How to Identify Mushrooms to Genus I: Macroscopic Features [Revised edition] 0916422003

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HOW TO IDENTIFY MUSHROOMS TO GENUS I: Macroscopic Features BY DAVID L. LARGENT

illustrations by Sharon Hadley Key by Daniel E. Stuntz

David L. Largent Biology Departrnent Humboldt State University Arcata, California 95521

Sharon Hadley P.O.Box 121 Paisley, Oregon 97636

Daniel E. Stuntz Botany Departrnent University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195

David L. Largpnt 1986 David L Largent Rellsed Edition Published by Mad River Press, Inc. Route 2, Box 151 B Eureka, C4 95501 @ @

Printed by

Eureka Printing Co., Inc. 106 T Street Eureka, C4 95501 ISBN 0-916-422-00-3

To my wife, Pamela.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

............................................... 2 .............................................. 3 .................................................... 4 ............................................... 7 ........................................ 9 . ............... 10 ..........................................10 ................................................. 10 .................................. 11 ................................................. 11 ............................................... 11 ............................................... 15 .............................................. 16 .............................................. 20 ............................................... 27 ............................................... 28 ................................... 28 . .......................................... 28 ............................................. 29 ..................................... 31 ................................ 31 .............................................. 31 ............................................. 33 ......................................... 33 ................................... 34 ................................................. 34 .......................................... 34 ........................................ 36 ........................................ 39 ................................ 39 ..........................................41 ......................................... 41 .............................. 41 .......................................... 45 ......................... 45 .......................................... 48 ..................... 49 . ................................... 51 ............... 60 . .......................................ti5 ............................. 79 .......................... 97 ........................ 111 ... 119 ................................ 126 ........................................ 128 ........................................... 166

List of Plates List of Figures Preface Inuoduction How to Use this Book I Put One: Macroscopic Features of the Basidiocarp A. Measurements B. Color C Characters of the Pileus 1. Size 2. Shape 3. Color 4. Margin 5. Surface 6. Flãh 7. L a t a D. Characters of Lamellae 1 Attachment 2. Spaang 3. Relative thickness 4. Color and color changes 5. Margin 6. Gil1 face 7. Edge-onview E. Characters of the Stipe 1. Size 2. Attachment 3. Shape 4 . Surface 5. Color and color changes 6. Consistency 7. Flãhof stipe 8. Prãence or absence of veils F. Growth Habit G. Type of Fruiting Body -1ttachment H. Spore Color I. Guidelines for safe Mushroom Collecting LI Part Two: Stature Types iii.P u t Thm: Generic Identification by Stature Type IV Part Fom . Key to genera of Mushrooms using only Maaoscopic Features, V .Part Fivc: Generic Desaiptions Comparison of Hcbeloma and Inocybe Comparison of Omphalina and Mycma Comparison of Psilocybe. Stropharia. Panaeolus. and Psathyrella hlushrooms with Waxy Gills Index and G l o s q Literature Cited

LIST OF PLATES Plate 1.Pileal Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Plate 2. Depressed & Umbonate Pilei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Plate 3. Pileal Margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Piate 4. Pileal Margin (surface view) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Piate 5. Pileal Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Plate 6. Pileal Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Plate 7. Gil1 Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Piate 8. Gil1 Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Plate 9 . Stipe Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Plate 10. Stipe Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Piate 11. Stipe Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Plate 12. Surface at the Stipe Apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Mate 13.Position of Annulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Rate 14. Types of Partia1 Veils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Piate 15.Types of Universal Veils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Plate 16. Types of Volvas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Plate 17. Sporocarp Attachment & Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Piate 18. Stature Types with Free or Finely Attached Gills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Plate 19. Sature Types with Attached Gills & a Fleshy-fibrous Stipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Piate 20.Stature Types with Attached Gills & a Cartilaginous Stipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Rate 21 . Stature Types with an Eccentric or Laterally Attached Stipe or Without a Stipe . . . . . . . . . 59

LIST OF FIGURES 1. Development of Amanita. . .from . . button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 t o mature fruiting body . . ................9 2. Basidiospores vr. ..Arcospores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3 Rleal Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4. Shape of Pileal Mar& (urface view) . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Spacing of GiUs . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .1. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 29 6. Inserted Stipe 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 7 . Types of Fruiting Body Attachment . . . . . . . . . . 52 8. Zoned Volva Typical of Amanita muscaria . . . . . . . . . . 54 9. Decurrent Gills of Clitocybe avellaneialba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 10. Double Annulus of Agaricus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 11. Free Gills of Pluteus cervinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 12. Lacunose Stipe of Helvella lacunosa

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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION For the past five yean I have been teaching a course on fleshy fungi through the Extension School of Caiifomia State University, Humboldt. The most common question asked of me by students, amateur mycologists, or casual observers is, "How do you te11 poisonous from edible mushrooms?" The only way to te11 edible from non-edible mushrooms is t o know what the name of the mushroom is, then lmk up this in a reference book to see if it has been safely eaten before. Then are a number of good reference books on mushrooms. Some of them are . . , Lange &Hora A Cuide to Mushrooms and Toadstools O. K. MUer Mushrooms of North America Srnith 7Xe Mushroom Hunter s' Field Guide Stuntz 7he Sairory Wild Mushroom

ietters. I want t o especially acknowledge my partner in this crime, Sharon Hadley, who did Lhe drawings for this book. I have never met a more bnght and cheerful person, nor a more broadly knowledgeable amateur naturalist. Finally, I wish t o dedicate this book to my wife Pamela. I thank her for her constant companionship at home and in the field, for her help in typing, and for just being herself. She made this book possible. David L. Largent Eureka, California October, 1973

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A11 of these contain pictures and short descriptions of the most commonly encountered fleshy - fung. " But an important omission in ali of these reference books is a complete, well-iilustrated portion explaining the fundamental features that a professional mycologin uses t o name (identify) fieshy fungi. The best available source of information on features used to identiG fungi is Aiexander H. Smith's Mushrooms in their N ~ n i mHabitats. l It contains chapten on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics but is difficult to use. 'lhe purpose of this b m k ir to teach the reader how t o identify mushrooms using only m m s c o p i c features of the fruiting body. Macroscopic features, or those that can be seen with the naked eye, require no special equipment and are thus useful for everyone. included at the end of this manual ir a key t o many of the mushroom genera using only the macroscopic characten herein described. A second volume is planned to follow that wiil deal with microscopic features. This book began as a rnimeogaphed, non-Ulustrated list of features used in nlushroom identification put together by Hamet Peters (now Harriet Burge) and ~nyselfin 1961. At that time we were both studying under h.H. D. Thien of San Francisco State College. The mimmgraphed lists have since been revised and enlarged by Dr. Thien and myself inourrespective courses in the study of fungi. I would like to here acknowiedge and èxpress my gratitude t o h. Thiers for introducing me to the world of fungi and for his patience and encouragement in teaching me so much about this area that has become my major professional interest. The concept of habit type (srouping ~nuslirooiiiswith siiiiilar features) is used by Dr. Daniel E. Stuntz in his tutorioe of tIiousands of aiiiateur mushroom Iiunters througliout the Pacitii Northivest. I was fortunate enough to also liave studied under Dr. Stuntz. and arn very p t e f u l to hiiii for fostering niy iliterests and for çontinuing t o direct nly eduiatioii in tlie fuiigi. l ai11 furtlier indebted to the Pugt Sound Nycolo@crl Socieiy. wliose scientilic advisor is Dr. Stuntz, since the idea for the section of this book on "How to Collect Mushroosis" (pp 49-50) resulted from their summary of a siniilir article in one of tlieir iiews-

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION This book has now been used by various agaricologts, amateun and professionals alike, for three and one half yearr. It has been reprinted fve times and has received numerous positive comments; therefore it appean to have achieved its purpose. I am extremely grateful for that and would like to take this space t o thank everyone who has found this book useful. I would like t o acknowledge more specifically the contributions of Dr. Daniel E. Stuntz. Not only did I copy the concept of habir ryp from him but I also used his keys. These parts of this book should be attributed more to his knowledge and efforts than t o mine. Furthermore I would like to take this opportunity to say that I consider him t o be one of the most outstanding human beingr 1 have ever met. Stand proud Daniel E. Stuntz, you have every right to do so. The information contained within this edition is basically the same as the first edition except for grammatical errors and a few technical changes (such as the use of Naucorioid and Annellarioid, for example) which were gratefully made by Roy Watling. Not only did he make them once, but twice; it seems I mislaid the fint changes. So, Roy, piease accept my thanks as weli as my apologies. I fail'ed t o give a a r l i e Bro\vn his due in the fint edition of this book. Severa1 of the drawings were his: Plate 12, Fig. A;Plate 15, Figr. A, B;Plate 16, Fig. C; as well as Figures 8 and 9. Ali the other drawingr were done by Sharon Hadley who has received LLsuper-kudos"from everyone. If anyone wants t o contact Sharon, she can be reached at the following addreu: P. O. Box 121, Paisley, Oregon. 97636. Write her; she will be delighted. Finally I wish t o rededicate this book to my wife, Pamela. My life has become delightfully calm since I married her in 1970. Everyone should be lucky enough to find their Pamela. Thanks Pam, I love you. David L. Largent Eureka, California July, 1977

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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION Thirteen years have passed since this book was first written. During this time, it has been used as a textbook in numerous mushroom-identification courses and it has also been used to aid a large number of individuals in their study of mushrooms. I have received commenu from many people who alio provided suggestions on how to improve the book. In response to these suggestions, this third edition contains a revised version of the key, generic descriptions, and an extensive glossary. Most importantly. I would like to acknowledge the contributions of Daniel E. Stuntz. Much of the information contained in this book was either taken directly from his teaching handouts or was taught to me by him when I was a graduate student a i the University of Washington. A quest for knowledge was the only demand Daniel Stunu made of his students, and if a student professed a desire to learn, Dan Stuntz satisfied that desire. Unfortunately Dan Stunu died recently. However, I am sure that wherever Dan may be. he is teaching someone about fungi with joy, enthusiasm, and love. Finally, I wish to rededicate this book to my wife. Pamela. and to my three children, Linnaea. Jonathan. and Allison. For the past sixteen years, I have 1ed a very content and extremely happy life. With three lovely, bright, active. and happy children, and with a delightful wife. I expect the next sixteen years to be even more wonderful. Everyone should be as lucky as I. Thanks, Pamela, I love you. David Largen t Eureka, California June, 1986

I NTRODUCTION

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A mushroom is the "fruiting body" often called a basidiocarp of a fungus. The fruiting body is the structure that bears the microscopic propagules called S ~ that ~reproduce r ~the fungus. A mushmom is therefore similar to an apple on a tree - the apple bears small seeds which ultimately reproduce the tree. %e remainder of the fungus is called the vegetative (feeding) portion, and consists of microscopic filaments called hyphae (singular hypha) which form a mass known as the mycelium. Funga1 mycelia occur in a wide vanety of substrates. If the mycelium grows in the soil, the substrate is said to be terrestrial; if it grows in wood, it is called lignicolous; if in dung, it is called coprophilous; occasionally, mushroom mycelia grow in other mushrooms, and this is known as a fungicolous substrate. The mycelium obtains food from the organic products present in these vari o u ~substrates by liberating enzymes that break down complex compounds, such as celiulose and lignin, into soluble products. The soluble products are then absorbed and used by the hyphae as food, resulting in growth of the mycelium. %e mycelium continues to grow as long as the combination of various environmental factors (such as moisture, temperature, pH, C/N ratio) remains favorable. 'lhe proper combination of factors varies with every fungus. It appears that biolo@cal factors are often important. For exarnple, many fungi are found only associated with certain kinds of trees. (In some of these cases, the mycelium is known to form a symbiotic relationship with the tree roots called a mycorrhizal association.) At some point in the development of the mycelium, presumably due to subtle alterations in the various physical, chemical and bioiogical factors that comprise the funga1 cnvironment, changes occur that eventually result in the formation of the reproductive stage, the mushroom. The factors causing the shift from vegetative to rzproductive growth are not understood, but moisture seems to be important. But even though the cause of the changes is unknown, the changes themselves sre well-documented. Two kinds of mycelia are necessary for the changes to begin. They differ in the nature of their nuclei. The mycelia look alike, but belon; to different mating strains. one of which is called the "plus" (+) strain, and the other the "minus" (-) strain. One or more cells of each mycelial strain fuses with cells of the opposite type to form a so-called secondary mycelium that contains both types of nuclei. (The original mycelia are called primary mycelia.) The secondary mycelium might continue to grow independently of the primary mycelia, but sooner or later will develop into the fruiting body. This response is again caused by complex and unknown environmental effects, but seems to occur in the following wvay. The accumulates into a small heap which ultimately -... secondarv mvcelium forms the primordium. The primordium can be found within or on the surface of the substrate and is not more than two millimeters in diameter. The time required for developiiient of the priniordiuni is quite variable - lnywhere froiii one dsy to three weeks depending on the species and/or environmental factors. Ultirnstely, the priniordium enlarges into a rnacroscopically visible, usurilly -

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round mass of interwoven hyphae called a button. The button is most often found just protruding out of the substrate and can vary is size. I have seen buttons of Mycena lilacifolia which were no larger than 1/32nd of an inch in diameter, as well as buttons of Amanita calyptroderma that were six inches in diameter! If tlie button is cut lengthwise into halves, the following structures can be seen. The universal veil is a cottony rol1 of mycelium that completely (universally) covers the button. The gill cavities contain tissue that will become the gills, structures on wliich the spores are borne. In the case of Amanita and many other mushroorns, the gill cavity is covered by another layer of tissue, at this time almost indistinguishable from surrounding layers, callcd the partial veil. The button tissue above the gill cavities will develop into the pileus (cap) and the part between the cavities will develop into the stipe (stalk). Thc button grows into ilic mature fruiting body in two stages. (See figure I, page 8) Fiat, the button increases in height, due mostly t o elongation of the tissue between the gill cavities. This results in a rupturing of the universal veii, with the cap and the stalk becoming visibly distinct parts of the mushroom. The rupturing of tlie universal veil may leave pieces or remnants of the veil (abbreviated u.v.) on the surface of the pileus o r at the base of the stipe. On the pileus, the remnant may be a single patch, o r various kinds of warts. The remnant of the universal veil attached to the base of the stipe is called a volva (cup). At this point the gills are still not visible in the example we are using because they are covered by the partial veil, which stretches from the apex of the stipe to the margin of the pileus. (The partial veil is abbreviated as p.v.)

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The second stage o f mushroom growth emphasizes lateral development o f the pleus resulting in expansion of the cap, but little if any increase in height of ,tipe, Due to the lateral growth, the partial veil is ruptured. In Amanita, the mpturing occurs a11 around the pileal margin, leaving a skirt-like patch called the annulus (ring) attached t o the stalk. The lamellae (gills) are now visible on the undersurface of the pileus. Lining all surfaces of the gills are cells called basidia, wl"ch at maturity bear the spores (sometimes referred to more specifically as basidiospores). The function of the mushroom is to produce these spores which are liberated from the basidia and develop into another geneiation of hyphae. The vast majority of fungi producing fleshy fruiting bodies belong t o the class Basidiomycetes, so-named because of the production of basidiospores. Some, however, belong t o the class Ascomycetes, which differ in having the spores (callcd ascospores) borne within a sac called an ascus. The difference between these two modes of beanng spores is illustrated in Figure 2. Among t h e most familiar of the Ascomycetes that produce fleshy fruiting bodies are the morels and their relati~es.This book will consider only the Basidiomycete mushroorns.

Basidium Basidiospores

Ascus Ascospores

FIGURE 2: Basidia and Asci

partial veil

r.:

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ln order t o identify fungi, one must be able to understand the features used for this purpose. Since the mycelium of the various species of fungi are s o similar t o one another the features of the fmiting body are used exclusively for those fungi that form this structure. Almost every conceivable feature of the fruiting body has been used t o identify the various species: macroscopic features, features visible only with t h e aid of a microscope, the reaction of the fruiting body t o various chemical reagents, and even the detection of special compounds using paper chromatography. Obviously, some features are more easily used, and give more useful infonnation than others. The novice will be able to te11 which mushrooms are poisonous and which are edible by learnina, n o more than spore color and macroscopic characteristics, and this book is designed to teach him how t o accomplish this.

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

FIGURE 1: Development of Amanita

In m y opinion an amateur learns to identify mushrooms well by becoming very good at recognizing features. Afrer recogizing features and after correlating severa1 combinations of features an amateur will be able t o identify mushrooms t o genus with some degree of certainty.

These various shapes of the pileus can be arranged in a continuum in which the cap can be thought to expand laterally wliile at the same time appear to become shorter in height. (see Plate 1) The shape having a relatively small pileal width compared to Conic (R. 1B) height is called conic (e.g. the pileal shape of Hygrophoms conicus); usually the margin is straight. If the margin flares out and the apex of the cap is not as sharply pointed as in the conic Campanulate (R. 1C) shape, the cap is called campanulate (e.g. the narrowly campanulate pileus of Panaeolus campanulotus) because it has the appearance of a bell. One of the most commonly encountered pileal shapes is one that has the appearance of an inverted bowl, i.e. is regularly rounded. This is called convex. The width of a convex cap is normally greater than its height. If the height is greater than the width, but Parabolic (H.1D,E) the cap is still regularly rounded, the term parabolic is used. One o f the greatest extremes of a parabolic cap is found in many species o f Coprinus in which the cap resembles a darning egg. Most convex caps continue t o enlarge laterally with age, causing the widthheight ratio t o increase. Often this results in the cap appearing almost flat, a Plane ( = applanate) shape called plane or applanate (e.g. the pileal (Pl. 1 F) shape of Crepidotus applanatusl ). Final1y, wi th age and usually also correlated with loss of water, the margin of the cap becomes turned upward, a Uplifted (R.1 C ) shape called uplifted. Descriptions of the side view of the cap must take into account not only the overall outline of the pileu s, but also whether or not there is a protrusion or a c p i t y at the apex of the cap. (see Plate 2) A protrusion, or bump at this position is called an umbo, and pilei that possess this structure are called umbonate (e.g. pileus of Suillus umbonatus). Umbonate The umbo can be sharply pointed, called acute Broadly umbonate (e. : . the umbo of Cortinarius acutus); or it can be (H.2B) rounded, termed broadly umbonate. Additionally, the a m b o can be sharply delineAcutely umbonate (Pl. 2A) ated but nther elongated, which is called cuspidate (e.g. the umbo of Entoloma cuspidatunl), or Cuspidate the umbo can be sharply delineated but not ated, making the pileus a p p a r breast-shaped, knowm as mammiiate or papiilate (e.g. the u ~ l ~ b o o f Nolanea papillata).

eionc

'0ften. generic or specitic names of fun, are derive, frim the same term that describes an obvious macroscopic feature o f the fruiting body. When this occurs, we have incjuded (he specim name in parentheses that shows Lhe use of Lhe term.

PL. 1 Pileal Shape A. convex, 6. conic, C. campanulate, D. broadly parabolic, E. narrowly parabolic, F. plane, G. uplifted.

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mie oppositc condition froni a bunip is the developnient of a.depression in the center of tlic pileus. llic sliapc Iicrc is callcd depressed and is often correlated with uplifting of Shallowly depressed the pileal margin. The cap can be shallowly de(Pl. 2 c ) Deeply depressed (PI. 2D) pressed or deeply depressed. The depression rnight be so deep as t o resemble a funnel, called infundibuliform (e.g. the pileus of Infundibuliform Clitocybe infundibulifort~iis/Cantharellusinfiindibuliformis). The depression might be of small diameter, narrowly depressed, or of large diameter, Nanowly depressed Broadly depressed broadly depressed. In some mushrooms, an umbo occurs in the depression, a condition referred t o as umbilicate Umbilicate (e.g. of the pileus of Clitocybe umbilicatum). b. SHAPE W H E N L O O K I N G DOWN O N THE PILEUS

Orbicular (Ovoid): (round)

\,/

Spathulate: (spathula-shaped)

n

Flabelliform: (fan-shaped)

(top view).

Petaloid: (petal-shaped)

Pleurotus petaloides) Dimidate: (semi-circular)

Conchate: (oyster-shaped)

. .

. .

( f

..

:

.. .. .. .

(e.g. fruiting body of Panus conchatus)

'.......

(e.g. fruiting body of Spathularia spathularis)

FIGURE 3: ~ h a i eof Pileus

3. Color of Pileus PL. 2. Depressed & Umbonate Pilei A. mammilate (umbo), 8. broadlr umbonate, C, shallowly depressed. D. deeply depressed.

Color is discussed on page 10, but the following special points about color of the cap should be noted. 1. Note the color of the pileus at different ages. Often young fruiting bodics change color with age.

2. Observe the color of the disc (central region of the cap) and of the margin. Unicolorous If the cap is uniformly colored, it is unicolorous (e.g. the pileus of Calerina unicolor). In some cases these two regions are differently colored, in which case the cap is said t o be Bicolorous bicolorous (e.g. the stipe of Nolanea bicolorzpes) 3. Notice any color changes due to bruising or simply rubbing the pileal surface. 4. Textured caps may show complex coloring. Note whether the background color of the cap is different from the color of the fibrils or squamules.

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Eroded (Pi. 4A) Rirnose Appendiculate (Pl. 4B,C,)

If the interruptions are irregular, the margin is referred to as eroded. (see Plate 4 ) If the interruptions are in the form o f splits which run radially toward the pileal disc, the margin is said t o be rimose. This term is also used when describing tlie surface of the cap. The pileal rnargin of a few species has patches or pieces of the partia1 veil attaclied t o it. This is called appendiculate (e.g. the pileal margin of Psathyrella appendiculata).

4. M a r g i n of Pileus The features of the pileal margin fall roughly into three.genera1 categories: those dealing with the shape of the margin as seen from side view when the cap is cut in half; those features seen from top view, looking down on the pileus; and those dealing with the surface of the pileal margin. a. SHAPE O F M ~ R G I N(as

seen in cross section) (Plate 3 ) Froni this view, the margin of a mushroom cap may vary from completely unexuanded to completely expanded. If the margin is rolled inward so it points Inrolled (R 3A) towards itself, it is cailed inrolled or involute (e.g. the pileal margin of Paxillta involutus). It might be curved in less, pointing to the gills, Incurved (H.3B) which is called incurved. It might be more or less parallel or pointing t o Decurved (= straight) the stipe, termed decurved, or straight. As the pileus expands, the margin usually be(P1.3C) comes pulled uptvards to become plane (approxiPlane (R.3D) mately perpendicular t o stipe) or pointed upward, Upturned (=uplifted) called upturned, or uplifted. It should be obvious (Pl. 3 E) that the margin in side view varies radically with age Iieiice these features should be described as a range, and not absolutely. An exaiiiple of a typical description would be, "incurved to decuwed when young, becoiiiing decurved to plane, or at times even uplifted with age." b. SHAPE O F M A R G I N (surface view). (Figure 4)

Entire

Crenate ( = scalloped) (Fig. 4A) Crisped ( = crenulate) (Fig. 4B) Undulatirlg (Fig. 4C)

The pileal margin of a young mushroom begins as a perfect circle, a condition known as entire. As the mushroom gets older the margin usually becomes interrupted to various degrees. If the i n k r ruptions are regular, like the edge of a scallop, the margin is said t o be crenate, or scalloped (regularly waw't. ,If the margin is finely wavy, it is called h s p e d or crenulate; if broadly wavy, it is termed undulating (e.g. the fruiting body of the Ascomycete, Rhizina undulata). J

A) Crenate

B) Crisped

C) Undulating

FIGURE 4: Shape of Pileal Margin (Surface View) c. S U R F A C E O F M A R G I N

Often the margin of the pileus appears to have lines of varying lengths orierited radially, similar to spokes of a wheel. The lines or striations niiglit represent an image of gills seen through the top of a wet pileus, a condition known as a translucentTransl~cent-striate striate (or pellucid) (e.% pileus o f Tubaria pelluc( = pellucid) ida) pileus. This condition is almost always associated with a hygrophanous cap. If the lines are not the image of the laiiiellae, but are part of the cap itself, the margin is called striate (e.g. the pileus of Itiocybe striata or if siriall striae then the pileus of Striate ( = pectinate) Laccaria striatula). A striated margin is ordinarily associated with a wavy niargin shape. as seen in top view. If the lines forni definite grooves, the margin is sulcate (e.g. the pileal iiiargin of Lentinits Sulcate sirlcatus). There iiiay be folds between the striae, a condition known as plicate-sulcate (e.:. pileus of flicate-striate Coriocvbe plicatella). If siiiall bumps are present on the striae. the niargin is called tuberculate-striate. lliese last two Tuberculate-striate features are frequently found in species of Rirssirla.

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meaning silky is sericeous (e.g. the stipe of Nolanea sericea).

5. S u r f a c e of Pileus The description o f the surface of the cap is emphasized strongly by investigators in distinguishing species. The different-looking surfaces of various kinds of fleshy fungi reflect differing manners of development from the button stage and thus reveal fundamental and important differences in the fungi. Consequently, the student should learn t o pay particular attention to th'is character when attempting to identify the fleshy fungi. The type of pileal surface can be more intimately seen by looking at a sectioned pileus under high magnification. The system of hyphae which comprise the surface is called the -iileipellis (or the Pileipellis ( = cutic'e) cuticle). Ali surfaces of a friiiting body except the spore-bearing surfacc Iiave a cuticle. ~rofesiional agaricologists (those who study mushrooms) often emphasize the type of cuticle possessed by a fungus as much or more than the thc spore-bearing surface have a cuticle possessed by a fungus as much or more than the nature of the surface when differentiating among similar species. Here, the cuticle will be considered a rnicroscopic character and therefore not within our scope, but students should remember that the surface (a macroscopic character) is determined by the nature of the cuticle (a microscopic character). The same system of hyphae is involved in both; the difference is only in how closely one looks at the structure. Fruiting body surfaces have many characteristics, and they are often difficult t o describe. The multiplication of terms designed t o describe these surface properties is probably greater than for any other feature, and has resulted in bewildering array of adjectives that makes understanding this feature a formidable task. The following pages define some fifty-five terms that can be applied t o pileal surfaces. To make this section more understandable, we have tried to illustrate as many terms as possible with line drawings. Some of the features, however, can only be properly demonstrated with photographs. It is hoped that a future edition of this volume wiil inciude such photographs. A final word about terms. Nature has provided a whole set of features. Man, in attempting t o describe these features, erects terms to signify the various features, the extremes of which are fairly easy t o understand. But the natural variation ís usually continuous, and it is the area between the extremes that it is difficult to express in words. It is these middle areas where additional terms proliferate. Understanding the manner in which terms evolve mi&t make leariiing them a bit easier. a. S H I N I N E S S O F P I L E A L S U R F A C E

Shiny ( = lucidus)

Dull Silky ( = sericeous)

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The surface can be shiny or lucidus, as if it were polished (e.g. the pileus of Nolanea lucida) or it can be dull, lacking a luster. A condition more or less between these terms is describing the surface as silky as if it were made of silk. Another word

b. WETNESS O F P I L E A L S U R F A C E

Dn/ ( = arid)

Glutinous Gelatinous

Moist Lubricous ( = oily)

'Viscid

Su bvisci d Tacky

The surface of the cap is called dry or arid (e.g. Phaeomarasmius aridus) if it feels as if it has no moisture in it at all. The exact opposite of dry is when the pileal surface has a heavy coating of gooey material on it resulting from thc absorptiori of s o much water by the surface that it has the consistency of liquid glue or jelly. Such a siirface is çalled dutinous (c.g. tlic veil of G'ot)~pllid~~s glutinosus) if it is like liquid glue, or gelatinous if it is jelly-like. AI1 of the remaining terms listed liere describe situations betwecn the two abovc extremes. Moist if the surface feels wet but does not fit any of tlic following categories. Lubncous if the surface feels slippery as if it is covered with a layer of oil or cream (e.g. the fruiting body of the Asconzycete, Leotia lubrica, or the pileus ofPholiota lubrica). The terms tacky, subviscid and viscid refer t o different degrees of stickiness of a pileal surface. A viscid (e.g. the pileus of Chroogomphus viscidus) surface is one in which the hyphae have absorbed water and the walls of the hyphae have begun t o gelatinize (to form a type of gluten), or t o beconie partly dissolved in water. Such a surface feels sticky t o the touch (touch is the most reliable o f the field tests for viscidity). Another field indicator of viscidity is the accumulation of debris o n the pileal surface. Subviscid refers t o a very slightly sticky surface (e.g. the pileal surface of Psilocybe subviscida), whereas tacky is an infrequently used term meaning less sticky than subviscid.

c. H Y G R O P H A N O U S N A T U R E O F P I L E A L S U R F A C E

In many mushrooms, when the pileal surface dries out it may change color s h a r'~- al vfrom what it was while moist. This condition is called hygrophanous. The process may takc Hygrophanous as long as half a day, or only a few minutes. In the latter case, unless the invcstigator is aware of the hygrophanous condition, the color change as well as uiller moisture-related features (such as a translucent-stiate margin) may be ovirlooked.

d. T E X T U R E O F P I L E A L S U R F A C E

The siirface texture o f the cap can vary in essentially two ways. The first is tlie drgree o f wrinkling, splitting or pitting; and the second is the degree of association of the hyphae which mak'e up the surface. In the first case, the property results frorn the way tlie hyphae are layered below the cuticle. The second group of features result frorri varying types of associstions of the hyphae \vlucli iiiake up the cuticle (= pileipellis).' i. Degree of Wrinkling, Splitting or Pitting

Smooth Scrobiculate Alveolate Lacun ose

Ri rnose Lacinate

Areolate Rivulose Rugolose Corrugate ( = rugose)

If a pileus has n o cracks, wrinkles or pits, it is called smooth. Otherwise, it can be one or a combination of the following. I. Pitted - the pits or depressions can be shallow, a condition called scrobiculate (e.g. tlie stipe apex of Lactarius scrobiculatus), o r deep, the pores of which are called alveolate (e.g. the pores of Favol~lsalveolaris). If the pits are very deep, surrounded by ridges, the surface is called lacunose (e.g. the stalk of the Ascomycete Helvella lacrrnosa) (Fig. 12 P. 58). 11. Split or Cracked - the surface can be split, usually in a radial manner, with the splits normally extending through the cuticle. In this case the pileus is called rimose (e.g. tlie pileal surface of Itlocybe rinzosa). If the splits and cracks are deep, cutting the surface into rather large segments, the condition is called lacinate (e.g. the branches of Herici~imlacinatum). If the surface gets torn into shreds or splits are irregular and result in the forniation of block-like areas like those formed when a rnud flat dries up, the condition is said t o be areolate (e.g. Gymnopilus areolatus). 111. Wrinkled with Iines - the surface might have lines shaped like a river and its tributaries, a condition called rivulose (e.g. Clitocybe rivulosa). If lhe cap is irregularly finely wrinkled, it is called mgulose (e.g. the pileus o f Lepiota rugulosa). If coarsely wrinkled or ridged, it is called rugose or corrugate (e.g. the pileal surface of Cortinarius comigatus or Pholiota rugosa or thc annulus of Sfroplraria rugoso-atinulata). Or the wrinkles might be as conspicuous as folds, which is termed gyrose (e.g. the pileus o f thc Ascomycete, Gyromitra SPP.).

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PL. 5. pileal Surface A. velutinous, B. hispid. C. pubescent D. canescent, E. floccose, F. tornentose, G. matted fibrillose, H . viliore.

ii. Degree of Hyphal Asrociation on Pileal Surface. (Plate 5, 6)

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The hyphae of the outer surface of the pileus can be oriented and associated with one another in different ways t o form easily observable surface textures. The pileus might be perfectly "bald", in which case it is called glabrous. This is contrasted with a surface consisting of erect, stiff hairs that Is called hispid, or a surface with erect, stiff scales (squamules), called scabrous. Ai1 other terrns used here reflect interniediate conditions. Glabrous - bald, even, sniooth, like a waxed Glahrous surface. Sometimes the term glabrescent is used, Glabrescent which means "becoming glabrous", or sornewhat giabrous. A giabrous pilcus may have some apparent texture which is more or less of an optical illusion, and is dependent on light reflection. If it appears as though covered by minute, shining Atornate particles it is called atomate (e.g. Psathyrella atomzta). If it looks as though it is covered by Micaceous glistening niica-like particles, it is called micaceous (e.g. the pileal surface of Coprinus micaceus). The hyphae of the pileal surface may be associated, grouped or agglutinated (stuck together) with each other. The result is that the suiface appears to be covered with powder, granules, fibrils, hairs, or scales. If the fibrils, etc. are present on young specimens, but disappear in older forms, they are said to be superficial. If they are lasting present on Superficial young and old specimens alike, they are called Innate innate. The superficial particles are usually the remains of the partia1 veil o r universal veil or both, whereas the innate structures derive from an intergrowth of the hyphae in the pileal cuticle (= pileipellis). The amount of hyphal association and the manner of the ssociation (whether laterally stuck together, or apically, or both) is the important factor in differentiating the following terms. If the pileus is covered with a fine powder as if it were sprinkled with a very fine flour, it is called Pruinose ( = puiverulent) pruinose or pulverulent (e.g. the veil of Pulveroboletus or the stipe of Russula pulverulenta or the pileus of Lepiota pulveracea). If the powder is bran-like in size and the pileus appears scurfy(composed of dry externa1 scales of cuticle, like Furfuraceous dandruff), it is said t o be furfuraceous (e.g. the pileus of Tubaria furfuracea). If the powder is larger yet, like grains of salt, the surface is called Granulose ( = granular) granulose or granular (e.g. the pileal surface o f

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Cystodernza grnnulosum). M e n the hyphae agglutinate laterally on the pileal cuticle, they form a texture .with visible filaments o r fibrils. A cap with

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PL. 6. Pileal Surface A. recurved squamulose, B. appressed squamulose.

Fibrillose

a surface of this kind is called fibrillose (e.g. the pileus of Leccinunz fibriflosum). If this condition is combined with a split surface, it is referred to as Rirnose-fibrillose rimose-fibrillose. Fibrils appressed (flattened) on the surface arc Appressed-fibrillose ter~iiedappressed-fibrillose. If lhe appressed fibrils appear as if they are niere streaks, the siirface is Virgate called virgate (streaked) (e.g. the pileal surface of Trichofoma virgatum). Tlie fibrils rniglit appear parallel t o the surface, but not flattened. A number of terms are applied here depending on the appearance of the fibrils as seen en masse. For example, the pileal surface is called downyDowny-fibrillose fibrillose when the fibrils form a downy layer. If it canescent ( = hoary) is densely downy, it is called canescent or hoary (Pl. 5D) (e.g. Hygrophorus canescens). When the fibrils have the appearance of cotton flannel, the term Floccose (H.SE) floccose is normally used. Sometimes this sarne Downy-wooly property is called downy-wooly to denote a condition intermediate between downy-fibrillose Tornentose (Pl. SF) and the next term, tomentose, which refers to fibrils that'are densely matted and wooly, like a woolen blanket (e.g. the pileal surface of Chroogomphus tomentosus). A condition close to tomentose where the fibrils are matted and interMatted-fibrillose (P1. 5G) woven, appearing like felt is called mattedfibrillose. The fibrils can also be more or less perpendicular to the pileal surface, makin; the surface look like it is made of distinct hairs. The stiffness of the hairs can vary from weak to stiff, and the surface can feel like velvet or like a bristle brush, respectively. If the hairs are weak and more or less flexible either Velutinous (PI. SA) o f two terrns can be used. Velutinous refers to a surface where the hairs are cornpact, short, fine and soft (velvety) (e-g. the pileal surface of Psathyrefla velutina or tlic stipc of Collybia velutipes). If the hairs are rather long and weak, it Villose (Pl. 5H) is called villose. If the hairs are short, it is called Pubescent (PI. 5C) pubescent (c.g. the pilcus of Crepiúotus pubescens). If the hairs are stiff and rather inflexible, I Hirsute the pileal surface can be called hirsute (e.g. the pileal surface of Inocybe hirsuta). If the hairs f retain a bit of flexibility resulting in a surface Hispid (PI. 5B) tending to villose, the terni hispid (e.g. Pl~cteus i hispidulus) is appropriate. Sonietinies the Iiairs are I bristle-like, long and coarse and more or less ocie~tedas if appressed either on the surfve of tlie pileus ai. on the substrate a i the bdj? ~ 7 f 1 h e

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stipe, a condition called st-rigose (e.g. the pileal surface of Panus strigosus). Agglutination of fibrils can occur at the tips of the hyphae as well as laterally. When the tips stick together, a scale is formed. A scaly surface is called squamose (e.g. the plleal surface of Psathyrella squamosa) -- Squamose (or, if the scales are srnall, squamulosel). This ~~uamulose' condition may result frorn splitting or tearing of the surface as well as agglutination. As with fibrils, scales may be flattened (appressed), giving appressed-squamulose surfaces, or they may even Appressed-squamulose overlap with one another, giving a surface called (Pi. 6B) I mbricate-scaly imbricate-scaly (e.g. the pileal surface of Tricholoma imbricarum). If the scales are erect, a series of terms are applied to signify the degree of erectness. They are: recurved squamulose - the tips of the scales are Recurved squarnulose erect and turn backwards. (Pl . 6 A) squarrose - the scales are upright, particularly Squarrose in the area of the center of the pileus (e.g. the pileal surface of Pholiota squarrosa). At times this is used in a similar way to scabrous (see Smith, 1949) or as recuwed squamulose (see Snell and Dick, 1957). punctate-squamulose - the surface is dotted Punctate-squarnulose with minute scales or points. scabrous (scabrulose') - the surface is rough to Scabrous the touch due to large scales or points. This t e m is Scabrulwel often used for the stipe apex of Leccinum (e.g. the stipe apex of Leccinum scabrum). CA UTION! When describing the surface of the fruiting body, the conditions of the surface may vary widely with age, maturity, weather, time, etc. Therefore, collect as rnany specimens as possible at a11 stages of development and under all conditions being sure to relate data with a11 notes taken. Strigose

6. Flesh of Pileus The following features of the pileal flesh (also referred to as trama) are sporadically emphasized in descriptions of fleshy fungi and should be noted whcn describing a fruiting body. 1. Color and color changes. 2. Thickness - measured in millimeters, at the margin and at the center. 3. Consistency - whether it is soft, hard, turgid (full of water), fragil or t ough . 4. Taste and odor. ' 0 f t e n the suffíx -ulosc is added t o a term if a condition is alrnost but n o t exactly like the parent term, or if the condition is a smaller version o f the parent term.

Taste and odor are common features used by agaricologists to distinguish anioiig closely related species. Many o f the terms used to define different odors are used differently by different people. This is due not only t o lack of precision and uniformity in the descriptive terms commonly used, but also to the fact that individual human perceptions in taste are variable. Just as Some people are color blind, otliers are "taste blind" or "odor blind". (from Smith; 1949) M e n one smells a small piece of crushed pileal flesh,.the hands and fingers should be absolutely clean. Some of the more useful odors are: unpleasant o r disagreeable (check all specimens to make sure you are not smelling a putrefying mus]iroom), fragrant and pleasant to sweet; (e.g. the odor of Clitocybe fragrans), anise-like (or like licorice), raphanoid (e.g. the odor of Cortinarius raphanoides) (like a radisli), fabaceous (bean-like) (e.g. Leptonia fobaceola), and farinous, which is like the odor of fresh meal. Any of these latter categories can be applied to pleasant or unpleasant, depending on the individual. Taste is as iinportant as odor in describing mushrooms, and just as difficult t o describe. One important point here is that taste is not indicative of edibility! Some species have pleasant tastes but are poisonous. Agaricus albolutescens has an anise odor, but is potentially toxic. Agaricus placomyces has an unpleasant (creosote) odor, but some people can eat it. Some of the more common categories of taste are mild, peppery or acrid (leaving a burning sensation on the tongue (e.g. the taste of Lacturius pipemtus), and farinous. Often the taste can be mild a t first, but become distinctive after awhile. In this case the taste is said to be latent (e.g. Lactarius rufus).

7. Presence o r Absence of L a t e x The flesh of the pileus, as well as the gills, sometimes exudes a milk-like substance, or latex, when cut. Such an exudate is characteristic, for example, of species of Lactarius. Tlie presence or absence of color and color changes on the gills, as well as the taste and odor of the latex should be noted.

D. C H A R A C T E R S O F T H E L A M E L L A E 1. A t t a c h m e n t (Plate 7) The manner in which the gills are attached t o the apex of the stipe is considered an important feature when differentiating species of mushrooms. However, since it can vary w i t h ~ t h ematurity of the fruiting body, and with different environmental conditions, or even on the same fruiting body, it must be interpreted with considerable latitude. The attachment can vary from squarely on the stipe t o not attached at all, or t o running down the stipe. The following terms and accompanying illustrations describe the various wafl that gills attach t o the stipe. Free (Pl. 7A; Fig. 11) Free applies t o the situation where the gills d o not meet the stipe at all. In this instance, a portion of the pileus can be seen as a small ring at the t o p Remote of the stipe. If there is a big gap, the term remote . is used. With age andlor dry conditions, or when the pileus is uplifted, the gills frequently pull away

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from the stipe. They are said t o be seceding. This can be confused with the attachment mode called free, but should be easy t o detect since small lines, representing the remnants of the gill, can be seen remaining on the stipe apex. Adnexed is where the gills appear as if they are Adnexed (R. 7C) attached at only a portion of their widtli and the resultant shape is as if a large triangular piece had been removed from that portion of the gill where it meets the stipe. Emarginate applies if the gills appear sharply Emarginate ( = abruptly adnexed and the triangular piece is relatively smaii. adnexed) (fl. 7B) Also called abruptly adnexed. Notched (= sinuate) describes gills that appear Notched ( = sinuate) as if a small notch has been taken out at the point (Pl . 7 D) where they meet the stipe (e.g. Entolorna sinuatum). Adnate describes the situation where the gills Adnate are more or less squarely attached to the stipe, nieaning along most of the gill width (e.g. the gill attachment of Amanita adnata (= Amanita gemmata) or of Lepiota adnatifolia). Arcuate-decurrent describes gills shaped like a Arcuate-decurrent bow, curving upward and then running down the stipc for a sliort distance, (e.g. Tricholonia arcuata). Decurrent is the term used when the gills run Decurrent (PI. 7 F ; Fig 9) down the stipe. If the distance down the stipe is relatively short, the attachment is said to be Subdecurrent (PI. 7E) subdecurrent.

Seceding

2. Spacing of Gills This is an arbitrary feature, but still useful since it gives knowledge of the overail aspect of the gills. The terms used are crowded if the gills are so close together such that the spaces between the gills can not be seen; close, then subdistant, if the gills are slightly more open than the closed situation, and distant (e.g. the gills of Cortinarius distam), if the gills are quite far apart. (Figure 5) -

A) Distant

B) Subdistant

C) Close

FIGURE 5: Spacing of Gills

D) Crowded

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3. Relative Thickness of Gills This is another arbitrary characteristic. The width is considered in relation to the size of the cap and the size of the basidiocarp in general. The terms used are: narrow, for extrernely thin gills; broad, for thick Narrow; broad gills; moderately broad, for gills whose thickness is Moderately broad intermediate between narrow and broad; ventriVentricose cose (e.g. Pholiota ventricosa) referring to tlie gilis which are swollen midway between the stipe and the margin of the pileus. It is useful to distinguish Gill thickness between gill thickness (distance between adjacent Gill width ( = gill breadth) gills) and gill width (= giU breadth) (lhe relative distance from the top part of the gill where it joins the pileal context and the bottoin, exposed edge o f the gill).

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4. Color and Color Changes of Lamellae (and Latex)

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It is very important t o note the color of young gilb before spore rnaturation. m i s feature ir used t o separate many species and takes on greatest importance in the genus Cortinarius. The color of mature gills should be observed because this can be used t o prediet spore c o l o r (Be C a r i f l : all too Irequently the color of mature gills is not due t o the color of the spores).

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Oiii A m c h m e n t A- free. B. emarginate (abniptly .dnered) (notched) E- subdecurrent F. decurrent.

C. adnered,

D. sinuak

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5. Margin of Gills (Plate 8) The features o f the gill edge are import&t since unusual shapes of eolors often represent the presence of sterile cells called cystidia that do not produçe basidiospores. Most of the features described below can be easily seen with a hand lens. If the gill edge is colored differently than the face (side) Marginate o f the gill, it is called marginate (c.g. lhe reddish (= rubro) gill edge of 11lycena rubromarginata). When the gill edge is uninterrupted, it is referred to as Smooth smooth. If the edge is minutely torn or fringcd, it Fimbriate is fimbriate (e .g. Hygropliorus fimbratophylla). I f the tears of fringes are large so that the edgc appears toothed like the edge of a saw, it is said to Serrate (Pl. 8E) be serrate or s e m l a t e if the teeth are small (c.g. Serrulate (Pl. 8 F ) the gill edge of Leptonia semlata). lf the rnargin i

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..l,l .,,,.

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Lactarius 28, 62, 69, 76,102, 120, 126 piperatus 28 , rufur 28 scrobiculatur 22 lacuna: a variably-sized bole or hollow, the depth of which is preater than that of a saobicula or an alveola; Iacunae (~1.) lacunose (surface of Lhe p i l e u ~or stipe): 22, 39, 58 (Fig. 12) having lacunae; having quite deep pits or hollows hmella (part of sporocarp): 9,28-33 see 511; lamellae (pl.) Iamellula (part of sporocarp): 33 a small gilk a lamellula do« not reach from the pileal margin to stipe; ]rmeIlu. lae (pl.) latent (taste or odor): 28 develo~inglate or slowly; used when taste or odor is indistinct at first and becomes distinct in time lateral (stipe attachment): 34,35 (Pl.9, fig. B) at the side; used when the stipe is attached at the margin or side of the pileus latex (Ilesh of sporocarp): 31 a liquid or juice; exudes from a cut or injured portion of the sporocarp Ieathery (sporocarp consistency): 41 like leather; similar in texture to the tongue of a shoe (= coriaceous) Leccinum 27 fibrillosum 26 rugosur 39 scabrum 27 Lentinellus 103, 113, 116 Lentinus 62,68,70, 72,82,103, 113 sulcatur 17 Lenzites 64,68, 104 Leotia lubrica 21 LePiota 52,61,70, 72,80,105 adnatifolia 29 molybdites 105 nauciria 105 pulveracea 24 rugulosa 22 sequoiae 105 lepiotoid (stature type): 52,53 (Pl. 18) applied to any mushroom which has free or finely adnexed gills and an annulus but does not have a volva Lepista 86, 87, 114, 122 Leptoglossum 116 Leptonia 63,74,92,106 fabaceola 28 serruiata 31

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Leucoagaricus 105 naucinus 105 Leucocoprinus 105 Leucocortinariw 82 ~ e Ü i o p a x d h s86, 122 lignicolous (subsu-ate): 7 growing on or in wood; lignin-loving ~ i m a c e l l a81,105 long-decurrent (gill attachment): applied to gills when they run down the stipe for most of their length londtudinally split (gill f e a t ~ r e ) : split along the entire edge of margin of a gill; e. g., the gills of Schizofih~llum longitudinally striate (stipe surface): 39 applied to a surface which is ridged with fine lines which tend to be longitudinal and more or less parallel lubricous (surface of pileus o r stipe): 21 greasy to the touch; similar to the feel of oil(=greasy; = oily) lucidus (surface of'the pileus o r stipe): 20 shiny, as if polished (= shiny) Lyophyllum 76.86.88.116, 122 connatum 45 lucidus 20

Macrocystidia 88 Macrolepiota 95, 105 macroscopic (feature of sporocarp): 10 large enough to be seen with the eye; applied to features seen without the aid of a microscope mammillate (shape of pileus): 12, 14 (Pl. 2, fig. A) like the shape of a breast; possessing a protuberance (i. e., umbo) in the center which makes the pileus appear shaped like a breast; see papillate Marasmiellus 107 Marasmius 63,66, 67, 72, 73, 74, 88,107 marcescent: 75 able to revive when moistened; applied to a sporocarp which can resume spore production when moistened after being dried; often the sporocarp swells out and resumes its original shape margin (feature of pileus o r gill): 16,31 edge of the gill; the outermost edge of the pileus marginate (feature of gill o r shape of stipe base): 31,36 having a well-marked edge or margin; used when the edge of the gill is marked by being being colored differently from the face; also used to desaibe a bulbous stipe base when the bulb is well marked by its distinct nm (when the upper surface of the bulb is attached at a right angle, marginate bulb = abruptly bulbous)

marginate-depressed (bulb) (shape of stipe base): 38 (PI. 11, fig. D), 39 a bulbous stipe base with a distinct margin and upper surface shaped like the edge of a saucer matted-fibrillose (surface of the pileus o r stipe): 23 (Pl. 5, fig. G), 26 covered with fibrils which are interwoven (i. e., matted) in such a manner as to give the surface an appearence of felt; close to tomentose, which différs by having the fibrils arranged like those in wool, i. e., fluffy and notas matted (= felty) maze: a confusing and baffling network maze-like (type of hymenophore): applied to a hymenophore in which the spore-bearing layer appears like a maze when its edges are viewed with the naked eye mealy (odor; surface of pileus or stipe): see farinaceous, farinose, or farinous Melanoleuca 88, 122 Melanomphalia 119, 124 Melanophyllum 80, 105 Melanotus 91 membranous-saccate (universal veil; volva): 43 type of volva which is composed of a membrane-like tissue and is in the form of a sack or bag merulioid (type of hymenophore): wrinkled but with low ridges; like the hymenophore of Merulius micaceous (surface of pileus or stipe; veils): 24 covered with mica-like particles; appearing as if covered with small, glistening particles (like mica) Microcollybia 88 Microomphale 107 microscopic (feature): a teature of the sporocarp that can only be observed with the aid of a compound microscope mild (odor; taste): 28 without a distinctly marked peculiarity (from Snell and Dick, "A Glossary of Mycology", p. 97 milk (milky; milk-Iike substance) (flesh of pileus or stipe): 28 a liquid that exudes from the damaged surfaces of the sporocarp which looks like milk; often considered synonymous with latex moderately broad (gill heigh t): 3 1 a term desaibing the distance from the lower edge of the gill to the attachment of -the gill onto the pileus; internediate between narrow and broad rnoist (surface of pileus or stipe): 21 appearing as if wet with water; neither dry nor sticky nor like liquid glue, jelly, oil, nor grease mottled (surface of pileus, gills, or stipe): appearing as if Qvered with spots or blotches of different colors or shades

moveable (partia1 veil; annulus): 43 "not attached, but easily moveable up and down the stipe" (from Snell and Dick, "A Glossary of Mycology", p. 99) mushroom (type of sporocarp): a sporocarp produced by a fleshy fungus in which the hymenophore is in the form of gills mycelium ("plant" body of a fungus): 7 collective term for the mass of hair-like filaments (hyphae) of the vegetative fungus "plant" Mycena 56,63,74,107,108, 111 rubromarginala 31 Mycenella 107, 108 mycenoid (stature type): 56,57 (Pl. 20), 63 applied to any mushroom with a cartilaginous stipe, attached but not decurrent gills, a campanulate or conic pileus, a decurved pileal margin, and neither an annulus nor a volva mycologist (person): one who studies mycology; one who studies fungi mycology (discipline): the study of fungi mycorrhiza; mycorrhizal association: 7 an association between the mycelium of a fungus and the rootlets of a vascular plant which is beneficia1 to thc fungus as well as the plant; mycomhizae (pl.) Myxacium 91 Myxomphalia 88, 108

Naematoloma (= Nematoloma): 99 narrow (gill height): 31 term for the distance between the lower edge o£the gill and the attachment of the gill to the pileus; less than moderately broad; in opposition to broad narrowly parabolic (pileal shape): see parabolic Naucoria 54,62,69,77,78,109 naucorioid (stature type): 54, 55 (Pl. 19), 62 applied to any mushroom with a fleshy stipe, adnate or adnexed gills, and neither an annulus nora volva Neoh ygrophorus 98 Nolanea 63, 74, 93, 106,110 bicoloripes 16 lucida 20 papiilata 12 sericea 8

notched (gill attachment): used for gills which are narrowly atrached to the stipe by their uppermost portions with the space between the gill and the stipe in the shape of a narrow acute triangle or a notch; see abruptly adnexed (= emarginate), sinuate, or uncinate, a11 of which are types of notched gills Nyctalis 83,110 parasitira 83

' '

I

papilla (shape): a small rounded process or protuberance

papillate (type of umbo, shape of pileus): 12

:

having a papilla; differs from mammillate in having a smaller protuberance

parabolic (shape of pileus): 12, I3 (Pl. 1, fig. D, E) a shape in which the height is greater than the width but the apex is still rounded, like that of a parabola

broadly parabolic: 13 (Pl. 1, fig. D) parabolic in shape with the apex broadly rounded

narrowly parabolic: 13 (Pl. 1, fig. E)

ochraceous (color):

parabolic in shape with the apex narrowly rounded

dingy yellow to dull brownish-yellow; ochre-colored

partial veil (feature oE sporocarp): 8

ochre (color):

type of veil that covers the hymenophore and is atrached from the pileal margin to the stipe Paxillus 42,62,64,67,68,72,74,77,114 inuolulus 16

the color of an earthy impure ore of yellowed iron; see ochraceous

odor (feature of sporocarp): 28 oily (surface of pileus or stipe): see lubricous Omphalina 56,63,73, 107, 108,111

peat bogs (habitat):

O

common name for marshy to boggy areas in which the moss Sphagnum is dominant

omphaloid; ompha:inoid (stature type): 56,57 (Pl. 20), 63 applied to any mushroom with decurrent or subdecurrent giiis, a cartilaginous stipe, a broadly convex to depressed pileus, a slightly to markedly depressed pileal disc, and neither an annulus nora volva Ornphalotus 86, 116

pectinate (surface of pileus or stipe): see striate

pellis (surface of a sporocarp): the name give to the outside membrane or pellicle of a sporocarp as viewed in a compound microscope; not belonging to the veils

orange-brown (color): the color of orange with a brown component

pellucid, pellucid-striate (surface o£pileus):

orbicular (shape of pileus): 15 (Fig. 3)

see translucent-suiate

having the appearence of an orb, i. e., spherical or circular; see ovate, ovoid Oudernansiella 82, 88

peppery (taste): 28

ovate; ovoid (shape of pileus): 15

peronate (covering of stipe): 43,44 (Pl. 14, fig. B) sheathed; having a boot or covering like a sock; used to desuibe the lower portion

hot, like a hot pepper

ovate pertains to a two-dimensional surface; ovoid pertains to a solid; shaped like a hen's egg with the narrow end upward; a cross section through the center of a hen's egg will be orbicular in shape, and a longitudinal section will be ovate

of a stipe which is sheathed or covered with a universal or partial veil

petaloid (sporocarp shape): 15 (Fig. 3)

oyster-shaped (shape of pileus): 15 shaped like an oyster shell; see conchate

, Pachyleprium 95, 109 PDAB (paradiaminobenzaldehyde) (chemical reagent): a solution o£p-diaminobenzaldehyde in 70% ethanol Panaeolina 112, 119 Panaeolus 63,71,75,112,119 campanuiatus 12 P a n e l l w 113, 116 Panus 64,69,72, 103, I13 conchatus 15 strigosur 27

shaped like the peta1 of a flower, i. e., narrowed at the attachment of the sporocarp and expanded outwards. Phaeocollybia 95, 109 Phaeogalera 95,99, 109 Phaeolepiota 115 Phaeomarasmius 91, 109, 115 Phlegmacium 91 Pholiota 70,94, I15 Pholiotina 95, 115 Phylloporus 94, 114 Phyllotopsis 85, 116

pileate (part of a sporocarp): with a pileus or cap

purple-brown (color): like the color of chocolate; dark brown with a purple overtone to it putrescent (basidiocarp feature): able to rot or putrefy

3 5

i

radicating, radicated (type of stipe): 34 having a pseudorhiza raphanoid (odor): 28 radish-like recurved-squamulose (surface of pileus or stipe): 25 (Pl. 6, fig. A), 27 with small, appressed scales, the tips of which are curved backwards remnant (veil): 8 remains of a veil remote (gill spacing): 28 said of gills which are not attached to the stipe but end relatively far (i. e., remote) from it, so that a large gap exists between the gills and the stipe reproductive (stage of fungus): the stage of a fungus in which it forms spores, or it forms spore-producing cells, or forms a sporocarp resupinate (sporo&rp type): 48 (Fig. 7B) flat (appressed, closely appressed) to the substrate with the hymenium on the outside (i. e., the exposed side) Resupinatus 116 reticulate (surface of pileus or stipe): 39,40 (PI. 12, fig. A) having a net; netted; ornamented with a net-like pattern or reticulations reticulations (surface of spores, pileus o r stipe): lines in a net-like pattern Rhizinia undulata 16 rhizoid (base of stipe): 8 , 3 4 a root-like structure; one of the large distinct strands of hyphae at the base of the stipe; smaller than rhizomorphs rhizoidal (base of stipe): 34 having rhizoids I rhizomorph (base of stipe): 34 a thread-like or cord-like structure made of hyphae; applied to the large, maaoscopic root-like suuctures at the base of the stipe (e. g., these are black, long, and flattened in Armillariella mellea) Rhodocollybia 88 Rhodocybe 87,88,106, 110, 122 Rhodotus 85, 116 n b (surface of pileus or stipe): 39 a vein; a raised line with a rounded edge ribbed (surface of pileus o r stipe): 39 having ribs or veins (= veined; = costate)

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Rickenella 108 ridge (surface feature or hymenophore type): a slender, narrow, raised surface with the edge rounded; thicker than a rib rirnose (surface of pileus or stipe): 17, 22 -- cracked; having crevices rimose-fibrillose (surface of pileus or stipe): 26 see fibrillose rirnulose (surface of pileus or stipe): having small cracks ring (remnant of partia1 veil): common name given to the annulus Riparliles 94, 114 rivulose (surface of pileus or stipe): 22 with fine. irre~ularlyconnected lines, like a river and its tributaries as seen from the air; like little Avers rose-salmon (color): color of the flesh of a salmon with a slight reddish tinge roughened (surface): not smooth round (shape of pileus): 15 circular; see orbicular, ovate, and ovoid Rozites 70, 115 rugose (surface of pileus and stipe): 22,39 coarsely wrinkled (= corrugate) rugulose (surface of pileus and stipe): 22, 39 finely wrinkled; see rugose Russula 17,62,68,69,76,83, 102,120,126 fislulosa 41 furcata 33 pulverentula 24 rust-brown, msty brown (color): the color of rust tinted with a brown component

saccate (shape): bag-like; in the shape of a bag saccate (shape of volva): 43,44 (PI. 15, fig. B), 45 see volva salmon-brown (color): the color of salmon flesh with a slight brownish tinge salmon-colored (color): the color of salmon flesh salmon-pink (color): the coloro£salmon flesh with a pipkish tinge '

sayal-brown (color): between a moderate orange and a moderate yellowish-brown scabrous (surface of pileus or stipe): 24,27,39,40 (PI. 12, fig. B) roughened because of erect scales which are often pointed scabrulose (surface of pileus or stipe): 27 diminutive of scabrous; roughened because of small, erect scales ' . scale (surface of pileus or stipe): flat piece of tissue, often tapered at the apex to a point; often arranged like flattened, pointed shingles (small scales = squamules) scalloped (surface of pileus or stipe; shape of pileal margin): see aenate scaly (surface of pileus, stipe, or volva): having scales scaly volva (type of volva): 45,.16 (Pl. 16, fig. B) see volva scattered (term for distance between structures or sporocarps; growth habit): 45 said of suuctures which are moderately far apart; when applied to ihe distante between sporocarps, i t is considered intermediate between solitary (so far apart as to appear single) and gregarious (grouped quite close together); used when sporocarps are about one to two feet apart Schizophyllum 64,68,121 sclerotium (fungal structure): a f i m , often dense mass of hyphae, with or without the incorporation of substrate material, which mau give rise to a sporocarp or to mycelium; considered a means by which a fungus may suwive unfavorable environmental conditioris scrobicula (surface feature): a large, conspicuous, shallo~vlysunken spot, pit, hollow. or depression; not as deep as either an alveola or a lacuna; snobiculae (pl.) . . scrobiculate, suobiculose (surface of stipe, sometimes the pileus): 22 with saobiculae seceding (gill feature): 29 pulling away, separating; in reference to the gills pulling away from the stipe when losing moisture secondary mycelium (fungal "plant" body): 7 the mycelium that produces the sporocarp; in mushrooms it is the mycelium that produces the basidiocarp semicircular (shape of sporocarp): 15 (Fig. 3) in the shape of a half-circle (see dimidate) sensu latÓ (taxonomic term): in a broad sense sensu stricto (taxonomic term): in a nanow sense Sericeocybe 91 sericeous (surface of pileus or stipe): 20,21 silky; like silk. . . serrate (shape of margin of pileus or gill): 31,32 (PI. 8, [ig. E) with a notched or toothed edge, like the teeth of a saw with an irregular pattern

serrulate (shape of margin of pileus o r gill): 31,32 (Pl. 8, fig. F) diminutive of serrate; with a notched or toothed edge with the teeth small and in an irregular pattern sessile (sporocarp feature): 48 without a stalk; a sporocarp attached directly to the subsuate shallowly depressed (shape of pileus disc): 14 (Pl. 2, fig. C), 15 with a depression that is shallow or not very deep shell-shaped (shape of pileus): see conchate or oyster-shaped shelving (sporocarp arrangement): parallel to one another, like shelves; often overlapping, in which case shelving is Synonymous with imbricate shiny (surface o l pileus o r stipe): 20 shining as if polislied (= lucidus) silky (surface of pileus o r stipe): 20 like silk (= sericeous) Simocy be 91,99,109 single annulus (type of annulus): see annulus single patch (remnant of universal veil): 8 the remnant or remains of a universal veil which forms a single patch on the surface of the ~ i l e u s sinuate (gill attachment): 29, 30 (Pl. 7, fi;. D) a typc of notclied gill attachment in which the contact to the stipe is by a narrow, uppermost portiori of tlie gill arid tlie gill-edgebecomes ahruptly coficnvear tlic stipe sinuous (margin of pileus o r gill; shape): wavy smooth (surface of sporocarp): 22,31 a surface without any cracks, wrinkles, or pits solid (flesh of pileus o r stipe): 41 havinn hyphae which are so closely packed as to make the pileus or stipe feel hard; solitary (sporocarp arrangement): 45 said of sporocarps which appear alone or far removed from others of the same species Spathularia spathularis 15 spathulate (spatulate) (shape of pileus): 15 shaped like a spatula or spoon; i. e., narrowed at the point of attachment but expanded at the top or tip and with a round apex species(taxonomic category or group): represents a population of individuals which have certain characters in common; there is no rigid concept oi the limits of a species, i. e., the combination of characters by which it is recognized (from Smith, A. H., "Mushrooms in their Natural Habitats", p. 605); the two taxonomic categories used in citing the species name of a plant are genus and species, both of which are to be italicized when used in written form

159 sphaerocyst (type of cell): the rounded cell in the flesh of the basidiocarps of Russula and Laclasius which is responsible for the chalky consistency spine (hymeriophore shape): 11 a narrow, sharply pointed process spinose (hymenophore shape): 11 with spines spinulose (hymenophore shape): diminutive of.spinose; with small spines split (surface of sporocarp): 22 used when the surface is broken in a radial manner split longitudinally (edge ot gill): see longitudinally split sporangium: sack which produces spores spore (reproductive u n i t of a fungus): 7 , 9 the cell or cells formed by a fungus which when it germinates will reproduce the fungus "plant" body spore color: 48 the color of a spore, best seen in an accumulation of spores, such as in a spore print spore omamentation (surface of spore): any type of outgrowth which alters the smoothness of the outer wall of the spore spore print: 48 the accumulation of spores when they are forcefully ejected from the spore layer (hymenium)of a sporocarp onto the sporocarp beneath, or onto a pieces of paper sporocarp: see fruit body Squamanita 82 squamose (surface of pileus o r stipe): 27 with moderate-sized to large scales squamule (surface of pileus or stipe): 27 a small scale; a small flat piece of tissue, often tapered to a point squamulose (surface of pileus or stipe): 27 with small scales (i. e., squamules); diminutive of squamose appressed-squamulose: 25 (PI. 6, fig. B), 27 with the squamules appressed or flattened against the surface punctate-squamulose: 27 with squamules joined at the tip, forming punctae or spots recurved-squamulose: 25 (Pl. 6, fig. A), 27 with the tips of the squamules curved back toward the origins of the squamules squarrose (surface of pileus or stipe): 27 covered with upright pointed scales; sometimes used in same way as scabrous or recurved-squamulose stalk (part of sporocarp): 8 common name for stipe

stature types (of sporocarps): 5 1-64 sterigma (part of a basidiunl): a thin, tapering process protruding from the apex of a basidium on which basidiospores are altached; sterigmata (pl.) sterile (cells) (cell type): any cell in the hymenium which caniiot produce spores; opposite of fertile stipe (part o l sporocarp): 8,34-45 technical name for stalk or stem; the portion of a sporocarp that supports the cap or pileus stipe characters: 34 A. size: 34 B. attachment: 34 C. shape: 36 D. surface: 36 E. color and color changes: 39 F. consistency: 41 G. flesh: 41 H. presence or absence of veils: 41 1. partia1 veil: 41 2. universal veil: 43 a. types of free volvas: 43 b. types of adherent volvas: 45 stipitate (sporocarp attachment): 48 with a stipe stipitipellis (surface of stipe): the outer layer of the stipe as seen with a compound microscope straight (margin of pileus): margin extending outward without curving upward or downward streaked (surface of pileus or stipe): 26 haviiig faint lines or bands; used when appressed íibrils appear like bands or faint lines (i. e., streaks) striate (surface of pileus or stipe): 17 marked with delicate lines, grooves, or ridges, radially oriented on the pileus, longitudinal]~oriented on the stipe; when the lines are more obvious, short and parallel on the margin o£the pileus, like the teeth o£a comb, the surface is called pectinate 0 strigose (base of stipe): 27,34 with large, bristle-like, coarse hairs Strobilurus 88 Stropharia 60,62,67, 71, 119,121 ambigua 60 rugoso-annulata 22 stuEfed (flesh of sporocarp): 41 when the flesh is in an intermediate condition between solid and hollow, often the center of the flesh breaks down and becomes hollow; see fistulose sub-: prefix meaning almost or nearly

subclavate (shape o£stipe): 36,37 (Pl. 10, fig. E) nearly club-shaped (i. e., nearly clavate) subdecurrent (gill attachment): 29,30 (Pl. 7, fig. E) applied to gills which barely run down stipe; nearly decurrent subdisrant (gill spacing): 29 (Fig. 5B) intermediate between close and distant; fairly distant or nearly distant substi~itate(sporocarp attachment): 47 (Pl. 17, fig. D), 48 having a pseudostipe; nearly stipitate substrate (substance): 7 the material on which the sporocarp is found, from which the fungus is obtaining its nourishment, and in which the mycelium is found subvisad (surface of pileus or stipe): slightly sticky; nearly viscid Suillus umbonatus 12 sulcate (surface of pileus or stipe): 17 grooved; more deeply grooved than striate and less deeply than plicate superficia1 (suuctures on the surface of pileus or stipe): 24,39 removeable with age or rubbiw, not an integral part of the tissue beneath; also said of fibrils which are present on young sporocarps but disappear on older ones; see innate superior (type of partia1 veil): 42 (Pl. 13, fig. A, B), 43 located above the rniddle; near or at the apex (upper part) of the stipe (= apical) suppressed (sporocarp development): stopped or arrested surface (part of sporocarp): outermost portion of the pileus or stipe surface of the pileus: 20 surface of the sripe: 39 sylvan (habitati: growing in a forest synon!m (taxonomic or nomenclatura1 term): the same. duplicate; term used for any two or more names used for the sarne fungus; each namc is considered a duplicate or synonym

tacky (surface of pileus or stipe): 21 very slightly sticky; less sticky than subviscid tapered (shape of stipe): 36,37 (Pl. 10, fig. B, C, D) narrowed: not equal in thickness from the apex to the base taste: 28 Tectella 113 Telamonia 91 Tephrocybe!6,88, 108 terete ishape of stipe): 36 circular or round in cross section; not flattened

terrestrial (type of substrate): 7 gowing on the ground texture of the pileal surface: 22 thick (term of measurement): 31 referring to the width of the stipe, the depth of the pileal flesh, or the distance from one face of a gill to the opposite face of the same gill tobacco-brown (color): the color of tobacco as it is found in a ciçar or cigarette tomentose (surface of pileus o r stipe): 23 (Pl. 5, fig. F), 26 densely matted and woolly; like a woolen blanket tomentulose (surface of pileus or stipe): 23 with a slightly matted and woolly surface; like a thin woolen blanket; nearly tomentose tough (consistency of sporocarp): strong, able to resist strain trama (part o £ sporocarp): 27 the interior tissue of a sporocarp; usually the flesh as seen through the compound microscope translucent: said of a substance that allows light to pass through translucent-striate (pileal margin): 17 said of a pileus which is striate because the gills are visible through its very thin, translucent flcsh Tricholoma 54,60, 62,76,82,86, I22 arcuata 29 cingulatum 60 imbricatum 27 virgatum 26 tricholomatoid (stature type): 54, 55 (Pl. 19), 62 applied to any mushroom with notched gills and a fleshy-fibrousstipe, as weI1 as without an annulus ora volva Tricholomopsis 76,86,88, 116, 122 Trogia 67, 68,123 troops (sporocarp arrangemen t): hundreds to even thousands of basidiocarps gowing within a few square yards; typical of some Mycena species trumpet-shaped: with the shape of a trumpet or a funnel (= infundibuliform) Tubaria 63,73,95,124 jurfuracea 24 pellucida 17 tube (structure): a structure resembling a slender, tiny waterpipe tubercle (sporocarp part): small bump or outgowth; also a fleshy mass of hyphae from which a sporocarp is produced

constricted volva: 44 ( ~ 1 . ~ 1 fig. 5 , A) a saccate volva which is abuptly narrower in the lower part than in the upper part farinose volva: 45 a volva with the surfaceor the tissue in the form of meal or granules flaring volva: 44 (Pl. 15, fig. A), 45 a volva with a rnargin that turns outwards free volva: 43 a volva with the tissue decidedly free from that of the stipe base membranous volva: 43 a volva with the tissue in the form of a rnembrane powdery volva: 45 a volva with the tissue with the consistency of powder saccate volva: 43,44 (Pl. 15, fig. A, B), 45 a volva with the tissue in the form of a bag or sack around the base of the stipe scaly volva: 45,46 (P1. 16, fig. A, B) a volva with the outer tissue forming scales zoned volva: 45,46 (Pl. 16, fig. A, D), 52 (Fig. 8) a volva with the outer tissue forming zones; a concentric-ringed volva is a type of zoned volva in which the rings (= zones) are of different textures

Volvaria 67,125 volvate (sporocarp): with a volva

wart, warts (surface of piieus or stipe): 8 small patches or pieces of universal-veil material on the surface of the pileus, pileal margin, or stipe base wavy (shape): 31,32 (Pl. 8, fig. C) having a shape like the outline of waves; see crenate, crenulate, undulating (= sinuous) waxed; waxy (gill surface): 33 appearing as if coated with wax; when the gill surface appears varnished or polished ir is called laccate woody (consistency of sporocarp): 41 having a texture like wood wrinkle (surface of pileus o r stipe): 22 a line that is branched irregularly; see rivulose, rugose, rugulose

Xeromphalina 107 xylobiont (substrate): growing from relatively large pieces of wood,such as larger branches, stumps, logs, tree trunks, or roots; a subcategory of lignicolous; see kormobiont

zonate: 45,52 with zones of different colors or different textures (= zoned) zone (surlace of pileus or stipe): 45,52 a concenuic band zoned: see zonate zoned volva: see volva

I

V. LITERATURE CITED

I I

Kauffrnan, C. H. 1965. The Agaricaceae of içlichigan. Jolinson Repriiit Corp. h n g e , M. and F. B. Hora. 1967. A Cuide to hf~tshroonzsand Toadsrools. New York: E. P. Duttori Pr Co., Iiic. McKeriny, M. 1962. Savon, Wild Musliroorn. Revised and Enlarged by D. E. Stuntz. Univ. \Vasli. Press; Seattle, Wasli. Miller, O. K. Jr. 1971. Alrrshrooms of Norrh Anrerica. New York: E. P. Duttoii Co.. Inc.

1

Sniitii, A. H. 1949. ,ll~rshroonisin their Natural Habitar. Sawyers, Ore.

Iiic.

c!

Porrliiiid.