How to Read Chinese Drama in Chinese: A Language Companion 9780231558006

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How to Read Chinese Drama in Chinese

HOW TO READ CHINESE LITERATURE SERIES

HOW TO READ CHINESE LITERATURE __________________________________________________

ZONG-QI CAI, GENERAL EDITOR YUAN XINGPEI, EDITORIAL BOARD DIRECTOR

How to Read Chinese Poetry: A Guided Anthology (2008) How to Read Chinese Poetry Workbook (2012) How to Read Chinese Poetry in Context: Poetic Culture from Antiquity Through the Tang (2018) How to Read Chinese Prose: A Guided Anthology (2022) How to Read Chinese Drama: A Guided Anthology (2022) How to Read Chinese Prose in Chinese: A Course in Classical Chinese (2022)

How to Read Chinese Drama in Chinese: A Language Companion

GUO YINGDE, WENBO CHANG, PATRICIA SIEBER, AND XIAOHUI ZHANG

Columbia University Press New York

Columbia University Press wishes to express its appreciation for assistance given by the Center for Language Education and Cooperation in the publication of this series.

Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York! Chichester, West Sussex cup.columbia.edu Copyright © 2023 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Guo, Yingde, 1954- author. Title: How to read Chinese drama in Chinese: a language companion / Yingde Guo, [and 3 others]. Description: New York: Columbia University Press, 2023. | Series: How to read Chinese literature Identifiers: LCCN 2022022723 (print) | LCCN 2022022724 (ebook) | ISBN 9780231209564 (hardback) | ISBN 9780231209571 (trade paperback) | ISBN 9780231558006 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Chinese language--Readers. | Chinese language--Textbooks for foreign speakers--English. | Chinese drama--History and criticism. | LCGFT: Textbooks. Classification: LCC PL1117.G864 2023 (print) | LCC PL1117 (ebook) | DDC 495.186/421--dc23/eng/20220603 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022022723 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022022724

Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America Cover design: Milenda Nan Ok Lee Cover image: Susii © Shutterstock

!"#" Contents

!"# Preface to the How to Read Chinese Literature Series

vii

$"%&'( A Note on How to Use This Book

ix

)*+, Major Chinese Dynasties

xv

-./0123456 Symbols, Abbreviations, and Typographical Usages

789: L01

:;< Yuan Zaju Plays !"#$%&'()*+,-./ The Orphan of Zhao, Wedge, Act 1 (Ji Junxiang)

0123 Lesson Exercises L02

xvii

456$789)-:;-./ The Story of the Western Wing, Book Four, Act 1

1 17 20

(Wang Shifu) 0123 Lesson Exercises

7=9: L03

42

>:(? Song-Yuan Nanxi Plays ?$@ABC)-DEFGHIJTop Graduate Zhang Xie, Scene 16

46

(Excerpt) (The Nine Mountain Society) 0123 Lesson Exercises L04

KL$MN9)-ODF PQRS The Lute, Scene 20 TWuniang Eats

70 74

HusksU (Gao Ming) 0123 Lesson Exercises

7@9: L05

89

A;< Ming Zaju Plays VW$XYZ[\]^)-.FGHIJThe Female Mulan Joins the Army in Place

93

of Her Father, Act 1 (Excerpt) (Xu Wei) 0123 Lesson Exercises

107

vi

Contents!

7B9:C L06

ADEF Ming-Qing Chuanqi Plays

_`a$bcd)-eF fgGHIJ The Peony Pavilion, Scene 7, TThe

111

Boudoir SchoolroomU (Excerpt) (Tang Xianzu) 0123 Lesson Exercises L07

_`a$bcd)-DF hiGHIJThe Peony Pavilion, Scene 10, TThe

134 138

Interrupted DreamU (Excerpt) (Tang Xianzu) 0123 Lesson Exercises

155

GHIHJK0LM Abbreviations of Primary Texts

161

?©ª«¬A-®ß㯰$%&'±C²³°Y%&I±ÇŸjØ´µ¶²·¸¹«qO yº»¼O½¾¿ßÀUÁjÂÛÄÅ\¼›\ÆŽÇÈɨÉÊ®ËH8z}ÌÍÌzI¨ ÎÏ{:ÐØÑ~ßÒÓÔÕk7Ö#C×,8z¨;Øßm]ÙÚØÛUÜÝ„ÀUÜÝÉ «qO»¼¡½¾›sÚŒ$•%&€•Öo‘’$“”• mò jiàn dàn

guì yún

zhāng gǒng yǒu hé dé néng gǎn láo shén

Q¶–$ºÌ•—¹Å¹O xiān xià jiàng

zhī tā shì shuì lǐ mèng lǐ

（张生见到莺莺，跪下 说）张珙有何品德才能， 怎敢劳烦仙女下凡，就好 像在做梦一样。

30

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【村里迓鼓】

P˜¹™šS cūn lǐ yà gǔ

›>Ì`aœ•$ měng jiàn tā kě zēng mú yàng

猛然见到她这亲爱的模 样， （说）

!B& bái

我那里的相思病啊，

01¸¹öž?$ xiǎo shēng nă lǐ dé bìng lái

（唱）

!Ÿ& chàng

7

`¡¢=£5

&#

早就治好了九分。

zǎo yī kě jiǔ fēn bù kuài 想之前曾被你责备，

¤z>Ú$ xiān qián jiàn zé

y¥õ2¦§¨F

&$

shuí chéng wàng jīn xiāo huān ài

ì0A6?©˜$

谁成想今晚却得男欢女 爱！

小姐有这般用心，

zhuó xiǎo jiě zhè bān yòng xīn

=:ۥ$

不才的张珙

bù cái Zhāng Gǒng &%

ªÏ•‚5

一定要跪拜。

hé dāng guì bài

01›«Ž?¬$

&&

xiǎo shēng wú Sòng Yù bān róng

小生我没有宋玉和

&'

-•?®$

潘安那样的美貌，

Pān Ān bān mào &(

¯°?:ˆ Zǐjiàn bān cái

也没有曹植那样的才华。

!"#$%&'()$!*+!,-$

AA$·Ÿ•`±>_GpiF jiě jie ˆ nǐ zé shì kě lián jiàn wéi rén zài kè

31

姐姐，你真是怜惜我这样 一个异乡人啊。

48. õö n. (Buddhism) previous incarnation. 49. ÷ø n. quilt and pillow. 50. ùú n. heart, mind. û (ü) v. to repay, requite. 51. ý aux. (colloquial writing) used at the end of a sentence to indicate that it is an imperative. þ v. to scare, intimidate. MdnC: ÿ (xià). 52. à v. to recover, be cured. ±! adj. indisposed, under the weather, out of sorts. 53. "¨ v. to expect. 54. #$ (%) m. v. must, should. 55. &' Sòng Yù (fl. 298–263 BCE), a poet from the state of Chu active in the late Warring States Period. He is believed to have been tall and handsome. 56. () Pān Ān (247–300; also known as Pān Yuè (*), a famous handsome and elegant writer from the Western Jin dynasty. 57. +, Zı̌jiàn (192–232; courtesy name Cáo Zhí -.), the son of Cáo Cāo -/ (155–220) and a talented poet.

【元和令】

P²³%SL yuán hé lìng

´µ¤¶N·$

&)

你的绣花鞋这么小 巧，

&*

一把挽起你纤细的 腰身。

xiù xié er gāng bàn chāi

¸¹¤º™»$ liǔ yāo er gōu yī nuò

¼½½='\¾X$ xiū dā dā

bù kěn bǎ tóu tái

„â¿ÃS5

把头靠在绣着鸳鸯 图案的枕头上。

'+

zhī jiāng yuān zhěn āi

%ÀÁÂÃ`Ä$ yún huán fǎng fú zhuì jīn chāi

你羞答答地低着 头，

'!

金色发簪从头发上 滑落，

32

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ÅÆÇȤÉ5

'#

歪着的发髻让你更 加美丽。

piān yí dí jì er wāi

P#ÊËSL

【上马娇】

shàng mǎ jiāo

Þâ6ÌͤÎ$ wǒ jiāng zhè niǔ kòu er sōng

我把你的纽扣松 开，

\ÏФÑ$

把你的腰带解下，

bǎ lǚ dài er jiě

ÒÓÔÕe5

'$

幽兰的香气飘散在 我的房中。

lán shè sàn yōu zhāi

=IÖ\GåÍ$

'%

你这家伙把我害的 呀，

bù liáng huì bǎ rén jīn hài

×$ä='I×ؤ? hāi

zěn bù kěn huí guò liǎn er lái

'&

诶，你怎么不肯把 脸转过来

58. +0 m. w. the length between a stretched-out thumb and an index finger. Yingying’s foot is only 10, indicating it is very small. 59. 23 m. w. a handful. 60. OÖ v. to press close to. 61. A4 n. cloudy coif. 45 (6) n. gold hairpin. 62. 7+adv. the most, particularly, especially. 89 n. hair coiled and tied at the back of the head. 63. :; ( (?) n. (term of endearment) lit. “the heartless one,” “the cruel one”; fig. “my dearest love.” @~ v. to torment, torture. 65. A interj. expressing sadness, regret, or surprise.

L PÙ¼½SL shèng hú lú

【胜葫芦】

!"#$%&'()$!*+!,-$

Þ6¹ÚŽÛ\ÜÝ–5 wǒ zhè lǐ ruǎn yù wēn xiāng bào mǎn huái

Þ$ßà*Má$ yā

啊，就像是阮肇到 了仙界，

''

Ruǎn Zhào dào tiān tái

春天来到人间，鲜 花绽放。

,âGHŠ•Ô5 chūn zhì rén jiān huā nòng sè

⸹ãä$

我怀里抱着美人， 温暖又轻柔。

轻轻摆动柳枝一样 的腰身，

'(

jiāng liǔ yāo kuǎn bǎi

她的花心轻轻绽 开，

')

Š˜‰·$ huā xīn qīng chāi

就像露水滴入牡丹 花中。

åæçèÁ 5 lù dī mǔ dān kāi

PéêSL

【么篇】

yāo piān

ëììí¤î#?$ dàn zhàn zhe xiē’r má shàng lái

ïtö³ð$

'*

稍微插入一点儿， 便感到酥麻， 我们像鱼水一样和 谐交欢，

yú shuǐ dé hé xié

ñòË\óôõ5 nèn ruǐ jiāo xiāng dié zī cǎi

(+

她像鲜嫩的花蕊散 发娇香，任蝴蝶随 意采摘。

(!

N‹N4$

表面上推辞，心里 却很欢喜，

bàn tuī bàn jiù

"ö"¨$

又是吃惊又是恩 爱，

yòu jīng yòu ài

÷øù\ê5

(#

tán kǒu wèn xiāng sāi › +

+

亲吻着你的香腮。

33

34

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66. ësOMt. Tiantai. According to legend, during the Eastern Han dynasty, Ruǎn Zhào and Liú Chén were gathering medicinal herbs at Mt. Tiantai when they met two beautiful goddesses. They lived with them for half a year in the mountains while 100 years passed in the human realm. 67. OB adj./adv. slow(ly), gentle(ly), deliberate(ly). C (D) v. to sway, wave. 68. 0 v. to open. 69. E adv. only, merely, just. FOv. to dip in. G+adv. a little, a bit, somewhat. H v. to feel numb. 70. I v. to throw off restraint, do as one pleases. 71. 1J1K (idiom) to yield with a show of reluctance, give way after making a show of declining. 72. LM n. crimson lips. N v. to press. Here it means “to kiss.” +++

!"•%&•0A=ú$€•2ûö4à mò guì yún

($"

xiè xiǎo jiě bù qì Zhāng Gǒng jīn xī dé jiù zhěn (%

ü$Y°-Ê-†5 xí yì rì quǎn mǎ zhī bào

!Œ%&ýþ`-ÿ$™Œú-5!—" dàn yún

qiè qiān jīn zhī qū

yī dàn qì zhī

cǐ shēn jiē

#$%¶$Û&Ì°>ú$'ýÖB¾tuō yú zú xià

wù yǐ tā rì jiàn qì

shǐ qiè yǒu bái tóu zhī

(5

(&

（张生跪着说）感 谢小姐不抛弃我， 张珙今晚得以和你 共枕席，以后一定 像犬马一样报答 你。 （莺莺说）我千金 一样宝贵的身体， 一夜间交给了你。 我的身家性命都托 付给您了，以后千 万不可抛弃我，让 我有白头之叹。

tàn

!"%&01)“s!O mò yún

('

张生说）小生怎么 敢这样做呢！

xiǎo shēng yān gǎn rú cı̌ ((

!"*è+w&

（张生查看巾帕）

mò kàn shǒu pà kē + 73. KOv. to approach, draw near to, tend toward. 74. cO£û (cP£ü) (idiom) (polite expression) to earnestly repay somebody’s favor. 75. Q (R) v. to entrust to, commit to the care of.

!"#$%&'()$!*+!,-$

ST n. some other time or day, some day in the future. ÅU£V (ÅW£X) This alludes to the grief expressed by Zhuó Wénjūn PQR in her poem “White Hair Lament” when her husband, Sīmǎ Xiāngrú SCDÔ$

自从遇到了这位美 女，

)$

zì cóng féng rěn sè

¾E§=¶–5

)%

sī liáng de bù xià huái

FpËHG$

我的忧愁皆因为与 你的阻隔，

yōu chóu yīn jiān gé

…¾›äH$

)&

我的相思无处安 排。

xiāng sī wú bǎi huá

•IJ=>Ú5

)'

xiè fāng qīng bù jiàn zé 78. \] (^) n. silk handkerchief. _ (`) Å adj. shining and white. 79. a (b) v. to gaze, look at. 80. § v. to touch, adhere to. c v. to hide (or carry) in one’s clothes. 81. d (e) adv. extremely, exceedingly. f adj. wonderful, marvelous. gOaux. final particle in an exclamatory sentence. 82. hiOadj. refreshed, relieved. 83. jƒ n. beauty, good looks. 84. kl v. to miss, keep thinking about. mn (o) v. to forget, dismiss from one’s mind. 85. Cp (Dq) v. to arrange, handle. 86. rsOn. (term of endearment) for women. tu (v) v. to be blamed.

L L

心中的思念从此就 放不下来。

感谢你没有责备 我。

!"#$%&'()$!*+!,-$

【柳叶儿】

P¸K¤SL liǔ yè er

我把你当心肝儿一 般对待，

Þâ·L˜M¤?*¥$ wǒ jiāng nǐ zuò xīn gān er bān kàn dài

TN}0AOB5

)(

玷污了小姐的贞 洁。

))

我废寝忘食地排遣 内心的相思之苦，

diǎn wū le xiǎo jiě qīng bái

PQRST˜Í$ wàng cān fèi qǐn shū xīn hài

如果不是真心诚 意，

&=•U˜d$ ruò bù shì zhēn xīn nài

忍受着内心的折 磨，

fgS$ zhì chéng ái

ä’V6…¾W;X?O

)*

又怎么能够让这相 思苦尽甘来？

zěn néng gòu zhè xiāng sī kǔ jìn gān lái

P¨Y¤S

【青哥儿】

qīng gē er

34}2¦§¨$

成就了今晚的男欢 女爱，

chéng jiù le jīn xiāo huān ài

ÆÇp¡Zn•5

*+

我的灵魂都飞到了 九霄云外。

hún fēi zài jiǔ xiāo yún wài

[âö>·ú•0\\$ tóu zhì de jiàn nǐ duō qíng xiǎo nǎi nai

]^ij$

*!

等到见你这个多情 的小奶奶啊， 我的身体都憔悴 了，

qiáo cuì xíng hái *#

_.î`5 shòu sì má jiē

瘦得像麻杆一样。

37

38

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今晚的欢会，

2(³ð$ jīn yè hé xié

我都怀疑是不是真 的。

*$

aÙŒî5 yóu zì yí cāi

*%

åæ\b$

露水滴下香尘，

lù dī xiāng āi

€JYZ5 fēng jìng xián jiē

台阶上的风也静 了，

qcde$

月亮照进书斋，

yuè shè shū zhāi

%dÊw5

像云锁住了阳台 宫。

yún suǒ yáng tái *&

我仔细回想，

exrB$ shěn wèn míng bái

就好像你是在我的 梦中到来一样，

„Œ•'(Åf?$ zhĭ yí shì zuó yè mèng zhōng lái

我的愁苦真是无与 伦比。

*'

p›g5 chóu wú nài

!Œ%&ÞIJ______ ( A______ (

) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

a. L345 b. ƒG*ƒ7 c. 9:*;< d. >Í*’> e. ?@*A? f. B6*6C g. 4D*EF h. GvHI

C. JKLMÌNO,DP$%Ì'QÉ#RSÌ1TUVWaChoose the appropriate words from the left column of Vocabulary Review B to fill in the blanks according to the contextual meaning of each sentence. 1. :XY*Z[\*]______ƒa 2. ^…_`a*bì@c______a 3. Mddef*______gghHa 4. ijþ@k______ül*mé*njopa 5. qNnrsptu*vwÖxü______a 6. yz{______|}~•€‡a 7. y•{\‚‚______H_ƒî„a 8. „„̺ԅ______*ÕÖ)|a

! ! '"()"Activities" O A. v†‡1*q*[1ˆ‰Š‹Œ•Žm•hm•‘’“”•–—̘™Xš«›œ•ŠÌ˜ ™žŸ q*¡¢¢Ì–—£Œ…¤¥¦§¨©©ªh*c«*¬-®X¯°•Ì•±X•U ²†-¢¢*†¡q*̘™¡˜™³´Ì–—µ¶*š«h·©©¸¹*º»*X¼*½¾ Œ ¿ * À Á *  à * H Ä * ï Å * ¬ - Æ Š • Ç § 0 È É a In your view, how would you characterize the language that Student Zhang uses to describe his feelings with regard to romance, passion, and sexual interest? Do you think that the description of Student Zhang’s feelings falls within the domains of love, lust, and/or sexual aggression? If you were Yingying, what emotion(s) would Student Zhang’s language and/or his feelings elicit from you: admiration, enchantment, amusement, indifference, embarrassment, annoyance, suspicion, contempt, or something else? Explain why.

44

!,./$/01$Yuan Zaju Plays $

B. ÊË*̇ÍÎŒ 1927 JÏÐÑÒÓ̃Ô[Õ!Ö×ØÙÚ×;½ÛÜ5a”ÝÜ5ÌÞ ß³àmáQâã*äåv\æ˜çè_éê.ëȧìí´*Çîïð’Í…¤ñòa First, watch Hou Yao’s modern silent-film version of what is called The Romance of the West Chamber (1927) (identical to The Story of the Western Wing). For background on the film version and for a file with English translations of the intertitles for the film, see The Story of the Western Wing on the “Chinese Theater Collaborative” site. Then think about and answer the following questions: 1.O ,¥•ó{äå‡#ôõö:÷øTª¹•Ü5Iù[ ¥•úû•ü1ýþÿ:ÌTø‘ ’•How do we know that the two main protagonists are romantically interested in one another? What sorts of visual cues does the film use to communicate that interest? 2.O 1920–1930 J!Y•"#$%"”ÝÜ5\&'_m\…(_*†-ÙM”)Ì*+*¬-,”ÝÜ5vHh¡.§ü/0s 12+•Is the film “low-brow” and “vulgar,” as some critics charged in the 1920s and 1930s, or does it strike a balance between eroticism and propriety? C.OÇ34…¤é5*678ÚÌ9:;?@A=Œ 1640 JB¡”Y#çÌC DaIn the famous Min Qiji album (1640) illustrating The Story of the Western Wing, the artist illustrated this act as shown in figure 2.1.

FIGURE 2.1 The thirteenth in a set of twenty multi-colored wood block renditions of The Story of the Western Wing (Xixiang ji !"#) by publisher Min Qiji EF; (1580-after 1661), this image features the lovemaking scene, while playfully exploring ideas of gazing, (in)visibility, and intrigue ( HTRCDrama, chap. 4). Source: Min Qiji; Das Westzimmer, China, Wucheng (Provinz Zhejiang), Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst (R 62,1, Köln). https://mok.kulturelles-erbe-koeln.de/documents/obj/05161815/rba_d012779_13 Credit: Courtesy of © Rheinisches Bildarchiv Köln, Walz, Sabrina, 2009, rba_d012779_13

!"#$%&'()$!*+!,-$

45

”G?IHIJ hK•LM ¥•hK•ù[ š«Nœ•O•†P«D§?QQþÌ&) :R•†ûs”G>?-¡ShÌTU+V*¬-çWXQþ \_Y_”Yöò•-š«• Which plot elements does the picture leave out? Which ones does it incorporate? What kind of symbolism might be present? How do you relate to the different figures in the picture? Is this an earnest picture about the content of the play, or is it a tongue-in-cheek picture about eavesdropping ( HTRCDrama, chap. 8)? Why? D.O Zío[\]R^_G `abc