Ibn Khaldūn: An Essay in Reinterpretation
 9789633864692

Table of contents :
CONTENTS
PREFACE
PREFACE TO THE 2003 IMPRESSION
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
FIGURE: ANATOMY OF THE MUQADDIMA
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
CHAPTER ONE. THE PRIMACY OF THE HISTORICAL
CHAPTER TWO. THE PROBLEMATIZATION OF HISTORY
CHAPTER THREE. THE HISTORICITY OF KITĀB AL'-IBAR
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ORIENTATIONS
ADDENDUM TO THE 2003 IMPRESSION
INDEX

Citation preview

,%1.+$/'¤1 AN ESSAY IN REINTERPRETATION

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,%1.+$/'¤1 AN ESSAY IN REINTERPRETATION

Aziz Al-Azmeh

Central European University Press LLL

© 2003 Aziz Al-Azmeh First published as ,EQ.KDOGÜQ, An Essay in Reinterpretation in 1982 by Frank Cass This edition published in 2003 by Central European University Press An imprint of the Central European University Share Company Nádor utca 11, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary Tel: +36-1-327-3138 or 327-3000 Fax: +36-1-327-3183 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ceupress.com 400 West 59th Street, New York NY 10019, USA Tel: +1-212-547-6932 Fax: +1-212-548-4607 E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retriveal system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Publisher ISBN 963 9241 58 X Cloth ISBN 963 9241 50 4 Paperback ISSN 1587-6470 CEU Medievalia Volume 4

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Al-Azmeh, Aziz. Ibn Khaldun : an essay in reinterpretation / Aziz Al-Azmeh. p. cm. Originally published: London : Cass, 1982. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1. ,EQ.KDOGÜQ, 1332-1406. 2. History--Philosophy. I. Title. D116.7.I3 A95 2003 907'.202--dc21 2002152316 Printed in Hungary by Akaprint Kft.

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