Hittite Texts and Greek Religion: Contact, Interaction, and Comparison 0199593272, 9780199593279
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Table of contents :
Cover
Hittite Texts and Greek Religion: Contact, Interaction, and Comparison
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Abbreviations
Maps
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Context
1.2 Greek Religion and the Near East
1.3 Anatolian Religion and Ancient Greece: State of the Question
1.4 Aims and Methodology
1.5 Plan of the Book
Chapter 2: Hittite Religion and its Reception in Anatolia
2.1 Historical Context
2.2 Sources
2.3 God Collectors: Religious and Administrative Strata
2.4 Sacred Geography
2.5 The Pantheon
2.6 Key Aspects of Religion
2.6.1 Religion and Political Structures
2.6.2 Festivals
2.6.3 Divination
2.6.4 Problem Solving Rituals
2.6.5 System of Offerings
2.6.6 The Chthonic Realm
2.6.7 Speech and Song
2.6.8 Prayer
2.6.9 Myths
2.7 Anatolia in the Iron Age
2.7.1 Overview
2.7.2 Religious Continuity in the South-East
2.7.3 Religious Continuity in the West
2.7.4 Temple States
Chapter 3: Greek Religion in the LBA and EIA
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cycladic and Minoan Religion
3.3 Mycenaean Religion
3.4 The 1st Millennium BC
3.4.1 An Overview
3.4.2 Continuity
3.5 Greek Religion Abroad in Anatolia in the 1st Millennium BC
3.5.1 The Spread of Greek Religion
3.5.2 Some Modes of Interaction
Chapter 4: Working with Comparative Data: Historical and Typological Approaches
4.1 Forms of Evidence
4.2 Similarities and Regional Trends
4.3 Similarities and Explanatory Analogies: Helping us Understand
4.4 Similarities and Borrowing
4.5 The Historical Context: Agents and Networks
4.6 Comparison and Difference
4.7 Two Examples
4.7.1 Example 1: Disappearing Gods and Festive Planks
4.7.2 Example 2: The kursa, aigis and Golden Fleece
Chapter 5: Anatolian–Greek Religious Interaction in the LBA: Modes of Contact
5.1 Ahhiyawa and Anatolia: The Evidence
5.2 Ahhiyawa and Anatolia: Cultures in Contact
5.3 Evidence for Religion 1: Ahhiyawa and Lazpa
5.4 Evidence for Religion 2: Apaliuna and Wilusa
5.5 Evidence for Religion 3: Potniya Aswiya
5.6 The Significance of Lazpa
5.7 Alliances and Marriages
Chapter 6: The West Anatolian Contact Zone: Arzawa and Scapegoat Rituals
6.1 The Ritual Tradition of Arzawa
6.2 The Arzawa Rituals
6.3 Other Rituals Probably to be Associated with Arzawa
6.4 Gods of Arzawa
6.5 Relation of Arzawa Elimination Rituals to the Rest of Anatolian and ANE Ritual Culture
6.6 Arzawa and Augury
6.7 Greek Parallels
6.7.1 Military Rituals in Homer and Polyainos
6.7.2 Scapegoat Rituals
6.7.3 Augury
6.8 Conclusion
Chapter 7: Generations of Gods and the South-East
7.1 The Song of Going Forth
7.2 Tarpanalli-Poetics: Challengers to the Cosmic Order
7.3 Illuyanka and Typhon
7.4 Context of Borrowing
7.5 Myth and Religion: Former Gods and Titans
Chapter 8: Becoming Cybele: Phrygia as an Intermediate Culture
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Cybele and Kubaba
8.3 An Entangled Goddess: Cybele, Kubaba, and Greece
8.4 Cybele and LBA Anatolian Religion
8.5 Conclusion
Chapter 9: Comparing Pantheons
9.1 Introduction: Divine Schemata
9.2 Pantheons
9.3 Theonyms as Evidence for Borrowing?
9.3.1 Hasamili and Kasmilos
9.3.2 Yarri and Ares?
9.3.3 Apollo Delphinios and Telipinu
9.3.4 Piḫassassi and Pegasos
9.4 Translation
9.5 Similar Types and Spheres of Activity
9.5.1 The Storm God, Sun Deity
9.5.2 Birth and Fate
9.5.3 Fountains, Rivers, and the Sea
9.6 Two Greek Deities with Anatolian Connections
9.6.1 Hecate: Multiple Correspondences
9.6.2 Dionysus: A Greek Deity
9.7 Conclusion: An Embargo on Gods?
Chapter 10: War-Rituals
10.1 Introduction: Towards A Gazetteer of Battle Rituals
10.2 Between the Pieces
10.3 Human Sacrifice Before Battle?
10.4 Some Pre-Battle Rituals
10.5 Epitheiasmos and Evocatio
10.6 Truces
10.7 Oath Ceremonies
10.8 Commemorating Battle
10.9 Hittite Rituals in Homer?
10.10 Conclusion
Chapter 11: Festivals, Amphictiones, and the Calendar
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Hittite State Festivals
11.3 Local Festivals
11.4 Three Differences
11.4.1 The Calendar
11.4.2 Opening the Pithos
11.4.3 The Role of Women
11.5 Festivals and the Town
11.6 Amphictiones and Networks
11.7 Conclusion
Chapter 12: Animal Sacrifice: Understanding Differences
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Primary Forms of Offering: Bread, Libation, Sacrifice
12.3 Key Elements of Hittite Animal Sacrifice
12.3.1 Animals
12.3.2 Preliminary Rituals
12.3.3 Killing and Blood
12.3.4 The Division
12.3.5 Commensality
12.4 God-Drinking
12.5 Upper and Lower: Pits and Burned Offerings
12.5.1 Pits
12.5.2 Burned Offerings
12.6 Attraction and Deterrence
12.7 Conclusion
Epilogue
Appendix: Hittite Texts Often Cited
1. Ahhiyawa Texts (references as in Beckman et al. (2011))
2. Arzawa Rituals
3. Kizzuwatna Rituals
4. Other Purification Rituals
5. Military Rituals
6. Festival-Calendars and Cult Inventories
7. Cult Image Descriptions
8. Oaths
9. Instructions
10. Prayers
11. Foundation Rituals
12. Oracles
13. Historical Texts
14. Myths
15. Law Code (CTH 491–2)
16. Royal Funerary Ritual (CTH 450)
17. Istanuwa Texts
18. Treaties
19. Vows
20. Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions
Bibliography
Web resources
Works Cited
Index
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