Immigration to northern Indiana, 1800–1850

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Subm itted I n p a r t i a l f il i l l l n o n b o f th e requirem ents f o r th e decree o f D octor o f philosophy in th e Dcpc.rtn.rrt o f H isto ry > In d ia n a Univor o i i p 5 Junoj 19?Q

ProQ uest Number: 10296772

All rights reserv ed INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality o f this rep ro d u ctio n is d e p e n d e n t u p o n th e quality o f th e c o p y su bm itted. In th e unlikely e v e n t th a t th e au th o r did n o t sen d a c o m p le te m anuscript a n d th e re a re missing p a g e s , th e s e will b e n o te d . Also, if m aterial h a d to b e rem o v e d , a n o te will in d icate th e deletion.

uest ProQ uest 10296772 Published by P roQ uest LLC (2016). C opyright o f th e Dissertation is h eld by th e Author. All rights reserved. This work is p r o te c te d ag a in st unauthorized co p y in g u n d er Title 17, United S tates C o d e Microform Edition © ProQ uest LLC. P roQ uest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346

B le s t IndianaV i n th y s o i l A re found th e su re rew ards o f t o i l # Tfnere h o n e st p o v e r t y and ra>rbh May make a P a ra d is e on e a rth * BThe H o o sier? s H ast15—-John F in le y

PREFACE An a tte m p t has been made in t h i s stu d y t o i n d i c a t e th e so u rc e s o f p o p u la tio n f o r tw enty-one c o u n tie s i n n o rth e rn In d ia n a on th e b a s is o f th e o r ig i n a l f e d e r a l cen su s r e tu r n s f o r

?.

18 0

The im petus t o u n d e rta k e an i n v e s t ig a tio n o f th e o r ig i n a l census r e t u r n s f o r I n d ia n a was f i r s t su g g ested by P r o fe s s o r John D. B a rn h a rt i n 1.9h3® Under h i s guidance RGerman im m igration t o Dubois County*1 was com pleted i n 19bb i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e req u ire m e n ts f o r th e d eg ree o f M aster o f A rts* and th e prfeant work f o r t h e d eg re e o f D octor o f P hilosophy*

TABLE OF CONTENTS IRSFAC2S

CHAPTER I

I n tr o d u c tio n G eo g rap h ical d i v is io n s o f In d ia n a - - ---- - - - 1 P h y s ic a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f n o rth e rn In d ia n a - 1 S u b d iv isio n o f n o r th e rn In d ia n a — ■ -------------- 2 Oslurnai L a c u s trin e S e c tio n - - - --------- - - 2 V a lp a ra iso M oraine S e c tio n -----2 Kankakee L a c u s trin e S e c tio n ------------------------ 3 S teuben M o rein al Lake S e c tio n - -----3 Maumee L a c u s trin e S e c t i o n ------------------------ h T o p o g rap h ical views S urv ey o rs - - - - - - - - - - — * -----------Ij. Newspapers - * ---- ------------ --- — - - ----------------- 1 0 Books --------- - - - - - - - - - 1 2 Causes f o r M ig ra tio n G e n e r a l ------------- - lU New Ragland S ta te s ------------------11; J e f f e r s or! 3 embargo o f I 808 - - Hi ---lli F l o o d -------------------------War o f 1 8 1 2 ----------------- - - ---------------------- lU ---- --- - — -------- l l; .Spotted f e v e r T u b e rc u lo s is — ---- » - l b Cold Season o f 1 8 1 6 ------- ------------ --------- 1I5. Sheep r a i s i n g and d a iry in g - - - - - - - l j R eduction in f e r t i l i t y o f s o i l - - ----- - Ip P anic o f 1837 - - - - - - - - 1 5 M iddle A t la n tic S ta te s Removal o f U nited S ta te s Bank D e p o sits - Ip P h ila d e lp h ia - - 15 --1 $ R o c h e s te r - - -----O tsego ---------16 Albany ------------ - - -------16 D ecrease i n form p o p u la tio n - - - — - - - 16 ---- 16 R e tu rn s i n s u f f i c i e n t on p ro d u c ts C om petition o f v /estern p r o d u c e - - 16 E r ie C a n a l ------- -------------■ --------~ ~ l 6 H essian f l y ---- --- ------1 7 O p p o sitio n tow ard H olland Land Company - 17 Burden o f accum ulated i n t e r e s t — - - - 17 A g rarian Convention - - - - - - - - - 1 7 A ttitu d e o f l o c a l communities - - ------ 17

V

L ab o rer and m an u factu rer F o reig n elem ent - - - - - - - - ---- 18 Consequences * — --------— 18 F lo u r R io t o f 1837 --------18 M eetings in New f o rk -----18 D e s tru c tio n o f wheat and f l o u r - 19 S outhern S ta te s D e fe at o f Andrew Jackson i n 1821; - - - 20 BB i l l o f abom inations” - - - - - - - - 20 -----------20 Memorial from South C aro lin a S o il ex h a u stio n - - - - - - - - - — • 20 Scanty h a rv e s ts - - - - ---- ------ --- - - 20 Low r e tu n s on c o tto n and to b a c c o 20 Removal o f U nited S ta te s Bank D eposits 21 MooksviHe* Ilorth C a ro lin a - - - - 21 L o u is v ille * Kentucky - - - - - - 21 S lav e ry - - - - - — - •— ------21 Ohio and M ichigan Used a s ste p p in g s tonos

------- - -

22

F o reig n c o u n trie s G eneral - - - - — - - - - - - - - - 22 England* Scotland* and I r e la n d - - - 22 Im p e rfe ctio n s o f su rveys - 22 Low wages f o r weavers o f Glasgow 23 S u ffe rin g on b o rd e rs o f D erbyshire and S ta f f o r d s h ir e - 23 Low wages f o r I r i s h --------2h -----------2U Corn Laws - — - - - Famine o f 1 6 1 ; 7 --------2h I r i s h sought r e lig io u s freedom - - 2h C o n tin en t Famine - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25 S ick n ess - - - - - - - - - - — - 25 Severe w in te rs - - - --------25 Flood o f th e Rhine in 1825 ---- 25 Scanty h a r v e s ts ------- ---------------------------- - 25 F a ilu re o f p o ta to crop* loU6~l81i7 - 25 Compulsory m ilita r y tr a in in g - - ------- 25 D esire f o r r e lig io u s and p o l i t i c a l au to n o iy ------------------------------- - 26 L e tte r s from America ■» -----26

CHAPTER II

The Route to N o rthern In d ia n a Hew S ta te Road - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 8 O n ta rio and Genessee Road - - - - - - - - - 28 Lake E rie T urnpike - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 8 V is tu la R o a d - - - - ------- — . ----- - 2 8 G reat Sauk T r a i l - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 9 Albany* B u ffalo * D e tr o it ------------ - - - - 2 9 Wabash and E r ie Canal - - - - - - - - - - 2 9 Maumee R iv e r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 9 B u ffalo and D e tr o it c e n te r s f o r im m igrant tra ffic ------------------------ — - 30 Forbes* Road - B altim o re Road N a tio n a l Road Quaker*s Trace M ichigan Hoad W ild ern ess R o a d B u ffalo T r a c e Thorntown Trace M is s is s ip p i R iv er

- - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 0 - - - - - - - - - - - --3 0 --------— 30 ---- --- — 30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31 -------------- --- — - 3 1 ------------**33 — - - - - - - - - — . - - - 33 ----------------------- * - * - - 3 3

A tla n tic Ocean ------------ - - - - 3 3 ------------- - - 3 5 T ra n sp o rt company “The C aledonia” -----------— — - - - 3 5 uThomas G e lsto a ” ------- - - - 3 5 F assen g ers handled l i k e c a r g o ----------------37 D ire c te d t o wrong p o r t o f d e b a rk a tio n - 37 “M&iy Ann” --------- 37 “ G eneral Wayne” -----------37 “Mary o f Cork” 38 Modes o f T ra v e l On f o o t ------------ — — - - - — 39 Horseback -------------------- ■ ----------------- ------ 39 Wagon I4.0 New E nglander - — - - - - - - - -ip . T w o-story house on w heels ------ Ivl Beginning o f th e Jou rn ey ---- --- - - 1;2 S o u t h e r n e r ------------------Id Formed a cavalcade ------bd F o re ig n e r ------------- -------------------- *— — U3 V eh icle to o l i g h t f o r American ro a d s - - - ---1*3

v ii

Stagecoach - Ui R a ilro a d ----------------- - .-------------- Mi ---- ------------------ --------- --------- k$ Keelhoah Flatboat ---- ---------*---------- - - - b,6 R iv er M e l o d i e s ------------ - - - — . - Steamboat ------- --- ...................- IT E a ste rn ~ Ifi ■ W estern ---- - I»7 Type o f p a sse n g e rs - - - - - - - - I;7 Cost from B u ffa lo to D e tr o it - - - - ij.3 C o n d itio ns -- -------------------------- - 1$ A ccounts o f d e f i n it e r o u te s in to In d ia n a J a re d L . B urdick ---- ---------------------B arton C o llin s - - ---- ------------ ------ -Johann Tfolf gang S c h r e y e r ------- -M aurice C o d y -----------.- - .

h9 h9 h9

O rig in a l Census R eturns* 3-850 - - - - - - B ir th o f c h ild re n - - - - - - - - - - -

Jl 5l

CHAPTER III

The Stream o f Irorjiigration Lim dgration and la n d s a l e s ------- £1* New Dug l a n d - — -- 55 M a rie tta S e t t l e m e n t ---- --- — ■ - 55 Tfreotem R e s e r v e ----------- - - - - - - - - 55 P e t i t i o n f o r la n d i n In d ia n a T e r r ito r y 55 P o p u latio n i n In d ia n a b e fo re 1350 - - 56 Vermont Se t t l e m e n t ------------------------57 Orlnnd A c a d e m y - ---- --- - - • J7 P o p u latio n i n 1350 - - - - - - - 5 3 La P o rte County - — - -----58 Steuben C o u n t y - - .--------59 Lagrange County --------- - - --------- 59 Founding o f Y / o l c o t t v i l l c - 60 FJLkhart County ------_ - - - — > 60 A llen County ---------60 S t , Joseph County --------- - - - - 60 P o rte r County - - — * --------63 Yankee Town - 61

v iit

De Kalb C o u n ty -----------6l Lake County - - - - - — - 6l Solon Robinson -----6l -----------62 Noble County C ounties r d t h a p o p u la tio n o f l e s s th a n 200 New E nglanders - - - - 62 D is tr ib u tio n o f Nesr E nglanders - - - - 62 ------62 Reasons f o r sm all p o p u la tio n M iddle A tla n tic S ta te s P e t i t i o n fo r la n d in In d ia n a T e r r ito r y 6U P o p u la tio n b e fo re 1850 in In d ia n a - - - 65 ---- - - - - - 65 Amish S e t t l e m e n t ---- ------- — - - 65 P o p u la tio n in 1850 La P o rte County 65 Steuben County -----66 Lagrange and St* Joseph c o u n tie s « - 66 L athrop M. Taylor ------------ «* - 67 67 Lake and P o r te r co u n tie s — * -----C ounties in which P ennsylvanians prom inent ---- --- — - - - - 63 D is tr ib u tio n o f Hew Y orkers and P ennsylvanians -----63 Comparison w ith a d jo in in g s ta t e s 63 S o u th ern S ta te s P o p u latio n b e fo re 1850 in In d ia n a - - 70 M aryland S e ttlem en t -----70 P o p u la tio n i n 18 50 -------- --- - - -------- 71 Wabash C o u n t y - - - 71 Miami and Cass c o u n tie s - - -------- 71 La P o rte C o u n t y -------------- -----------72 C ounties w ith many V irg in ia n s and M arylanders - - - - - - ---------------72 C ounties w ith many V irg in ia n s and K e n tu c k ia n s -----72 Lake and S tark e c o u n tie s ---> - 73 D is tr ib u tio n of more im portant s ta te s --------------- - 73 P o ss ib le reaso n s f o r Southern p o p u la tio n --------75

ix

N orth C e n tra l S ta te s P o p u la tio n i n I 8p0 i n I n d i a n a ---- A lle n County ------Remaining tiTenty c o u n tie s —- —- Buckeyes su rp a s s K o o siers in s ix c o u n tie s Negroes

- 75 76 - 76 - 76

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In d ia n s

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79

F o re ig n e rs P o p u la tio n i n I 8p0 in I n d i a n a A lle n C o u n ty — * ------------- --- ------ --Remaining c o u n tie s -----Im portance o f some n a t i o n a l i t i e s - - Born a t Sea Unknovrq

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79 80 80 80

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A llo c a tio n of n o rth e rn In d ia n a ’ s p o p u la tio n in 1 8 ^ 0 --------Age Groups in I 8 p 0

73

82

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CHAPTER IV

S e c tio n a l A lignm ent in N orthern In d ia n a F i r s t o r n o rth e rn t i e r la k e C o u n ty -------------------------- - - - - - - - 86 P o r te r County --------- - - ---------- - - -— - 8 8 La P o rte County --------8? S t . Joseph C o u n ty ---- , - - 91 E lk h a rt County --------- 92 Lagrange C o u n ty ---------------9U S teuben County -9 $ - Be Kalb County - - - - - - ---- - - - - - 96 Noble C o u n t y ------ - - - - - 9 7 A lle n County ------ - - - - - - - - - - - 9 6

X

Second o r m iddle t i e r W h itley County --------------------------------- --- - ICO Kosciusko C o u n ty ---------------Id lia r s h a ll County -----------103 Amsi L . vilieeler ------103 S ta rk e C o u n t y ---------------------103> P u la s k i County --------- lo 5 P u lto n C o u n t y - .------10? T h ird o r so u th ern t i e r YJebash County Miami County - ~ — • ------Cass County --------------Y/hito County ------- - -------_ ----- ~ ~ J a s p e r County ------

Ho 13.1 112 H3 H li

Resume o f th r e e s e c tio n s

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CKiPTER V

C onclusion

Appendix

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B ib lio g ra p h ic a l E ssay

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113 126 203

MAPS* CHARTS* AKD TABLES

Map shoving f iv e s u b d iv is io n s o f n o rth e rn In d ia n a

£

Map e f n o rth e rn In d ia n a showing a re a s d e s c rib e d by su rv ey o rs

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Map shoving p o s s ib le r o u te s in to In d ia n a ----------------------------- 3 2 Map o f n o rth e rn In d ia n a shoving e a r ly r o a d s ------------ - - - - 3k Map showing

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Mow E hglanders

Map sh o e in g

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Hew Y orkers and P ennsylvanians - 69

Map shoving

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f S o u th ern ers

Map showing

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f M idw esterners

Map showing d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f o re ig n e rs

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- - - ................................. 7U - - ----------------------- 77 - -

Age groups o f n a tiv e -b o rn In n o rth e rn In d ia n a Age groups o f fo re ig n -b o rn and In d ian an s S ta tis tic a l ta b le s

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- « ~ ---------- - 6 3

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- 81

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In d ia n a i n th e c e n te r o f an im p o rtan t a r e a o f t h e U nited S ta te s * ap p ro x im ate ly s ix hundred m ile s from e i t h e r th e G ulf o f Mexico on th e S outh o r th e A t l a n t i c Ocean on th e e a s t* may be d iv id e d in to th re e s e c t io n s « W ith th e so u th e rn edge o f t h e n o rth e rn m oraine and la k e region* a l i n e o f dem arcation i s drawn between th e n o rth e rn and c e n tr a l s e c tio n s o f th e s ta te *

A nother d iv is io n i s e f f e c te d by th e W isconsin

g l a c i a l boundary l i n e which s e p a ra te s th e c e n tr a l and so u th ern s e c tio n s * N orthern In d ia n a s t i l l r e t a i n s t o soma e x te n t th e o r ig in a l form s t h a t w ere e v id e n t a f t e r Mc o n tin e n ta l g la c ia tio n in th e zone o f ic e w astage .** W ith r e s p e c t t o running w a te r some m o d ific a tio n has ta k e n p la c e .

In areas* however* where d rain ag e was o b s tru c te d a f t e r g l a c i ­

a tio n * la k e s were formed* tihd l a r g e re g io n s now appear as f l a t * mo­ notonous l a c u s tr i n e p l a i n s .

N o rth e a ste rn In d ia n a became th e s i t e o f

many la k e s because th e m oraines were p i l e d h ig h n e a r th e headw aters o f th e s tre a m s .

Bus t o v a r ia b le forms o f g l a c i a l c o n s tru c tio n * a ragged

topography was f re q u e n tly in evidence*

In r e c e n t y e a rs * however* th e

a re a has beers, le v e le d th ro u g h th e development o f drainage*

An o u t­

sta n d in g f e a tu r e o f n o rth e rn In d ia n a i s i t s many lak es* though sm all end u s u a lly r e s t r i c t e d t o the te rm in a l m oraines*

Then* too* la c u s tr in e

p la in s co v er la r g e a re a s which a re marked by broad marshes* c r re g io n s fo rm e rly marshes* broken by low sand r id g e s o r k n o lls*

Consequently*

t h i s p o r tio n o f In d ia n a i s 14t y p ic a lly a compound o f m assive ruggedm orair.es occupied by la k e s zn d broad l a c u s tr i n e p la in s ,a

z

M oreover, f iv e su b d iv is io n s may be made o f th e n o rth e rn m oraine and la k e re g io n o f In d ia n a to which geographic names have been ap p lied *

Beginning i n th e northw est co rn er o f th e s t a t e , th e

a re a ex ten d in g from seven to f i f t e e n m ile s more o r l e s s so u th o f Xsko Michigan and n o rth e a stw ard a few m ile s along th e sh o re o f th e la k e covering eppr o rim a te ly 275» square m ile s i s known as th e CalumetI L a c u strin e S ectio n * At one t i n e i t wa3 covered by la k e w a te rs , b u t d e riv ed i t s names from th e Calumet Ttlver which c ro ss e s th e b e t t e r developed p o rtio n o f th e l a c u s tr in e p la in *

A f e a tu r e o f t h i s re g io n

e re th e low sand r id g e s w hich extend p a r a l l e l to la k e M ichigan.

These

a re Ro ld beach l i n e s marking th s su c c e ssiv e s ta g e s i n th e w ithdraw al o f tlie la k e from th e area* n

B a st and n o r th e a s t from Gary along th e

la k e a re soma o f th e l a r g e s t sand dunes i n th e U nited S ta te s * The a d jo in in g re g io n co v erin g about s ix hundred square r i l e s whoso in n e r m argin i s approxim ately f i f t e e n m ile s from Lake M ichigan on th e H I in o is -In d ia n a l i n s and only two m ile s on th e In d ia n a~*Mi ekig an boundary i s r e f e r r e d t o as th e V alp araiso M oraine S e c tio n .

Since th e r e

i s a good r e p re s e n ta tio n o f k n o lls and sags o f th e a re a in th e v i c i n i t y o f V a lp a ra iso , i t was named f o r t h a t c ity *

I t s w estern p o rtio n from

tw elve t o f i f t e e n m iles b road i s composed o f th re e m orainic rid g e s w ith p r a c t i c a l l y no l e v e l t i l l p la in between them .

Only a few of th e

k n o lls emerge more th a n tw enty o r t h i r t y f e e t above th e nearby s a g s. In Lake County, however, are k n o lls o f about seven hundred and f i f t y f e e t*

From V alp araiso t o th e n o r th e a s t, th e average w idth o f th e

m oraine i s e ig h t m ile s , and a k n o ll tow ers to th e h e ig h t o f 835 fe e t*

3

l e t ? i t s o u te r m argin e x ten d s o n ly s l i g h t l y above th e m assive outwash p l a i n w hich b o rd e rs i t on th e south*

Along th e in n e r m argin? however ?

i t ascends above th e Calumet l a c u s tr in e p la in ? a id w ith in two m ile s has r i s e n one hundred f i f t y f e e t*

F or te n m ile s o r l e s s th e h ig h e s t

k n o lls a re ab o u t th r o e hundred f e e t above th e s u rfa c e o f Lake Michigan®

Tho b a s in s o f th e m oraine i n In d ia n a a ls o c o n ta in a number o f sm all la k e s ? o f which Hudson in La P o rte County and Cedar i n Lake a re th e la rg e s t * A nother s u b d iv is io n h as been d e sig n a te d as th e Kankakee L a c u s trin e S ectio n which i s bounded on th e n o rth b y th e V alp araiso m oraine and on th e so u th by th e T ip to n T i l l P lain *

I t may be r e f e r r e d to a s " a g re a t

system o f sandy l a c u s tr i n e p la in s ? outorash p la in s ? v a lle y t r a in s ? and l o c a l e n clo sed t i l l p la in s a s s o c ia te d w ith a g r e a t l i n e o f g l a c i a l d ra in a g e and ponding a lo n g 11 th e S t . Joseph? Kankakee? and Tippecanoe r i v e r s in In d ian a*

Furtherm ore? i t i s c h a r a c te r is e d by na t h i n d e p o s it

o f somewhat rid g e d sand?1* and dunes a re common.

The Kankakee marsh w ith

an a l t i t u d e o f between s i x hundred and, f i f t y and seven hundred f e e t above s e a le v e l? co v ers an a r e a o f alm ost a thousand square m ile s i n t h i s s e c tio n » N o rth e a ste rn In d ia n a which c o n s titu te s th e fo u rth su b d iv isio n has been c a lle d th e Steuben I 'o r a in a l Lake Section*

I t re c e iv e d t h i s

t i t l e because a county by t h a t name i n th e a re a co n tain ed "m oraines o f b o th th e Saginuv and E rie ic e -lo b a s " as w e ll a s a any la k e s .

In o rd e r

t o re c e iv e soma id e a o f the'topography, th s H ississin cn /a M oraine which ex ten d s th ro u g h n o rth e a ste rn . Wabash? T /h itle y ? e a s te rn Noble? and w estern

u

end n o rth e rn Steuben c o u n tie s in In d ia n a nay se rv e as an example* S in ce th e s u rfa c e resem bles tta s h e e t o f p ap er -which h as been c a r e le s s ly crushed i n th e hand and th en spread o u t/* i t may be r e f e r r e d to as *crum pled

Moreover , th e ro ad s are as crooked as a cords p a th so

as t o avoid th e marshes*

In every d i r e c t io n , hor/evar> a re s te e p d escen ts

and a s c e n ts i t h e handiwork o f n a tu r e ’ s u n u su al c r e a tio n . The l a s t and sm a lle s t a r e a , about one hundred tw enty square m ile s i n A llen County* h as re c e iv e d th e name Maumee L a c u strin e S ection* Almost com pletely f e a tu re le s s * th e la c u s tr in e p la in was once ttoccupied by an ice-dam ned l a k e ,1* known as G la c ia l Lake Maumee* which had i t s o u t l e t n e a r F o rt \7ayno« An i n t e r e s t i n g view o f th e Kankakee l a c u s tr in e S ec tio n and th e Steuben M orainal Lake may be g3.eened from th e f i e l d n o te s o f th e s u r­ v e y o rs,

Samuel Goodnow, who surveyed tow nship 31 north* range 9 west*

i n th e p re s e n t Newton County, made h is l a s t e n tiy on February 25, 1335, and added t h a t a g r e a t p o rtio n o f th e tovm ship was e n t i r e ly marsh w ith very l i t t l e tim b e r s c a tte r e d asong th e dry sand r id g e s , which denoted Ka co u n try d e s t i t u t e o f any inducement t o i n v ite th e em igrant t o lo c a te th e r e

A Clyde A. H a l o t t , BTho Physiography o f In d ia n a ,n in Handbook o f India n a Geology ( I n d ia n a p o lis , 1922), 7 0 , 79, 112-121)., For a d is ­ cu ssio n o f th e g e o g ra p h ic al f e a tu r e s s e e , Stephen So U s h e r , nThe Geography o f I n d ia n a ,” in i b i d * , 7*53• Sea a ls o Edward B a r r e tt, ttTho lim es o f Northvrestern"indi*?.Ra , n F o r t y - f i r s t Annuel R eport of Goo^Lo|;v and N atu ral Res o u rc e s , I n d iana (F o rt^ h y h T , In d ia n a , 191o), 2

Surveyors F ie ld N o tes, North and W est, XXI7, 18U-135# A complete f i l e o f f i e l d n o tes i s in th e p o sse ssio n o f th e S ta te Auditor* s O ffice., I n d ia n a p o lis , Indiana*

5

&

j '» f l ^ ^ i P S t o 5 !SpgEiB^5S8?395ie$E55?iiiraS X'*

/S o u th Bend 1

j Angola

Porte,

R ochester R en sselaer /.-og an s p o rt .,£ b u ] and Lake "Hegi011

CENTRAL INDIANA

G laci

SOUTHERN INDIANA

MAP SHQVjTNG SUBDIVISIONS OF NORTHERN INDIANA 1 2

Calumet L a c u strin e S ectio n 3 Kankakf ■Q Lac u s tr in e Section V alp araiso Moraine S ectio n li Steuben M orainal Lake Section 5 Maumee L a c u strin e Section

6

On Jan u ary 5 , l8 3 h , U riah B ig g 3 , s ta te d t h a t only a sm all p o rtic n o f tcw nship 33 n o rth * range 6 west* in Forber County could bo c u ltiv a te d * She Kankakee R iv e r m s a slu g g ish strew n v/ho39 banks wore v e ry low end li n e d nw ith a heavy growth o f tim b er” which c o n siste d m ostly o f a s h , some elm , m aple, oak, and b irc h t h a t grew very t a l l .

Re f u r th e r remarked

t h a t th e re was an undergrowth o f swamp a id e r and w ild ro se which made i t an nin te rm in a b le forest** covered w ith w a te r.

Due to th e f a c t t h a t th e

s o i l in th e f o r e s t o r swamp m s lo o se yellow sand, i t was alm ost im possible t o approach th e r i v e r except during th e w in te r months whan th e swamp m s f ro s e ru

An encouraging n o te i n th e r e p o r t , however, was th e re fe re n c e to

th e “la r g e beds o f r ic h iro n o reH in th e marshes in th e n o rth e rn p a r t of 5 th e tow nship0 A nother e a r ly su rv ey o r, Jerem iah Smith, who was re sp o n sib le f o r tow nship 3h n o r th , range 3 w e s t, commented on th e wen d less ssn en ess o f m arsh, in te r s p e r s e d w ith a few groves c f timber'* th a t th e r e was Rn o th in g upon which t o d ig r e s s , from th e monotony o f la m e n ta tio n .**^

In surveying

tenantship 33 n o r th , range 1 w e st, Smith re p o rte d th e upland r o llin g p a r ts had a w h ite sandy s o i l , which vras so lo o se i n some plaices t h a t a person would s in k an in c h o r two in w alking over i t *

He a ls o n o ted t h a t th e r e cj was l i t t l e v e g e ta tio n , undergrow th, or shrubbery.'' His remarks on to;,n~

^ I b i d . , North and ITest, XXII, U30* ^ Ib id o

N orth and T e s t, IX , b37.

5 I b i d . , North and TVest, XIX, 225-227*.

7

s h ip 3k n o r th 5 range 1 wrest* now known as Oregon in th e same county on A p r il 22 5 l83li* w ith r e s p e c t to th e lan d s ta te d t h a t i t was u n in ­ v itin g to th e c a p i t a l i s t and la n d s p e c u la to r * b u t t o th e poor man end th e in d iv id u a l who c a re d t o a c t th© s q u a tte r i t h e ld o u t some inducem ents.

He d e sc rib e d some p a r ts o f th e tow nship as b ein g e ith e r

to o wet to c u l t i v a t e o r so poor t h a t th e y d id n o t j u s t i f y c u ltiv a tio n * b u t o th e r p a r t s o f i t w ere v ery good f o r gracing* arid* th e re fo re * might a t t r a c t s q u a tte r s who would n o t need t o worry about someone buying

th e m

o u t.^ "Williain C lark on June 21* 183U* re p o rte d t h a t in tow nship 36 n o rth * range 1 west* n e a r F ish Lake in La P o r t9 Gounty th e Kankakee H ire r and i t s t r i b u t a r i e s appeared t o be poiids o r la k e s r a th e r than running stream s and wore I n a c c e s s ib le from alm ost every a n g le .

Ha was

o f th e o p in io n t h a t in many p la c e s h e a r th e shore th e w eight of a man would “ shaks th e m arshes fo r a c re s to g e th e r A more prom ising d e s c rip tio n was made by David Hi 13.i s on Ju ly 2* I 83U* w ith r e s p e c t to tow nship 32 north* range 1 e a s t .

Although

t h i s a r e a c o n s is te d o f poor sandy oak and hickory rid g e s* in te rs p e re d w ith swamps end wet p r a i r i e covered w ith f i n s grass* th e r e were s e v e ra l lak e s*

Moreover* he observed Klek-in-Xoc-Xeg Lake'-’^ was la rg e and

^ I b id .* F o rth and Vrest> XIX* 262-263• 7 jb ic l.* F o rth and West* XU* 3 h l. ® ilaxinkuckee Lake i e lo c a te d in th e southw est c o m e r o f M arshall County.

8

b e a u tif u l w ith a f in e gravel- mar gin e stim a te d to be from te n to tw elve 9 m ile s in circum ference and e x c e lle n t f o r f i s h . ' In r e p o rtin g on town­ sh ip 35 n orth* in th e same ra n g e * S t . Joseph County* he s a id th e e a s t h a l f c o n s is te d o f second r a t e la n d p a r t l y r o ll i n g and p a r tly le v e l w h ile th e v e s t h a l f was open oak woods and wet p r a ir ie *

10

He was very

fa v o ra b ly im pressed* however* w ith th e reg io n e a s t o f th e Michigan Road in town si d p 33 n o rth* range 2 e a st* M arshall County* because th e la n d was g e n e ra lly l e v e l and dry*

The s o i l was f i r s t r a t e and h e a v ily tim bered

w ith .sugar maple* elm* ash* beech* poplar* and w alnut*

T/est o f t h e road

th e la n d was second r a t e d o tte d w ith oak woods and wet p r a i r i e John Hendricks in h is o b se rv a tio n s o f tow nship 31 north* range

6 east* Kosciusko County* d e c la re d t h a t th e la n d was f in e and le s s in te r r u p te d w ith swamps and marshy p r a i r i e th a n some o th e r tow nships. Because o f a heavy lu x u ria n t growth o f tim ber* he was convinced i t was w e ll s u ite d f o r f u tu r e improvement.

12

Such a report- would be o f i n t e r e s t

t o a new s e t t l e r . The n ex t tow nship in th e some range and county surveyed by Jerem iah Sm ith, however* i n s t i l l e d d is g u s t.

Due to th e f a c t th a t th e

co u n try was covered w ith w ater* two days had been ru in ed because only

^ Surveyors y ie ld Notes* N orth and East* XXvIXI* 173-179• 10 2 i £ * > !!or^h 3X1(1 E a s t* XXVIII* 315. 11 I b id .* N orth and East* U K * 179. 12 I b id .* N orth and East* XXIII* 3 -6 ,

9

a l i t t l e over a h a lf n il© had been s u r v e y e d .^

From p re v io u s r e p o r ts >

i t i s ev id en t Sm ith d id n o t have a v ery good o p in io n o f n o rth e rn In d ia n a on th e b a s is o f h is su rv e y s. A s o re c h e e rfu l n o te i s sung by Ar * S t. C. Vance in h is account o f tow nship 3h n o r th , range 8 e a s t , Hoble County. Much o f th e la n d was v ery h e a v ily tim b ered p r in c ip a lly T&th t a l l la r g e sugar laople tr e e s # 1h The r i c h b la c k s o i l averaged from s ix t o e ig h t in ch es i n depth. Another fa v o ra b le re p o rt was made by TTilliam B ro o k field on January’* 13, 1829, about t arras h ip 30 n o r th , range 11 e a s t , in th e w estern p a r t o f A lle n County. la n d and tim b er • "

He n o ted t h a t th e tow nship co n tain ed much f in e

Such an account would undoubtedly serve as an i n ­

ducement f o r s e ttle m e n t. E.

H. L y tle who surveyed th e extreme n o rth e a s te rn p o rtio n o f

In d ia n a w rote v ery d isco u ra g in g d e s c rip tio n s o f th a t r e g io n .

His n o te s

on tow nship 35 n o r th , range 13 e a s t , De Kalb County, s ta te d t h a t t h i s tow nship was d e c id e d ly th e w orst th ey had y e t seen i n th e d i s t r i c t because o f th e nim passable swamps

In h is remarks about Lake James

i n tow nship 37 n o r th , rouge 13 e a s t , Steuben County, he d eclared t h a t a

^ l l i d . , K orth and H ast, XXXII, 365* T1 Ibid*» ITorth and E a s t, XXIIV, 191. 15

16

I b id .* Horth and E a s t, XXXVI, 172. I b i d . , E o rth and E a st, 2XSCVIII, 230.

20

p o r tio n o f I t v/as v e ry f i l t h / in appearance s in c e i t was f i l l e d w ith ' pond l i l i e s and p a tc h e s o f ra s h e s which made i t im passable#

17

About

th e a d jo in in g range to th e e a s t , he remarked t h a t much o f th e tim b e r had been blown down f o r y e a r s , and between one and th r e e hundred a c re s now c o n s is te d o f an alm ost im p en etrab le grow th.

l3

Ho may have been

unduly c r i t i c a l about t h i s p o rtio n o f th e s ta te # Even though a v a r i e t y o f scenes were reco rd ed by soma o f th e e a r ly su rv ey o rs in n o rth e rn In d ia n a , i t i s u n lik e ly t h a t many em igrants had th e o p p o rtu n ity to c o n su lt th e f i e l d notes#

O c casio n ally , hov;evei',

a newspaper brought an u n fav o rab le r e p o r t t o th e a tte n tio n of i t s su b sc rib e rs*

Among th e s e v-as one p u b lish e d by HezeSdLah N iles which

r e f e r r e d to an a re a in Indiana, as a l l r i v e r f i l l e d w ith t r e e s and bushes “as th ic k a s h a i r on a dog’ s b ack , end a 3 w e ll m atted to g e th e r as th e wool on a n eg ro ’ s h ead *0

The w ater f r c n one t o two f e e t deep

s e n t nup th e most abominable s te n c h , and th e v n o le’1 was “su p p lied 19 w ith a goodly number o f th e most ex ecrab le w ater anim als im aginable •** A more fa v o ra b le a c c o u n t, however*, was w ritte n by Solon Robinson

on December 1 6 , 183 U, in th e form of a l e t t e r t o John lodge and Ib e n e se r Patrick.*

Robinson in w r itin g of th e n o rth w est co m er o f In d ia n a , which

I b i d *, North and E a s t, IX hV III, 331 • 1S

N orth and l a s t ,

XXXIX, 2 l0 *

^ N ile s 1 ' :eek ly R e g is te r (B a ltim o re , N a r/la n d , lS ll-1 3 3 7 )* U T I I I , 311 (Ju ly * !;, Idpo)* N ile s , no d o u b t, was i n e r r o r when he s ta te d th e account had been tak en from th e C in c in n a ti 111it o r «

Ranges

west- of

meridian

R§ng©s east* 01 pr

CM

CO

0\ BY SURVEYORS

co

*

Cvl

0\ CM

H. INDLVHk SHODTNG * AREAS DESCRIBED

wei a.u

On

!RP OF NORTHERN

prime

r~I

12

i s in the Calumet L a c u strin e S ectio n * s ta te d t h a t to say th e country tti s r ic h and b e a u t i f u l i s n o t s u f f ic ie n t* ”

He noted* th e groves o f

tim b e r c o n s is te d o f w hite* black* yellow* red* and b u rr oak* sh ell'd ark hickory* crab apple* plum* and c h erry t r e e s .

I/ith r e fe re n c e t o th e

s o i l he rem arked t h a t i t was wcomposed o f tw elve to eig h teen inches o f dry* b la ck v e g e ta b le m a tte r on top* th e n from one to two f e e t o f loose* clayey loam*” under which th e r e was na hard pan o f lim esto n e and pebbly d a y .* 20 On February 2$* 1835* he w rote an o th er l e t t e r i n which he n a r­ r a te d about how w e ll p o tato es* tu rn ip s * beets* melons* pumpkins * peas* onions* and alm ost every k in d o f v eg etab le f lo u r is h e d i n th e northw est co rn er o f In d ia n a .

He made p a r t i c u la r mention o f th e g re a t abundance

o f c ra n b e rrie s* plums* crab apples* w ild stra rrb o rrie s* and some grapes* On th e o u t l e t o f th e la k e he s ta te d th e r e was a la r g e amount o f th e nr ic h e s t q u a lity o f ’bog* Iro n o r e .”

21

I f such accounts as th o se of

Robinson came t o th e a tte n tio n o f people a n tic ip a tin g p o s s ib le em igration* th e q u estio n n u s t have been s e tt l e d as soon as th e eyes l i f t e d from th e l a s t words In a d d itio n t o newspapers* books commenting on th e topography o f n o rth e rn In d ia n a were p u b lish ed which came in to the hands o f many emi­ g ra n ts .

Among th e s e were th e v a rio u s em igrant guides* numerous t r a v e l

u Madison* Indiana* R epublican and Ban n er * January 15* 1335* Robinson bom in C onnecticut moved to so u th ern Indiana in 1630* and in th e f a l l o f 183U to o k up re sid e n c e in n o rth e rn In d ia n a . 1 I b i d . , A p ril 3 0 , 1335.

13

22

accounts# and s e v e ra l e d itio n s o f th e In d ian a Oasg/bteor*

Then# too#

th e n o te s o f e x p e d itio n s se n t to e:q>lore th e ¥ e s t were p rin te d *

One

o f th e s e wSiich came th ro u g h n o rth e rn In d ia n a i n May# 1823# had a nuaher o f s c ie n ti s t s *

In t h e i r p u b lish ed n a r r a tiv e th e y s ta te d t h a t

alth o ug h th e co u n try vras v e t and swonpy w est o f F o rt Fcyne# i t appeared much more p rem ising th a n th e reg io n e a s t o f i t *

On th e p r a i r i e in th e

v i c i n i t y o f th e E lk h a rt Paver# th e y observed a g r e a t abundance o f lu p in e w ith b lu e flow ers# a f in e cypripodlum#

and w ild fla x *

In t h e i r opinion

th e most c u rio u s c h a ra c te rs o f th e p r a i r i e were th e c o n ic a l d ep ressio n s In th e e a rth *

2li

And so ra n th e accounts f o r th e consumption o f th e

v u ln e ra b le *

2°

John S cott# The In d ian a G azetteer ( C s n tr e v ille # Indiana# 1826)* In 1833# th e second e d itio n was p u b lish ed in In d ia n a p o lis* 23

T h is was p o s s ib ly a la d y s lip p e r which belongs t o th e o rc h id fa m ily a id fre q u e n tly found in th e n o rth e rn counties# b u t has become r a r e on account o f d rain ag e and gracing* I t p r e fe r s a wet# cold s o il* C harles G* Beam# F lo ra o f In d ia n a (In d ia n a p o lis# 19h0)# 335-333# and 593 f o r a d isc u s s io n o f T h e lupine* I t i s l i k e l y t h a t th e two p la n ts were n o t found c lo se to g e th e r sin ce one re q u ire s a wet# cold s o i l and th e o th e r dry# sandy s o i l . For a d e s c rip tio n o f t h e f la x fam ily see# i b i a *# 6^9-631 * 2!i

l i l l i a n H* heating# N a rra tiv e o f an Expedi t i o n to th e Source 01 St* P e te r ’ s P.iver# Lake Uinnepoek# Lake 01 th e vrcods (2~vols*# K ila d o lp h £ a lT IH 2 0 # f> SEo^liSTT’ T i v i ^ p ^ t y ^ d c i f c o n s is te d o f Stephen H* Long# Taycr o f U nited S ta te s 1 T opographical Engineers# ccamanding th e e ^ o d itio n i'T h o m a s Say# Z o o lo g ist and A ntiquary; YJillism. H. Keating# P ro fe sso r o f lo n e ra lo g y and Chem istry a t th e U n iv e rsity c f Pennsylvania# G eologist and H isto rio g ra p h e r o f th e ex p ed itio n ; Samuel Ekynour# Land­ scape P a in te r and D esigner# James E. CoXhoun# Astronomer and A s s is ta n t Topographer# arid Ed?dn James# B o ta n tis t# l e f t P h ila d e lp h ia on A p ril 30# 1323# said re tu rn e d by a n o rth e rn ro u te through D e tro it# B uffalo# and Albany on O ctober 2o,

R eg ard less o f T oother o r n o t th e em igrant was b rought i n c o n ta c t w ith the above-m entioned r e p o r ts or some s im ila r to th o se no te d * th e r e were o th e r f a c to r s which determ ined what co u rse he should fo llo w ,

While th e W anderlust took

i t s t o l l from many co rn e rs o f th e

world* f o r o th e rs i t was a more s e rio u s m a tte r. In th e case o f t h e New England S ta te s* the f i r s t a c t o f th e em ig ratio n drama began w ith P re s id e n t Thomas J e f f e r s o n ^ embargo o f 1003* which descended upon n o rth w estern Vermont l i k e a s tr e a k o f lig h t n in g .

I t g e n erated t r i a l s and t r i b u l a t i o n s f o r a reg io n t h a t had

depended alm ost s o le ly on m arketing i t s produce in M o n treal.

Then* th r e e

y e a rs l a t e r * th e f o rc e s o f n a tu re bestowed t h e i r c o n trib u tio n in th e form o f a tremendous cloudburst, cau sin g u n to ld s u f f e r in g .

On th e h e e ls of

th e s e d i s a s t e r s came th e War o f 1612 accompanied by an epidem ic o f s p o tte d f e v e r .

A t th e same t i n e tu b e r c u lo s is cade i t s in ro a d s upon th e

in h a b ita n ts o f th e r o l l i n g h i l l s and rocky le d g e s .

Moreover* fo u r

y e a rs l a t e r n a tu re ag ain waved i t s e v il wand from C onnecticut to Maine t o p rolong th e c o ld season th ro u g h th e summer months* and th e re b y i n t e r f a rin g w ith th e c ro p s . West a rriv e d *

27

26

When upon th e s e h ardships* l e t t e r s from th e

some New E nglanders found i t im possible to b u ild up an

^ Lewis D. S t i l v e l l * Mig ra tio n from Vermont (M ontpelier* 19^3)* 12i«-123. Tills i s volume V in the s e r i e s on th e Growth o f Vermont e d ite d by E a rle W illiam s Nev/ton. 3 b id .* 12.9i S . G. Goodrich* R e c o lle c tio ns o f a L ife tim e * or Men and Things I Have 5oen (2 v o ls .* New i’erk* lb;?6)* H * 79*

^ P roceedings o f th e Vermont H is to r ic a l S ociety f o r th e Te a r s 1917~l7lb ( n .p T T V ^ O j r l W 7 ~

IS

immunity a g a in s t em igration* For th o se who rem ained a t home9 o th e r so u rces o f su b siste n c e had to be sought* answ er.

Accordingly* sheep r a is in g and d a iry in g wore th e

These developm ents, re q u irin g la r g e r farm s> and a d e c lin e in

th e f e r t i l i t y o f th e s o i l had a tendency t o dim inish th e population* Furtherm ore,

28

th e f r u i t s o f W estern la n d s p e c u la tio n end f r o n t i e r

banking rip e n e d in th e form o f th e Panic of 1837, which d e p le te d th e fin a n c e s o f many*

29

A f te r such an accum ulation o f tr o u b le , th e only

b r ig h t sp o t on th e h o riz o n which can© w ith in th e v isio n o f th e d is tr e s s e d was th e West* p lac e *^0

C onsequently, between 1830 and 3,61-0, a g r e a t exodus to o k

Since New lb g lan d ers s e t t l e d in n o rth e rn In d ian a during the

t h i r t i e s , one would conclude th a t th e g re a t m ig ratio n moved beyond New York, P en n sy lv an ia, and Ohio* Because o f th e hetergeneous p o p u latio n in th e Middle A tla n tic S ta te s , th e scenes f o r th e second a c t o f th e em igration drama d i f f e r somewhat from th o se o f th e f i r s t a c t .

In th e f i r s t p la c e , th e removal

o f th e U nited S ta te s Bank d e p o s its brought a flo o d o f memorials to Congress in l83ii*

In h a b ita n ts o f P h ila d e lp h ia s ta te d t h a t th e pecuniary

d i s t r e s s and in c re a sin g m isery was confined to no c la s s b u t extended to a ll.

From R o ch e ster, Few Y ork, came th e cry t h a t u n iv e rs a l d i s t r e s s had

been i n f l i c t e d unon t h e i r com m ercial, s rs r c a n tile , and m anufacturing

^

S t i l w e l l , M ig ratio n from Vermont, l5 7 - l6 0 o

Lois K, Mathews, The Expansion of New Ba gland (8 os to n , 1909), 269, 23 7 . S t i l w e l l , K irr& tion f r o a V eirif'nt, 171-196,

16

in te re s ts .

L ik e7ri.se, O tsego, New York, com plained t h a t th e m erchant

was unable t o c o lle c t h is d e b ts , th e mechanic t o fin d a m arket fo r th e a r t i f a c t s o f h is la b o r , and th e farm er t o o b ta in a f a i r p r ic e f o r th e p ro d u c ts o f h is farm .

A le n g th y document from A lbany, New f o r k ,

remarked t h a t th e s t a t e banks sand t h e i r c o u n tle s s custom ers stood s ta r in g a t each other* p a ra ly se d in a l l t h e i r e f f o r t s f o r m utual r e l i e f and each p a r ty ?;as to o occupied w ith h is own problems t o have any room even f o r sympathy T&ith th e o th er*

31

I f th e number o f memorials from

th e Middle A tla n tic S ta te s serv ed as a barom eter 2 (January 23, I8h3)« 5

Archer B, H ulbert, H isto ric Highways of America (16 v o le ,,

30

Both Buffalo and D e tro it were im portant cen ters fo r th e immigrant tr a f f ic *

This i s demonstrated by th e fa c t th a t in I83li

approximately eig h ty thousand people l e f t th e former c it y by water fo r th e Westland eleven years l a t e r the number was 97#736* immigrants poured in to Michigan as th ic k as hops*

Moreover#

Furthermore# th e

public houses in D e tro it were f i l l e d to capacity# and always had a 7 long l i s t o f re s e rv a tio n s *1 Probably th e manner in which these two C ities handled t h e i r tra n sp o rta tio n as tra il as t h e i r lo c a tio n accounted fo r the p o p u larity which th ey achieved* Several thoroughfares emanated from the Keystone State*

F irs t#

one might go from P h ilad elp hia to P ittsb u rg h on th e Pennsylvania Turn­ pike or Forbes* Road then down th e Ohio to the T/abash and continue by water on th a t stream to n o rthern Indiana*

I f the journey was made by

land# i t was p o ssib le also to s t a r t a t P hiladelphia proceed to Cumberland# Maryland# where a ro u te cams in from Baltimore# and then follow th e Kational Road to Indiana*

At Richmond# Quaker* s Trace

ft

might guide the

Cleveland# Ohio# 1902-190?)# XII (190U)# 9?-lh2# see e s p e c ia lly th e map on pages 123-12h showing th e roadsj 17. E* Henry# nSome Elements of Indiana’ s Population#’* in Indiana H is to ric a l Society P ublications# 17# 391-3921 L cis X. Mathews# ttThe Erie Canal and th e Settlem ent of th e West#” in Buffalo H is to ric a l Society P ublications (Buffalo# Rev/ York# 1879- )# O T (1910)# 189-203. ~~~ ““ ^ N ile s’ Tipskly R egister# XLVII1# 23I4. (June 6# 183?)? James R, AlbacH (pub *7# Annals of th e T.'est (P ittsburgh# 1S?6)# 9?8* ^ H ile3> t/eekly R e g iste r# XL7III# 238 (June 6 # 183?). o E* Tucker# H istory o f Randolph County# Indiana (Chicago# 1582)#

31

newcomer in to th e Fort fayne a re a . I f th e journey continued to Q In d ian ap o lis> th e Michigan Road could then be used to northern I n d i a n a I t was also p o ssib le to take th e l a t t e r road from Madison on th e Ohio River to In d ia n a p o lis. The N ational Road was a popular highway in 1639 since i t was *l i t e r a l l y blocked’1 w ith wagons.

According to the Cleveland Herald

enough people had passed over i t to form another s ta te i f they had a l l lo cated in one p la c e .

11

I t was p o ssib ly th e main highway fo r

emigrants from Pennsylvania and Ohio as w ell as B altim ore. Another ro u te had i t s o rig in in P hiladelphia and a t Harper1s Ferry* Maryland* linked w ith a road from Baltimore* and then followed between th e w alls of th e Appalachian and Blue Ridge mountains to Fort Chissel* where i t u n ited w ith a highway from Richmond. At the block­ house in the Eolston Valley near Abingdon* V irginia* i t joined the Wilderness Road and proceeded westwardly to Cumberland Gap, At t h i s point i t changed i t s course to the northw est toward th e F a lls of the

61-62• 1817, Trace, 1863)*

fo rk on t h i s route was begun by the s e tt l e r s of Richmond in In the v ic in ity o f F ort V/ayne* i t was also known as Robinson’ s f a l l ace A* Brice* H istory of Fort fayne (Fort fayna* Indiana* 296, — -— _ _

^ Genssi Prather* nThs Struggle fo r the Michigan Road*” and "The Construction o f the Michigan Road* 1830-13I'D*" in th s Indiana Magazine of H istory, XXXII (1 9 u 3 )/ l-2$3 22* (19U0> 21*3-279 ^ For an account of the N ational or Cumberland Road* see Bulb-art* H istoric Highways o f America* X (IS'Oa) • N ile s’ N ational R e g iste r, LVII* 22I| (November 3G* 1639).

MAP

SHOWING

POSSIBLE

ROUTES

INTO

INDIANA

32

Ohio* from “whence th e tr a v e le r could pass through Indiana to Vincennes. T ra c e d

12

The l a t t e r p a rt o f th e ro u te was known as Buffalo

From Vincennes to Fort Bayne* Thorntown Trace served as a

connecting lin k between southern and northern Indiana. followed th is path in 1320,

Isaac heCoy

The W ilderness Trace* N ational Road*

and the Ohio River served as the main t r a i l s fo r th e people from the Southern S ta te s who m igrated to Indiana, Nevertheless* another entrance could be made in to the Hoosier S tate from th e South by way of the M ississip p i R iv er,

This might be

the more d esira b le f o r those who p referred an a l l water ro u te . Only th e more im portant ways to northern Indiana have been noted.

Yet* several emanated from foreign countries such as Liverpool

and Bremen who guided th e emigrant across th e A tla n tic Ocean to the shores of Quebec* Montreal* Boston* Hew York* Fniladelphia* B a ltim o re * or Hew O rleans,

Upon h is a r r iv a l in the United S ta te s one of th e rout

already mentioned may have been used to Indiana,

12

Rulbert* H isto ric Highways to America* VI (1903)* Tn» Allen Pusey* The T/ildernoss Road to *1921) * and Thomas Speed* The W ildeniess Road TbouisvuTTe* Kentucky* 1836), This i s volume I I of th e flis o n Club P u b licatio n s, I t was also re fe rre d to as Vincennes Trace* L o u isv ille ‘Trace* Old Indian T rail* C lark sv ille Trace* Trace of the F alls* Mud Hole Trace* Governor*s Trace* Kentucky Road* H arrison’ s Road* or ’’Lsn-an80-ki-sni-w i•** For an account of the trace* see George R, iils o r. and Gayle Thcrnbrough* B?he Buffalo Trace*n in Indiana H is to ric a l Society Publications* X? (191*6).

•

MAP

OF

NORTHERN

INDIANA

SHOWING

SOME

EARLY

ROADS9 RIVERS

>

AND

A FEW

TOWNS

-H

■T-SEuiiliUHIBkSS^aMfSZKC^^lrifllali3HffiSfflBSt*JS5:\s>»iCVJH ^SS’T ^ S E S ^ S ^ X i! r tw J

35

Upon th e completion o f a l l business tra n sa c tio n s r e la tiv e to both r e a l and personal pro perty end such o th er m atters as h is country nay have re q u ire d 3 the a lie n was in a p o s itio n to obtain the p assp o rt. Since some wsre no t acquainted w ith th e procedure fo r t h e i r conveyance and anxious to reach the land of p le n ty ,'th e y entrusted t h i s phase of a f f a ir s to a re p re se n ta tiv e of a tra n sp o rt company.

Hence, the agent

would obtain th e p assp o rt, make e n trie s fo r the baggage, and often r e g is te r th e end grant a t the customhouse fo r a tra d e which according to e x istin g laws d isq u a lifie d him from going abroad. Another person would then be procured to pass th e examination, f o r which assistan c e ac tu al or f i c t i t i o u s , a high fee was demanded.

The tra v e le r under

th e impression th a t nothing fu rth e r stood in the way s ta rte d for th e p o rt of embarkation*

Upon h is a r riv a l the captain might inform him

th a t he would not honor th e c e r tif ic a te of passage nor be bound by any promises which th e agent had made.

I f , however, he was fo rtu n ate

enough to be able to board th e v e s se l, the remainder of th e journey was not assured* be cited*

As an i l l u s t r a t i o n th e case of th e !?Caledonia® nay

S h o rtly before th e hour of d ep artu re, th e tidesurveyor

compared the muster r o l l w ith th e passengers aboard only to discover th a t the number fa r exceeded the lim ita tio n s of the law .

Consequently,

the surplus were placed on shore even though they had paid the broker th e stip u la te d p r ic e .

Because of the expense involved, law suits were

not reso rte d t o , and in some instances an in d iv id u al had spent h is

36

email e arn in g s.

15 The savings were gone and the A tla n tic Ocean had

not been crossed. Moreover* those who remained on board were v is ite d from time to time by th e handmaiden o f discom fort b u stlin g from deck to deck during th e ocean voyage.

This i s s u b sta n tia te d by an account of the

” Thomas d e ist on” which B ailed from Londonderry i n l83h. Ylith approxi­ m ately fiv e hundred passengers and an in s u f f ic ie n t supply of water and provisions* th e nine-weeks* journey was undertaken.

Besides* th ere

were two t i e r s of b erth s on e ith e r sid e of the v e s se l and cne row down th e cen ter leaving a p ath of about th re e feet*

Human beings were packed

in the b erth s H k e sardines in a can* the only d iffe re n c e being th a t the l a t t e r had some o i l fo r t h e i r preservation*

One b e rth accommodated a

nan* h is wife* h is s i s t e r and fiv e children* another s ix f u l l grown* young women* and an ad jo in in g one e ig h t men. These crowded conditions compelled th e passengers to e a t t h e i r v ic tu a ls in the b e r th s . In order not to be surpassed by h er s is te rs * th e handmaiden of sickness now assumed th e lead in g role* and by the tim e the c ra ft reached i t s destin atio n * she had acquired victim s for th e cholera h o s p ita l in M ontreal.

id

In some in stances* t h i s was th e only abode fo r the a lie n

in the Mew Y'orXd •

i

^ E dith Abbott* Immigrationt Select Documents and Casa Records (Chicago* 1?2U), 26*~lh-lF7~ ~ " J

N ile s' Weekly R eg ister, XL7II, 55-56 (Septeafcer 27j 1835).

37

Ifnile th e s itu a tio n vras sim ilar on tfcs e a rly emigrant sh ip s> i t also v aried by degrees in th e tr i c k s used*

On some v essels th e

passengers were handled l i k e cargo and deposited on an isla n d to p arish in a stran g e land* although the tra n sp o rta tio n fee had been paid In f u ll*

17

. Others* however* were induced to take a ship bound »

fo r Baltim ore or V irg in ia when the a c tu a l d e stin a tio n was Boston or Montreal* thereby taking them hundreds or even a thousand m iles out 18 of th e way* There was enough confusion fo r the stran g er w ithout being d ire cted to the wrong p o rt of debarkation* O ccasionally th e re v erse took place and the emigrants were responsible fo r a change in the course of the vessel*

Such an episode

was th e f a ts of th e B ritis h ship* "i'ary Ann/1’ whose two hundred and four passengers refu sed to land a t St* John* flsw Brunswick* Instead ■j9 the f ifty -d a y journey term inated a t Boston* This* ha/re ver* may be regarded as unusual r a th e r than a common occurrence® Another in cid en t o f q u ite a d iffe re n t nature from those thus f a r mentioned lab e led th e American ship* nGeneral Wayne.* About a fo rtn ig h t a f te r th e v e sse l s a ile d from Tonning* Germany* i t stopped a t an English harbor near Portsmouth fo r four weeks*

B ritis h re c ru itin g

o ffic e rs boarded th e c r a f t in order to e n li s t men f o r the army* Ten took

17 M i t » S Ib 117 (A pril 11, 1813). ^ Abbott* Iisa ig r a tio n * 16*

19

N ile s1 weekly R egister* XIII* U3 (October

1817).

33

advantage o f th e opportunity since th ey were to ld those who remained on the ship would sta rv e before they reached America.

On the l a s t day

th e o f fic e r s me.de th e t h i r d and f in a l attem pt fo r r e c r u i t s .

Four or

fiv e passengers were summoned and in the presence of th e captain to ld they must be soldiers®

then th e men refu sed because th ey wanted to 2n s e tt l e in America* the ca p tain ordered one to be flogged® Not only s ta rv a tio n faced th e e a rly tra v e le r* but cru el treatm ent was meted out

to him® Meanwhile* d isea ses were constant v is it o r s on th e ships* end th e ocean engulfed many bodies®

Henry Deavis* master of th e bark*

MMary of Cork*” a rriv e d a t Crosse Isla n d near Quebec on May 18* 183b* w ith th re e hundred passengers o f whom f o ity had contracted e ith e r th e measles or typhoid f e v e r .

The a f f lic te d were immediately placed in a

hospital* and th e remainder landed while th e v e sse l was cleaned and fum igated.

Three days l a t e r two hundred and f i f t y passengers were sent

back on the bark to share eleven bed s.

Some* th erefo re* s le p t on plunks

without any covering except th e clo th in g th e y wore* which was a n e c e ssity to prevent th e boards from cu ttin g th e ir h ip s . 21 This i l l u s t r a t e s th a t those who sought a new home were denied th e ordinary comforts of life . I t i s l ik e ly th a t few an tic ip a te d such hardships us were

^ Abbott* Imm igration* 12. N ile s' lesS d y R e g is te r, ILVX, 363 (Ju ly 26, X83U).

39

indicated* o r th e journey n ig h t never havo been undertaken*

Once

in America and i f in te r e s te d in th e Lest* ro u te s in to th e i n te r io r were In v e stig a te d ,

As a re s u lt* th e foreign-born and nativ e-b o rn

sometimes tra v e le d th e ssa3 highways to north ern In d ia n a, Modes o f tra v e l* however* varied as much as th e tem perature from Maine to F lo rid a , out on f o o t.

Numerous fa m ilie s as v a il as young men s ta r te d

This ?.ras> of course* the most economical method end since

some wore p r a c tic a lly d e s titu te * th ere was no ch o ice« In some in stan ces th e man was placed in th e s h a ft and harnessed w ith a c o lla r and tra c e s to draw th e l i g h t wagon* The remainder of th e fam ily depending on t h e i r strength* p u lle d w ith ropes fasten ed to th e vehicle*

22

Others on foot

dragged along a hand wagon loaded w ith a few household belongings. end then th e mother and baby were given a rid e

Now

O ccasionally a

s o lita r y p e d estria n could be seen tru d g in g along w ith h is oaken sta ff* 2]i b o ttle * and knapsack, " No doubt* th e w orldly possessions of those who tra v e le d in t h i s fash io n were few* but t h e i r enthusiasm fo r the new land was j u s t as g reat as those who had been b lessed more r ic h ly w ith the th in g s o f m a te ria l sig nificance* Another modo o f tr a v e l was by horseback* e sp e c ia lly popular

22

Ibid.,* X d ll, 320 (Ju ly 13 > 1822)$ O tilv/ell* Migra tio n frcm Vermont* 11^2, 21

Goodrich* R e c o lle c tions of a life tim e * I I -

.30*

rtj James Hall* l e t t e r s from the T est (London* 1823)* 310,

to

among unattached young men who d o tte d th e roads from e a s t to vest* This means o f tra n s p o rta tio n was used by John B* N ile s * a n a tiv e of th e Green Mountain -State and a graduate o f Dartmouth* to La Porte in 1833*

Only th e most necessary item s were taken along I f th is

method m s followed* I f th e p o p u la rity o f a conveyance may be measured by th e number seen on th e highways* then th e wagon had a conspicuous place dtiring the f i r s t p a rt o f th e n in eteen th century* shape as those who used i t *

I t v a rie d as much in s is e and

Probably th e s tu r d ie s t one was th e American

Conestoga wagon which c a rrie d from th re e to fo u r to n s ever th e rough roads to th e Y fesi*^

Not evezy fam ily could a ffo rd th i s t!land ship **

and consequently a l l types lin e d th e thoroughfares in every p ossible condition*

I t was not unusual to fin d one w ith a broken ax is or wheel

a f te r bouncing over a tra ce* or even to s e e th s rem ains of one which had plunged down th e h ills id e *

Since most t r a i l s were only wide enough

fo r one c arria g e and went along ths rid g e s lik e a serpent* accidents were common* I f two ca rria g e s met on a h ill* one would need to r e t r e a t which was a dangerous undertaking#

To avoid t h i s inconvenience* i t

became necessary to blow a horn or send a messenger ahead before ascending

2$

k Biogra p h ic a l Histo ry of Eminent and Self-Made Men of t i e State of Indiana (2 v o ls.* C incinnati* Ohio* Id a 0)7 II* D istrict*”13* p/T 2j E lies' i.esl&y Register, ECU, 221; (Hoveabor 29, 1817). 26

M iles' T7eeMy R e g iste r, X III, 221; (Hcveaber 29, I 8 l7 ) j XXIX, 165 (Motember 12* 1025)* XLVII* 133 (November 1* 183k)•

lil

or descending a high elevation*

At tim es ropes were attached to each

side of the wagon befo re th e in c lin e was attem pted and am b ers of th s 27 family helped th e horses p u ll the loaded vehicle* 1 I t i s p o ssib le th a t many unexpected problems loomed up as th e journey proceeded* Every covered wagon provided a d iffe re n t subject fo r th e canvas of an a r tis t*

A picturesque seen© was presented by one fam ily con­

s is tin g of a f a th e r , mother, and ten small ch ild ren on th e ir way from Connecticut to th e h e s t.

Under th© cover of th e ir wagon were k e ttl e s ,

g rid iro n s, fe ath erb ed s, crockery, th e fam ily B ib le , 7 /atts1s Psalms and

pf\ Bysms, and Webster* s S p ellin g Book* Those were t h e i r personal and household e f f e c ts from which they could not bear to be separated* Another Hew England fam ily of two appeared j u s t as in te re s tin g w ith th e ir plow, bed, b a r r e l o f s a l t m eat, B ib le , a good supply of te a and 29 molasses, and an ax on th e shoulders of the man* This might have been a good motive f o r a s ilh o u e tte , w ith th e s e ttin g sun fo r background* An unusual conveyance from f e - England in the em igration stream resembled a tw o-story house on w heels, drawn by s ix h o rse s, and contain­ ing th re e fam ilies o f tw enty-nine persons*^5 A la r g e r number o f re la te d

^ Timothy F l i n t , R ec o llectio n s of th e Last Ten Tears (Boston, 1826), 8] C-oodrich, R ecollectio n s of a L if e time, I I , 35; ttonry B • Fearon, Sketches o f America (3d. ed* London, lt>19), 18?« 28

Goodrich, R eco llectio n s of a L ifetim e, I I , 79*

29

Michael C hevalier, Societ y , Manners and P o litic s in the United S tates (Boston, 1339), 11.2* ‘ ~ ^

K ile s* feek ly R e g is te r, X7I, lil6 (August lit, 1319)*

12

or u n related people in a p a rty may have been d esirab le in order to avoid the.pangs o f homesickness* In some cases one fam ily would need mere than one wagon to tak e along as many household furnishings and farm implements as possible*

I t req u ired p r a c tic a lly an e n tire d£$r to load th e vehicles*

When th e journey began? th e wagons le d the way followed by th e liv e sto c k which o ccasio n ally wandered from th e beaten path in to a f ie ld or woods For these in charge o f th e sto ck ; the day was never too s h o rt. While th e fa m ilie s from Hew England became a p a rt of a caravan in th e westward movement; those from th a Southern S ta te s freq u en tly formed a cavalcade o f t h e i r own which f i l l e d th e road fo r approximately e mile*

There might be nine sturdy? commodious wagons? of which a few

were probably equipped w ith a movable kitchen? carrying from two to th re e tons? and so loaded th a t th e m istress and children sauntered along#

These Southern ships were harnessed w ith four or six h o rses|

each wagon was follow ed by about a hundred c a ttle ? many hogs? horses? and sheep? and from th re e o r four to twenty slaves*

An assortm ent of

b e lls on th e c o lla r o r elsewhere on the h orses; announced th e approach of th3 t r a i n .

Out on th s open spaces time was taken out to prepare m eals.

Then a t night? the m aster and h is fam ily s le p t in te n ts ? and the slaves re ste d t h e i r weary bon33 in ths wagons.

The hew Englander? however?

^ William C. Howells? R ecollections of L ife in Ohio? from. 1313 to I81i0 (C incinnati? 13?>)? do-c37*

32

Timothy F lin t? A Condensed Geography and H istory of the Western

1*3

stayed a t a tavern and th ere enjoyed th s evening neel and b r e a k fa s t^ in more comfort than was possible on the p r a ir ie or near a woods* Although the n ativ e population provided a v a rie ty of scenes as t h s / tra v e le d across th s country by land* the foreign element added a few colors w ithout which th e p ic tu re 'would have been incomplete*

Some

arriv ed in th e ir n a tio n a l costumes* probably fringed coats or c o lo rfu l headdresses * which were as much of a c u rio sity as th e ir wagons * plows * and o th er farming implements.

Furthermore* th e strange physiognomy o f

some fo reig n ers freq u en tly ex cited the native p o p u l a t i o n B e s i d e s * i f th e carriag e was f i l l e d to capacity* the master rode on th e horse Smoking h is pipe* and th e wife and children w alk ed .^ Moreover* the I wagon constructed in Europe often was not strong enough to w ithstand th e journey over rocks* tr e e stumps* and other obstacles in the road. I t might then be abandoned fo r an American Conestoga w ith i t s blue body and red wheels ^

For those able to affo rd t h i s land ship* th s tr e k

must have taken on new vigor*

Despite th e outward appearance* manners*

S tates (2 v o ls . * C incinnati * Ohio* 182), II* 35itj Timothy F lin t * The History and Geography of the fe-isassfooi Valley (2 volumes in one* G in c S n a tiJ

33

X31O T 5 T-----------

F lin t* A Condensed Geography and Histo ry of the western S tates *

^ Niles» le e k ly R egister* X£C7* 21 (September 6 , 1832)3 Mies* H ationaTRe g is te r * LXXV* 312 (July 1^* 181*3)# F lin t* R ecollections of the E att Ten Tears* 10. J{eekly R e g is te r* XLVH* 133 (November 1* I 83I*); Faust* The German Element in the United States* I* 13?.

end conveyance o f th e fo re ig n e r which nay have been e c c e n tric * y e t* he possessed something not v is ib le to the naked eye t h a t made a mark on th e c r e d it sid e o f th e American led g er. In ad d itio n to th e wagon* the stagecoach was also used in th e e a rly days*

Drawn by four h o rse s* i t provided tra n s p o rta tio n f o r nine

passengers on th re e p a r a lle l se a ts cushioned w ith sheepskin*

A low

compartment behind th e body ox th e coach c a lle d a boot contained the trunks and m ail*

Sine© th e stage stopped a t every p o st o ffic e along

th e road* th e occupants had an opportunity to r e s t a l i t t l e a f te r bouncing over rocks and o th e r o b stru ctio n s in dry weather or going through mud and m ire during th e ra in y season* About every twenty m iles th e horses were changed end fre s h ones su b stitu te d #

While

th is iaay have been f a i r l y s a tis fa c to ry fo r a s in g le person who had few belongings or a sm all fam ily who took only t h e i r clothes* f o r larg e fa m ilies who wanted to tak e household fu m isln n g s* u n less th e y were tra n sp o rted by some o th e r means * and a l l r id s on the same coach* i t was h ardly adequate« Ho account o f westward expansion* however* would be complete without mentioning th s ra ilro a d *

In 1833* one operated out of Albany*

Hew York* th a t brought emigrants Vfcst*

The cars of t h i s p a r tic u la r

lin e resembled stagecoach bodies which were drawn by here on out of

Albany^ and then an engine was connected*

Engineers were exposed

to a l l s o rts o f w eather which might im pair t h e ir h e a lth .

Accordingly;

th e man who f i l l e d t h i s p ost had to be th e p ic tu re o f h e a lth .

Moreover*

th e tic k e t c o lle c to r was in a dangerous p o sitio n when he c o lle c te d th e fa re s o To perform h is duty* he was required to walk on a passage­ way about s ix inches in w idth along th e outside of the coach and support him self w ith one hand on th e r a ilin g around the top of the c a r.

Oc­

casio n ally when th e t r a in descended from an elevation* the man on th is job would lo se h is balance and tumble do»jn the h i lls id e never to sea th e lig h t of th e world a g ain / 1 Even w ith i t s drawbacks* th e early ra ilro a d made a co n trib u tio n in s e ttlin g the i n t e r i o r . Equally im portant in populating the West was tra n sp o rta tio n by w ater.

Among th e e a rly conveyances was th e keelboai* a long sharp

vessel which drew v ery l i t t l e w ater. p ra c tic a lly immersed.

When i t was loaded* die h u ll was

The deck or roof was approximately six fe e t

high end covered on a l l sides as a p ro te ctio n ag ain st inclem ent w eather. This l e f t a passage of about a fo o t in width* c alled th e running board* along th e gunwale and a l i t t l e space a t the stem and s te m .

From e ig h t

to twelve oars were placed a t th e bovr and only used in descending th s r iv e r ,

then th ese were used the boat propelled from two to th re e m iles

an hour f a s te r than the cu rren t which had an average v e lo c ity of around th re e h o urs.

I t was p o ssib le to tr a v e l a hundred m iles in tw enty-four

hours#

In going up stream poles were used to propel th e b o at, end th e

passage was extrem ely wearisome, averaging only te n b r twenty m iles a OA day* Notwithstanding th e f a c t th a t th e keelboat was slow, i t played no sm all p a rt in b rin g in g people to H e in te rio r* Another r iv e r conveyance was the flatb o ab or broadhom * I t was a more r a f t w ith sid e s and a ro o f b u t more spacious and comfortable than th e keelboat i f i t was w ell b u ilt and tig h t*

An immense oar was

placed on th e ro o f on each sid e near th e bow and another a t the stern* Since th e f l a t nay be perm itted to f lo a t w ith the c u rre n t, the oars were used only to d ire c t the co u rse.

Because of th e sizo of t h i s c r a ft the

fam ily household fu rn ish in g s as w ell as horses, hogs, c a t t l e , sheep, end fowl could be brought on one boat*

Some contained apartments equipped

w ith c h a irs, beds, ta b le s , and s t o v e s N o w end then sev eral fam ilies b u ilt or purchased a fla tb o a t in partnership*

By means of a book, such

as th e Ohio P i l o t , they attem pted to study th e m ysteries of navigation* TChether th ey m astered a l l th e ru le s and reg u latio n s I s not known. The r iv e r journey was ted io u s and th o se who employed en experi­ enced boatman were n o t only p ilo te d do?/n th e stream but freq u en tly en tertain ed w ith r iv e r m eldiies*

James Hall s ta te d th a t th ey were sung

ItA

hi

w ith a g rea t d e al o f fee lin g #

Two may i l l u s t r a t e what they were l i k e ,

OhV i t s love was th e 1casicn of my downfall* I wish I had^nft never lov* d none a t a l l 1* OhV i t s love was th e 1casion of iny n ls srgg? How X am bound* b u t once X was f r e e t ?

i

Some rows up* but we rows down* A ll the way to Shawnee town* p u ll away—p u ll away**^B d le

th e f la ib o a t only went down stream *it was popular on th e Ohio

from P ittsburgh to Indiana and tran sp o rted many who s e ttle d in th e Hoosier S ta te , A t h i r d means of tra n sp o rta tio n by water was th e steamboat#

It

was possibly as popular on the r iv e r s and lak es as th e wagon on land# There was a s lig h t d iffe re n ce in the arrangement between th e eastern and w estern boats* end th s wood used fo r th s in te r io r fin is h in g s .

As

a rule* th e former had no cabins above deck and used mahogany whereas th s western boats u tiliz e d curled m aple^ and 'other b e a u tifu l woods of th a t region* A la rg e v essel was a m agnificent sig h t to behold fo r th a t day* On i t s decks wore men and women from a l l walks of l i f e and corners of the world* each indulging in h is p e c u lia r fo ra o f en ter­ tainment which in tu rn stretch ed th e nerves o f another to th e lim it* Moreover* th e d is trib u tio n of the passengers on the c r a f t hinged

^

Hall* l e t t e r s from the Ifest* 93>~rA l•

^ This wood was a l i g h t reddish brown w ith an irre g u la r or tw isted grain o f the Sugar Uaplo (Acer Sac oh arum M arshall)* H athaniel L„ Britton* Korth iUierican Tree3 (Hewlork* 1908)* 650#

on t h e i r f in a n c ia l s ta tu s c As an example* those of means might p re fe r & cabin fo r a fe e of e ig h t d o lla rs from Buffalo to D etroit* and the man or ■woman xfno had to count pennies probably chose deck passage fo r th e same ro u te a t fo u r d o l l a r s .

During the summer a fam ily o f fiv e or »

s ix w ith a wagon load o f fu rn itu re might go on deck f o r twenty d o lla rs • Tho p ric e apparently was considered reasonable fo r th a t day because th e v e sse ls on Lake E rie were loaded to c a p a c ity ,^3 Conditions on coma of the e a rly steamboats* however* did not always encourage b u sin e ss,

Men and woman s le p t on th e deck w ithout a

m attress or covering * and did n o t bother to wash the next morning. Consequently* t h e i r appearance a t the b re a k fa st ta b le was rep u lsiv e to other passengers. in o b rie a te d .

Besides* th e jug passed around f re e ly and some became

Furthermore* th e boards ofthe b erth s on soma boats did not

always support th e occupant.

Occasionally* a man in an upper b e rth

f e l l on th e passenger in the b e rth below* which produced exuberant M{ scream3 from b o th , The actio n th e r e a fte r resembled a comic opera* although i t was a serio u s in c id e n t fo r the p a r tic ip a n ts .

Such happen­

ings probably rounded th s co m ers in the road of l i f e fo r some who went in to th e i n t e r i o r .

Dilffs*. T/eekly Regi s t e r * XX7XII* 161-162 (Hay lh* 1325)] XXXVI* 302 (Ju ly E* l-skf)} XLYIII* ”393 (August 8* 1335)$ L* 23k (June k* 1836)] [Robert Baird]* View of th e Valley of the M is s is s im i ( Fhi 1 ad elph i a * 18310 * 335-352,

Lk

J . S, Buckingham* The E astern and E astern S ta te s of America (3 v o ls • * London* n ,d ,)* III*" 2 1 6 ^ 1 1 ,

h9

A ll th e ro u te s enumerated and o th ers as •well as the conveyances mentioned may have been used by th e e a rly s e tt l e r s of northern In d ian a. Jared L . Burdick went from T/indham Comity * Vernon t* to Troy * New York* then to B u ffalo * where he took passage on a boat to D etroit*

At the

l e t t e r c ity he bought an ox team and continued by land to I n d i a n a ^ Another New Englanders Barton C ollins , sent h is household furn ish in g s * implements* and sundry goods by w ater to D etro it*

The family* however*

went w ith t h e i r team to Buffalo* th e re took a boat fo r D etroit* and proceeded by land through Coldwater* Michigan* to In d ia n a * ^

Since they

both s e ttle d in Steuben County, t h e i r ro u te s were sim ilar* N evertheless* a more d e ta ile d account comes from th e pen of a Bavarian* Johann Wolfgang Schreyer* who vdih h is fam ily emigrated In 13L£ * During th e seven-week ocean voyage* th ey experienced many t e r r i b l e Storms,

Cnee in America* they made no attem pt to rush to the in te rio r*

but spent four days in New York,

Then they boarded a steamboat and

s a ile d up th e Hudson to Albany* where they tra n s fe rre d to a can alb oat end proceeded on th e E rie Canal to Buffalo • From th e re th e t r i p con­ tinued by w ater to Cleveland* thence to Massillon* Ohio* In the p arty was a young man and h is s i s t e r from Erlangen* Germany* who had been in America f o r about a y ear and had joined the Schreyer fam ily in New Yoi’k ,

I n te r- S ta ts Publishing Co,* H istory of Steuben County* Indiana (Chicago* 163?), 557-55-3, The term ;,os team''5 f c r a hevr in la n d e r meant a yoke. of o::on end a wagon* ^

Ibid#* $2h-$26*

’ $0

The young people had planned to s e ttle a t Canton* Ohio# At f i r s t Schreyer too planned to s ta y th e re but a f t e r in v e stig a tin g th e p o ssi­ b i l i t i e s of Indiana* ho bought a horse and wagon and in August o f 13 b3 s ta r te d fo r tho Booster S ta te and s e ttle d in M arshall County#^

For

th e l a s t m iles in to Indiana * tho wagon was th e more popular mode o f tra v e l* Another account o f a fo reig n er i s in te re s tin g because he followed a ro u te d iffe re n t from those already mentioned* Maurice Cody born in County Cork* Ireland* September l£* 18X8* emigrated w ith h is p aren ts to America in 182?# At f i r s t they s e ttle d a t Oswego* new York* then moved on to Horseheads in tho same s ta ts *

In 1832* Cody went to

Penn Tan in th e Empire State* and th e follow ing year to Maryland* l83lis he had decided to go ?/est.

By

His ro u te went over th e Allegheny

Mountains to Wheeling* l e s t V irginia* then to Coliimbun* Ohio* from th e re he proceeded t o Troy and Piqna* up to S t. Mary*3 and then overland 1« to Fort Yfayno. In view o f the f a c t th a t th e re are only a few accounts which give d e ta ile d inform ation on hew the early pioneers came to northern Indians* the b ir t h o f ch ild ren may help to f i l l in a gap now and

t« Camony* ^ l e t t e r TJritten by Mr. Johann T.'clfgang Schreyer*1* In d iana Magazine o f Hi s to ry * XL* 2 SU— 205 * !O V ail ev o f th e Uoper Maumee River (2 v o ls.* Madison* 'Ti scon sin* 1889) r n 7 & 3 & ~ ---- -------------

51

th en

As an i l l u s t r a t i o n * th e f a th e r of a fam ily in Adams Township*

A llen County* was born in Keff T0rk ; tho mother in Connecticut; th e o3.de a t c h ild * th irty -tw o y ears old* in New Tork; a t h i r d child* sixteen* in Michigan $ th e fourth* th ir te e n in Ohio; and a f i f t h child* nine* in Indiana* Another fam ily in Jefferso n Township* A llen County* followed a s im ila r p a t t e r n ,

The f a th e r was born in M assachusetts; th e mother

in England; th e o ld e st child* nineteen* in Pennsylvania; the second* sixteen* in M ichigan; th e th ird * th irte e n * i n Ohio; and the fourth* nine* in In d ian a, A t a i l o r liv in g inM iddlsbnry Township* E lkhart County* f i r s t 6csr th e l i g h t of day i n M assachusetts; h is w ife in Pennsylvania; the f i r s t child* fourteen* in Ohio; the second* eleven* in Michigan; and the th ird * nine* in In d ia n a, nevertheless* those who m igrated from th e Middle A tla n tic S ta te s u su a lly follow ed a road across Ohio in to In d ia n a ,

In Je ffe rso n Township*

Kosciusko }County* a fam ily followed such a ro u te .

The fa th e r was born

in Pennsylvania; th e mother in Hew Jersey ; f iv e ch ild ren ranging from tw enty-eight to nin eteen in Pennsylvania; th re e from six teen to twelve in Ohio; end two* nine and one month* i n In d ian a,

A sim ila r p a tte rn

was followed by a fam ily liv in g in liable Township* Wabash County,

Both

parents were n a tiv e s o f Pennsylvania* two children* sixteen and th irte e n *

h9 O riginal Returns o f tho Seventh United S tates Census* 13yO* Indiana, A copy o f t h i s census in m icrofilm i s on f i l e in th e docu­ ments D ivision of th e Indiana U niversity Library* Bloomington* In d ian a,

52

were born in Ohio? and the youngest* four in Indiana# Many Southerners also made t h e ir entrance in to northern Indiana through Ohio* t h i s path*

S everal fa m ilies liv in g in Peru* Miami Comity, followed

In the case o f one family* th re e children* n in e , eight*

and three* were bom i n Ohio) and th e youngest* four months, in Indiana* Another fam ily had four children* tw elve, te n , nine* and f iv e , who were born in Ohio) and th r e e , f o u r, two* and two months, in Indiana# A farmer and h is w ife from Kentucky came by way o f Ohio to Jackson Township, Casa County*

Three c h ild re n , tw enty-three* tw enty-

two, and n in ete en , were bom in Ohio) and a s e t of twins* seventeen* and a tw elv e-y ear-o ld in Indiana* A fam ily liv in g in La Porte pursued a s lig h tly d iff e r e n t course. The fa th e r began l i f e in Maryland) the mother in V irginia) the f i r s t child., tw enty-four, in Kentucky; and th e youngest* nineteen* in Indiana* In New Durham Township* La Porte County, liv e d a fam ily who followed, a more round about way from th e Tarheel S ta te .

The f i r s t

child* n in eteen , was born in North Carolina) th e next two, seventeen and s ix te e n , in Ohio; th e t h i r d , fo u rteen , in Michigan) and the fo u r youngest* eleven, ten* seven, and fo u r, in Indiana# An unusual ro u te o f a Southern fam ily who s e ttle d in Concord Township* EIJdiarb County, i s worth r e l a tin g .

The f a th e r made h is

entrance in to th e world in South Carolina) the mother in V irg in ia) the o ld est c h ild , sixteen* in Y/isconsin) tho next two* fourteen and th ir te e n , in I l l i n o i s ; and th e fourth* te n , in Indiana# S om e

fa m ilie s apparently had not planned to s e ttle in Indiana

53

since they passed by t h i s s ta te fo r I ll i n o i s and liv e d th e re from fiv e to te n years before r e tre a tin g in to th e Hoosier S ta te .

A fam ily

liv in g in west Greek Township* Lake County, had such a reco rd . The fa th e r began h i a journey on the road of l i f e in Vermont; th e mother in H assachusetts; th e o ld est ch ild * fourteen* in New fo rk ; th e next four* twelve* ten* seven* and five* in I llin o is ; and by 1850 they were liv in g in Indiana,

Likewise* a Southern fam ily Diving in Michigan City

f i r s t chose I l l i n o i s .

The fa th e r was born in Virginia* the mother in

Kentucky* fo u r ch ild ren ranging from seventeen to s ix in Illin o is * and one* four* in Indiana.

From across the ocean came an Fnglish couple who

eventually s e ttle d in Center Township* Lake County.

Their f i r s t o ff­

spring* fourteen* was born in Michigan; th e next three* twelve* ten* and e ig h t, in I l l i n o i s ; and the fifth * two* in Indiana, A United Brethren m inister e ith e r suffered from th e Ylandsrlust or f e l t the Lord was c a llin g him to a new f ie ld of labor from time to tim e.

Ha was a n ativ e o f Maryland* choso a vafe from th e Keystone* State*

then went to Ohio* where he stayed for a year or more when he crossed th e lin e in to Indiana,

A fter fiv e years caong the Hoosiers he must

have f e l t th a t th e Molverines might have more f e r t i l e f i e l d s .

It*

however* took him only a sh ort tin e to discover* i t would be b e tte r to re tu rn to Indiana and s e t t l e in Middlebury Township, Elkhart County. Ho m atter where th e tre k began* nor th e mode of tr a v e l pursued* or how circ u ito u s th e route* th e fo o tstep s of the early pioneers made en impression upon the sand and marshes o f northern Indiana* which n e ith e r man nor nature can o b lite r a te p

.c h a p t e r i n THE STREAM 0 ?

mimkTlffi

At f i r s t the cu rren t which stim ulated irim g ratio n was weak# but from year to year i t deepened and widened u n t i l th ere was a steady stream#

iM le some m igrated beyond n ativ e s ta te boundaries to improve

th e ir fin a n c ia l s ta tu s * o th ers were moved by the s p i r i t of adventure Ho doubt* every new settlem ent had a mixture of both. Since n a tio n a l as w ell as lo c a l conditions were responsible f o r th e expansion or co n tractio n of th e current* i t would be erroneous to conclude th a t many people emigrated when th e business cycle ?fns a t i t s lowest ebb# In a number of cases* i t was necessary to earn some money before th s journey to a new settlem en t could be undertaken# Moreover* th s land sa le s may serve as a measuring s tic k f o r immigration#

In 1813

a high mark wa3 recorded* but by 1619 th e re was q u ite a red u ctio n . Obviously*tho panic o f t h a t year in i t s early stages must have e ffe c te d th is decline#

Immigration in th e t h i r t i e s increased*

the land sa le s had reached a peak#

Likewise* by 1836

The follow ing year* however* another

panic made i t s inroads* and fo r th o next fiv e y ears a sharp decrease in 2 land sales was noted# A fter the country had recuperated from th is

R* W. Haskins* Hew jh gland and tho West (Buffalo* Hew Xork*l8ii3)j 22 Rev. James H. Hotchkm* A History of th 3~l,urchas3 and Settlement of Western Hew York (flow York* iolfb)*"”257”'"'*

2

Senate Documents* 27 Cong.* 3 Sess.* Ho. 2l/j ( s e r ia l no, H 6)* 5* 7* See also George Rogers Taylor* HA grarian Biscontent in the M ississippi V alley Preceding th e bar of 1312 *•* Tho Journal o f P o litic a l

55

h srdshipt many again sought new areas in the hope th a t su.cn. £ji event might be averted in the f u tu r e ♦ As ea rly a s 1736* the f i r s t New England settlem ent was made in th s Northwest T e rrito ry a t M arietta* Ohio* and te n years l a t e r another one in th e n ortheastern corner of the Buckeye S tate on Lake Erie* known as the Western Reserve• Through h is id e a ls and tra d itio n s* the Sankee made an in d e lib le impression wherever he went, A church and school were organized side by side in th e new community* and each indiv id u al had the opportunity to voice h is opinion in the management % of lo c a l a ffa irs* Tho t r a i l had been b iased and was gradually extended in to northern Indiana.

On January 7* l 8o£* Janes E llio t presented a p e titio n

to Congress from Barnabas Strong and sundry other in h ab itan ts of Vermont fo r a t r a c t of land s ix m iles square in Indiana T erritory*

Gideon OXin

also of the Green Mountain State* however* did not favor th i s applica­ tio n c He was of th e opinion th a t i t was Ba speculation upon the public property of the Union*13^ The p e titio n must have met i t s demise in a committee*

During th e t e r r i t o r i a l period* th e re were no towns in

Indiana th a t c a rrie d out the tra d itio n s of a Hew England settlem en t,^

Economy (Chicago-* 1893- )* IXXDC (1931)* U71*?0>j ^Prices in the M ississ ip o rT a lle y Preceding the b ar of 1812*'* Journal o f Economic and Business H istory (Cambridge* Massachusetts* 1928- *) , III (I930-173TJ7 I0 -IS , ^ Mathews* The Expansion of Hew England* 17li-17S, ^ Annals of Congress* 8 Cong.* 2 S e s s., 8?2, 5

William W. Yfoollen* e t a l • (eds,)* wExecutive Journal of Indiana

56

Even though th e population f o r northern Indiana vras only lit? in 1820* sta te *

6

a few Hew Englanders had d r if te d in to th a t sectio n of th s

For example * Mrs. Laura Subtend! e ld bom in Boston* Massachusetts*

had a rriv e d a t F o rt hrayne in l8 llu

7

At the time o f th e f i f t h census o 3*380 in h a b ita n ts were re p o rte d as liv in g in northern Indiana* But ten

years la te r* th e number had increased to 65*897*

9

Consequently* the Hew

England population i n t h a t area also increased* A fte r 1830* the r iv u le t of immigration to northern Indiana began to sw ell In to a siu ea b ls stream*

In th s spring of I 83U* John Stocker

from Windhaa County, Vermont, went west to prospect f o r a new home fo r

T e rrito ry , 1800-I3l6*** Indiana H isto ric a l Society Publications* III* 78. — 6

n

Census f o r 1820, p* 39#* Tfabash was th e only county in northern Indiana to send in retu rn s* 7

B rice, H istory o f Fort Wayne* pt* 2 , p , 17*

D A llen rep o rted 996; Cass 1,162; Elkhart 935* and S t. Joseph* 287. O riginal Returns of th e F ifth United S tates Census* I 83O, Indiana• A Oopy of th is census in m icrofilm i s 011 f i l e in th e Documents D ivision of th e Indiana U niversity Library* Bloomington, Indiana. o O riginal Returns o f th e Sixth United S ta te s Census* 13 hO* Indiana, A cojy o f th is census in m icro filn i s on f i l s in th s Documents D ivision of the Indiana U niversity Library* Bloo.'.'iingtcn* Indiana. Sixth Census or. Enumeration o f the In h a b ita n ts of the U nited State£* I3h0* pp"* S70-373* The o rig in a l re tu rn s in some cases vary s lig h tly from the p rin te d census, ^ Chas• S. Chapman & Co.* H istory o f EUdiart County, Indiana (Chicago, 1881)* 362, passing Thomas B. lielm* H istory 02 CasTCounty* Indiana (Chicago, 1836), 1*93-^95* 573-57H; In to re s ta te raaliuH irg Co., juratory of Steuben Cou nty, passim; In te r-S ta te Publishing Co., H istory of Be *; the inform ation i s meager and f a r fron complete.

At the tin e of the seventh census*

however* th e place of b ir th was given fo r every inhabitant* unless the person delegated to c o lle c t the data was care le ss

Hence* in 1950

i t was po ssib le to obtain more accurate fig u re s on the Hew England population in northern Indiana which co n stitu ted only hjphh or 2,99

per cent of th e t o t a l population fo r th e a re a . Moreover* a d iv isio n of th is number among th e s ix s ta te s revealed th a t l*70o were natives of Vermont] l*17h of Connecticut] 1*11*1 of Massachusetts] 1*26 of New Hampshire] 3$$ of Maine] and ll;0 of Rhode Island*

The d istrib u tio n

of the Yankees in th e twenty-one counties i s also an in te re stin g p ic tu re , l a Porte County ranked f i r s t Tdth 703 > o f vrhich 222 were from Connecticut* 1.90 from Vermont; 16-3 from M assachusetts; and le s s than one hundred from the th re e remaining s ta te s in th is s e c tio n .

Ho doubt*

the lo catio n of the county made i t e a s ily accessib le fo r the Hew

^ 2li

Ib id ,* 502,

A ll statem ents and conclusions* unless otherwise indicated* are supported by m ateria l obtained from the O riginal Returns of th e Seventh United S tates Census* 18 50* Indiana, Fcr a complete se t of s t a t i s t i c a l ta b le s see the appendix*

59

Englander because many followed th e ro u te from Buffalo to D etroit by w ater and then proceeded by land on th e Great Sauk T ra il which crossed La Porte* To Steuben County in th e extreme northeastern corner of Indiana * $32 Xankees had migrated*

Vermont had the la rg e s t number

of rep re sen ta tiv es w ith 228. Ho doubt* the choice of th is area fo r n ativ es from th e Green Mountain S tate may be a ttrib u te d to th e spade work of John Stocker* who had s e ttle d th ere in 18314* He had also in ­ fluenced a number from M assachusetts to jo in the settlem ent* and thus by 13$0* the Bay S tate ranked second with lij?#

I t i s lik e ly th a t an

a l l land route was pursued by some to th is county and th e V istu la Road may have been followed from Ohio to Indiana* Lagrange County also in northeastern Indiana ranked th ir d with 166 New Englanders* of which 1$7 were natives of Vermont; 112 of Connecticut; and 108 o f M assachusetts.

In 1833* th e Massachusetts

Home Mission Society had sent th e Reverend H« J * Ball;, a B ap tist minis­ ter* who lo cated a sh o rt d istance north of Lexington in th s north­ eastern sectio n of th e county*^

This would seem to in d icate th a t Hew

Englanders had s e ttle d th e re by th at date and the Society f e l t obligated to take care of th e ir s p ir itu a l needs. Four years a f te r th e Reverend Hall had begun h is a c tiv itie s *

F. A* B attye & Co.* Counties of La Grange and Noble * 66, I t i s lik e ly th a t th e Reverend Hull mentioned on page 5? is the same person as the one mentioned here* although the middle i n i t i a l v a r ie s .

6o

George Wolcott of Torrington* Connecticut* s e ttle d on the southern boundary lin e of Johnson Township. Accordingly a settlem ent sprang up around him* and in h is honor took th e name of W olcoitviH e He exerted considerable influence in th e form ative years o f th is county. The adjoining county* Elkhart* had te n Yankees on i t s pioneer r o ll in

Ten years la te r* however* 133 were liv in g in th is

county from New England.

Natives from the Green Mounta.in S tate f a r

surpassed a l l o th ers from th is area boasting a t o t a l of 198*

I t is

probable th a t entrance to th is county was made e ith e r by the V istu la Eoad. o r some tra c e th a t connected w ith the Great Sauk T r a il. A llen County flanked on th e e a st by the s ta te of Ohio had among i t s population 397 from New England.

Among th is number 11? were

from Vermont and 103 from M assachusetts. E hile th e re were a number of t r a i l s th a t crossed the borders of th is county* i t i s lik e ly th a t some northern ro u te was used. Between La Porte and E lkhart counties wss S t. Joseph w ith 37iw Yankees..Veniont in the accustomed f i r s t place had 110 re p re se n ta tiv e s. Probably th e Great Sauk T ra il and the Michigan Road served as th e highways to th is county. P o rter lo cated between Lake and La Porte w ith a t o t a l of 3^3 conceded the leading p o sitio n to Versiont with 8?,

East of Hebron

^ 2?id.* 162-163* 3^1* bolcotb was fo rty -th re e years old in iS f’O find a m ille r. 17 Chapman* H istory of Elkhart County* 362-361;.

6l

in tho southwestern corner of the county was a settlem ent of early pionoors re fe rre d to as Yjnkee Tom

No doubt * Now Englanders

had esta b lish e d homes in th a t comraunity * since the Great Sauk f r a i l crossed t h i s county* i t i s possible tlia t most of tho Yankees follo-ved th is road# An in te r io r county, De Kalb* lo cated between Steuben and A llen had become th e abode f o r 2o3 from the New England States* of which one hundred had been born in Vermont#

Ko doubt some ro u te which connected

w ith th s V istu la Hoad guided tho newcomer in to th i s region# Lake County in tho northw estern corner of Indiana took n in th p lace w ith 2J6# ninety-four#

Again the Green Ifountain S tate ranked f i r s t w ith

She leading s p i r i t in th is county was Solon Robinson*

a nativ e of Connecticut* who had s e ttle d th ere in th e f a l l of l83iu

19

By December* he had become so attached to M s new home th a t he wrote flowing accounts of the reg io n .

No doubt* he had hopes th a t h is words

would f a l l in lis te n in g ears lik e seeds on f e r t i l e so il* for he gave s p e c ific d ire c tio n s on how to reach northwestern Indiana#

A second

l e t t e r was w ritte n in February* 1335 * which followed a sim ilar vein of praiso#

20

^ T, H, Ball* Northw estern Indiana from 1800 to 1900 (Crov/n Point* Indiana* 190Q)* hrf ? . * 19

Herbert A. Xellar* Oolo.n Robin sen * Pioneer and A g ricu ltu ris t (2 vols,* Indianapolis* IRToJJ I* l-lo # ihese are voluseTXLvE end XXH in the Indiana H is to ric a l C ollections, 2n

Madison* Indiana* Republican and Banner* January 15* 1835* and A p ril 30, 1335. “ ~ ~~

62

Across th e borders of Noble County, 216 Yankees had d r if te d w ith n in ety -fo u r from Vermont.

.Since th is was an i n te r io r county,

i t i s possible th a t ro u tes which connected w ith e ith e r the Great Sauk f r a i l , the Michigan Road, or V istu la Road were used# Among th e remaining in te r io r counties s ix had a New England population of over one hundred but le s s than two hundred# Miami County had been th e choice of 190, Kosciusko of 139, Cass of 11?, M arshall and Y&bash 102 each, and E hitlcy o f 101# Five counties had le s s than one hundred in h a b ita n ts of -lew England origin#

E inaty-tliree

had s e ttle d in F u lto n , f i f t y - s i x in Ja sp e r, fo rty -n in e in Y hite, twentyth re e in P u lask i, and nine in Starke* From th s map showing th e d is trib u tio n of Her/ Englanders in northern Indiana, i t is evident th a t they followed a northern route to go E est, and since the border counties were e a s ily a c c e s sib le , they choso them fo r th e ir fu tu re home* The f a c t th a t the adjoining s ta te s of Vdcldgcn, Ohio, and

21 I l l i n o i s had a much la r g e r number of Hew Englanders n ig h t be a t t r i ­ buted to th e ro u te pursued and the topography of northern Indiana* Host o f then pursued a northern ro u te and freq u en tly did not go beyond Ohio o r Michigan.

I t i s probable th a t th e la rg e sand dunes near Lake

Michigan may have convinced the Yankee to move on to th e P ra irie S ta te . Then, to o , th e Hev? Englanders usu ally sent a man ahead to in v e stig a te a

Seventh Census of the United S ta te s, 1850, S t a t i s t i c s , >aca-l•

63

MAP SHOVING THE DISTRIBUTION OF NEPr ENGLANDERS

La Porte Lake

I S t. Joseph

Elkhart

Lagrange

Steuben

Noble

De Kalb

P orter M arshall Kosciusko tark e Allen Jaspe:

Pulaski

Fulton

ass

. Connecticut * Maine o M assachusetts x New Hampshire # Vermont Each mark rep resen ts from

to lh9 in h a b ita n ts

6!j

region before th e fam ily o r fam ilies em igrated.

I f t h is messenger

happened to tr a v e l some d istan ce over swamps or wooded areas such as were d escribed by a few of th e e a rly surveyors* he n a tu ra lly would not re ceiv e a favorable impression# Moreover* th e Yankee pre­ fe rre d th e open p ra irie * sin ce he regarded i t e a s ie r to b u i lt a home th e re and become e sta b lish ed than in th e unbroken f o r e s t . N otwithstanding th e f a c t th a t th e Middle A tla n tic S ta te s com­ p rise d a hetergeneous population* the in h a b ita n ts from c e rta in areas in tills sec tio n follow ed a p a tte rn bearing th e earmarks o f Hew England. This i s demonstrated by th e fa c t th a t on December 8* I8c6* a p e titio n op was presented to Congress from c itiz e n s of Ovid* Hew York* in which a req u est was made f o r th e p riv ile g e of purchasing an e n tire township e f lan d on th e S h ite or Vabash River in Indiana T e rr ito ry .

They were

o f th e opinion th a t a compact settlem ent would enable them to be of more a ssista n c e to each o th er in the support of schools and relig io n * In view o f th e f a c t t h a t i t was p o ssib le to purchase a township* th e Congressmen in fe rre d t h a t more favorable terms wore d e sire d than ex isted fo r th e purchase o f p u b lic la n d s . not to grant th e p e t i t i o n ^

Ths committee* therefore* resolved

And so th e hopes f o r a colony in Indiana

f e l l by th e wayside.

22

Ovid was s e ttle d in 1790 or 1791 by immigrants from New Jersey and ea ste rn Pennsylvania. Many were of Dutch origin* but socn became interm ixed w ith people from o th er areas* Hotchkin* A H istory of the Puxchaso and S e ttle ment of Western New York* 392. ^ American S tale Pacers* Public Lands (8 v o ls.* Washington* 1832- i 3S i7 T T 7 2 3 3 7 *

---------------- --

65

From the county h is to r ie s * i t is evident th a t the Middle A tlan tic S tates had a s n a il population in northern Indiana before 1830* b u t exceeded t h a t of New England, Between 1828 and 181$ eig h ty -fiv e from the former area were liv in g in Elkhart County Likewise* a comparable s itu a tio n ex isted in most of the other counties. Immigration sparks developed in to a steady flame about 181ah. when th e Ardsh began a settlem ent in the western p a rt of Lagrange County* which emanated from Pennsylvania*

No doubt* in th e ir own

way they have w ritte n as important a chapter fo r Indiana h isto ry as the in h a b ita n ts from th e Green Mountain S tate in Steuben County who founded Orlan d . Both followed a sim ilar p a tte rn by sending a prospector ahead to choose th e s ite *

In the case of the Amish Settlement* Daniel

sad Joseph M iller made the se le c tio n * ^ By l85o* th e tid e of immigration from th e Middle A tlan tic S tates had broadened to such an extent th a t a noticeable in crease was evident. Hence* 31*81? or 19,25 per cent of northern Indiana’ s population In th a t year consisted o f in h ab itan ts from th e Middle A tla n tic S ta te s , To th is number Pennsylvania contributed 15*137) New fork* Hi*1.5.25) Hew Jersey 1*773* and Delaware bSb* A fu rth e r a llo c a tio n among the counties may also prove inform ative. La. Porte County w ith a to t a l of 3*033 had th e la rg e s t number of

^

Chapman* H istory of Elkhart County* 36--36b*

^

F, A, Battey & Co,* Counties of La Grange and Noble* 2b0*

66

immigrants from t h i s are a .

Hew York was represented try" 1*991*

Pennsylvania by 881* Her/ Jersey by 20h$ and Delaware by only seven. In view of the fa c t th a t th is county also had th e la r g e s t number of Hew Englanders and th e in h ab itan ts from th e Empire S tate co n stitu ted more than six ty -fo u r p er cent of the t o t a l number from th e Middle A tlan tic States* would le a d one to conclude th a t most of the Hew Yorker3 were of Hew England an cestry . A more outstanding illu s tr a tio n * hov/ever* may be found in the no rth eastern corner of Indiana.

Since Steuben County* the choice of

2*120 from th e Middle A tla n tic S tates* had also been a fa v o rite place of settlem ent fo r Yankees* one notes w ith in te r e s t th a t approximately seventy-five per cent of the in h ab itan ts from th e above-mentioned section in t h i s county were n ativ es o f Hew York.

Moreover* i t i s lik e ly

th a t many o f th e an cestors may o rig in a lly have been from Vermont* who used New York as a temporary abode in th e ir journey to the West.

One

may presuppose th is because th e Green Mountaineers were numerous in Steuben County and had been responsible fo r the founding of Orland*

a New England se ttlem e n t. Two other border counties* Lagrange aid S t . Joseph* had more n ativ es from Hew York than Pennsylvania.

Hie former popular among

the Yankees had a ttra c te d 1*593 from Hew York which was twice £3 mary as had emigrated from Pennsylvania.

The Empire S tate represented more

than sixty-tw o per cent of the t o ta l population of 2*5ii9 in the county from the Middle A tla n tic S ta te s .

Although in S t. Joseph County* the

Hew Yorkers composed f if ty - f o u r per cent of th e 2*131; from the fo re -

going s e c tio n , the-New Englanders wore not as prominent as in some of the oth er counties reviewed.

There i s some p o s s ib ility th a t

Lathrop M, T aylor, a n ativ e of Hew Io rk and f u r tra d e r in the area o f South Bendy who vras outstanding in civ ic a f f a i r s , may have exerted some influence to encourage in h a b ita n ts from th e s ta te of h is b ir th to choose S t, Joseph County since business req u ired occasional journeys e a s t.

26

Lake and P o rter counties in th e northw est corner of Indiana also chosen by many New Englanders had a larg e percentage of n atives from th e Empire S ta te ,

One may, th e re fo re , assume th a t h a lf or more

of the in h a b itan ts from Hew fo rk who s e ttle d in northern Indiana were sons and daughters of men and women born in Hew England,

For the

younger generation th e b ir th of the children i s a fa rth e r means o f su b stan tiatin g th is statem ent,. In s ix counties,. E lk h art, Noble, N h itley , He Kalb, M arshall, and A llen, th e re were more Pennsylvanians than f e / Workers, but the difference was sm all. The t o t a ls fo r the two s ta te s in Noble and Marshall were almost id e n tic a l*

Laibrop M« Taylor was born on July L;, l30p, in C linton, Oneida County, New l o r k* At the age of s ix , h is parents moved to D e tro it, end l a t e r to Ohio, On September 2£, 1827, he reached the present s ite of South Bend* Goodspeed B rothers, P ic to ria l and Biographies! Memoir3 o f Plkiiart and S t. Joseph Counties, Indiana fdnicago, l ’J 93)i VftPi'iS* A eke ten in another volume v a rie s oiTlna b ir th of Taylor* See also Bert Anson, "The Early Tears of la th ro p m» Tapi o r, the Fur Trader," in Indian a Magasine o f Histor y , XIV (19lj3)> 367-3*33 3 "Lsfchrop !J, T aylor, "Hanna and Taylor T a r tnersliip,-1 "The L. M* Taylor Store," and "Lathrco M, Taylor, th e Fur T rader,51 in i b i d ,, XV (1 ?!$ ), lii?-170, 2i£-26U, 369-332, ““

68

N atives from th e Keystone S ta te f a r surpassed those from New Tork in Kosciusko* Cass* Vabash* Miami* Fulton* White* Pulaski* Jasper* a id Starke counties* except

Since th ese were a l l i n t e r i o r counties

Js3 p e r * i t i s l i k e l y th a t th e Pennsylvanians may have tra v e le d

on such a c e n tr a l ro u te as th e N atio n al Road which lin k ed w ith the Michigan Road at Indianapolis* and gradually d is trib u te d themselves on e ith e r s id e o f the l a t t e r higlrway. From th e map showing th e d is tr ib u tio n o f Hew Workers and Pennsylvanians in northern Indiana* i t i s evident th a t th e counties along th e lak e and the s ta te o f Michigan were more popular among n a tiv e s from th e Empire S ta te than th e in t e r i o r c o u n tie s.

Pennsylvania*

however* had approxim ately seven hundred more re p re se n ta tiv e s In northern Indiana than Hew Xork.

Except f o r approxim ately twenty “two

hundred c itiz e n s from Delaware and New Jersey* th e in h a b ita n ts from Hew Xork and Pennsylvania comprised the e n tire population o f the Middle A tla n tic S ta te s in no rth ern In d ian a. In th e case o f the Middle A tla n tic S tates* only Ohio had a la rg e r population from th a t a re a th an Indiana in 18^0•

The Hoosier

S ta te surpassed both I l l i n o i s and Michigan except fo r immigrants from th e Empire S tate*

27

Here again i t may have been due to th e f a c t th a t

th e Hew Yorkers follow ed a n o rth ern ro u te and some d id not go beyond th e borders of th e Molverine S tate while others may not have been favorably im pressed w ith northern Indiana and continued th e ir journey ■■W iiW iH* w m r i f f-mat ■»i ■ mm

27

Seventh Census of th e U nited S tates* l3£0* S ta tis tic s * sxxvi*

MA.P SHCVflKOTHE DISTRIBUTION OF NEWYORKERS ,a Porte Lake

s t l J°seph

Lagrange

Steuben

Noble

De Kalb

P o rte r Marshall

Kosciusko

Starke h i tle y J j P ulaski

White

A llen

Fult-on

Gass

NAP SHOEING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PENNSYLVANIAUS

a Porte

S t. Jose'oh

E lkhart

Lagrange

Steuben

Lake Noble Marshall

' Kosciuskc

Starke v m itw r

A U en

Jasper P ulaski

Fulton .abash Gass

#

Each mark rep re se n ts from U9 to 1U9 in h a b ita n ts

70

to th e west in to th e P ra irie S ta te ,

Those who emigrated from Delaware*

Now ^ersey* and Pennsylvania pursued a more c e n tra l route such as the N ational Road; and only a few went beyond the borders of Indiana, Yihen th e Southerner became a p a r t of the Denigration t i d e > he followed h is own p a tte rn ; which varied from th a t of the Hew Englander, The Yankee as a ru le sent a prospector ahead to in v e stig a te end chose an area before th e fam ily and household furnishings s ta rte d fo r the new settlem en t,

Among the Southerners; th i s also occurred but i t was

not a coanon p ra c tic e .

Then; to o ; th e l a t t e r u sually brought more

personal property than th e Haw Englander, Whatever procedure was followed* the comity h is to r ie s in d icate th a t before 1850; the Southern population in northern Indiana was sm aller than t h a t o f th e Diddle A tla n tic States* but higher than th a t c f the New England -States • At l e a s t th ir ty - e ig h t had found th e ir way in to Elkhart County between 1628 and I 8I1O from th e South which exceeded ^ .2 8 th e number rep o rted fo r the Yankees during ths sane p eriod,

A

sim ilar situ a tio n ex isted in th e other counties except in Do Kalb; Lagrange; Lake* and Steuben* where the New Englanders were more numerous than th e Southerners, Although th e Green Mountaineers sad the Anish each had a s e tt l e ­ ment in northern Indiana before 13£0* so did a th ir d group from the South,

On September 2li* 1333; about th ir ty arriv ed from the Old Line

28 Chapman; H istory of EUchart County; 3^2—361;

S tato to begin anew in Aboite Township* A llen County*

Ths area

which th ese pioneers chose was knovTi as th s Maryland S e ttle m e n t.^ By 13?0* th e ro u te s from. th e south had brought 11*920 or 7*21 per cent from t h a t d ire c tio n to northern In d ian a.

A d iv isio n of th is

fig u re in d ic a te s t h a t 6*019 wore n a tiv e s of V irginia) 2*016 of Kentucky; 1*819 o f Maryland; 1*127 of North C arolina; I-75 of Tennessee; 215 o f South C arolina; 60 of th e D is tr ic t of Columbia; S3 of Georgia; 21 of Alabama; 13 o f Louisiana; 6 of Arkansas; and th re e each o f M ississip p i and Texas. Moreover* ths d is tr ib u tio n among the various counties i s not e a r t h y . Probably because o f i t s lo c a tio n and a c c e s s ib ility from th e south* TTabash had th e la r g e s t number of Southerners in northern Indiana* The leading s ta te s i n t h is county from th e South were V irginia w ith 6h0* Kentucky w ith 361* North C arolina u ith 236* and Maryland with loO,

T'fto o th er counties* Miami and Cass ju s t r e s t o f TTabash numbered ever a thousand Southerners among th e ir population.

In both counties

in h ab itan ts from th e Old Dominion S ta te predominated. Miami* however* had also become th e dom icile of many from Kentucky* North Carolina* and Maryland,

There was a generous sp rin k lin g of n ativ es from Kentucky

and Maryland in Cass*

No doubt* the Michigan Eoad mads th ese th re e

counties e a s ily a cc essib le f o r immigrants from th e South*

72

S trangely enough* La Porte ranked fo u rth w ith R2li* of which over sixty-tw o p er cent -p/ere from V irg in ia ,

This i s v/orthy of ob~

' fiervation since i t also had th e la r g e s t number o f New Englanders and in h a b ita n ts from He?/ York,

Apparently th e V irginian or Kentuckian

. in t h i s county d id not confuse th e Yankee peddler of cheap merchandise w ith th e s u b s ta n tia l Ho?/ England farmer or businessman. The Southerners in Kosciusko* S t, Joseph* Elkhart * k n itle y * Noble * Lagrange* Be Kalb* Allen* and Steuben mere mostly n ativ es from V irg in ia and Maryland*

One might* therefore* assume th a t entrance

in to th ese counties was mads by some route from c e n tra l or northern Ohio,

I t i s lik e ly t h a t th e N ational Road was used by a la rg e number

and then some t r a i l followed which in te rs e c te d a t various points w ith the great highway.

In Indiana, the Quaker Trace connected trith th e

N ational Eoad a t Richmond and went in a northw ardly d ire c tio n to A llen County, Wayne*s Trace from Ohio in to th is county may also have been used.

The Maumee and S t, H aiy1s E lver may have been th e choice of

those who made p a rt of the t r i p by w ater.

I f the immigrant proceeded

as f a r n o rth as th e p resent s i t e of Toledo * he may have continued h is journey in to Indiana, on th e V istu la Road,

Moreover* i f the newcomer

had a d e fin ite p lace o f settlem en t in min-d such as S t, Joseph County which was tra v ersed by the Michigan Road.* he m y have gone as f a r west as In d ian ap o lis cn th e N ational Road, Cn the o th er hand* th e Southerners in Pulton* vrh lte* Jasper* M arshall * and P ulaski were m ostly from V irg in ia and Kentucky • This

73

would seem t o in d ic a te t h a t highways wore used which le d from th e South in to th e E oosier S ta te * In th e case o f Fulton and M arshall* th e Michigan Road must have been th e popular route*

A w ater ro u te

where th e Ohio* TTabash* and Tippocanoe were th e main a r t e r i e s may have been th e p re fe rre d means o f tra n s p o r ta tio n f o r some who s e ttle d in Tfnite and P u lask i c o u n tie s .

Then* too* th e r e were tr a c e s which

lin k e d w ith more im portant t r a i l s . Both Lake and S tarke co u n ties had l e s s than a hundred from th e South.

Since Lake had a la r g e New England population* i t i s p o s sib le

th a t i t was n o t sought by S o u th ern e rs.

The sr/amps in Starke* no doubt*

served t o tu rn th e eyes o f th e immigrant t o o th e r regions* D espite th e f a c t t h a t V irg in ia c o n s titu te d more than h a lf of th e Southern p o pulation f o r th e a re a under consideration* in De Kalb and Lagrange co unties* Maryland su rpassed th e number of th e Old Dominion S t a te .

The l a t t e r * however* was re p re se n te d in a l l c o u n tie s.

On trie

o th e r hand* th e r e were a lso numerous in h a b ita n ts from the Old Line S ta te in A llen* Cass* Miami* and TJ&bash c o u n tie s .

Likewise* North

C aro lin ian s made an im pression by t h e i r numbers in Miami and TTabash, But th e Blue Grass S ta te ranked n ex t to V irg in ia and h er em igrants were p re v a le n t in Cass* Fulton* M arshall * Miami* TTabash* and W hite. F a ils th e map in d ic a te s only a mark fo r b9 t o 11$ in h a b ita n ts* th e ta b le in th e appendix g iv es d e ta ile d in fo rm atio n . As i s ev id en t from th e census records* northern Indiana was th e choice o f many Southerners e s p e c ia lly from V irginia* Kentucky*

7h

MAP SHOTTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTHERNERS La Porte Lake

S t. Joseph

Elkhart

Lagrange

Steuben

P o rter Noble

De Kalb

Kosciusko ftarke TVhitley Jasper

Pulaski

Allen

Fulton rr— ;** Tabash .11ami x x

White

Cass x x

Kentucky

o Maryland

x North C arolina

# Tennessee

Each mark re p re se n ts from lt9 to lh9 in h ab itan ts

1/a Porte Lake

S t. Joseph

Elkhart

Steuben

‘or te r Noble M arshall

Kosciusko

itarke Jasper Fulton V/abas White

Cass

V irginia

75

Maryland end North Carolina*

Ths la rg e number of M ethodist Episcopal

char d ies throughout Indiana* would seem to in d ic a te th a t th e expansion o f t h i s body beyond th e Appalachian Highlands was in f lu e n tia l in d i­ re c tin g th e course of Southern men and women to th e Booster State* since many wero of t h i s f a i t h . Then* too* th e ro u tes n a tu ra lly le d ■5n toward Indiana,*'*' With re sp e c t to th e highways pursued* i t should be noted t h a t since so many children of Southerners who s e ttle d in northern Indiana were bom in Ohio* i t i s lik e ly th a t a la rg e percentage entered Indiana from th e Buckeye S ta te r a th e r than through Kentucky* aid probably followed th e N ational Road to th e Hoosier State* Having reviewed th e number of in h a b ita n ts from Now Ehgland* th e Middle A tla n tic S tates* and th e South in northern Indiana* an analysis o f th e population from th e North C entral S tates should be presented* es many* no doubt* were ch ild ren of men and women who had emigrated to Indiana a t an e a rly d a te ,

The number of Midwesterners surpassed

th e combined t o t a l s o f e l l o th er areas* both n ativ e and foreign* "Whether t h i s was tr u e before I8f?0 n ig h t be a debatable su b je c t.

By

th a t year* however* lo!i*822 or 63*1(3 p er cent of th e northern Indiana in h a b itan ts had been born in th s Middle West,

Of t h i s number 53*2^7

were n a tiv e s of Indiana; M&*186 of-Ohio; 1*622 of Michigan; B66 of

^ Seo John B* Barnhart* 0Sources of Southern M igration in to the Old Northwest*8 M ississip p i Valley H is to ric a l Review (Cedar Rapids* Iowa* 191h- )* n i T W ^ 9 3 ^ y r i l 9 Southern Influence in the Formation o f Indiana*0 Indiana Magazine of History* XIXIII (1937)* 261-276. ~ “ *

76

I l l i n o i s $ 9h o f M issouri) 85 of Iowa* 71 of Wisconsin* and fo r one th e Northwest T e rrito ry was recorded. A llen County had th e la r g e s t number of Midwesterners* 9*275* w ithin i t s b o rd ers.

This may be a ttrib u te d to the e a rly organization

o f th e county* December 17* 1823 For th e remaining twenty counties tho range v aried from 8>5kl fo r TTabash to hoh fo r S tark e .

The l a t t e r county was not organized

u n til January 15* 1650* sh o rtly before th e census was tak en .32

Counties

organized a t an e a rly date* however* did not n e c e ssa rily have th e la rg e s t number o f c itiz e n s from th e North C entral -States.

One might*

therefore* conclude t h a t come o f th e in h a b ita n ts probably moved from older areas in to the newly organized counties in order to am eliorate t h e i r p o s itio n .

This m y have been tru e in p a r tic u la r o f the in d iv id u al

who wanted to get h is fin g e rs in to th s p o lit ic a l pot of th s county. Even though th e t o t a l Hoosier population of northern Indiana exceeded th a t o f th e Buckeyes liv in g th e re by fourteen thousand* in s ix counties th e re were more Ohioans than Indianans.

In many cases

th ese were ch ild ren of men and women iro n other areas who had s e ttle d in Ohio f o r a number o f years* and as new regions were opened fu rth e r to th e west* they again took up th e ir wanderings#

^ 32

LjngJ of Indiana* 1323-152k, pp. 109- H I . Laws of Indiana* I 8lt9-l850* G-prera!* 213-21k.

De Kalb had 1*177 more Buckeyes then Hoosiersj Hoble* 831* Shitley* 31k} Kosciusko* 193; Steuben* 115; and Starke* k .

77 MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF MIDWESTERNERS ,a Porte Lake

St* Joseph

E lkhart

Lagrange

Steuben

P o rter Noble

De Kalb

M arshall Kosciusko .Starke '/h itley I

Jasper

Allen

Pulaski "abash Cass

Indiana Each mark re p re se n ts from Lt9 to lh9 in h a b ita n ts

Lake

Steuben

Elkhart

La Porte I ^ • Joseph

oo

b r te i ooo ilar s h a ll

Noble

De Kalb

Kosciuskc

tark e fo itle y I a He: Jasp er

Pulaski

Fulton •le ­ ase

. Ohio

o Michigan

# I ll i n o i s

73

Although th e colored people end In d ian s' were included among th e foregoing s t a t i s t i c s ; a paragraph on each giving th e ir d i s t r i ­ bution may be o f in te re s t*

In the ease of th e Negroes; th e ir i n f i l ­

tr a tio n also was gradual*

At the time o f th e fo u rth census; th ere

were fiv e In northern Indiana; te n years l a t e r ; twenty-one# and in iBliO; one hundred and f if b y - 3ix*^-

By loJO; the number had increased

to b33; and inform ation on th e ir n a tiv ity was available fo r the f i r s t time* Of th e eighteen s ta te s represented; V irginia le d th e l i s t with 85; Ohio followed w ith 81; Indiana w ith 53; North Carolina w ith 32; Kentucky w ith 11; South Carolina w ith 10; Pennsylvania and Tennessee with 9 each; Maryland and Michigan w ith 7 each; th e D is tr ic t of Columbia and f a Tcrk w ith 1 each; New Jersey with 3; Alabama; Connecticut; I ll i n o i s ; M issouri; and Wisconsin with one each* f iv e ; unknown was recorded* ninety-seven in Whitley*

For the n a tiv ity of

One hundred were liv in g in A llen and

Since these two counties had a small number

of New Snglanders and Southerners; i t is probable the Negro may have •. enjoyed more freedom* A rep resen tativ e number were also recorded fo r Cass; l a P o rte; and S t. Joseph counties*

All th re e had a f a i r l y larg e

Southern population; and in addition l a Ports and S t. Joseph had been th s choice of many New Englanders* than twenty colored people.

I n twelve counties th ere were le s s

Because of th e ir d is trib u tio n ; i t i s

Census fo r 1S20; p . 39*$ O riginal Returns of th s F ifth Census; 1S30; Incianaj O riginal Returns of the Sixth Census; 181*0; Indiana} Sixth Census o r Enumeration of the In h ab itan ts of the United S tates; BitO, pp. 370-373.

79

■probable t h a t some may have been brought to Indiana by an old m aster who took up h is abode in th e Hoosier S tate*

As f r e e men th ey e ith e r

continued to a s s i s t h in or turned to other p a rsu its* The names o f one hundred and te n Indians were recorded on th s . pages o f th e seventh census eovezing th e twenty-cna counties of th is study*

One hundred and two were n a tiv e s o f Indiana* four o f Michigan*

one each o f Ohio* Pennsylvania* and V irg in ia . was n o t known.

The b irth p la c e o f one

Miami County was th e abode fo r e ig h ty -th ro e * Wabash

fo r fifte e n * Cass f o r seven* and M arshall f o r five*

Sscc&wquit Godfrey*

f i f t y - f i v e y ea rs old and born in Ohio* was liv in g in B u tler Township* Miami County* and l i s t e d fo r r e a l e s ta te valued a t te n thousand d o lla r s . Another group which played an im portant ro le i n th e development of northern Indiana was th e fo re ig n elem ent,

They d r if te d in before

XSpO* b u t th e number and t h e i r d is tr ib u tio n w ill never be known. u n n atu ralised a lie n s were l i s t e d in th e 1530 census,*^

Twelve

The seventh

census* th erefo re* i s o f p a r tic u la r i n te r e s t in th e a llo c a tio n of th e 10*955* or 6.63 per ce n t bora o u tsid e of the United S tates boundaries. Of th e tw enty-six co u n trie s and is la n d s rep resen ted 5*333 were n ativ es of Germany; 1*755

o f Ire la n d ; 1*323 of Canada; 1*250 o f England;

7l5 o f France; 25b o f Scotland; and 199 of S w itzerland.

For th s remainder

the fig u re was belov tw e n ty -fiv e .

O rig in a l Returns of th e F if th United S ta te s Census* 1830, Indiana,

80

A llen County had th e la r g e s t fo reig n population* 3*902* t h i s number 2*109 were born in Germany* I re la n d .

Of

in France* and I2h in

Lake* La Porte and S t . Joseph counties a lso had a la rg e

fo reig n element* b u t in La P o rte the I r is h predominated*

The number

of a lie n s fo r the remaining seventeen co u n ties v a rie d from £>7li fo r Cass to nine f o r Stark©. fjh ile every county had foreigners* yet* i t i s evident th a t c e rta in n a tio n a litie s s e tt l e d in la r g e r numbers i n some counties than o th e rs.

For instance* th e German population in A llen County

was approxim ately a thousand more than th a t o f a l l o th er fo reig n ers combined.

Likewise * in Lake Gbunty they outnumbered a l l o th e r a lie n s

by two hundred and s ix ty .

Furthermore* in Miami County t h i s element

exceeded by a hundred o th e r n a ti o n a l i t i e s .

In Da Kalb* liar sh all* Noble >

Pulaski* S t. Joseph* and Thiitley counties* o n e-h alf of the fo reig n population co n sisted o f Germans.

No o liner foreign-born group came

in such numbers to so many counties in northern Indiana,

N evertheless*

i t should bo noted th a t over h a lf of th e a lie n population in Lagrange County tras composed of Englishmen. Moreover* t h is s itu a tio n was d u p li­ cated in Wabash County w ith resp ect to the Iris h * and in P o rter County by th© Canadians. In ad d itio n to th e n a tiv e and foreign-bom * th e re ware 826 who did not f a l l in to e ith e r one of th ese c a te g o rie s.

Ten were bom at

sea* of whom seven wore liv in g in Allen County* and cne each in La Porte* Wabash* and T h itle y c o u n tie s.

For the remaining 8l6 th e b irth p la c e was

81 MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF FOREIGNERS S t. Joseph

La Porte

E lkhart

Lagrange

Steuben

Noble

De Kalb

P o rter

Lake

M arshall Kosciusko

G tarks

Whitle'

Allen

Jasper Pulaski

White

Fulton

Cass

Germany Each mark re p resen ts from h9 to lh9 in h a b ita n ts

E lkhart

La Porte Lake

»agrange

P orter Noble

De Kalb

M arshall Kosciusko

itarke Jaspe: P ulaski

ih ite

• Ire la n d

Fulton

Cass

# Canada # Scotland

o England x France

% Sw itzerland

82

unknown*^

Some f e l l in to t h i s c la s s if ic a tio n in every county

except S ta rk e e In conclusion th e a llo c a tio n o f northern Indiana1s population o f 165*236 among th e co u n ties i s worth of consideration*

A llen headed

th e l i s t v dth 16*919$ follov/ed by E lkhart w ith 12*697* La P orte w ith 12*1^6; Ylabash 12,133; Miami 31.*303; Cass 10,986; St* Joseph 10*955; Kosciusko 10*21^; Lagrange 8*337; Po Malb 8*2£l; llobls 7 *9a6; Steuben 6*XC5* F ulton 5*932; M arshall 5 *3U9; P o rter 5*336; TJhitlqy 5*190; I h i t s li*760; Laic© 3*991; Jasper 3*513; P ulaski 2*596; and Starke 557* An in v e s tig a tio n o f th e ages of northern Indiana*s population w ill re v e a l th a t most Tankses were above th e age o f th irty *

These from

the Middle A tla n tic Scat sc * th e South* and fo reig n co u n trie s were above th e age o f tw enty.

Moreover, p r a c tic a lly

a l l those born i n the Horih

C entral S ta te s were below t h i r t y years of age.

The g re a te r percentage

©f Hoosiers ranged in age from a few days to f if te e n years* I t can re a d ily be seen * th erefo re* th a t rnsny of th e Indianans were th e children of men and women who had em igrated to the Kcosier S ta te and at l e a s t t h i r t y per cent had a rriv e d between 1335 and 18hO, A fu rth e r a n aly sis in d ic a te s t!iat f if ty - f o u r per cent of the New Inglandcr3 were above th e age of fo rty *

The Southerners were th e

next o ld est group w ith fo rty -fo u r per cent above forty* while th e n a tiv e s of the Middle A tla n tic S ta te s had almost tw enty-nine par cent in th is

36

In a number o f cases th e blank p e rta in in g to n a tiv ity was not f i l l e d in by th e enumerator „

83

AGE GROUPS OP NORTHERN INDIANA IN 1850 New England S ta te s

Middle A tla n tic S ta te s

90-100

80-89

lo -lb

0-1

Southern S tates

80-89

20-29 1 0 - lii

0-1

North C entral S tates

81*

u\

CO o CO

\A CM

I

in H

o

H

\A

INDIANA

IN 1 8 £ 0

0>

OF NORTHERN

O

AGE

GROUPS

to

1A r-i

6

•H

0} O Cm

IA

CM

O

co

r^o CO C\ CO

J

O' CoO C

On On \0 U\ I f o O vO vr\

cn

CN CO

i

c CO

CN

H

r* {

Cn

A

"UN H O

I

rH

!

i

I

85

range * and the fo re ig n e rs twenty “-seven pel' cent*

Appr oxir.iat ely

seven ty -eig h t per cent o f th e Jlidv/esterners were below twenty years of ag e.

N evertheless* fo r the Hoosiers th e fig u re was n in e ty -th re e

per c e n t. Regardless of t h e i r age or where they car)© from* these e a rly pioneers m 'ote a chapter in th e ir re sp e c tiv e areas by the deeds they performed which served as a guide f o r those who follow ed«

CHAPTER IV SECTIONAL ALIGNMENT IN NORTHERN INDLAJIA From a s e c tio n a l angles th e twenty-one counties in northern Indiana more or le s s group themselves in to th re e d iv isio n s*

An

analysiss th erefo re* o f each county may in d ic a te the reason fo r th is alignment*

While numbers are important in the study of popula­

tio n movements* percentages* however* may p resen t a somewhat more : accurate p ic tu re fo r an area as a whole * For th is discussion th e l a t t e r w ill be used*

Furthermore to give sons in d ic a tio n of the

wealth in each county th e names o f th e fiv e highest property holders and th e ir r e a l e s ta te v alu atio n s w ill also be surveyed in each t ie r * The f i r s t or northern t i e r i s composed o f a l l border counties and one in te r io r county* \

In 1833 when th e w hite covered wagons began to follow the stage 1

route from D etro it to Chicago* a man named Bennett s e ttle d in Lake 1 County* and' th e re opened a nsw country tavern to b e n e fit from the westward expansion* the county*

Five y ears l a t e r a law was passed to organise

and by 1830 th e re were l»5.X0 p er cent of tha s e t t l e r s

who had cone from th e Middle Lest* 2li*Q? por cent from th s Middle A tlan tic S ta te s * '21.60 p er cen t from fo reig n countries* 6.1’2 per cent from New England * and 2,03 per cent from the South.

The la rg e p e r-

^ T« H* Ball* Lake County* Indiana* from X83I1 to 1872 (Chicago* 1673) * 20. ' ~ ~ ~ ” p Laws of In d ian a* 1836-1837 * General* *

87

centage o f a lie n s i s s ig n ific a n t in view o f th e f a c t th a t they were mostly Germans# With resp ect to r e a l e s ta te valuations* Lake did not rev eal any unusual inform ation*

George E a rle P a fo rty -th re e -y e a r-o ld English

arc h itec t* liv in g in Hobart Township had th s la r g e s t property holdings* six teen thousand d o llars* in th e county*

Two Yankees* Solon Robinson*^

an a g ric u ltu ra l e d ito r from . Connecticut f o rty - s ix years o ld > and Henry t Wells^ a fo rty -n in e -y e a r-o ld farmer from Massachusetts* both liv in g in Center Township ranked second w ith fiv e thousand d o lla rs each* Dinwiddle*

John W,

a Buckeye* t h i r ty - s ix years o f age liv in g in the same town­

ship and a farm er followed w ith fo rty -e ig h t hundred d o lla rs • With four thousand d o lla rs two farmers* a tanner* and a woman tie d fo r f i f t h place*

* * George E arle was a n a tiv e of Falmouth* England* who became a re sid e n t of Lake County in l33o* Ball* Lake County* Indiana* from I83ii to 1872* pp. 281;~286. — _ , — k Solon Robinson s e ttle d in Lake County in th e f a l l of 1831; * Keller* Solon Robinson* Pioneer and Ag r ic u lt u r i s t * I* 1-10*

£

Homy Wells also came to-Lake County in th e f a l l of 1631;* He was very a ctiv e in c iv ic a ffa irs * Ball* Lake County* Indiana* from 1831; to 1872, pp* 311-312* John Tf. Dinwiddie was born on October 1* 1613* At Indian Town he farmed as e arly as 1835 or 1836* but discovered i t was unprofitable* Consequently* he sold h is farm and moved to I lli n o is to work on th e canal* In the f a l l of l81.il;* however* he bought a farm of two hundred acres and returned to Lake County, Ib id ,* 29h*

63

7 Wellington A. C la rk / th e youngest> th irty - fo u r years old was a native of Hot; York liv in g in Center Tor/nship. Among the remaining th ree a l l in Ross Township were E lizabeth Benton* fifty -tw o also from the Empire State j Samuel Parrish* fiv e years older* a Pcrasylvanianj and John 8 Wood* a fo rty -n in e-y ea r-o ld tanner from Massachusetts* As e a rly as 1822* the French trader* Joseph B a illy and h is Ottawa Indian wife made a home on th e Calumet Paver w ithin th e present boundaries o f P o rter County,

This French and Indian trad in g post wan

re fe rre d to as Beillytown probably by the early s e ttle r s * but i t was never a l o c a l i t y .

Settlement* however* did not begin u n til th e stag e

lin e from D etro it to Chicago began to operate in 1633* In th a t year th re e brothers* Jesse* illlia m * and Isaac Morgan* from the Old Dominion S tate s e ttle d in the ric h p r a ir ie of P orter County,^ They were followed 10 by others* and in 1536 th e county was organized*"" From th a t year cn th e population began to increase in la rg e r numbers and by 1550 ever twenty per cent had s e ttle d th ere from th e Middle A tla n tic States*

^ W ellington A. Clark had been a clerk in a wholesale grocery sto re a t Albany* New York* before coming D ost, On a v i s i t to h is brother Sanford D. Clark* a successful merchant in Ohio* he obtained a position in 1333 as supercargo on a schooner from Cleveland to Chicago, A fter th s cargo had been disposed of he made arrangements to purchase land in Lake County as ho had boon favorably impressed vrith th a t a re a . I b id ,* 307 In 1335* John Tfocd examined the region which included Lake County and s e ttle d th e re in 1336* Ib id ,* 3^2* 9 ^

B a ll, Northwestern Indiana * 16-30* 303* Ls^ 3 o f Indiana, 1335-1836* General* J l- 5 2 ,

7*90 per cent from fo re ig n countries* 5*90 per cen t from th e South* i

5*79 per cent from New England* and 59*60 p er cent tiore n a tiv e s of th e North C entral S tates* ' The larg o p ro p erty holders were a l l farmers*

"One apparently

also operated a m ill when th e t i l l i n g of th e s o il did not occupy h is e n tire a tte n tio n *

With §13*2jO Joseph Brown* a V irginian* s ix ty - s ix

years old liv in g in Washington Township* took f i r s t place in the county.

He was follow ed by a New Yorker* S ila s Booth* f o r ty - s ix years

c f age liv in g in Center Tovmship* w ith e ig h t thousand d o lla r s .

The

I

remaining th re e were l i s t e d fo r seven thousand d o lla rs each* among whom were David Oaks* fifty -tw o * from th e Empire S tate* liv in g in Washington Township! Wilson Malon in th e sane township* fo rty -fo u r* from Ohio! and Isaac Morgan* a V irginian* fo rty -n in e* in Center Township* P rio r to 1829* no settlem en t had been made w ith in th e p resen t boundaries o f Da P orte County*

In 1827* however* Stephen S . Benedict

to g eth er w ith h is wife* Miriam * and seven ch ild ren s ta r te d f o r I l l i n o i s from Durham* Greene County* New York. th e fa th e r d ie d .

They s e ttle d a t Ottawa where

In February* 1829* th e fam ily s ta r te d fo r Chicago end

a f te r a few days in t h a t l o c a l ity proceeded eastward and on March 1 5 arriv e d in Mew Durham Township* La Porte County,

They mada th e long

find ted io u s journey w ith an ox team t i trough snow in places eighteen inches deep.

Others began to a rriv e and by 1332 more than a hundred

fa m ilies had taken up t h e i r abode in th e county.

I t now became

^ Jasp er Packard* E isto ry of La Porte County* Indiana (La Porte* 1S?6)* 36-37* 68. ~ ~~ ^ ” "

90

e s s e n tia l t h a t th e county be organized and on January 9 ; th e le g is la tu r e passed an a c t f o r th a t purpose#

12

Accordingly* th e popu­

la tio n in creased ra p id ly and by 1(150 La Porte was superseded by only two o ther counties ; A llen and Elkhart#

In t h a t year 5h*26 per cent

were n ativ es from the North C entral S ta te s; 25.33 per cent from th e Middle A tla n tic S ta te s ; 7*61 per cent from th e South; 6«i;5 per cen t from fo reig n c o u n trie s; and 5*79 per cent from New England. Real e s ta te holdings f o r t h i s county ware higher than in the two previous counties and i t i s a lso worthy of observation th a t the th ree ranking mien were between th irty -tw o and f o rty - fiv e years of age# One hundred thousand d o lla r s ; th e la r g e s t; was recorded fo r E. D# Taylor; an o f f i c i a l o f th e F i r s t Branch Bank in Michigan C ity; f o r ty fiv e years o ld ; and a n a tiv e o f V irginia#

A farm er; David G# Ross*

from th e sane s ta te and th ir te e n y ears younger liv in g in La Porto ranked second w ith f o rty thousand do llars# by another farm er; O liver P# Ludlow*

13

He in tu rn was followed

a H cosisr> th ir ty - f iv e years

old liv in g in Center Township; vrith r e a l e std a valued a t t h i r t y thousand d o llars#

Abram P# Andrew; J r . f o r t y - n i n e years old

from Ohio in La P o rte; i-lth f iv e thousand

12

d o lla rs

le s s took fo u rth

Laws c f Indiana ; 1831-1332; pp. 9-10#

13

O liver P# Ludlow was born a t Lawrencsburg* Indiana; in l8 lij. Rav# E. D. D aniels; A Twentieth Century His to r / and b io graphical Record of La Porte County ; Indjonap(Uriicago; 190lT); 5l3# ^ Abram P. Andrew* J r . ; came to La Porte in 1832# At one time he was a steamboat captain on th e M ississip p i River# Told.; 133*

91

p la c e .

The o ld e st man of the five., Josepn Crr*

was f i f t y - s i x

years of age liv in g i n Center Toymsbip and a Pennsylvania farmer whose property was appraised a t (;20*200. The f i r s t white in tru d e r upon th e s o il of S t, Joseph County to make a permanent home if as P ie rre F. Ilavar re * an educated gentleman o f French d escen t.

He came in 1820 from Monroe5 M ichigan* as the agent

of th e American Fur Company, Three y ears l a t e r A lexis C oquillard appeared from D etro it to e s ta b lis h a tra d in g post on the S t. Joseph R iver.

Tear by year more a rriv e d and in 1330 th e county was formed

by an act of th e l e g i s l a t u r e . ^

At th e time of the 18^0 census 63,07

per cent of t h e in h a b ita n ts had begun t h e i r e a rth ly career in the Middle Test* 19.1$ per cent in th e Middle A tla n tic S tates* 7*63 por cent in foreign countries* 6.37 p sr cent 5m th e South* and 3 *u0 per cent in New England, With re sp e ct to p ro p erty holdings* i t should bo

sta te d

th a t

the four w e alth iest nen were between th ir ty - f o u r and t h i r t y - s i x years of age* The f i r s t two w ith r e a l e s ta te appraised a t tw enty thousand d o lla rs each were George W. Reynolds* a merchant in Portage Township*

^ Joseph Orr was born a t Mount Pock* Cumberland County* Pennsyl­ vania* on July 23* 179h. He emigrated to th e Ikuthvast T erritory* arriv in g in C incinnati on A p ril 1* 179!?. In June* 1323* he s e ttle d in Indiana, I b id .* ihl~Xh2 , ^ Timothy 3* Howard * A H istory of (2 v ols.* Chicago* 1907}* g* 1 3 ^1 3 2 .

S t,

Joseph County* Indiana

^ ^avrs g f In d ia n a* 1329-1830* pp. 23-29.

■> f t

end John Reynolds#

a farm er in Olive Township# both n ativ e s of Ohio,

Third place was shared by four from Portage Township w ith f if te e n thousand d o lla rs each*

They were A lexis Coquillard>

19

th irty -fo u r#

a general tra d e r from Michigan; Leonard 0 . Harris* a merchant from ■New Tork# th ir ty - s ix - y e a r s old; H en rietta Eyerie te n yearn older# a n ativ e o f A u stria ; and Jonathan A, Liston* an attorney# fo rty -fo u r y ears old from the Diamond S ta te . According to tr a d itio n Rosseau# a French trader# s e ttle d on E lkhart P ra irie # f iv e m iles northw est of the present s i t e of Goshen in 1315.

Six y ears l a t e r th e herm it squatter# Joseph Hoffsinger#

e sta b lish e d a home a t the ju n ctio n of the C h ristin a aid St* Joseph R iver.

He# however# had disappeared when th e immigration stream 2q began to widen in 1828. Those who came were a law unto themselves u n til January 29# 1930# when EUdtart County was formed."*' Twenty years l a t e r the population had increased so as to include 63.75 par cent

Miclsrestemers# 22,61 p er cent from th e Middle A t l a n t i c States# 5.1;0

13

John Reynolds was born near Lancaster# Ohio# July 12, l8 lh . L ater th e parents moved to Mayne County# In d ian a. At about the age of fifte e n # he walked to F o rt Bayne with only £L.31 in ills pocket# and in 1833 came to South Bend, John and George were b ro th e rs . Goodspeed Brothers# P ic to r ia l and B iographical Memoirs of Zlkhart and S t. Joseph ‘Counties # ~ W~7Y3. ~ ~ ^ He may liave been a r e l a t i v e o f A le x is C c q u i ll a r d who came t o S t, Joseph 'Bounty in 1823* 2q

,,

Chapman# H istory o f KLkhart County# 335-336,

93

per cent Southerners* lu03 p er cent foreigners* and 3J-P- per cent

Yankees* That th e f a i r e r sex also ra te d in fin a n c ia l c irc le s "was

♦

demonstrated in Elkhart County* where Glarinda Pri& r, s ix ty -fiv e years of age* liv in g in Elkhart Township* and a native o f New Hampshire, ranked f i r s t w ith twonty thousand do llars* farmer ten years younger* John TV* V io le tt,

In the same township was a 22

a V irginian who followed

; w ith property valued a t two thousand d o lla rs le s s than th a t of the New . England la d y .

The next th re e men representing th re e d iffe re n t sections

and ages t i e d f o r th ir d place w ith f if t e e n thousand d o lla rs each.

They

were Havilah Beardsley* J a physician* f if t y - f i v e years old , liv in g in Concord Township and a n ativ e of Connecticut! Stephen Fargo* a m ill merchant fourteen years younger, in Washington Township iro n ths Empire St ate 5 and William Tfilkinson, a V irginia farmer in Elkhart Township* f if ty - fo u r years o ld . In a l l lik elih o o d Benjamin B la ir, Nathan Fowler* and Jason

22

John W, V io lett was born near Harper* s F erry, August 29* 1795 • At the age of seven h is mother moved to the v ic in ity of Springfield* Ohio. From 1820 to 1823, he liv ed in M issouri, then retu rn e d to Ohio. On October It* 1828, he and h is fa th e r-in -la w went prospecting and as a r e s u lt of t h is t r i p brought the fam ily to Indiana in 1829. Goqdspeed Brothers* P ic to ria l and Biograph ic a l Memoirs of ilk h :irt and S t . Joseph Counties* 7lH-?19, ’ 23 Havilah Beardsley was born a t New F a irfie ld * Connecticut, on A pril 1* 1795# 'h i.le a c h ild , his parents moved to Chio and a t the ape of twelve he l e f t home. In 1616 under the guidance of a Professor H ill of Urbans., he began the study of medicine* and in 1625 was graduated from Transylvania U niv ersity , Lexington* Kentucky. Anthony E eahl, A Twentieth Century History and Biographical Record of Ilk h a r t County, indi'lna'TCnica go * ly6J]T~1537 ~ ‘ *

9h

Thurston vrere th e f r i s t permanent T/nite s e tt l e r s In Lagrange County* a rriv in g in 1 3 2 3 The follow ing year many more came.

I t was not

u n til 1832j however'; before an a c t was passed to form th e above county. ^ By 13 50; the county’ s postulation was composed of 55.37 per cent from the Middle West; 30*3? per cent from the f id d le A tla n tic S ta te s; 5.55 per cent from Mew England> 3*91 per cent from foreign co u n tries; and 3.22 per cent from th e South. M ille rs and farm ers predominated in th e upper fin a n c ia l brackets of Lagrange County.

One o f the outstanding m ille rs In the county was

George W o lco tt* ^ fo rty -th re e years old liv in g in Johnson Township and a n ativ e o f C onnecticut. d o lla rs .

His property was valued a t th i r t y thousand

Another man* Nathan Jenks; seven years younger from Hhodo

Islan d ; his rdfe* Jane; fo rty - e ig h t years of age from the Say State* end th e ir son; dem y B o born in U&if York together had in te r e s ts in East Lima Township amounting to 330*180.

Since they were also engaged in

the m illin g b u sin e ss; i t Is lik e ly the la r g e r percentage o f th is sum may have been in v ested in th e m ill.

^ 25

Of the th re e farmers* two* Samuel C-.

F. A . B attey & Go.; Counties of La Grange and Noble; 135. La,?s o f Indiana; 1631-3332; pp • 110-012 ,

/« -N f George W olcott born in T orringtcn; Connecticut; Ju ly 26; I 606; removed vdth h is p aren ts to Ohio a t th e age of six te e n . In 133?> he came to Lagrange County. He not only b u ilt m ills ; shops; s to re s ; and houses; but also erected TSolcottville Seminary, F. A. B attey R Co.; Counties of La Grange and Noble; 3hl* 26

95

Burnside*

27

fo rty -sev en years of age liv in g in East G reenfield fovm-

ship cred ite d w ith r e a l e s ta te appraised a t $13*060* and Amos Davis* fiv e years o ld er in Newberry Township w ith holdings assessed, a t

$12*100* were from V irg in ia,

P. Jones f i f t y - s i x y ears old from the

Keystone S tate in S p rin g field Township had a sum only fiv e hundred d o lla rs higher than f e d s * Gideon Lsngdon and John and Jacob Stayner came to Steuben County in 1831 to e s ta b lis h a horns in the w ilderness of I n d ia n a .^

Gradually

others came in* b u t not u n t i l January 18* 1837> d id the le g is la tu r e regard i t necessary to organize th e county

xn 1850* th is county had

th e la rg e s t percentage of New Englanders* 8*71* o f any county in northern Indiana*

Then* too* t h is was tru e of the Middle A tla n tic S tates* most of

whom were from New lork* th e percentage being 3b*73* This was d e fin ite ly th e most im portant corner f o r the Yankees* There were 3*85 per cent from fo reig n countries* 1*31 per cent from th e South* th e low est per­ centage in any county o f Southerners* sad $1*29 per cent had been born in the North C entral S tates* The wealth o f th e county was also la rg e ly in the hands of the

Samuel CT, Burnside was an overseer of th e poor in 1532,

Ib id , * 22lu

28

Amos I avis entered 3.and in l83h* and no doubt came in th a t year or sh o rtly th ere a l t e r * I b i d ** I4OI • ^ 30

In te r-S ta te Publisiiing Co** H istory o f Steuben County* 6?3. Laws o f Indiana* 1836-1837* General* 56-p?*

9&

Tankeas and Hew Workers,

Thomas GaleP"*- a farm er. f i f t y - s i jv y OuT*S

o ld , liv in g in P leasant Torn sh ip , and a n ativ e fro.ii th e B jpire S ta te , ranked f i r s t v-ith r e a l e s ta te , v alu atio n s o f tv eriiy -fiv e thousand do llars#

An I r i s h m ilia r , John Thompson> e ig h t years younger and

liv in g in Jackson Township, 7/as c re d ite d w ith fiv e thousand d o lla rs le s s than G ale, Moreover, a young Hen- York merchant, S. P, Chamber, th irty -se v e n y ears old liv in g in Otsego Township, and Avery Fameleave, a fanner six teen years o ld er liv in g in Fremont Township from the Consti­ tu tio n S ta te , ranked t h i r d vrlth ten thousand d o llars*

F ifth place was

accorded to Fnos B e a ll, a forty-th ree-y e:-r~ o ld asso c ia te judge, liv in g in B rockville, id th holdings to the amount of t7«2$0, in September, 1833, John Koulton, the f i r s t permanent s e t t l e r , came from Ohio to Do Kalb County, w ith th re e h ire d men, a yoke of oxen, and a crosscut saw. the f i r s t cabin.

Four days was a l l the time req u ired to construct

Moreover, t h i s cabin was remembered by those pioneers

who took up t h e i r abode in the county before I51i0 because canes were made from th e timber and presented to them as souvenirs.

By January-

111, 183?, the Hoosier lawmakers had been convinced th a t the county should be o rg a n iz e d ,^

F ifte e n years l a t e r th ere 7/ere 60,61 per cent liv in g in

31 . Tnomas Gale and Cornelius Gilmore l a id out th e o rig in a l p la t of Angola, In d ian a, In te r- S ta te Publishing Co,, H istory of Reuben County, 651. 32

B, F, Bowen & Corroany, H istory of Be Kalb County, Indiana

(Indianapolis, 191it}, ? i. 33

Laws o f In d ia n a, 1636-1837, G eneral, 57-53*

97

the area from the Middle West* 23.68 p er cent from the Middle A tla n tic S ta te s , 3.^3 per cent from Hew England* 2.78 per cent from the South, end 2*76 per cent from foreign c o u n trie s. A glance a t th e r e a l e s ta te v alu atio n s w ill in d ic a te th a t th is county vras not among th e more wealthy counties in the tie r#

Reuben J .

Dawson, a Hoosier layyez*, th irty -n in e years old liv in g in Concord Township headed the l i s t w ith e ig h t thousand d o lla r s .

A farm er, Charles

N orris, from th e Fine Tree S tate ranked second w ith seventy-five hundred d o lla rs .

He was sixty-tw o years old and liv in g in Wilmington Township.

Four farmers t i e d fo r t h ir d place w ith fiv e thousand d o lla rs . a

were John W. Ashleman,

They

|

f i f t y years o ld , a n ativ e of Sw itzerland,

liv in g in Union Township; end th re e Ohioans, Ure Johnson, th ir ty - f iv e , in Jackson Township; P/esley Park, th ir ty - n in e , in Auburn; and Robert Work also th irty -n in e in B u tler Township# The borders of Hoble County had been crossed s ix y ears before those of Be Kalb.

On A p ril ij., 1827, Jo e l B r is to l had a rriv e d in Noble

Township, although se v era l years elapsed before other s e tt l e r s cszna.^ By I 836, however, th e re were enough in h a b ita n ts to in s t i t u t e c iv i l government and th e county was form ally o rg a n iz e d .^

In lo5>0 many s ta te s

^ John ¥• Ashlenan according to the county h isto ry was a n ativ e of Germany, When ho was ready to s ta r t fo r America, h is trunk was robbed. Consequently, he entered a foreign land p r a c tic a lly p en n iless, In te r-S ta te Publishing Co., H istory of De Kalb County, Indiana (Chicago, 1333), 837.

^ F . A. R atiey & Co., Counties of La Grange and Noble, 27-23, 2iiu82* was surpassed by seventeen o th er c o u n ties.

There were 23.05 per cent

foreigners* 16.11* per cent from 'the Middle A tla n tic S tates* 3*32 p er cent Southerners* and 2.35 p er cent New Englanders* There i s no question but what the w ealth in northern Indiana centered in A llen County in 1S£0.

To th i s day* th e re i s s u ff ic ie n t

evidence th a t p ro sp e rity s t i l l reigns*

Samuel Hanna

a fifty -tw o -

y ear-o ld farm er frora Kentucky le d th e l i s t w ith £0.30*000$ followed by A llen H am ilton*^ another farmer f i f t y years of age from Ire la n d w ith

^

Revised Laws o f India n a * 1823-1321;* pp. 109-111*

39

Samuel Hanna was born on October 18* 1797* in S cott County* Kentucky, In 180lt* h is fa th e r James Hanna moved to Dayton* Ohio* and f if te e n y ears l a t e r Ssnuel emigrated to F ort V/ayne. Brice* History o f Fort r.'ayne* p t . 2* pp. 3«-lU. i^>

According to Brice* H istory of Fort Payne* p t . 2* pp. 15-22* A llen Hamilton was born in the County of Tyrone* Ireland* in 1793.

100

twenty thousand d o lla rs lo s s ; b illia m G. Ewing*

111 a fo rty -e ig h t-y e a r

old merchant from &ichigsn w ith one hundred thousand dollars^ h i l l i a n Eockhill*

hZ fifty -s e v e n

y ears old fro n the Garden S ta te engaged in

farming w ith $iiU*600; and a fo rty -fiv e y e a r old plank road co n tracto r * Samuel Edsall*

U3

from New "fork w ith fo rty thousand d o lla rs .

The second or middle t i e r comprised of whitley* Kosciusko* Marshall* Starke* Pulaski* and Fulton co u n ties follow ed a p a tte rn which varied from tho f i r s t or northern t i e r .

P-hat v a ria tio n ex isted

might be a ttrib u te d in p a rt to th e f a c t th a t they ware a l l i n te r io r counties « Although th e re were s t i l l about a hundred and f i f t y Indians w ithin the lim its of VThitley County in 1833* the w hite man began to M i l lt w p ri'

n > m n

This v a rie s from th e census re c o rd . In July* 1817* he Quebec and became a victim of ship fe v e r, then he vras to travel* he sold some of h is wardrobe in order to go which journey wan raa.de on f o o t. Three years la te r * he T/est* and in 1823 dec5.ded to s e tt l e a t Fort \7ayns®

s a ile d f o r w ell enough to Philadelphia* s ta rte d fo r the

^ See 11The ^ /in g s —TJ, Q. end G. 7»* Srdng*ff in ib id .* p t . 2* pp. 23-28* fo r sn eccount of th e ir a c tiv i tie s in AXlen County, U2 . h 'illiam E ocldull was born on February 10* 1793* a t Burlington* Herr versey , In 1823* he em igrated to F ort 'iayne and became a very prominent c itiz e n . A year l a t e r he became one o f the f i r s t members of the board of county commissioners. In 1832 ho was successful in winning a se a t in the s ta te le g is la tu r e as the rep resen tativ e from Alien end Huntington c o u n tie s, Two years i n t e r he was re -e le c te d to th is p o st. In 13[ t he was elected to the s ta te senate* and two years la te r as a re p re sa n ta tiv a to Congress. V alley of the Upper Hauiee River* H * ii06~ii07$ Lannan* D ictionary o'}' the United S ta te s Congress * ill

Samuel ids a l l camo to Fort T.byns in 132 lu B.-H, Griswold* Tho P ic to ria l H istory o f F o rt TUayne* Indiana (Chicago* 1917)* 267.

101

)i e s ta b lis h permanent homes*

Five y ears l a t e r i t was organised*

>e*

and by 135 0 had a f a i r l y re p re se n ta tiv e group w ith in i t s b o rd ers, The Midwesterners comprised 66.98 per cent o f the t o t a l population* the Middle A tla n tic S ta te s 18.56 p er cent* th e Southerners 7.6? per cent* th e fo reig n ers I4.67 p er cent* and the Yankees 1.95 per c e n t, E li Pierce* a'physician* f i f t y - f i v e y ears old* from New I c r k had the la r g e s t p ro p erty holdings* tuenty-one thousand d o lla r s ,

He

was fallowed by fo u r farm ers from Pennsylvania* Henry Egolf* f o rty four years old* w ith r e a l e s ta te assessed a t twelve thousand d o lla rs ; Jonas K o tt* ^ fifty -tw o * $10*500; John HcICeehan, sixty* e ig h t thousand d o lla rs; and David Haden* fo rty -th re e * f if t y - f i v e hundred*

C h ristian

Harterm a th irty - fiv e - y e a r -o id carpenter from th e Buckeye S ta te duplicated th e l a s t amount. Despite th e f a c t t h a t th e re were s t i l l four Indian v illa g e s in Kosciusko County in 183 5 * ^ William Felkaer had esta b lish e d h is home

^ Weston A. Goodspsed and Charles Blanchard (ed s.)* (bounties of Whitley end Nobis* Indiana (Chicago* 1832)* 5l* laws o f I ndiana* 1337-1833* L ocal* U03• ii6

I t i s d i f f i c u l t to determine from the census whether the surname is llo tt or h o l t , 1*7 The v illa g e s were Wauweedhsee (WE.ttwaa.U3see* ?fer.Teassses* uaweassoo) located near the edge o f Labee1s Lake approximai sly two and one-half miles southeast of th e p resen t town of Mil f ord; llesqunwbuck. (llesquabuek* Muscuabuck* Husquawbuck) a t th e o u tle t of th e Tippecanoe River now th e present s it e o f Oswego; Monoquet four m iles dov.n the r iv e r to the southwest and s itu a te d on th e no rth bank of the stream; and b e ta fiv e m iles soutnwest# I llu s tr a te d H isto rical. A tlas of the S tate of Indiana (Chicago* [18?6])* 283*

102

t h e r e in M archa 1 8 3 3 •

He w a s so o n f o l l o w e d b y o t h e r s a en d t h r e e

y e a r s a f t e r h i s a r r i v a l t h e l e g i s l a t u r e p a s s e d an a c t t o e f f e c t o r g a n is a tio n .^

b y 1 8 5 0 o v e r t e n th o u s a n d h a d s e t t l e d i n t h e c o u n ty

o f whom 71*22 p e r c e n t w e r e n a t i v e s o f t h e N o r th C e n t r a l S t a t e s a 1 6 .0 9 p a r c e n t o f t h e M id d le A t l a n t i c S t a t e s a 8 ,5 0 p e r c e n t fr o m t h e S o u th * 2 .6 9 p e r c a n t o f f o r e i g n c o u n t r ie s * end 1 * 3 6 p e r c e n t o f New E n g la n d . Like i t s n e ig h b o r* T ih itle y County* K o sciu sk o p o s s e s s e d s h o u t t h e sam e am ount o f w e a l t h f o r t h e f i v e h i g h e s t p r o p e r ty h o l d e r s . a g a in * a p h y s i c ia n R o la n d W illa r d *

ii9

H ers

f i f t y - f i v e / y e a r s o l d fr o m th e

Em pire S t a t e i n O sw ego l e d t h e l i s t w i t h r e a l e s t a t e v a lu e d a t $ 1 6 * 5 0 0 * G.

B lo u n t * £ 0 a f o r t y - f o u r -y e a r - o l d m i l l e r i n t h e su a e tow n fro m

C o n n e c tic u t w a s n e x t w it h $11**02it ,

The y o u n g e s t man o n ly t w e n t y - t h r e e I y e a r s o f. a g e* C h a r le s Y7. Chapman* w a s a H o o s ie r lu m b er m erch a n t i n ■

W arsaw who r a n k e d th ir d , w it h n in e th o u s a n d d o l l a r s . yen Biir e n T ow nship* V / i l l i e a J . H u es*

5l

Two fa r m e r s i n

f o r t y - f o u r * a n a t i v e o f O hio

w it h s e v e n t y - e i g h t h u n d red d o l l a r s * and J o e l L ong* f i f t y - t h r e e from

18

Lews o f Indiana* 1 8 3 5 - 1 8 3 6 * General* 5 5 -5 7 *

h9

The name i s l i s t e d a s R ow lan d h i l l s r d * R o la n d h i l l a r d i n th e c o u n ty h i s t o r y and on t h e c e n s u s r e c o r d a s R o l l a n d . P r o b a b ly a l l t h r e e a r e i n c o r r e c t . H9 w a s t h e f i r s t p h y s i c i a n i n O sw eg o . The L e w is P ub­ l i s h i n g Company* B io g r a p h ic a l and H i s t o r i c a l R eco rd o f K p sciu r.k o C ou n ty * I n d ia n a (C h ic a g o * I6 5 3 7 y 7 ^ r 3 > 6 S 3 . 50

The nam e i s a lm o s t i l l e g i b l e and r a y n o t h a v e b e e n c o r r e c t l y s p e l le d h e r e * 51

T h is name i s v e r y p o o r ly w r i t t e n on t h e c e n s u s r e c o r d an d m ay n o t be s p e lle d c o r r e c t ly h e r e .

103

th e Old Dominion S tate w ith sev en ty -fiv e hundred d o lla r s # placed fo u rth and f i f t h re s p e c tiv e ly . A pparently th e f i r s t s e t t l e r s came to M arshall County in 1833. S ila s Morgan a co n tracto r f o r th e Michigan Road arriv ed on th e f i r s t

An account

day of June# 1833# to e s ta b lis h a home in t h i s county. also claim s th a t Robert Sehroeder came in t h a t y e a r, standing pioneers invaded the county in I 836.

Two other out­

The previous year

Amsi L. Tftiseler bom in th e Ihipire S tate purchased lan d .

Before

coining to t h is region he had spent sev eral w inters teaching school in lei Porte County,

Likewise# Thomas McDonald bought land in I 83$> and

both fam ilies a rriv e d in th e county th e follow ing sp rin g ,

McDonald

efaigrated from C o nnersville# Indiana# and lo c a te d near Lake Masdnkuclae while Ih e e le r s e ttle d in Plymouth • The l a t t e r a staunch Democrat was a member o f th e c o n s titu tio n a l convention o f I6p0# and in a la tte r- of November 13# lSf>G# w ritte n from Indianapolis# remarked w ith resp ect to th e sectio n dealin g with Negroes and m ulattoss th a t i t had been ttunder debate h a lf a day# y e t during th a t sh o rt debate we have had a fo re ta s te o f what may be e j e c t e d before i t i s clo se d . . . .

I t may become necessary

to read th e r i o t a c t every morning# in ste a d o f c a llin g in a

m in ister of the gospel to pray fo r us I . • , the negro would never have been here i f we had not s to le n h is f a t her and brought him here • . . .

A p o rtio n o f t h i s convention . . .

do c e r ta in ly e n te rta in

dg sentim ents on t h is subject th a t would make a South C arolinian b lu sh .B

to , , * Ron# D aniel McDonald# A Twentieth Century History o f Mar s h a ll

lok

¥ h ile some became embroiled in heated d iscu ssio n s in th e c o n s titu tio n a l convention* o th e rs were engaged in obtaining the d esired inform ation f o r a census in I8p0,

The enumerator fo r K arshall

County rep o rted th a t six ty -sev en per cent of th e in h a b ita n ts were n a tiv e s o f th e North C en tral S tates* 1?«U3 per cen t from th e Kiddle A tla n tic S tates* 8,13 p er cent from th e South* 5*31 p er cent from fo reig n co u ntries# and 1.91 p er cent from New England. Although the t o t a l amount o f r e a l e s ta te v alu atio n s was somewhat lower in t h i s county than Kosciusko# th e f iv e h ighest property holders were a lso younger th an th o se in th e l a t t e r county,

Samuel D. falure*

the o ld e st man# was a fan n er fifty -tw o y ears old from Rhode Island# and ranked f i r s t w ith fo u rte e n thousand d o lla rs*

A th irty -n in e -y e a r-

old merchant from New Xork# A* G, vfneeler# was second w ith ^CLQ#5>GG, Third place was assigned to Thorns Rockhill# a farmer , forty-tw o y ears old from the Garden S ta te w ith e ig h t thousand d o lla r s .

An English

butcher# John Houghton* th ir ty - n in e years old cams next w ith seventyseven hundred d o lla r s .

F if th place was a llo tte d to A ustin F uller# a

m ilia r th ir ty - n in e y e a rs old from New Tork* w ith seven thousand d o lla rs . Edward Smith# an Englishman# was th e f i r s t s e t t l e r in Starke County.

He chose fo r h is s i t e th e n o rth e astern p o rtio n of th e county

Count;/* Indiana (2 v o ls •, Chicago* 1908), I# 192-193j XX,_U06, 1*09 Minnie H. S w indell* The Story of M arshall County (n ,p ,* 1923). Ih county v'as organized on February IT* XB3o. "law s of Indiana * IS 33-1 G eneral, li9-5>0.

105

novT Oregon Township in 1835*

53 The county was not organized u n t i l

and th en was ra th e r sp arsely s e ttle d *

Of those liv in g th e re

a t th a t tin e 72.53 p er cent were iiichve s te m era * 19*93 par cent from the r id d le A tla n tic S tates* h.30 per cent Southerners* and New Englaixlers and fo re ig n e rs'e a c h represented 1.62 per c e n t. The low est r e a l e s ta te holdings in northern Indiana were recorded fo r Starke County. Among th e fiv e highest* who were a l l farm ersi t h ir ty - f iv e hundred d o lla rs was the la r g e s t amount and fourteen hundred th e loYiest.

Samuel Sherek* f o rty - e ig h t y ears of age

. from Pennsylvania* in North Bend Township was c re d ite d with th e t h i r t y fiv e hundred d o lla r s .

The next three* Jacob Zleplogle*^ f i f t y from

Ohio* in North Bend Township j Daniel Homig in the same township* f o r ty , nine* a Pennsylvanian; and Edward Smith* fo rty -e ig h t from England in Oregon Township* were l i s t e d fo r f if te e n hundred d o lla r s .

Jesse He

Short fo u rteen years younger than Smith from th e Diamond S ta te in C alifo rn ia Township t r a i l e d w ith fo u rteen hundred d o lla r s . Across th e borders of Pulaski County came the f i r s t white s e ttle r* George 5* P h illip s* in October* 1

^

8

3

Gradually others

I l l u s t r ated H is to ric a l A tlas ofthe S ta te o f Indiana* 276. laws o f

$5

18H9-l8gO, G eneral, 213-211.

Jacob Reploglo emigrated from Ohio to Elkhart County* Indiana* then to P ulaski County in 1037* and by iSpO he had lo c a te d in Starke County. F. A. B attey & Go** Counties of T.hite and Pulas k i* In d ia n a • (Chicago* 1583)* 593* I b i d . , $73.

106

follow ed but nevar in. la rg e numbers. Hencejthc county was not tn organised u n t i l February 13 * 1839• N evertheless *the composition o f the population in 18$0 i s in te re s tin g ,.

Among th e in h a b ita n ts

were 69*29 p er cent from th e Middle l e s t , 16*3U per cent from th e Middle A tla n tic Estates* 8*93 p er cent from the South* !u3? per cent from fo reig n countries* and *89 p er cent from hen England*

The Yankees*

therefore* rep resen ted only a drop i n a bucket* From a fin a n c ia l angle* th e scale tjas higher in Pulaski County than in th e neighboring county o f Starks* A young th irty -fiv e -y e a v ­ oid farmer* Jesse M illison * from th e Keystone S ta te in Tippecanoe Township ranked f i r s t w ith property appraised a t f if te e n thousand dollars#

Another farmer* Samuel Huntz&nger> from th e sane s ta te and

four years o ld er in Indian Creek Township* was second w ith s ix thousand dollars#

The youngest man* Homer J . M# Porter* was a merchant from

th e Empire S ta te tw enty-five years o f age liv in g in Monroe Township w ith holdings o f fiv e thousand d o lla rs *

P e te r W. D e m o s a l s o a former

th irty -n in e years o ld in Tippecanoe Township from Ohio duplicated the sum of Porter*

S trangely enough* the o ld e st man* J o s i ah Bryant, a

six ty -o n e-y ear-o ld farm er also from th e Buckeye S tate in k b its Post Township ranked f i f t h w ith fiv e hundred d o lla rs l e s s than e ith e r Demoss o r P o rter possessed,

^ k 3^ 5 °* I n d ia n a , 1 6 3 3 - 1 8 3 9 * Ge n e r a l * 3U—3 5 * SS P e te r 7U Demoss had emigrated from Preble County, Ohio* to Cass County* Indiana* before coming to P ulaski County. F# A. B attey & Co., Counties of Y/hite and Pulaski* $99*

107

Just as to Taio the f ir s t se ttle r s were in Fulton County night be a debatable to p ic ,

A treaty with the Potowatoai stipulated that

a cron m ill and blacksm ith shop were to be e r e c te d # ^ o f 1827 th o se two s tru c tu re s were b u i l t ,

In th e spring

As a r e s u l t , Nathan Rose,

th e o i l i e r , and John Lindsey, the blacksm ith, a rriv e d in th a t y e e r. The follow ing y ea r a tra d in g post was e sta b lish e d near th e m ill in charge o f J . B . Toyman and L eC laire, a Frenchman, who conducted a p ro fita b le b u sin ess w ith th e In d ia n s,

By some th ese people were

considered only tr a n s ie n ts and James E l l i o t t and W, J . S hields who arriv e d in 1830 are regarded as the f i r s t h o m estea d ers,^

No doubt,

th e delay in b u ild in g th e Michigan Road re ta rd e d immigration to Fulton County,

I t i s q u estio n able whether any attem pts ware made to any extent

fo r settlem en t in th e county p r io r t o 1836, In th a t year the county £•% was organised and c i v ilis a tio n began to move toward t h i s re g io n , Joseph Sippy o f Medina County, Ohio,; had mads a prospecting t r i p to * Indiana in 1835 asn was favorably impressed by th e land f a llin g w ithin th e borders of Fulton County,

Consequently, on th e f i r s t day o f June,

I 836, a colony o f fo rty -sev en s ta rte d w ith t h e i r scanty possessions on

59

Charles J , Kappler (comp, and e d .) , Indian A f f a ir s , Laws and T rea ties v o l s ,, Washington, 1903}, I i , 196, These volumes are a p a rt o f the Senate rocnnerris, 57 Cong,, 1 S e s s ., ( s e r i a l n o s. Ii2p3 k $ h ). ~ Henry A. B arnhart, An Account of Fulton County from i t s Organi­ zatio n (Dayton, Ohio, 19237* 26-27. Laws o f In d ian a, 1835-1836, General,

103

wagons drasni by oxen f o r th e Koosier S tate* 62 hogs* sheep* and a cow*

Each fam ily a lso brought

Others began to come and probably th e

Michigan Eoad served as th e main guide to th e county.

By I3p0* the

population co n sisted o f 70*19 per cent from th e Middle Mest* 1^*91 p ar cent

from th e

Middle A tla n tic S tates*

9*77 per

cent

from th e

South*

3*33 p er cent from fo re ig n countries* and 1*55 p er cent from New England* . - In th e case o f Fulton County* the o ld er men held, th e purse s trin g s among th e f iv e h ig h est p ro p erty holders*

F rederick Ault* a Pennsylvania

; merchant* six ty « fo u r y ears o f age in R ochester headed th e l i s t w ith r e a l estate, v alu a tio n s o f £12*330* Another merchant* U illism Renneils* fourteen years younger* in Henry Township from th e Old Dominion S ta te ' ! ■Was Second T&th n in e ty -s ix hundred d o lla rs* A New York farmer* Henry Kent* in Rochester* who d u p lic a te d A ult^s age took t h ir d place w ith nine thousand d o llars*

Three men* P eter Barron* a fo rty -y e a r-o ld

Koosier wool manufacturer* also in Rochester j Henry Hoover* a farmer* six ty ~ fiv s y ears old from th e T arheel S ta te in Henry Township^ and Young Ralston* a t h i r t y - s i x y ear old landlord* from Ohio in Ricljlend Toimship t i e d fo r fo u rth place w ith f iv e thousand d o lla rs each* A sh o rt resume w ill in d ic a te th a t approximately one per cent of th e t o t a l populatio n in each county co n sisted of Hew'Englanders» I t can re a d ily be seen* th erefo re* th a t th e se i n te r io r counties were not as popular among th e Yankees as th e border counties in th e no rth ern

62

Barnhart* An Account o f Fulton County* 136-137#

109

tie r*

N evertheless* th e in h a b ita n ts from th e Middle A tla n tic S ta te s

freq u e n tly chose one o f th ese counties* yet* they s e tt l e d in la rg e r numbers in th e f i r s t t i e r *

Although Hew Tork was w ell re p resen ted in

th e border counties* in th e middle t i e r Pennsylvania forged ahead in th e number born w ith in h er b o rd ers.

Moreover* Southerners had s e ttle d

in la rg e r numbers in th e middle t i e r then in the northern •

Furthermore*

fo re ig n e rs had n o t been a ttra c te d to th e i n te r io r counties to any large extent* th e average being only s lig h tly over th re e p er c e n t.

S ix ty -

seven p er cent c r more o f th e in h a b ita n ts were M idw esterners.

Generally*

th e Hoo s ie rs were in th e m a jo rity except in Kosciusko* Starke* and Tihitley where th e Buckeyes emerged ahead w ith a s lig h tly higher per­ centage* The t h i r d o r southern t i e r of northern Indiana composed of Wabash* Miami* Cass* White* and Jasp er vary from th e two t i e r s alreadyd iscu ssed .

These f iv e are a l l i n te r io r counties except Jasp er which

borders th e s ta te of I llin o is * Approximately th re e months a f te r th e tr e a ty w ith the Potawatoioi and Miami* a North C arolinian* famuel McClure* £?** emigrated from Ohio to lo c a te on the Old T reaty Grounds in Vabash County* which area soon became known as th e headquarters fo r a l l newcomers.

McClure arriv ed

w ith h is fam ily on January lf>* 1827* and in the spring was followed by David B urr.

I/hen th e work o f surveying and lo c a tin g the lin e of the

T/abash and E rie Canal* vM ch was to cross the county* was bo gun* Burr became th e f i r s t canal commissioner.

In 1830 a p o st o ffic e was

no

established on th e t r e a t y groundss and he was appointed th e f i r s t 63 postmaster* Jiv e y e a rs l a t e r Wabash County was organised0^ and the population began t o grow u n t i l in 18$0 th ere were twelve thousand people in th a t a r e a .

An a n a ly s is of th e in h a b ita n ts shows t h a t 70*3?

per cent were M idw esterners, 12e82 p er cent from th e Middle A tla n tic S ta tes, 12.28 p er cen t from th e South, 3.1*0 p e r cent from foreign co untries, and ,81* p e r ce n t from New England*

Hie la s t fig u re was

the lowest recorded f o r a county in northern Indiana* In d iv id u a l lan d holdings in d ic a te th a t TJabash was not a poor county, A f if ty - y e a r - o ld farm er, Hugh Kanna,

6*5

from the Blue Grass

State in Mobls Township le d tjse l i s t w ith f o r ty thousand d o lla r s , Richard E nglish, an I r i s h m erchant, th ir ty - f iv e years old in L&gro followed w ith 3 3 h ,l0 0 ,

From th e Keystone S ta te , Jonathan a . Ingham,

a farmer s ix ty -e ig h t years of age in Lagro was th ir d w ith t h i r t y thousand d o lla r s .

A farm er, John Y/haleneck,

66

_.

fo rty -e ig h t years old

from V irg in ia in h a lts Township; and m I r i s h merchant, Robert E aglich, forby years o ld , in la g ro t i e d fo r fourth place w ith f if te e n thousand d o lla rs .

^ John M orris ( p r i n t e r ) , H istory of Wabash County, Indiana (Chicago, 1531*), ?3-9h.

^

s£ In d ia n a , lS3h-l33$, General, i*2-l*3.

^ Hugh Hanna was bom near Georgetown, S cott County, Kentucky, on July 26, 1799. In O ctober, lSol*, the fam ily moved to Payton, Onto. The spring o f 1821* was chosen f o r the journey to Fort ^Wayne. ilev en ^ years l a t e r he s e t t l e d in Wabash County, John M orris, nisaory of babash County, 231,

I ll

White s e t t l e r s began to d r i f t in to Hiaiii County the f i r s t p a r t of 1827, th e i n i t i a l entrance being made by John McGregor, who was followed by Joseph Holman in August o f th a t y e a S e v e n years l a t e r th e county was organised,

68

o f over eleven thousand p eople.

and by iSpO i t had been the choice They came from f a r and near w ith

68 ,9$ per cent being n ativ es of the Hidc-Le West, 13*05 per cent of the Middle A tla n tic S ta te s , 12,77 per cent from th e South, 3*19 per cent from fo reig n c o u n trie s, and 1,68 per cent from Hew England, The fiv e h ig h est property holders in Miami County on th e average w ere y o u n g e r th a n t h o s e i n W abash, A New l o r k fa r m e r , D a n i e l B o a r s s , forty-tw o years old in Peru Township had th e highest r e a l e s ta te v slu a•tio n s , £if5>,725>* John V*• H ille r ,

70

another farmer in the same township

fo rty -fiv e years of age from the Keystone .State was second w ith property valued a t £1*3>1*00* A th irty -e ig h t-y e a r-o ld Pennsylvania merchant, William Smith,

71

in Peru was next with f if te e n thousand d o lla rs • In

67

Brant & F u lle r, H istory of l.iami County, Indiana (Chicago, 1887); 362-363. " — ----68 Laws of In d ia n a, 1533-183^, pp* 61-65*

69 D aniel R. Bearss was born on August 23, 130?, in Genesee, Livingston County, Nsy/ f o rk . Around 1311, the family moved to P a in e sv llle , Ohio, $nd four years l a t e r to D e tro it, In 1823, he began to work fo r the Ewings in Fort Wayne, end s ix years l a t e r moved to Peru, B rant & F u lle r, H istory of Miami County, Indiana, 39H-395, 7C John E. H ille r entered th e Hoosier S tate w ith a yoke of oxen th a t pulled the d ila p id a ted wagon containing a few household belongings, accompanied by his w ife w ith a babe in her arms rid in g on the back of a b lin d horse from Ohio in 1328, Arthur L, Bodurtha, History ox Hi aim. County, Indiana (2 v o ls ., Chicago, I p i l i ) , I I , 1$2, ^

I&Hiam Smith who was born March 15, 1811, in Bedford County,

112

Pern Tfere also Susan and. I i l l lain D aniels, tvrenty«threo and tw elve years of age, from Ohio, each l i s t e d for twelve thousand d o lla rs . In a p rim itiv e cabin surrounded by a dense f o r e s t, where Indians and w ild b e a ts reigned supreme, Alex Chamberlain took up h is abode in th e summer of 1326, and engaged in a program of improvements for the area vdtrdn the p resen t lim its of Logansport®

72

The t r a i l had been

biased to Cass County and each year i t widened a l i t t l e more*

By 1828

th e le g is la tu r e deemed i t d esirab le to organize th e county*^

Twenty-

two years l a t e r 67.1s3 p er cent of i t s in h ab itan ts vrere n ativ es o f the Middle TJest, liu$2 per cent of the Middle A tla n tic S ta te s, 10*35 per cent o f th e South, $*23 per cent o f foreign co u n trie s, aid 1*06 per cent o f Hew England® On the b a sis o f r e a l e s ta te valuations Cyrus T a b e r,^ f i f t y years old from Rhode Islan d in Eel Township was th e w ealth iest nan in

Pennsylvania, cane to Peru in l83h. Brant & F u lle r, History of Miami County, 1;?1. The county h is to ry and census record vary by one year on tn e age. 72

E©. Jehu Z. Powell, H istory of Cass County, Indiana (2 v o ls ., Chicago, 1913)> I j 322-326T ^ ^ avr3 £ i Indiana, 1828"-1329, pp. 26-23.

^ Cyrus Taber was bom a t T iverton, Hswport County, Ehoee Islan d , on January 19, 1500* TJhsn he attain ed the age of th re e h i3 fa th e r moved to western Hew lo rk and l a t e r to Pennsylvania• Shortly before hs celeb rated h is tw enty-fourth b irth d ay , he went to Fort Payne. For a year he was sick and h is money dvfindlad away u n til he was in debt to th e amount of t h ir ty d o lla rs before being able to work. Helm, H istory of Cass County, Indiana, £73-”$7U#

H3

th© t h ir d t i e r .

H$ was cre d ite d w ith $91*990* A fo rty -y e a r-o ld

Pennsylvania merchant* William W, Haney f i f t y thousand d o lla rs ranked second.

in Miami Township w ith

Williamson W rig h t* ^ a young

attorney* th ir ty - f iv e years of age from Ohio in Eel Township had holdings valued a t fo rty -fiv e thousand d o lla rs .

The next two a

speculator* Thomas J . Cummins* fo rty -th re e years old from Kentucky* and a fo rty -e ig h t-y e a r-o ld merchant* George B. Walker from th e Old Line State* both in Eel Township shared the fou rth p o sitio n w ith th i r t y thousand d o lla rs each. Although the surveyors had not completed th e i r work* in the area of White County by the spring o f 1829, Joseph FI, Thompson immigrated to th e region now embraced w ith in the present boundaries of Big Creek Township,

The b ars o f immigration had been l i f t e d and o th ers came

u su ally in fam ily groups* and small settlem ents of Kentuckians* Tennesseans* V irginians* Ohioans* and Pennsylvanians grew lik e mush­ rooms*^

On February 1* l83h* therefore* a la v was passed to organise

the c o u n t y S i x t e e n years l a t e r , th e population was composed of

^ K illia n W. Haney.- was born in Bucks County* Pennsylvania* December 2£* 1809. At ;he age o f tw enty-five* he made th e journey to Indiana by steamboat* flafb o at* and pirogue. Powell* H istory of Cass County* II* 75>Q-7jl. ^ Williamson f r ig h t was born on May 13* l 8lh* a t L ancaster, Ohio. He was graduated from Miami University* Oxford* Ohio* a t th e age of eig hteen . In 1835* he came; to Logansport. t b id .* n * 782, ^ W, H. Hanelle* A Standard History of T.hits County* Indiana (2 v o ls.* Chicago* 191?)* I*~5I7 ^ Laws o f Indiana* 1833-183^* pp. 67-68.

lilt

69.91 per cent from th e North C entral S ta te s , 13 *2)4 per cent from the South, 13*0? per cent from the Middle A tlan tic S ta te s , 1*U7 per cent from fo reig n c o u n trie s, and 1.03 per cent from 'New England* Is/hite County, however, was not able to match th e r e a l e s ta te v aluations o f i t s neighbor, Cass.

The la r g e s t amount, fo rty -fiv e

thousand d o lla rs was recorded for h illism M, Kenton, a fo rty - th re e y ear-o ld farmer from Ohio,

Jeremiah Bisher s ix years older also a

farm er from Pennsylvania was next in lin e w ith eighteen thousand d o lla rs .

Another Buckeye farm er, Jackson A tkins, was th ir ty - f iv e

y ears old and had accumulated eleven thousand d o lla rs .

Benjamin B a ll,

a fo rty -th re e -y e a r ■ - o ld farm er, from V irg in ia, and Francis G. Eendte, a merchant from th e Keystone S ta te , th irty -se v e n years of age, were l i s t e d fo r te n thousand d o lla rs . I t was not u n t i l a f te r the tre a ty of 1832, th a t Jasper County was considered by white men as a place to e s ta b lis h a new home • E lth an eye fo r p ro fita b le tra d e , William Donahue, who lo cated in C-illum Township in 1332, was th e f i r s t permanent s e t t l e r to enter

Immi­

g ran ts cam© in slow ly, but on February 17, I 838, the county was o rg a n is e d .^

By 18$0, the Middle Test represented the la rg e s t per­

centage of sny area, ?lu83, the Southerners followed w ith 12 &i\ per cen t,

^ Louis H« Hamilton and V /illian Darroeh ( e d s .) , A Standard h isto ry of Jasper and Nev.ton Counties, Indiana (2 v o l s C h i c a g o , lyj2>), TTbO* ^ Laws o f Indiana, 1837-1838, Local , 268.

iiS

t h e M id d le A t l a n t i c S t a t e s w it h

8

w as t h e l a r g e s t am ount r e c o r d e d .

Pt The c o u n ty c le r k ? G eorge >7. S p i t l e r ?

from V ir g in ia end i n M arion T ow nship w it h r e a l e s t a t e v a lu e d a t s e v e n t y s i x hundred w as n e x t*

A f o r t y - f e e e - y e a r - o l d fa rm er? Jam es H eld ? from

Ohio in B a r k ley Team s h ip w as t h i r d w it h s e v e n th o u sa n d d o l l a r s * P e n n sy lv a n ia n s? J a co b Fonp?

82

T in e s

a fa n n e r ? f i f t y - f o u r y e a r a o ld i n I r o q u o is

Township^ D avid T a y lo r ? f i f t y - o n e y e a r s o l d and a m erch a n t in M arion Tow nship] and B enjam in W elsh ? a farm er? f i f t y - t h r e e y e a r s o ld i n Jord an Tow nship w ere e a c h l i s t e d f o r s i x th o u sa n d d o l la r s * A summary o f th e t h i r d t i e r show s t h a t a p p r o p r ia t e ly one p er­ c en t o r l e s s o f t h e t o t a l, p o p u la t io n in e a c h c o u n ty c o n s i s t e d o f Hew ' E n g la n d e r s« An a v e r a g e o f a b o u t t h i r t e e n p e r c e n t from t h e M id d le A t la n t ic S t a t e s p r e v a ile d i n e a c h c o u n ty e x c e p t C ass w h ere i t w as s l i g h t l y o v e r f o u r t e e n and i n J a sp e r o n ly a b o u t n in e *

M oreover?

t h e c o u n tie s i n th o t h i r d t i e r had a la r g e r p e r c e n t a g e o f S o u th e r n e r s

G eorge S p i t l e r w as c o u n ty c le r k and c le r k o f t h e C ir c u it Court from I 8 3 6 t o 1856* He a l s o ta u g h t th e f i r s t s c h o o l a t R e n s s e la e r In th e e a r ly f o r t i e s . B a rin g th o e a r l y t h i r t i e s he came ’.n e t* H am ilton and B arroch ? A S ta n d a r d H is t o r y o f J a sp e r and H eaton C o u n tie s ; I? ~ “ ‘ ~ S5-H.1I1, 11, ) © 7 82

T h is naniQ i s a lm o st i l l e g i b l e and may? th e r e f o r e ? ha m is s p o ile d *

H6

than existed in e ith er the f;lrst or middle t i e r ,

Over th irte e n per

cent o? h h ite County*s.inhabitants had emigrated from the South, Approximately th irte e n per cent of Miami County’s population were also Southerners. Likewise* both Jasper and tabash had over twelve per cent} but Gass ju s t a l i t t l e over ten per c e n t* On the ether hand} over fiv e per cent of Gass County’s population was composed of foreigners.

In the other counties of th is tie r} i t varied from one

to three per c e n t0 The number of Midwesterners in these counties ranged from sixty-seven to about seventy-five per c e n t„ Boosters* of course; were th e most numerous.

Surprisingly* Cass was th e f i r s t

county to be organized in th is t i e r and represented the lowest per­ centage from the North Central S ta te s; while Jasper formed ten years ' la te r boasted the highest percentage. Each t i e r had natives from every section and many foreign countries} but the percentage v aried .

Hew Englanders and aliens had

settled in la rg e r numbers in the f i r s t t i e r .

Moreover} inhabitants

from tho Middle A tlan tic S tates indicated a preference fo r the f i r t t t i e r but were also tro ll represented in the second t i e r .

The la rg e st

percentage of Southerners* howevers was located in the counties of the th ird tie r* With resp ect to the five highest property holders in each county, i t should also be observed th a t in each t i e r th ere wore some from every section and foreign countireo. Nevertheless; the largo fit amount of wealth was centered in Allen County and Starke represented tho other extreme.

The average fo r each t i e r is also worthy of considerables*

117

Although the holdings Tfere very larg e In Allen County* tb s averages for the other counties in the f i r s t t i e r Tfere not high enough fo r th is t i e r to d a l e f i r s t position*

The th ird t i e r vdth an average of

t 25*352*60 vms the la r g c s tl followed by &22*750«80 for the n o rth e rn -tie r; and (p *3.78 *!i,6 fo r the middle t i e r . The various sections and foreign countries made an in d elib le impression upon northern Indiana and together they la id a s o lid foundation tM ch has r a t hot cod the storms of tim e.

CHAPTKt V COhCLUSIOII In order to obtain a b e tte r understanding o f northern Indiana* i t was necessary to give soma consideration to the topography*

This

regio?i occupied by numerous lakes and ch aracterised by a predominance of la c u strin e p lain s vMch are narked by broad marshes* or areas which were marshes a t one time* broken by low send rid g es or knolls noy be divided in to fiv e s e c tio n s.

To these subdivisions which c o n stitu te

•appropriately eighty-seven hundred square miles* geographic names have been applied.

Beginning in the northwest corner of Indiana they are

the Calumet L acustrine Section marked by larg e sand dunes; the Yalparais Moraine Section containing knolls and sags; the Kankakee Lacustrine Section ch aracterized by sandy rid g es and marshes; th e Steuben Morainal Lake Section composed of many lak es end moraines; and th e Maumee Laoustrin e Section p ra c tic a lly f e a tu re le s s • Moreover* an in te re s tin g view of th i s area was gained from the f ie ld notes of a few e a rly surveyors*

Most of th e ir rep o rts were

unfavorable * and then i t was questionable whether immigrants would locate

in noxthorn Indiana*

Occasionally* however* favorable accounts

appeared such as those of Solon robinson3 Nevertheless* floods* diseases* exhaustion of so il* in su ffic ie n t returns on a g ric u ltu ra l products* scanty her roots* f a ilu r e of crops* and numerous other causes in th e older areas of the United Statue and abroad* kindled a sear]: w ithin to cook r e l ie f beyond native borders

'yjhen the minimum amount fo r such a journey could be procured* The fa c t th a t people s e ttle d in northern Indiana s ig n ifie s th a t the causes exerted a g reater influence oyer then then the ■ obstacles which cay have ex isted in th a t a re a .

An a ttra c tio n may

have been the lo r cost of land since i t vras possible to purchase eighty acres at

per acre.

Then* too* some of tho surveyors*

notes indicated th a t the region might appeal to squatters inasmuch as i t v/as not lik e ly th a t the land would be bought by speculators. They came by land and w ater.

I f they entered from tho north

in a l l p ro b ab ility one or more of these routes were

used* the b rie

Canal.* eastern turnpikes? V istula Road? Great Sauk T rail? Vabash end Erie Canal? and th e Kaumeo R iver,

Those who made th e ir entrance

through cen tral Indiana probably \tsed the National Road and cn.ce within the boundaries of Indiana continued on the Quaker Trace or the Michigan Road,

Southerners might use the National Road or th e wilderness Road

and eventually pursue a route that linked with northern Indiana, • Generally speaking? one may conclude th a t most of the Southerners who took up th e ir abode in northern Indiana used the National Road because' s many of th e ir children were born in Ohio, The modes of tra v e l varied as much as the temperature from Maine to KLorida, Those devoid of moderate means trudged meat on fo o t,

Young

single men frequently cane on horseback» The most popular means of tra n sp o rta tio n ? however* fo r a fsr& ly was the wagon? although some also used the flr.tb o a t,

The stagecoach? ra ilro a d ? keelboat? and steamboat

120

transp o rted others fo r a t le a s t a portio n of the way* In addition to accounts of d e fin ite ro u te s used to reach Indiana th e b irth of ch ild ren gave a f a i r l y goocl p ic tu re of the path to the Booster S ta te « As a rule* flew Ihglanders used a northern ro u te , tfh ile immigrants from the Middle A tla n tic S ta te s, except natives Or 1'XOV/ York, csire across c e n tra l Ohio, and Southerners also chose to en ter from th e Buckeye S ta te ,

A number of Yankees a t f i r s t

pas sad by Indiana fo r I ll i n o is and remained in the l a t t e r s ta te from fiv e to ten years before r e tre a tin g to tho Hoosier S ta te .

This possibly

nay be a ttrib u te d to the larg e send dunes, suamps, or unbroken forests® The movement b est Trent in cycles end some years the waves vrers la rg e r than o th e rs.

Conditions throughout the country had some bearing

upon th e number th a t em igrated,

This i s demon strafed by the f a c t th a t

during years of depression l i t t l e land was so ld , but when the family purse began to sw ell, the dosire fo r a home in th e T/est also began to grow. Attempts wore irado to obtain c e rta in areas in the, Koosier Boats for tho purpose o f tra n sp la n tin g a colony from Vermont and How York, but n e ith er p e titio n was granted* N evertheless, a t le a s t th re e major settlem ents were mole in Indiana am fellovrs? by Vermont in Steuben County, by the Anish in Lagrange, and by llaxylanders in Allen County® Numerous smaller coLUGUnities sprang no throughout the entire.? region*

For in stan ce, ivt

Lagrango County, a 7Jew Higlandor, C^orgo b k - lc o tt, scotXea ur/A r.

121

others followed w ith th e r e s u lt th a t th e town was named in h is honor Q Tho Yankees s e ttle d in la rg e r numbers in the border counties# end as early ae 1800 had t c th e ir c re d it the founding of Ctrl and Academy in Steuben Comity, which gives some in d ic a tio n of th e ir in te r e s t in hirjier educations

John Stocker from the Green Mountain S tate did the

spade work in th is county and no doubt was responsible fo r lu rin g New Englanders to t h is region.

Another Yankee, Solon Robinson, from

Connecticut was th e loading s p i r i t in Lake County, In te re s tin g ly enough# th e counties -which were popular- w ith New Englanders wore also th e choice of n ativ es from tho Empire S ta te ,

One

may, th e re fo re , conclude th a t th e ancestors of How Yorkers wore Yankees< Probably f i f t y p er cont or noro of the n atives from Nor York who s e ttle d in northern Indiana were of New England e x tra c tio n . By X8J?0, outside o f the North C entral S tates th e in h ab itan ts from the Middle A tla n tic States wore the most numerous*

The Southerners

were next and e sp e cia lly in the counties on the southern boundary lin e of northern Indiana*

In Be Kalb, Kosciusko, Noble, S tarke, Steuben,

and T/hitley, th e re ware more i^ckeyes than B oosters«

This would seem,

to ind icate th a t ami,eLgrution to th is araawus of wore recent date .than to other counties in northern Indiana, which i s su b stan tiated by the fa c t th a t th e younger children were born in Ohio* Of the foreign element, the Germans nacle tho moot in d e lib le impression of any group, whose numbers were wore pronounced in Allen and Lake counties than a l l other a lie n s put together*

122

thsve war? d s o a sp rinkling of Uegroo3 and Indians*

In a l l

p ro b ab ility some o f th s colored people bad accompanied a r a s te r from 'the South to the 'b o rd er -State and once on free s o il continued in the employ o f th e ir former superior or pursued come other occupation# With respect to th e In d ian s* one uay assume* th a t they had never become a part of an emigration tre k or had returned by 18 do to th o ir old stamping grounds * ✓

Moreover* the age c-f th e people i s noteworthy* since f i f t y four per cent of the Hevr Englanders were above f o r ty .

The gouihernaro

ranked next- w ith fo rty -fo u r per cent* and they in. t o n were followed by the nativ es iro n th e kiddle- A tla n tic S ta te s w ith twenty-nine per­ cent and then the fo reig n ers w ith tvrenty^seven per cent#

Almost

•seventy-eight po:e cent of the -lidwe stern er s were below twenty years of age* but fo r the Boosters i t was n in ety -th ree per cent in tho same range# (b the b asis of sectio n a l alignment the twenty-one counties group themsolves in to th re e d iv isio n s • The f i r s t or northern t i e r is composed of LeJ.ce, Porter* La Porte* St* Joseph, Elkhart* Lagrange* Steuben* Do Kalb* noble* and A llen counties.

Innkees were more

numerous in lake* Lagrange* Do Kalb* and Steuben than inh ab itan t? Iron below tho OMo l i v e r .

Southerners* however* had s e ttle d in la rg e r

numbers in La Porte* S t. Joseph* Elkhart* aid Noble counties thar. natives from Lev; England• In both A llen and Lake the foreign element co n stitu te d n.oro xhan twenty per cent of the t o t a l population fo r each of theso c o u n t i e s „

123

-Th© Kiddle A tla n tic S ta tes had tho highest percentage of representa­ tives* excluding the North Control States? in a l l counties in th e f i r s t t i e r except A llen? where the a lie n s ranked second* Whitley? Kosciusko? liar shall.? Starke ? Pulaski? and Pulton? e ll in te rio r counties? comprise the second or raddle tie r *

The New

Englanders made up only about one per cent of the t o t a l populationa Here as in the f i r s t t i e r the n ativ es from th e Kiddle A tla n tic S ta te s ranked next to the Midwesterners • Southerners? licvever? had s e ttle d in larg er numbers in th is d iv isio n than in tho northern tier®

More­

over? only an average o f about th re e per cent from foreign countries had estab lish ed themselves in each of th ese in te r io r counties« £3 a rule? th e Kcosiers were more numerous in every county? except S tar Ice? Kosciusko? and Whitley whore the Buckeyes had a s lig h t edge over the Indianans. The remaining fiv e counties Wabash? i'ia m ? Cass? U nite? and Jasper c o n stitu te tho third, or southern tie r ? e l l in te r io r counties except Jasper*

One per cent or lose of tho to t a l population consisted

of New Englanders.

N atives from the Kiddle A tla n tic Chutes took there

usual positio n o f second place in a l l counties except Jasper and White where tho Southerners forged ahead for second plo.ee. On tho b asis o f tho fiv e highest property holders in each county i t vras discovered, th a t tho la rg e s t amount of wealth in any ono county was concentrated in Allen? and. Starke represented the other exbreno• Despite tho f a c t th a t th ere 'was so r.udi w ealth in Allen Coujfcy? the

le

■remaining counties in th e f i r s t t i e r (lid not possess enough to f ir s t*

This p o sitio n t;ss assigned to the th ir d or southern t i e r

tiidch had an average o f $2$ 93$2 . 60* 'iha northern d iv isio n took second place vdth an average of (52 57oOe80; and the middle group tr a ile d m th a much 1 truer amount; $3 ATS ehu * I t has been the general consensus c^hopinion' th a t feu le v Englanders s e ttle d in Indiana*

k ith respect to the northern p art

of the s ta te ; the present in v estig atio n has indicated th is to bo true*

Only about th re e per cent of the. population in th a t area ivas

composed of Tankees*

On the other hand the study revealed th a t

Southerners comprised over seven per cent of the in h ab itan ts in northern Indiana*

In h h tte County th is percentage v/as almost doubled

Moreover; l a Porte County bounded on the north by tho state c.f thichlg . had a population of approsdnately eig h t p er cent from tho South* The view* th e re fo re ; th a t fouthernors did not s e ttle beyond th e Old National Road i s not v alid on the b asis of th is research* To date l i t t l e has beon w ritte n about tho people fro n the Middle g tla n b ic S tates or foreigners in Indiana*711 s 'i s .a very f c r t i l fie ld because they s e ttle d in comparatively large numbers• Over . nineteen nor coat of northern Indiana1s yonnlation consisted of non A A A and T'ouen from the Piddle A tla n tic States * Doth pareisylvunio.r.s and t e Workers had a la rg e represent at ion in the region and must have had a hand in the development of th a t p art of tho Ilcooier fuate* ?iirth-;r:.iore trie holeraeneous .all or. V'cudl-ation cT non thorn. Indiana

125

I t ' appeal’s could fu rn ish enough m aterial to make h isto ry as in tere stin g as any modern novel# Although the Iloosiers co n stitu ted over f i f t y per cent of the population in a l l counties except Lake ; where i t was only fo rty -fiv e per ce n t; i t should be noted th a t the m ajority of them were below ton years of age*

For th is reason one might} th erefo re; conclude

th at the re la tiv e ly larg e number of Indianans i s not of any great significance; esp ecially since the parents themselves had cone from \

New England; from the South; from the Middle A tlan tic S ta te s; and from foreign c o n n trie s• I t was> a fte r e l l ; th e older generation th a t made the furr-ovr which the children followed*

APPJilfPIX

12?

POPOMTlO’f OP BCOTE3B W DUU, 1820-1850 Ccuntj

1B20

1830

XSHo

1S?0

996

$t9&

16,919

1,162

5.4$o

10,986

1$?63

8,251

69660

12,697

Fulton

1*993

5,982

Jaspgx’

1*26?

3,51$

Kosciusko

hA70

10,21-li

Lagrange

3*661^

8,357

Lake

1*468

3,991

La Porte

8*181;

12,lhS

. Marshall

1,651

5,31*9

Miaul

,3 ,oKB

13,303

Nobio

2,702

7,91*6

Porter

2,162

5,236

561

2,596

6,h25.

10,955

11:9

557

2;57B

6 ,10?

2,756

12,13-3

Allen Cass De Kalb Elkhart

93?

Pulaski St* Joseph

287

Starke Steuben Wabash

lis?

Ho retu rn s

TJhito

tmr

Wh.il: l e r Total

5A90

_______ _

IK?

3/ ; . e

6*

li,760

i

165,036

12 8

cj

8 $

t' -» C’\ C \ M \