a u then t ic mu seums , b u t r a the r s imp le

9 7

c o l lec t ions

o f

a n t iqu i t ie s

a nd

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

c u r ios i t ie s , g a the red b y t h e ir p rop r ie to r s ( who

h a s t e rmed t h e S c ien t if ic G enera t ion o f1 880 .

g ene ra l ly s peak ing , h ad n o f o rma l e duca t ion ) ,

T he j ou rna l , n ever the le ss , w a s s ho r t l ived ,

b a s ica l ly

w i th 8 2 i s sues p ub l ished u nde r t h e e d i to r sh ip

o u t

o f

a p a t r io t ic

d es i re

t o

d i s t ingu ish b e tween t h e a u toch thonou s a nd

o fE l ia sZ e ro lo b e tween 1 878 a nd 1 882 .

t h e a l loc thonu s ( Ram i rez , 1 997 : 3 11-312 ; a nd F a r i f ia & T e je ra , 1 998 : 1 7 -26 ) .

Y e t a l though B e thencou r t 's c on tac t s w i th h i s c o l labo ra to r s w e re n o t r e s t r ic ted t ot h e i s land

W i th in t h is c on tex t , i n S ep tembe r 1 877 , t h e

o f T ene r if e , s i nce o t he r m embe r s e x is ted i n

Gab ine te C ien t i f ico w a s f ounded i n S an ta

L a G ome ra a nd F ue r teven tu ra , i n r e a l i ty , a s

C ruz d e T ene r if e , a n i n s t i tu t ion t ha t w a s t o

L u is D iego C u scoy h a s p o in ted o u t ( 1982 : 9 ) ,

p l ay a l e ad ing r o le i n t h e d eve lopmen t o f

J uan

a n th ropo logy a nd a r chaeo logy i nt h e We s tern

e x tend h i s a c t iv i t ie s b eyond t h a t i s land , w h ich

C ana r ies ( Tene r if e , L aP a lma , L a Gome ra a nd

w a s , i nf a c t , t h e o ne t o w h ich h e d evo ted a l

E l

o f J uan

h i s w o rk . Af te r h i s d ea th , f o l lowed b y t ha t o f

B e thencou r t A lf on so ( 1847 19 13) , w ho w i l l

R o sendo G a rc ia R amo s , t h e a pa thy a nd t h e

b e c on s ide red i n mo re d e ta i l i n t h e p age s

i n ab i l i ty o f t h e i r p a r tne r s a nd c o l labora to r s

wh ich f o l low . T he i n s t i tu t ion w a s e s tab l ished

l e d t o a d ec l ine i n t h e a c t iv i t ie s o f t h e

a s a n

d e

G ab ine te C ien t i f ico , w ho se m a te r ia ls w e re

F u r the r

e ven tua l ly t o s we l l t h e B ernabd R od r iguez

t o p rov ide

c o l lec t ion , a s w e l l a s t h a t o f t h e Museum o f

mu seum t r a in ing f o r t h e s t uden t s . F rom t h e

A n th ropo logy a nd N a tu ra l H is to ry o f S an ta

o u t se t i tw a s a l so i nc ha rge o fd eve lop ing a n

C ruz d e T ene r if e , f ounded o n 3 1' D ecembe r

e n t ire

1 902 .

H ier ro )

u nde r t h e

a nnexe

S egunda

t o t h e

E nse i lanza

E duca t ion ) ,

d ue

s e r ie s

E s tab lec im ien to

( I ns t i tu te

t o t h e

o f

a n th ropo log ica l

l e ade r sh ip

n eed

o f

a r chaeo log ica l

a c t iv i t ies ,

o rgan ized

a nd

B e thencour t s e emed n o t t o w an t t o

b y

B e thencour t h imse lf . H e s upe rv ised t h e w o rk

I n t h e c a se o f t h e i s land o f G ran C ana r ia a

o f aw ide r ange o fc o l labo ra to r s w ho , a c t ing

s im i la r d eve lopmen t , i nt e rm s o f mu seo logy ,

a lmo s t a s p a r tne r s , p rov ided t h e i n s t i tu t ion

t ot ha t o fT ene r if e t ook p l ace , a l though g iven

w i th t h e a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia ls i tn eeded .

t h e

W i th in

t h e

i n s t i tu t ion s , t h e s cena r io i nG ran C ana r ia w a s

Gab ine t e C ien t i f ico , t h e l e ad ing f i gu res ( i n

mo re p rom is ing . I n S ep tembe r 1 879 a g roup

t e rm s o ft h e ir c on t r ibu t ion t ot h e s t udy o ft h e

o fi n te l lec tua ls h eaded b y D r . G rego r io C h i l y

e a r ly c o lon iza t ion o f t h e i s land s ) w e re J uan

N a ran jo ( 1 831190 1) m e t w i th t h e a im o f

B e thencou r t , M igue l Maff io te y L a R oche ,

f ound ing a s c ien t if ic s oc ie ty t ha t w a s l a te r

R o sendo G a rc ia R amos a nd C a r lo s P iza r ro so

c hr is tened E l Mu seo C anar io a nd i n augu ra ted

y B e lmon te . A l l o f t h em p ub l ished i n t h e

i n

R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s a nd i no t he r p e r iod ica ls ,

i n s t i tu t ion

a nd f o rmed w ha t M a R osa A lonso ( 1977 : 1 23)

v i c is s i tude s , u pt ot h ep re sen t d ay .

t h e

g roup

t ha t

c ons t i tu ted

9 8

p r eca r iou s

1 880 .

T he h a s

f u tu re

w o rk

o f

t h e

c a r r ied

c on t inued ,

o u t

d esp i te

T ene r if e

b y

t h is

c e r ta in

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy a nd i t sr epercu s s ion s o n C anar ian s c ien t if i cp roduc t ion

T he f i r s t m a te r ia ls w e re g a the red b y C h i l

w i thou t a ny u nde r ly ing m e thod ( A rco e ta l . ,

h im se lf a nd b y V ic to r G rau -Ba s sa s ( 1 847 -

1 992 : 2 4 ) .

1 9 18 ) , w ho o rgan ized t r ip s t ot h e i n te r io r a nd s ou the rn

a r ea s

o f t h e

i s land

t o r e cove r

TH E I NST ITUT IONS A ND

m umm ie s , a r tef ac t s a nd i n d igenou s c e ram ic s ,

T HE

T HEORET ICAL

F RAMEWORK

a l though w i thou t f o l low ing a ny p a r t icu la r s c ien t if ic m e thodo logy ( G rau -Ba s sa s ,

1 980

R ega rd ing t h e i n te l lec tua l t r end s t o w h ich

[ 1 884 ] ; C h i l , 1 882 , 1 899 a , 1 899 ' y 1 899 d) .

b o th c en t re s ( t he G ab ine t e C ien t if i co a nd E l

T h is ,

Mu seo C anar io )s ub sc r ibed ,t h ep r eva lence o f

t oge the r

d eve loped

b y

w i th

t h e

w o rk

B e thencou r t

b a s ica l ly

A lf on so

e vo lu t ion ism c an b e o b se rved , t oge the rw i th a

i n

T ene r if e , m a rked t h e b eg inn ing s o f t h e f i r s t

g r ea te r m ea su re o f p o s i t iv ism a mong s t t h e

f i e ldwo rk i n t h e C ana r ie s t h a t w a s i n a ny

m embe r s o ft h e i n s t i tu t ion f o unded b y C h i l y

s e n se s y s tema t ic . I n 1 880 t h e m agaz ine E l

N a ran jo ,

Mu seo C ana r io a ppea r ed f o r t h e f i r s t t ime ,

h i s to r ic is t mode l s i n t h e G ab ine te c i r c le , o r

a l though i tw a s o n ly p ub l i shed f r om 1 880 -

t h e r oman t ic D a rw in ism , e xemp l if ied i n t h e

1 882 . D ue t o al a ck o f e conom ic m ean s ,

f i gu re o fB e thencou r t A lf on so ( Ga lvän , 1 987 :

p ub l ica t ion w a s s u spended , b u t i tr e -eme rged

7 ) , a l though t h e e xcep t ion t o t h is w a s t h e

i n 1 899 a nd e n te red i n to t h e s e cond p ha se o f

f i gu re o fR o sendo G a rc ia R amo s . B e thencou r t

i t se x i s tence . L a te ro n i td i sappea red a tc e r ta in

A lf on so h ad t r a ined i nF rance a nd h ad b een i n

t ime s , e i the r d ue t o a l a ck o f f i nanc ia l

P a r i st oge the rw i th G a r c ia R amo s , w he re t h ey

r e sou rce s o r a s ar e su l t o fc onf l ic t s , s uch a s

h ad v i s i ted a cadem ie sa nd i n s t i tu t ion sa nd h ad

t h e C iv i l Wa r ( Ma r t in d e G uzmän , 1 984 : 1 ;

e s tab l ished r e la t ion sh ip s —c on t inued i n t h e

H er re ra ,

f o rm o f c o r re spondence f r om t h e i s land s —

1 990 :

1 13 ) .

G rego r io

C h i l

y

a s

o ppo sed

t o t h e

s u rv iva l

o f

N a ran jo , a nd t o a l e s se r e x ten t , A gu s t in

w i th t h e s c ien t if ic f i gu re s o f t h e t ime . T hey

M i l la re s T o r r e s , w e r e a c t ive i nt h is s c ien t if ic

w e re n o t , h oweve r , i n vo lved i nt h e p owe rf u l

b ody a nd p l ayed ag enu ine ly i mpo r tan tr o le i n

r e v iva l is t t r end i nc u l tu ra l a n th ropo logy w i th

t e rm so ft h e i ri d ea sa nd w o rk o nt h eo r ig in so f

a l i t s c on sequence s , w h ich e me rged w i th t h e

t h ee a r ly i n d igenou sC ana r ian p eop le .

a i d o f c ong re s se s a nd i n ter na t iona l m ee t ing s a nd w a s at r end t ow h ich C h i l yN a ran jo w a s

T he i s land o f L a P a lma a l so h ad i t s o wn

ap a r ty . Mo reove r , a s L u is D iego C u scoy h a s

s c ien t if ic

a l r eady

i n s t i tu t ion ,

t h e

S oc iedad

L a

p o in ted

o u t

( 1982 :

1 0 11) ,

C o smo lög ica , f ounded i n 1 88 1 . N eve r the le s s ,

b ackwa rdne s s

o f t h e

i t s c on t r ibu t ion t ot h e s t udy o ft h e o r ig in s o f

w i thou t

d oub t ,

t h ee a r ly s e t t le r sw a sm ode s t , s i nce i t sa c t iv i ty

i n ter na t iona l c on tac t s o r o f e ncoun te r s i n

w a s b a sed s imp ly o n t h e r a ndom s t o r ing o f

a c t ive a nd r e v ived c onven t ion s , a sw e l l a st h e

a r chaeo log ica l

l a ck o fu p to -da te t op ic sa nd t e chn ique s .

a nd

a n th ropo log ica l

i t em s ,

9 9

a ny

G ab ine t e t o

t h e

w a s

t h e

a b sence

d ue , o f

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

I nt h e c a se o fE l Mu se° C ana r io , t h e r o le o f

p er iphera l t o t h i s m ovemen t , a nd i n t h em i t

i t s l e ad ing f i gu re w a s v e ry d i f f e r en t . D r . C h i l

s e ems t h a t t h er e i sn o th ing b u t c ave t omb s .

e x tended i t s a c t iv i t ie s b eyond t h e l i m i t s o ft h e

T he G uanche s d o n o t s e em t oh ave l i ved s o

i s land s a nd e n te red i n to t h e f i e ld o fr e sea r ch

m uch a s d i ed , a nd t h e i r s po i l s a re h igh ly

w i th t h e a im o f u n ive r sa l is ing t h e s ub jec t o f

s ough ta f t er ; t h e C ana r ie sg i ve t h ei mp re s s ion

t h e C ana r ie s . C h i l yN a ran jo w a s aE u ropean

o fb e ing a n i mmen se n ec ropo l i s( D iego , 1 982 :

o f h i s t i me a nd d i d a l h e c ou ld t o f a c i l i ta te

1 ) .

t h e " en t ry" o ft h e i s land s i n to E u rope , w h ich l e d t o t h e r a p id a dop t ion o fe vo lu t ion is t a nd

TH E D EBATE B ETWEEN T HE E VO LUT ION IS TS

p o s i t iv is t p o s tu la te s a mong s t t h e i n te l lec tua ls

A ND T HE CA THO L IC T RAD IT IONAL I ST S

o fG ran C ana r ia . C h i l h ad b ecome a s soc ia ted w i th F r ench a cadem ic c i r c le s s oon a f te r h i s

I n t e rm s o f t h e r e cep t ion o f p o s i t iv is t a nd

s t ud ie s

S o rbonne

e vo lu t ion is t i d ea s i nt h e C ana r ie s , i tc an b e

U n ive r s i ty ( Pa r is ) , b e tween 1 849 a nd 1 859 .

o b se rved t h a tt h ey w e r et o ta l ly r e jec ted b yt h e

T he r e

i n

h e

m ed ic ine

m e t

a t

t h e

P au l

B roca ,

A rmand

d e

mo s t

T eodo re

H amy ,

G ab r ie l

d e

a ccep ted b y l i be ra l g r oup s , a s i nt h e r e s t o f

Mo r t i l le t , P au l T op ina rd a nd R end V e r neau ,

E u rope . T h is c onf ron ta t ion w ou ld l e ad t ot h e

t h u s e nab l ing h im t o u pda te h i s s c ien t if ic

d eve lopmen t o f as i gn if ican t d eba te b e tween

c on ta c t s

e vo lu t ion is t s a nd c r ea t ion is t s o r , i n o t he r

Q ua t ref age s ,

w i th

t h e se

f i gu re s ,

w h ich

i s

r e a c t iona ry

p a r t icu la r ly i mpo r tan t i fw e b ea r i nm ind , a s

w o rd s ,

b e tween

F e rnando E s tdvez h a s p o in ted o u t ( 1 987 :

t r ad i t iona li s t s 2.

s e c to r s

o f s o c ie ty

p o s i t iv is t s '

a nd

a nd

C a tho l ic

1 50 ) , t h e d a te a nd t h e d i s tance o ft h e C ana ry I s land s f r om t h e m a in E u ropean a cadem ic

I t w a s j u s t a f t e r t h e

c en t re s . C h i l w a s a l so f am i l ia rw i th t h e w o rk s

E s tud io s h i s tör ico s , c l imä t ico s yp a to lög ico s

o f

p hy s ica l

( 1 876 ) b y C h i l yN a ran jo t h a tt h e c on t rove r sy

a n th ropo log is t s l i ke B roca , a nd p r e -h is to r ian s

b e tween t h e s uppo r te r s a nd t h e c r i t ic s o f

l i ke

e vo lu t ion ism e me rged , w i th t h e c en t ra l i s sue

b i o log is t s

B ouche r

l i ke

d e

D a rw in ,

P e r the s ,

Mo r t i l le t

a nd

a ppea rance

o f t h e

L ubbock ; i no t he r w o rd s , h e h ad r e ad a l t h e a u tho r s

w ho

h ad

h e lped

iP o s i t iv ism i s a d oc t r ine t h a t i s b a sed o n k now ledge o f ap o s i t ive f a c t t h rough e xpe r ience a nd i t s k now ledge ( pos i t ive s c ience ) d e r ive s f r om t h e i n duc t ive m e thod . I to r ig ina ted i nt h e s c ience o f b i o logy , a nd b egan i n S pa in i n 1 875 , a ccompan ied b y as w ing a way f r om d i a lec t ic ism t owa rds e vo lu t ion ism ( Sänchez & P az , 1 988 : 2 3 ) . 2 C a tho l ic t r ad i t iona l ism o r u l t ramon tan ism i s i n sp i red b y aF rench t r ad i t iona l ism t h a t s uppo r t s f i de ism , ap h i losoph ica l movemen t t h a t g ives p r io r i ty t of a i th a nd d i s t ru s t s r e a son . E ve ry th ing i s s ub jec t t ot h e a u tho r i ty o ft h e C a tho l ic R ome a nd i t s m a in f o cu s i st h e a u tho r i ty o ft h e e cc les ia s t ica l h i e ra rchy . l ti so ppo sed t o d ech r is t ian isaion a nd r a t iona l ism ( Sänchez & P az , 1 988 : 1 3 14 ) .

d i s sem ina te

e vo lu t ion is t a r gumen t s t h roughou t E u rope . T h rough t h e se f r iend sh ip s h e w a s a b le t o p a r t ic ipa te s c ien t if ic

i n

v a r iou s

e xh ib i t ion s

t h a t

c ong r e s se s t o ok

p l ace

a nd i n

F rance . C on ta c t s w e re t h u s e s tab l ished w i th E u rope , w i th as ku l l , a nd l a te r f o l lowed b y am ummy , s o t h a t t h e i s land s c anno t b e c on s id ered

1 00

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy a nd i t sr epercu s s ion so nC anar ian s c ien t i f ic p roduc t ion

f o cu s ing o n t h e c r ea t ion o ft h e h uman r a ce . I n

a t t i tude s l i nked t o o l de r c oncep t s o f t h e

t h e i n t roduc t ion t oh i s w o rk , w hen r e f e r r ing t o

w o r ld , i n t h e c a se o f S pa in , o ppo s i t ion t o

m an 's o r ig in s i nt h e Q ua te r na ry , C h i l a r gued

t r an sf orm ism

t h a t m an w a s d e scended f r om t h e a pe s ( Ch i l ,

s e c to r s t h a t w ie lded g r ea te r i n s t i tu t iona l a nd

1 876 : 1 4 ) a nd t h is o bv iou s ly i mp l ied t h a t t h e

s o c io -cu l tu ra l p owe r i nn a t iona l l i f e t h an t h e

C ana r ian

t h e

p r og re s s ive

s e c to r s .

C a tho l ic

C a tho l ic ism

w a s ,

a cadem ic

c r ea t ion is t

v i ew

h ad

r e nounced

u phe ld

b y

t h e

c ame

f r om

t h e

t r ad i t iona l

Mo reove r ,

a bove

a l ,

S pan i sh

a p o l i t ica l

C hu rch . T h is a ccep tance o f p r im i t ive m an ' s

C a tho l ic ism t h a t w a s b o th a n t i l ibe ra l a nd

e x is tence q u i te s imp ly d ef ied a l l t h e p r ecep t s

a n t i -mode rn is t ,

o f t h e C hu rch s i nce , i n a c co rdance w i th

r ef lec ted i nt h e t a c i t , i fn o t e xp l ic i t , a l iance

J udeo -Ch r i s t ian t r ad i t ion , i fA dam a nd E ve

( t he C onco rda t s ) b e tween t h e C hu r ch a nd t h e

w e re a l ready c i v i l ized a nd p o s se s sed a f o rm

t r ad i t iona l r i gh t . We s hou ld a dd t o t h i s f a c t

o f w r i t ing , c i t ie s , a g r icu l tu r e a nd k now ledge

t h e ma in ly c onse rva t ive n a tu re o f S pan i sh

o f a n ima l h u sband ry , t h en i tw a s i mpo s s ib le

s oc ie ty

t oc l a im t h e e x i s tence o fQ ua te rna ry s a vage s

u nque s t ionab le l e ad ing r o le o f t h e C a tho l ic

a nd , t h e ref o re , t h e p r e sence o fp r im i t ive m en

C hu rch

o ne a r th w ou ld b e af a l la cy .

S pan ish n a tu ra l i s t s o ft h e p e r iod — w ho w e re

i n

a nd

t h e

t h i s

m id

C a tho l ic ism

1 9t h

w a s

c en tu ry ,

a nd t h e r e spec t t h a t t h e

t h e

l e ad ing

i nc ha rge o ft e a ch ing n a tu ra l s c ience s i nt h e T he s t ance d ef ended b y C h i l m ean t t h a t h i s

u n ive r s i t ie s a nd i n s t i tu te s — h ad f o r t h is

w o rk w a s c en so red b y t h e C hu r ch , w h ich

r e l ig ion . A l l t h e se a spec t s m ade t h e e x is tence

a imed t o e xc lude h i s s p eech ( Foucau l t , 2 00 1

o f a ny i n te rp re ta t ion o f t h e h i s to ry o f t h e

[ 1 969 ] : 4 5 a nd 11112 , a nd 2 002 [ 1 970 ] :

o rgan ic w o r ld t h a t l a y o u t s ide t h a t o f t h e

1 4 ) , s i nce t h e p owe r o fs p eech w a s r e se rved

b i b l ica l s t o ry o f t h e c r ea t ion d i ff icu l t a nd ,

f o r ap a r t icu la r g roup o f i n d iv idua l s , i nt h is

c on sequen t ly ,

c a se t h o se r e p re sen ted b y t h e t r ad i t iona l a nd

p e rmanen t o ve r lapp ing o f p o l i t ica l re l ig iou s

r e ac t iona ry s e c to r s o fC ana r ian s oc ie ty . T h i s

i s sue s t h a t m ade i ti mpo s s ib le f o rs c ien t if ic o r

s i tua t ion w a s n o t , h oweve r , e xc lu s ive t o t h e

i n te l lec tua l i s sue s t o d eve lop f r ee ly ( G l ick ,

C ana r ie s b u t w a s ar ef lec t ion o ft h e g ene ra l

1 969 : 2 13 ; N ü t iez R u iz , 1 977 : 1 2 -20 , 1 996 :

r e jec t ion i n E u rope o f e vo lu t ion is t i d ea s b y

2 5 1 ; P e layo , 1 988 : 1 96 -200 ; A ya rzagüena ,

t h e C hu rch a nd t h e m o s t r e a c t iona ry s e c to r s

1 992 : 4 9 -50 ; E s tevez & V i la ,

o f t h e s oc ie ty , w ho w e r e o ppo sed t o n on -

Q ue ro l , 2 00 1 : 1 8 ) .

t h eo log ica l

t h e re

w a s

a

1 999 : 2 3 ;

o f

i n t roduced

b y

I ts hou ld a l so b e r emembe red t h a t a f t e r t h e

l i ke

B ou rbon R e s to ra t ion ( 1 875 ) , a l though t h e

E ng land o r F rance , f o r e xamp le , c r i t ic i sm o f

r e vo lu t iona ry p e r iod t h a t h ad b egun i n 1 868

t r an sf orm ism t h eo ry h ad i t s o r ig in s i n t h e

h ad o ff ic ia l ly f i n ished , i nr e a l i ty c on t rove r sy

f i e ld

s t i l l s mou lde r ed i n t wo p a r t icu la r c amp s :

D a rw in .

s uch Y e t ,

a s

t h o se

w he rea s

o f s c ience

o f t h e

t h a t

i d ea

e vo lu t ion ,

e xp lana t ion s

m ean t

i n c oun t r ie s

o r i n m ino r i ty

p e r sona l

1 0 1

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo log yi nt h e C anary I s land s

t ho se i n f a vou r o f t h e r e vo lu t ion ( l ibe ra l

c on t inued t ot a ke p l ace t h roughou t t h e r e s t o f

t h inke r s ) w ho se m embe r s u sed D a rw in ism t o

t h e

s u i t t h e ir

c en tu ry . C i t ie s l i ke B a rce lona o r V a lenc ia ,

own

p urpose s ,

a nd

t hose

w ho

1 9t h c en tu ry ,

a nd

w e l l

i n to t h e

2 0t h

w an ted t o r emove a l l t r aces o ft h e r e vo lu t ion

a nd

( t rad i t iona l t h inke r s ) a nd w e re o ppo sed t o

C ompo s te la a nd Mad r id ,

D a rw in ism .

I n

t h e

i mpo r tan t u n ive r s i ty t r ad i t ion s , b ecame t h e

R e s to ra t ion

a nd

c on s t i tu t ion

ma in a r ena s f o r t h e se c onf ron ta t ion s ( G l ick ,

i n t roduced b y A n ton io C anova s d e l C a s t i l lo

1 969 : 2 08 ; Nü f iez R u iz , 1 977 : 3 1-35 ; P e layo ,

o n 2 4t h M ay 1 876 , t h e C hu rch w a s f a vou red

1 988 : 2 0 1) .

b y

t h e

a dd i t ion ,

n ew

t h e

f o l low ing

n ew

g overnmen t ,

s i nce

e spec ia l ly

G ranada ,

S an t iago

d e

w h ich p o sse s sed

t h e

e cc le s ia s t ica l h i e ra r chy h ad mo re p owe r t h an

T he se c i rcums tance s ,

i th ad p r ev iou s ly h e ld d u r ing t h e S exen io .

i n te l lec tua l d eve lopmen t , a l so f r u s t ra ted t h e

C on sequen t ly ,

i n ten t ion s o f t h e

t h e

l o ca l

e cc le s ia s t ica l

w h ich

i mpeded

f r ee

S pan ish A n th ropo log ica l

h i e ra r chy , who w an ted t o r e cove r i t s l o s se s ,

S oc ie ty i n1 865 t oi n s t i tu t iona l ize t h es t udy o f

w a s o n o cca s ions mo re c omba t ive t h an t h e

p reh is tory i n t h e c oun t ry , o r t h e e ven l e ss

V a t ican i t se lf a c tua l ly d e s ired , a nd t h is s eem s

s ucce s sf u l

t o h ave b een t h e c a se i n t h e C ana ry I s land s

P reh is to r ic

( Sanchez & P az , 1 988 : 2 8 -37 ) .

H ernändez , F . , 2 000 : 2 83) . T h is s ame c on tex t

p ro jec t

t o c r ea te

S oc ie ty

i n

1 868

a l so e xp la in s w hy Manue l I n

t h e

C ana r ie s

S pan ish

( He rnändez

S a le s y F er r

d eba te

b e tween

t r ad i t iona l is t s

t h e ref o re

o r igen d e l ac i v i l izac iön ( 1880 ) , w a se xc luded

c ame t o p e r son if y , i n ac e r ta in s ense , t h e

f r om o ff ic ia l a ccoun t s o fr e sea rch b ecau se h e

s u rv iva l o f t h e se c on t rove r s ie s w i th in t h e

r e jec ted o r thodoxy ( Que ro l ,

t h eo re t ica l

O r t iz , 2 00 1 : 2 76 ) 3;w hy V i lanova w a s r e f u sed

e vo lu t ion is t s

a nd

t h e

t h e

e nv ironmen t

r ep re sen ted

( 1843 19 10 ) ,

b y

t h e

a u tho r

o f P r eh i s tor ia y

2 00 1 :

1 48

y

t r ad i t iona l is t i d ea s o f t h e c l e rgy i n c onf l ic t

e n t ry

w i th l i be ra l a nd r a t iona l is t i d ea s . O bv iou s ly ,

( Aya rzagüena , 1 992 : 6 0 ) a nd w hy C a s iano d e

t h is c onf ron ta t ion w a s ac l ea rr ef lec t ion o ft h e

P rado

o t he r d i spu tes t ha t h ad b een t a k ing p l ace i n

s t ud ie s

t h e r e s t o ft h e c oun t ry , g iven t h e f a c t t ha t t h e

( Aya rzagüena , 2 000 : 9 ) . I n t h e c a se o f t h e

w ide sp read p opu la r isa t ion o f D a rw in ism i n

R oya l A cademy , " f ea r o ft h e a pe" , g ene ra ted

S pa in

h ad

e xp re s s ion ,

b egun

j u s t

f r eedom

a f te r

o f

f r eedom

t h e

p re s s

3

1 870s p rov ided t h e s cena r io f o r t h e m os t i n ten se a nd v i ru len t c on t rove r sy o n t h e t op ic , t ha t

t h e se

y V a l lo h e

h ad

A cademy

c oncea led b egun

t h e i n

o f H is to ry

p r eh is to r ic t h e

1 850 s

A l though t h e o r thodox s e c to r h ad r e je c t ed S a le s yF e r i* E lM u seo C ana r io , l o ya l t oi t ss c ien t if i c i d ea s , p ub l i shed h i s w o rk E s tado p r im i t i vo d e l H omb r e i n1 8 8 1 i ns e ve r a l a r t ic le s . I nt h i s w o rk , w h ich c ha l lenge s G ene s i s , t h e a u tho r a pp roa ched v a r iou s q ue s t ions s u ch a s t h e e x i s t ence o f p r im i t ive m an , t h e s a vage n a tu r e o f t h e f i r s t m embe r s o f t h e h uman r a ce a nd t h e i r g r adua l e vo lu t ion f r om t h i s f i r s t s t age t o al a t e r b a rba r ic p ha se a nd f i na l ly t o ac i v i l ized p ha se .

a nd

R evo lu t ion o f 1 868 . T h is m ean t t h a t t h e

i t i s c er ta in

R oya l

o f

e duca t iona l f r eedom s w e re i n s t i tu ted w i th t h e

a l though

t o t h e

d eba te s

1 02

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy a nd i t s r epercu ss ions o n C anar ian s c ien t if ic p roduc t ion

b y t h e a ppea rance o f e vo lu t ion is t d oc t r ine s

h ave t h e m a jo r i ty s uppo r t o f t h e t r ad i t iona l

a nd t h e n ew s o f p r im i t ive m an , m ean t t h a t

p owe r g roup s , w ho h ad e conom ic a nd s oc ia l

a cadem ic a c t iv i t ie s h ad t o b e a u tho r ized b y

c on t ro l .

t h e a pp rova l o f t h e a pp rop r ia te C omm is s ion f o r s t ud ie s a nd p ro to -h i s to r ica l monumen t s ,

T o

a nd t h is w a s l a te r f o l lowed b y ac i rcu la r i n

c on t ro l ,

w h ich

i l i te racy r a te r e g is te red o n t h e i s land s i nt h e

a l

t h e

C omm is s ion s i n f o rma t ion

p rov inc ia l

w e re a nd

Monumen t s

o rde red

c a ta logue

a l

t h is

s t rong s hou ld

m ea su re

o f e cc le s ia s t ica l

a l so

a dded

b e

t h e

h i gh

g a the r

1 9t h c en tu ry ( t he c en su s o f 1 860 g i ve s u s t h e

m an -made

o ff ic ia l f i gu re o f 8 9 .9% r e g i s te red i l i te ra te s )

t o

o b jec t s o r ig ina t ing i n S pa in ( Pe i rö ,

1 998 :

( Br i to , 1 989 a :

1 9 ) . T h is g oe s al o ng w ay

4 4 )4. C e r ta in ly t h e c on se rva t ive a cadem ic

t owa rd s

c i r c le s i np owe r , d i d n o t f a vou rt h e e x is tence

r e s t r ic ted t ot h eC ana r ian i n te l lec tua l m ino r i ty

o f a ny s t anda rd s f o r t h e d i s sem ina t ion a nd

( c on s is t ing o ft h e c l e rgy , t h e a r is toc racy , t h e

a ccep tance

t h e

b ou rgeo i s t r ade r s a nd t h e b u reauc ra t s ) a nd

o ff ic ia l w o r ld v i ew . A s 0 . B r i to h a s p o in ted

m a rg ina l ized t h e m a jo r i ty o f t h e p opu la t ion .

o u t( 1989 a:9 1-92 )t h e p u lp i t ,t h e c onf e s s iona l

T he v a r iou s s c ien t if ic w o rk s c i rcu la ted mo re

b ox a nd t h e p ub l ic d i a t r ibe w ou ld e nd u p

w ide ly a mong s t t h is m ino r i ty a nd w e re b e t te r

b ecom ing t h e f a vou red w eapon s i n t h is w a r

r e ce ived b y t h em , t h ank s t o p ub l ica t ion s l i ke

a ga in s t t h e i n s ta l la t ion o f i n f amou s a t he i s t

t h e R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s , E l Mu se° C ana r io

d oc t r ine st h a tw e re u nho ly a nd c on t ra ry t ot h e

a nd L aI l u s t rac iön C anar ia , i na dd i t ion t ot h e

w i l l o fG od . I nt h i s b a t t le , t h e C hu rch w ou ld

l o ca l p r e s s t h a t h ad b egun o n t h e A rch ipe lago

o f i d ea s

t h a t

c ha l lenged

e xp la in ing

w hy

t h e

d eba te

w a s

i n1 833 , w hen t h e l i be ra l p o l i t ica l r e g ime w a s I n 1 890 , a f te r V i lanova e n te red t h e R oya l A cademy ( 1889 ) , a f te r t h e p ub l ica t ion o fh i s f i r s t a r t ic le " P ro toh i s to r ia e spaf io la" ( 1889 ) i n t h e B o l e t in d e l aR ea l A cad em ia d e l aH i s to r ia , a nd a f t e r t h e d i s sem ina t ion o fG eo log ia y p reh i s tor ia i Nr ica s ( 1890 ) b y V i lanova a nd d e l aR ada ( a w o rk t h a t m a rked t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e n ew H i s to r ia G enera ld eE spana ) ,t h eA cademy s t a r ted t o a ccep t p r eh is to ry a s a" b ranch" o f h i s to r ica l k now ledge . C on s ide r ed c omp lemen ta ry t oh i s to r ica l a r chaeo logy , t h e u sef u lne s s o f g eo log ica l a nd p a leon to log ica l d i scove r ie s w a s a l so r e cogn ized , s i nce i tw a s c on s ide red t h ey h e lped t or e vea l t h e a u then t ic h i s to r ic p r inc ip le so ft h e S pan ish n a t ion , i nc on junc t ion w i th t h e t r ue p r inc ip le s b eh ind t h e h uman s pec ie s . A n ton io C änova s , t h e d i rec to r o f t h e A cademy a t t h e t ime a nd i n vo lved i n t h is r e v iva l , w ou ld e ven tua l ly q ue s t ion t h e m y th o f T uba l , t h e f i r s t s e t t le r i nS pa in , p o in t ing o u t t h a t o ur p ref er r ed s e t t ler n ece s sa r i ly h a st og i ve w ay t o m en t h a t w e r ea l ly k now h ad l i ved , a l though w e k now n o th ing o ft h e ir n ame so re v en w he ther t h ey u s ed t h em , n o r t h e i r u ncomp l ica ted a nd m o re i n s t inc t ive r a t iona l a c t ion s ( c i ted b y P e i rö , 1 998 : 4 4 -45 ) .

4

e s tab l ished . B o th j ou rna ls a nd n ew spape r s b ecame t h e m ean s b y w h ich a s ub s tan t ia l a moun t o f t h e i s land ' s s c ien t if ic p roduc t ion w a s d i s sem ina ted a nd t ow h ich a lmo s t a l t h e i n te l lec tua ls d eve lopmen t

c once rned

w i th

c on t r ibu ted .

s c ien t if ic

B o th

a l so

c on s t i tu ted t h e b a s is f r om w h ich t h e d eba te o n t h e e a r ly c o lon iza t ion o ft h e C ana r ie s w a s d eve loped .

SC HO LARLY A ND NATURALIST P ARAD IGM S

F rom w ha th a sb een d i scu s sed s of a r , i tc an b e o b se rved t h a t i tw a s C h i l w ho f i r s t a pp l ied e vo lu t ion i sm

1Al

t o s t ud ie s

o n

t h e

C ana r ian

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C ana ry I s land s

i n d igenou s

t h e

n o r t h e d ogma s f i rm ly e s tab l ished b y t h e

f o unda t ions o n w h ich t h e p r ecep t s o f t h e

C hu rch . F o r t h e s ame r e a son , t h e o p in ion o f

C hu rch r e s ted a nd , a t t h e s ame t ime , t h e

a no the r a u tho r , C on rado R od r iguez Ma r t in

d i f f e ren t c o lon iza t ion t h eo r ie s p r e sen t i nt h e

( 1997 : 1 74 ) m ake s n o s e nse a ta l , s i nce h e

w r i t ten s ou rce s , a lmo s t a l o f w h ich w e re

s e conded F e rnando E s tevez a nd c on s ide red

b a sed

t h a t

o n

w o r ld ,

t h e

t h u s

q ue s t ion ing

J ew ish -Ch r i s t ian

t r ad i t ion .

t h e

n i ne teen th -cen tu ry

d eba te

o n

H oweve r , h e w a s n o tt ob e t h e o n ly a cadem ic

c o lon iza t ion d i d n o t a f f ec t b e l ief s o rr e l ig iou s

t o d o s o . T he C ana r ian i n te l lec tua l e l i te w a s

p o s i t ion s . C on t ra ry t ot h is , a n a na lys is o ft h e

a l so

w o rk s o f G r ego r io C h i l yN a ran jo , C a r lo s

r e cep t ive t o n ew

s c ien t if ic t h eo r ie s ,

m ean ing t h a t D a rw in ism w a s a s s im i la ted , o r

P i za r ro so y B e lmon te , Manue l d e O s suna y

a t l e a s t w a s k nown t o h ave b een r e f u ted ,

V an d en H eede , R o sendo G a r c ia R amo s ,

a l though i ti st r ue t h a t i nt h e c a se o fT ene r if e ,

A n ton io Ma r ia Man r ique , e t c . r e vea ls h ow

t h e

t h e r e w e re , i nf a c t , r e l ig iou s , i d eo log ica l a nd

r e cep t ion

o f

e vo lu t ion ism

w a s

n o t

a ccompan ied b y s u ch a p ub l ic o u tc ry a s t h e

p o l i t ica l

o ne p roduced b y t h e v i ru len t p o lem ic s o f

t h eo re t ica l f o cu s a dop ted w hen e xp la in ing t h e

G ran C ana r ia . T he t o p ic o ft h e e a r l ie s t h uman

e a r ly c o lon iza t ion o ft h e C ana r ie s a nd , i nt h e

c o lon iza t ion o f t h e C ana r ie s w a s t h e r ef o re

l a s t i n s tance , t h e o r ig in o ft h e f i r s t i n hab i tan t s

d eba ted b y t wo o ppo s ing c amp s i n t h e l a s t

o ft h e i s land s ( Fa r ru j ia , 2 004 a ) . N ever the le s s ,

t h i rd o ft h e 1 9t h c en tu ry : t h e o ne r e p re sen ted

t h e f a c tt h a tt h is d eba te t o ok p l ace i n al a nd o f

b y

i d eo log ica l ,

t h e

i n s is ted

e vo lu t ion i s t s o n

i n d igenou s

t h e

o r

p o s i t iv is t s ,

r e la t ion sh ip

C ana r ian

b e tween

p opu la t ion

a nd

w ho

p r e jud ice s

w h ich

p o l i t ica l

i n f luenced

a nd

t h e

r e l ig iou s

t h e

c onf ron ta t ion

t h e

o u t s ide t h e a cadem ic e nv ironmen t 5;a l though

d oe s n o t

i mp ly t h a t

i t l a y

E u ropean p r eh is to r ic s e t t le r s , i no ppo s i t ion t o

i t d oe s e xp la in t h e e xce s s ive ly

t h eo ne c ompo sed o fc r ea t ion is t s a nd C a tho l ic

n a tu re

t r ad i t iona l is t s

s uppo r ted m onogen i sm

a n th ropo log ica l l i t e ra tu re d eve loped i n t h e

a nd i n s is ted o n p l ac ing t h e o r ig in s o f t h e

C ana r ie s b e tween t h e e nd o ft h e 1 9t h c en tu ry

i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le i nt h e N ea r E a s t ,

a nd t h eb eg inn ing o ft h e2 0t h.

w ho

b y r e la t ing t h em t o t h e

o f

I n

c onnec t ion

( e vo lu t ion is t s s i tua t ion ,

w h ich

a r chaeo log ica l

a nd

b i b l ica l r a ce s ( t he

P hoen ic ian sa nd C anaan i te s ) .

T h is

t h e

i d ea l i s t ic

w a s

r ef lec ted

w i th

v e r su s

t h is

d i cho tomy

t r ad i t iona l is t s ) ,

i t i s

i n

n ece s sa ry t op o in t o u t t h a t i nS pa in , a s i nt h e

h i s to r iog raph ica l p r oduc t ion a tt h e e nd o ft h e

r e s t o f E u rope , t h e c onf ron ta t ion b e tween

1 9t h c en tu ry , m ake s i ti mpo s s ib le t o s uppo r t

t h e se m en ta l i t ie s o r i d eo log ie s w a s r ef lec ted

t h e o p in ion s o f F e rnando E s tevez ( 1 987 : T he t e rm " a cadem ic " s h ou ld b e u nd e r s tood i n t h i s c o n t ex t i n c o nn e c t ion w i th t h e C a na r ian m u seo log ica l a n d s c ien t if i c i n s t i tu t ion s ( E lM u s eo C ana r io a n d t h e G ab in e t e C i en t (co ) w ho s e m emb e r sw e r ei n vo lv ed i nt h i sd eba t e .

1 64 ) , f o r e xamp le , w ho c on s ide red t h a t t h e

5

o r ig in o ft h e G uanche s w a s ap rob lem t h a td i d n o t a f f ec t t h e m a in b ody o fr e l ig iou s t h ough t ,

1 04

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy a nd i t sr epercu s s ion so nC ana r ian s c ien t i f ic p roduc t ion

i nt wo d i f f e ren t mode ls : t h e s c ho la r ly a nd t h e

l a s t a u tho r n amed , t h e mode l w a s d ef in i te ly

n a tu ra l is t . T ho se i n f a vou r o f t h e n a tu ra l is t

e c lec t ic . H oweve r , t h e p o s i t iv is t a u tho r s , o r

p a rad igm c a r r ied o u t p r eh i s to r ic r e sea rch i n to

t h o se i nf a vou r o fe vo lu t ion ism , d eve loped a

t h e P a leo l i th ic , N eo l i th ic o r B ronze A ge a nd ,

mode l t h a t l a y b e tween e r ud i te a nd n a tu ra l is t

a s p a laeon to logy a nd a n th ropo logy h ad b een

d i scou r se . T h i s w a s d ue , o n t h e o ne h and , t o

s i nce

t h e

t h e ir

v e ry

b eg inn ing s

r e la ted

t o

i mpo r tance

o f w r i t ten

s ou rce s

( bo th

p r eh is to r ic s t ud ie s , t h e l e ad ing f i gu re s w e re

c l a s s ica l a nd e t hnog raph ic ) a tt h e e nd o ft h e

b a s ica l ly

( g eo log is t s ,

1 9f ic en tu ry a nd , o nt h eo t he rh and ,t ot h e f a c t

p a laeon to log i s t s , e t c . ) o r t h e a n th ropo log is t s

t h a t a r chaeo log ica l a nd g eo log ica l r e sea r ch

t h em se lve s . D ue t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h ey w e r e

h ad

l i nked t o N a tu ra l H i s to ry , t h e i r s t ud ie s u sed

A cadem ic s l i ke G rego r io C h i l yN a ran jo a nd

t h e

t h e

n a tu ra l i s t s

b a re ly

d eve loped

o n

t h e

i s land s .

a s

g eo logy

a nd

J uan B e thencou r t A lf onso a nd i n te l lec tua ls

t h e i r

t h eo r ie s

a nd

l i ke A gu s t in M i l la re s T o r re s a nd R o sendo

h ypo the se s w e re b a sed o nt h em a te r ia ls f ound

G a r c ia R amo s ( Fa r ru j ia , 2 004 a ) b e longed t o

o n a r chaeo log ica l d i g s . O n t h e o t he r h and ,

t h e l a t te rg roup .

s ame

m e thod s

p a la eon to logy

a nd

s i nce t h ey c on s ide red t h a t m an ' s o r ig in w a s n o t s or emo te ,t h o se i nf a vou ro ft h e s cho la r ly

I ti sn ece s sa ry t op o in to u t , i nc onnec t ion w i th

p a rad igm b a sed t h e i r s t ud ie s o n p ro toh is to r ic

t h i s d i cho tomy , t h a t w h i ls t C h i t a nd t h e o t he r

t ime s

t e x t s ,

i n te l lec tua ls f r om G ran C ana r ia w ho w e re

p h i lo log ica l i s sue s , c o in s o r i n scr ip t ion s . F o r

a s soc ia ted w i th E l Mu seo C ana r io ( M i l la r e s

t h is

w e re

T o r r e s , Ma r t inez E scoba r , e t c . ) w e r e f am i l ia r

H uman i t ie s

w i th t h e o u t l ine s o fc u l tu ra l e vo lu t ion i sm a nd

a nd

r e a son ,

a s soc ia ted ( Aya rzagüena ,

i n ve s t iga ted

t h e

c l a s s ica l

l e ad ing

w i th 1 990 a :

t h e 2 1 ,

f i gu r e s

1 992 :

h ad d eve loped r e sea r ch t e chn ique s i np hy s ica l

5 3 -58 ;

S chnapp , 1 99 1 , 1 999 : 3 10 -311 , 2 002 : 1 35 ;

a n th ropo logy ;

K ae se r , 2 002 : 1 7 1172 ) .

s cho la r s

i n

T ene r if e ,

a s soc ia ted

t h e

w i th

v a r iou s

a r chaeo logy

( O s suna , B e thencou r t , P i za r roso , e t c . ) , o n t h e I n t h e C ana r ian e nv i ronmen t t h is d i cho tomy

o t he r

w ou ld a l so b e d eve loped , a l though

i t i s

a n th ropo logy b u t p a id p a r t icu la r a t ten t ion t o

t h e

p h i lo logy a nd t o d eve lop ing w o rk s w h ich

s cho la r ly a nd t h en a tu ra l is tp a rad igm sb ecame

w e re d ef ined b y t h e i r i d ea l ism a nd l a ck o f

b l u r red o n m o re t h an o ne o cca s ion . I n t h is

p o s i t iv ism .

s en se , t r ad i t iona l is t a u tho r s s uch a s Manue l

a u tho r s f r om G ran C ana r ia a dop ted ar e sea rch

d e O s suna y V an d en H eede , A n ton io Ma r ia

mode l

Man r ique a nd C a r lo s P i za r ro so y B e lmon te ,

e r ud i te p a rad igm s , t h e i r t h eo r ie s o n t h e e a r ly

d ue t o t h e ir a cadem ic t r a in ing , i d eo logy a nd

c o lon iza t ion

c oncep t s o f h i s to ry , a lway s

d i f f e ren t f r om t ho se o u t l ined b y mo s t o ft h e

c e r ta in

t h a t

t h e

b ounda r ie s

b e tween

f o l lowed t h e

h and ,

t h a t

a l so

r e so r ted

I n o t he r w o rd s ,

l a y

b e tween

o f t h e

1 05

p hys ica l

a l though

n a tu ra l i s t ic

C ana r ie s

a u tho r s f r om T ene r if e .

s cho la r ly mode l , a l though i nt h e c a se o ft h e

t o

w e re

t h e

a nd

v e ry

T h is d i spa r i ty o f

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

a pp roache s a l so h ad a n i nf luence i nt e rm s o f

T h is e xp la in s t h e v e ry d i f f e ren t c oncep t s o f

o t he r v e ry c onc re te a spec t s . F o r e xamp le , i n

t h e f i r s tc o lon iza t ion o ft h eC ana r ie s t h a tw e re

t h e c a se o f t h e a u tho r s f r om T ene r if e , t h e

d eve loped

c on se rva t ism a nd l a ck o fp o s i t iv ism , t o ge the r

( Ga r c ia R amo s , O s suna , B e thencou r t A lf on so

w i th t h e p o l i t ica l s i tua t ion i t se lf ( t he c a se f o r

o r P i za r ro so ) , a s o ppo sed t o t h e u n if o rm

d i v is ion i n to p rov ince s ) w e re f a c to r s t h a t

a r gumen t s a nd h ypo the se s o u t l ined b y C h i l o r

u l t ima te ly

M i l la r e sf r om C ana r ia .

i n f luenced

t h e ir

c o lon iza t ion

b y

t h e

a u tho r s

f r om

T ene r if e

t h eo r ie s 6.A no the r f a c to r t h a t h ad a d i rec t i mpa c to n t h is i d eo log ica l a nd m e thodo log ica l

I t i s t r ue , n eve r the le s s , t h a t i n E l Mu seo

c onf ron ta t ion

i n te l lec tua l

C anar io , a s i no t he r S pan ish i n s t i tu t ion s l i ke

c ommun i ty o f T ene r if e a nd t h a t o f G ran

t h e S pan i sh S oc ie ty o fN a tu ra l H i s to ry , t h e r e

C ana r ia w a s t h e l a ck o ft h eo re t ica l c ohe s ion

w e re a u tho r s w ho f a vou red t h e c r ea t ion is t

a t t h e

s c ien t if ic

a r gumen t , a s w a s t h e c a se w i th Em i l iano

i n s t i tu t ions s uch a st h eG ab ine te C ien t i f ico , a s

Ma r t inez d e E scoba r . N eve r the le s s , w h i ls t i n

o ppo sed t ot h e g r ea te r t h eo r e t ica l u n i ty o fE l

t h is S oc ie ty t h is d i spa r i ty o fa pp roa che s g ave

Mu seo

r i se

b e tween

h ea r t

o f

C anar io .

i n te l lec tua ls

t h e

t h e

T ener if e

T he ref o re ,

a s soc ia ted

w h i ls t

w i th

E l

t h e

Mu seo

t o t h e

l i t e ra tu re

d eve lopmen t

t h a t

w a s

o f a s c ien t if ic

t r ad i t iona l

a nd

a n t i -

C anar io d eve loped t h e ir c o lon iza t ion t h eo r ie s

D a rw in i s t i nn a tu re , a nd c o -ex is ted a l ong s ide

o n

e vo lu t ion i s t

t h e

b a s is

m e thodo log ica l T ene r if e ,

t h e

o f

s im i la r

a r gumen t s g r ea te r

l e ve l

t h eo re t ica l c u r ren t

i n

l i t e ra tu r e

( Pe layo ,

1 999 ) ,

t h e

s ame s i tua t ion d i d n o t o ccu r i nt h e c a se o fE l

o f t h eo re t ica l

Mu seo

C anar io .

E ven

d i scoun t ing

t h e

d i spa r i ty g ave r i se t o d i ve rg ing a nd , o n

s c ien t if ic c on t r ibu t ion o fE scoba r , i tw a s n o t

o cca s ion , c on t rad ic to ry c o lon iza t ion t h eo r ie s .

o n ly

r i d icu lou s

i n c ompa r ison

w i th

t h e

c on t r ibu t ion s o fa u tho r s l i ke C h i l o rM i l la re s , I n c onnec t ion w i th t h is c a se , i ti sn ece s sa ry t o p o in t o u t t h a t t h e a u tho r s o pposed t ot h e d iv is ion o f t h e C ana r ian A rch ipe lago i n to t wo p rov ince s , s uch a s Manue l d e O s suna o r J uan B e thencou r t , i n s is ted o n a rgu ing f o rt h ep reh is to r ic c o lon iza t ion o f t h e C ana r ie s b y d if e ren t e t hn ic a nd r a c ia l g roup s t h a t w ou ld h ave f o rmed a g r ea t A t lan t ic c i v i l iza t ion , u n ique a nd c ommon t oa l t h e i s lands . Obv iou s ly ,t h is a rgumen tw a so ppo sed , b y i t sv e ry n a tu re , t o t h e d iv is ion o ft h e C ana r ie s b ecau se i t f i rm ly b e l ieved t ha t t h e i s lands h ad b een p a r t o fa c u l tu ra l u n icum s i nce t h e f a rd i s tan t p a s t ( Fa r ru j ia , 2 002 ) . A tt h ee nd o ft h e 1 9t h c en tu ry ,t h ec ap i ta l o f t h e a r ch ipe lago w a s i n T ene r if e , t oge the r w i th a lmo s t a l l t h e c en t re s o f e conom ic a nd p o l i t ica l p owe r . W i th t h e d i v is ion o f t h e C ana r ian A rch ipe lago i n to t wo p rov inces , t h e p o l i t ic ian s o f t h e i s land o fG ran C ana r ia ( whe re t h eo t he rc ap i ta l w ou ld h ave b een e s tab l ished ) w an ted t op u ta ne nd t o t h e h egemony o f T ene r if e a nd t o monopo l ize p ar to fi t se conom ic a nd p o l i t ic a lp owe r .

6

1 06

b u t

a l so

e c l ip sed

b y

t h e

p r eva i l ing

e vo lu t ion is ts e c to r i nt h e L a s P a lma s m u seum i n s t i tu t ion .

C on t ra ry t o t h e s i tua t ion i nt h e C ana r ie s , i n t h e p en in su la r e nv i ronmen t t h e a u tho r s i n c ha rge

o f p r eh is to r ic

a nd

a r chaeo log ica l

s t ud ie s , e xcep t ing F ranc isco Ma r ia T ub ino y O l iva ( 1 834 1888 ) , w e re c l ea r ly c r ea t ion is t s . T h i s i n c luded J uan V i lanova y P i e r a ( 1 82 11 893 ) , J o sé Amado r d e l o s R io s yS er rano ( 1 8 18 1878 ) , Manue l d e G öngo ra y Ma r t inez ( 1 822 1884 ) , J uan d e D ios d e l a R ada y

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy a nd i t sr epe rcu s s ion so nC ana r ian s c ien t if i cp roduc t ion

D e lgado ( 1827 190 1) , F e rnando F u lgo s io y

w ha t t h e o r ig in s o f t h e i n d igenou s C ana r ian

C a ra sca ( 1831187 1) a nd J oaqu in R ub iö y

p eop le m ay h ave b een , s i nce , a sh e a f f irmed ,

O r s( 1 8 18 1899 ) . E ven a tt h eb eg inn ing o ft h e

at umu lu s , ac arved o r p o l i shed s t one , o r a

2 0t h c en tu ry s t aunch d ef ence s o fc r ea t ion i sm

p o t t ery f ragmen t , e t c . e t c . , ( .) p rov id e am or e

w e re

v a r iou s

c er ta in a nd p o s i t ive t y pe o fd a ta t h an m any o f

i n s t i tu t ion s a s soc ia ted w i th p r eh i s to r ic a nd

t h e a nc ien t w r i t ing s t h a t a r e j u s t b r i l l ian t ly

a r chaeo log ica l s t ud ie s , s uch a s t h e R oya l

e mbe l l i shed l i t erary w ork s ( Ch i l , 1 880 : 2 37 ) .

A cademy

H oweve r , i n s p i te o f t h is p o s i t ion , C h i l y

c ommon .

o f

Mo r eove r ,

H is to ry

o r

t h e

t h e

N a t iona l

A r chaeo log ica l Mu seum , g ene ra l ly f a vou red

N a ran jo o r B e thencou r t A lf on so , w ho w e re

c r ea t ion is t

t h e

d oc to r s n o t a r chaeo log i s t s , n eve r m anaged t o

s cho la r ly p a rad igm ( Aya rzagüena , 1 990 a : 2 1 ;

s a t isf ac to r i ly i n te rp re t t h e s t r ic t ly a r chaeo lo -

1 992 : 6 4 , 1 994 : 4 2 -44 ; C eb r iä e ta l . , 1 99 1 : 8 0

g i ca l i n f o rma t ion t o w h ich t h ey h ad a cce s s ,

E s t6vez & V i la , 1 999 : 1 3 ) . T h i s w a s d ue t o

u n l ike

t h e

E u ropean

t h eo r ie s

a nd

p r edom inance

c on sequen t ly

o f

t h e

c on se rva t ive

o t he r

s cho la r s

a nd

i n te l lec tua ls

w ho

c on tempo ra ry w e re

m o re

o f

s ucce s sf u l i nt h is r e spec t . T he ref o re , a s C h i l

c ou r se , t h e m a in ly c on se rva t ive n a tu r e o f1 9t h

p o in ted o u t s oon a f t e rh i s v i s i tt ot h e c ave s o f

c en tu ry

G uayadeque ,

b ou rgeo i s ie

i n t h e se

S pan ish

i n s t i tu t ion s ,

s oc ie ty ,

a s w e l l

a nd

a s t h e

h e

c ou ld

o n ly

a dm i re

t h e

u nque s t ionab le r o le o f C a tho l ic i sm . I n t h e

i mpo s ing r ema in s o f ap eop le w ho se o r ig in I

c a se o ft h e C ana r ie s , a l though i ti st r ue t h a t

t r i ed u n succe s sf u l ly t o u nd er s tand , i n t h a t

t h e s oc ia l a nd r e l ig iou s c on tex t w a s i d en t ica l ,

r ough l a nd f u l l o fs ec re t s ( Ch i l , 1 880 c : 1 62 ) .

t h e

c l ea r ly

T he o n ly o b jec t ive a r chaeo log ica lc onc lu s ion s

p r edom inan t i nE l Mu seo C anar io ( ap r iva te

h e c ou ld r e ach c ame f r om d i rec t o b se rva t ion

i n s t i tu t ion ) a nd i n t h e G ab ine t e C ien t if i co .

o f i n d igenou s G uayadeque b u r ia ls ( t ha t i st o

A l so , t h e r e la t ion sh ip s e s tab l ished w i th t h e

s a y , o f a n th ropo log ica l e v idence ) , a nd t h is

F rench a cadem ic c en t r e s , e spec ia l ly b y E l

w ou ld

Mu seo C anar io ,e n su r ed ag r ea te ro penne s s .

i n f o rma t ion c on ta ined i nt h e w r i t ten s ou rce s ,

l i be ra l

b ou rgeo i s ie

w e re

o n ly

a low

h im

t o q ue s t ion

b ecau se TH EM ETHODO LOG ICAL F RAMEWORK : A RCH AEOLOGY

T he

d eve lopmen t

o f

a r chaeo logy

a s

a

d i sc ip l ine i nt h e C ana r ie s c a nno tb e u nde r s tood i ni s o la t ion f r om p hys ica l a n th ropo logy , a s I h ave a l ready a r gued i nc hap te rt wo . T h is w a s n o t , h oweve r , a n o b s ta c le f o r a n a u tho r l i ke C h i l , w ho e mpha s ized t h e n eed t o r e so r t t o a r chaeo log ica l s t ud ie s i n o r de r t o d e te rm ine

1 07

C on t ra ry t o w ha t h a s s o f a r b een b e l ieved , t h e a nc ien t C ana r ian s d i d n o t a lway s d i s t r ibu te t h ec o rp se ss ot h a tt h ey w e re p o in t ing i n t h e s ame d i rec t ion , n o r d i d t h ey s eg rega te t h e s exe s , s i nce w e h ave f ound t h em i nc on s ide rab le n umbe r s , i n t h e ir o r ig ina l v e s tmen t s , m ixed a nd l y ing i nd i f f e ren t d i rec t ion s , w i thou t e i the r t h e s eg r ega t ion o r t h e o rde r a nd s y mme t ry t h a t a l l o u r h i s to r ian s c on s tan t ly r e f e r t o

t h e

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s

w hen d e sc r ib ing [ Ch i l , 1 880 c : 4 ]

t h e

n a t ive s .

b y m embe r s o f E l Mu seo C ana r io o r t h e G ab ine t e C ien t i f ico f o cu sed m a in ly o n t h e

O bv iou s ly , C h i l d i d n o t , o n t h e b a s i s o ft h i s o b se rved f u ne ra l r i t e , s ugge s t c h rono log ica l c u l tu ra l

p a ra l le l s

e nv i ronmen t s .

w i th

T h is

o t he r

e x t ra in su la r

p r eca r iou s

u se

o f

a r chaeo log ica l d a ta w a s i n f luenced b y C h i l ' s a cadem ic

t r a in ing , t h e

C ana r ian

a u tho r s '

n i ne teen th

i g no rance

c en tu ry o f

t h e

r e cove ry

a r cha eo logy . I tw a s n o t u n t i l t h e 1 880s , a f t e r E u ropean i n te rven t ion i nt h e n o r th o fA f r ica , t h a t t h e c o lon ia l is t a r chaeo logy d eve loped i n t h a t c on t inen t b egan t o p roduce

G rego r io C h i l yN a ran jo a r gued f o r t h e n eed t o c a r ry o u t a r cha eo log ica l e xp lo ra t ion s i n G ran

c l ea r

t h a t ,

g i ven

t h e

p a r t i san

p u rpo se

b ou rgeo is

a u tho r s ,

t h e

f r ame

o f

1 899 a ;

t h e

1 899 c,

( Ch i l , 1 882 : 2 9 1) . I n f a c t , o n 2 6d 1 M a r ch 1 886 , E l Mu seo C ana r io ( c o inc id ing w i th t h e e xp lo ra t ion s

u nde r taken

B a s sa s

G ran

i n

r e gu la t ion

b y

V ic to r

C ana r ia )

s t a t ing

t h a t

G rau -

a pp roved

t h e

a

e xp lo ra t ion s

d ec ided b y t h e B oa rd o f D i r ec to r s s hou ld b e u nde r taken . T he f o u r th a r t ic le o ft h e s t a tu te s a l so s p ec if ied t h a t i tw a s n ece s sa ry t ok eep a r e co rd b ook c on ta in ing a d e ta i led r e po r t o f t h e e xp lo ra t ion , s o t h a t a l l t h e m a t e r ia ls t h a t a r r ived

a t t h e

d ocumen ted

t h e B e rbe r s b u t t o t h e E u ropean p r eh i s tor ic

s ke tche s

s e t t le r s , t h e S em i t ic s o r t h e R oman p r e sence

Mu seum

w i th

a nd

w e r e

d e sc r ip t ion s ,

d r aw ing s

t h a t

p e rf ec t ly o u t l ine

w ou ld

h e lp

p r e se rve t h e s c ien t if ic v a lue o f t h e i t em s

i n t h e n o r th o f A f r ica . T he i n f luence o f l i t e ra tu re

1 882 ;

r e s t

e x tend k now ledge o f C ana r ian a r chaeo logy

n o t r e la te t h e f i r s t s e t t le r s i nt h e C ana r ie s t o

a r chaeo log ica l

( Ch i l ,

t h e

a nd t h e a u thor i ty o f t h e w r i t e r i n o rde r t o

r e f e r ence f o r t h e se c u l tu ra l r e la t ionsh ip s w a s

F r ench

i n

p rog re s s b eyond t h e i n terpr e ta t ion o f t e x t s

o f

l o ca ted i n E u rope . F o r t h is r e a son , C h i l d i d

a nd

1 899 d) ,b ecau se t h i s w a s t h e o n ly w ay t o

u nde r ly ing C h i l ' s s peech a nd a lmo s t a l t h e o t he r

C ana r ia

A r ch ip e lago

c u l tu ra l p a ra l le ls b e tween t h e C ana r ie s a nd t h e n o r th o fA f r ica , a l though i na ny c a se i ti s

r ema in s

i ns p i te o ft h is , i ti si mpo r tan tt op o in to u tt h a t

i t s f i r s t

r e su l t s . T h is h ampe red t h e e s tab l ishmen t o f

a n th ropo log ica l

d epo s i ted i nt h e i n d igenou s c ave t omb s . Y e t ,

a r cha eo log ica l s i tua t ion o n t h e i s land s a nd , o f c ou r se , t h e ir i g no rance o f N o r th A f r ican

o f

( A lzo la , 1 980 : 5 8 -59 ) .

a nd

c on sequen t ly o ft h e F r ench a u tho r s ' a r gumen t s T he se

o n i d en t i ty s hou ld a l so b e r emembe red , a st h e

m ea su re s

e nab led

a r cha eo log ica l

k now ledge o f G ran C ana r ia t o b e g r adua l ly

f o l low ing p age sw i l l s t re s s .

e x tended .

P r ev iou s ly

d ocumen ted

T o t h is w e s hou ld a dd t wo o t he r l im i ta t ion s :

a nd ,

u nknown s i te s w e r e

a t t h e

s ame t ime ,

t h e

a r chaeo log ica l i t em s t h a t w e re a cqu i red w e r e

t h e a t ta chmen t o f a lmo s t a l t h e C ana r ian

d epo s i ted

a u tho r s t op hy s ica l a n th ropo logy , a nd t h e f a c t

i n

t h e

mu seum

c o l lec t ion .

H oweve r , g i ven t h e a b sence o fa n a pp rop r ia te

t h a t t h e a r chaeo log ica l e xp ed i t ion s u nde r taken

m e thodo logy a nd t h e d a ted a t t i tude s o ft h o se

1 08

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy a nd i t sr epercu s s ion so nC ana r ian s c ien t if ic p roduc t ion

w ho c a r r ied o u t t h e w o rk , t h e a r chaeo log ica l

i n d emand ) , r e se rv ing t h e i n te rp re ta t ive o r

c on tex t o f t h e i t ems o b ta ined w a s i g no red .

d e sc r ip t ive

Mo reove r , t h e r e sea r ch c a r r ied o u t b y t h e

t h em se lve s . T he p r edom inance o f s c ho la r ly

C ana r ian a u tho r s l i nked t oE l Mu seo C ana r io

s t ud ie s t o t h e d e t r imen t o f f i e ld s t ud ie s a l so

a nd t h e G ab ine te C ien t if i co w a s s t i l l h eav i ly

a f f ec ted

i nf luenced b y p hys ica l a n th ropo logy .

d eve loped i nt h e i s land s , a si th appened i nt h e

p a r t

t h e

o f

t h e

d i scove r ie s

a r chaeo log ica l

f o r

r e sea rch

r e s t o f t h e n a t iona l t e r r i to ry , a s Ma r iano I n t e rm s

o f s c ien t if ic

d eve lopmen t ,

t h e

A ya rzagüena ( 1992 : 5 0 ) h a s p o in ted o u t . T h is

a r chaeo log ica l b ackwa rdne s s o ft h e C ana r ie s

w ho le

c an b e a l so e xp la ined b y t h e d i cho tomy t h a t

a n th ropo log ica l

e x is ted

s c ien t if ic

p l ayed s uch a n i mpo r tan t r o le i nd ef in ing t h e

f r amewo rk a nd t h a t o ft h e i s land s . Wh i ls t i n

o r ig in sa nd c u l tu r eo ft h ei n d igenou sC ana r ian

o t he r E u ropean c oun t r ie s s u ch a s F rance ,

p eop le , a l though i ti sc e r ta in t h a t t h e w r i t ten

d eep sea ted u n ive r s i ty r e f o rm s —w h ich t o ok

s ou r ce s

p l ace

p l ayed t h e ir p a r t .T h i s c on t inued t or ema in t h e

b e tween

i n t h e

t h e

E u ropean

1 870 s — h ad f a vou r ed t h e

s e r ie s

o f a nd

( c h ron ic le s ,

f a c to r s

e xp la in s

r a c io log ica l

h i s to r ie s ,

w hy

p r em ise s

e t c . )

a l so

d eve lopmen t o f a r chaeo logy , e ndow ing i t

c a se , e ven t h ough t h e s c ien t if ic i n s t i tu t ion s

w i th a s e r ie s o fc ha i r s a nd an ew " d iscou r se

a l ready e x is t ing i nT ene r if e a nd G ran C ana r ia

o fm e thod" ' a nd c r ea t ing p e rmanen t m is s ion s

h ad

b o th n a t iona l ly a nd a b road ( G ran -Ayme r ich ,

i n c luded a r chaeo log ica l m a te r ia ls .

b egun

t o

a s semb le

c o l lec t ion s

t h a t

2 00 1a : 2 67 -348 ) , i n S pa in , a nd t h e r ef o re i n t h e C ana r ie s , t h is p roce s s d i d n o t t a ke p l a ce ,

T he r o le o fa r chaeo logy i nt h e d eba te o n t h e

g i ven t h e c u l tu ra l b a ckwa rdne s s o f S pa in i n

e a r ly c o lon iza t ion o f t h e i s land s w a s v e ry

r e la t ion t o o t he r E u ropean c oun t r ie s . T h i s

p r eca r iou s . A rchaeo log ica l e v idence p l ayed

m ean t

a r chaeo logy

n o p a r t a t a l l i n a t temp t s t o e l uc ida te t h e

c on t inued t o b e am ino r i ty , n on -sc ien t if ic

p r ob lem o f t h e e a r ly c o lon iza t ion o f t h e

d i sc ip l ine ,

w ho

i s land s , i fw e d i scoun t t h e f r audu len t c a se o f

o r

t h e p o l ished a xe s o fE l Mu seo C anar io , t h a t

e xcava t ion w o rk t o at h i rd p a r ty ( a s w a s t h e

w e r e u sed a s e v idence f o r t h e p r e sence o f

c a se w i th t h e e nr i scador e s 8,w ho w e re g rea t ly

E u ropean N eo l i th ic m an i n t h e C ana r ie s ,

t h a t

g ene ra l ly

i n

t h e

r e se rved d e lega ted

i s land s

f o r t h e

s cho la r s f i e ld

w o rk

w hen i n f a c t t h is t ype o f a xe h ad b een i n t roduced i n to t h e C ana r ie s F r ench p r eh i s to r ic a r cha eo logy ,a sa l r eady n o t ed , h a d b e en o ff i c ia l ly r e cogn iz ed b ef o r e 1 8 70 a n d h ad ad e c i s ive i n f luence o nt h em e thod sa pp l ied t o c l a s s ica l o ro r ien ta l a r cha eo log y . T he v a l id i ty o f t h e t y po log ica l c l a s s if i ca t ion o f o b je c t s , t h e d e ta i led a s se s smen to ft h e i ra r cha eo log ica lc on t ex t a nd t h e n e ed t oc a r ry o u t m e t icu lou s d i g s w e r e t h e r ef o r e rc ogn iz ed . 8T h i st em , w a s u s ed t od e s c r ib e ap e r son w ho , i n o r de r t o s h ow o f h i s s k i l l s , w ou ld c l imb a nd 7

1 09

i n t h e

1 9t h

c en tu ry f r om P ue r to R ico ( Fa r ru j ia & A rco , 2 004 a) .

d e s cend t h e m o s t i n a c ce s s ib le a nd d i f f icu l t p e ak s o nt h ei s l a nd s .

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo log yi nt h e C ana ry I s land s

T he

l a ck

o f

i mpo r tance

a t t r ibu ted

t o

FR ENCH I MPER IAL IST A RCHAEOLOGY A ND

a r chaeo logy w a s d ue t o : a ) t h e a cadem ic

I T SI NFLUENCE O NT HE CA NAMAN A UTHOR S

t r a in ing o f a l t h e a u tho r s w ho i n te rvened i n t h e

d eba te

( Ch i l

a nd

B e thencou r t

w e re

A s m en t ioned i n t h e s e cond c hap te r , t h e

d oc to r s . P i za r ro so a l awye r , I r ene ( ) G onzä lez

i nf luence o f t h e F r ench f r ame o f r e f e r ence

a p h i lo log i s t ;

a nd

w a s c r u c ia l t ot h e g ene s is a nd d eve lopmen to f

Maff io t te , as a la r ied e mp loyee ) i . e . n one o f

a r chaeo logy a nd p hy s ica l a n th ropo logy i nt h e

t h em w e re a r chaeo log is t s , b ) t h e a b sence o f

C ana r ie s ,

a ny s c ien t if ic m e thodo logy a nd t h e f a c t t h a t

t h eo re t ica l p o in t o fv i ew . W i th in t h i s c on tex t ,

t h e m a in i n te re s t o f t h e e xped i t ion s w a s

t h e w o rk s o f t h e F r ench a u tho r s w e r e w e l l

f o cu sed o n t h e r e cove ry o f a n th ropo log ica l

r e ce ived b y C ana r ian i n te l lec tua ls , e spec ia l ly

a nd a r chaeo log ica l r ema in s , w h i ls t i g no r ing

t h e

t h e a r chaeo log ica l c on tex t ( t he a n t iqua r ian

V e rneau .

Man r ique

a t t i tude )

c ) t h e

l e ad ing

p hy s ica l

a n th ropo logy

a n o ta ry

r o le

p l ayed

i n s t ud ie s

o n

f r om

w o rk s

o f S ab in

a nd

B e r the lo t a nd

R ene

b y t h e

I n r e la t ion t o t h e l i nk s e s tab l ished b e tween

i n d igenou s w o r ld a nd d )t h e c on t inu ing t r end

F rench

t owa rd s

i mpo r tan t

i d eog raph ica l

a m e thodo log ica l

p e r spec t ive s

a nd

C ana r ian

t o

s t re s s

p r eh is to ry ,

t h a t

v a r iou s

i t i s f a c to r s

t h roughou t t h e 1 9t h c en tu ry , i n f luenced b y

i n f luenced

p o l i t ica l a nd i d eo log ica l p r e s su re s i n f a vou r

c on ta c t

o f

w h ich

s c ho la r s a nd t h e e a r ly r e la t ion sh ip e s tab l ished

c onf o rmed t o C h r i s t ian p r ecep t s . N o r s hou ld

b e tween t h e G uanche s a nd t h e C ro -Magnon

i tb e f o rgo t ten , a s p r ev iou s ly m en t ioned , t h a t

t y pe ( j u s t a f t e r i t s d i scove ry i n 1 868 ) a nd ,

a tt h a t t i me t h e a cadem ic i n s t i tu t iona l iza t ion

c on sequen t ly , w i th t h e

o fa r chaeo logy h ad n o t y e t t a ken p l ace i nt h e

e nv i ronmen t . I nt e rm s o fs c ien t if ic c on tac t s , i t

C ana r ie s , i n c on t ra s t w i th t h e s i tua t ion i n

s hou ld b e r emembe r ed t h a t a n a u tho r l i ke

o t he rE u ropean c oun t r ie s s uch a sF rance .

S ab in B e r the lo t l i ved i n t h e C ana ry I s land s

a " non -ma te r ia l is t ic

s c ience"

t h is

s i tua t ion ,

b e tween

p a r t icu la r ly

C ana r ian

a nd

t h e

F r ench

F rench p r eh is tor ic

f o rm o re t h an 2 5 y ea r s a nd p ub l ished s ome o f T h i s

f r u s t ra ted

a t temp t s t o c on so l ida te a

h i s a r t ic le s i n C ana r ian j ourna l s ( R ev i s ta d e

s c ien t if ic f o cu s f o ra r chaeo logy .N eve r the le s s ,

C anar ia s , f o r e xamp le ) . A t t h e s ame t ime ,

t h e n i ne teen th -cen tu ry g ene ra t ion h eaded b y

R ene V er neau s pen t s ome t ime a tE l Mu seo

C h i l yN a ran jo ,w ou ld b et h ef i r s tt oi n t roduce

C ana r io ,

a f a in t ly

C ana r ian

a n th ropo log ica l a nd a r chaeo log ica l m a te r ia l

a r chaeo log ica l a nd a n th ropo log ica l r e sea r ch ,

f r om t h e a nc ien t C ana r ian p opu la t ion s a nd

at e ndency t h a t h ad s t i l l n o t m a tu red b y t h e

p ub l ished s ome o f h i s a r t ic le s i n al o ca l

1 940 s , g i ven t h a t t h e s t a te o f k now ledge o n

j our na l , R ev i s ta d e E l Mu seo C ana r io . I n

t h e s ub jec t o f e a r ly c o lon iza t ion r ema ined

a dd i t ion , s ome C ana r ian a u tho r s , s u ch a s

s im i la rt ot h a to ft h e p r ev iou sc e rt u ry .

G rego r io

s c ien t if ic

t r end

i n to

10

w he re

C h i l

y

h e

s t ud ied

N a ran jo

a nd

t h e

J uan

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo log ya nd i t sr epercu s s ion so nC anar ian s c ien t i f ic p roduc t ion

B e thencou r t

A lf on so ,

s t ud ied

i n

F rance ,

t h e w o rk o f mo s t o ft h e l e ad ing c on tempo ra ry

w he re t h ey t o ok p a r t i ns eve r a l c onf e rence s ,

a u tho r s

a nd F rench p ub l ica t ion s c i r cu la ted w ide ly

d i gn if ied s t a tu sw i th in t h eh i s to ry o fh uman i ty

t h roughou t

f o rt h en a t ive so ft h e s e ven i s land s .

t h e

C ana r ie s .

T he

m a in

o n

t h e

s ub jec t :

t h e

r e cove ry

o f

c on sequence o fa l o ft h i s w a st h e a dop t ion o f F r ench s c ien t if ic p r em ise s b y t h e C ana r ian

A no the r s cho la r a s soc ia ted w i th E l Mu seo

a u tho r s a nd , t h e ref o r e , t h e d eve lopmen t o fa n

C ana r io , D iego R ipoche y T o r r ens ( 1880 ) ,

e t hnocen t r ic c oncep t o ft h e e a r ly i n hab i tan t s

w ou ld a l so d evo te s ome l i ne s t ot h e w o rk o f

o ft h ei s land s .

B e r the lo t ,

b u t

i n t h is

c a se

i n o rde r t o

e mpha s ise t h a t w eapon s h ad n eve r e x is ted i n T h is e xp la in s w hy t h e f i na l w o rk b y B er the lo t

t h et omb s o fL a I s le ta ( G ran C ana r ia )a nd t h a t

o n

c anar ienne s

t h e h ead s o f t h e s ke le ton s o r mumm ie s i n

( 1 879 ) w a s w e l l r e ce ived b y c on tempo ra ry

t h e se t omb s d i d n o t a lways p o in t n o r th ,

c r i t ic s .

c on t ra ry

t h e

C ana r ie s ,

A gu s t in

A n t iqu i tA

M i l la re s

T or re s

w ou ld

t o

B e r the lo t 's

d e scr ip t ion .

T he

e mpha s i se h ow t h e w o rk o ft h e F r ench a u tho r

F r ench C onsu l h ad a l so p o in ted o u t t h a t t h e

h ad c ome t o f i l l av o id w hen r e f e r r ing t ot h e

l i t h ic a xe s r e cove red f r om t h e se t omb sc l ea r ly

i n va s ion s t h a tu ndoub t ed ly t o ok p lace i nt i me s

e nab led l i nk s t o b e e s tab l ished b e tween t h e

t h a t a re i mpo s s ib l e t o d e t e rm ine h i s tor ica l ly

i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le a nd t h e C ro -

( .) a nd f or w h ich t h er ei sn ob ook e xc lu s ive ly

Magnon

r a ce .

H oweve r ,

d evo t ed t ot h e i r s t udy ( M i l la re s T o r re s , 1 99 1

R ipoche ,

t h e se

a r tef ac t s

[ 1 880 b] b : 3 72 ) .

d ocumen ted i n t h e t omb s ( R ipoche , 1 88 1 :

I n a dd i t ion , t h e C ana r ian

a u tho rw ou ld h i gh l igh tt h ef a c tt h a t

F ide l

p l a ce o f t h e

b een

F i ta y C o lome r w a s i n c ha rge o f

R ea l A cad em ia d e l a H i s tor ia ( 1883 ) , f o r w h ich h e w a s t h e c enso r . I nt h e w o rk s e n t b y B e r the lo tt ot h e A cademy , h e w ou ld h i gh l igh t t h e

r e la t ion sh ip s

t r og lody te

a nd

e s tab l ished

m ega l i th ic

w i th

monumen t s

t h e o f

A nda lu s ia , a nd b e tween t h e G uanche s a nd t h e b l ond L ibyan p opu la t ion s . I n o t he r w o rd s , F . F i ta ,

t h e

n o t

B e r the lo t ' s c on t r ibu t ion s t o t h e B o le t in d e l a

F o r M i l la re s , t h e ref o r e , t h e m o s t i mpo r tan t w a s

h ad

t o

3 4 1-342 ) .

T he q ue s t ion s t h a t a r e d eba ted i n t h e A n t iqu i t ie s a r e o f g rea t i n te re s t t o t h e a dvance o f t h e n a tu ra l s c ience s a nd mu s t u rgen t ly d raw t h ea t ten t ion o ft h e c u l tu r ed S oc ie t ie s o fE u rope a nd Ame r ica t oa na r ch ipe lago w ho se s t udy c an p rov ide a bundan t d a ta f o r t h e i r r e so lu t ion . ( . . ) T he i s land s ( . . ) w i l l s oon b e i n t h e v angua rd o f t h e f u tu re c i v i l iza t ion o f A f r ica [ M i l la r e s T o r re s , 1 99 1 ( 1880 )b:3 73 ] .

a spec t

a cco rd ing

f o l low ing

n a t iona l

i n d igenou s

a n a t iona l is t

h i s to ry ,

a pp roved

c oncep t t h e

i d ea

o f o f

c ommuna l o r ig ins f o r t h e i s land s a nd t h e

C ana r ian p eop le w i th in u n ive r sa l h i s to ry , a n

P en in su la d a t ing b ack t ot h e d i s tan t p a s t a nd

a spec t c l o se ly r e la ted t o a n i d ea u nde r ly ing

h e

1 1

t h e ref o re

s uppo r ted

t h e

n a t iona l is t

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s

d i scou r se a l ready d ef ended b y o t he r C ana r ian

A f r ican

( Be rbe r )

a u tho r s w ho w e re a s soc ia ted w i th t h e R oya l

e xp la in ing

A cademy o fH is to ry 9.

i s land s . H oweve r , i nt h e c a se o ft h e C ana r ie s ,

t h e

c on t r ibu t ion

w hen

c o lon iza t ion

o f t h e

e a r ly

t h eC e l t ic a r gumen tw a s e mp loyed f o rr e a son s T he

w o rk s

o f

t h e

a n th ropo log is t

R ene

V e rneau w e re a l so w e l l r e ce ived b y t h e

t h a t w e re r a d ica l ly d i f f e ren t t o t h e o ne s u nde r ly ing t h ew o rk o ft h e F r ench a u tho r s .

C ana r ian a u tho r s . T he c o lon iza t ion t h eo ry p ropo sed b y V e rneau i n vo lv ing t h ree w ave s

Manue l d e O s suna a nd J uan B e thencour t , a s

o fp opu la t ion s i s ag ood e xamp le o ft h is , a nd

p r ev iou s ly n o ted , w e re a ga in s t t h e d i v i s ion o f

i tw ou ld h o ld s way u n t i l w e l l i n to t h e 1 9t h

t h eC ana ry I s land s i n to t wo p rov ince s a nd t h is

c en tu ry . T he l i nk b e tween t h e i n d igenou s

l e d

C ana r ian s a nd t h e E u ropean C ro -Magnon

c o lon iza t ion o f t h e C ana r ie s . T he r e a son f o r

r a ce , at h eo ry p u t f o rwa rd b y B e r the lo t a nd

t h i s p o s i t ion i s o nce a ga in r e la ted t o t h e

s oon

V e rneau ,

p o l i t ica l c on tex t a tt h e t ime . F i r s t ly , O s suna

w ou ld b ecome , i nf a c t , t h e m a in p r em ise t ob e

a nd B e thencou r t h ad a ccep ted t h e I b e r ian -

f o l lowed b y t h eC ana r ian a u tho r s , w ho p l aced

C e l t ic c o lon iza t ion t h eo ry , w h ich w a s , i nf a c t ,

t h e f i r s t c o lon iza t ion o ft h e i s land s w i th in t h e

t h e a r gumen t u sed b y C a s t i l ian n a t iona l ism i n

N eo l i th ic p e r iod . D o n o t f o rge t , a s a l r eady

i t s c en t ra l is t p o l ic ie s ( Co r tade l la , 1 988 : 2 1 ;

b een s t a ted i n t h e s e cond c hap te r , t h a t t h e

T u i iön e ta l . , 1 994 : 1 34 ; R u iz Z apa te ro , 1 993 :

d i scove ry o f t h e C ro -Magnon r a ce a nd i t s

5 4 ) . F o rt h e s ame r e a son , o t he r c on t empo ra ry

a na tom ica l s im i la r i t ie s w i th t h e i n d igenou s

S pan ish a u tho r s s u ch a s S anpe r e yM igue l

C ana r ian p eop le i mp l ied t h e i r e x t rapo la t ion

a nd J o se Amado r d e l o s R io s h ad a r gued t h a t

w i th in

w ou ld

t h e c ha ra c te r o f t h e I b e r ian p eop le a nd t h e

f i na l ly l e ad t ot h e g r ea t E u ropean c i v i l iza t ion .

a u then t ic e t hn ic a nd c u l tu ra l s ub s t ra tum o ft h e

T h is l e d t o t h e G uanche m a te r ia l c u l tu re ,

w ho le I b e r ian P en in su la , h ad b een d e te rm ined

m o ra ls a nd c u s tom s b e ing o ve rva lued , t h u s

s i nce P r eh is to ry . I n t h e p a r t icu la r c a se o f

j u s t if y ing t h e i r d i gn i ty a nd , t h e ref o re , t h e i r

Amado r d e l o s R io s , t h e t h e s is b eh ind a l o f

i n co rpo ra t ion w i th in t h e m o s t p rog r e s s ive

h i s w o rk , b o th l i t e ra ry a nd a r cha eo log ica l ,

t r end s i nt h ee vo lu t ion o ft h eh uman r a ce s

w a s t h e e x i s tence o f ag r ea t I b e r ian c u l tu r e

a f t e rwa rd s

d eve loped

a h i s to r ica l

e vo lu t ion

b y

t h a t

t h a t

t h em

h ad

t o i n s is t o n

e ndu red

t h e

I b e r ian -Ce l t ic

t h roughou t

t h e

w ho le

A t t h e s ame t ime , t h e l i nk s b e tween t h e

P en in su la . T h is w a s r e la ted t ot h e p an Ibe r ian

i s land s

c en t ra l i s tm ovemen t , i nv ogue i nS pa in d u r ing

a nd

t h e

C e l t ic

p opu la t ion s

w e re

d ef ended b y a u tho r s l i ke Manue l d e O s suna

t h e

o r J uan B e thencou r t w ho , i n a dop t ing a n

( Aya rzagüena , 1 992 : 8 1 , 1 996 : 5 6 ) , w h ich

e t hnocen t r ic a nd r a c is t f o cu s , d i s rega rded t h e

w a s d i rec t ly r e la ted t o t h e n a t iona l i s t a nd

s e cond

h a lf

o f

t h e

1 9t h

c en tu ry

I b e r ian -Ce l t ic t h eo ry d ef ended b y O s suna a nd 9

S ee , i nc h ap t e ro ne ,t h ee p ig raph d ed ica ted t ot h e

B e thencou r t .

E n l igh tenmen t .

12

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy a nd i t sr epercu s s ion so n C ana r ian s c ien t i f ic p roduc t ion

T he c o lon iza t ion o f t h e i s land s b y ah i gh ly

c l ea r l i nk s t ot h e H ispan ic c o lon ia l p ro jec t i n

" Span ish" p eop le i mp l ied t h a t t h e c en t ra l

A f r ica .

G ove rnmen t

e s tab l i shed

s hou ld

i d en t if y

i t se lf

w i th

T h i s

u l t ima te ly b y

O s suna

e xp la in s a nd

t h e

l i nk

B e thencou r t

r e g iona l i s t i n te re s t s ( t he e x is tence o f o ne

b e tween t h e f i r s t s e t t le r s i nt h e C ana r ie s a nd

p rov ince

t h e

i n

t h e

C ana r ie s )

r a the r

t h an

m a jo r

E u ropean

c u l tu r e s ,

w h ich

d i v is ion is t o ne s , s i nce t h e u nde r ly ing e t hn ic

d i s rega rded t h eA f r ican ( Be rbe r )c on t r ibu t ion .

a nd c u l tu ra l u n i ty o n a l t h e i s land s w a s

B eh ind t h is c o lon iza t ion t h eo ry l a y ac l ea r ly

i d en t ica l t o t h e o ne t h a t s uppo sed ly e x i s ted

p a r t isan r e ad ing o ft h eC ana r ian s i tua t ion .

t h roughou t S pan ish t e r r i to ry . I ts hou ld a l so b e r emembe red t h a t t h e c en t ra l G ove rnmen t h ad

T he ref o r e , t op a raph ra se A l ison Wy l ie ( 1982 :

a c ted a s a" r ef e ree" i n t h e d eba te b e tween

1 24 ) a nd I a n B ank s ( 1996 : 1 0 ) , t h e a h is to r ic

T ene r if e

e t hn ic

a nd

G ran

C ana r ia ,

s i nce

b o th

u n i t

o u t l ined

b y

O s suna

a nd

l i t igan t s c on s ide red g ove rnmen ts uppo r t ak ey

B e thencou r th ad ac l ea rp o l i t ica l p u rpo se ;t h a t

f a c to r f o r t h e i r r e spec t ive p o in t s o f v i ew

i st os ay , t h e e t hn ic a r gumen t h ad b ecome a n

( No re f ia , 1 977 a : 7 3 -74 ) . I nt h is s i tua t ion , t h e

i d ea u sed w i th a c l ea r s oc io -po l i t ica l a nd

I b e r ian -Ce l t ic a rgumen t a imed t o t i p t h e

e conom ic p u rpo se . A r chaeo log ica l r e sea r ch

b a lance i n f a vou r o f T ene r if e 's a sp i ra t ion s .

w a s t hu s u sed a s a n i d eo log ica l c on s t ruc t

T he ref o re ,

d ed ica ted t o s e rv ing t o t h e i n te re s t s o f t h e

b eh ind

t h e

" Span i shne s s "

o r

E u ropean c oncep t , t h e re e x i s ted , a s P e rez

T ene r if e

V o i tu r iez a nd B r i to G onzä lez ( 1 984 : 1 5 ) h ave

r e p re sen ta t ion

p o in ted o u t , ac l ea r d ef ence o f e conom ic

b ecame a n i d eo techn ic a r tef ac t .

r e g iona l i s t

p o l i t ica l

o f t h e

p a s t ,

g roup .

T he

c on sequen t ly ,

i n te r e s t s , p owe r a nd s oc ia l c on t ro l a nd af i rm b e l ief i nt h ec oncep to ft h eS pan i sh h ome land .

T he u se t h a tO s suna a nd B e thencou r tm ade o f a r chaeo logy a nd e t hnog raphy a s ap o l i t ica l

I n c onnec t ion w i th t h is , i ts hou ld a l so b e

s t ra tegy h ad a l ready b een p rac t ised b y t h e

n o ted

t h e

E u ropean n a t iona l i sm s ( u s ing c oncep t s s uch

C ana ry I s land s a nd t h e S pan i sh s t a te w a s

a s " r a ce" a nd " e thn ic i ty" a nd e vo lu t ion is t

a mb iguou s

t h e

p o s tu la te s ) s i nce t h e m id 1 9t h c en tu ry , a s

t o

a l ready n o ted w hen r e f e r r ing t ot h e w o rk s o f

t h e

R end V e rneau , F ranz v on L öhe r , H an s Meye r

m echan ism s o fs oc ia l p o l i t ic s . I td i d n o t o f f e r

o r F e l ix v on L u schan . T he C ana r ian a u tho r s ,

a ny

a n

f r om t h e i r r e g iona l i s t p o in t o fv i ew , a c ted i n

e va lua t ion o ft h e A r ch ipe lago i nt e rm s o fi t s

t h e s ame w ay : t h ey a ccep ted t h e p r e sence o f

s t ra teg ic v a lue i nr e la t ion t oA f r ican c o lon ia l

t h e

p o l i t ic s . C o inc id ing w i th S pa in ' s e xpan s ion i n

r a c io log ica l s t ud ie s b y V e rneau , Q ua t ref age s ,

A f r ica , t h e C ana r ie s w e r e s e en b y t h e c en t ra l

e t c . T hey a l so a dop ted a n e l i t is t c o lon iza t ion

G ove rnmen t a s a n o ve r sea s t e r r i to ry w i th a

mode l , i na cco rdance w i th t h e o ne d eve loped

t h a t

t h e

r e la t ion sh ip

a nd

s ove re ign j ud ic ia l i n co rpo ra te

s pec if ic

t h e

b e tween

f r u s t ra t ing , p owe r

w a s

A r ch ipe lago

p o l i t ica l

p ro jec t ,

s i nce u nab le i n to

o n ly

13

C ro -Magnon

r a ce

a nd

e choed

t h e

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

b y t h e E u ropean i n te l lec tua ls w hen r e f er r ing

a n th ropo logy d id n o t h ave s uch a p rof ound

t o t h e I b e r ian o r C e l t ic p resence i n No r th

e f f ec t o n t h e C ana r ian a cadem ic w o r ld , w h ich

A f r ica :

w ho

w a s mo re o pen a nd r e cep t ive t o t h e F rench

c o lon ized t h e n o r th o f t h e c on t inen t , a nd

s c ien t if ic w o r ld . T he w o rk s o f a u tho r s l i ke

a cco rd ing t o O ssuna a nd B e thencou r t , t h e

F ranz v on L öhe r , H an s Meye r o r F e l ix v on

i s land s . I nE u rope — i nr e la t ion t on a t iona l ism

L u schan

— a s

t o

u nknown t o mos t C ana r ian a cadem ic s . O n ly

r eg iona l ism — i tw a s t he b ou rgeo is ie , d i r ec t ly

s ome a u tho r s f r om t h e I s land s r e f e r red t o

i n vo lved i n t h e d ef ence o f t h e se p o l i t ica l

t h em ,

movemen t s a nd r e so r t ing t o t h e t h eo r ie s o f

r e ad ing o f t h e ir w o rk s , a n a spec t d oub t le s s

p o s i t iv ism a nd e vo lu t ion ism , w ho e xp re ssed

i nf luenced b y al a ck o f k now ledge o f t h e

t h is f r om a n a r chaeo log ica l p o in to fv i ew .

G e rman l a nguage .

GE RMAN I MPER IAL IST A RCHAEOLOGY A ND

T he a u tho r s w ho c on su l ted F ranz v on L öhe r 's

t h e

g rea t

i n t h e

r a ce s

C ana r ies

w e re

t hose

— i n r e la t ion

o n

b u t

t h e

C ana r ie s

w i thou t

w e re

d eve lop ing

t h e ref o re

a c r i t ica l

w o rk e xp re ssed d i f f e r ing o p in ion s , a cco rd ing

I TS E FFECTS O NT HE CA NAR IAN A UTHORS

t ow h ich v i ew o ft h e e a r ly c o lon iza t ion o ft h e i s land s t h ey s uppo r ted . T he ref o re w e c an

G erman i mper ia l is t a r chaeo logy h ad h a rd ly

o b se rve b o th at o ta l r e jec t ion o fh i sa rgumen t s

a ny i nf luence o n t h e C anar ian a u tho r s , a s I

a nd a t o ta l a ccep tance o f t h em . T he f i r s t

h ave a rgued i n c hap te r t wo . S eve ra l f a c to r s

C ana r ian a u tho rt oc ommen t o n L öhe r 's w o rk

i n f luenced t h is s i tua t ion : t h e l a nguage b a r r ie r ,

w a s G rego r io C h i l yN a ran jo , i nt h e s e cond

s i nce h a rd ly a ny C ana r ian i n te l lec tua ls s poke

v o lume

G erman 1 ° ,t h e a b sence o f a ny l i nk s b e tween

C anar ia s

G e rman a nd C ana r ian a cadem ic c i rc le s , t h e c on tac t s e s tab l ished

o f

h i s

E s tud io s

H i s tör ico s ,

C l ima to le ico s y P a to lög ico s d e l a s I s la s ( 1880 ) .

H oweve r ,

t h i s

s e cond

v o lume , p ub l ished i n1 880 , a ppea red s i x y ea r s

b e tween C ana r ian a nd

b ef o re t h e f i r s t S pan ish e d i t ion o f L öhe r 's

F rench s cho la r s a nd t h e e a r ly r e la t ion sh ip

w o rk . H ow , t h e ref o re , d id C h i l yN a ran jo

e s tab l ished b e tween t h e G uanche s a nd t h e

k now a bou t t h e w o rk o ft h e G erman a u tho r?

C ro - Magnon t ype a nd , c on sequen t ly , w i th t h e

C on t ra ry t o w ha t m igh t h ave b een e xpec ted , C h i l d id n o t l e a rn a bou t i tf r om t h e a r t ic le s

F rench p r eh is tor ic e nv i ronmen t . T he ref o re ,

p ub l ished i n 1 876 i n t h e G erman m agaz ine

t h e t h eo re t ica l a nd m e thodo log ica l g u ide l ines d eve loped

i n

G e rman

a r chaeo logy

A ug sburg er A l lgeme ine Z e i tung , b u t t h rough

a nd

t h e a r t ic le t h a t P au l B roca h ad p ub l ished i n

1 0T he b i b l iog r aph ie s u s ed b y t h e n i ne teen th c e n tu ry C ana r ian a u tho r s a r ea n i n d ica t ion o ft h i s , s i nce t h e a b sence o fw o rk sw r i t ten i nG e rman i sa c on s tan t f e a tu re , i n c on t ra s t w i th t h e p r edom inance o f t h o se w r i t ten i n E ng l i sh o r F r ench . I ts hou ld a l so b e n o t ed t h a t t h e r e w a s a v e ry l ow r a te o f c i r cu la t ion f o r G e rman p ub l ica t ion s i nt h e C ana r ie s , a st h ey w e r e m a in ly p r in t ed i nm agaz ine s t h a t w e r e u nkno v n t o t h e C ana r ian a c adem ic w o r ld .

14

1 876 i nt h e R evue d 'An thropo log ie — a l ready m en t ioned — c ommen t ing o n t h e w o rk o ft h e G erman a u tho r . T h is a r t ic le , a s i t s a u tho r p o in ted o u t ( B roca ,

1 876 : 3 93 ) , w a s o n ly

w r i t ten a s ar ep ly t o V on L öhe r ' s w o rk , a l though B roca d i d r e f e r t o a no the r a u tho r , S haw , w ho , p r io rt oL öhe ri nt h e le c en tu ry ,

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy a nd i t sr epercu s s ion so nC ana r ian s c ien t if i cp roduc t ion

h ad a l ready a r gued i nf a vou ro f ar e la t ion sh ip

l a nguage t o t h e G e rman ic o ne w a s f a nc if u l .

b e tween t h e V anda ls a nd t h e f a i r sk inned A f r ican r a ce s . C h i l yN a ran jo , a l though h e

A t t h e b eg inn ing o ft h e 2 0t h c en tu ry , i n1 9 12 ,

k new P au l B roca 's w o rk a nd t h e n ega t ive

J uan B e thencour t A lf on so w ou ld a l so r e f e rt o

o p in ion h e h ad o f L öhe r , l i m i ted h im se lf t o

t h e w o rk o fv on L öhe r i nt h e f i r s t v o lume o f

p o in t ing o u tt h a t

h i s

H i s tor ia

d e l

p ueb lo

G uanche .

T he

C ana r ian h i s to r ian , w ho l a bou red t od ef end a V on O le r [ s ic ] t h ink s a nd b e l ieve s h e c an p rove t h a t t h ey ( t he s e t t le r s i nt h e C ana r ie s ) a r e t h e d e scendan t s o f t h e V anda l s w ho i n vaded A f r ica i n t h e 56 c en tu ry . B roca p o in t so u tt h a tt h e a nc ien t p opu la t ion s o f t h e C ana r ie s h ad t h e i r o r ig ins i n A f r ica a nd b e longed t o t wo o r m o re d i f f e r en tr a ce s . [ Ch i l , 1 880 : 1 95 ]

f o rm o f i n su la r c o lon iza t ion i n w h ich t h e I b e r ian

b l ond p opu la t ion s r e la ted t o t h e I b e r ian a nd C e l t ic p opu la t ion s . H oweve r , a l though t h e w o rk o f L öhe r , t a ken f r om a r a c io log ica l p o in t o f v i ew , c ou ld h ave b een u sed t o r e inf o r ce

v on

l i m i ted

c o lon iza t ion

t h eo ry ,

h im se lf t o p o in t ing

o u t t h a t t h e

w r i te r w e r e v e ry w eak . T h is w a s n o t t h e p rocedu re f o l lowed b y Manue l d e O s suna y

L öhe r ' s

V an d en H eede w ho , a l though i n1 896 ( p . 5 3) h ad m en t ioned v on L öhe rt oge the r w i th o t he r

o p in ion o n t h e p o s s ib le i mpe r ia l is t a mb i t ion s

f o r e ign

t h a tt h e G e rman h i s to r ian p u r sued t h rough h i s

a u tho r s

( Bo ry

d e

S a in t -V incen t ,

B u lbeck , e t c . ) i n o ne o f h i s u npub l ished

t h e s i s .

w o rk s o n A naga , o n ly t o e mpha s ize t h e s u rp r ise t h a t t h e G uanche p eop le h ad c r ea ted

T he n ex t C ana r ian a u tho r t o r e f e r t o v on

a mong s t t ho se p eop le ( p . 7 ) , w ou ld i n 1 9 12

L öhe r 's w o rk w a s A gu s t in M i l la re s T on-e s

d ef end t h e i d ea o f a n I b e r ian c o lon iza t ion ,

( 197 1 [ 1 893 ] : 4 3 a nd 2 0 1) , w ho s t a ted t h a t c o lon iza t ion

G e rman

h ad

t h eo ry

b een

p ropo sed

d eve loped

b y

w i th

a ppea l ing t ov on L öhe r a so ne t h e a u tho r i t ie s

t h e

w ho h ad c onf i rmed t h e A ryan p r e sence i nt h e

mo re

C ana r ie s .

i mag ina t ion t h an s k i l l , a nd t h a t t h e a na log ie s b e tween t h e

r ema in s

o f t h e

i n su la r a nd

T he ref o r e , i nt e rms o ft h e i n f o rma t ion p r e sen t

G e rman ic d i a lec t s w e r e m e re ly w h im s ica l . Y ea r s

A ryan

a n th ropo log ica l a r gumen t s o f t h e G erman

p o s i t ion . C h i l d i d n o t , t h e ref o re , o f f e r a ny

t h e

a n

B e thencou r t A lf on so ( 1999 [ 1 9 12 ] : 1 20 ) o n ly

i t b y

p o in tt ot h e a r gumen t s o u t l ined b y t h e F rench c r i t ic ize

w a s c onv inced —

t h e A ryan t ype , t h a t i st os a y , o ff a i r sk inned

t ype s o n t h e i s land s . H e d i d n o t r e f e r a ta ny t o

a mong s t

i n sc r ip t ion s —o ft h ep r e sence o nt h e i s land so f

m ak ing u se o f B roca 's o p in ion o n t h e r a c ia l

a n th ropo log i s t

p opu la t ion s ,

e s sen t ia l ly a f te r s t udy ing C ana r ian a l phabe t ic

L öhe r 's v i s ion , h e d i d n o t c r i t ic ize i t . H e h im se lf t o c on t rad ic t ing

C e l t ic

o t he r s , h ad i n te rvened ,

I n o t he r w o rd s , a l though C h i l d i d n o t a ccep t r e s t r ic ted

a nd

l a te r ,

A n ton io

Ma r ia

i nn i ne teen th -cen tu ry h i s tor iog raphy , i tc an b e

Man r ique

o b se rved

S aaved ra , w hen c on s ide r ing L öhe r 's w o rk , e xp re ssed

a n

i d en t ica l

o p in ion

t o

t h a t

n one

o f t h e

a u tho r s

w ho

r e f e r red t o v on L öhe r , w he the r t o r e f u te h i s

h i s

c ompa t r io t s , p o in t ing o u t ( Manr ique , 1 897 k) t h a t L öhe r 's i d ea o f c ompa r ing t h e G uanche

t h eo r ie s

t o

u se

t h em

a s

s uppo r t ing

a r gumen t s , t r ied t o e xp la in w hy t h e G e rman h i s to r ian

15

o r

h ad

p ropo sed

t h is

r e la t ion sh ip

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s

b e tween t h e G erman p eop le a nd t h e e a r ly

I nt h es e cond h a lf o ft h e2 0t h c en tu ry , i n1 963 ,

i n hab i tan t s o ft h e C ana ry I s land s . T he a u tho r s

t h e G e rman a n th ropo log i s t I l se S chw ide tzky

w ho r e jec ted h i s a r gumen t ( Ch i l yN a ran jo ,

( 1 963 : 4 5 ) a l so d en ied t h e v a l id i ty o f v on

M i l la re s

L u schan

T or r e s ,

Man r ique

B e thencou r t A lf on so )

S aaved ra

s imp ly

a nd

e xp re s sed a

a nd

Meye r ' s

t h eo r ie s .

H oweve r ,

a cco rd ing t o t h i s a n th ropo log i s t , L u schan 's

v e ry s upe rf ic ia l c r i t ic ism o f L öhe r 's m a in

e r ro r

i d ea s . O n t h e o t he r h and , t h o se w ho u s ed

a n th ropo log ica l

L öhe ra sa n a u tho r i ty ( Os suna )d i d s ob ecau se

a ff i rmed , L u schan h ad p opu la ted t h e i s land s

o ft h e l i ne o fr e sea r ch t h ey w e r e i n te r e s ted i n

w i th A rmen ian s d ue t o t h e f a c t t h a t i n L a

f o l low ing ,

G ome ra , t h e r e w e r e h uman t y pe s w i th a

w i thou t

v a lu ing

t h e

a u tho r ' s

l a y

s t r ic t ly

i n

d a ta b ad ly

a dap t ing s i nce ,

t h e

a s s he

d i scou r se , t h e v a l id i ty o ft h e s ou r ce s h e u s ed

n a r row f a ce a nd n o se , a nd a r e la t ive ly h i gh

o rt h ew ay i nw h ich h e u sed t h em .

c epha l ic

i n dex .

T he

i n cong ru i ty

o f t h e

e xp lana t ion g i ven b y S chw ide tzky w ou ld b e T he w o rk s o f H an s Meye r a nd F e l ix v on

r ef lec ted i nh e ro wn w o rk , b ecau se s h e w ou ld

L u schan , u n l ike t h o se o f v on L öhe r , h ad n o

a dm i t t h a t L a G ome ra w a s a n i s l and w he re

i mpa c t o n t h e C ana r ian a u tho r s . T he i r w o rk s

i n d iv idua ls w i th v e ry b r oad f a ce se x is ted .

w e re p ub l ished i n G e rman j ou r na l s w h ich w e re c omp le te ly u nknown t o t h e C ana r ian a u tho r s ,

t h ey

w e r e

n eve r

t r an s la ted

I n o ppo s i t ion

i n to

t o t h is ,

t h e

a n th ropo log i s t

M igue l F u s te d i d n o t h e s i ta te t oc on s ide r t h e

S pan i sh a nd t h e r e w a s , o fc ou r se , al a nguage

p o s s ib i l i ty

b a r r ie r . N eve r the le s s , t h e w o rk s o f t h e se

r e ached t h e C ana r ia s ( Fu s te , 1 956 , 1 959 : 1 0 ;

G erman

f o re ign

1 962 a:6 9 a nd 1 966 a : 7 2 ) . N eve r the le s s , i nh i s

a u tho r s a s soc ia ted w i th C ana r ian s t ud ie s . I n

c a se h i s o p in ion w a s i n f luenced b y t h e s t udy

1 925 , t h e N o r th Ame r ican

a n th ropo log is t

o f e x t ra in su la r a n th ropo log ica l d a ta . A s t h e

E a rne s t A lbe r t H oo ton ( 1970 [ 1 925 ] : 2 86 -

C a ta lan a n th ropo log i s t p o in ted o u t ( Fu s te ,

a u tho r s

w e re

k nown

b y

t h a t

t h e

A rmen ian

t y pe

h ad

2 87 ) a ff i rmed t h a t t h e b ra chycepha l ic o r

1 956 : 19 ) , t h e p r e sence o f t h e A rmen ian

A rmen ian

t ype , a s d ef ined b y t h e G e rman

r a c ia l t y pe i n t h e p en in su la r a r ea o f t h e

a u tho r s , w a s n o t p r e sen t i na ny o ft h e m a s s o f

L evan t c onf i rmed t h e e x i s tence o f c on ta c t s

m a te r ia l h e h ad s t ud ied , n o r h ad h e b een a b le

w i th t h eN ea rE a s t .T h is r a c ia l t y pe ,p r e sen ti n

t o f i nd i ti n t h e d a ta o f o t he r r e sea r che r s .

o t he r S pan i sh l o ca t ion s , a s w e l l a si ns e ve ra l

H oo ton m en t ioned G iu seppe S e rg i , t h e a u tho r

B a lea r ic s i t e s f r om t h e B ronze A ge t oR oman

o f T he Med i ter ranean r ace : as t ud y o ft h e

t i me s ,

o r ig in o f E u ropean p eop l e s , w ho a ff i rmed

p r eh is to r ic l o ca t ion s a l ong t h e Med i te r ranean

t h a t t h e b r achycepha l ic t y pe f o und i n L a

c oa s t : G r eece , E gyp t , C yp ru s , N o r th A f r ica ,

G ome ra a nd

c on t inen ta l

d e sc r ibed ,

o t he r

u nde r

A rmen ian ( p .

i s land s a ny

c ou ld

n o t b e

c i rcum s tance s ,

h ad

a l so

b een

f o und

i n s e ve ra l

I t a ly , S i c i ly , S a rd in ia a nd t h e

a s

F rench Med i te r ranean c oa s t . T he r ef o r e , i t s

8 4 ) . A no the r a n th ropo log is t

p r e sence i n t h e C ana ry I s land s w a s n e i the r

c i ted b y H oo ton , R o land B u r rage D ixon ,

u nu sua l

a u tho r o f T he r ac ia l h i s to ry o fm an , d en ied

a cco rd ing t o F u s te , t h is r a c ia l t y pe d i d n o t

t h e p r e sence o f t h e A rmen ian t y pe o n t h e

a ppea r t o f o rm a ny i mpo r tan t p opu la t ion

i s land s( p . 2 94 ) .

n uc le i ,

n o r

b u t

u n ju s t if ied .

r a the r

N eve r the le s s ,

r e p re sen ted

s po rad ic

i n t ru s ions i n to a n a nc ien t Med i te r ranean a nd

16

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy a nd i t sr epercu s s ion so n C anar ian s c ien t if i cp roduc t ion

d o l ichocepha l ic

s ub s t ra tum .

T h is

t ype

o f

e v idence , a cco rd ing t ot h ea n th ropo log is t , h ad s ugge s ted f o r al o ng t ime t h a t t h e A rmen ian s h ad a r r ived b y s e a f r om t h eN ea r E a s t , h av ing b een b rough tt h e re b y s e af a r ing p eop le ( Peake p r o spec to r s ) . I n t h e l i gh t o f a l t h e se a r gumen t s , i t i s e v iden tt h a t t h e a r chaeo logy d eve loped i nt h e C ana r ie s a tt h e e nd o f t h e 1 9 `1 c en tu ry w a s c l ea r ly i nf luenced b y t h e F r ench f r ame o f r e f e rence , e spec ia l ly t h e w o rk s o fa u tho r s l i ke S ab in B e r the lo t o r R ené V e rneau . G erman s c ien t if ic p roduc t ion d i d n o t h ave t h e s ame i mpac t o n t h eC ana r ian a u tho r s . T h i s e xp la in s w hy , f r om t h e p o in t o f v i ew o f i d en t i ty , t h e C ana r ian

a u tho r s

r e la ted

t h e

i n d igenou s

C ana r ian p eop le t ot h e C ro -magnon r a ce , t h e C e l t s , t h e I b e r ian s , t h e E gyp t ians , a nd l a s t ly t h e

A ryan

p opu la t ion s .

N eve r the le s s ,

t h e

d eve lopmen to fi mper ia l is ta r chaeo logy i nt h e C ana r ie sc on t r ibu ted t o ag r ea te x ten tt owa rd s t h e a s s im i la t ion o fa n e t hnocen t r ic c oncep t o f t h e i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le b y t h e i s land a u tho r s , b u t w i th a c l ea r ly p a r t isan p u rpo se , a nd

t h e ref o re

w i thou t

t h e

u nde r ly ing

i mpe r ia l i s t i mp l ica t ion s p r e sen t i nt h e w o rk s o ft h e E u ropean a u tho r s . T he g r ea t d i spa r i ty o f o p in ions e xp re s sed o n c o lon iza t ion w a s a d i rec t c on sequence o ft h e s c an t d eve lopmen t o f f i e ld

w o rk ,

a n th ropo log ica l

t h e

p r edom inance

f o cu s

w i th

t h e

o f t h e r e su l t ing

d ef in i t ion o f c oun t le s s r a c ia l t ype s , a nd t h e u nde r ly ing mo t ive s p r e sen t i na r cha eo log ica l a nd a n th ropo log ica l w o rk .

17

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

118

CO NCLUS IONS

Who f i r s t a r r ived i nt h e C ana ry I s land s a nd

o r ig ins o f t h is p a r t ia l k now ledge . I tm ay b e

c o lon ized t h em? When a nd h ow d i d t h is

c on s ide red t h e o n ly p o s s ib le w ay t oa pp roach

h appen? Whe r e d i d t h e f i r s t i n hab i tan t s c ome

as t udy o ft h e t h eor iza t ion o ft h e e a r ly h uman

f r om? T he se a r e t h e f o u r m a in q ue s t ion s

c o lon iza t ion o ft h eC ana r ie s .

r e la t ing t o t h e c o lon iza t ion o f t h e C ana r ie s d u r ing p r im i t ive t ime s t h a t e t hnog raphe r s ,

F rom at h ema t ic p o in t o fv i ew , t h e o r ig in s o f

h i s to r ian s a nd a r chaeo log is t s h ave t r ied t o

t h is d i scu r s ive p r a c t ice t h a t f o cu sed o n t h e

s o lve

t h e

a na ly s is o ft h e f i r s tc o lon iza t ion o ft h e i s land s

r e d i scove ry o f t h e i s land s b y E u rope i n t h e

d a te b ack t o t h e s e cond h a lf o f t h e 10

1 4t h c en tu ry . T h is h a s g i ven r i se t oc oun t le s s

c en tu ry , c o inc id ing w i th t h e p r e sence o ft h e

t h eo r ie st h a th ave s e rved t of u r the rc omp l ica te

C a ta lan -Ma jo rcan f r ia r s o n t h e i s land s . T he

t h e

f i r s t

p u rpo se o f t h e f i r s t p opu la t ion t h eo r ie s t h a t

c o lon iza t ion o ft h e i s land s . S i gn if ican t ly , t h e

w e re o u t l ined w a st oj u s t if y t h e a nnexa t ion o f

g r ea t m a jo r i ty o f o p in ion s o n t h is m a t te r

t h e C ana ry I s land s b y t h e d i f f e ren t E u ropean

w i th in t h e h i s to r iog raph ica l t r ad i t ion w e re

p owe r s , s uch a sC a s t i le o rA ragon .

f o r

s i x

c en tu r ie s ,

c on t rove r sy

e ve r

s u r round ing

s i nce

t h e

f o rmed o n t h e b a s is o f i d ea l is t ic , s ymbo l ic a nd p o l i t ic ized d i scou r se s t h a t w e re t h e r ef o re

W i th in t h is u n if orm s c ena r io i ti sn eve r the le s s

t h e r e su l t o f s oc ia l c on s t ruc t s r a the r t h an

n ece s sa ry

a u then t ic

T o r r ian i , E sp ino sa o r A b reu w ou ld d eve lop

a r chaeo log ica l

o r

e mp i r ica l

e v idence .

t o p o in t o u t t h a t a u tho r s

l i ke

o t he r h ypo the se s t oe xp la in t h e o r ig ins o ft h e f i r s t s e t t le r s o n t h e i s land s . H oweve r , t h e se

A s w e h ave s hown i nt h i s monog raph , i ti s

v a r iou s t h eo r ie s w ou ld c on t inue t ob e g r ea t ly

o bv iou st h a tt h eo re t ica l i d eo log ie s( c on sc iou s ,

i nf luenced

b y

r ef lex ive

v i ew ,

c l a s s ica l

a nd

s y s tema t ized )

c an

c on ta in

b y

t h e

J ew ish -Ch r is t ian t r ad i t ion

b y

c on tempo ra ry

i n teg ra ted i n to a n i d eo log ica lt ype o fs t ruc tu re

T o r r ian i a nd E sp ino sa s a t isf ac to r i ly r e f e r red

t h ey c an o n ly p rov ide a p a r t ia l k now ledge

t o i n f orma t ion d e r ived f r om i n d igenou s o ra l

t h a t i sd ef o rmed o rl i m i ted b y i t sp l ace w i th in

s ou r ce s . T he f o rme r d i d s o i no rde r t or e la te

t h is s t ruc tu re . T ha t i sw hy i ti se s sen t ia l t o

T ener if e 's s e t t le r s t ot h e z ena ta s o r a zanegh ,

i n c rea se o u r u nde r s tand ing o f t h e g l oba l

a nd t h o se o f F ue r teven tu ra a nd L anza ro te t o

r e la t ion sh ip s

t h e m aho s o r m ahorero s ; a nd t h e l a t te r t o

e conom ic s ,

s oc ie ty ,

s i tua t ion .

t h e

s c ien t if ic e l emen t s , b u t a st h e se e l emen t s a r e

b e tween

h i s to r ica l

a nd

w o r ld

e cho t h e f ounda t ion my th o f I c cd .

p o l i t ic s a nd c u l tu re , i no r de rt od e te rm ine t h e

19

O n ly

B o th

I mper ia l i s ta rcha eo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s

t h eo r ie s

h ave

b een

c or robo ra ted

b y

V incen t ( 1 803 ) , w ho s t re s sed t h e E gyp t ian

a r chaeo logy . A b reu G a l indo , o n t h e o t he r

a nd N ea r E a s te rn ( P e r s ian ) " r oo t s" o f t h e

h and , c ou ld o n ly c onf irm t h e A f r ican o r ig in

G uanche s , r e so r t ing t o e v idence s u ch a s t h e

o ft h e n a t ive s o n t h e b a s is o ft h e t e s t imony o f

p r e sence

t h eo ld G uanche s .

m e thodo log ica l p o in t o f v i ew , S a in t -V incen t

o f

t h e

m umm ie s .

F rom

a

s imp ly f o l lowed i nt h e f oo t s tep s o fh i s F r ench L a te r o n , i n t h e 1 7t h c en tu ry , ac o lon iza t ion

c ompa t r io t s , w ho , a f te r t h e e xped i t ion s t o

t h eo ry w a s d eve loped i nt h e w o rk s o fV iana

E gyp t a nd S y r ia , c omp le ted t h e i r k now ledge

( 1604 ) , N id iez d e l a P e l la ( 1676 ) a nd P e rez

o f t h e a nc ien t c i v i l iza t ion s o f E gyp t a nd

d e l C r is to ( 1679 ) t h a t a imed t o i n c r ea se t h e

Me sopo tam ia

s t and ing o ft h e s oc ia l g roup t h ey r e p re sen ted ,

r ema in s ,

d i sgu is ing t h e ir c ommon i n te re s t s a sa l t ru i sm

w he rea s t h e se s t ud ie s w e re e ndo r sed i n t h e

a nd p rov id ing t h e s e c t ion o f s oc ie ty t h ey

N ea r

r e p r e sen ted w i th a my th ica l

e xcava t ion s t h a t a i ded t h e d eve lopmen t o f

d ef ence

o f

c l a s s

i n te r e s t s

v enee r . T h is l e d

t h em

w i th

a s t udy

i n sc r ip t ion s

E a s t

b y

o r

o f

m a te r ia l

p h i lo logy .

w ide sp read

Y e t ,

a r chaeo log ica l

t o

F r ench a r chaeo logy , s ponso r ed a nd p r o tec ted

d i s rega rd i n d igenou s o ra l e v idence a nd t h e

b y o ff ic ia l o rgan iza t ion s , t h e re w a s n o s im i la r

f a c t t h a t t h e i r r e spec t ive e f f o r t s t o ok p l ace i n

d eve lopmen t

ap r a c t ica l ly i d en t ica l s oc ia l c on tex t t ot h a t o f

N eve r the le s s ,

E sp ino sa , T or r ian i a nd A b reu l e d t h em t o

a u tho r t o i n co rpo ra te a d i f f u s ion i s t p o s i t ion

d eve lop a t h eo r e t ica l b a se t h a t w a s i n sp i r ed

w i th in t h e h i s to r iog raph ica l p roduc t ion o ft h e

b o th b y t h e J ew i sh -Chr is t ian t r ad i t ion a nd

C ana ry

c l a s s ica l s ou rce s .

e s tab l ishmen t o f c u l tu ra l p a ra l le l s w i th a n e x te rna l

i n

t h e

C ana ry

S a in t -V incen t

I s land s

t h a t

w a s

r e f e rence

I s land s .

w a s

t h e

b a sed

p o in t ,

f i r s t

o n

a nd

t h e

o n

When t h e le c en tu ry a nd t h e E n l igh tenmen t

a r chaeo log ica l

b egan , t h e re w a s n o n ew e p is temo log ica l

e v idence .

m ovemen t c apab le o fd eve lop ing t h e s ub jec t

d i f f u s ion i sm

o ft h ec o lon iza t ion o ft h e i s land s f r om a no the r

p r ev iou s ly o u t l ined , t h a t h ad b een d ef ined b y

p e r spec t ive .

a u tho r s

a n e t hnog raphy a nd C h r is t ian w o r ld v i ew

t h e ref o re d eve loped a d i scou r se u nde r t h e

c onf igu r ed b y c u l tu ra l p r e jud ice ( To r r ian i ,

i n f luence o f t h e p o l i t ica l p r em ise s o f t h e

E sp ino sa ,A b reu , e t c . ) , i fn o tb y c l a s si n te re s t s

t ime s , t h e i r f e rven t r e l ig iou s b e l ief s ( i . e . t h e

( V iana , N i n iez ,

J ew ish -Ch r i s t ian

V incen t

T he

E n l igh tenmen t

w o r ld

v i ew )

a nd

I n

f o r

a nd ,

t h e r ef o re ,

o ppo s i t ion o r

t o

t h eo re t ica l

d e l

t h e

C a s t i l lo ,

f i r s t

t ime

m a te r ia l

t h e

p seudo -

d i f f u s ion ism

e t c . ) ,

S a in t -

i n co rpo ra ted

e t hnocen t r ism . B y a dop t ing a n a s s im i la t ive

m a te r ia l e v idence ( a r chaeo log ica l a nd n on -

a t t i tude

e t hnog raph ic )

i nf luenced

b y

B ou rbon

c en t ra l is t

i n to

d i f f u s ion is t

d i scou r se ,

p o l i t ic s , t h ey p ropo sed an a t iona l i s t v i s ion o f

a l though a s ar e su l t o f c on su l t ing w r i t ten

t h e i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le . T he r e su l tan t

s ou r ce s r a the r t h an f r om f i e ld w o rk , i fw e

t h eo ry w a s l a te r s e conded b y B o ry d e S a in t -

d i s rega rd h i s p o s s ib le f i r s t -hand k now ledge o f

1 20

C onc lu s ion s t h e

mumm ie s .

T he

d eve lopmen t

o f t h is

Af t e r

S a in t -V incen t ,

i t w ou ld

b e

h i s

d i scou r se , e xp re s sed a s d i f f u s ion ism , d i d n o t

c ompa t r io t B e r the lo t ( 1842 ) w ho t o ok a n

i mp ly t h ee l abo ra t ion o f ah i s to r ic is ta r gumen t

i n te r e s t i nt h e s t udy o ft h e e a r ly c o lon iza t ion

o rt h e i n t roduc t ion o ft h e n o t ion o f" a r ea s" o r

o ft h e i s land s . T he F rench s cho la r , w ho w a s

" cu l tu ra l c i r c le s" , a s h appened l a te r a t t h e

i nf luenced b y e t hno -h is to r ica l s ou rce s , h i s

b eg inn ing o f 2 0t h c en tu ry , w i th t h e c u l tu ra l -

l i ngu is t ic

h i s to r ica l s choo l .

s imp l if ica t ion d eve loped b y t h e F rench i nt h e

s t ud ie s

a nd

b y

t h e

e t hn ic

n or th o f A f r ica , w ou ld e nd u p d ef end ing a T he r e la t ion sh ip e s tab l ished b y S a in t -V incen t

m ode l o f d ua l c o lon iza t ion f o r t h e C ana r ie s ,

b e tween t h e f i r s t s e t t le r s o n t h e i s land s a nd

r e p re sen ted b y t h e A rab s ( l e s s n ume rou s i n

E gyp t o r t h e N ea r E a s t m ake s h im t h e f i r s t

t h e w e s ter n i s land s ) a nd t h e B e rbe r s . When

a u tho r

d eve lop ing

w i th in

C ana r ian

h i s to r iog raphy

t o

t h is

d ua l i s t

c oncep t

B e r the lo t

q ue s t ion t h e r o le p l ayed b y c l a s s ica l t r ad i t ion

i n t roduced f o rf i r s tt ime t h ec oncep to f" r a ce" ,

w i th in t h e d i f f e ren t t h eo r ie s a nd h ypo the se s

i d en t if y ing t h e B e rbe r s w i th t h e f a i r sk inned

o n t h e c o lon iza t ion o f t h e i s land s , a l though

N o r th A f r ican p opu la t ion s a nd t h eA rab s w i th

t h e a u tho r h ad d ef ended t h e e x is tence o f

t h ed a rke rN o r th A f r ican p opu la t ion s .

A t lan t i s a ga in s t V ie ra , b y r e so r t ing t o P l a to . T h is

c hange

i n

p e r spec t ive

t o ok

p l a ce ,

Af t e r

1 848 ,

c o inc id ing

w i th

t h e

s e cond

w i thou ta ny d oub t , b ecau se t h er e d i scove ry o f

a cadem ic v i s i t b y B e r the lo tt ot h e C ana r ie s , i t

E gyp t a nd Me sopo tam ia , a nd t h e c on sequen t

b ecame p o s s ib le t od i sce rn w i th in E u rope t h e

b i r th o f E gyp to logy a nd O r ien ta l ism , e nded

d eve lopmen t o f an ew s t age o r p ha se t h a t

u p b y d eep ly mod if y ing t h e v i s ion o f t h e

e nab le s u st oe s tab l ish a n a ccep tab le d i v id ing

a nc ien tw o r ld a nd , c on sequen t ly ,t h e v i s ion o f

l i ne b e tween a n i n i t ia l h i s to r iog raph ic a nd

t h e c on tempo ra ry w o r ld . I n p o l i t ica l t e rm s ,

r oman t ic movemen t , a nd as e cond o ne , w h ich

S a in t -V incen t 's h ypo the se s i mp l ied t h a t t h e

w a s

i s land s h ad b een p opu la ted i nt h e f a r d i s tan t

o nwa rd s , t h e i nf luence o f p o s i t iv ism a nd

p a s t b y t h e a nce s to r s o ft h e t wo n a t ion s t h a t

e vo lu t ion ism

F rance h ad t r ied t od om ina te a tt h e e nd o ft h e

e spec ia l ly a f t e r t h e p ub l ica t ion o f D a rw in 's

1 8t h c en tu ry a nd t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e 1 9t h

w o rk

c en tu ry : t h e E gyp t ians a nd t h e P e r s ian s . T ha t

p a r t icu la r ly

i st os ay , t h e F r ench s c ho la r a imed t oj u s t if y

a dvance s t o b e made i nt e rm s o f b u i ld ing a

F rench s c ien t if ic i n te rven t ion i sm a t at ime

" s c ience

w hen

p r eh is to ry" .

t h e

N apo leon ic

r e vo lu t ion

a nd

p o s i t iv is t

T he

i n

c ha ra c te r .

b ecome

o r ig in i n

mo re

o f s pec ie s

F rance ,

o f h i s to ry" T h is

a nd

a nd

F rom

t h en

e v iden t

( 1 859 )

—

—

i t e nab led

a " s c ience

e p i s temo log ica l

o f

s w ing ,

e xpan s ion ism h ad t u rned t h e C ana r ie s i n to a

c o inc id ing w i th t h e d eve lopmen t o fE u ropean

k ey p i ece i nt e rm so fg eopo l i t ic s .

a r chaeo logy a nd p hy s ica l a n th ropo logy , w a s t op rove d ec i s ive i nt h es t udy a nd t h eo r iza t ion o ft h e e a r ly c o lon iza t ion o ft h e C ana r ie s . T he

1 2 1

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h eC anary I s land s

e conom ic a nd s o c ia l t r an sf orma t ions t h a tt o ok

E u rope . I nt h is s e n se , t h e c u l tu ra l e vo lu t ion is t

p l ace i n E u rope s oon a f te r t h e I n du s t r ia l

m ode ls s imp l if ied t h e i n d igenou s C ana r ian

R evo lu t ion ( f a i th i n p r og re s s ) e nab led b o th

s o c ie t ie s , a st h ey d i do t he rp a s t s o c ie t ie s . T ha t

t h e b ou rgeo is ie a nd t h e e vo lu t ion i s t t h eo r ie s

i sw hy t h e p a r t icu la r o rs pec if ic f e a tu re s o fa

t o f l ou r i sh a nd l e d t o t h e c r ea t ion o f a n

c u l tu r e

e m inen t ly

e l emen t s . S econd ly , t h e e vo lu t ion is t c u l tu ra l

b ou rgeo is

a r chaeo logy .

A t

h i s to r iog raphy

t h e

s ame

t ime ,

a nd

i n t h e

w e re

m ode l s

n o t

t o ok

c on s ide red

n e i the r

i mpo r tan t

c on t ingency

n o r

C ana r ie s e conom ic f a c to r s ( a c r is is o r b oom

h i s to r ica l a cc iden t i n to a c coun t . I ts e emed

i n

p a r t icu la r

t y pe s

o f

e s tab l i shmen t o f t h e

F r ee

f a rm ing ,

t h e

t h a t a l s o c ie t ie s e vo lved i n exo rab ly t owa rd s

P o r t s , t h e

r e -

t h e f o rma t ion o f as t a te .

l a unch ing o f m e rcan t i le a c t iv i ty , e t c . ) w ou ld a l so c onf igu re a nd c on so l ida te t h e c ap i ta l is t

I ns t r ic t ly a n th ropo log ica l t e rm s , t h e a dop t ion

e conomy ,

o f

m ak ing

t h e

( c omme r c ia l

a nd

t h e

t h eo r e t ica l

a nd

m e thodo log ica l

l a ndown ing ) b ou rgeo is ie t h e d om inan t s oc ia l

p r inc ip le s o ft h e t i me m ade i ti mpo s s ib le f o r

g roup , a nd , a si nt h er e s to fE u rope , t h es e c to r

t h e

o f s o c ie ty

w i th

f a c to r s t o b e r e cogn ized . I n t h is s e n se , t h e

a r cha eo log ica l a nd a n th ropo log ica l s t ud ie s .

p hy s ica l a n th ropo logy o f t h e p e r iod d i d n o t

O bv iou s ly ,

t h e

c on t r ibu te m uch t owa rd s a n u nde r s tand ing o f

d eve lopmen t o f ab ou rgeo is h i s to r iog raphy

t h e c u l tu r e a nd s o c ie ty o f t h e i n d igenou s

a nd a r cha eo logy i nt h eC ana r ie s .

C ana r ian

mo s t

t h is

c l o se ly

a l so

c oncer ned

g ave

r i se

t o

d e c is ive

i mpo r tance

p eop le .

o f s o c io -cu l tu ra l

T he

h o tchpo tch

o f

c l a s s if ica t ion s a nd t ypo log ie s h a rd ly h e lped F rom t h e 1 9t h c en tu ry o nwa rd s , t h e w ho le

c l a r if yt h ee n igma s p o sed b yt h eh i s to ry o ft h e

s e r ie s

G uanche p eop le . T he f i rm ly h e ld b e l ief t h a t

o f

e vo lu t ion is t

a nd

d i f f u s ion is t

a r gumen t s t h a t w e re d eve loped i n E u rope

t h e

a nd , a t t h e s ame t ime , i n co rpo ra ted i n to

u nequ ivoca l ly o n t h e s i ze o ft h e c r an ium l e d

C ana r ian a r chaeo log ica l a nd a n th ropo log ica l

a n th ropo log is t s t o i g no r e t h e d ec is ive r o le o f

s t ud ie s ,

n ew

a ccu l tu ra t ion a nd , i ng ene ra l , t h e m echan i sm s

p opu la t ion t h eo r ie s . H oweve r , e vo lu t iona ry

o f t h e e conom ic s , p o l i t ic s , r e l ig ion , e t c . , o f

t h eo r ie s , e ven t h ough p o s i t iv is t , c on ta ined

t h o se t h ey a temp ted t os t udy .

l e d

i mpor tan t

t o

t h e

t h eo re t ica l

f o rma t ion

a nd

o f

l e ve l

o f

c i v i l iza t ion

d epended

m e thodo log ica l

d ef ec t s , i n s p i te o f t h e q ua l i ta t ive a dvance

A t t h e s ame t ime , w he rea s a r cha eo log ica l

t h ey

t h e

s t ud ie s w e r ee ndo r sed i nE u rope a nd t h eN ea r

R ena is sance a nd E n l igh tenmen t a pp roa che s .

E a s t b y w ide sp r ead a r cha eo log ica l e xcava t ion s

When

t h a t a i ded t h e

r e p re sen ted

f o re ign

i n

r e la t ion

a pp roa che s

w e re

t o

a pp l ied ,

d eve lopmen t

o f E u ropean

i n d igenou s C ana r ian c u l tu re s w e re t r ea ted a s

a r chaeo logy ,

i f t h ey

o ff ic ia l o r gan iza t ion s , t h e re w a s n o s im i la r

s ha r ed

t h e

s ame

e vo lu t iona ry

d eve lopmen t a s o t he r p a r t s o f A f r ica o f

s pon so r ed

a nd

p r o tec ted

b y

d eve lopmen t i nt h e C ana ry I s land s . T he re , i t

1 22

C onc lu s ion s w ou ld n o t b e u n t i l t h e s e cond h a lf o ft h e 1 9t h

s uch a st h e V anda ls ( i nt h ec a se o fv on L öhe r )

c en tu ry , p a r t ly d ue t o t h e d eve lopmen t o f

o rc i ted t h eo r ig ins o ft h eC ro -Magnon r a ce i n

p r eh i s to r ic s t ud ie s i n We s te r n E u rope a nd t o

c onnec t ion w i th t h e G e rman c on tex t a nd t h e

t h e r e la t ion sh ip e s tab l ished b e tween t h e C ro -

A ryan

Magnon

L u schan ) .

r a ce

a nd

t h e

G uanche s ,

t h a t

r a ce

( i n

t h e

T he se

c a se

t wo

o f Meye r a nd

l a t te r

a u tho r s

a l so

a r chaeo logy , a s a" s c ience o f o b jec t s" a nd

a r gued i n f a vou r o f t h e p r e sence o f t h e

f i e ldwo rk b egan t o t a ke o f f . T h is d i d n o t

A rmen ian t ype o n t h e i s land s , i d en t if ied w i th

i mp ly , h oweve r ,t h a tt h eC ana r ian a nd f o re ign

t h e I n do -Eu ropean s a nd t h e ref o re , w i th t h e

s c ho la r s

A ryan r a ce .

w ho

u nde r s tood

e xcava ted a nd

o n

t h e

i n te rp r e ted

i s land s c o r rec t ly

I n o ppo s i t ion t o t h is c o lon ia l a nd i mpe r ia l i s t

e ve ry th ing t h ey f ound .

a r chaeo logy , t h e i s land a u tho r s , w ho h ad I nt h is c on tex t ,t h eg eo s t ra teg ic l o ca t ion o ft h e

c l o se

C ana ry I s land s a nd t h e i mpe r ia l is t p o l i t ic s

p hys ica l a n th ropo logy , w ou ld a ppea l t o t h e

d eve loped

s ame a spec t s

b y

E u ropean

p owe r s

s uch

a s

l i nk s w i th

F rench a r chaeo logy

o f i d en t i ty

a nd

a nd t h eo r e t ica l -

F rance o rG e rmany , p a r t icu la r ly j u s t a f t e rt h e

m e thodo log ica l mode ls u sed b y t h e F rench .

s t a r t o f t h e c o lon ia l p a r t i t ion ing o f A f r ica ,

C h i l yN a ran jo a nd M i l la re s T or re s w ou ld

w ou ld

r e la te t h e

m ake

t h e

A rch ipe lago

a c ove ted

G uanche s

t o t h e

F rench C ro -

t e r r i to ry . T h i s g ave r i se t ot h ed eve lopmen to f

Magnon r a ce a nd w ou ld t h e ref o re p l ace t h em

s c ien t if ic i n te rven t ion ism w h ich h ad c l ea r

w i th in t h e N eo l i th ic p e r iod ; w h i l s t O s suna

r e pe r cu s s ion s o n t h e t h eo r iza t ion o ft h e e a r ly

a nd B e thencou r t w ou ld i n s is t o n t h e ir C e l t ic

h uman c o lon iza t ion o ft h ei s land s .

a nd I b e r ian r oo t s , ah ypo the s is t h a t w ou ld a low t h em t os uppo r t t h e r e g iona l is t p o l i t ic s

B e r the lo t

( 1879 )

t h e r ef o re

r e la ted

t h e

G uanche s t o t h e E u ropean C ro -Magnon r a ce

o f t h e L ibe ra l p a r ty , w h ich w a s a ga in s t t h e d i v i s ion o ft h eC ana r ie s i n to p rov ince s .

t h a t h ad o r ig ina ted i n F rance , ah ypo the s is t h a t

Q ua t ref age s

a nd

H amy

h ad

a l ready

O n t h e b a s is o ft h is s i tua t ion , w h ich i sc l o se ly

a dvanced ( 1874 ) , a nd t h a tw ou ld b e s e conded

i n f luenced

b y V erneau ( 1 878 , 1 886 o r 1 89 1) . I nc u l tu ra l

b e tween

t e rm s , B e r the lo t a nd V e rneau w ou ld d ef end

A rch ipe lago , w e c an o b se rve w ha t w e h ave

t h e

t e rmed t h e " d is to r ted m ir ro r t h eo ry" . T ha t i s

p r e sence

o f C e l t ic m ega l i th s

i n t h e

b y

t h e

a p a r t

s c ien t if ic o f

E u rope

r e la t ion sh ip a nd

t h e

A r ch ipe lago , w i th a l t h e i mp l ica t ions t h is

t os ay t h a t , w h i ls t n i ne teen th -cen tu ry f o re ign

c on ta ined .

a u tho r s a pp l ied t h e e vo lu t ion is t t h eo r ie s i n

T he G e rman a u tho r s , o n t h e

o t he r h and , d i d n o t q ue s t ion t h e r e la t ion sh ip

v ogue

b e tween t h e i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le a nd

i mp l ica t ion s , r e la t ing t h e i n d igenou sC ana r ian

t h e C ro - Magnon r a ce , b u t e mpha s ized t h e

p eop le t ot h e ir ( F rench o rG e rman ) s phe re s o f

p r e sence o n t h e i s land s o f G e rman ic r a ce s

i n f luence ; i n t h e c a se o f t h e C ana r ie s , t h e

1 23

a t t h e t ime w i th c l ea r c o lon ia l i s t

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

s i tua t ion w a s r a d ica l ly d i f f e ren t . T he v a r iou s

r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e C ana ry I s land s a nd

i s land a u tho r s a pp l ied t h e se s ame t h eo re t ica l

E gyp t , t h e N ea r E a s t , F rance o r G ermany ,

g u ide l ine s , b u t w i th p a r t isan i mp l ica t ion s : f o r

p r opo sed b y c ab ine t s c ho la r s , a r chaeo log is t s

t h em t h e m o s t i mpo r tan t t h ing w a s t o r e la te

o r a n th ropo log is t s ,

t h e f i r s t s e t t le r s o n t h e i s land s t o t h e m a jo r

s ub jec t ive r e ad ing o fw r i t ten s ou r ce s , w i thou t

E u ropean c u l tu re s .

d eve lop ing

t h e

t h e ref o re

w i thou t

w a s t r aced t h rough

r e levan t

f i e ldwo rk

a

a nd

u nde r s tand ing

t h e

I n o ppo s i t ion t o t h is , i ti sc e r ta in , h oweve r ,

a r chaeo logy o f t h e i s land s . N owaday s , t h e r e

t h a t ac ompa ra t ive s t udy o f s c ien t if ic i d ea s

a r e n o d oub t s a bou t t h e B e rbe r o r ig ins o ft h e

d emon s t ra te s t h e w eakne s s o ft h e d i cho tomy

a nc ien ts e t t le r s o nt h eC ana ry I s land s .

" A r ch ipe lago ( v iewed a sa n a r ea i s o la ted a nd s epa ra te

s c ien t if ic

T he e vo lu t ion is t t h eo r ie s d eve loped b o th i n

c on tex t ) -E u rope ( v iewed a st h e f o cu s f o rt h e

E u rope a nd i nt h e A r ch ipe lago w e re r e jec ted

d i f f u s ion o fs c ien t if ic t h eo ry ) " , i nt e rm s o ft h e

b yt h em o s tt r ad i t iona l s e c to r s o fs o c ie ty , w ho

d i f f u s ion o f i d ea s , s i nce e vo lu t ion is t t h eo r ie s

r e f u sed t oa ccep t t ot h e " ape" a st h e a nce s to r

w e re d eve loped i nt h eC ana r ie sa nd i nE u rope

o f m ank ind ,

s imu l taneou s ly . H oweve r , a sw e c an s e e f r om

b i b l ica l c r ea t ion t h eo ry . I n ap r e -h is tor ica l

t h e w ay i n w h ich t h e F r ench a nd G e rman

c on tex t , t h e c onf ron ta t ion b e tween t h e se t wo

a u tho r s i n te rp re ted t h e c o lon iza t ion t h eo r ie s

p o s i t ion s

p roposed d u r ing t h is p e r iod ,t h e re w a s( f rom a

b e tween

d i a lec t ica l p o in t o f v i ew ) ac l ea r p u rpo se

t r ad i t iona l is t s , w i th a l t h a t t h is i mp l ied f o r

b eh ind e s tab l ish ing a d ependen t r e la t ion sh ip

t h e s t udy o ft h e f i r s t s e t t le r s o n t h e C ana r ie s .

f o r

c e r ta in

Wh i ls t t h e e vo lu t ion i s t s d i d n o t h e s i ta te t o

E u ropean p owe r s ( F rance o r G e rmany ) . T he

l i nk t h e i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le w i th t h e

s ucce s s

C ro -Magnon

t h e

f r om

t h e

C ana r ie s

o f

t h e

e x t ra in su la r

i n r e la t ion

a r che type s

t o

o r

i d en t i t ie s

l e d

s i nce

t o

t h is

c on t rad ic ted

a c on t rove r s ia l

e vo lu t ion i s t s

p r im i t ive

a nd

t h e

d eba te C a tho l ic

m an ,

t h e

d eve loped b y t h e F r ench a u tho r s f o r t h e

t r ad i t iona l is t s , o n t h e o t he r h and , r e nounced

i n d igenou s C ana r ian p eop le , a s w e l l a s t h e ir

t h is r e la t ion sh ip a nd a r gued i nf a vou r o ft h e

a ccep tance b y t h e C ana r ian a u tho r s c an b e

l i nk b e tween t h e G uanche s a nd t h e b i b l ica l

e xp la ined

r a ce s( t he P hoen ic ian so rC anaan i te s ) .

b y

e s tab l i shed

t h e

a cadem ic

r e la t ion sh ip s

b e tween C ana r ian a nd

F r ench

i n te l lec tua ls , b y t h e F rench p r e sence i n t h e C ana r ie s

( i n

t h e

c a se

o f B e r the lo t

a nd

V erneau ) , a nd b yt h e w ay i nw h ich t h e i rw o rk w a s

d i s sem ina ted

t h rough

t h e

C ana r ian

j ou rna ls ( Rev i s ta C anar ia a nd R ev i s ta d e E l Mu seo C anar io ) . I nt h is c on tex t , h oweve r , i t i s i mpo r tan t

t o

s t re s s

t h a t

t h e

c u l tu ra l

1 24

R ef erences

ABELLÄN , J oaqu in : 1 997 . N ac iön y N ac iona l i smo e n A l eman ia . L a < > ( 1815 -1990 ) . E d i to r ia lT ecno s . Mad r id . ABERCROMBY , J ohn : 1 9 14 . " The p r eh is to r ic p o t te ry o f t h e C ana ry I s land s a nd i t s m ake r s" . J ou rna l o f t h e R oya l A n thropo log ica l I n s t i tu t e , 4 4 : 3 02 -323 . -1 990 ( 19 17 ) . E s tud io d e l aa n t igua l e ngua d e l a s I s la s C ana r ia s . Monog ra f ia s , XL IV . E d ic iön , c on t r aducc iön y e s tud io i n t roduc to r io , d e Ma r ia A nge le sA lva r ez Ma r t inez yF e rnando G a lvän R eu la . I n s t i tu to d e E s tud io s C ana r io s .L aL aguna ( Tener if e ) . ABREU GAL INDO , F ray J uan d e : 1 977 ( 1602 ) . H i s tor ia d e l a c onqu i s ta d e l a s s i e t e i s la s d e C ana r ia . I n t roducc iön y n o ta s a c a rgo d e A le jand ro C io rane scu . G oya E d ic ione s . S an ta C ru zd eT ene r if e . ADU BOAHEN , A . ( d i r . ) : 1 987 . H i s tor ia G enera ld e Af r ica . V I I . Af r ica b a jo e l d om in io c o lon ia l ( 1880 -1935 ) . E d i to r ia lT ecno s . UNESCO . Mad r id . ALC INA F RANCH , J o se : 1 989 .A rqueo log ia A n t ropo lög ica . A ka l U n ive r s i ta r ia . Mad r id . ALONSO , M a R o sa : 1 977 . " La l i t e ra tu ra e n C ana r ia s d u ran te e ls i g lo X IX" . E n : A gu s t in M i l la r e s T o r re s . H i s tor ia G enera l d e l a s I s la s C anar ia s . T omo V : 12 131 . E d i rca . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . ALTHUSSER , L ou is : 1 999 ( 1968 ) . L a f i lo sof ia c omo a rma d e l ar evo luc iön . B ib l io teca d e l P ensam ien to S oc ia l is ta . S ig lo XX I E d i to re s . Mex ico . ÄLVAREZ DELGADO , J uan : 1 957b. " E l R ub icön d e L anza ro te" . A nuar io d e E s tud io sA t län t ico s , 3 :4 93 -562 . ÄLVAREZ MART iNEZ , M a A nge le s : 1 989 . " Apo r ta c ione s e x t ran je ra s a l a f i lo log ia c ana r ia e n t re l o s s i g lo s X IX yXX" .A guay ro , n °1 8 1 ( e ne ro -ab r i l ) : 8 13 .

ALZOLA , J o se M igue l : 1 977 -79 . " T re s e t apa s e n l av i da d e l Mu seo C ana r io" . E l Mu seo C anar io , XXXV I I I -XL : 3 73 -375 . ARBELO GARC IA , A do lf o y Manue l H ernändez G onzä lez : 1 988 . E l A n t iguo R eg imen ( s ig lo s XV I I y XV I I I ) . C o lecc iön H is to r ia P opu la rd e C ana r ia s , 3 . CCPC . S an ta C ruz d e T ene r if e . ARCE , J av ie r y R ica rdo O lmo s ( c oo rd . ) : 1 99 1 . H i s tor iog ra f ia d e l a A rqueo log ia y d e l aH i s tor ia A n t igua e n E spana ( S ig lo s XV I I I -XX ) . M in i s te r io d e C u l tu ra . D i recc iön G ene ra l d e B e l la s A r te s yA r ch ivo s . Mad r id . ARCO AGU ILAR , M a d e l C a rmen d e l ; Mau ro S .H e rnändez P e rez ; Ma r ia d e l a C ruz J imenez G ömez y J uan F ranc isco N ava r ro Mede ro s : 1 977 -79 . " Nueva s f e cha s d e C 14 e n l a P reh i s to r ia d e G ran C ana r ia" . E l Mu seo C anar io , XXXV I I I -XL : 7 3 7 8 . ARCO AGU ILAR , M a d e l C a rmen y J uan F ranc isco N ava r ro Mede ro s : 1 988 . L o s A bor ig ene s . H i s to r ia P opu la r d e C ana r ia s , 1 . C en t ro d e l a C u l tu ra P opu la r C ana r ia . S an ta C ruz d e T ene r if e . ARCO AGU ILAR , M a D e l C a rmen d e l ; Ma r ia d e l aC ruz J imenez G ömez y J uan F ranc i sco N ava r ro Mede ro s : 1 992 . L a a rqueo log ia e n C ana r ia s : d e l m i to a l a c i enc ia . I n te r in su la r . E d ic ione s C ana r ia s . S an ta C ruz d e T ene r if e . AR IE , R a che l : 1 982 . E spa i ia Mu su lmana ( s ig lo s V I I I -XV ) . E n : Manue l T u f lön d e L a ra ( d i r . ) . H i s to r ia d e E spa i la . T omo I . E d i to r ia l L abo r . B a r ce lona . ARNOLD , B e t t ina : 1 990 . " The p a s t a s p ropaganda : t o ta l i ta r ian a r chaeo logy i n N az i G e rmany" . A n t iqu i ty , 6 4 : 4 64 -478 . ARÖSTEGU I S ANCHEZ , J u l io : 2 00 1 . L a i n ve s t igac iön h i s tör ica : t e or ia y

1 25

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

m j todo . C o lecc iön H is to r ia y T eo r ia . E d i to r ia l C r i t ica . B a rce lona ( 2 ' e d ic iön ) . ATOCHE P E IIA , P ab lo ; J uan A nge l P az P e ra l ta ; Ma r ia d e l o s A nge les R am i rez R od r iguez y Ma r ia d e l a E spe ranza O r t iz P a loma r : 1 995 . E v id enc ia s a rqueo lög ica s d e l m undo r omano e n L anzaro te ( I s la s C anar ia s ) . S er v ic io d e P ub l icac ione s d e l E xcmo . C ab i ldo I n su la r d e L anza ro te . A r r ec if e . AA .VV . : 1 993 . L a B ib l ia . E d i to r ia l V e rbo D iv ino . Mad r id . 1 0 'e d ic iön . AA .VV . : 1 994 . D escr ip t ion d e 1* yp te . C omp le te E d i t ion . T a schen . A leman ia . AA . VV .: 1 995 ( 1902 ) . E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l u s t rada E uropeo Amer icana . T omo I V . E spa sa C a lpe . Mad r id . - 1 994 ( 19 10 ) . E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l u s t rada E uropeo Amer icana . T omo V I I I . E spa sa C a lpe . Mad r id . 1 99 1 ( 19 12 ) . E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l u s t rada E uropeo -Amer icana . T omo X IV . E spa sa -Ca lpe . Madr id . 1 99 1 ( 1924 ) . E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l u s t rada E uropeo -Amer icana . T omo XV . E spa sa -Ca lpe . Mad r id . _ 1 994 ( 1924 ) . E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l u s t rada E uropeo Amer icana . T omo . XX I I I . E spa sa C a lpe . Mad r id . - 1 99 1 ( 1924 ) . E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l u s t rada E uropeo Amer icana . T omo XXV . E spa sa C a lpe . Mad r id . 1 995 ( 1925) . E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l u s t rada E uropeo -Amer icana . T omo XXV I . E spa sa -Ca lpe . Mad r id . - 1 99 1 ( 1925) . E nc ic loped ia U n ive r sa l I l u s t rada E u ropeo -Ame r icana . T omo XXV I I I . E spa sa C a lpe , S .A . Mad r id . - 1 99 1 ( 19 19 ) . E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l u s t rada E uropeo -Amer icana . T omo XXX . E spa sa C a lpe , S .A . Mad r id . - 1 991 ( 19 16 ) . E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l u s t rada E uropeo Amer icana . T omo XXX I . E d i to r ia l E spa sa C a lpe . Mad r id . 1 994 ( 19 16 ) . E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l u s t rada E uropeo Amer icana . T omo XXX I I . E spa sa C a lpe . Mad r id . - 1 991 ( 19 17 ) . E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l u s t rada E uropeo Amer icana . T omo XXX I I I . E spa sa C a lpe . Mad r id .

1 995 ( 19 18 ) . E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l u s t rada E uropeo -Amer icana . T omo XXXV I . E spa sa -Ca lpe . Mad r id . - 1 99 1 ( 19 17 ) : E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l u s t rada E uropeo Amer icana . T omo XXX IV . E d i to r ia l E spa sa C a lpe . Mad r id . 1 995 ( 1927 ) . E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l u s t rada E uropeo -Amer icana . T omo LV I . E spa sa -Ca lpe . Mad r id . 1 99 1 ( 1929 ) . E nc ic loped ia U n iver sa l I l u s t rada E uropeo Amer icana . T omo LXV I I . E spa sa C a lpe . Mad r id . AYARZAGÜENA SANZ , Ma r iano : 1 990 a. " O r igene s d e l a A rqueo log ia p r eh is tö r ica e n E spar ia" . R ev i s ta d e A rqueo log ia . A r lo X I , n ° 1 05 : 1 6 -24 . 1 990 b. " Ca s iano d e P rado y V a l lo . I n t roduc to r d e l o s e s tud io s p r eh is tö r ico s e n E spar ia" . R ev i s ta d e A rqueo log ia . Ar io X I , n ° 1 07 : 8 10 . -1 990 c." Juan V i lanova y P i e ra . P ad re d e l a P reh is to r ia E spa t io la" . R ev i s ta d e A rqueo log ia . Mo X I , n ° 1 08 :4 0 -43 . -1 99 1 . " H is to r iog ra f ia e spa r io la r e f e r ida a l a E dad d e P i ed ra d e sde 1 868 h a s ta 1 880" . E n : J av ie r A rce y R ica rdo O lmo s ( coo rd . ) . H i s tor iog raf ia d e l a A rqueo log ia y d e l aH i s tor ia A n t igua e n E spa i ia ( S ig lo s XV I I I -XX ) : 6 9 -72 . M in is te r io d e C u l tu ra . D irecc iön G ene ra l d e B e l la s A r tes y A rch ivos . Mad r id . - 1 992 . L a a rqueo log ia p reh i s tör ica y p ro toh i s tör ica e spa l io la e n e l s i g lo X IX . 2t omo s . T es is d oc to ra l i n& l i ta . U n ive r s idad Nac iona l d e E ducac iön a D is tanc ia . Mad r id . -1 994 . " F ranc isco Ma r ia T ub ino y O l iva ( 1834 1888 ) . R ev i s ta d eA rqueo log ia . A r lo XV , n ° 1 56 : 4 2 -45 . -1 996 . " Jo sé Amado rd e l o s R io s" . R ev i s ta d e A rqueo log ia . A r lo XV I I , n ° 1 80 : 5 6 5 9 . 2 000 . " La A rqueo log ia e spa r io la e n e l ü l t imo t e rc io d e l s i g lo X IX : e lp ape l d e l s u re s te e n l o s i n ic io s" . A xarqu ia , 5 :7 14 . BALB iN BEHRMANN , R od r igo d e y A n ton io T e je ra G a spa r : 1 983 . " E l y ac im ien to r upe s t re d eA r ipe , G u ia d e I s o ra , T ene r if e" . E n : AA .VV . : H omena je a l p rof esor Mar t in A lmag ro B a sch . T omo I V : 2 45 -26 1 . M in is te r io d eC u l tu ra . Mad r id .

1 26

R ef erence s

p ueb lo s q ue o cupa ron l a s I s la s BANKS , l a in : 1 996 . " A rchaeo logy , A f o r t u n a d a s d e s d e l o s p r im e r o s n a t iona l i sm a nd e t hn ic i ty" . E n : J ohn t i empo s h a s ta l a j poca d e s u A . A tk in son ; l a in B ank s y J e r ry c onqu i s ta . G oya E d ic ione s . S an ta O 'Su l l ivan : 1 996 . N a t iona l i sm a nd C ruz d eT ener if e . a rchaeo logy . S co t t ish A r cha eo log ica l 1 9 9 1 ( 1 8 7 9 ) . " E s t u d io s f i s io lög ico s e F o rum : 1 11 . C ru i thne P re s s . h i s t ö r i c o s s o b r e l a r a z a g u a n c h e y G la sgow . s o b r e l a p e r s i s t e n c i a d e l o s c a r a c t e r e s BARROS , J oao d e : 1 552 . " A s ia d e J oan d e q ue l a d i s t inguen a ün e n t re l a s B a r ro s , d o s f e c to s q ue o sP o r tugue se s a c tua le s p ob lac ione s d e l a s i s la s d e l f i ze ram n o d e scob r imen to ec onqu i s ta A rch ip ie lago C ana r io" . R ev i s ta d e d o s m a re s e t e r ra s d o O r ien te . C anar ia s . T omo I .M I° I( 9 ) : 1 30 F ragmen to s" . E n : L u i s Maf f io t te . 1 33 . F a c s im i le s d e C ana r ia s . F ragmen ta R erum C ana r ia rum V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra yD epo r te s . ( Manu sc r i to ) . B ib l io teca J . R egu lo . G ob ie rno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna L aL aguna . ( Tene r if e ) . BARROS , P h i l ip d e : 1 990 . " Chang ing -1 980 ( 1883 ) . R ecuerdo s ye p i s to lar io ( 1820 P a rad igm s , G oa ls a nd Me thod s i nt h e 1 880 ) . I n s t i tu to d e E s tud io s C ana r io s . A rchaeo logy o f F rancophone We s t L aL aguna ,T ene r if e . A f r ica" . E n : P e te r R obe r t shaw ( e d . ) . BETHENCOURT ALFONSO , J uan : 1 99 1 A h i s tory o f Af r ican A rchaeo logy : ( 1880 ) . " Do s p a lab ra s c on r e lac iön a l 1 55 172 .J ame sC u r r ey L td . L ond r e s . e s tud io d e l o s a bo r igene s d e B ERNÄLDEZ , A nd r e s : 1 993 ( 1495 ) . C ana r ia s" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . A r lo "Memo r ia s d e l R e inado d e l o s R eye s I ( 3 1) : 6 8 -69 . F a c s im i le s d e C a tö l ico s" . E n : F ranc isco Mo ra le s C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra y P ad rön : C anar ia s : C rön ica s d e s u D epor te s . G ob ie rno d e C ana r ia s . L a C onqu i s ta . T ran sc r ipc iön , e s tud io y L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . n o ta s : 5 05 -520 . E d ic ione s d e l - 1 99 1 ( 188 1) . " No ta s p a ra l o s e s tud io s C ab i ldo I n su la r d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s p r eh i s tö r ico s d e l a s i s la s d e G ome ra y P a lma sd eG ran C ana r ia .2 'e d ic iön . H ie r ro ( I ) . E l s i lbo a r t icu lado e n l a B ERTHELOT , S ab in : 1 980 ( 1 839 ) . P r imera G ome ra " . R ev i s ta d e C ana r ia s . T omo e s tanc ia e n T ener if e ( 1820 -1830 ) . I l . A f io I ( 7 1) : 3 2 1-322 . F a c s im i le s A u la d e C u l tu ra d e l E xcmo . C ab i ldo d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e I n su la r . I n s t i tu to d e E s tud io s C u l tu ra y D epo r te s . G ob ier no d e C ana r io s . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . C ana r ia s . L aL aguna ( Tener if e ) . -1 978 ( 1842 ) . E tnog raf ia y a na l e s d e l a -1 999 ( 19 12 ) . H i s tor ia d e lp ueb lo g uanche . c onqu i s ta d el a sI s la sC ana r ia s . G oya S u o r ig en , c a rac t er e s e t no lög ico s , E d ic ione s . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . h i s tör ico s y l i ngü i s t ico s . T omo I . - 1 874 . " Su r l ' e thno log ie c ana r ienne" . F ranc isco L emu s E d i to r . L a L aguna B u l l e t in s d e l a S oc ij tj ( Tene r if e ) . 3 'e d ic iön . d 'An thropo log ie d e P ar i s . T omo I X -1 997 ( 19 12 ) . H i s tor ia d e lp ueb lo g uanche . ( 2 s e r ie ) : 14 117 . L a c onqu i s ta d e l a s I s la s C ana r ia s . -1 99 1 ( 1 875 ) . " No t ic ia s s ob r e l o s c a rac te re s T om o I . F r a n c i s c o L em u s E d i t o r . L a j e rog l i f ico s g r abado s e n l a s r o ca s L a g u n a ( T e n e r i f e ) . v o lcän ica s d e l a s I s la s C ana r ia s" . E n : BETTS , R . F . : 1 987 . "Me todo s ei n s t i tuc ione s AA .VV . : A ven tu ra s yo b ser vac ione s d e l a d om i n a c i ö n e u r o p e a " . E n : A . e n l ac o s ta o cc id en ta ld e Af r ica ys u s Adu B oahen ( d i r . ) . H i s tor ia G enera l i s la s . C o lecc iön at r ave s d e l t i empo , d e Af r ica . V I I . Af r ica b a jo e ld om in io n °7 : 1 43 163 . E d ic ione s J .A .D .L . L a c o lon ia l ( 1880 -1935 ) : 39 -377 . O ro tava ( Tene r if e ) . E d i t o r i a l T e c n o s . U N E SCO . M a d r i d . -1 878 . " Nouve l le s d ecouve r te s d 'an t iqu i te s a BEYNE IX , A la in : 2 003 . " Do lmen s e t F o r taven tu re ( Cana r ie s )" . R evue m enh ir s d 'Aqu i ta ine" . A rchiv log ia , d 'An thropo log ie . T omo I( 10 a s e r ie ) : 3 98 : 3 8 -45 . 2 52 -266 . B LANCKAERT , C laude : 2 00 1 °." Le s u sage s - 1 980 ( 1 879 ) . A n t igüedad e s C anar ia s . d e l ' An th ropo log ie" . E n : C laude A no tac ione s s obr e e l o r ig en d e l o s

1 27

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

B lanckae r t ( d ir . ) . L e s p o l i t ique s d e l ' An thropo log ie . D i scour s e t p ra t ique s e n F rance ( 1860 -1940 ) : 9 2 6 . H is to ire d e s S c ience s H uma ines . L 'Ha rma t tan . P a r is . -2 00 1 b. " La c r ise d e l ' an thropome t r ie: D es a r t s a n th ropo techn ique s a ux d e r ive s m i l i tan tes ( 1860 1920 )" . E n : C laude B lanckae r t ( d i r . ) . L e s p o l i t ique s d e l ' An thropo log ie . D i scour s e t p ra t ique s e n F rance ( 1860 -1940 ): 9 5 172 . H is to i re d es S c ience s H uma ine s . L 'Ha rma t tan . P a r is . BOCCACC IO , G iovann i : 1 998 ( 1 34 1) . " De C ana r ia y d e 1 a s o t ra s i s l a s n uevamen te h a l lada s e n e l O ceano a lende E spana " . E n : C o l ecc iön a t r ave s d e lt i empo , 1 6 :3 1-39 . E s tud io c r i t ico d e M . H e rnändez G onzä lez y T raducc iön d e J .A . D e lgado L u is . E d ic ione s J .A .D .L . L a O ro tava ( Tene r if e ) . BONNET REVERÖN , B uenaven tu ra : 1 926 . " Lo s p r im i t ivo s h ab i tan tes d e C ana r ia s . L a i s la d e H e re ( V )" . R ev i s ta d eH i s tor ia , 1( 12 ) : 9 7 104 . BORD IER , M . : 1 879 . " Le s c r ane s e t o ssemen t s c ana r ien s d e M . l ed oc teu r C h i l y Na ran jo" . B u l le t in s d e l a S oc ie te d' A n thropo log ie d e P ar i s . T omo 2( 3 's e r ie ) : 8 15 . BORY DE SA INT -V INCENT , J ean B ap t is te : 1 988 ( 1803) . E n sayo s s obre l a s I s la s A f or tunada s yl aa n t igua A t län t ida o c ompend io d e l aH i s tor ia G enera ld e l A rch ip ie lago C anar io . C o lecc iön a t r ave s d e l t i empo , 4 . E d ic ione s J .A .D .L . L aO ro tava ( Tene r if e ) . -1 994 ( 1859 ) . " V ia je al a s c ua t ro p r inc ipa le s i s la s d e l o s ma re s d e A f r ica , d u ran te l o s a rm s n ueve yd i ez d e l aR epüb l ica ( 180 1 y1 802 ) . ( Cap i tu lo s Iy I D" . E n W i l l iam R . W i lde : Narrac iön d e u n v i a je a T ener if e . ( Cap i tu lo I V ) . C o lecc iön at r ave s d e l t i empo , 1 : 6 3 1 07 . E d ic ione s J .A .D .L . L a O ro tava ( Tene r if e ) . BOSCH M ILLARES , J uan : 1 954 . " Don L u is M i l la re s C uba s . Med ico , e s c r i to r y h uman is ta . ( Apun te s s ob re s u v i da y o b ra )" . E l Mu seo C anar io , 4 9 -52 : 1 5 0 . -1 959 . Don A gu s t in M i l lare s T orre s : s u v ida ys u o bra c omo c ompo s i tor , n ove l i s ta

eh i s tor iador . G ab ine te L i te ra r io . L a s P a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia . - 1 969 . " Pa leopa to log ia c r aneana d e l o s p r im i t ivo s p ob lado res d e C ana r ia s" . A nuar io d e E s tud io s A t län t ico s , 1 5 : 6 9 -77 . -1 97 1 . D on G regor io C h i l yNaran jo . S uv ida y s u o bra . E d ic iones d e l E xcmo . C ab i ldo I n su la r d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . BR ITO GONZÄLEZ , O swa ldo : 1 989 a. H i s tor ia C on t emporänea : C anar ia s , 1 770 -1876 . E l t r än s i to a l a c on temporane idad . C o lecc iön H i s to r ia P opu la r d e C ana r ia s , 5 . C en t ro d e l aC u l tu ra P opu la r C ana r ia . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . -1 989 b.H i s tor ia C on temporänea : C anar ia s , 1 876 -1931 . L a e ncruc i jada i n t ernac iona l . C o lecc iön H is to r ia P opu la r d e C ana r ia s , 6 . C en t ro d e l a C u l tu ra P opu la r C ana r ia . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . BROCA , P au l : 1 862 . " La l i ngu i s t ique e t l ' an th ropo log ie" . B u l le t in s d e l a S oc ie te d' A n thropo log ie d e P ar i s , 3 : 2 64 -319 . -1 876 . " Le s p eup le s b l ond s e tl e s monumen t s m ega l i th ique s d an s l 'Af r ique s ep ten t r iona le . L e s V anda le s e n A f r ique" . R evue d' An thropo log ie . T omo V : 3 93 -404 . BUNZL , Ma t t i : 1 996 . " Franz B oa s a nd t h e H umbo ld t ian T rad i t ion . F rom V o lk sge is t a nd N a t iona lcha rak te r t o a n A n th ropo log ica l C oncep t o f C u l tu re" . E n : G eo rge W . S tock ing ( e d . ) . V o lk sge i s ta s Me thod a nd E th ic . E s say s o n B oa s ian E thnog raphy a nd t h e G erman A n thropo log ica l T rad i t ion : 1 7 -78 . H is to ry o f A n th ropo logy . V o lumen 8 . T he U n ive r s i ty o f W iscon s in P re ss . W iscon s in . BUTE , J ohn C r ich ton S tua r t , Ma rque s d e : 1 987 ( 189 1) . S obre l aa n t igua l e ngua d e l o s n a tura le s d e T ener if e . E n sayo p r e sen tado a l a S ecc iön

1 28

A n t ropo lög ica d e l a A soc iac iön B r i tän ica p ara e l A vance d e l a C ienc ia . Monog ra f ia s , XXX IV . E d ic iön , t r aducc iön , i n t roducc iön y n o ta s p o r Ma r ia A nge le s A lva rez Ma r t inez y F e rnando G a lvän R eu la .

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T omo I . D . I s id ro M iranda I mp re so r E d i to r . L a s P a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia . -1 880 b." Exped ic iön a G uayadeque . I " . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I .A r lo I ,n °5 : 1 29 133 . -1 880 c." Exped ic iön a G uayadeque . I " . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I .A r lo I ,n °6 : 1 6 1166 . 1 880 d." Exped ic iön a Guayadeque . I I" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I .A r io I ,n ° 1 3 : 1 4 . -1 880 e." D iscu r so l e ido p o r e l S r . D r . D . G rego r io C h i l yNa ran jo , D irec to rd e l Museo d e h i s tor ia n a tu ra l" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I .A r lo I ,n ° 7y 8 : 2 03 -2 10 . -1 880 f." Apöf is is e s t i lo idea e n e lc r äneo d e l o s g uanche s d e G ran C ana r ia" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I . A r lo I ,n ° 1 4 : 3 8 -40 . - 1 880 g . " Es tud ios a n t ropo lög ico s e n T ene r if e" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I .A r lo I ,n ° 1 6 : 1 03106 . -1 880 " . " La c e räm ica e n t re l o s g uanche s d e G ran C ana r ia" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I .A r lo I ,n ° 1 8 : 1 6 1-164 . -1 882 " Impor tanc ia d e l a s e xp lo rac ione s . I " . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo V . A r io I I , n °5 7 : 2 89 -292 . -1 899 a." Impor tanc ia d e l a s e xp lo rac ione s . I " . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo V I . A r lo I V , n °5 8 : 4 -9 . - 1 899 " . " La An t ropo log ia a ux i l ia r d e l a H is to r ia" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo V I . Ar io I V ,n °6 6 : 2 74 -276 . - 1 899 ' . " La s e xp lo rac iones d e 1 886 . Memo r ia d e l S r . D irec to r d e E l Mu seo" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo V I I . A r lo I V , n °7 8 : 2 73 -279 . -1 899 d." E l Mu seo c on r e lac iön a l p a sado h i s tö r ico d e l a s C ana r ia s" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo V I I . Mo I V , n ° 8 0 : 3 43 -348 . -1 90 1 . " E l d o lmen d e T ira jana" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo X . A r lo V I , n ° 14 : 9 7 -98 . CEBR IÄ , A r tu r , I gnac io Mu ro y E dua rd R iu : 1 99 1 . " La a r queo log ia y l ap reh is to r ia e n e ls i g lo X IX : a c t i tude s yc onf l ic to s c i en t i f ico -soc ia le s e n l a C a ta lur ia d e l a R e s tau rac iön" . E n : J av ie r A rce y R ica rdo O lmo s ( coo rd . ) . H i s tor iog raf ia d e l aA rqueo log ia y d e l aH i s tor ia A n t igua e n E spa i la ( S ig lo s XV I I I -XX ) : 7 9 -84 . M in is te r io d e

C u l tu ra . D ir ecc iön G ene ra l d e B e l la s A r ie s yA rch ivo s . Mad r id . C IORANESCU , A le jand ro : 1 960 196 1 . " E l m i to d e l b uen g uanche e n l a h i s to r iog raf la c ana r ia" . A nuar io d e l I n s t i tu to d e E s tud io s C anar io s ; V I : 1 14 . -1 962 . " Thoma s N icho ls , me rcade r d e v i no s , h i span is ta y h e re je" . R ev i s ta d e E s tud io s C anar io s , V I I : 1 5 16 . -1 977 . " La I l u s t rac iön c ana r ia" . E n A gu s t in M i l la re s T or re s . H i s tor ia G enera l d e l a s I s la s C anar ia s . T omo I V : 1 85 1 93 . E d irca . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . -1 982 . J uan d e B e thencour t . A u la d e C u l tu ra d eT ene r if e . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . C IORANESCU , A le jand ro e t a l i i : 1 980 . H omena je a S ab ino B er the lo t e n e l c en tenar io d e s uf a l lec im ien to , 1 880 . 1 980 . I n s t i tu to d e E s tud io s C ana r io s . L aL aguna . COURS IER , A la in : 1 989 . F a idherbe , 1 818 1 889 . Du S dndga l äI' A rmde d u Nord . E d i t ions T a l land ie r . P a r is . COYE , N . : 1 993 . " P reh is to ire e tP ro toh is to ire e n A lge r ie a u X IX s i èc le : l e s s i gn if ica t ion s d u d ocumen t a r cheo log ique" . C ah ier s d ' tud e s 4f r ica ines , 3 3 ( 1 ) : 9 9 137 . DAN IEL , G lyn E dmund : 1 973 . E l c oncep to d e P reh i s tor ia . Nueva C o lecc iön L abo r , 6 4 . E d i tor ia l L abo r , S .A . B ueno sA ire s ( 2 e d ic iön ) . -1 986 . H i s tor ia d e l a A rqueo log ia . D e l o s a n t icuar io s a V . G ordon C h i ld e . A l ianza E d i to r ia l . Mad r id . DAR W IN , C ha r le s : 1 995 ( 1859 ) . E l o r igen d e l h ombre . T omos I y I . M . E . E d i to re s S .L . Mad r id . 1882 . T he D escen t o f Man a nd S e l ec t ion i n R e la t ion t o S ex . J ohn Mu r ray , A lberma r le S t ree t . L ondon ( s econd e d i t ion ) . D 'AVEZAC , Ma r ie A rmand P a sca l : 1 999 ( 1848 ) . H i s tor ia d e l a s I s la s d e l A f r ica ( Canar ia s , A zore s y Mad e ira ) . E d ic iön f a c s im i l . E d i to r ia l G lobo . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . DELGADO ALONSO , Ma r io J . : 1 994 . L a s oc iob io log ia d e l a s r e lac iones d t n ica s yr ac ia l e s . U n a nä l i s i s c r i t ic° . T e s is d e L icenc ia tu ra i n dd i ta . F acu l tad d e F i lo sof la y C ienc ia s d e l a E duca c iön . D epa r tamen to d e

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R ef erence s

P r eh is to r ia , A n t ropo log ia e H is to r ia A n t igua . - 1 996 . " Abo r igene s , r a za s , p a r ien te s y p ueb lo s . U n e nf oque e p i s temo lög ico a n te l a c on s t rucc iön d e l a i d en t idad c ana r ia" . E n : J o sé A n ton io Y oun i s H e rnändez ( e d . ) . D e spue s d e l a Mod ern idad . C u l tu ra , e conom ia y d e sa r ro l lo e n C ana r ia s y e n e l m undo . I I U n iver s idad d e V erano d e Ma spa loma s , 1 994 : 6 95 -7 12 . U n ive r s idad d e L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . F unda c iön Ma spa loma s . L a s P a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia . 1 998 . L a i d ea d e l ar a za e n l aa n t ropo log ia c ana r ia d e ls i g lo X IX A p ropö s i to d e l a s r e lac ione s e n t r e e ld e t erm in i smo b i o lög ico y l a e t n ic idad . T e s is D oc to ra l i n i c l i ta . U n ive r s idad d e L a L aguna . F acu l tad d e F i lo so f ia . D epa r tamen to d e P r eh is to r ia , A n t ropo log ia eH i s to r ia A n t igua . DEMERSON , J o rge : 1 983 . " Don A n ton io P o r l ie r yS op ran is e n l aA cadem ia d e l a H is to r ia" . A nuar io d e E s tud io s A t län t ico s , 2 9 : 2 15 -229 . DEMOULE , J ean -Pau l : 1 999 . " E thn ic i ty , c u l tu re a nd i d en t i ty : F rench a r chaeo log is t s a nd h i s tor ian s" . A n t iqu i ty , 7 3 ( 279 ) : 1 90 198 . DESANGES , J . : 1 983 . " Lo s p ro tobe rebe re s" . E n : G . Mokh ta r ( d i r . ) . H i s tor ia G enera l d e Af r ica . I . A n t igua s c i v i l i zac ione s d e Af r ica : 4 29 -447 . E d i to r ia lT ecno s . UNESCO . Mad r id . D iAZ -ANDREU , Ma rga r i ta : 1 994 . " The p a s t i nt h e p r e sen t : t h e s e a r ch f o r r oo t s i n c u l tu ra l n a t iona l i sm . T he S pan ish c a se" . E n : J .G . B e ramend i , R . Mä iz y X . M . Nü f iez ( c oo rd s . ) . N a t iona l i sm i n E urope . P a s t a nd P re sen t . A c ta s d e l C ong re so I n te rna c iona l d e l o s N ac iona l ismo s e n E u ropa . P a sado y P re sen te ( San t iago d e C ompo s te la , 2 7 -29 d e s ep t iemb r e d e 1 993 ) . V o l . I : 1 99 -2 18 . S e rv ic io d e P ub l ica c ione s d e l a U n ive r s idad d e S an t iago d e C ompo s te la . S an t iago d eC ompo s te la . 1 997 . " Nac iön e i n te rna c iona l iza c iön . L a A rqueo log ia e n E spa r ia e n l a s t r e s p r ime ra s c l 6cada s d e l s i g lo XX" . E n : G lo r ia Mo ra y Ma rga r i ta D iaz A nd reu ( e d s . ) . L a c r i s ta l i zac iön d e l p a sado : g ene s i s y d e sar ro l lo d e l m arco i n s t i tuc iona ld el aA rqueo log ia

e n E spa i ia . A c ta s d e l I C ong re so I n te rnac iona l d e H is to r iog raf ia d e l a A rqueo log ia e n E spar ia ( s . XV I I I XX ) : 4 03 -4 16 . S e rv ic io d e P ub l icac ione s d e l a U n ive r s idad d e Mä laga . M in is te r io d e E ducac iön y C ienc ia . Mä laga . D iAZ -ANDREU , Ma rga r i ta y G lo r ia Mo ra : 1 995 . " A rqueo log ia y p o l i t ica : e l d e sa r ro l lo d e l aA rqueo log ia e spa i lo la e n s uc on tex to h i s tör ico" . T raba jo sd e P reh i s tor ia , 5 2 ,n ° 1 :2 5 -38 . D iAZ -ANDREU , Ma rga r i ta y G lo r ia Mo ra : 1 997 . " La H i s to r iog ra f ia e spaho la s ob re A rqueo log ia : p ano rama a c tua l d e l ai n ve s t igac iön . E n : G lo r ia Mo ra y Ma rga r i ta D iaz -And reu ( e d s . ) . L a c r i s ta l i zac iön d e l p a sado : g ene s i s y d e sar ro l lo d e l marco i n s t i tuc iona l d e l aA rqueo log ia e n E spa i ta . A c ta s d e l I C ong re so I n te rnac iona l d e H is to r iog raf ia d e l a A rqueo log ia e n E spa r la ( s . XV I I I -XX ) : 9 18 . S e rv ic io d e P ub l icac ione s d e l aU n ive r s idad d e Mä laga . M in is te r io d e E ducac iön y C ienc ia . Mä laga . D IEGO CUSCOY , L u is : 1 982 . " E l Mu seo C ana r io y f a c to re s d e te rm inan te s d e s u c on t inu idad" . E l Mu seo C anar io , XL I I : 7 18 . EDDY , M ichae l R . : 1 992 . " H i s to r ica l a nd c on tempo ra ry p e r cep t ion s o f t h e g uanche s o ft h e C ana ry I s land s" . T he Maghreb R ev iew , 1 7( 1 -2 ) : 1 24 140 . EG IDO LOPEZ , T eöf ane s : 1 99 1 . " La C u l tu ra . L a I l u s t rac iön e spa t io la" . E n : A nge l Mon teneg ro D uque . H i s tor ia d e E spa i ia . L o s B orbone s e n e ls i g lo XV I I I ( 1700 -1808 ) . T omo X : 3 07 3 56 . E d i to r ia l G redos . Mad r id . E LOFFE , G . : 1 899 . " E l p rob lema d e l a a n t igüedad d e l h omb re" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo V I I . A i io I V , n ° 8 0 : 35 -342 . E LL IOTT , J ohn H . : 2 000 ( 1970 ) . E l V i e jo Mundo y e l N uevo ( 1 492 -1650 ) . A l ianza E d i to r ia l . Mad r id . ENC ISO REC IO , L u is M igue l : 1 99 1 . " La s i n s t i tuc ione s d e g ob ie rno . E l E s tado y l a Adm in is t ra c iön" . E n : A nge l Mon teneg ro D uque . H i s tor ia d e E spana . L os B orbone s e n e l s i g lo XV I I I ( 1700 -1808 ) . T omo X : 3 93 4 92 . E d i to r ia l G redo s . Mad r id .

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- 1873b. "Instructions sur l'anthropologie de partie: Premiere l'Algerie. Considerations generales". Bulletins de la Societe d'Anthropo/ogie de Paris. Torno VIII (I oa serie): 603612. - 1874a. ''Quelques mots sur l'ethnologie de Revue Canarien". l'Archipiel d'Anthropologie, Vol. III: 91-94. - 1874b. "Sur l'ethnologie canarienne et sur les Tamahou". Bulletins de la Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris, Torno IX ooa serie): 141-145. FALKENBURGER, Frederic: l 942. "Ensayo de una nueva clasificaci6n craneol6gica de los antiguos habitantes de Canarias". Actas y Memorias de la Sociedad Espana/a de Antropo/ogia, Etnografia y Prehistoria, XVII (1-4): 5-52. FAR1NA GONZALEZ, Manuel A.: 1983. "El Doctor D. Juan Bethencourt Alfonso o el compromiso con Canarias". Gaceta de Canarias. Afio II, n° 5: 2638. FARINA GONZALEZ, Manuel A. y Antonio Tejera Gaspar: 1998. La Memoria recuperada. La colecci6n "Casilda" de Tacoronte en el Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata (Argentina). Servicio de Publicaciones de la Caja General de Ahorros de Canarias. Santa Cruz de Tenerife. FARRUJIA DE LA ROSA, A. Jose: 2002. El poblamiento humano de Canarias en la obra de Manuel de Ossuna y Van den Heede. La Piedra de Anaga y su en !as inserci6n tendencias ideograficas sabre la primera insular. co/onizaci6n Estudios Prehispanicos, 12. Direcci6n General Patrimonio de Hist6rico. Viceconsejeria de Cultura y Deportes. Gobierno de Canarias. Madrid. - 2003a . "El auge de la mentalidad nobiliaria y el tema del primer poblamiento humano de Canarias como una expresi6n de aquella: Viana, Nunez de la Pefia y Perez del Cristo (16041679)". Revista de Historia, 185: 93123. - 2003b. "The Canary Islands under Franco's dictatorship: Archaeology, national unity, and African aspirations".

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J ourna l o f I be r ian A rchaeo logy , 5 : 2 09 -222 . -2 004 a . A b i n i t io ( 1 342 -1969 ) . A nä l i s i s h i s tor iog räf i co y a rqueo lög ico d e l p r im i t ivo p ob lam ien to d e C ana r ia s . C o lecc iön Ä rbo l d e l a C ienc ia . A r tem isa E d ic ione s . S ev i l la . -2 004 " . " G r ego r io C h i l yN a ran jo ( 1 8311 90 1)" . R ev i s ta d e A rqueo log ia , 2 73 ( e ne ro ) : 3 6 -37 . -2 004 c . " Le p eup lemen t d e s l i e s C ana r ie s" . A rchjo log ia , 4 08 ( F ev r ie r ) : 8 . -( Fo r thcom ing ) . " Ar cha eo logy , p o l i t ic s a nd i d en t i ty i n t h e C ana ry I s land s : I mpe r ia l is ta nd v i nd ic t ive c oncep t ion s o n p r eh i s to r ic c o lon iza t ion a tt h e e nd o f t h e 1 9 th c en tu ry" . E n : M . D iaz A nd reu y 0 . Mo ro A bad ia ( e d s . ) . E l c o lon ia l i smo e n E spa i ia y P o r tuga l : e s tud io sp o s tco lon ia l e s e n e lc on t ex to F unda c iön Ma rce l ino B o t in . Mad r id . F ARRU J IA DE LA ROSA , A . J o sé y M a d e l C a rmen d e l A r co A gu i la r : 2 002 a . " E l p r ime r p ob lam ien to h umano d e C ana r ia s s egün l a c oncepc iön < > d e J o se P e rez d e B a r rada s" . A rcha ia , n °2 ,v o lumen 2 : 6 0 -70 . -2 002 " . " La l e yenda d e l p ob lam ien to d e C ana r ia s p o r a f r icano s d e l e ngua s c o r tada s : G ene s is , c on tex tua l izac iön e i n v iab i l idad a r queo lög ica d e u n r e la to i d eado e n l as egunda m i tad d e l s i g lo X IV" . T abona , 1 :4 7 -7 1 . -2 004 a . " La s h acha s d ej ade i ta d e E l Mu seo C ana r io : h i s to r ia , c on tex tua l iza c iön y r e v is ion a r queo lög ica h i s to r iog rä f ica d e u no s a r tef ac to s i n t roduc ido s e n C ana r ia s e n l a s egunda m i tad d e l s i g lo X IX" . E n : A . J o se F a r ru j ia d e l a R o sa y M a d e l C a rmen d e l A r co A gu i la r ( c omp s . ) . A rqueo log ia , r a za yg e s t iön . E s tud io s h i s tor iog räf i co s . E r e s , 1 2 : 3 7 -70 . -2 004 " . " E l p r im i t ivo p ob lam ien to h umano d e C ana r ia s e n l ao b ra d e D om in ik J o sef Wö lf e l : L a p r eh is to r ia i n su la r c omo < >" . T abona , 1 2 : 1 5 -4 1 . - 2 004 c. " A rqueo log ia y f r anqu i smo e n C ana r ia s" . R ev i s ta d e A rqueo log ia , 2 76 ( a b r i l ) : 2 6 -35 . -2 004 d." E l t ema d e l p r im i t ivo p ob 'am ien to h umano d e C ana r ia s ys u i n se r c iön

d i a lec t ica e n l a p o l i t ica f r anqu is ta : J o se P e rez d e B a r rada s yS eba s t iän J imenez S anchez" . E n : F ranc i sco Mo ra le s P ad rön ( c oo rd . ) . XV C o loqu io d e H i s tor ia C ana r io Amer icana . C a sa d e C o lön , 7 11 d e o c tubr e d e 2 002 , p p . 172 -1185 . E d ic ione sd e l C ab i ldo I n su la rd eG ran C ana r ia . L a sP a lma sd eG ran C ana r ia . -2 004 e . " La A rqueo log ia e n C ana r ia s d u ran te e l R eg imen f r anqu is ta : E l t ema d e l p r im i t ivo p ob lam ien to d e l a s i s la s c omo p a rad igma ( 1939 1969 )" . T raba jo sd eP reh i s tor ia ,6 1 ( 1 ) : 7 22 . ( Fo r thcom ing ) . " A rchaeo logy , p o l i t ic s a nd i d en t i ty : t h e c a se o f t h e C ana ry I s land s i n t h e le c en tu ry" . E n : N . S ch lange r a nd J . N o rdb ladh ( Ed s . ) . A rch ive s , a nce s tor s , p rac t ice s . A rchaeo logy i nt h el i gh to fi t sh i s tory . AREA . I NHA . B e rghahn B ook s .N ew Y o rk -Oxf o rd . F ARRU J IA DE LA ROSA , A . J o se y M a d e l C . d e l A r co A gu i la r ( c oo rd s . ) : 2 004 . A rqueo log ia , r a za yg e s t iön . E s tud io s h i s tor iog räf ico s . E r e s , 1 2 . O rgan ismo A u tönomo d e Mu seo s y C en t ro s . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . F ERNÄNDEZ AÜZ , T omä s : 2 000 . L a s ub je t iv idad e n l ah i s tor ia . L ib ro s d e l p rocede r , 9 . E d ic ione s s equ i tu r . Mad r id . F ERNÄNDEZ MART iNEZ , V ic to r M . : 1 996 . A rqueo log ia p reh i s tör ica d e Af r ica . E d i to r ia l S i n te s is . Mad r id . -2 00 1 . " La i d ea d e Af r ica e n e lo r igen d e l a p r eh i s to r ia e spa f io la : u na p e r spec t iva p o s tco lon ia l" . C omp lu tum , 1 2 : 1 67 1 84 . F ERNÄNDEZ -M IRANDA , Manue l : 1 982 . " T re s s i g lo s b u scando a A dän" . R ev i s ta d eO cc id en t e , 1 8 19 : 7 19 . F ETTEN , F rank G . : 2 000 . " A rchaeo logy a nd a n th ropo logy i n G e rmany b ef o re 1 945" . E n : H e inr ich H ä rke ( e d . ) . A rchaeo logy , I d eo logy a nd S oc ie ty . T he G erman E xp er ience : 1 42 179 . P e te rL ang .N ew Y o rk . F ITA Y COLOMER , F i de l : 1 883 . " An t iqu i te s c ana r ienne so ua nno ta t ion ss u rP o r ig ine d e s p eup le s q u i o ccup e r en t l e s i l e s F o r tunee s , d epu is l e s p r em ie r s t emp s j u squ 'ä l ' epoque d e l e u r c onque te p a r S ab in B e r the lo t , a nc ien s e c r e ta i re G ene ra l d el aS oc ie t eG ' eog raph ique d e

1 33

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

P a r is , e t c . ; P a r is , 1 879" . B o le t in d e l a R ea l A cad em ia d e l a H i s tor ia . T omo I ,c uade rno I V( a b r i l ) : 3 54 -357 . F ORCADELL , C a r lo s ( ed . ) : 1 998 . N ac iona l i smo e H i s tor ia . l n s t i tuc iön F ernando e l C a tö l ico . E xcma . D ipu tac iön d eZ a ragoza . Z a ragoza . FOUCAULT , M iche l : 2 00 1 ( 1966 ) . L a s p a labra s y l a s c osa s . U na a rqueo log ia d e l a s c i enc ia s h umana s . S ig lo XX I E d i to re s . Mdx ico . -2 00 1 ( 1969 ) . L a a rqueo log ia d e l s aber . S ig lo XX I E d i to re s . Mdx ico . - 2 002 ( 1970 ) . E l o rd en d e l d i scur so . T u sque t s E d i to re s , S .A . B a rce lona . FO WLER , D on D . : 1 987 . " Use s o ft h e p a s t : a r chaeo logy i n t h e s e rv ice o f t h e s t a te" . Amer ican A n t iqu i ty , 5 2 ( 2 ) : 2 29 -248 . F RANKENSTE IN , S u san : 1 997 . A rqueo log ia d e l c o lon ia l i sm° . E l i mpac to f en ic io y g r iego e n e l s u r d e l a P en in su la IH r ica y e l s uroe s t e d e A leman ia . E d i to r ia lC r i t ica .B a r ce lona . F ULBROOK , Ma ry : 1 995 . H i s tor ia d e A leman ia . C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re ss . C amb r idge . G ran B re ta r la . F US 1 A IZPÜRUA , J uan P ab lo : 2 000 . E spa i la . L a e vo luc iön d e l ai d en t idad n ac iona l . E d ic ione s T ema s d e H oy ( H is to r ia ) . Mad r id . F USTü ARA , M igue l : 1 956 . " Ra ice s p reh is tö r ica s d e l c omp le jo r a c ia l d e l a P en in su la l b d r ica" . Z ephy ru s , V I I ( 8 ) : 1 09 124 . F RANCHY Y ROCA , J o sé : 1 90 1 . " Don A gu s t in M i l la re s" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo X . A r lo V I , n ° 11: 6 6 -67 . F RAZER , J ame s G eo rge : 1 993 . E lf o lk lore e n e l A n t iguo T e s tamen to . F ondo d e C u l tu ra E conöm ica . Mad r id . F RUTUOSO , G a spa r : 1 964 ( 1590 ) . L a s I s la s C anar ia s . ( De

) . F on te s R e rum C ana r ia rum , n üm . X I I . E d ic iön y t r aducc iön a c a rgo d e E l ia s S er ra , J uan R dgu lo y S eba s t iao P e s tana . I n s t i tu to d e E s tud io s C ana r ios . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . GALVÄN TUDELA , A lbe r to : 1 987 . " I s la s C ana r ia s . U na a p rox imac iön a n t ropo lög ica" . C uad erno s d e A n t ropo log ia , n üm . 7 . E d i to r ia l A n th ropo s . B a rce lona .

GARC IA RAMOS Y BRET ILLARD , R o sendo : 1 878 . R ev i s ta d e l a s P r imera s n o t ic ia s e scr i ta s s obre l a s I s la s C anar ia s c on a lguna s o b servac ione s a cerca d e l a s m i sma s , yc omparac iön c on e la c tua l e s tud io g eo lög ico y p a leon to lög ico d e l p a l s . CA 1RE , I mp re so r d e C a d e S . M . E l R ey . C äd iz . 1 943 ( 1878 ) . R ev i s ta d e l a s P r imera s n o t ic ia s e scr i ta s s obre l a s I s la s C ana r ia s c on a lgunas o b servac ione s a cerca d e l a s m i sma s , yc omparac iön c on e l a c tua l e s tud io g eo lög ico y p a leon to lög ico d e l p a l s . I mp ren ta V a len t in S anz . S an ta C ruz d e T ene r if e . 1 99 1 ( 1 880 ) a. " Sob re e l o r igen d e l o s G uanches" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . A r lo I ( 4 3 ) : 2 67 -269 . F ac s im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epo r te s . G ob ierno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . 1 99 1 ( 1 880 )b. " Sob re e l o r igen d e l o s G uanche s . ( Conc lu s iön )" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . A l l° I ( 44 ) : 2 8 1-283 . F ac s im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V iceconse je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epor tes . G ob ie rno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . 1 99 1 ( 1880 ) c." Apun te s s ob re l a s n ueva s

1 34

o b se rvac ione s r e la t iva s a l o s a bo r igene s d e C ana r ia s . I " . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . A r lo I ( 46 ) : 3 13-316 . F ac s im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra yD epo r te s . G ob ie rno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . -1 99 1 ( 1880 ) d." Apun te s s ob re l a s n ueva s o b se rvac ione s r e la t iva s a l o s a bor igene s d e C ana r ia s . 1 " . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . A r lo I ( 47 ) : 3 34 -339 . F ac s im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V iceconse je r ia d e C u l tu ra yD epor te s . G ob ie rno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . -1 99 1 ( 1880 )e." Apun te s s ob re l a s n ueva s o b se rvac ione s r e la t iva s a l o s a bo r igene s d e C ana r ia s . I I" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . A r lo 1 ( 49 ) : 3 63 -367 . F a c s im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V iceconse je r ia d e C u l tu ra yD epo r te s . G ob ierno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) .

R ef erence s

-1 99 1 ( 188 1) . " Do s p a lab ra s s ob re l o s maxo s yl i b i -f en ic ios" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . A r lo I I ( 5 1) : 5 -8 . F ac s im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epo r te s . G ob ierno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . -1 883 . " Sob re l aa n t igüedad d e l h omb re" . L a I l u s t rac iön d e C ana r ia s . A r lo I ,n üm . X IX : 1 54 155 . -1 898 . " Sob re l a p ob lac iön d e l a s I s la s C ana r ia s" . D iar io d e T ener if e , 1 0 d e e ne ro : 2 -3 . GARC IA SÄNCHEZ , E dua rdo y Ma r iano Aya rzagüena S anz : 2 000 . " San I s id ro y l o s i n ic io s d e l a i n ve s t igac iön p reh is tör ica e n E spana . H is to r ia d e u n y ac im ien to" . A rcha ia . A r lo I , n ° 1 , v o l . 1 :6 17 . GAR I HAYEK , D om ingo : 1 992 . H i s tor ia d e l n ac iona l i smo c anar io . C o lecc iön T a suf ra , n üm . 6 .E d i to r ia l B enchomo . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . O IL MAN GU ILLÜN , A n ton io : 1 995 . " Recen t t r end s i nt h e A rchaeo logy o f S pa in" . E n : K . L i l l io s ( coo rd . ) . T he o r ig in o f c omp lex s oc ie t ies i n L a te P reh i s tor ic I ber ia : 1 6 . A rchaeo log ica l S e r ies , 8 . I n te rna t iona l Monog raph s i n P reh is to ry . A nn A rbo r . GL ICK , T homa s F . : 1 969 . " La r e cepc iön d e l d arw in ismo e n E spana e n d imen s ion c ompa ra t iva" .A sc lep io , 2 1 : 2 07 -214 . GL ICK , T homa s F . ; R osau ra R u iz y M igue l Ange l P u ig -Sampe r ( ed s . ) : 1 999 . E l Darw in i smo e n E spa i ia l beroam f t ica . U n ive r s idad N ac iona l Au tönoma d e Mex ico . C onse jo S upe r io r d e I nve s t igac ione s C ien t i f ica s . E d ic ione s D oce C a l le s . Mad r id . GOMES DE S INTRA , D iogo : 1 992 ( 1474 / 1494 ) . E l d e scubr im ien to d e G u inea y d e l a s i s la s O cc id en ta l e s . I n t roducc iön , e d ic iön c r i t ica , t r aducc iön y n o ta s D an ie l L opez C a l ie te Qu i le s . S ec re ta r iado d e P ub l icac ione s d e l a U n ive r s idad d e S ev i l la . S ev i l la .

d e l C ab i ldo I n su la r d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . 2 ' e d ic iön . GONZÄLEZ ANTON , R af ae l : 1 982 a. " Conqu is ta y a cu l tu rac iön d e l o s a bo r igenes d e T ene r if e" . G ace ta d e C anar ia s . A r lo 1 ,n °3 :3 5 -48 . - 1 982 b. " In t roducc iön a l e s tud io d e l a s p r ime ra s h i s to r ia s g ene ra le s d e l a s I s la s C ana r ia s" . 5 0 A n iver sar io d e l I n s t i tu to d e E s tud io s C anar io s . Vo lumen I : 1 7 1183 . GONZÄLEZ ANTON , R . y A . T e je ra G a spa r : 1 990 . L o s a bor igene s c anar io s . G ran C anar ia y T ener if e . C o leg io U n ive r s i ta r io d e E d ic ione s I s tmo . O v iedo . GONZÄLEZ ANTON , R af ae l ; R od r igo B a lb in B e rhmann ; P r im i t iva B ueno R am i rez y M a d e l C a rmen d e l A rco Agu i la r : 1 995 . L a P ied ra Z ana ta . O rgan ismo Au tönomo I n su la r d e Mu seo s yC en t ro s . C ab i ldo I n su la r d e T ener if e . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . GONZÄLEZ E SP INOLA , E l ia s : 1 880 . " E l G ab ine te < > e n T aco ron te" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I .A r lo I ,n ° 6 : 1 67 170 . GONZALEZ Y HERNANDEZ , I r eneo : 1 99 1 ( 1880 ) . " C rön ica l i t e ra r ia" . R ev i s ta d e H i s tor ia . A l b oI ( 39 ) : 2 0 1-203 . F ac s im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epor te s . Gob ierno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . GRAN -AY MER ICH , E ve : 2 00 1. E l n ac im ien to d e l a A rqueo log ia mod erna , 1 798 -1945 . P ren sa s U n ive r s i ta r ia s d eZ a ragoza . Z a ragoza . 2 00 1" . D ic t ionna ire b iog raph ique d' a rch j o log ie , 1 798 -1945 . CNRS E d i t ions . P a r i s . GRAN -AY MER ICH , E ve y J ean G ran Ayme r ich : 1 986 . " Cha r le s Jo seph T is so t" .A rchjo log ia ,2 09 : 6 7 -72 . GRÄSLUND , B o : 1 98 1 . " The b ackg round t o C . J .T hom sen 's T hree Age S ys tem" . E n : G lyn D an ie l ( ed . ) . T oward s a H i s tory o f A rchaeo logy : 4 5 -50 . T hame s a nd H ud son . L ond re s . GRAU -BASSAS Y MAS , V ic to r : 1 882 a. " In sc r ipc ione s n um id ica s d e l a i s la d e l H ie r ro ( I )" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I V . A r lo I ,n °4 6 : 2 95-300 .

GÖ MEZ E SCUDERO , P ed ro : 1 993 ( XV I I ) . " L ib ro S egundo p ros igue l a C onqu is ta d e C ana r ia " . E n : F ranc isco Mo ra le s P ad rön : C anar ia s : C rön ica s d e s u c onqu i s ta . T ranscr ipc iön , e s tud io y n o ta s : 3 83 -468 . E d ic ione s

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I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

-1 882 b." In sc r ipc ione s n um id ica s d e l a i s la d e l H ie r ro ( 1)" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I V . A r lo I ,n °4 7 : 3 33 -334 . -1 882 c." In sc r ipc ione s n um id ica s d e l a i s la d e l H ier ro ( 11)" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I V . A r lo I ,n °4 8 : 3 70 -37 1 . -1 882 d." In sc r ipc ione s n um id ica s d e l a i s la d e l H ie r ro ( y I V )" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo V . A r lo I l , n ° 5 6 : 2 65 -267 . - 1 980 ( 1884 ) . V ia je s d e e xp lorac iön a d iver so s s i t io s y l o ca l idad e s d e l a G ran C anar ia . E d ic iön F acs im i l . C o lecc iön A rqueo lög ica , 2 .E l Mu seo C ana r io . V a lenc ia . GUERRERO AYUSO , V ic to r M . : 1 997 . E l p en sam ien to c i en t if i co e n l a P reh i s tor ia B a lear . F uen te s b ib l iog räf i ca s p ara e l e s tud io d e l a P reh i s tor ia B a lear . L ib re s d e l a Nos t ra T e r ra , 3 0 . L leona rd Mun tane r E d i to r . P a lma d e Ma l lo rca . GU I MERÄ P ERAZA , Ma rco s : 1 979 . E l p le i to i n su lar . D e l g ob ierno ü n ico a l a s d o s p rov inc ia s . C o lecc iön < > , 1 . Mancomun idad d e C ab i ldo s . P lan C u l tu ra l . E l Mu seo C ana r io . L a s P a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia . 1 980 . " Sab ino B e r the lo t y l o s p ue r to s f r anco s" . E n : A le jand ro C iorane scu e t a l i i . Homena je a S ab ino B er the lo t e n e l c en tenar io d e s u f a l lec im ien to , 1 880 -1980 . I n s t i tu to d e E s tud io s C anar io s . L aL aguna . 1 987 a. E l p le i to i n su lar ( 1808 -1936 ) . I n s t i tu to d e E s tud ios d e A dm in is t rac iön L oca l . Mad r id . -1 987 1 ). L ibera les d eJ i n d e s i g lo , 1 879 -1904 . E d i to r ia l L ibe ra les d e T ene r if e . T ene r if e . HA M ID ZAYED , Abd e l : 1 983 . " Re lac ione s d e E g ip to c on e lr e s to d e Af r ica" . E n : G . Mokh ta r ( d ir . ) . H i s tor ia G enera l d e Af r ica . I A n t igua s c i v i l i zac ione s d e Af r ica : 1 27 145 . E d i to r ia l T ecno s . UNESCO . Mad r id . HASS MANN , H enn ing : 2 000 . " A rchaeo logy i n t he T h ird R e ich" . E n : H e in r ich H ä rke ( ed . ) . A rchaeo logy , I d eo logy

X IX ' s i èc le" . C ah ier s d 'E tud e s Af r ica ine s , 3 3 ( 1 ) : 5 1-72 . HARNECKER , Ma r ta : 1 997 ( 1969 ) . L o s c oncep to s e l emen ta le s d e l m a ter ia l i smo h i s tör ico . S ig lo XX I E d i to re s . Wx ico . HARR IS , E dwa rd C . : 1 991 . P r inc ip io s d e E s tra t ig raf ia A rqueo lög ica . E d i to r ia l C r i t ica . B a rce lona . 1 980 ( 1884 ) . V ia je s d e e xp lorac iön a d i ver so s s i t io s y l o ca l idad e s d e l a G ran C anar ia . E d ic iön F ac s im i l . C o lecc iön A rqueo lög ica , 2 .E l Mu seo C ana r io . V a lenc ia . HERNÄNDEZ HERNÄNDEZ , F ranc isca : 2 000 . " E l c oncep to d e A rqueo log ia P reh is tö r ica e n l a E spa r la d e l s i g lo X IX" . E n : V i to r O l ive ira J o rge ( c oo rd . ) . A rqueo log ia P en in su lar . H i s tor ia , t e or ia y p räc t ica . 3 ° C ong re so d e A rqueo log ia P en in su lar ( U tad , V i l la R ea l . P or tuga l , s ep t iembre d e 1 999 ) . V o l . 1 :2 73 -289 . ADECAP . O po r to . HERNANDO GONZALO , A lmudena : 1 987 8 . " I n te rp re tac ione s c u l tu ra le s d e l C a lco l i t ico d e l s u re s te e spa t io l . E s tud io d e s u s b a se s t e ör ica s" . C uad erno s d e P reh i s tor ia d e l a U n iver s idad d e G ranada , 1 2 13 : 3 5 8 0 . -2 00 1 . " Soc iedade s d e l p a sado y p r eh is to r ia s d e l p re sen te . E l c a so d e l C a lco l i t ico d e l aP en in su la I bd r ica" . C omp lu tum , 1 2 : 2 17 -236 . -2 002 . A rqueo log ia d e l a i d en t idad . A ka l A rqueo log ia , I . E d ic ione s A ka l . Mad r id . HERRERA

P I QUE ,

A lf redo :

1 987 :

" Rend Verneau , e lp r imer e tnö logo q ue

e s tud iö

p reh is tör ica

l a d e l

a n t ropo log ia a rch ip id lago" .

Aguayro , n o 1 70 ( ma rzo -abr i l ) : 1 31 8 . -1 987 . L a s I s la s C anar ia s , e sca la c i en t if i ca e n e l A t län t ico . V i a jeros y n a tura l i s ta s e n e l s i g lo XV I I I . E d i to r ia l R ueda . Mad r id . 1 990 . T e soro s d e l Mu seo C anar io . E d ic ione s d e l C ab i ldo I n su la rd e G ran C ana r ia . E d i to r ia l R ueda . Mad r id . HERRMANN , J oach im : 1 98 1 . " He in r ich S ch l iemann a nd R udo lf V i rchow : t h e ir c on t r ibu t ions t owa rd s

a nd S oc ie ty . T he G erman E xper ience : 6 5 139 . P e te rL ang . N ew Y o rk . HAOU I , K a r im : 1 993 . " C la ss if ica t ion s l i ngu is t iques e t a n th ropo log ique s d e l aS oc id t d 'an th ropo log ie d e P a r is a u

1 36

R ef erence s

d eve lop ing h i s to r ica l A rchaeo logy" . E n : G lyn D an ie l ( e d . ) . T owa rd s a H i s tory o f A rchaeo logy : 1 27 132 . T hame sa nd H ud son . L ond re s . HOLL , A ugu s t in : 1 990 . "We s t A f r ican A rchaeo logy : C o lon ia l ism a nd N a t iona l ism" . E n : P e te r R obe r t shaw ( e d . ) . A h i s to ry o f A f r ican A rchaeo log y : 2 96 -308 . J ame s C u r r ey L td . L ond re s . HOOTON , E a rne s t A lbe r t : 1 970 ( 1925 ) . T he A nc ien t i n hab i tan t s o f t h e C ana ry I s land s . H a rdva rd A f r ican S t ud ie s . V o l . V I I . P eabody Mu seum o f H a rva rd U n ive r s i ty . K rau s R ep r in t C o .N ew Y o rk . J IMÜNEZ GÖMEZ , M a C ruz : 1 993 . E l H ier ro y l o s B imbache s . L a P reh is to r ia d e C ana r ia s , 6 . CCPC . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . J IMÜNEZ GONZÄLEZ , J o se J uan : 1 998 . " La s f u en te s e t noh is tör ica s c ana r ia s . C rön ica s , h i s to r ia s , m emo r ia s y r e la to s" . A nuar io d e E s tud io s A t län t ico s ,4 4 : 1 99 -263 . J OHNSON , Ma t thew : 2 000 . T eor ia a rqueo lög ica . U na i n t roducc iön . C o lecc iön A r id lH i s to r ia . E d i to r ia l A r ie l S .A . B a r ce lona . KAESER , Ma rc -An to ine : 2 00 1 . " L 'i n te rna t iona l isa t ion d e l a P reh is to ire , u ne m anoeuv re t a c t ique? . L e s c on sequence s d p is temo log ique s d e l a f o nda t ion d e s C ong re s i n te rna t ionaux d 'An th ropo log ie e t d 'A r cheo log ie p r eh is tor ique s" . E n : C laude B lancka e r t ( d i r . ) . L e s p o l i t ique s d e l ' An thropo log i e . D i scour s e t p ra t ique s e n F rance ( 1860 -1940 ) :2 0 1-230 . H is to i re d e s S c ience s H uma ine s . L 'Ha rma t tan . P a r is . 2 002 . " On t h e i n ter na t iona l r oo t s o f p r eh i s to ry" . A n t iqu i ty , 7 6 ( 29 1) : 1 70 1 77 . KELLAS , J ame s G . : 1 998 . T he P o l i t ic s o f N a t iona l i sm a nd E thn ic i ty . MacM i l lan P re s s L td . L ond re s ( 2 ' e d ic iön ) . KERN , F r i tz : 1 927 . S tummbaum u nd A r tb i ld d er D eu t schen u nd i h r er V erwand t en . Mun ich ( A leman ia ) . KL INDT JENSEN , O le : 1 98 1 . " A rchaeo logy a nd E thnog raphy i n D enma rk : e ar l y s t ud ie s" . E n : G lyn D an ie l ( e d . ) .

T owa rd s aH i s tory o fA rchaeo logy : 1 4 19 .T hame sa nd H ud son . L ond r e s . KOCKA , J ü rgen : 2 002 . H i s tor ia S oc ia l y c onc ienc ia h i s tör ica . Ma r c ia l P on s E d ic ione s d eH is to r ia . Mad r id . KOSSACK , G eo rg : 1 992 . " P reh is to r ic A rcha eo logy i nG e rmany : I t s H is to ry a nd C u r ren t S i tua t ion" . N orweg ian A rchaeo log ica l R ev iew , 2 5 ( 2 ) : 7 2 1 09 . KR IST IANSEN , K r is t ian : 1 98 1 . " A s oc ia l h i s to ry o fD an ish A r chaeo logy ( 1 805 1 975 )" . E n : G lyn D an ie l ( e d . ) . T oward s aH i s tory o fA rchaeo logy : 2 0 -44 . T hame sa nd H ud son . L ond re s . KUHN , T homa s S . : 1 990 ( 1962 ) . L a e s t ruc tu ra d e l a s r evo luc ione s c i en t if i ca s . B rev ia r io s , 2 13 . F ondo d e C u l tu ra E conöm ica . Mad r id . -1 996 ( 1983 ) . Q ué s on l a s r evo luc ione s c i en t i f ica s? y o t ro s e n sayo s . I n t roducc iön d e A n ton io B e l t rän . C o lecc iön P en sam ien to C on tempo räneo , 6 .E d ic ione s P a idö s . I n s t i tu to d e C ienc ia s d e l aE duca c iön d e l a U n ive r s idad A u tönoma d e B a rce lona . B a rce lona . LACOMBA ,J uan A n ton io : 1 996 . " En t o r n° a l a h i s to r ia r e g iona l" . E n : J uan J o se L af o re t H e rnändez ( c oo rd . ) . E s tud io s d e h i s tor iog raf ia r eg iona l . J ornada s e n h omena je a A gu s t in M i l la r e s T or r e s ( La s P a lma s d e G ran C anar ia , 1 826 -1896 ) : 6 6 -98 . C o lecc iön " Tema s d e G ran C ana r ia" , 3 . R ea l S oc iedad E conöm ica d e Am igo s d e L a s P a lma s . L a s P a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia . LACUNENSE : 1 993 ( XV I I ) . E n : F ranc isco Mo ra le s P ad rön . C ana r ia s : C rön ica s d e s u c onqu i s ta . T ran scr ipc iön , e s tud io y n o ta s : 1 85 -228 . E d ic ione s d e l C ab i ldo I n su la r d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . 2 ' e d ic iön . LAFORET HERNÄNDEZ , J uan J o se : 2 00 1 . " E l D r . D . G rego r io C h i l yN a ran jo , d i rec to r d e l a R ea l S oc iedad E conöm ica d e Am igo s d e l p a ls" . E n : Manue l L obo C ab r e ra ( d i r . ) . H omena je a lD r . D . G regor io C h i ly N a ran jo ( 1831-1901 ) . E l Mu seo C ana r io , LV I : 1 23 134 . L a s P a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia .

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I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo log yi nt h e C anary I s land s

LAPOUGE , M . d e : 1 889 . " Que s t ion s a r yenne s" . R evue d' A n thropo log ie . T omo I V ( s e r ie 3 a ) : 1 8 1-193 . L E CANAR IEN : 1 980 ( 1404 19 ) . C rön ica s f t -ance sa s d e l a C onqu i s ta d e C anar ia s . I n t roducc iön y T raducc iön d e A le jand ro C io ranescu . A u la d e C u l tu ra d e T ene r if e . S an ta C ruz d e T ene r if e . L ECLERC , G&a rd : 1 972 . A n thropo log ie e t C o lon ia l i smo . E s sa i s ur l ' h i s to ire d e 1' af r ican i sm e. A n th ropo log ie C r i t ique . F aya rd . P a r is . LÖHER , F ranz V on : 1 874 . Da sE rwürg en d er d eu t schen Na t iona l i tä t i n U ngarn . A do lf A de rmann . Mun ich . -1 990 ( 1886 ) . L o s g ermano s e n l a s I s la s C anar ia s . F acs im i le s d e C ana r ia s . I n t roducc iön d e A n ton io T e je ra G a spa r . Ma r ia r , S .A . V iceconse je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epo r te s . G ob iemo d e C ana r ia s . Mad r id . LOPEZ DE TORO , J o s: 1 970 . " La c onqu is ta d e G ran C ana r ia e n l a < > d e l c ron is ta A lon so d e P a lenc ia , 1 478 1480" . A nuar io d e E s tud io sA t län t ico s , 1 6 : 3 25 -393 . LOPEZ DE ULLOA , F ranc isco : 1 993 ( 1646 ) . " H is to r ia d e l aC onqu is ta d e l a s s i e te y s la s d e C ana r ia" . E n : F ranc isco Mo ra les P ad rön . C anar ia s : C rön ica s d e s u c onqu i s ta . T ranscr ipc iön , e s tud io y n o ta s . : 2 59 -342 . E d ic ione s d e l C ab i ldo I n su la r d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . 2 ' e d ic iön . LOPEZ J IMÜNEZ , O sca r : 2 00 1 . " Eu ropa yl a c r eac iön d e l o s mode lo s < > . E l o r igen d e l p a rad igma & n ico -cu l tu ra l" . T raba jo s d e P reh i s tor ia . V o lumen 5 8 , n °2 :6 9 8 8 . LORENZO Y GARC IA , R af ae l : 1 876 . E s tud io s f i lo söf ico s s obre l a e spec if i cac iön d e l o s s e re s . I mp ren ta d e l aV iuda d e R ome ro e H i jo s . L a s P a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia . -1 877 . E s tud io sf i lo söf i co s s obre e lo r igen y f ormac iön d e l o s s ere s v i v ien t e s . I mp ren ta d e l aV e rdad . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . -1 879 . T r iunf o s d e l a s C ienc ia s . I mp ren ta d e E l I ndepend ien te . L a s P a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia .

- 1 88 1 a. " E l p o rven i r d e l A f r ica y s u s c onsecuenc ia s p a ra l a s I s la s C ana r ia s . I " . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I V . A r lo I ,n °4 1 : 1 29 133 . - 1 88 1 b. " E l p o rven i r d e l A f r ica y s u s c onsecuenc ia s p a ra l a s I s la s C ana r ia s . I " . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I V . A r io I ,n °4 2 : 1 6 1169 . 1 88 1 c. " E l p o rven i r d e l A f r ica y s u s c on secuenc ia s p a ra l a s I s la s C ana r ia s . I I . ( Conc lu s iön )" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I V . A i io I ,n °4 3 : 1 93 -200 . LULL , V icen te y R af ae l M icö : 1 997 . " Teo r ia a r queo lög ica I . L o s e nf oque s t r ad ic iona le s : l a s a r queo log ia s e vo luc ion is ta s eh i s tö r ico -cu l tu ra le s" . R ev i s ta d' A rqueo log ia d e P onen t , 7 : 1 07 128 . LUSCHAN , F e l ix v on : 1 896 . " D re i t r epan ie r te S chäde l v on T ene r if f a u nd S chäde l m i t Na rben i n d e r B regmagegend" . Z e i t schr if t f ür E thno log ie , XXV I I I : 6 3 -64 . -1 899 . " Übe r d i e t r epana t ion u nd v erwand te O pe ra t ionen b e i d en a l ten B ewohnern v on T ene r if e" . C omp tes R endü s d u X I I C ong ri ' s I n terna t iona l e d e Med ic ine . Mo scü . T omo I : 2 7 . Mo scü . LUXÄN MELÜNDEZ , S an t iago : 1 996 . " Agu s t in M i l la re s T or re s h i s to r iög raf o d e l a s I s la s C ana r ia s . S u s p royec to s d e f o rmac iön d e u na b ib l io teca i s ler ia" . E n : J uan J ose L af o re t H emändez ( coo rd . ) . E s tud io s d e H i s tor iog raf ia r eg iona l . J ornada s e n h omena je a Agu s t in M i l lare s T or re s ( La s P a lma s d e G ran C anar ia , 1 826 -1896 ) : 1 9 -63 . C o lecc iön " Tema s d e G ran C ana r ia" , 3 . R ea l S oc iedad E conöm ica d e Am igo s d e l P a i s d e L a s P a lma s . L a s P a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia . MAC iAS HERNÄNDEZ , An ton io M . : 1 995 .

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" La e conom ia mode rna ( s ig los XV XV I I I ) . E n : A n ton io d e B 6 thencou r t Ma ss ieu ( ed . ) . H i s tor ia d e C anar ia s : 1 33 19 1 . E d ic iones d e l C ab i ldo I n su la r d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia . 2000 . " E l c ome rc io e x ter io r c ana r io ( s ig lo s XV I y XV I I ) . U na p r ime ra a p rox imac iön c r i t ica" . F e l ipe I , e l A t län t ico y C anar ia s . X I I I C o loqu io d e H is o r ia C ana r io -ame r icana . V I I I

R ef erence s

C ong re so I n te rnac iona l d e H is to r ia d e Ame r ica ( 1998 ) : 1 25 158 . E d ic ione s d e l C ab i ldo d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia . -2 00 1 . " La c ons t rucc iön d e l a s s oc iedade s i n su la re s : e l c a so d e l a s I s la s C ana r ia s" . A nuar io d e l I n s t i tu to d e E s tud io s C anar io s , XLV : 1 3 1160 . MAFF IOTTE Y LA ROCHE , M igue l : 1 991 ( 1880 ) . " Lo s a bo r igene s d e C ana r ia s , p o r D . C a r lo s P iza r ro so y B e lmon te" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . Ar io I ( 38 ) : 1 88 189 . F ac s im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d eC u l tu ra y D epo r te s . G ob ie rno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna . -1 9 12 . H i s tor ia d e l a s I s la s C anar ia s . A . J . B en i tez E d i to r . S an ta C ruz d e T ene r if e . MANR IQUE SAAVEDRA , A n ton io Ma r ia : 1 880 . " An t igüedade s d e L anza ro te . L a c i udad d e R ub icön : s u c a ted ra l . R u ina s d e l c a s t i l lo d e Z onzama s" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I .A r lo I ,n ° 1 0 : 3 20 -328 . -1 99 1 ( 188 1) a." Una e xcu r s ion p o r L anza ro te ( 1 )" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . T omo I . A r lo I I ( 64 ) : 2 18 -220 . F ac s im i les d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epo r te s . G ob ie rno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . 1 99 1 ( 1881)b. " Una e xcu r s ion p o r L anza ro te . C on t inuac iön ( I )" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . T omo I . A r lo I I ( 65 ) : 2 28 -230 . F ac s im i le s d e C anar ia s . V icecon se je r ia d eC u l tu ra y D epor te s . G ob ierno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . - 1 99 1 ( 1881) c. " Una e xcu r s ion p o r L anza ro te . C on t inua c iön ( I I y I I )" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . T omo I . A r lo I I ( 66 ) : 2 48 -251 . F acs im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epo r te s . G ob ie rno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . 1 99 1 ( 188 1)d. " Una e xcu r s ion p o r L anza ro te . C onc lu s iön" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . T omo I .A f io I I ( 67 ) : 2 57 2 61 . F ac s im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d eC u l tu ra y D epor te s . G ob ie rno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . 1 99 1 ( 1881) e." Sob re e l l e ngua je d e l o s p r im i t ivos c ana r io s" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . A t io I I ( 70 ) : 3 05 -307 . F ac s im i le s d e C ana r ia s .

V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epor te s . G ob ie rno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . -1 99 1 ( 188 1) f." Sob re e l l e ngua je d e l o s p r im i t ivo s c ana r io s . ( Con t inuac iön )" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . A r lo I I ( 7 1) : 3 29 -332 . F ac s im i les d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epo r te s . Gob ierno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . -1 99 1 ( 1881) g . " Sob re e l l e ngua je d e l o s p r im i t ivo s c ana r io s . ( Con t inuac iön )" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . A t io I I ( 72 ) : 3 37 -340 . F ac s im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epo r te s . G ob ie rno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . -1 99 1 ( 188 1) h." Sob re e l l e ngua je d e l o s p r im i t ivos c ana r io s . ( Conc lus iön )" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . A r lo I I ( 73) : 3 60 -363 . F ac s im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epo r te s . G ob ie rno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . -1 99 1 ( 188 1) i." Sob re e l l e ngua je d e l o s p r im i t ivos c ana r io s . ( Conc lu s iön )" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s . A f ro I I ( 74 ) : 3 75 -379 . F ac s im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epo r te s . Gob ie rno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . -1 994 ( 1889 ) . R e sumen d e l a H i s tor ia d e L anzaro te y F uer teven tura . E xcmo . C ab i ldo I n su la rd e L anza ro te . E xcmo . C ab i ldo I n su la r d e F ue r teven tu ra . U n idad C u l tu ra l . E s tud io s G rä f ico s Z u re . A r rec if e( Lanza ro te ) . -1 897 a:" Ca r ta a b ie r ta ( d ir ig ida a D . Manue l d e O s suna )" . L a O p in iön . Ma r te s 7d e s ep t iemb re . A r lo XV I I I , n üm . 1 543 ( en p or tada ) . 1 897 b." La a n t igua r a za c ana r ia . S u o r igen . I ,I yI I" . L a O p in iön , m ie rco le s 1 d e d i c iemb re . A r lo XV I I I , n üm . 1 6 13 ( en p or tada ) . 1 897 c." La a n t igua r a za c ana r ia . S u o r igen . I V" . L a O p in iön , j ueve s 2 d e d i c iemb re . A r lo XV I I I , n üm . 1 6 14 ( en p or tada ) . -1 897 d." La a n t igua r a za c ana r ia . S u o r igen . V " . L a O p in iön , v i e rne s 3 d e d i c iemb re . A f ro XV I I I , n üm . 1 6 15 ( en p or tada ) . -1 897 e." La a n t igua r a za c ana r ia . S u o r igen . V I" . L a O p in iön , s äbado 4 d e

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d i c iemb re . A r lo XV I I I , n üm . 1 6 16 ( e n p o r tada ) . -1 897 f." La a n t igua r a za c ana r ia . S u o r igen . V I I" . L a O p in ion , l u ne s 6 d e d i c iemb re . A r lo XV I I I , n üm . 1 6 17 ( e n p o r tada ) . -1 897 g . " La a n t igua r a za c ana r ia . S u o r igen . V I I I" . L a O p in ion , ma r te s 7 d e d i c iemb re . A r lo XV I I I , n üm . 1 6 18 ( en p o r tada ) . -1 897 h." La a n t igua r a za c ana r ia . S u o r igen . I X" . L a O p in ion , ma r te s 1 4 d e d i c iemb re d e 1 897 . A r io XV I I I , n üm . 1 623 ( e n p o r tada ) . -1 897 ' . " La a n t igua r a za c ana r ia . S u o r igen . X I" . L a O p in ion , j ueve s 1 6 d e d i c iemb re . A r lo XV I I I , n üm . 1 625 ( e n p o r tada ) . 1 897 " . " La a n t igua r a za c ana r ia . S u o r igen . X I I" . L a O p in ion , s äbado 1 8 d e d i c iemb re . A r lo XV I I I , n üm . 1 627 ( e n p o r tada ) . 1 897 1 ` ." La a n t igua r a za c ana r ia . S u o r igen . X I I I" . L a O p in ion , ma r te s 2 1 d e d i c iemb re . A r lo XV I I I , n üm . 1 629 ( e n p or tada ) . -1 897 1." La a n t igua r a za c ana r ia . S u o r igen . X IV" . L a O p in ion , j ueve s 2 3 d e d i c iemb re . A r lo XV I I I , n üm . 1 631 ( en p or tada ) . -1 897 m ." La a n t igua r a za c ana r ia . S u o r igen . XV . ( Conc lu s iön )" . L a O p in ion , v i erne s 2 4 d e d i c iemb re . A r lo XV I I I , n üm . 1 632 ( en p o r tada ) . 1 899 a. " ,Lo s g uanche s c onoc ian l a e sc r i tu ra? . I " . B o le t in d e l a R ea l S oc iedad E conöm ica d e Am igo s d e l P a i s d e T ener if e . A r lo I ,n ° 1 8 . 3 0 d e a b r i l : 1 39 140 . - 1 899 h. %Lo s g uanche s c onoc ian l a e sc r i tu ra? . C onc lu s iön" . B o le t in d e l a R ea l S oc iedad E conöm ica d e Am igos d e l P a i s d e T ener if e . A r lo I ,n ° 1 9 . 7 d e mayo : 1 49 150 . -1 900 a." E l i d ioma G uanche" . L a O p in ion , l u ne s 1 8 d e j un io . A r lo XX I , n üm . 2 366 ( en p o r tada ) . -1 900 h." E l i d ioma G uanche . C onc lu s iön" . L a O p in ion , ma r te s 1 9 d ej un io . A r lo XX I , n üm . 2 367 : 2 . -1 904 a." E l s a ludo e n t re l o s g uanche s" . L a O p in ion , s äbado 9 d e e ne ro . A r lo XXV , n °3 424 ( en p or tada ) .

- 1 904 h. " La V i rgen d e C ande la r ia" . L a O p in ion , m id rco le s 1 3 d e e ne ro . A f io XXV , n °3 427 ( e n p o r tada ) . -1 904 c."Mayan t igo" . L a O p in ion , j ueve s 2 1 d e j u l io . A f io XXV , n ° 3 58 1 ( e n p o r tada ) . - 1 904 d. " Un l i b ro d e l S r . O s suna" . L a O p in ion , v i erne s 1 2 d e a go s to . A f io XXV , n °3 599 ( en p or tada ) . -1 904 e." A rau tapa la" . L a O p in ion , j ueve s 2 9 d e s ep t iemb re . A r io XXV , n °3 637 ( en p o r tada ) . - 1 904 f. " An tön G uanche" . L a O p in ion , j ueve s 1 3 d e o c tub re . A r lo XXV , n ° 3 649 ( e n p o r tada ) . - 1 904 g . " Una o p in iön d e A lon so d e E sp ino sa" . L a O p in ion , m a r te s 2 0 d e d i c iemb re . A r io XXV , n ° 3 705 ( e n p o r tada ) . -1 904 " . " E l i d o lo S ouaa ' " . L a O p in ion , m id rco le s 2 8 d e d i c iemb re . A r io XXV , n °3 7 12 ( en p o r tada ) . -1 904 ' . " Una p i ed ra m is te r io sa" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo XV I . A r lo I X , n ° 1 86 : 8 6 . -1 905 a." Guanche s y g r iego s . S us j uego s n ac iona le s" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo XV I . A r lo X , n ° 1 88 : 6 1-63 . - 1 905 h. " E l g ob ie rno d inä s t ico e n t re l o s G uanche s" . E l Mu seo C ana r io . T omo XV I . A r lo X , n ° 1 89 : 1 02 104 . -1 905 c." La i s la d e T ene r if e e n l o s p r ime ro s n oven ta a r io s d e l a c onqu is ta" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo XV I . A r lo X , n ° 1 9 1 : 2 73 -277 . -1 905 d." E l f amo so < > d e l a i s la d e l H ie r ro" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo XV I . Mo X , n ° 1 92 : 3 07 -310 . MARCHAND , S uzanne : 1 996 . " O r ien ta l ism a s K u l turpo l i t ik . G erman A rchaeo logy a nd C u l tu ra l I mper ia l ism i n A s ia M ino r" . E n : G eo rge W . S tock ing ( ed . ) . V o lk sg e i s t a s Me thod a nd E th ic . E ssay s o n B oa s ian E thnog raphy a nd t h e G erman A n thropo log ica l T rad i t ion : 2 98 -336 . H is to ry o f A n th ropo logy . V o lumen 8 . T he U n iver s i ty o f W iscons in P re s s . W iscons in . MARCY , G eo rge s : 1 962 . " No ta s ob re a l gunos t opön imo s y n omb re s a n t iguo s d e t r ibu s b e rebe res e n l a s I s la s C ana r ia s" . A nuar io d e E s tud ios A t län t ico s , 8 :2 39 -289 .

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R ef er ence s

MAR IN DE CUBAS , T omä s A r ia s : 1 986 ( 1694 ) . H i s tor ia d e l a s s i e t e i s la s d e C anar ia . E d ic iön d e A nge l d e J uan C a sa t ia s y Ma r ia R igu lo R od r iguez . P roem io d e J uan R4u lo Nr ez y n o ta s a r queo lög ica s d e J u l io C uenca S anab r ia . R ea l S oc iedad E conöm ica d e Am igo s d e l P a i s . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . -1 993 ( 1694 ) . H i s tor ia d e l a s s i e t e i s la s d e C anar ia . E d ic iön P r inc ipe . T ran sc r ipc iön , i n t roducc iön y n o ta s d e F ranc isco O s so r io A cevedo . E d i to r ia l C ana r ia s C lä s ica . L aL aguna ( Tene r if e ) . MARTENS , J e s : 1 994 . " The V anda ls : my th s a nd f a c t s a bou t aG e rman ic t r ibe o f t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e i s t m i l lenn ium AD" . E n : S t ephen S hennan ( e d . ) . A rchaeo log ica l a pp roache s t o c u l tu ra l i d en t i ty : 5 7 -65 . R ou t ledge . L ondon . MART IN , J o se L u is : 1 984 . L a P en in su la e n l a E dad Med ia . E d i to r ia l T e ide . B a rce lona . 3 'e d ic iön . MART IN DE GUZMÄN , C e lso : 1 977 . " Ba se s o b je t iva s p a ra e le s tud io d e l a A rqueo log ia P r eh i s tö r ica d e l a s I s la s C ana r ia s" . E n : A gu s t in M i l la re s T o r re s . H i s to r ia G enera l d e l a s I s la s C anar ia s . T omo I I : 1 -31 . E d ir ca . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . -1 984 . L a s C u l tura s P r eh i s tör ica s d e G ran C anar ia . E d ic ione s d e l E xcmo . C ab i ldo I n su la r d e G ran C ana r ia . Mad r id -La sP a lma s . 1 986 . " La a r queo log ia c ana r ia : u na p ropue s ta m e todo lög ica" . A nua r io d e E s tud io sA t län t ico s , 3 2 : 5 75 -682 . 1 997 . " De a r queo log ia c ana r ia : p l an team ien to s t e ör ico s e h i s to r iog räf ico s" . E n : A gu s t in M i l la re s C an te ro , P ab lo A toche P e i% y Manue l L obo C ab re ra ( c oo rd . ) . H omena je aC e l so Ma r t in d e G u zmän ( 1946 -1994 ) : 2 9 -64 . U n ive r s idad d e L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . E xcmo . A yun tam ien to d e l a C iudad d e G ä lda r . D i recc iön G ene ra l d e P a t r imon io H is tö r ico . Mad r id . MART IN HERNANDEZ , U l ise s : 1 988 . T ener if e y e l e xpan s ion i smo u l t ramar ino e urop eo ( 1880 -1919 ) . A u la d e C u l tu ra d e T ene r if e . P ub l ica c ione s c i en t if ica s d e l E xcmo .

C ab i ldo d e T ene r if e . A r te eH is to r ia , n °5 .S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . MART iNEZ DE E SCOBAR , Ama ran to : 1 880 . "Memo r ia l e ida p o r e lS r . L i c . D . Ama ran to Ma r t inez d e E scoba r , S ec re ta r io g ene ra l" . E l Mu seo C ana r io . T omo I .A t io I ,n ° 7y 8 : 2 11-2 17 . 1 882 . "Memo r ia l e ida p o r e l L i c . D . Ama ran to Ma r t inez d e E scoba r , S ec r e ta r io g ene ra l d e < >" . E l Mu seo C ana r io . T omo V . A f ro I ,n °5 : 2 0 1-208 . -1 902 . " Nec ro log ia d e l D r . D . G rego r io C h i l yN a ran jo" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo X I I . A r lo V I I , n ° 1 50 15 1 : 1 70 179 . MART iNEZ DE E SCOBAR , Em i l iano : 1 88 1 . " D iscu r so d e l P r e sb i te ro L icenc iado e n D e recho C iv i l y C anön ico S r . D . Em i l iano Ma r t inez d e E scoba r , l e ido p o r e l L icenc iado D . A nd r e sN ava r ro yT o ren s , s ob re e l o r igen d e l h omb re" . E l Mu seo C ana r io . T omo I I . A r lo I ,n °3 1 , 3 2 y 3 3 : 2 15 -223 . MART iNEZ S ANZ , J o sé L u is : 1 99 1-92 . " C ienc ia yc o lon ia l i smo e spa t io l e n e l Mag r eb : e l e s tud io c i en t if ico d e l a s c o lon ia s e spa t io la s ys u s p o s ib i l idade s e conöm ica s" . E s tud io s A f i icano s , V I ( 10 11) : 1 09 139 . MASS IN , B eno i t : 1 996 . " F rom V i rchow t o F i sche r . P hys ica l A n th ropo logy a nd < > i n W i lhe lm ine G e rmany" . E n : G eo rge W . S tock ing ( e d . ) . V o lk sg e i s t a s Me thod a nd E th ic . E s say s o nB oa s ian E thnog raphy a nd t h e G erman A n thropo log ica l T rad i t ion : 7 9 154 . H is to ry o fA n th ropo logy . V o lumen 8 . T he U n ive r s i ty o f W i scon s in P r e s s . W iscon s in . MATR ITENSE : 1 993 ( XV I ) . E n : F ranc isco Mo ra le s P ad rön . C anar ia s : C rön ica s d e s u c onqu i s ta . T ran sc r ipc iön , e s tud io y n o ta s : 2 29 -257 . E d ic ione s d e l C ab i ldo I n su la r d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . 2 ' e d ic iön . MAURO IS ,A nd re : 1 995 .N apo leön . E d i to r ia l P l ane ta d eA go s t in i . B a rce lona . McCANN , W . J . : 1 990 . "

: t h e p r e sen ta t ion o f t h e p a s t i nN az i G e rmany" . E n : P e te r G a the r co le y D av id L owen tha l

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I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C ana ry I s land s

( e ds . ) . T he P o l i t ic s o ft h e P a s t . O ne Wo r ld A rchaeo logy , 1 2 : 7 4 -88 . U nw in H yman . L ond re s . MEDEROS MART IN , A lf redo : 1 997 . " T rayec to r ia s d ive rgen te s d e l a s d os p r inc ipa le s i n s t i tuc ione s mu se i s t ica s c ana r ia s" . E n : G lo r ia Mo ra y Ma rga r i ta D iaz -And reu ( ed s . ) . L a c r i s ta l i zac iön d e l p a sado : g ene s i s y d esar ro l lo d e l marco i n s t i tuc iona l d e l aA rqueo log ia e n E spaha . A c ta s d e l I C ong re so I n t ernac iona l d e H is to r iog ra f ia d e l a A rqueo log ia e n E spar ia ( s . XV I I I -XX ) : 3 9 1- 4 00 . S e rv ic io d e P ub l icac ione s d e l a U n ive r s idad d e Mä laga . M in is te r io d e E ducac iön yC ienc ia . Mä laga . MED INA RODR iGUEZ , V a len t in e I nmacu lada Ma r t inez y G ä lvez : 1 992 1 994 . " La D ipu ta c iön p rov inc ia l d e C ana r ia s : u n e nsayo d e a p rox imac iön" . E l Mu seo C anar io , XL IX : 1 4 1149 . ME INANDER , C . F . : 1 981 . " The c oncep t o f c u l tu re i n E u ropean a r chaeo log ica l l i t e ra tu re" . E n : G lyn D an ie l ( e d . ) . T oward s aH i s tory o fA rchaeo logy : 1 00 111 . T hame s a nd H ud son . L ond re s . MEYER , H an s : 1 896 a.D ie I n se l T ener if e . Wand erungen i m C anar i schen h och u n T i ef land . B e r log v on G . H irze l . L e ipz ig . - 1 896 1 . " Uebe r d i e U rbewohne r d e r C ana r ischen I n se ln" . E n : F e s t schr i f i f ür Ado lf B a s t ian z u s e inem 7 0 G ebur t s tag e : 6 3 -78 . V e r lag v on D ie t r ich R e ime r ( Ern s t V ohsen ) . B e r l in . M IEGE , J ean -Lou is : 1 975 . E xpan s ion e uropea yd e sco lon i zac iön . D e 1 870 a n ue s t ro s d ia s . C o lecc iön N ueva C l io : l aH is to r ia y s u s p rob lema s . E d i to r ia l L abo r . B a rce lona . M ILLARES TORRES , A gus t in : 1 880 a." E l C enob io d e V a le rön" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I .A i lo I ,n ° 1 :9 14 . -1 880 b." An t igüedade s C ana r ia s , p o r M r . S . B e r the lo t" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I .A r lo I ,n °4 : 1 0 1105 . -1 880 c." T r iunf o d e l a s c i enc ia s , p o r e l S r . L ic . D . R af ae l L o renzo y G a rc ia" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I .A r lo I ,n ° 1 : 3 52 -354 .

1 880 1." Un r e cue rdo aB e r the lo t" . E l Mu seo C ana r io . T omo I . A r lo I ,n ° 1 9 : 1 931 96 . -1 99 1 ( 1880 ) a." An t igüedade s C ana r ia s , p o r M r . S . B e r the lo t . I " . R ev i s ta d e C ana r ia s , A r lo I ( 23) : 3 57 -358 . F acs im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V iceconse je r ia d e C u l tu ra yD epor tes . G ob ie rno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . -1 99 1 ( 1880 ) b." An t igüedade s C ana r ia s , p o r M r . S . B er the lo t . I " . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s , A r lo I ( 24 ) : 3 72 -373 . F acs im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epor tes . G ob iemo d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . -1 99 1 ( 1880 ) c." An t igüedades C ana r ia s , p o r M r . S . B e r the lo t . I I" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s , A r io I ( 25 ) : 3 86 -388 . F acs im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra yD epor te s . G ob iemo d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . -1 88 1 a." Da rw in ismo y E sp ir i tua l ismo" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I I . A r lo I , n ° 3 6 : 3 6 1-366 . 1 881 b." Da rw in ismo y E sp ir i tua l ismo" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I V . A r lo I , n ° 3 7 : 5 10 . 1 88 1' . " Da rw in ismo y E sp ir i tua l ismo" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I V . A r io I , n ° 3 8 : 3 8 -42 . 1 881 d." Da rw in ismo y E sp ir i tua l ismo" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I V . Mo I , n ° 3 9 : 7 0 -74 . 1 882 . " Apun te s b iog rä f ico s d e D on Em i l iano Ma r t inez d e E scoba r" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo V . A r lo I l , n ° 5 2 : 1 07 112 . 1 977 ( 1 893 ) . H i s tor ia G enera l d e l a s I s la s C anar ia s . T omo I .E d i rca . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . MOKHTAR , G . ( d i r . ) : 1 983 . H i s tor ia G enera l d e Af r ica . I . A n t igua s c i v i l i zac ione s d e A f r ica . E d i to r ia l T ecno s . UNESCO . Mad r id . MORA , G lo r ia : 1 99 1 . " Arqueo log ia y p ode r e n l a E spa i la d e l s i g lo XV I I I" . E n : J av ie r A r ce y R ica rdo O lmo s ( c oo rd . ) . H i s tor iog raf la d e l a A rqueo log ia y d e l aH i s tor ia A n t igua e n E spa i la ( S ig lo s XV I I I -XX ) : 3 1-32 . M in i s te r io d e C u l tu ra . D irecc iön

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G ene ra l d e B e l la s A r te s yA r ch ivo s . Mad r id . -1 998 . H i s tor ia s d e Mä rmo l . L aA rqueo log ia C lä s ica e spa i lo la e n e l s i g lo XV I I I A ne jo s d e < > , XV I I I. C on se jo S upe r io r d e I n ve s t iga c io ne s C ien t i f ica s . C en t ro d e E s tud io s H is tö r ico s . D epa r tamen to d e H is to r ia A n t igua y A rqueo log ia . E d ic ione s P o l if emo . Mad r id . MORA , G lo r ia y Ma rga r i ta D iaz -And r eu ( e d s . ) : 1 997 . L a c r i s ta l i zac iön d e l p a sado : g enes i s y d e sar ro l lo d e l m arco i n s t i tuc iona ld el aA rqueo log ia e n E spana . A c ta s d e l I C ong r e so I n te rnac iona l d e H i s to r iog raf ia d e l a A rqueo log ia e n E spa f ia ( s . XV I I I XX ) . S e rv ic io d e P ub l icac ione s d e l a U n ive r s idad d e Mä laga . M in i s te r io d e E duca c iön yC ienc ia . Mä laga . MORALES P ADRÖN , F ranc i sco : 1 993 . C anar ia s : C rön ica s d e s u c onqu i s ta . T ran sc r ipc iön , e s tud io y n o ta s . E d ic ione sd e lC ab i ldo I n su la rd eG ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia . e d ic iön . MU i •-1 0Z J IMÜNEZ , R af a e l : 1 980 . " An ton io Ma r ia Man r ique : v i da y o b ra s . E n t om° a s u o b ra i n ed i ta < > . R ev i s ta d e H i s tor ia C anar ia , XXXV I I ( 172 ) : 2 21-242 . -1 994 . L a P ied ra Z ana ta y e lm undo mäg ico d e l o s g uanche s . Mu seo A rqueo lög ico . C ab i ldo d e T ene r if e . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . NORE1A S ALTO , Ma r ia T e re sa : 1 977 a . C anar ia s :p o l i t ica ys oc iedad d u ran t e l a R e s taurac iön . T omo I .E d ic ione s d e l E xcmo . C ab i ldo I n su la r d e G ran C ana r ia . L a sP a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia . 1 977 b. C anar ia s : p o l i t i ca y s oc iedad d uran t e l a R e s tau rac iön . T omo I . E d ic ione s d e l E xcmo . C ab i ldo I n su la r d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . 1 99 1 . " La R e s tau rac iön : o l iga rqu ia y c ac iqu i smo" . E n : T e r e sa No re t ia S a l to y J o sé M . P e rez G a r c ia ( c oo rd s . ) . H i s tor ia d e C ana r ia s . S ig lo sX IX -XX . V o lumen I V : 7 85 -800 . E d i to r ia l P ren sa I b e r ica , S .A . V a lenc ia .

NORE f \ ' 1A S ALTO , M aT e re sa yM aA sunc ión A s in C ab r e ra : 1 99 1 . " Cana r ia s e n l a p o l i t ica i n te rnac iona l" . E n : M a T e r e sa No re f ia S a l to y J o se M . P e r ez G a r c ia ( c oo rd s . ) . H i s tor ia d e C ana r ia s . S ig lo s X IX -XX . V o lumen I V : 8 57 8 72 . E d i to r ia l P ren sa I b e r ica , S .A . V a lenc ia . N i l i Z IEZ RU IZ , D iego ( e d . ) : 1 977 . E l d arw in i smo e n E spana . E d i to r ia l C a s ta l ia . Mad r id . -1 996 . " La r e l ig iön y l ac i enc ia . H is to r ia d e l a s c on t rove r s ia s e n t re a mba s" . Mundo C ien t if i co , 1 66 : 2 47 -256 . Nü f \ ' 1EZ DE LA P E f \ ' lA , J uan : 1 994 ( 1676 ) . C onqv i s ta y a n t igüedad e s d e l a s i s la s d e l aG ran C anar ia ys u d e scr ipc iön . E d ic iön f a c s im i l . S e rv ic io d e P ub l icac ione s d e l a U n ive r s idad d e L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma sd eG ran C ana r ia . OL IV IER , L au r en t : 1 999 . " The o r ig in s o f F rench a r chaeo logy" . A n t iqu i ty , 7 3 ( 279 ) : 1 76 183 . OLMO ENC ISO , L au ro : 1 99 1 . " I deo log ia y a r queo log ia : l o s e s tud io s s ob re e l p er iodo v i s igodo e n l ap r ime ra m i tad d e l s i g lo XX" . E n J av ie r A r ce y R ica rdo O lmo s ( c oo rd . ) . H i s tor iog raf ia d e l aA rqueo log ia yd e l aH i s tor ia A n t igua e nE spana ( S ig lo s XV I I I -XX ) : 1 57 - 1 60 . M in i s te r io d e C u l tu ra . D i r ecc iön G ene ra l d e B e l la s A r te s yA rch ivo s . Mad r id . ORT IZ GARC IA , C a rmen : 2 00 1 . " De l o s c r äneo s al a s p i ed ra s . A rqueo log ia y A n t ropo log ia e n E spar ia , 1 847 1977" . C omp lu tum , 1 2 : 2 73 -292 . OSSUNA Y VAN DEN HEEDE , Manue l d e : 1 889 . L a I n sc r ipc iön d e A naga ( T ener if e ) . I mp ren ta d e A n se lmo J . B en i tez . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . 1 897 . " Anaga a nd i t s a n t iqu i t ie s" . T he S co t t i sh G eog raph ica l Maga z ine . D ecembe r : 6 17 -624 . 1 904 . E l R eg iona l i smo e n C anar ia s . ( E s tud io h i s tör ico , j u r id ico y p s ico lög ico ) . T omo I .I mp ren ta A . J . B en i tez . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . 1 9 12 . I mp re s ione s d e v i a je s e i n ve s t igac ione s c i en t i f ica s ( I s la d e T ener if e ) . E d i to r A . J .B en i tez . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e .

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- 1 9 16 . E l R eg iona l i smo e n C anar ia s . ( E s tud io h i s tör ico , j ur id ico y p s ico lög ico ) . T omo I . I mp ren ta A . J . B en i tez . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . OVETENSE : 1 993 ( 1525 -XV I I ) . E n : F ranc isco Mo ra le s P ad rön . C anar ia s : C rön ica s d e s u c onqu i s ta . T ranscr ipc iön , e s tud io y n o ta s : 1 07 1 83 . E d ic ione s d e l C ab i ldo I n su la r d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C anar ia . 2e d ic iön . PAD ILLA , J . : 1 880 . " E l p o s i t iv ismo" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I .A r lo I ,n ° 1 2 : 3 88 -390 . P ALENC IA , A lonso : 1 993 ( s . XV ) . " La c onqu is ta d e G ran C ana r ia e n l a s D ecada s d e A lon so d e P a lenc ia ( Cua r ta D ecada )" . E n : F ranc isco Mo ra le s P ad rön . C anar ia s : C rön ica s d e s u c onqu i s ta . T ran scr ipc iön , e s tud io y n o ta s : 4 7 1-496 . E d ic ione s d e l C ab i ldo I n su la r d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . 2 ' e d ic iön . PAZ SÄNCHEZ , Manue l A . d e : 1 984 . H i s tor ia d e l a F rancma soner ia e n C anar ia s ( 1739 -1936 ) . E d ic ione s d e l E xcmo . C ab i ldo I n su la r d e G ran C ana r ia . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . P E IRÖ MART IN , I gnac io : 1 998 . " Va lo re s p a t r iö t icos y c onoc im ien to c i en t if ico : l ac ons t rucc iön h i s tö r ica d e E spar ia" . E n : C a r los F o rcade l l ( e d . ) . Nac iona l i smo e H i s tor ia : 2 9 -5 1 . I n s t i tuc iön F e rnando e l C a tö l ico . E xcma . D ipu tac iön d e Z a ragoza . Z a ragoza . P E IRÖ MART IN , I gnac io y G onza lo P a sama r A lzur ia : 1 989 -90 . " E l n ac im ien to e n E spar ia d e l a A rqueo log ia y l a P reh is to r ia . ( Academ ic ismo y p rof e s iona l izac iön , 1 856 1936 ) . K a la tho s , 9 10 : 9 30 . - 1 992 . " La < > , h ac ia l a p rof e s iona l izac iön h i s to r iog räf ica" . S tud ium . G eog raf ia . H i s tor ia . A r te . F i lo so f ia , 3 :1 35 162 . P ELAYO LOPEZ , F ranc isco : 1 988 . " C ienc ia yr e l ig iön e n E spar ia d u ran te e ls i g lo X IX" .A sc lep io , XL ( 2 ) : 1 87 -207 . -1 999 . " La r epe rcus iön d e l e vo luc ion ismo e n l a S oc iedad E spar io la d e H is to r ia N a tu ra l" . E n : T homa s F . G l ick ; R o sau ra R u iz y M igue l A nge l P u ig S ampe r ( ed s . ) . E l Darw in i smo e n

E spana e I beroam & ica : 15 131 . U n ive r s idad N ac iona l A u tönoma d e Mex ico . C onse jo S upe r io r d e I n ve s t igac ione s C ien t if ica s . E d ic ione s D oce C a l le s . Mad r id . P ERE IRA CASTA i \ ' 1ARES , J uan C a r lo s : 1 997 . " La p o l i t ica e x te r io r d e E spa r la ( 1875 1939 )" . E n : J av ie r P a rede s ( c oo rd . ) . H i s tor ia C on temporänea d e E spaha ( 1808 -1939 ) : 5 79 -597 . E d i to r ia l A r id. B a rce lona . P üREZ ÄLVAREZ , J o se A n ton io : 1 998 . " Tene r if e y l a p r ime ra e s tac iön p r ima to lög ica d e l mundo" . A c ta s d e l V I I C ongre so

. E l 9 8 : C ien a ho s d e H i s tor ia e n u na E spa i i ap lura l : 2 53 2 55 . C en t ro d e E s tud io s T eo lög ico s ( Sem ina r io D ioce sano ) . L aL aguna . P üREZ DEL CR ISTO , C r is töba l : 1 996 ( 1679 ) . E xce lenc ia s yA n t igüedad e s d e l a s s i e te I s la s d e C anar ia . I n t roducc iön a c a rgo d e Manue l H e rnändez G onzä lez . E d ic iön F ac s im i l . G ob ierno d e C ana r ia s . C ab i ldo d e T ene r if e . A yun tam ien to d e I c od d e l o s V inos . S an ta C ruz d e T ene r if e . P üREZ GARZÖN , J uan S i s in io : 1 978 . " La c ue s t iön c ana r ia ap r inc ip io s d e l s i g lo XX : p ub l ic i s t ica e i n te rese s e conöm icos" . A nuar io d e E s tud io s A t län t ico s , 2 4 : 2 29 -251 . P üREZ RA M iREZ , Y o landa y J av ie r A lamo G a rc ia : 2 002 . " P ren sa y o p in iön p üb l ica a n te l a o b tenc iön d e l a d i v is iön p rov inc ia l" . E n : F ranc isco Mo ra les P ad rön ( coo rd . ) . X IV C o loqu io d e H i s tor ia C anar io Amer icana . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C anar ia , 2 000 : 1 222 1236 . E d ic ione s d e l C ab i ldo d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia . P üREZ VO ITUR IEZ , A n ton io : 1 977 . " A spec to s j u r id ico i n ternac iona le s d e l a c onqu is ta d e C ana r ia s" . E n : A gu s t in M i l la re s T or re s . H i s tor ia G enera l d e l a s I s la s C anar ia s . T omo I : 3 30 -381 . E d irca . S an ta C ruz d e T ener if e . P üREZ VO ITUR IEZ , A n ton io y O swa ldo B r i to Gonzä lez : 1 984 : C anar ia s , e nc ruc i jada i n ternac iona l . C i rcu lo d e E s tud ios S oc ia les d e C ana r ia s .

1 44

R ef erences

E co top ia . S an ta C ruz d e T ene r if e . 2 ' e d ic iön . P ETR IC IOL I , Ma r ta : 2 000 . " Le s m iss ion s a r cheo log ique s c omme i n s t rumen t d e

E spaha e I beroamer ica : 1 53 167 . U n ive r s idad Nac iona l Au tönoma d e Mex ico . C onse jo S upe r io r d e I nves t igac ione s C ien t if ica s . E d ic ione s D oce C a l le s . Mad r id . P ULGAR , F er nando d e l : 1 490 . " C rön ica d e l o s muy a l tos y e sc la rec ido s R eye s C a tho l ico s . F ragmen tos" . E n : L u is Maff io t te : F ragmen ta R erum C anar iarum ( Manu sc r i to ) . B ib l io teca

p o l i t ique e t range re" . E n : R o land E t ienne ( ed . ) . L e s p o l i t ique s d e l ' archeo log ie . Du m i l ieu d u X IX s i èc le ä l ' oree d u XX I ' : 2 5 -31 . ü co le F rança ise d 'A thene s .A tena s . P IZARROSO Y BEL MONTE , C a r lo s : 1 880 . L o s a bor igenes d e C anar ia s . I mp ren ta I s le i% d e F ranc isco C . H e rnändez . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . POL IAKOV , L eon : 1 996 . T he A ryan My th . A h i s tory o fr ac i s t a nd n a t iona l i s t i d ea s i n E urope . B a rne s & Nob le B ook s . Nueva Yo rk . PONS , J ose : 1 969 . " A lguna s c on s ide rac ione s s ob re a n t ropo log ia c ana r ia" . A nuar io d eE s tud ios A t län t ico s , 1 5 :9 1-96 . PORL IER Y SOPRAN IS , A n ton io : 1 753 . " D ise r tac ion h i s to r ica s ob r e q u iene s f u e ron l o s p r ime ro s p ob lado re s d e l a s I s la s A f or tunada s , l amada s c omunmen te l a s C ana r ia s yq ue p a is f u e e s te e n l o p r im i t ivo . ( D i scu r so l e ido e l 1d e f e b re ro d e 1 753 e n l aR ea l A cadem ia d e l aH is to r ia )" . B ib l io t eca d e l a R ea l A cad em ia d e l a H i s tor ia . Documen to . T omo I I 9 / 5951 . -1 94 1 ( 1755 ) . D escubr im ien to y C onqu i s ta d e l a s I s la s C anar ia s . D i ser tac iön h i s tör ica s obre l a e poca d e l p r imer d e scubr im ien to , e xped ic iön y c onqu i s ta d e l a s i s la s d e C anar ia . I mp ren ta V a len t in S anz . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . -1 947 ( 1807 ) . " V ida d e d on A n ton io A n ice to P o r l ie r , a c tua l Ma rque s d e B a jama r , e sc r i ta p o r e lm ismo p a ra i n s t rucc iön d e s u s h i jo s . ( No ta s d e l D r . D . B uenaven tu ra B onne t y R eve rön )" . R ev i s ta d e H i s tor ia , X I I I ( 78 ) : 1 53 1 76 . POU ILLON , F ranco is : 1 993 . " S imp l if ica t ion e t hn ique e nA f r ique d u No rd : Mau re s , A rabes , B e rbe re s ( XV I I I eXX e s i ec le s )" . C ah ier s d' E tud e s a f i ica ine s , 1 29 ( XXX I I I -1) : 3 7 -49 . PU IG -SA MPER , M igue l Ange l : 1 999 . " E l D a rw in ismo e n l a An t ropo log ia E spa t io la" . E n : T homa s F . G l ick ; R o sau ra R u iz y M igue l Ange l P u ig S ampe r

( ed s . ) .

E l Darw in i smo

J .R egu lo . L aL aguna . P U MARE JO GÖMEZ , P au l ino : 1 990 . "Ma rce l ino S anz d e S au tuo la" . R ev i s ta d e A rqueo log ia . A r lo X I , n ° 12 : 5 4 -56 . QUATREFAGES DE BRÜAU , A rmand d e y E rne s tT eodore H amy : 1 874 . " La r a ce d e C ro - Magnon d ans l ' e space e td an s l e t emp s" . B u l le t in s d e l a S oc ie te d' A n thropo log ie d e P ar i s . T omo I X ( 2 s e r ie ) : 2 60 -266 . QUEROL F ERNÄNDEZ , M a Ange les : 2 00 1 . Adän y Darw in . A rqueo log ia P reh is tö r ica , 5 . E d i to r ia l S in te s is . Mad r id . RA MA , C a r los M . : 1 981 . L a h i s tor iog raf ia c omo c onc ienc ia h i s tör ica . B ib l io teca d e D ivu lgac iön T emä t ica , 4 . Mon te s ino s . B a rce lona . RA M iREZ SÄNCHEZ , Manue l E . : 1 997 . " Un a ce rcam ien to h i s to r iog räf ico a l o s o r igene s d e l a i nve s t igac iön a rqueo lög ica e n C ana r ia s : l a s S oc iedade s C ien t if ica s d e l s i g lo X IX" . E n : G lo r ia Mo ra y Ma rga r i ta D iaz -And reu ( ed s . ) . L a c r i s ta l izac iön d e l p a sado : g ene s i s yd e sar ro l lo d e l marco i n s t i tuc iona ld e l aA rqueo log ia e n E spa i ia . A c ta s d e l I C ong reso I n te rnac iona l d e H is to r iog raf ia d e l a A rqueo log ia e n E spana ( s . XV I I I XX ) : 3 113 19 . S e rv ic io d e P ub l icac ione s d e l a U n ive r s idad d e Mä laga . M in is ter io d e E ducac iön y C ienc ia . Mä laga . RANGER , T . 0 . : 1 987 . " Re s is tenc ia e i n ic ia t iva s a f r icana s f r en te a l a d iv is iön y l ac onqu is ta" . E n : A . Adu B oahen ( d ir . ) . H i s tor ia G enera l d e Af r ica . V I I . Af r ica b a jo e l d om in io c o lon ia l ( 1880 -1935 ) : 6 9 -87 . E d i to r ia l T ecno s . UNESCO . Mad r id . RENFRE W , C o l in : 1 990 . A rqueo log ia y l e ngua je . L a c ue s t iön d e l o s o r ig ene s

e n

1 45

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C ana ry I s land s

i ndoeuropeo s . E d i to r ia l C r i t ica . B a rce lona . R EYES GONZÄLEZ , N ico lä s : 1 986 . " Cana r ia s y l a g ue r ra h i spano n or teame r icana d e 1 898" . R ev i s ta d e l O es t ed eA f r ica , 8 : 10 120 . -2 002 . " Cana r ia s e n e lt r äns i to d e l s i g lo X IX a l XX : R eg iona l ismo , f ede ra l ismo y c ac iqu ismo" . E n : F ranc isco Mo ra le s P ad rön ( coo rd . ) . X IV C o loqu io d e H i s tor ia C anar io -Amer icana . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C anar ia , 2 000 : 1 652 167 1 . E d ic ione s d e l C ab i ldo d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . REYES HERNÄNDEZ , Ma r ia d e l o s : 1 988 1 99 1 . " Lo s i n ic io s d e l Mu seo C anar io y l a i n corpo rac iön d e c o lecc ione s p a r t icu la re s e n s u s p r ime ro s momen to s ( 1879 -80 )" . E l Mu seo C anar io , XLV I I I : 4 7 -57 . R IO AYALA , J uan d e l : 1 944 . " Lo s d oc to re s V e rneau y F ernändez N ava r ro y s u s t r aba jo s e n < >" . E l Mu seo C anar io , V( 1 1) : 4 7 -56 . R IPOCHE Y TORRENS , D iego : 1 880 . " Do s p a lab ra s s ob re a l gunos p un to s d e l a o b ra A n t igüedade s C ana r ia s , p o r D . S . B er the lo t" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I .A r lo I ,n ° 1 5 : 7 8 -74 . 1 881 . " Do s p a lab ra s s ob re a l guno s p un to s d e l ao b ra A n t igüedade s C ana r ia s , p o r D . S . B e r the lo t" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I .A t io I ,n °2 3 : 3 40 -345 . 1 996 ( 1902 ) . " La s p in tad era s d e E uropa , C anar ia s yAmer ica" . E n : L aR aza d e C rom a iön . C o lecc iön a t r avi s d e l t i empo , n ° 1 4 : 1 37 147 . L a O ro tava ( Tene r if e ) . ROBERTSHA W , P e te r ( ed . ) : 1 990 . Ah i s tory o f Af r ican A rchaeo logy . J ame s C ur rey L td . L ond re s . ROCA Y PONSA , J o s: 1 877 . C ua t ro p a labra s s obre u n r ec ien te f o l l e to d e l L icdo . D . R af ae l L orenzo y G arc ia , t i tu lado E s tud io sf i lo söf ico s s obre l a e spec if icac iön d e l o s s ere s . B ib l io teca d e E l Gö lgo ta . I mp ren ta d e V ic to r D o re s te y Nava r ro . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . -1 878 . E lS r . L icdo . L orenzo y G arc ia a n te l a f e y l a r azön . I mp ren ta d e V ic to r

ROLDÄN VERDE JO , R ober to : 1 995 . " Cana r ia s e n l aC o rona d e C a s t i l la" . E n : A n ton io d e Mthencou r t Ma ss ieu ( e d . ) . H i s tor ia d e C anar ia s : 2 51-311 . E d ic ione s d e l C ab i ldo I n su la rd eG ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia . ROM ER , J ohn : 1 992 . L o s ü l t imo s s ecre to s d e l V a l le d e l o s R eye s . U na s i ngu lar a ven tura a rqueo lög ica . E d i to r ia l P l ane ta . B a r ce lona . 2 'e d ic iön . ROUX , G eo rges : 1 990 . Me sopo tam ia . H i st o r ia p o l i t ica , e conöm ica y c u l tura l . E d ic ione s Aka l U n ive r s i ta r ia . Mad r id ( 2 e d ic iön ) . RU IZ ZAPATERO , G onza lo : 1 993 . " E l c oncep to d e C e l ta s e n l a P reh is to r ia e u ropea y e spa r io la" . E n : Ma r t in A lmag ro -Go rbea y G onza lo R u iz Z apa te ro ( ed s . ) . L o s c e l ta s : H i span ia y E uropa : 2 3 -62 . A c ta s d e E l E sco r ia l . Mad r id . RU MEU DE ARMAS , A n ton io : 2 00 1 . " E l d oc to r C h i l y N a ran jo , mu se i s ta , a n t ropö logo e h i s to r iado r" . E n : Manue l L obo C ab re ra ( d ir . ) . H omena je a lD r . D . G regor io C h i ly N aran jo ( 1831-1901 ) . E l Mu seo C anar io , LV I : 3 49 -358 . L a s P a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia . RUSSELL , P . E . : 1 978 . " E l d e scub r im ien to d e l a s C ana r ia s ye ld eba te m ed ieva l a ce rca d e l o s d e recho s d e l o s p r inc ipe s yp ueb lo s p agano s" . R ev i s ta d e H i s tor ia C anar ia , XXXV I ( 17 1) : 9 32 . S ABAT IER , C am i l le : 1 882 . " E s sa i s u r l ' o r ig ine , l 'bo lu t ion e tl e s c ond i t ions a c tue l le s d e s B e rbe r s s & len ta ire s" . R evue d' A n thropo log ie . T omo V ( 10 ' s e r ie ) : 4 12 -442 . S ALES Y F ERRE , Manue l : 1 88 1 a." E s tado p r im i t ivo d e l h omb re . C on s ide rac ione s h i s tö r ica s" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I I . A r io I , n ° 2 7 : 7 0 -74 . -l 88 1 b." E s tado p r im i t ivo d e l h omb re . L a s t r ad ic ione s" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I I . A r lo I ,n °2 8 : 1 02 106 . 1 88 1' . " E s tado p r im i t ivo d e l h omb re . L a s t r ad ic iones ( con t inuac iön )" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I I . A r lo I , n ° 2 9 : 1 33 137 . 1 88 1 d." E s tado p r im i t ivo d e l h omb r e . L o s h echo s" . E l Museo C anar io . T omo I I .M OI,n °3 0 : 1 66 170 .

D o re s te y Nava r ro . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia .

1 46

R ef erence s

-1 88 1 e." E s tado p r im i t ivo d e l h omb re . L o s h echo s ( con t inuac iön )" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I I . A i l° I , n ° 3 4 : 2 93 -296 . -1 88 1 f." Es tado p r im i t ivo d e l h omb re . L o s h echo s ( conc lu s ion )" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I I . A r io I , n ° 3 5 : 3 25 -329 . SÄNCHEZ -GEY VENEGAS , J uana y Manue l d e P az S änchez : 1 988 . P en sam ien to c on temporäneo . C o lecc iön H is to r ia P opu la r d e C ana r ia s , 7 . CCPC . S an ta C ruz d e T ener if e . S A ID , E . W . : 1 993 . C u l ture a nd I mper ia l i sm . A lf red A . K nopf .N ew Y o rk . S CH ILLER , F ranc is : 1 979 . P au l B roca . F ound er o f F rench A n thropo logy , E xp lorer o ft h e B ra in . U n ive r s i ty o f C a l if o rn ia P re s s . B e rke ley . S CHNAPP , A la in : 1 99 1 . "Mode le n a tu ra l is te e t mode le p h i lo log ique d ans l ' a rcheo log ie e u ropeenne d u XV I 6' a u X IX 8' s i ec le s" . E n : J av ie r A rce y R ica rdo O lmo s ( coo rd . ) . H i s tor iog raf ia d e l aA rqueo log ia y d e l aH i s tor ia A n t igua e nE spai i a( S ig lo s XV I I I -XX ) : 1 9 -24 . M in is te r io d e C u l tu ra . D irecc iön G ene ra l d e B e l la s A r te s yA rch ivo s . Mad r id . S CH W IDETZKY , I l se : 1 963 . L a p ob lac iön p reh i spän ica d e l a s I s la s C anar ia s . P ub l icac ione s d e l Mu seo A rqueo lög ico d e S an ta C ruz d e T ener if e , 4 . E xcmo . C ab i ldo I n su la r d e T ene r if e . S e rv ic io d e I nve s t igac ione s A rqueo lög ica s . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . 1 996 . " F rench a r chaeo logy : b e tween n a t iona l i d en t i ty a nd c u l tu ra l i d en t i ty" . E n : Ma rga r i ta D iaz -And reu y T imo thy C hamp ion ( ed s . ) . Na t iona l i sm a nd a rchaeo logy i n E urope :4 8 -67 . UCL P re s s . L ond re s . -1 999 . T he d i scovery o ft h ep a s t . T he o r ig ins o f A rchaeo logy . B r i t ish Mu seum P re s s . S pa in . 2 002 . " Be tween a n t iqua r ian s a nd a r chaeo log is t s : c on t inu i t ie s a nd r up tu re s" . A n t iqu i ty , 7 6 ( 29 1) : 1 34 1 40 . S EDE f s ' /O , A n ton io : 1 993 ( XV I I) . " Brebe r e sumen y H is to r ia ( no ) muy v e rdade ra d e l aC onqu is ta d e C ana r ia s c r ip ta ( no ) p o r A n ton io C eder io

n a tu ra l d e T o ledo , v no d e l o s c onqu is tado re s q ue v i n ie ron c on e l G ene ra l J uan R exon" . E n : F ranc isco Mo ra le s P ad rön . C anar ia s : C rön ica s d e s u c onqu i s ta . T ran scr ipc iön , e s tud io y n o ta s : 3 43 -381 . E d ic ione s d e l C ab i ldo I n su la r d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . 2 ' e d ic iön . S HENNAN , S tephen :

1 994 .

" In t roduc t ion :

a r chaeo log ica l a pp roache s t o c u l tu ra l i d en t i ty" . E n : S tephen S hennan ( ed . ) . A rchaeo log ica l c u l tura l i d en t i ty :

a pproache s t o 1 32 . R ou t ledge .

L ondon . S HEPPARD , P e te r J . : 1 990 . " So ld ie r s a nd B u reauc ra t s : T he E a r ly H is to ry o f P reh is to r ic A rchaeo logy i n t h e Magh reb" . E n : P e te r R obe r t shaw ( ed . ) . A h i s tory o f Af r ican A rchaeo logy : 1 73188 . J ame s C u r rey L td . L ond re s . S IBEUD , Emmanue l le : 2 001 . " La f i n d u v oyage . D e l ap ra t ique c o lon ia le ä l a p ra t ique e t hnog raph ique ( 1878 1 9 13)" . E n : C laude B lanckae r t ( d ir . ) . L e s p o l i t ique s d e l ' An thropo log ie . D i scour s e t p ra t iques e n F rance ( 1860 -1940 ) :1 73 198 . H is to ire d e s S c ience s H uma ine s . L 'Ha rma t tan . P a r i s . SM ITH , An thony D . S . : 1 979 . Na t iona l i sm i n t h e T wen t ie th C en tury . Ma r t in R ober t son a nd C o . L td . Oxf o rd . 2 00 1 . Na t iona l i sm . P o l i ty P re ss . L ond re s . SOSA , F ray J ose d e : 1 994 ( 1678 ) . T opog raf ia d e l a I s la A f or tunada d e G ran C anar ia . I n t roducc iön , t r an sc r ipc iön yn o ta s d e Manue la R onqu i l lo R ub io y A na V i r la B r i to . E d ic iones d e l C ab i ldo I n su la r d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . S TEVENS ARROYO , A n ton io M . : 1 997 . " Cana ry I s land s a nd t h e A n t i l l ian" . E n : An ton io T e je ra G a spa r ( ed . ) : L a s orpre sa d e E uropa . ( E l e ncuen t ro d e c u l tura s ) : 8 3107 . D ocumen to s c ong re sua le s . S e rv ic io d e P ub l ica c ione s d e l a Un ive r s idad d e L aL aguna . L aL aguna . T E JERA GASPAR , A n ton io : 2 00 1 . " La p reh is to r ia d e C ana r ia s ap a r t i r d e C h i l" . E n : Manue l L obo C ab re ra ( d ir . ) . Homena je a l D r . D . G regor io

1 47

I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C anary I s land s

C h i l y N aran jo ( 1831-1901 ) . E l Mu seo C anar io , LV I : 3 7 -57 . L a s P a lma s d eG ran C ana r ia . TE JERA GASPAR , A n ton io y E dua rdo A zna r V a l le jo : 1 985 -87 . " E l p r ime r c on tac to e n t re e u ropeo s yc ana r io s : i , 1312? 1477" . E l Mu seo C anar io , XLV I I : 1 69 185 . T IERNY , M ichae l : 1 996 . " The n a t ion , n a t iona l ism a nd n a t iona l i d en t i ty" . E n : J ohn A . A tk inson ; l a in B ank s y J e r ry O 'Su l l ivan : 1 996 . N a t iona l i sm a nd a rchaeo logy . S co t t ish A rchaeo log ica l F orum : 1 2 -2 1 . C ru i thne P re s s . G la sgow . T ISSOT , C ha r le s Jo seph : 1 876 . " Su r l e s monumen t s m ega l i th ique s e t l e s p opu la t ion s b l onde s d u Ma roc ( avec u ne c a r te )" . R evue d' A n thropo log ie . T omo V : 3 85 -392 . TOP INARD , P au l : 1 873 . " I n s t ruc t ions s u r l 'a n th ropo log ie d e l 'A lge r ie . D eux ieme p a r t ie : I n s t ruc t ion s p a r t icu l ie re s" . B u l le t ins d e l aS oc ie te d' A n thropo log ie d e P ar i s . T omo 8( 2 ' s e r ie ) : 6 13 -658 . TORR IAN I , L eona rdo : 1 978 ( 1592 ) . D escr ipc iön e H i s tor ia d e l r e ino d e l a s I s la s C anar ia s , a n te s A f or tunada s , c on e l p arecer d e s u s f or t if icac ione s . Goya E d ic ione s . S an ta C ruz d eT ene r if e . TR IGGER , B ruce G . : 1 984 . " A l te rna t ive a r chaeo log ie s : n a t iona l is t , c o lon ia l is t , i mpe r ia l is t" . Man . T he J ourna l o ft h e R oya l A n thropo log ica l I n s t i tu te , 1 9 : 3 55 -370 . 1 990 . " The H is to ry o fA f r ican A rchaeo logy i n Wo r ld P e r spec t ive" . E n : P e te r R obe r t shaw ( ed . ) . Ah i s tory o fA f r ican A rchaeo logy : 3 09 -319 . J ame s C ur rey L td . L ond re s . 1 992 . H i s tor ia d e l p en sam ien to a rqueo lög ico . E d i to r ia l C r i t ica . B a rce lona . URQU INAONA Y B IDOT , J o se Ma r ia d e : 1 876 . C ar ta P a s tora l q ue e lI lmo . y Rmo . S r . D . J o se Mar ia d e U rqu inaona y B ido t , O b i spo d e C anar ia s y Adm in i s t rador A po s tö l ico d e T ener if e d i nge a lc l ero yf i e le s d e a mba s d iöce s i s , c on m o t ivo d e l a o bra , q ue h a e mpezado ap ub l icar se e n e s ta c i udad , c on e l t i t u lo d e < (E st ud io s H i s tör ico s ,

C l ima to lög ico s yP a to lög ico s d e l a s I s la s C anar ia s » ; p roh ib iendo s u l e c tura . I mp ren ta d e V ic to r D ore s te y N ava r ro . L a s P a lma s d e G ran C ana r ia . UZO IG WE , G . N . : 1 987 . " La d i v is iön y c onqu is ta e u ropea s d e A f r ica : v i s ion g ene ra l" . E n A . Adu B oahen ( d ir . ) . H i s tor ia G enera l d e A f r ica . V I I . Af r ica b a jo e l d om in io c o lon ia l ( 1880 -1935 ) : 4 1-67 . E d i to r ia l T ecno s . UNESCO . Mad r id . VALCÄRCEL MART iNEZ , S imön : 1 997 . L a s c rön ica s d e I nd ia s c omo e xpre s iön y c onf igurac iön d e l a m en ta l idad r enacen t i s ta . B ib l io teca d e E nsayo , n ° 3 5 . D ipu tac iön P rov inc ia l d eG ranada . G ranada . VE IT , U l r ich : 1 994 . " E thn ic c oncep t s i n G e rman p r eh is to ry : ac a se s t udy o n t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween c u l tu ra l i d en t i ty a nd a r chaeo log ica l o b jec t iv i ty" . E n : S t ephen S hennan ( e d . ) . A rchaeo log ica l a pp roaches t o c u l tura l i d en t i ty : 3 5 -56 . R ou t ledge . L ondon . VERNEAU , R ene P i e r re : 1 878 . " De l a p l u ra l i te d e s r a ce s a nc ienne s d e l ' A rch ip ie l C ana r ien" . B u l l e t in s d e l a S oc ie te d' A n thropo log ie d e P ar i s . T ome p rem ie r , 36' s e r ie : 4 29 -436 . 1 996 ( 1878 ) . " Sob re l a p lu ra l idad d e l a s a n t igua s r a za s d e l a r ch ip ie lago c ana r io" . E n : L a R a za d e C roma i lön . C o lecc iön at r ave s d e l t i empo , n ° 1 4 : 4 9 -58 . E d ic ione s J .A .D .L . L a O ro tava ( Tene r if e ) . -1 996 ( 1879 ) . " V iv ienda s ys epu l tu ra s d e l o s a n t iguo s h ab i tan te s d e l a s I s la s C ana r ia s . L a a r qu i tec tu ra e n t re e s ta s p ob lac ione s p r im i t iva s" . E n : L a R aza d e C roma i iön . C o lecc iön ae ave s d e l t i empo , n ° 1 4 : 2 9 -48 . E d ic iones J .A .D .L . L aO ro tava ( Tene r if e ) . -1 88 1 a." Su r l ' ouv rage d e M . S ab in B e r the lo t , i n t i tu le : A n t iqu i te s c ana r ienne s" . B u l l e t in s d e l aS oc ie te d' A n thropo log ie d eP a r i s . T omo I V( 3 's e r ie ) : 3 20 -329 . -1 996 ( 188 1) b." Sob re l o s s em i ta s e n l a s I s la s C ana r ia s" . E n : L a R a za d e C roma i lön . C o lecc iön a t r ave s d e l t i empo , n ° 1 4 : 5 9 -72 . E d ic ione s J .A .D .L . L aO ro tava ( Tene r if e ) . -1 88 1c . " Su r l e s a nc iens h ab i tan t s d e l aI s le ta ( G rande C ana r ie )" . B u l le t ins d e l a

1 48

R ef erence s

S oc ie te d' A n thropo log ie d e P a r i s . T omo I V( 3 's e r ie ) : 7 37 -746 . - 1 882 a. " P lu ra l idad d e r a za s e n e l A rch ip ie lago c ana r io ( I )" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I V . Mo I , n ° 4 5 : 2 57 -262 . 1 882 " . " P lu ra l idad d e r a za s e n e l A rch ip id lago c ana r io ( I)" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I V . Mo I , n ° 4 6 : 2 89 -294 . 1 882 ' . " P lu ra l idad d e r a za s e n e l A rch ip id lago c ana r io ( I I )" . E l Mu seo C ana r io . T omo I V . Mo I , n ° 4 7 : 3 21-324 . - 1 882 d. " P lu ra l idad d e r a za s e n e l A rch ip ie lago c ana r io ( y I V )" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I V . A r lo I ,n ° 4 8 : 3 51-356 . - 1 996 ( 1883) . " La s p i n tade ra s d e G ran C ana r ia" . E n : L a R a za d e C roma i iön . C o lecc iön at r avd s d e l t i empo , n ° 1 4 : 1 07 136 . E d ic ione s J .A .D .L . L a O ro tava ( Tene r if e ) . -1 996 ( 1886 ) . " La R aza d e C romar iön . S u s e m ig rac ione s , s u s d e scend ien te s" . E n : L a R a za d e C roma i lön . C o lecc iön a t r avd s d e l t i empo , n ° 1 4 : 7 27 . E d ic ione s J .A .D .L . L a O ro tava ( Tene r if e ) . -1 887 . " La t a i l le d e s a nc ien s h ab i tan t s d e s I l e s C ana r ie s" . R evue d' A n thropo log ie . T ome d eux iime , 3 'i n e s d r ie : 6 4 1-657 . -1 996 ( 1887 ) . " La e s ta tu ra d e l o s a n t iguo s h ab i tan te s d e l a s I s la s C ana r ia s" . E n : L a R aza d e C roma i iön . C o lecc iön a t r avd s d e l t i empo , n ° 1 4 : 7 3 -95 . E d ic ione s J .A .D .L . L a O ro tava ( Tene r if e ) . - 1 89 1 . C inq a nnee s d e s e jour a ux i l e s C anar i e s . A . H ennuye r , I mp r imeu r E d i teu r . P a r is . -1 996 ( 189 1) . C inco a i lo s d e e s tanc ia e n l a s I s la s C anar ia s . N o ta s h i s tö r ica s y mapa s ac a rgo d e Manue l J .L o renzo P e re ra . No ta p r e l im ina r d e J u l io H e rnändez G a rc ia . C o lecc iön at r avd s d e l t i empo , n ° 1 .E d ic ione s J .A .D .L . L aO ro tava ( Tene r if e ) . 5 'e d ic iön . -1 996 ( 1898 ) . " A p ropö s i to d e l aA t län t ida" . E n : L aR a za d e C roma i iön . C o lecc iön at r avi s d e l t i empo , n ° 1 4 : 9 7 105 . E d ic ione s J .A .D .L . L a O ro tava ( Tene r if e ) .

-1 934 . " La s I s la s C ana r ia s yl al e yenda d e l a A t län t ida" . E l Mu seo C anar io , I( 3 ) : 1 20 . VERNEAU , R end P i e r re y D iego R ipoche y T o r ren s : 1 88 1 . " Raza s a n t igua s d e l A rch ip ie lago c ana r io" . E l Mu seo C anar io . T omo I V . Mo I ,n °4 0 : 9 7 1 05 . V IANA , A n ton io d e : 1 968 ( 1604 ) . C onqu i s ta d e T ener if e ya pare sc im ien to d e l a y mag en d e C and e la r ia . E d ic iön , e s tud io y n o ta s p o r A le jand ro C io rane scu . 2V o lümene s . A u la d e C u l tu ra d e T ene r if e . S an ta C ruz d e T ene r if e . V IERA Y CLAV IJO , J o sé d e : 1 967 ( 1772 1 792 ) . N o t ic ia s d e l a H i s tor ia G enera ld el a sI s la s C anar ia s . T omo s Iy I .G oya E d ic ione s . S an ta C ruz d e T ene r if e . 6e d ic iön . V ILANOVA Y P IERA , J uan y J uan d e D io s d e l a R ada y D e lgado : 1 892 . G eo log ia y P ro toh i s tor ia I be r ica s . H i s tor ia G enera l d e E spa i ia e s c r i ta p or i nd iv iduo s d e n ümero d e l aR ea l A cad em ia d e l a H i s tor ia b a jo l a d i recc iön d e A n ton io C änova s d e l C a s t i l lo .T omo I .Mad r id . WH ITE , H ayden : 1 992 a. Me tah i s tor ia . L a i mag inac iön h i s tör ica e n l a E uropa d e l s i g lo X IX . F ondo d e C u l tu ra E conöm ica . M8x ico . -1 992 " . E l c on ten ido d e l af orma . N a r ra t iva , d i scur so y r epr e sen tac iön h i s tör ica . C o lecc iön P a idö s B ä s ica , 5 8 . E d ic ione s P a idö s . B a r ce lona . W IW JORRA , I ngo : 1 996 . " Ge rman a r chaeo logy a nd i t s r e la t ion t o n a t iona l i sm a nd r a c ism" . E n : Ma rga r i ta D iaz -And reu y T imo thy C hamp ion ( e d s . ) . N a t iona l i sm a nd a rchaeo logy i n E urope : 1 64 188 . UCL P re s s . L ond r e s . WYL IE , M . A l ison : 1 983 . " Commen t s o nt h e < < soc io -po l i t ic s o f a r cha eo logy>> : T he d emy s t if ica t ion o f t h e p rof e s s ion" . E n : J oan M . G e ro ; D av id M . L acy y M ichae l L . B lakey ( e d s . ) . T he s oc io -po l i t ic s o f A rchaeo log y . R e sea rch R epo r t Numbe r , 2 3 : 19 1 30 . D epa r tmen t o f A n th ropo logy . U n ive r s i ty o f Ma s sa chu se t t s . Amhe r s t ( Ma s sa chu se t t s ) . ZAV U A , S i lv io A . : 1 99 1 . L a C onqu i s ta d e C anar ia s y Ame r ica . E d ic ione s d e l

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I mper ia l i s ta rchaeo logy i nt h e C ana ry I s land s

C ab i ldo I n su la r d e G ran C ana r ia . L a s P a lma sd eG ran C ana r ia . Z EROLO , E l ia s : 1 99 1 ( 1881) a. " No t ic ia b i og rä f ica d e M r . S ab in B e r the lo t . H i jo a dop t ivo d e S an ta C ruz d e T ene r if e" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s , A t io I I ( 56 ) : 8 1-83 . F acs im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epor te s . G ob ierno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . 1 99 1 ( 1881)b." No t ic ia b iog räf ica d e M r . S ab in B e r the lo t . H i jo a dop t ivo d e S an ta C ruz d e T ene r if e . I " . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s , A r lo I I ( 57 ) : 1 03 105 . F acs im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epo r te s . G ob ierno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . -1 99 1 ( 188 1)c." No t ic ia b iog räf ica d e Mr . S ab in B e r the lo t . H i jo a dop t ivo d e S an ta C ruz d e T ene r if e . C on t inuac iön" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s , A f io I I ( 58 ) : 1 24 126 . F ac s im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V iceconse je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epor te s . G ob ierno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . -1 99 1 ( 1881)d." No t ic ia b iog räf ica d e M r . S ab in B e r the lo t . H i jo a dop t ivo d e S an ta C ruz d e T ene r if e . C onc lu s iön" . R ev i s ta d e C anar ia s , A r lo I I ( 59 ) : 1 35138 . F ac s im i le s d e C ana r ia s . V icecon se je r ia d e C u l tu ra y D epor te s . G ob ierno d e C ana r ia s . L a L aguna ( Tene r if e ) . Z I M MERMAN , And rew : 2 00 1 . A n thropo logy a nd A n t ihuman i sm i n I mper ia l G ermany . T he U n ive r s i ty o f C h icago P re ss . C h icago . ZORGB IBE , C ha r le s : 1 997 . H i s tor ia d e l a s r e lac ione s i n ternac iona le s . D e l a E uropa d e B i smarck h a s ta e lf i na l d e l a S egunda G uer ra Mund ia l . V o l . I . A l ianza E d i to r ia l . Mad r id . ZURARA , G ome s E ane s d a : 1 998 ( 1448 ) . " Crön ica d e l d escub r im ien to y c onqu is ta d e Gu inea" . E n : C o lecc iön a t r a i4 s d e l t i empo , 1 6 : 4 1-66 . E s tud io c r i t ico d e M . H ernändez G onzä lez y T raducc iön d e J . A . D e lgado L u is . E d ic ione s J .A .D .L . L a O ro tava ( Tene r if e ) . ZWERNEMANN , J ü rgen : 1 983 . C u l ture , H i s to r y a nd A f r ican A n thropo logy . A c en tury o fr e search i n G ermany a nd A u s t r ia . U pp sa la S tud ie s i n C u l tu ra l

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A n th ropo logy , 6 . A c ta U n ive r s i ta t is U p sa l iens is . U pp sa la ( Suec ia ) .