Holy War Discourses in 1QM and John's Apocalypse: A Comparative Study 9783161624285, 3161624289

Table of contents :
Cover
Title
Preface
Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Setting up a Comparative Reading
1. Rationale
1.1 Various Theories of a Qumran-Christian Connection
1.2 Extrapolation from John the Baptist
1.3 Josephus at Qumran
1.4 Pliny the Eider and the Qumran Location
1.5 Qumran as a Holiness School
1.6 Extrapolation from Greek Fragments Found at Cave 7
1.7 John of Patmos' Potential Familiariry with Quntran
2. Provisional Positions Regarding Revelation and 1QM
2.1 Revelation as a 'Christian War Scroll'
2.2 Passive vs. Active Participation in Holy War
2.3 The Two Literary Components
2.4 The Book of Revelation
2.5 The War Scroll (1QM)
2.6 Genre and lntertextuality
2.7 Scriptural Canoniciry and the Qumran Library
3. Apacalyptic Perception and Apocalyptic Imagination
4. Holy War in 1QM and Revelation
4.1 Tue History of Holy War
4.2 Tue Nature of Holy War
4.3 Defining Terms
4.3.1 Holy War vs. Yahweh War
4.3.2 Holy War vs. Just War
4.3.3 Holy War, Theomachy, and the Combat Myth
5. Methodology: ComparativeAnalysis and Rhetarical Criticism
Chapter 2. Frameworks and Influences - Structures of Comparison: A Systematic Comparative Reading Part 1
1. Discourse between 1QM and John 's Apocalypse
2. 1QM Column 1
2.1 1QM 1: 1-7 - Major Thematic Issues
2.2 Belial and Nero
2.3 1QM 1:8- 13a - Destruction and Carnage
2.4 1QM 1:13b-l7 - Heptadic Struct:ure(s) and Historical Holy War
2.4.1 Tue Generic Numerology of 1QM and Revelation
2.4.2 Heptads and the Question of Dominant Influence on Holy War
2.4.3 Preliminary Conclusions
2.4.4 The Question of Persian Influence
2.4.5 Joshua and the Conquest of Jericho as a Dominant Influence on Holy War
2.4.6 The Influence of Joshua and the Conquest on Revelation
2.4.7 Excursus - The Ark of the Covenant as a Symbol of Holy War
2.4.8 The Jericho Narrative and the Conquest on Revelation
2.4.9 Preliminary Conclusions
2.5 1QM 1:14-17 - The Hand of God and the Influence of Exodus on Holy War
Chapter 3. The World of 1QM and Revelation: A Systematic Comparative Reading Part 2
1. 1QM Column 2-9 Part 1: Geopolitical and Cosmological Perceptions
1.1 1QM 2:1- 15 - Shifting to a War Footing
1.2 The Priesthood in Holy War
1.3 Levites in Holy War
1.4 The Yearly Timeframe for the Holy War in 1QM 2: 1-l0a
1.5 The Geography and Cosmology of Holy War
1.5.l The Geographical List of Enemies of 1QM 2:10b-14
1.5.2 The Geographical Perception of John's Apocalypse
1.5.3 Lud/Lydia; Tue Euphrates River; Gog and Magog; Megiddo
1.5.4 Lud/Lydia
1.5.5 The Euphrates River
1.5.6 Gog and Magog
1.5.7 Megiddo
1.5.8 Jerusalem; Rome; The Earth
1.5.9 Jerusalem
1.5.10 Rome
1.5.11 The Earth
1.6 Angelology
Chapter 4. Descriptions ofthe Holy War: A Systematic Comparative Reading Part 3
1. 1QM 2-9 Part 2: Rules for the War of Divisians
1.1 Ekphrasis in 1QM
1.2 Tue Polemics of Revelation
2. The Rhetoric of Holy War Liturgy
Chapter 5. Concluding Perspectives
1. Theologies of Holy War
2. The Impulse to Violence
3. The Zealotry of 1QM
4. TheMartyrdam of Revelation
5. Synthesis and Summary
Bibliography
Index of References
Index of Modern Authors
Index of Subjects

Citation preview

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament · 2. Reihe Herausgeber / Editor Jörg Frey (Zürich)

Mitherausgeber/Associate Editors Markus Bockmuehl (Oxford) ∙ James A. Kelhoffer (Uppsala) Tobias Nicklas (Regensburg) ∙ Janet Spittler (Charlottesville, VA) J. Ross Wagner (Durham, NC)

604

David C. Harris

Holy War Discourses in 1QM and John’s Apocalypse A Comparative Study

Mohr Siebeck

David C. Harris, born 1969; 2022 PhD (University of South Africa); independent scholar based in the USA and Israel. orcid.org/0000-0001-9828-7713

ISBN 978-3-16-162428-5 / eISBN 978-3-16-162802-3 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-162802-3 ISSN 0340-9570 / eISSN 2568-7484 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, 2. Reihe) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at https://dnb.dnb.de. © 2024 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen, Germany. www.mohrsiebeck.com This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed by Laupp & Göbel in Gomaringen on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Nädele in Nehren. Printed in Germany.

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Preface Every doctoral dissertation is an arduous journey and this one was no exception. The genesis of my research began during a time of post-graduate field studies in and around the location of Qumran and at the Shrine of the Book, in Israel. I was initially inspired by the late Dr. Peter Flint, who, during a visit to my graduate school (Regent College in Vancouver), encouraged students to look more deeply into the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS), for, he rightly argued, the opportunity to study new materials and make fresh discoveries was still very much alive in those texts. I took this to heart, and decided to research the scrolls in greater depth. My interest in John’s Apocalypse came from a practical desire to know the book itself better. I have many scholars to thank in this regard, and a great number of them are cited in this monograph. One in particular, Adela Yarbro Collins, encouraged me early on to focus on a single scroll, one individual text instead of the entire DSS corpus. This sound advice led me to one of the few pieces of research that directly attempts to connect John’s Apocalypse (or any New Testament text for that matter) to the DSS, namely, the work of Richard Bauckham, who argued that John’s Apocalypse, for various reasons, stands as a sort of ‘Christian War Scroll,’ in the vein of the War Scroll of Qumran (1QM). Having found a scholarly connection between these two great texts, I then needed a means of conducting a thoroughgoing examination of the entire scroll I had chosen, 1QM, as it speaks to the themes and theology found in John’s Apocalypse. The phenomenon of theological Holy War came immediately to the fore as a major and significant component of both texts which would serve as the vehicle for my comparison, and I built on Gerhard von Rad’s groundbreaking work dealing with the topic because it paved the way for the furtherance of his foundational research. As a literary theme, Holy War often seems scandalous and morally contradictory to the modern understanding, but to the ancients it was a driving force that justified extensive brutality and horrible bloodshed. I believe we have much to learn from its careful analysis. There are many other related concepts that populate this monograph, and among the more prominent voices are those of Yigael Yadin and Lawrence Schiffman, both preeminent DSS scholars. In the area of John’s Apocalypse,

VIII

Preface

no recent research would be complete without taking into account the monumental efforts of David Aune. The reader will find the thought-life and scholarly work of these great thinkers and many others brought together in the pages that follow. But the most directly influential source, to whom indeed my entire methodology is indebted, would be my thesis supervisor, Prof. Dr. Gerhardus Van den Heever, from the University of South Africa. Without his steady guidance and keen insight this research would never have seen the light of day, and I would have been left with a respectably good idea but no means of executing it. To him I am forever grateful. There are many others scholars I could thank for directly influencing my course of investigation, and although space is limited and so constrains my expressions of gratitude I would simply say, if you find yourself cited here I am sincerely appreciative of your time, your work, and your generosity in providing the advice, feedback, and encouragement I needed. I hope to be as helpful as you were to me if I am ever asked to provide the same. I conclude this introduction by making it explicit to the reader that my journey towards completion of this monograph was both personal and experiential in that I attended many conferences, spoke with numerous scholars, and ploughed through piles of books and articles; at no time whatsoever was Artificial Intelligence (AI) used as a tool to produce any portion of this book. Dr. David C. Harris, Ph.D.



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