History of printing and publishing in India-a story of cultural re-awakening_Volume 2 [Volume 2]

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HISTORY OF PRINTING AND PUBLISHING IN INDIA

A Story of Cultural Re-awakening

- VOLUME II ORIGINS OF PRINTING AND PUBLISHING IN KARNATAKA. ANDHRA AND KERALA B.S. KEsAVAN Assisted by T,V. VENKATARAMANIAH KC.JOHN SoMASEXHAIIA lN

n1ent, as a rl'Scarch and dcvclopmcnt laborato!")·, ( working as a suhsidiary unit of I T R Graphic Systc1ns (Pvt) Ltd, is cvidence of contcmporary int crest in typographical design. The work of Bhat Kumthekar, and Gokhalc in this rc_spect is impressive:. The National Institute of Design, Ahmedahad is also working on this aspect. It will hc noticed that in dealing with the History of Printing and Publishing. son1e thought has hecn givcn to thc literary background ,vhich is ,vhat givcs print,ing its mcaning. Thb is not merely a matter of what \\'as printed when, hut how the Gutenberg invcntion proved a handmaid to the cultural uplift of a rcgion. In literature spanning all its genres. in art. in music. in folklore, in language and rhetoric, how did printing cxpand intellectual horizons in thc country? HO\\' is it doing this in thc sciences. in philosophy. in the social sciences and various other disciplines? What historical cirt·un1Mances lt:d to thc sort o f de­ velopment in printing in our country in the various regions. is a matter hriefly discussed. Th!'" promethcan effort of hringing knowledge from cxclusivc pahn-lt:aves and other manust·ripts into the houses of ordinary people. and familiarise them with their cultural heritage. is an aspect dcalt "'ith in connection with every language. The first printings of significant material in all the disciplines have been tabulated, and details given in full measurc. How printing has served tradition and also chal­ lenged tradition.' is a very exciting story. which has been tout·hed upon hriefly. Printing has no political, social or religious barriers. and is a n1ode of broadcasting ideas adopted by all shades of opinion. The book is fully illustrated with thc personalities and the first title pages of seniinal publishing in all the languages. The very brief tlt-shing out of bald statements on the printing of books with a rccountal of the subject matter sustains the interest of the reader. This book is not merely a catalogue of early printing. chronolog­ ically arranged. but aims 10 be a living narrative of the spread of cultural values, through print. i\1y book on the History of Printing and Publishing i n India is an exercise: in academic parasitology. The dictionary defines a drone as stingless and making no honey, and further as one who lives on the labour of others. I winced a little a� I read further: "a parasitic loafer"! Many worker bees have made honey and the hive is dripping ,vith it. Conten1porary correspondence pertaining to conditions in India b y the early Jesuit fathers. and the corpus of literJture retailing the \\'Ork of German. English and Swedish Protestant Institutions. the records of the Portuguese. Dutch and French initiatives. spread o,·er several continents. the publishcd correspndence of Carey, Caldwell. Pope. Beschi. Zigen­ balg. Nohili and the rest of the Evangelists. are gold n1ines of information.

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INTkOOIJCTION/Xi

The story of Indian printing is a colourful story, excitingly episodjc, with Goa, Tranquebar, Vepery, Mangalore, Serampore, Nimayasagara Press, Gorakhpur, etc, contributing memorable chapters. The Introduction is a brief survey of the sources, perspectives and personalities connected with the development of printing in India. The words 'brief. 'sources', and 'pe rspective' are the operative words in the title. This work is just a conspectus of the fine work done by scholars and Bibliographers in the field of history of printing in India.

Source Material-Secondary (Selective)

Non-lndian:Fr J Wicki;Fr G Schurhammer; Ada Silva Rajo;J H de Cunha

Rivara; The British & Foreign Bible Society Catalogue of printed Chris.· tian Scriptures; C R Boxer, D E Rhodes; A C Clayton; Gerald Duverdier: K S Diehl; Graham Shaw; l\clly), and 'lit' (lo make !)05Slhl c ), in the das.�lcal work, ln Karin.1(b in much thc samc!!CtL'ICao; lhcyoccurin l>nkrir, lt·�ds 1oan inferc_. ncewhkh can not be easily ruled 01.11 th�t theKannada wmd.� were borrowrd by l'rak· rit The spread ofPr.lkril in �maub in 1he early yca!'ll of1hc Ch ristian er:a.. mlghl ha,·IC' produclC'd an inl1C'r.tc1ion in the cxd1angc of word� (KT.A, p.184)

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8/0RJGIN OF PRINTING AND Pl.'BLJSHING IN KANNADA

NO\V, ,vc go from literary c,·idenc:c 1Q or c::J;>_;.)a) family by European v,riters. The chief members of this family are Kannada, Telugu ( iC>W) ' An·o nliOII lo Nrop,nunp'sKaulrtlja"""'IJO( l.�)ollhc 91hccn1ury, !he tqpOf1 in which lwuuda w:a:- -.pvk4,.·n, t'�t�u"ktO!.:!

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HOW OW IS KANNADA IANGUAGE/19

But, the 01ost interesting variation in modem Kannada in usage inthe Oharwar, Mangalorc and Mysore dislricts are exemplified, in the follow­ ing two lists. The first column in the first list exemplif!es the Oharwar and the second colun1n is modem Mysore language. The same is true in lhe second list - the first column is Mangalore usage and the second column is Mysore usage. i;r.id.:i;a oll_;dr!fdO.., ��O...�.:! I!� l!lt.>01'1\i� ei:s,

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The confusion caa•ed by the -e of the term 'Kanarim' by a Je•ait Scholar Fr. Scharte : The Term.- 'H•n-da' And'Canara' Before we proceed to narrate the story of the development ofprinting in the Kannada language, a possible confuslon·has to be cleared. This confu­ sion has been caused by the use of the word 'Kanarim' by a certain Fr

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HOW OW IS KANNADA LANGUAGE/21

Schutte 1 in his contribution to the Arcbtvum Htstorlcur.: Soctetattsjesu. The passage runs as follows: · The first anempt to start a press for the: Kanarlm langauagc had for a while miscar­ ried, although about 50 lcners or moulds were alreadyprepared. The multiplicity and dif. lkuh reproduction of letters, also the meagre prospects of a wide publicity of books (printed) in KAnarlm � however , finally scared away the Brother printer. An attempt has been made to identify the word Kanarlm with Canarese. Fr Schurhammer2, says Priol.kar, has understood the Kanarim typeS mentioned by Fr Schutte, to mean Devanagari types and he is prob­ ably right in doing so. It ha.� been observed that the area called Konkan or alternatively C a ­ nara, got that name, as Kittel observes in his Grammar of the Kannada Language, because it was subjected for centuries to the rule ofKannada princes and the Carnatic (ie, Karnataka). The Vijayanagar and Bijapur kingdoms held sway in the Konkan areas for quite some time. Priol.kar himself says: "It must b e remembered, however, that in Goa, the Kan­ nada or Canarese script was also in common use for writing Marathi" 3 Fr G C Rodelesy4 writes that Gonsalves did thi!11' .of preparing 'Canarese' types, but did not pursue the idea on account of the clumsy shapes of the characters, the irregularity ofpronunciation and the limited area in which the language was spoken. The perusal of any son o f Kan­ nada Manuscript, at any stage, in whatever area, could never give the·im­ pression that the characters are clumsy. Dr Havanur that since RodelC'S uses both the words 'Konkani' and 'Canaresc' in one single

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1 Schutte, "Ouutliche Japani,chc Utcratur, Bilder und Druckblattcr in cincm unbcbrum:n Vat· ibnischcn Eodcx aus dcm Jahre 1591." Arcbluum H/slorlcum Socletatf.sj,su, Vol. IX. Rome 1940. p. 268. 2 Schurhammcr. George, "Uma obra rarlasima lmprasa em Goa no ano I S88."Bolrtlmtk>lnstltu/0 VasrodaGama, No. 73-1956, p .8 . 3 PrlolJar, TlwPrinting Prff.s In India, 1985. p .1 2. 4 llodclcs, 'EarlyJesuit PrintingIn lndu'Joumaloftbe/ls/atlcSocl#tyofBfflgai Vol. IX No.4,Apr. 1913, p. 161 (quoted by Priolkar In his T«Prlnllng Prff.s In India). We now reproduce below. from thc article by Rodelcs. relevant portions pcnalnlng10 the pos.,i · blc println8 In Kannada; "A man who dattv� well chc Christian cornmunitin in India was the English Fr. 'Thomas Scq,hcni.... He learnt Konkanl and KancrC5c so perfectly that he was able to write in both Ian· guaga. boob which he published at Goa and Rachal. "'At Rachol, near the Ponugucsc Ion. a printing press was "'()al Bendre, stands as a towering personal­ ity, exemplifying the phenomenal growth of Kannada in modern times. The University started a number of publications including in its ambit, popular subjects, scientific subjects, and scholarly subjects, as also a re-interpretation in easy terms, of the work of the Clas.�ical writers. The name of Prof G Hanumantha Rao comes to mind as the activating force of the University Teachers' Association, who took Kannada into the vii· lages along with other distinguished scholars who spoke to the ordinary people, mixing with them and being one with them. Among journals published by the University jn an Indian language, it is hard to beat the golden record of Prabuddba Karnataka which, of course, has been followed by publications like Vijnana Karnataka, and Manavika Karnataka Prof Krishna Sastri worked nearly twentyfour hours through the years for the success of this journal. It wa� this journal that had the privilege of first publishing the extracts from Kuvempu's great epic, the Ramayana Darsana It i s this journal that also published the literature of protest by Gopalakrishna Adiga and others. Mysore ha5 the proud record of the early establishment of printing presses. �e Government Branch Press started in 1890, but prior 10 the establishment of this Press, during the decade betwec:n 1850 and 1860, some of Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar's works were printed. The San­ kbya Ratna Kosba, a Marathi book on the game of chess ( 1852), the Saugandbika Parlnaya (1860), the Sriman Mabarajara Vamsbavali, are evidence of printing in the. latter half of the nineteenth century. In the Amba Vilas Palace, there was a lithographic press which printed books and distributed the copies among the scholars in the Court. a5 also

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pr=ted lo those: with whom the Malutaja v.;1S pleased. The Amba Vilas Prcss mUSl ha\·c bttn almost the firsl printil:18 presses In Mr-;orc. � Uk· ing precccS· ti.

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Help in acquiring• knowledge ofthe: Engl*'1 1""8'J"8C:, by John Reid

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The Wesleyan Missionary Society Establishment of Presses in the State of Mysore

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e work of the Wesleyan Missionary Society, in promoting print· ng in the languages of Asia, is very impressive. They established ight Mission presses throughout the world, five of them were under the immediate direction of the British Conference; the rest being administrated by the Missions affiliated in AustraJia and Canada. The earliest press established by them was in Colombo in 1814, under the stewardship ofthe Venerable Dr Coke and for two decades and more, this press issued a greater number of books than any other press s o far established. The most significant feature to be noted was that words were printed in Pali, the sacred language of the Buddhists, and of course, scriptures, tracts, dictionaries, grammars and other useful works were printed in Singhalese. The British Conference presses were at Mount Coke, British K.affraria, at Thaba Unchu in the Bechuana country (Southern Africa), and at Sierra Leone. After the British occupation of Bangalore in 1791, quite a few years elapsed before printing could be started in the town. Rhodes' refers to the 'inacccurate Deschamps' who claimed that printing in Sanskrit and

'Mr OE Rhodes hascontribuu:d to the Briffsb ,lfuuum Quarterly (Vol. 34, Nos 3 and 4, 1970, pp 8411) an artlck on Printing at Bangalore b3. to promot•· the cause. lkh-i. Nanrana ll:loJoshi, Datar and Kt-sha,·a Rao Golmak were the nanit-s cha! made the paper SO influcmial. Tht-sc w•:r2 (2nd

edlllon 1899).

6. c--tlca/Antbolog,-(1868). 7. Scboo l·Pancatantra(3rd Edition, 1878). 8 A Hls1oryoftbeCb11rcb ofCbrlst ( 1870). 9. KnowkdgeofSuprm,e spirit(1863). / 0 . Aul«llon ofscrlptu1'f!storl,s oftbeNn,, T,stament in Hindu metr,. I / . A Traci o n Sacrlfke (Yajnsudbanldbl} ( English 1872). 1 2 . A sbon survey on 11H 1Jfdicpolytbeism andpantbeism. IJ. u,,_ dffl Ursprung d,s L/ngakultes In Ind/en ( 1876) . /4. Umsc-bungderDro""'4-alpbabet,.

In the world or Kannada Lexicography. Kittel's name will remain immor· tal. No student of Kannada Literature or Dravidian Linguistics can afford to be ignorant of his monumental Dictionary. Digitl'zed by

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Al'nNDIXI

Kannada, Sabttya.Parlsbat .

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The Kannada Sahitya Pari.shat: The Kannada Uterary Academy is an independent registered institution starred in 19I 5 with the object of fostering and spreading Kannada Language, Literature and Culture, publications of boohi both Classical and. Modem, bolding literary conferences and seminars, maintaining libraries and Re:iding Rooms, and the promotion ofresearch. There is no sphere of activity that the Pari.shat has not touched in the field of literature and culture. It has formed District Committees in which a member of every taluk takes his pl.ace and through these district committees and its members the Pari.shat has been able to carry on its work to reach every district and taluk. These activities are also panly financed by the Parishat. The Parishat has published many scholarly books, has been conducting Gamaka ( the art of reading poetry) cl.asses, examirultions of different grades, giving · training In Kannada shorthand, preparing a monumental Kannada-Kannada Dictionary and another concise Kannada-Kannada dictionary and a pocket dictionary, and is publishing 'Kannada Nudi', a fortnightly, and Kannada Sabltya Parlsbat Patrlke, a half-yearly 5';holarly journal; .md Is maintaining an efficient printing press, which is known as '8.M. Srikanthaiah Achhukoota' to honour the great personality who generously donated Rs. 5000 to the press. Besides these the Pari.shat has incessantly worketa and has been responsible for the itnplementation of Kannada as the State Language and for renaming the State as Kamataka. During the International Book Year, 1972, the Parishat launched a massive book movement, attempting to popularise the slogan 'A Library tor Every Home'. During the International Children's Year, the Parishat published a series ofbooks, in two different series. Parishat occasionally orpnises Seminars/Conferences and honours very eminent Uterateun. It has also organized a permanent book exhibition and a manuscripts section.

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APPENDIXD

Kannada Scholars PralJtana Vhnana V.1nk•hana Sri RamanuJapuram Naruhnlaacharya

What Dr. U V Swaminatha Ayyar (1855-1942) was to Tamizh, Mahamahopadhyaya R Narasimhacharya ( 1860-1936) was to Kannada. In the body of the text, references have been made to Sri Narasimhacharya's "'Ork at the appropriate places. Given below is a brief account of the life of this great scholar as recorded in the E::pigraphia Carnattca, Vol. 2, Mysore, University of Mysore, 1973'. As an attachment to the account ofhis life is a statement that he recorded (in an Appendix) in the 1899 repon on publications issued and registered, in his capacity as Kannada Translator of the Education Depanment. This Appendix will show the quality of the work clearly indicating the fact that the repon was the work of a great S(:holar. Sri Ran1aoujapuram Narasimhacharya, well-known for his great SCI'· vice for tht: cause of archaeology, literature and culture ofKamataka, was born on 9th April 1860. He had his early education at Mandyakoppal, his native place. He matriculated in 1878 in the Presidency College, Madras, while he completed his F.A. in 1879 and B.A. in 1882, both from the Central College, Bangalore, \vith distinction. After his graduation, Sri Narasimhacharya sen·ed for a few years as a teacher first in the high schools at Chickmagalore, Shimoga and HassaJ) an•I then in the Maharaja's and l\,laharani's Colleges at Mysore. He took his M.A. Degree with Kannada as a major subject and Tamil as minor in 1893 frvm the Madras t:niversity. I n 1894 he was appointed as translator i n the Education depanr11ent and B L Rice. Director of Archaeology, took him in his depanment as Assistant Director in 1899. When Rice retired i n 1906, Nara�:mhacharya succeeded him as Director and for 16 years. till he re­ tired from service in 1922. he worked strenuously and zealously and made M"veral n�· archaeological discoveries penaining to the then My­ sore State. Narasimhacharya was well versed in Sanskrit and was a great scholar both in Kannada and Tamil. His first love was. of course, Kannada litera-

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Sribnuft0rL�. Nc:a. I}' 1000 monuments h:i.,·c thus been noticed hr him. Ht brought 10 light sCl'cral beautiful monuments in the Ho)'l!al:i. and Dr..ividian styles for the firSI time. Credit goes to him t'or polntingout 1he main features of the Hoysal:i. monuments which scpante tlK"m from the Chaluky..in s1rk in which the)' had rill then b«n included. .md for n:i.ming ii :as tto)·Ui:i. style. He published thrtt SC'p:lnl.•.' monog· r:i.phs on the three monuments n:amd}', the KCSll\':I. temple at Sornn:i.· thapur. the Chcnnal.:c�.;wa temple :i.t Bclur and the M:i.hal:i.kshmi lt"mple at Ooddagaddavalli. Sc,·craJ sculpiors :md their wmk!i havt" been high· ligh1e:d b}' him in hi� Annual Rqxms. E,·en :i.ftcr his re1iremcn1 he cominucd to contribu1c anides 10 the Quarterfyjou"wl oftbe Mythic Society :i.nd the Indian Anlfquary. Nar:i.simh:i.charya·s work :i.nt.l d«p knowkd� tamed him sr-,·r-ral ti· tlC!I; mention may bc: m:llk of the titk 'Pnkt:i.n.a,imarsa· vkh.abhan:i.· conferral on him b)' the M:i.h:mi.ja of My50re in 1916; Kamatab Prachyavidya Vaibhava conferral on him by the All India L.irer:i.ry J\s.ioci· ation, Calcuna and above all, the high honourofMahamahopadhyaya by the Go,·emment of India. He w:i.s the Prt:sident of the Conference of the Kannada Liter.try Academr held at Dharw:ll' in 1918 and he :i.150 presided o,·r-r the History and Archaeology section of the Orkntal Conference held in 1922 llc:dial on theth oflx-ccmbcr 19.¼ at the age of 77.

128/0RJGIN OF PRINTING AND PUBLISHING IN KANNADA

18'9 Report oa pablicatioa• by R. Naruiallaadtar

The total number of publications registered during the year was 123 against 113 of previous year, showing an increase of 10. nearly 9 percent. Of the 123 publications of the year, 37 may be classed as Educational and 86 as Non-educational. There were no v.•orks published during the year under the heads -Arts, Law, Politics and Voyage!' and Travels. It is satisfactory to note that the year under review compares favoura­ bly with its predecessor not only as regards the quantity but also as re­ gards the quality of its publications. Pandits and English-knowing gentle­ men have in a manner tried to do their duty towards their less educated brethren by placing within their reach knowledge which would other­ wise have been inaccessible to them. It is a matter for congratulalion that a number of good works appeared during the year under the heads of Biography and Fiction. Five of the publications under the later head are translations of the works of Bankim Chandra Chatterji, the celebrated novelist of Bengal, some of whose novels have been translated into En· glish and German also. The translator, Mr. 8. Venkatachar, has done a great service to Kannadigas by bringing out these works, which alford in­ teresting and healthy reading not only to grown up people put also to the student population which, in the absence of such works of light litera­ ture, would naturally have recourse to objectionable story books to pass an idle hour. Under history and philosophy there were some useful works published during the year. Pandit T . Venkatacharya·s translation of the Bhagavadgita, which is being published in partS, deserves to be looked upon as a valuable contribution, inasmuch as it enables a student 10 get with ease a comparative view of the three schools of the Vedanta Philosophy. It is refreshing to observe that two works relating 10 pedag· ogy appeared during the year under report. Both of them arc the produc­ tions of a licentiate of Teaching. They v.'ill no doubt prove useful to K a n ­ nada teachers. The Yadugiri Sadananda Vardhini Sabha of Melkotc p u b ­ lished some religious and other works intended for the use of boys and girls. It is worthy of note that during the yc.ar under report graduates and Pandlts shown 50me activity in publishing journals treating of philosophy and religion. The following may be mentioned as works of some importance pub­ lished during the year: ( I J dl,:::;;:;�-Llfe of Hyder Ali by l\1r. Appanna Shetty. ( 2) life ofSivaji, a translation by Mr. C . Vasudevaiya of a Bengali work. ( 3) vo:,1'9&1' ;:ntl1'A translation by Basavappa Sastri of the Sanskrit drama of the same name. ( 4) dll!p- A translation by Mr. 8. Venkatachar of the Bengali novel of the same name.

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APPENDICES/I29 (5) .n,;21nlf- A translation by M r . 8 . Vcnkatachar of the Bengali novel o f the same name. (6) 1111,1>1'�ome>- A translation by Mr. 8 . Vcnkatachar of the Bengali novel o f the same name. (7) Krishnaraja Odeyar's Kannada tranSlation of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and the 5th skandhas of the 8hagavata purana. (8) c;i:t,�11 �••&••-An exhaustive list of�t verbal roots with their derivative forms by Pandit Srlkanta.Sastrl. (9) :JQ'\\n•" '!,i:l.l- A ueatisc on the theory of education by Mr. M. Hirianna, 8.A. LT. ( IO) !,- A ueatise on the theory of education by Mr. M. Hi.rlllnna., 8.A.LT. ( I I) �,11,a1q1r 11r.11- The 8hagavadgita with a Kannada commentary. ( 12) ::,'!:: :. ..� ofVidyaranya with a Kannada commentary. ( 13) Talttirlya Samhita with the commentary of 8hattabhaskara, Vols. VIII, IX, XI and XII. ( 14) Apastambha Dharmasutra with Haradatta's commentary called UJJ· vala. ( 15) Sankaracharya's miscellaneous works.Vol.I. ( 16) Inscriptions in the Mysore Dlsuict, Part II, by L Rice Esq., C.I.E.

ir.,

Mysore, The 7th February 1899.

R. NARASIMHACHAR Kannada Translator Education Department

S G Naruimluacluu- -·MA llanuulaja lyeapr Even as the names Rice and Kittel always go together when we: talk o f the salvaging from out of the past, the illustrious traditions of Kartnataka, even so the names of Sri S G Narasimhachar and M A Ramanuja Iyengar a l ­ ways go together in the collecting, editing and publishing of the most precious classics from the old and middle-Kannada period. I am deeply indebted to the May issue of Granthaloka for the follow­ ing write-up on these illustrious scholars. I have translated and con­ densed this splended ttibute paid to great scholarship, Narasimhachar and Ramanuja Iyengar form a rwin-reputation. Each one by himself was capable of stampihg his genius on chapters of literary history. The rwo scholars might have disagreed on a few mat· tc:rs but their agreement on most things is substantial. Their home language was Tamil, they were born in the same district, born in the same year ( 1892), one at Sreerangapatnam, and the other at Mandya, and both came to learn Sanskrit at the feet of Perlaswarni Thirumalacharya at Mysore.

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130/0RJGIN OF PRINT!:-.(; ANO pt'llUSIUNG IN KANi'.Al>A

Conforming to the system of education in those days, they learnt Sanskrit, Kannada and English in equal n1easure attaining an enviable mastery in the languages. By biMh, education and common cultural background they were made for the close collaboration that charac­ terised their work. For a brief while Narasimhachar was a teacher at a school, but later on toolc up work as a Pandit in the Archaeological De­ partment, working as epigraphist and palaeographer. He also undertook occasional translations for the Educational DepaMment. Since he passed away at the early age of 45. in I 902, details o f his early life are difficult to establish. Sri Ramanuja Iyengar passed away in 1937 at the age of 75, arid we know a little more about his life. His collegiate education was at the Maharaja's College at Mysore and the Christian College a t Madras. Well versed in the field of astrology and mathematics, he began life as a teacher of Maths in the Wesleyan Mission School at Mysore. Later after a shoM stint at Maharani's College as a teacher, he joined the Education Department as a translator and retired from ser\'ice as such. The independent work they did together in the service of Kannada in addition to their normal duties, compare in quality and dedication to the Rice-Kittel achievement, and commands an equal respect. During 1890, Pandit Asuri Anandalvar and Kumaraswami Thirumalachar had started at Mysore a journal entitled Aryamata San­

Jeevanl

They availed themselves of the scholarship of Sri Narasimhachar and Sri Ramanuja Iyengar and began publishing old Kannada Literary classics. But by the time a couple of these were published the journal had to close '

�-

Therefore in 1892 these tw o scholars staned their own monthly jour­ nal entitled Karnataka Kavya Manjarl. In the promotion of Kannada this was a major event, a 'punyotsava'.

In 1893 they printed Anclayya's Kabbigera Kava Mugalis' assessment of this work.:

Andayya

I give

.

below

''And�yya is the only poet of this peri� who showed his individuality in respect of theme, story strucutre and style. His single work called Kab· bigara Kava (first printed 1893) is neither entirely religious nor secular in content. It ls a kind of extravaganza with Kama or Cupid as the herci, accompanied by his typical retinue and army. The theme is novel and sulking. Kama went to war against god Siva because Siva did not return the moon whom he had stolen. Kama defeats him in battle and converts him into half-woman. As a result o f the counter-curse by Siva, he remains incognito for some ·time to come. There ls no single source for this

.

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theme. It is a product of the poet's creative f.mcy inspired by fragments of myth in the Jaina and Vedic traditions: It seems that the kidnapping ofthe moon as the cause of conflict between. Kama and Siva is an original idea. new perhaps in the whole range of Indian literature. The uniqueness of the work lies in its style, 'Mlich is pure Kannada without any admixture o f Sanskrit words. Though, of course, Sanskrit words have crept Into the work in the form of tadbbavas, their percentage i s comparatively much less. One must admire the poet for the courage and competence with which he has built up the story in his own inimitable style. What is more admirable is the fact that the work runs sm09th as a good composition and does not sound like a tour de force.>" A year earlier, in October1891, Chamarajendra Wodeyar who was a l ­ ways encouraging·the cultural development of the State, had started the Oriental Ubrary. The Cur.nor of this Ubrary Sri Mahadeva Sastry had ap­ pointed Sri S.G. Naraslmhachar to assist him In the acquisition and editing of Manuscripts to the Ubrary. Later he became t)te Librarian of this Lib­ rary. Pampa'sAdipurana, was the first great classic that was edited and pub­ lished by the Ubrary (1900). This publication was the splendid inaugura­ tion of the famous Grantbama/a Serles of Mysore University. In the meanwhile the Kamataka Kavya Manjarl w as regularly pub­ li.ffiing Old and Middle-period Kannada classics. Gadayuddba, Mal­ ltnalba Purana, Ltlavatbi Prabandba, Karnataka Pancetantra, Mit­ ravinda Govtnda, Jayanrpa Kavya, etc. made their appearance with such frequency that one marvelled at the scholarship that could achieve such tempo without sacrificing quality. For five or six years the publications flowed on regularly, but after that, for unavoidable reasons the publications had to stop. But these scholars were no fainthearts and before long started a new publication cptitled Karnatalea Kavya Kalantdbi. This ran a period from 1899-1916. Both of these scholars together brought out some 35 to 40 classics.. Gadya, Padya, Champu and Nataka were all included in this series. There are also publications on 'Kavya', 'Sastra' and 'l.akshana'. By personal effon these scholars collected palmleaf manuscripts. They also edited the material they collected: They_even prepared some commentaries. These classics were also well-printed. After the passing away ofNarasimhachar, though his younger brother S.G. Govindaraja Iyengar assisted to a cenain extent, Mr. Rarnanuja Iyen­ gar carried on the niajor burden all by himself. Scholars were astonished at the treasures unearthed and wondered at the strict in)partiality of the editing. not allowing any religious or other • R.S. Mugali. Hfslory oJ Kannada 1.11,,,-a111,-.,, Sllhitra Aka,kmic, I 97�. pp (,d t:i.stc-th:1.1 w;i.s 1he h.illm:i.rk ofllleemunshrcc Amhik.:.ltan:i.)':l.dana. our pocl of greu renown. has p.i.id hill mem· ory a poe1ic 1rihU1e 1hc l:i.st 1wo lines ofwhich ar u.dt:> !(�.:!.:d. er'-31� .:.:e: C�\.';.;:.::t:S ir...>" i,:..:i...� - et 'tter,:.d ttct.;-U::g ft\CI =�cs r.,."":.:c:;.,C!..r �ac� ;:ct;;.:�c::;, eu·.:,.=�0 o:t:.t.:w4 �c.-:dQ wd(dd · �GO.!m � - t;;:.:..-. ��; c,ct...::_c� ddrtr:,::c;;rte e'tr.::,�oG:. �.u, 4Mtlt0�d.). c;c:;".:sc .:!r.tec�. ��• .,;c;c;" �:tiJ, �.:i:s�...,, t.>et:S) ��.. .;;rr1�.) d"Oc0�- c:t:1 ;:.;;::.,;rr;c:;:n �.:al_. w.:;rn�.n�do.., -;;:c.>.c� tfd t:=O\.:JfmdOr\ ;:.r;� "l.::.) t!r�,��...t.)l. e:,:�.:::e� lCi:Sl• �..ci.TJd "'°i\� 11-lx,,:� �.:.,s �'!,I ::;r;� ;:.;;a;S�d. dil,ti t."ff� IJM ��d �(� L,ccxi,;:i ;:.:. �t"...i,;:s ..or.io�..cl "� fc;:::�dV.> tta:n:Jsi .ic� � i,,:.:.S. •ofddll,)• lolC Cod '"r:l.l•�••;;!)d.Aodt wfd r:nll.

::..,=-t.�•_,.:.d;.:,

ol�& t:or.or.�11. tt=;:d 1»cc!. dil,a dCaJ;c;:i � t..:>.,�dn.ld �a:.r.,cs ;;,:,. ft\. a:c,� ;:SJ'l,c;:11tl. t>:t�t w,.: '\c:., ;:..:,9 • t.::1:>J:tl1�d. 61 tJ�:S:!.r.tt\ .::�.,cs �r:r ;::1,�t��� ;::� t::;r--:0) .::d��� doc, i,&a.'l,.S- ,;c:d �,�.ice�· .::cait1,.:s i.:r.ir.,oon 3;::, ,c1,;:i ,;� c:,Ald �. �,u,;,;;:;c, ..:_i;:s,o,:lcd> ».•a.r1,.s. d;!ad r..:r.r.-1101,e 11.s,· • . • �o "' .,. ;:, :i,c:,1.r../\ �Q �d ttot0 t..rama,--51ory-Eaays, 1979 • Vol-S: Novels, 1979 1969-71, 1974 1972-73, 1977 197+76, 1981 NADIG, (Krilhnamunhy) /""umjoummum, Myaott, Univa-sity olMysore, 1966, p. 290.

NAIK

'Kannada joumalJsm (In XAmtllaJta Dtlnbona, cd by R.S . Huldlcribr and others Bombay, lldlrorial Commlncc, 19SS).

NAYAK(HM)

'MysoreOtyandKannada Utcraturc',(lnSrl.trand,""' Bombay, PopularPrabshana, 1971). PRIOLKAll ' 11- Prtnltng PrW# tn/"""1, Bombay, 19S8, Manthl Samshodhana Mandala. RHODES(DE) · 'Printing at Banplott: 18"0-18SO' (In Brltlsb MUSftlm Q,_.,.ly, Vol-34, No 3·4. _ 1970, p.84). RJCE(BL) Mysor, and Coorg: From � IIUCrlpttons, London, Archibald Constabk & Co., 1909. RODEIJ'.S(GC) oftbeAstaNcSoctetyof&ng,,J. Vol 9, No.4, EarlyJesuit Printlngln India, April 1913,p.161).

aoumal

SHAltADA PRASAD ( HY)

Exploring XamalaJul.

SESHAGIRJ RAO (LS) PraulffoU, Banplorc, Kannada Sabltya Parlslw, 1977.

SHAW(Graham) . . Printing at Manpltt and Tcllichmy by the Bud Mbalon (In l.ibri. Vol-27, No.2. J.- 1977,p.lS4-164).

UITANGl(OD)

'Contribution ol Ouistlan Missionarics'to the Development ol Kamalak.1' ( Kar · ,..,,.,.., � cd byR.S . Hukkcrtkar, Bombay.Commlncc, 19S5).

YAMUNACHARYA (M) 'Sarvajna ' (In Prof M. Htrlyanna Commnnoratlon Vol"- Mysore, 1952 ) .

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•

APPENDO:XD

Contents of Tables

J. first publications ofsignificant works on fine ans

PageNo. 173-175 176-178

J. firstpublicat ions ofworksofKannadalangu2ge1

179-182

l. first publications ofsignificant Kannadaclassics

Rhetoic and poetics

-t. first publications ofsome significant Novels in Kannada 183.-186

s.

187-193

firstpubl ications ofsll!Jllficant works o{ � in Kannada

6. first publication ofsignificant worb of Prose and Essays 194-197

,.

••

firstpublications ofaomc works pcrtal.nlng to Mysott/Kamataka History and Cutlure

198-199

first publi�ations ofsome worbpcrtal.nlng to Mysorc/Kamataka History and Culture (English Publications)

. 200-203

,. firstpublications ofsignificant poetica l wodcs of Modem Kannada Writers 10. first publications ofsome commemoration/ fclicltation/Fcstschrift Volumes In Kannada

•

11. first publications olodltt notableworks In Kannada IJ .. first publications ofslgoJ.Ocant works In folklore Digi ti zed by

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204-209 210-217 218-224 225-231

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--

•

•

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First Publtcattons ofSignificant Kannada. Classics Tllw

Sl A"'6or No

3

...........

•

Jalrnfof�

1848

2 Ndmakni

8-nPunm

1850

3 PUnndandala

Daar,Padaph,

1850

KeP!W'liJW

K•mwla llbanlavu

1851

Vb�Pandlll

� 311"11 �

1851

bl•••hut Vllnam.

1866

I

•

PubUc-

dllon

2

I

y,. of

•

s

Aocben

6 bdllllafacleva

edbyBqp,nl

Man.pp,

7 a.dMillloo

Nanbart (K111111,-

Valmild)

10 Kan...,,M II Napdwrffl

12 BadlllMloo 13 K•1n:la1

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1868

l'llnlldandmn

1868

Ka.,..,.ie

8 PUrmdarodaaa

9

Sanoa1""nalab

Pldagalu Valmlld Ramaymaw (l(aonadaToravc

1870

BbalOieara

hlliplrllDlfW

Vanballlmacbandra

Owila Purana.edby BLRk:c

6

Ulhngnpbcd Mallp!Qrc. GcrmanMisslooPraa Ulbopapbcd Mqalott: GcrmanMlssiool'rCII Mangalott: l.ilbopapbcd GermanMissloo Press ll!hoslaphcd Mangalott: GaminMbsiOa Press Mqalott: l.ilbopapbcd GcrmanMlssiooPress Banplott : Krishna - PrloredIll Telugu njmlaiaPress Scripc Manplott:

BascU!isrhnPras Dban,ar: Jmrmagiinl'rCII Banplott: KrillmanjaYllm

Press

bmayanaw)edbyH.

RamaswamySaul a Olhcn

s

Ulbopapbcd Prinredin Tdugu Scripc

Printtdin Tdugu ICamalambaraPress Scripc Mpott: 1be Editor 1874 MYIC)ttGem. Prall

. 1873

Banplott:

KaY)'IManjari

1877

VWnibbalal.........

1879 Madras: Madras: (F.P.) K.ouVlraragbaV2yya SlnmdYllasa Prall

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Mqdorc: 8asdAflnfc:n

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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

I 74/0RIGIN OF PRINTINc; AND Pl)BI.ISHING IN KANNADA

2

.\

14 ulcshmis:t

Jaimini Bharat>

15

Basavapuranaw

Rhimaka,i

16 Harihara

-I

5

11181

�ore: V ictw-ada,paN Pres.,

11485

BanpJorc: Banplore Book Depot Press

(E.P. ur4)

l!anpJOtt:

Girija Kalyana. cdby H� Hon112ppa KrishnaSandhanavu (includingBhishma P>rva) cd by Yapyy211aY� Sagar-a VirupakshaSataka, cd

1887 GOVijaya. cd 1904 Rudr1blWta by·S.G.Nuasimbachar 1910 AjlDTlflhabra Ranna Punna Ttl.alwn,cdby MARamanuja AYY*IP I 911 OivyaswiOwitrc, Chlklpdhyaya cdb y MA Ramanuja Ayyanp BbaralesaValbhava 1923-25 Ratmbnvarni Nar-aslmhachai(R) SasanaPadyimanjari 1923

-12

Nayucna

.\ I

.\2

3.1

34 35

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37

38

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43 Satvajna 4-l Satvajna 45

Ponna

-16 Raghavanka -1- Siddlw-ama

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Dhamwnrltam Pt .1 , Pt. 21926 Sarvajna Vaclwlagalu: Sped.al Edition, cdby OWuuppaUtwigi Vacbanagalu,cd by ChannappaUttangi Pw:lnachudalnani cnipaSantlpur21W11. cdby AVcnkata Rao &HScwlymgar . Karischandra KayY21D cdby MA Ramanuja AfY1118ar Sicldhar.unaSahltya Sangr>ha.cdbyCD Uttangi

.

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· -· - -

5

()

Mysory,.. Ka,ya M'"1Jm

- - · -- -

Mysore, Kama� Ka,:yaMlnjari

�lysorc:

Kam,,-�.

Ka,-y2 Manjari

Banplorc: Go•· c mmm1 Ccrunl Prns Mysore:Karn212k1 KavyalWanJdhi

Mi�rcS:arPres.>

Myso,c, Oriental Ullrar) · Mysorc:.Oriental Ubrar) Mysore:Karn2l2k1 lnamunby)

25. �(Slllbr)

B-K:ina�

1954 (3Ecl-1967)

My,ott: DVKMunhy

26. Niranjam

Ollrasmannc

1955

Baagalott:

27. Mirjl(Ann.uao)

Niwga

(Trlvcnl)

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Navakamataka l'llbliatioo

TlpcurSudarwna 1954 (2Ed·l955)

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APPENDICES/185 2

6

3

28. lyu(KV)

Sontala

19S1

29. Nlraajana

Kai�

1956

Baoplore : GK&Broe.

30. Gobk(VK)

Somarwtt,lttnna

1956

llbannr:

31. Malll(Vmbtaa

Olibvecn llajeodP

1956

Multtl

1961

lynvi

38. Karanlb(KS)

Moobjjlya Kanasuplu

1968

Pullllr: HarshaPrmtanalaya

39. lycr(ICV)

llupadani

1968

Banplott:

1970

Mysore: U5haSahirya Male BangalOtt: HcmantaSahitya

40. Kulumi(RB)

(RaoBahadur)

llangaradaManushya

41. Ramano(11()

1970 1971

42. Alanaballl (Srilailhna)

43. Naprajaiall(HP)

SayY250ChiPampa

1972

44. N..,...ia(HL)

1972

45 Anantamunhy(UR) Bharitipura

1973

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Vy,,ya,rmala

Dhar,nr;

M200hara Grandwnala

Gooibandc

Sri Vivdlodaya Granlhamalc

blp!Ott:

NewBanpon: Printers

Bangalorc:

SahityaSadana Sagan:

Alollw2Prabshana

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I86/0RJGIN OF PRINTING AND PUBUSHING IN KANNADA

I

2

46. Mahackvl(Mau,)

s

3 HcppktaHalu

1973

6

Dbannr:

Suyldhana

47. �Munby 48. AlamhalH (Srlknmoa)

4 9 . "Kamarupl"

so.

Sup,lb;lmak

ui-nc

1973

Mysore:Krvytbya

Pr""1sznpda

1974

My,10tt:

Gffldcllmma

KuduttMoac

1974

NdamancP.at-eslwla

Obatwar:

Mmobin Gnlllhamalc

�(Mac}

Tuqini

197S

Dlwwar: Suyidbam

Suplharnalc

sI. lndira(MK)

1976

Dblnnr:

Manoban

GnotJwnak

52. Niranjana

Mriryw,jaya

1976

S3. Kamban (Clwidrasmn) S4. Naganjano(CK)

Karimayi

1978

Banplott: IIAPCO

P>rrarnabadni

1978

Banplott: SribnthaPnbsbana

ss

Ramanujm(AK)

Sanlaladcvi(2 Pis .)

Manobbom

1978

Dbannr: Mmolian C.nnllwnak

MussanjcyaKatha Prmf'1P

1978

Mysott:

Pam,

1979

AlmadwltN:

56 l.ankcsh(P) 57. llhairappo (SL)

Katha5"hilY2 aa.1cw :

U.Printm

l'iildamaatPr•#NMQ

Bqalott:

Sabityalllwldan

58. Chiwb (Ycwwanra)

Shikari

1979

llllannt:

libDollara

Grmdiamak

S9. Ttjasvi (KPPuma Chandra)

60 . Kambara

Katvalo

1980

Si1iprevv2Maml Anmanc

1982

(Chandra,ddw-a) 61. Alanahalli(Srikruhna)Bl».ij:angayyma Dmnunptu

1982

62. Subbaltao

1982

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My,orc: NdamancPnka.wna PriotmPnbsbana Mysore

NcbmancPnmhana

M)'!Ott Kavyalay,

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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

First Publications of significant Works of

Drama In Kannada

SL

Tltk

Autbor

2 I.

Oliktodi lllhaPII inaya (Tammoppa Sa!yappa) Nmbvu

4

5

1883

hbtol:Aulbor

Bdpn·

2.

Uppina(Olannappa Gopilavlnoda Basalina,lppa) athavaSrqpra Ra,ablwiQ lbsakrecdaNaabvu

�-

Saldwi(Baladlarya) VIGaL, 1885 apolwanaNabbvu (2F.d-1897)

4.

Si v:wri

5.

Kiunca: �Editor 1887 Karlti(Vmblarmrma IIP!ipl Hcpdcya Vinita Pnhasana. cd (2f.d-l953) Sa.11ri) (H2vym Hllcchhu ) byLqcsa Sanna M)'50tC Kavyalay.a Gund,ppa(DVXDVG} VidyannyiVljaya 1926 (#.d-1941)

6.

1887

7.

Kri51uulbo(A.'1)

M�manOtt:Kavyalay.a

Mysott: Wesley Pressa Publishing HOOK

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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

APPl!NDICES,IJ89

2

I

s

3

30. • Rajar-.uwn(GP)

SalciranaSIIOIU mallU

1913

1111'1dnsyaplu

6 ll!nPo"':

tinop: KamaabSanp

Kamaab

.

l'rabraalyal'rcll 31. K.erwv (V"9Udcvlchar)

Nabdaro•yanli

194S

32. ICanDdl(�)

Gccu Nlbbplo1

1946

33. SrininsllDlltlby(MR)DbannaOurania

1917

llljplkotc: VasudrnSohitya R•maroal, l'Uam: llatsha...........,.,,. Blnplntt:

SllyaM)Cllaoa

'

PntmnaMandita

34. Kulkarni (NI()

flcannplu

1947

(J:NKE)

35. 5111"''1"rr' (8) (Ktbinlapn ) 36. Sami{AN VcntHadriAyyar) : (Samsa)

37. Saml(AN)

Kamar•a

Publl3hlnglloust

Dbannr: Mallonnjan

Pt•aehanaSamiti

Kallba kutoobala

19�

My,ott. VahwiSabliya

llitudc!Umbln GondaIDll1ll

1952

llangalott:

SupmaC-.omNllta M.:lll'ISlkli

Blnpkr:

�:

Ombrl'rcll

Sat}'IIOClwla Pr.--Mandlta

19S3

Blnplatt: Sllyaoocllana

My,ott: CityPoMrPrell

,..••• ,aM.andin 1958

8anplorc: PTI Bookllcpol

39 . PulllP..,,ai•h(B) OuaY211n

1958

�-

Banplott:

1960

38. Sami{AN)

Adyl

Vijayanan,imha

Kdujanamcpya

41. Dnadu(Narasiroha Yajnanlkya Sasai} 42. Kamal (Gitbh) YIJ'2fl

43. Mad

Nc+eplu·l

N•.....111-2& N•iabgalu-3

PnlibbaPnblbana

1961

llaaplott: SrinnpSar.lfflll

Blnpm·

lttop,ott : Modi Power PrimingWolb

SandaPnkmnalaya 1961

Dbanrar.

Gnndwmla

Dbarwar: Hlrldrnm Mudrambya

Jee•wlwyuya

llllnploK . Sanda

Mal10lw:a

1961

......-«-

Prakatwaalaya

Banplott :

Blnplorc Prell

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19()/0RIGIN OF PRINTING ANO PUBLISHING IN KANNADA 2 Karnad (Girlsh)

TupalalIWl(B) R2nl 73. ltanpWh(HK)

6

s

Dbarwar:

GnnrhaMudnna

Bangalott:

Sandal'r:llashanalay Mysore:

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192/0RJGIN Of PltIN11NG ANO PUBUSHING IN KANNADA 4

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1980

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APP£ND!CES12 l l 2

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INDFX/239 Gadbayuddba By Ranna 4,131 Gadbayu,J1lbaN,,lalul -1,39 lly ll.M.Yikantlulah GtJduglrwBbarata 28 By Kum.uavyasa G'a.l(GS) Author ofHistOrlcalGrammar . ofnldK.annada 94 Gumaka Musical rc.-ciutivc 32 Gangas Rulers of M)"'Orc and Coorg 120 Gam,tlj) OfWeskyan Mi.s.•ion-n out of 1nn�la1ions .I KannadaNudl fonni)!htly-lt·rivl'"- fn,m Uh.arttah.iri .\'"ul(amlhikaPan ·,u,yu 1:ly Mumm :u.Ji Kri"hn:ar.1ja � n· dc:-yar. Prin1t:d in I HtuJari /)',,. t (A'I 111� i hk h •r I k\\ .an 1,t �Iy:,,. o n :kt''I" h mn1 1ltc rt·gul.ar Ar�:ha,·1,h')t•..:;11

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268/0RIGIN OF PRINTING AND PUBLISHING IN TELUGU

Palakllrild SPm•nadaa

Palalruriki Somanatha ( 1200 AD) was a Bhaktl poet and proclaimed the attainment of bliss through Stvasayujyam. His medium was in the popular Dwipada metre and his language was the style and language of the people. His Basavapura1UJm and Pandttaradbya Cbarltra reflect the social life and culture of the age. His Anubbava.samm and Vrl­ sbadipa Satakam established him as a poet of great skill. The Uttaca Kanda of Ranga1UJtbG Ramayana and the Purv11 Kanda by his sons, Kacha and Vitthala, composed somewhere between 1240 and 1295 AD, very popular in Rayalascema districts, have been published by the Andhra University. Why It was called Ranga1UJtbaRamaya114 remains a mystery to thiS day, though some scholars Ulce Pingali Lakshmi Kan­ tam have tried 10 give some sort of explanation. This work Is an ad a p · talion of Valmiki with anecdotes o f Jambumali, Kalanemi and Sulochana, not found in Valmiki, thrown In. Bbaskara Ramayanam was composed soon after the Ranganatba Ramayanam of uritertain authorship, in the Champu Kavya style, which meant an admixture of Sanskrit vrittams,dest metres, and prose. 11 is the accepted opinion of scholars that this poem was the produc­ tion of several poets. It is held that the Aranya Kanda was the _b!:st part • �it.

KumariMoDa

An abridged Ramayana in six cantos written by the earliest poetess of Andhra, Kumari Molla, again of uncert2in date, some placing her as a con1emporary of Tikkana, has a reputation for its narrative skill and power of description.

N•ch•n• Som•

Among the disringuished poets of the 14th century was Nachana Soma whose Uttara Harlvamsam was thought of very highly by Vlr­ esalingam Pantulu, who even felt that he excelkd Nannayya and Tlk­ kana. The Usha Parlnayam and Narakasura Vadba were epiSodcs very_much cheriShed by the readers. So popular did he �ome, he was inves1ed by the public with the honorific Sarvajna.

Sriaadla, P•tae•

-The end of the I 4th and 15th centuries saw the splendid achieve­ men1s o f Srinatha and Po1ana. In the case of these poets again there is some uncertainty of dates. Honoured and prosperous during his life at Coun, Srinatha's last days were spent in miScrable poverty because all his patrons were dead by then. His outstanding works Haravilasam con1aining legends about Siva and Palanati Vira Cbaritra, a popular

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INTRODUCl'J(lN:269

r'PANDURANGA MAHATH��YAI\ � U, BY THEN.ALI· R.AMAK�ISHN.A KA.YI. �

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INTRODUCnON/275

rected him to dedicate it to him, Potana refused, and an enraged pauon had his work buried for years. When i t was unearthed the worms had eaten many pans of the work and his disciples completed the missing portions! Potana acknowledges no Guru and refers to his Sabaja Pan­ dttyam. Tallapaka Annamacharya ( 1408- 1503 ), famed for his "lyric· devotional songs" in p�k of Lord. Vcnkatcswara,'numbering 32,000, during his 95 years of life, also wrote his Sanktrtana Laltsbanam, a ucatisc on the technique of devotional songs. Sangeeta Kalanidhi Sri Rallapalli Ananthakrishnasarma has the credit. of malcing these songs known to the world by his masterly editing and publishing of this mus­ ical ucasure, which w as pre-Thyagaraja in date. Ksheuayya, Puran­ daradasa, Tallapaka Annamacharya, Thyagarajaswami, Swati Tirunal, Sri Syama Sastri, Sri Muthuswami Dikshiw and Vaggeyakara, Abhinava Thyagaraja, Vasudevacharya are the very bastions of South Indian c l as ­ sical music.

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Raya/a Yugam and After

TI

16th century, the period when Krlshnadcvaraya ruled, known most people as the Raya/a Yugam, seems to have specialised In the Prabandba type ofwriting.

Krishnadevaraya and his Vijayanagar Empire was reputed for its pat· ronage of literature and art. . Allasani Peddana was his poet·laureate. The King was himselfa scho· lar and a poet. Sanskrit, Kannada and Telugu - all came easily to him. To him has been ascribed theAmuktamalyada, a Telugu prabandha in praise ofVishnu. Svarochisbamanusambbavam (Manucaritam) by Peddana, Amuktamalyada (Vishnucittiyam), Vasucaritam by Bhat· tamurthy, Srlngara Natsbadbam by Srinatha and Panduran. gamabatamyam by Tenali Ramakrishna are considered the Telugu Mahakavyas. This was the period of the Ashla Diggajas: I ) Allasani Peddana, the author of Manucarltam, 2) Nandl Timmanna, author of Parijatapabaranam, 3) Ayyalaraju Rarnabhadrudu, author of Ramabbyudayam, 4) Dhurjati, author of Kalabaslisvara Mahal· myam, 5) Pingali Surana, author ofKalapurnodayam, 6) Bhat�urtl, author of Vasucarlta, 7) Tenali Ramakrishna, author of Panduran· gamabatmyam, and 8) Madayagarl Mallana, author ofRajasekbara Caritam. This traditional list ofAshla Diggajas has been revised by later re· search into inscriptions, and Chintalapudi Yellana, author of Radba Madbavam and Kandukuri Rudra Kavi, author of Nlran­ kusopadbyanam replace Pingali Surana and Bhattamurti.

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RA . . VAL\ YUGAM AND AFTEIV277

Tl-IE VERSJ�S o,

VEMANA, MORAL, RELIGIOUS. AND SATIRICAL,

Translated

Bv CHARLES PHILIP BRO\VN, O P TH& MADRAS cn·1L 811\'ICI.

MADRAS: V, RAMASAWMY SASTRULU Bl SONS.

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278/0RJGIN OFPIUJIITING AND PUBUSHING IN TELUGU

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Tbe Y6gi :iamed Vcmana batb aboce forth ia the world ; bow 10 bim, ye moo of virtue ! wbile ye rov!:reDC• bim be will bestow. oa you susteaa:,ce aad perfectioa. Listen, 0 Vema, dear to tho Lord of ali ! 2. Wbea I cry "�peak, 0 God," wby spealcest lboa aot 1 0 speak to me, aad powerfully I Speak, 0 fatber, surely I aball roc:oguizo tb7 voice ! 1.

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RAVAi.A YUGAM ANDAtTEll/279

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3. Oblervances void of purity of heart ! to what end are they 1 to what end ia the preparation of food without cleansing the vwl 1 void of purity of mind, to what end is the wonhip of God 1

4- Ona real and good sapphire la 11DOOgh, wh7 collect t. buketflll ol glinariog, sparkling stones l cn,idn llu•, is not oae verN, if wortb raadiag, aullici ent l

S• While be looks le tbae, 0 Gqd, be forgets lrimNlf : While be looks to himself, be forgets thee. How abaU • mt.A l•rn to know himself ud thee ? 6. Who ia tbe jo7ful maii l who • is the aubt.pPJ' 1 if thou INk 10·1mow this, tbia ia as avi�ent u tbe aun lhiDing dowo into a v-1 of .water .

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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

280,0RJGIN OF FIUNTING AND FUBUSHING IN TELUGU

THE VERSES OF VEMANA. BOOK. I.

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8. A false tar.her restrains as in all our acts. Tbe middling, ordinary teacher makea a multitude of senaeleu spella. But the good one combines the whole power of e:scelleuce.

9.\\ Profitless are those men who will bestow neither meat nor drink: what tboogb tbe7 be born in tbe world 1 what tboagb tbeJ die 1 are not the wbite-ants of tbe hillock al90 bona 1 and do tbey aot die also 1

Is not tbe dying cf all thole we bring forth and of tb- wbo bring us fonb, 1111 evidence to ns 1 Sball oar life be to as u the etenlitJ of God 1 10.

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RAYAIA YUGAM ANO AFnR/281

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11. \\'hatever he may 1ead who is devoid of undentand­ init, bis virtue co ntinues o nly so long as be is reading; even as a frog is tlig,.;fad o.Jy so lo11g as ii is seated o n a lotus leaf. 12. At the sight or women the cupidinous man quits bis meal, being stricken with the pain of desire ; even as the grass• ho pper delights :n viewing the fire that will tl,stroy ii.

13. Grass be created fo r cattle·: wind as food for the serpent : and earth for the earth-worm, forgetting none : behold how he bath prepa1ed food for all the inhabitants o f the globe l 1�. No man's disposition will alter, say what we may; neither cao a dog's tail be made straight: the stubb�ro woman will even put her hu,b:iod io a bisket ,,,,d sell him.

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19. Thoogh the limbs all wither, the teeth drop out, and the body tremble greaily ,. ith decrepitode ; thong.a they be infirm with age, copidity will never leave rnaa. If tbey - women, view wealth, or taste delicious sweets, will not desires be prodo::ed io all, even the.beat of meul 20.

Io ao oosuitable place never let os hold oorselves soperior. To be low is oo homiliatioa. Small is the image of a hill in a mirror. 21.

If thine owo mind cootaio duplicity, othen will, like thyself, ose craft towards thee: but if dissimula.tioo leave thJ heart, aooe io the world will be deceit(ul toward thee. 22,

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284/0RJGIN OF PRINTING ANDPUBLISHING IN TI:LIJGIJ

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THE VERSES OF VEMANA. BOOK, I,

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23. Though a foe worthy of death fall iato thy hand, afflict him aot : Conciliate him by goodaoss aad bid him depart. This is death to him I 24. It is fit to perform ao act tardily ; if thou hurry it, it will itscli become evil. If thou take aad cast dowa a raw fruit, will it ripea l 25. la the waters a ship will float aad swim smoothly: but if out, it canaot crawl evea a cubit. Thus where be is not at home, lhe skilful is of no :i.vail. 26. A crocodile while swimming ia water will seize IUld Jul,oy aa elephant ; but out of 1/u str,a,,. it is discom6ted ewic by a dog, Its might 1/u,. is local, not individual.

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27. If tbere be ia a tribe oae of ei:c:elletic:e, tbe tribe becomes illustrioua by rea- of bis virtu-, u tbe grove ia diltingaiabed for tbe audal tree tbereia. 28. A pi,t will bring fortb :,oaag al five or tao al a time : u elepbut prodac:es bat oae. 11 DOt tbm oae mu truly uc;elJeat, eaoagb l 29- ArAy oae ce iaatnxt a m&D of midentudillg, bat it is DOt ia tbe power of otben to teecb tbe vile : la it poaible for uy oae to straigbtea tbe bead ol a ri,·er l JO. Tbe ligbt mu will al-ys talk big, bat tbe excelleilt ap11k1 coolly. COIISUU'I, will gold riag like bell metal l

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31. Tbe vile couaten.inc .. (or 11pplaads) tbe vile, &lld agr111b17 to this don tbe bard miser land tbe mind of tbe fool : tbe 1wiDe delights in mad, will it take ;,leuare in roee -tar l

, 32. Tbe Ganges flow, witb a :ranqail course, bat a foal ruaba witb a roar. Tbua tbe bue cao never be mild u tbe aoble.

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52. Listen to the scriptures, that declare ignorance to be tbe servile (50dra) Slate, and wisdom to be (Bramiubip) tbe priestly nnk. Behold Valmiki tbe bard (who was once a biRb· wayma11) wbeu bis iRnora11ce ceased, attained tbe Braminical nnk. Sl• Like u the fish in the w11ters, through desire of the delicious bait, is fixed on tbe book and periaba : so a man ii seized wltb desire is ali.o ruined.

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1 292i O�IGIN Of PRINTIN(; AND Pl Hll�IIING IN Thi.I'(;\'

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.54. Whose is the body that we should co:1tioually nourish it l wbo.e is tbe soul that we should be devout to save ii l whose is our wealth l virtue 11looe is ours ! 55. H e may ejRCul�te Nara I (Arjuna} or Namasiva I (a name of the deity), and we m ay, in seeing him, say, Good I Admirable! and laud /1i111; but be is in no hurry to open bis pune and bestow a farthing. 56. If you behold the fig (/i,ws gk,;ne,ata) it is like pure gold; ii you open its belly and look in, it is all wor ms. Such i, tbe ostentation of a reserved man. .57. By the groaoiog of a buffalo bide bellows (in tbe world)* the live metals are calcined : when good meo grieve, will 001 a great flame arise to luav,11 l •The

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Vemana ( 16th century�). is the one poet kno-..·n to e1-ery ont· in the Telugu country. liis Vemana Satakan, verse, al\\·ars t·nd in the la.,1 line, containing his name in the vocati,·t·:

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Most of the verses can be understood even by ,·hildren. lie never comrnitted anr o fhis verses to ,vriting. The disciples re,·ordcd his in1promptu utterance. In 1892, about 100 select verses ofVemana wert1919mt10ftc,l'\'.......,.·•-..tthTd...,..........na.

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308/0RJGIN OF PRINTING ANO PUBLISHING IN TELUGU

The Navya Sahltya Parishad was formed at Guntur with Chilikuri Narayan Rao as the moving spirit. The Parishad's voice was the quar­ terly magazine, Pratlbba, and Sivasankara Sastrl, Tellkicherla Ven­ kataratna and Panchagunula Adinarayana Sastri, made it a trenchant publication. Tolakari (early showers) and Soundaranandam (based on As·

vaghosha) are renowned poetic compositions by the "twin-poets" Pin­ gall l.akshmikantam ( 1894) and Kasturi Venkateswara Rao ( 18951962). The Soundaranandam was dedicated to the first Andhra poet· laureate. Chellapilla Venkata Sastri who admired the work of these pot·t,.

WallapaDi A•anta Kri•ba• Sanna ltallapalli Ananta Krishna Sarma at:hi1:\-cd post-retirement fame. After a life-time's service in Mysore, he became an editor ofTallapaka Annamachary's songs in the Oriental Institute of Research inTirupati. A few of his lyrics: Samt Pu/a, Penugonda Pata, Tara Devi and Mira Bat have won praise from the readers. His critical study of Krishnadevaraya's Amuktama/yada, his essays In praise of the dis­ criminating Royal patronage -Raya/anatt Rasikata, and his splendid review ofVcmana's work are held In great regard. The: Madras Music Academy conferred the most cherished award in i� power, the Sangeeta Kala Nldbt decoration, for his work on Annamacharya. But what must have pleased him most was when couriers from the Tirupathi Dcvasthanam came post-haste only a few hours before his passing away at Bangalore and conveyed the decision of the Trustees makinit him tht· ,\sfh"n" Vid1t'"" of SriVenkateswara Devasthanam. Vuwaaatlaa Satyanarayuua \"iswanatha Satyanarayana ( 1895) was a poet and novelist of note. His Vl'.Y.)'ipadagalu( thousand hoods) got anAndhra University award. He has also written Cbeltyali Katta (sea shore), Anarkali, and Nar­ tanasa/a. He is the only Andhra litterateur to have had theJnanapceth Award bestowed on him. Sri GiduguV Sitapati has this to say about him: -Vlswanalha Satyanarayarui Is one of me, fewmaster novelists ofthe present age. He is a scholar, poet, playwright and short story writer as w.ell. In every one of his works, he shows his love for the mocher country, for Hindu Dharmaand for pr0llrCS$ on national lines. Htlllabubu is a novel designed to ridicule modern sciences like Philology and anthropology. His Svat7l"nllti nlcbetenalu (bdders to heaven) e,q>ttMCS the credulity ofpeople.... It mll5t be said lhar Satyanara)'llfta Ls one ofthe g,earcst novelises of the present gen­ eralion inTelugu Utcrarure."

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G-da

Guruuda Venbta App.a Rao (born 1861 ), the author of the famous KtmJ'USullum1 (1897, :;,,:cond revi!it"(I enlarg1."(.l o.'4ition 19()9) and Mutyata Sammulu. la/Janarazu Kala, Dumon Pytblu.� ,Vllajuri Pata/11., and f'ultadi Bomma Pumamma is a cherished pot:t Gunm1.da (',rpc:rimcntl"d in metre.and his adoprion ofa mc1rc cwrcs­ pooding 10 ml:rm tafa in music ( the metre of the K:Hlmu.la Bhamini Sluupadi ). ioducc:d his successors, including his Wllous contempor.iry R:lyaprolu Subba R:20, to take to this mode Mubamabofx•dhyaya, Kala,.,,.a/m"u'- Kalli Sarvabht1w1u, Sripada Krishnamunhi S:.Stri (1866-1960). the second p,xt-laureatc of AndhrJ., achicn.-0 the feat of 1ransla1ing singlc-handdly the Mahabharata, the m,agai,ata and the Ramayana. Though waming in the klicity of cxprns!on thal Tikbn.a W2S c:ipablc of, and the mdody and poetic flair of Potana, sncral scholars lhink very highl)' of his 1r.1nsb1ions. lie v.'llS al:!O rdcrred to as Ahhina, .... Srina1ha.

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Journalism "7'1f'CS3.lllngam's Vtveltavardban( a weekly published from Rajahmun­ dry in 1885, was the first periodical in Telugu. AP Panhasarathy Naidu's weekly Andbra Prakastka ( 1886) stancd in Madras. It bad a 25-year life. Guntur Seshllchelapati Rao started his Desabbtman� a

fortnightly, which became a weekly later. The shon-lived Sastrekba edited by Guntupalli Scshayya perished for want of funds. Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimhan, Kokkonda Venkataratnam and Viresalingam Pantulu, each of them ushered in the monthlies. Amud­ rlta Grantba Cbintamani (date?), edited by Pundla Ramak.rishn.ayya of Nellore, published serially the unpublished works of old poets. Vedam Venkataraya Sastri was the moving spirit in editing these. Telugu (GV Ramamurthi), Vajrayudbamu (Sripada Krishnamurthy Sastri), Sarada (Kanta Sri Rama Sastri), Jayanti (Viswanatha Satyanarayana), Udayini (Kompalle Janardarul Rao). The aforesaid were shon-lived journals, though they made some contemporary im· pact in the literary field. Andbra Sabitya ParlsbatPatrllla patronised by Pithapuram and his friends was started at Kakinada i n 1912. It hlls some claim for resus­ citating unpublished works of the past. Its popularity hllsgradually d e · clined. The Krishna Patrllla (Masulipatam) started as a fonnightly and changed over to a weekly. Konda Venk:atapayya and Dasu Narayan Rao started it, but in 1907 Mutumuri Krishna Rao took over as edit01'·ptop­ rietor. ffFor four decades, he shaped the thought and outlook of the Telugus by his admirable editorials and essays on an and literature and on political and social problems" (GV Sitapati).This_Patrlka was later published from Hyderabad under the new proprietor-editorship of Mudiconda Subramanya Sanna ofTenali. Digiti zed by

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A Scholar•' Edi1ion

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cr1o-.....a1uo TbeAndbraPrabba A Telugu da.l.ly Wlll! started in 1939 by Ramnath Gocnb. The firs1 suc­ cess!,·e cdilOf'll were Khasa Subba Rao and Nyapali Narayanamuni and after them, Narla Vcnbtcswara Rao. Under Narb's editorship, ii be· came the most widely circulated daily. II also issued a Sunday literary supplemcm and� :oq,ara1e illustralcd weekly. There wu a brief inter· ludc of1rouble and a fresh marutgcmcm iookovcr and Nilamruu vcn. kata Sc!ihayya ediled ii from Vijayawada. Narla after leaving his fonncr position in theAndbraPrubha started a new daily Andbrojyoti at Vijayawada. P. Nagcswara Rao started Andbra Bbumt at Hyderabad. A crop of shon-llved desc:rl·blooms -Andbra Bbarat( AtuibraVarla, Andbra Praja. Sasi�Janatwnt etc. - appc-arcd and f.i.ded a\Vay. The: freedom movcrncn1 gencra1ed the weekly Navasakti ( 1936) which was banncd by the Government in 19j9. The Communisl weekly PrajaSaJttl le for the first ever Telugu boob like the book ofalphabets, conversation, prayer book printed at Halle In Germany In 1746 -47. A point to note about Schultte Is that his translationswere from the orig­ inal Latin works which resulted In his giving Latin titles to his Telugu works. We owe a great deal to this savant's dedication which saw the beginning ofTelugu printing. The Rev.Schultze got printed at Halle six Telugu works, each with a title In Old Latin and the other in a Telugu learnt by him..One Is not sure as to whether they were got prepared in India before he reached Halle, or whether they were got done after he reched Halle. The same uncertainty nags us about the type fount used. The impressions make us fee l that cover page letters were hand-writ­ ten and engraved on wood. The types, though not dcgant arc very leg­ ible. Each print-out has a pocket-book dimension of7.S an. width, and each page has 22 lines and the length ofa page seems to be 11.S ems. All these works arc in the British Museum Ubrary In London. Given below are the titles o fthe books: (TeluguTitle) SceP.34 BPI.M7S ViaSiveOrdoSalvttus(2) " " Catechismus Telugious minor " Mores Vitamque Christiano ( 2) " Colloquim Rt-li�iossimum

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Tille p,�,·, in Telugu and Latin of·Catcchismus Ttlug;cus Minor" -lknjamln Sdlultze, Halle-I7-46. Co,,rtesy: British Mus,um Ubnry, London

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Totl".:,6 c!&;S.:>t_Sf?: (Liikacheta Vriyabadina Ycsu Krista Subha samacaram ) . Every sheet o f . this work at the foot has the words "C P Brown's Telugu version 1938". It has 60 pages and is preserved in the British Museum Library. Though published by the Madras Auxiliary Bible Society, its place of o r Bellary, was not indicated. This print, whether Madras version was the individual wotk of Brown. A revised version of the Gospel of Matthew, of 103 pages, was published by the Madras Auxiliary Bible· Society and printed at the Bellary Mission Press in 1840. Similarly, the Gospel ofMark with 64 pages was also printed at Bellary. Another version of the Gospel of Luke was published by the same Society in 1843 and printed at the Mission Press in Bellary. This is of 109 pages. The Gospel of St John in English and Telugu in parallel columns was printed in 1844 at the American Mission Press in Madras. A brief account ofthe printing in Telugu ofChristian literaturebythe · various Mission Presses at Vizagpatnam, Rajahmundry, Masulipatnam, Madras by the London Missionary Society, the North German Missio­ nary Society, the American Mission Press, the London Mission Press, along with the list of titles is given later.

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The establishment of the London Missionary Society at Vizagapatnam with the new press it acquired by gift in 1840 ushered in a flurry o f printing. Five page tracts, numbering 20,000 were issued annually numbering 55 tracts a day! Elementary text books and the translations of TbePilgrim's Progress were printed. In 1863 the first eight books of the Old Testament translated into Telugu by Messrs Wardlaw and Hay were printed.

Tlte ,!ml!rlaut IU••J.oa Preee

In 1845, the American Mission Press produced the Book ofPsalms (Bodbana Keertanamulu) consisting of 564 pages, at Madras. The same press printed Mrs. Favell Lee's The Peep ofDay, containing the

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366/0RJGJN Of PRINTING AND l'UBUSHING IN 11:WGIJ

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first lesson in Christian Doctrine, translated by J W Gordon. The second edition with 179 pages was printed in 1854 (first edition?). 1857 saw the publication of Tbe Holy Bible in Telugu, by the Rev Messrs Gordon and Pritchett and the New Testament version by J S Wardlaw andJ Hay at the American Mission Press at Madras. 1859 saw the publication of the Book of Genesis (Mose-Cbeta Vrayapadina ModattPustakam) at the American Mission Press. Tbe Book ofExodus (Mose Yokka rendo granthamu) was printed in 1861 (in the 1857 version) at the American Mission Press. The Bible Society had printed it as early as 1844 at Bellacy. 12 point and 16 point type were mostly used in these and other publications by the Mission Press, London and America. Reprlaa of the lladru Tract-• Book Society The Telugu General Series reprints, each item ruMing into 10,000 copies, up to the end of 1850 were published by the Madras Tract and Book Society (see their 32nd Annual Rcpon). The following ace the titles: 1) The Treasure, 2) The New Birth, 3) The Incarnation ofChrist, S) 'nie Way to Heavenly Bliss, 7) The Last Judgement, 11) Justice & Mercy Displayed, 12)The Culprit's False Pica, 34) On Lying, 36)The Hindu Trial, 43)Divine Knowledge, 48)The Heavenly Way, 53)Good Advice.

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The Tehap llu.-eD••eo- Serie• l0,000 copies of the History ofAndrewDurn and TbeSermon on tbe Mount were also printed. The South India Christian School Book So c ­ iety printed in 1857 (using the usual 16 point type) Telugu Hymns in English metres entitled Kirthanamulu,edited by J S Wardlaw, at the Scottish Press in Madras at Vepery.

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The Baptut 11.iNioeary Society The Baptist Missionary Society though mainly engaged in propagating the gospel and printing the translations of the Scriptures and also establishing schools, also undenook work entrusted to them by the Government and public bodies. The Madras Male Asylum was staned by the Govesnment to take care of the children of ex-soldiers and other officers, who were being taught a few useful crafts . In the year 1800 printing was introduced as a useful craft. A press was established which could draw upon Euro­ pean and Indian language type founts. The Vepery Press was closed down by 1810 because of financial stringency. The Vepery Mission was absorbed by the Society for the Propaga-

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TOWARDS PRJ!lmNG IN TELUG1.Jt367

tion of the Gospel i n Foreign Parts in 1896. Pres.�es, paper, English type, ink, binding material etc., were obtained from England at great cost. But several type founts of eastern languages were cut and fashioned in the establishment itself. Dr.J Mangamma has made a very relevant summing up about the printing ofbooks vis-a-vis the spread of Christianity in India as foUows: "Up to the end of the Company rule in India, attempts to spread Christianity passed through different phases and at every stage, print­ ing of books was taken up. i) The early Portugueses attempts on the West Coa�t. ii) The penetration of the Jesuits Into the south. iii) The encouragement of the German Protestant mis­ sionaries by the Dutch Government. iv) The venture of the British missions. v) 1be formation of various religious societies like the Soci­ ety for Promotion of Christian Knowledge and the Chris­ tian Knowledge Society. The missionaries taught in the schools, and preached i n the viUages and the towns, dis­ tributing the Bible and Christian literature in the Indian languages. vi) Besides the translations by individuals, the Bible Society aided the missionaries In translating the Scriptures".

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Official Effort to Promote Printing in Indian Languages en the East India Company was confronted with the prob­ lems of actual administration it became clear that the use of the local languages was a must to get at the people, acquaint­ ) ing them with the purport of the various orders relating to tax collection, fees of office, etc. Extortion from tax collectors and powerful far. mers could only be prevented by letting the people know the exact levy imposed on goods, provisions and necessities of life. Therefore, they decreed that public notices had to be in the local languages and these had to be exhibited at prominent places in the bazaars and of­ fices concerned. In the middle of the eighteenth century, the Court of Directors sent an order that the public proclamations were to be in dif­ ferent Indian languages. What is more, they desired that copies of such public notices should be transmitted to them for their approval. The next logical step was that the officers who· administered the country had to learn the language of the areas concerned and this meant the learning of languages in a systematic way through grammar and dictionaries. Both the administration and survey departments had to know the local languages. The head of a Survey school "employed a tutor for the Guntoor and Malabar languages at a salary of eight Pagodas per month."'

GoYel'llllleat Sab�idy for Priatias

The Government subsidised those who could prepare books that could help in learning Indian languages by purchasing a certain (Scltt1ions &om the unpublished r«ordsof the Go v t . ofIndia( 1748-67)-R«onl No. 174, Ref. Vol. I, Introduction by RevJ Long. Member of the Go,1. Record Commission, calcuna. 1869) 'Phllllmo�. R . ColonOdOlddays ofhonour(lhlejobn Company. Calcuna. Vol. I 1902. Vot 11 l·>t�l.

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OFFICIAL EFFORT TO PROMOTE PRINTING IN INDIAN IANGl;AGESt.371

tani were requisitioned and 300 pounds of Nastaliq types were asked for - all of it costing Rs. 11,150/-. Twenty copies of the Colebrook would continue to be: in charge of printing educational works. Di.euict Guerte• For the first time in 1856-57, District Gazettes were printed, every­ thing printed being diglot - English and the language of the Dlsuict. The Presidency Gazettes followed the pattern o f the Imperial Gazetteer Sixty Priadas PreNH ia lluru toWIINb �e dG•e of die l�Ceatllry By the third quarter ofthe 19th century, there were nearly sixty prlnl· ing offices In the city of Madras, mosdy doing job work, the wooden presses giving place to the iron presses. It has bc:cn estimated that the value of these presses did not exceed Rs.1,000/- In value, except in a few cases where it ranged from Rs.2,000/· to Rs.10,000/- (Manual of Admlnlstmtton ofMadras Presidency- Vol. I, p. 550, 1885) . ....,. oft:x•wi•�n Coudtllte4 (18SJ) In 1853, when admission to me I.C.S. was thrown open to all the people, the colleges ofFort William and Fort St George were abolbhcd and a Board ofEX2miners was constituted to pcrrorm the duties of a Central Committee for the examination of assistants. Go•eraa-tCo•trol of Natter. to IN PliatM As time �t on, restrictions on printing pressesIncreased and a pra1 · had to give an undertaking mat nomlng prejudicial to the 1n,crcsu ol the Government would be: printed. The Government even wmlcd submission for pcrsual of the matter to be: printed.

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Dictionaries in Telugu Syl,tas-• DiNertadoa..

Grierson draws attention in his Linguistic Survey ofIndia (Vol. IV, p. 580) to fonyscven Telugu words in the appendix to Thomas Hyde's Syntagma Dtssertationum, O:xontae, 1767. lwarus Abel printed at Halle in 1782 a small,vocabulary of 5 3 basic words with meanings in eleven Oriental languages, all in Roman script. The full title of the publication runs as follows: 'The Sympbona Sym­ pbone sive Undeclm Lingvarum Orienta/ism - Dlscors Exbiblta

Concordia Tamulicae Videlicit Grantbanicae, Telugicae Sanscrutamicae, Maratbicae, Balabandicae, Canaricae, Hondos­ tanicae, Cuncanicae, Gutzraticae and Peguanicae, non Caracterls­ ticae, Qvibus, ut e:xplicatine Harmonica adjecta est Latina -Editore LB. Bs -Havntae Type's Hallagerl, MDCCLXXXII".

The arrangement ofthe 53 words is as follow: The first ten words arc names of partS of the body. 1bc next five words denote animals . 1bc next four words arc: a miscellany. Then follow six pronouns. The last thirteen are numbers, thus:

Caput, manus, pes, oculus, aurus, digitus, nasus, lingva, captllu,s, and dens. The Telugu meanings run thus - ta/a, set, Kalu, Kannu etc. Then comes: Coe/um, so� luna. stella, nubes. The Telugu meanings run thus: Patamandala, Suryudu, Sandrudu, natscbetteralu and megam. The next twelve words are : eovas, ovis, came/us, elepbas, cants, asivus, ttgrls,felts, cervus, lepus, and sus. The Telugu meanings run thus:Gurmm, rruaam lottipitta, enuga,kukka, garde,pull,pllll, dffttnka, rn.oulla andpandt 1be next four words arc:: domus, aquva, � 111bor. 1bc Telugu meanings run thus: illu, nilu, samutmm, cbettu.. Then follow the six pronouns: ego, tu, tile, n� vos, ill£ 1bc Telugu meanings run as-follows: nenu, niweu, war, memu, mtngol (sic!), wandlu. The last thirteen are numerals: unus, duo, tres etc. etc. It is in­

terating to note that the arnngements subjectwise Is like· the ArnartMOSba though thJs was printed abroad. Digi ti zed by

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UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

376/0RJGIN OF PRJN11NG AND PIJBUSHING IN TEWGU

WoonU.a Paadit'• Tehap Dictionary:

In the year 181 1 the Fon William College Council granted funds for a Dictionary of the Telinga language by a cenain "Woordia Pandit". I t is believed that the completed Dictionary was deposited in the college library in its manuscript form. The college claimed it to be the first Dic­ tionary of its kind in Telugu. It is said that a copy of this was sent to the Fon St George library. After this all traces of it have been lost. The pre­ sumption has been made that the Serampore Missionaries might have used it for their Polyglot Dictionary "lilich was destroyed by the great fire of 1827. Carey seems to have redone it but only a part of the m a n ­ uscript is preserved i n Serampore. Each word in English is followed by meanings in twelve languages, but the Bengali script is used for all the languages. D r . Man gamma in her book Book Printing tn lndta. gives us a sample of the method, taking only Sanskrit and Telugu among the

laguagcs:

Englisb uke Lotus Clay River Path

SansJtrl/ Hrada Padma Mrittilc.l Nadi Patha

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Villan1adugu Tanera Kamanayu (') Mannu Eranu Dindd>a(?)

That mighty source book for all researches on Indian linguistics, Griersons's Ltngutsttc Survey of India refe.rs to William Brown's A VocabularyofGentoo andEngltsb printed at the Madras Commercial Press in 1818 by a Constantine Sample. The vocabulary is described as composed of words in current use and illustrated by examples applicable to the familiar speech and writings of the middle orders and more elevated ranks of the Gentoo people. There is a ten page preface to It signed by William Brown. The vocabulary got printed in 1818. His original intention of printing together his Grammar and the vocabulary was abandoned in the face of a march stolen by A D Campbell whose Grammar came out in 1816. William Brown did not want to risk someone else claiming precedence in printing a Dictionary or vocabulary ( ultimately, W Brown printed his Grammar in 1817). Dr. Mangamma observes: "whereas his grammar professed to teach the language spoken and written, his vocabulary showed the words and expressions inherent in the language. In the Vocabulary ofGen­ too and English, he had chosen the order of Gentoo alphabet as most suitable to the arrangement of words". Dr. Mangamma has also drawn attention 10 the erroneous conclusion of Sri Gidugu Venkata Sitapati in his preface to the 1958 edition of William Brown's vocabulary, where he refers to Campbell bringing out his Dictionary in 1810 and Brown

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DlcnONARJES IN TELUGU/377

having brought out his vocabulary In 1807. A major howler he has made is to say that theAndbra Diplca was written after the publication of Brown's Dictionary. Dr. Manganuna's meticulous research reveals the confusion caused in the minds of people by rather dubious state­ ments made in the Andbra Vijnana Sarvasvamu printed In 1932, where under the heading Accbu b y G H the early printed words in Telugu are listed. What is more, a page from one Telugu Grammar is re­ produced and Is described as a page from C P Brown's Gram�ar printed In 1817. The error is repeated in the list of early printed books. Ag;iln she has spotted out the same type of confusion in the Vljnana Sarvasvamu of the Telugu 8hasha Samiti, Vol. 3. Mr. MSSanna states under Mudranamu (Telugu), p 979, that a Telugu Grammar was printed In 1807 and that in 1817, C P Brown's Telugu Grammar was printed. C P Brown was only a student at the College of FonSt George In 1817!

'Aadllra Dipica' of N•wi.U VeelJ•yya The Rev W Taylor In his Catalogue Ratsonne ofOrientalManuscripts

(p 743, Madras, 1860) mentions that the/trstTelugu to Telugu Dictio­ nary, the Andbra Dtptca, was prepared by Mamldl Venkayya in 1805. But the available manuscript and printed copies put It at 1806. He de­ scribes It as a book in folio, half-bound In cloth and country calf_with good paper. The same catalogue lists one more copy of the Andbra Dtptca, a lexicon of Telugu from a to csba by Mamidl Vcnkayya. The catalogue also records an Amaram In slokas with meanings In Telugu by Mamidl Vcnkayya. Mamidi Venkayya was the first Telugu person to work on a.Telugu Dictionary In the Western style. His manuscript ends with these words: • ....... �D�ru;s t:S � �:r-:.:!>;"i) �f ... ��, ::io,�-< => ..,, r, t: ._ ! • ... ::i� i � ::i, !t ti O ' •••..:S6';5.,- 0t) ;;.,- 6 6;;:- Cl' a:1l � -to "' ::i :,:, ::.:!)

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:\'.'8/0IUGIN OF PRINTING AND PUBUSHJNG IN TELUGC

MarnidiVenkayya wrote a commentary to Amara Simha's Namalln. ganusasana and named it Vtsesba-Sabda Cbtntamant-Gurubalap­ rabbodika He also prepared a dictionary in Sanskrit,SabdbartbaKal­ pataruvu. MarnidiVenkayya was a scholar i n his own right, and at least for half a century, almost all those who compiled dictionaries an d vocabularies consulted him. Venkayya held his sway till 1814. C P Brown got prepared for himself a 672-page copy of the Andbra Dtptca and recorded on the fty-leaf a statement that the copy was pre­ pared under his directions and was very i1ccurate. He also says that it was transcribed from the original copy in the author's own !Wld­ writing. The year and �te ofIts completion Is given as 7th May, 1806, at the end of the volume.

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Th e manuscript prepared at Mac;lras is in two volumes: One with 650 pages of 35 lines each and the other with 795 pages of 35 llnes each. The character used i s Telugu. Telugu and Sanskrit words are arranged in alphabetical order. The preface to the recently printed Andbra Dt­ ptca mentions that manuscript copies are preserved one in Rayalrudum and another in Rajahmundry. From the Madras Government Records. (Home Department, Milit­ ary Records and Consultations, Novermbt-r 18 I 2 ), we come to know that the College of Fort St George wrote io the Government of Fon St George. that it was their intention to print the Andhra Dip/ca. leaving space in each sheet for the insertion o f English. so that larer on a c o r ­ rect English version could be made. This communication gave the perspective of Mamidi Venkayya as being an inhabitant of Masulipatam. Though the Dictionary ofVaradayya Pandit, according to the statcn,ent in the c;azene of October 1811, Teloogoo to t:nglish. was the first of its kind. the Andhra Dipica being \vholly in thl· 'Teloogoo' language. it had to be considered the first. In response 10 a request by the Government of Fort St Gc.-orge. \\·uordia l'andit's TelinRa Dictionary was copied and forn·arded to the export warehouse by March 1813 for transmission to Fon St George. ·111is was to assist the Government of Madras. at a later date.- to t·ompik· a complete Teloogoo and English Dictionary. Digi tized by

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A D Cawpbell draw• ap Aaaernqat 11,etw.,,ea M•micli Ven­ luayya -• die Go•eraaa-t

The College of Fort St George acquired the cop)Tight of the Andhra Dlplca In 1812. Mamidi Venkayya tried his best to procure a piece of land near Masulipat2rn as compensation for copyright. But this was not granted and the infirm Venkayya received 1,000 Pagodas ( Rs. 3, 500/-) in cash. The District Records of Masulipatam record the correspon­ dence between Venkayya and the Government in this respect, all the letters from Venkayya being in Telugu. It is interesting 10 note that AD Campbell drew up the agreement between Venkayya and the Govern­ ment. That part of lhe wording of the agreement describing the com­ pensation for acquiring the copyright Is worth quoting: ".:'.'...... The utility of Mamidi Vcnkayya's work, both in its present swe and as affording great assistance in the formation of an ample Telugu and English Dictionary and the learning and labour which the composition of it must ha\'e required, we think a disbursement of the sum of Pagodas 1,000 for the purchase of the copyright by no means extravagant". The Telugu version of the agreement for the sale of the copyright of Andbra Dlplca was signed on the 7th May at Masulipatam. "o01

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.\80/0RJGIN OF PRINTING AND PUBLISHING IN TEL\;Gl'.

"..... The work ofMamidi Venkayya is rather deficient in pure Telugu words, the columns of the Dictionary being filled chiefly by those of Sanskrit origin and the illustration of the meaning of each word is also rather too concise". The Sre•hthi 'Aaclhra Dipica' Though the work was prepared for the press. it was not printed and those who had access to i t quarried it and compiled dictionaries in their own names. The most signal example is the Andbra Dipica pre­ served in the Adayar Library, printed in 1882 and authored by Chun­ duru Ranganayukulu Sreshthi. It is printed at the Vlveka Kalanidhi Mudra.ksharasala at Madras as the third edition and published under r e ­ gistered copyright. From the preface, we learn that a dictionary by name Andbra Dipica was published in 1848. But this was written by C R Sreshthi, who was employed by the Madras Government as trans­ lator oflanguages ofSouth India and of Maharashtra. The first edition of his work .was from the Vani Vilas Press, and the second and third edi­ tions from Viveka Kalanidhi Press. The second 1872 edition. printed bold and clear, is preserved in the French Institute of Indology. The C P Brown's list of printed books has erred in stating that the dictionary of Mamidi Venkayya was printed in 1848 at Madras as a duodecimo edition. This error has caught on and misled several scholars. Srcshthi's borrowing Mamidi Venkayya's titlcAndbraDiptca misled C P Brown1 • A s translator, Srcshthi had access to Mamidi's manuscript copy deposited in the Oriental Library at Madras though he Is eloquently silent about this. Mamldi Venkayya, though he tOOk ill in 1812-13 seems to have lived twenty more years(see Mangamma p 145) and in 1842 had personally made a copy of the dictionary for C P Brown. The first printed volume of Mamldi's Andbra Dtptca (1965) refers to Queen Victoria having given the thousand� to Mamidi as compensation for copyright. This is a manuscript error i n so much as Mamidi died in 1834 when Victoria was not Queen of England (see Dr Mangamma Ibid). The Vasavi Grantha Pracarana Samithi, Masulipatam, published for che first time in 1965 the Andhra Dipica consisting of12 + 811 pages. A Dictionary compiled in 1806 was printed in 1965. a century and a half after the manuscript was ready for print! The following paragraph taken from Dr Mangamma's Book Printing in ln,lia. 1975 sums up the remaining work of Mamidi Venkayya very succinctly: ' Or. �bn�;..mn1a ha� made :1 hrilli:tnt analy:-i"' of 1h1:-. 1n hc:r Rooks in Print puhliShct-r I 832. on which day I was 34 years old, I began to which t.asl< ,·,,pr out l the prescm ,·olumc ) , the Telugu-English l>ictionary .. t·nded on 20th May 11136. when I was in tondon ........... Thc Library of Sanskrit and Telugu manuscripts which I ha,·e collected, . ce:-tto:Pf'.61} __ J,Gnmnw-mlhcTelugu bnguagebyA.D.Campbc:U J,.D.CampbtUEAq -t,o,2•a._

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Vcmana·� pocmli. ex«cdingly popular with the pcoplc,bc:causc of the simplicity ofits-language. its s.i1ire. morals and tcachin� attr:acrcd C P Brown greatly and he started collecting his vel'5CS concerning religion, morals, s.itire,mys1iclsm and other topics." Brown places \'cmana in

400/0RIGIN OF PRJN11NG ANO PIJBLISHING IN T'ILUGU

--, the 17th century and says that he ,-- ---------was ''what Lucian is in Greek - a familiar writer, useful to a beginner, though neitherpoetical nor classical." Vemana THE VIBSIIS ' Padyamulu printed i n 1829 had its third edition by 1842. Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu & Sons reprinted it with the V E'M AN A, original preface in 1911, IIOJUL, ll&UCIOD• ,,. •fflVC.41., acknowledging C P Brown's translation and omitting to say that it was a reprint. The original 1829 edition had four poems at a stretch with summary at the foot of each page. .. , There is an index with the initial words ofthe epigrams, their book number, and verse number. The Sataka literature ,a.nu•rtu.....,.,,...._ consisting of bunches of I00 verses in praise of some deity or .______________. the other had its vogue a little Tltk JNlllC ol 'Vc:mana Pad}'llJJlulu' tnnslated after the middle of the 19th by Ow1es Philip Brown. Madras , 1829

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century. Sumat� Bbaskara Kalabast� Kodandarama, Bhatia Karl Velpa Gajendra Moksbamu, Lavanya Sima and Sidbirama were among the Satakas We learn from the "Essay on the language and literature of the Telugus" by C P Brown in Vol. 34 oftheAsiaticfourna� 1841, that he employed scholars in Telugu to write commentaries on works like:

Manucbaritra, Vasucbaritra, Raghava Pandavtyamu, Subbadra Parinayamu, Anirudha Charltra, Dasavatara Cbaritra, Tarasasanka Vijayamu, Kavikarna Rasayanamu, Panchatantramu, Surabhan­ deswaramu, Radha Madha11 Samvadamu, Radhtka Santanamu, and

others. William Brown, AD Campbell,] C Morris and C:harles Philip Brown greatly involved themselves i n getting Telugu books printed. William Brown andJ C Morris as Telugu Translators to Government 112d a large say In what was to be printed. The formation of the Board of Publk· ln.�truction in the Presidency in I 826 during Sir Thomas Munro's tenure of offi(·e was the first step

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EARLY GllAMMAIIS PRINTED IN TEUJGU/40 I

towards a common system of education in the country: 1be following is an exemplification of the procedure to bring some sort of uniformity In education In the collcctorate schools. Under the signature of the Telugu expert In the college, Ravioati Gurumurty Under thc liplW'< ol Ravlpati Gurumurty Sastty, a detailed syllabus and timc-bbk along wtdl a lilt ofboobfoe tcachlng In the coU«toratc schools an: IP"ffl'

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eow.ry. llritlah M- Ubnry , London

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10·1 ORIGIN 01' PRl:-;n:-;,; .-:-;n l'l ·euSHING IN TEI.IJGU

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EARLY GRAMMARS PRINTI:D IN TILUGU/409

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l'Te&cc In Tdugu of"John Fryer Thomas Bhupallam· by T.V.P. Sasuy. Madras-1851. Cow-tny: British Muxwn Ubn,y, London

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·I I ()'()Rl(;I;'\ ( )t, PRl�Tl:"1/(i .\:"-.I) Pl ·ttusttl:"11(, I:"\ 'l'f.U ·(a .

J)uttaka Cbandrlka etc. v \' P Sastry took c:xtracts from these standard works and compiled hisjohn Fryre Thomas Bhupalium or \(l'Ut>ahara Darpanam ( mean­ ing a mirror of administration). The Pooma Peethika in the Sanskrit language: is printed in the Telugu script and has 253 + 73 pages.

..\11/bor I. Allasami Pcddaru 2. Captain Fryrt· j

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Commentator

Title

Zuluri Appayya

Su,arocbisba .ttanucbaritra History o/Josepb

in Kulor Kondh language

CP8rown

T('/ugu Reader

4. Para\'astu Chinnayya Suri �- l..akshmanudu

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6 . Lakshmi N.rayunudu -. TranslatiOn byCPBrown 8. Vavilla

Ananlhara.naya

Sastry &Vavi.Lla RamaswamySaslry

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VeeraRagbava Satakam

Place

1851. Madras 1851 Cuuack

1852 Madras 1853 Madras 1852 Madra.1'

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A book on Dharmasastra in Telugu entitled Yajnavalkya was printed ( date, place? !) about this time. Book I Acbara Kanda is 308 ajnavalkyaSmrltt with pages in verse and Book II of 338 pages ofthe Y Vigneswara's commentary. Mitakshara in Sanskrit with a Telugu paraphrase was printed at Madras (date ?). Two copies ofthis are in the British Museum, London, and both are incomplete. Thomas Lumsden Strange's 'Manual of Hindu Law' was uanslated as Hindu Dharma Sastra Sangrabam by Chinnayya Suri, aMisted by Narahari Gopala Krishna Chetty and printed in 1858 at Madras and consists of 75 pages. Not many Telugu books were printed before 1857 and the presses took quite a few years printing a work. Though there were a number of pressllip & manhCTshlp publication ofMiras/ VIJdamu. Tatacbarl Kmbalu Suicturcs on I worlc Tolugu grammar comments coatrovcrsics TtluguRtramlatlon ol ti,1/,ie Jznou• ledge 36(, Drach.George T�lugu mWlon of the (,'mwul C:ounwifl'lda style 2(>11A03

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evaluation of Telugu litcracurc.l ,, tr. of Mababbarata Es.say on the language and Htc:rature of the TeluRuS in Astalu:}Qumal 1841 .H9..cn 10 the Inhabitants of this C'lURtry (Krlstu-dbanna-bodballu/11-i. slma-.'iamaslba-januklllu Vrasma patrllta) 5:? L•lkr to Sir Al,,,,,,,.,Jobnson 3/45n Lewis pr.parall-On ofPolyglot vocabulary In English, Telugu 92-93 and Tamt/ by studc:nc of L'c::zour vroam pap« published in ulectlon., from ,,,. AslaltcJournal 2I Tbe lift ()f Sir Tbo,,.a, M11nro :140 Llgbtnlng Tappa/ or 4II Ekctrlc Telegrapb printed by London Mi.sston Prn.,;. •i I I Vizagpauum Unfl"yr,t Ultra Harischandropakhyanam, comment by C..P. Brn'WII ·!05 Linguistic Suro,y ofInd/a clue for dating William Brown·• A Grammar oftMGentoo 392 rcfttcncc 10 appc.-ndi,i of lbomas Hyde's Syn1a11ma Dlssff'tallcn11m 3"."� William Brown's A Vocabulary ofGrntoo and EngUsb �;6 u, Commmt on 297 Conftllation of Verbs Literary Society of M•dru C.P. 8"""11° 5 collection, �tatJon to 4U little U:cicon printed by C.P. Brown .I�l 297 ·uves ofTelugu pocl'" London publi..:attOn of Christian RtS#arebn In Asia .140 A History of/11/sslnns In India �-10 William Carpenter's Dk:llonary of Engllsb Synonyms 386 comment by Manpmma 386 London E=gcUc l.uthcran mission rid� dttds and leucs for mis5ion propcny lnromWlon on Telugu Printing ;141 London MIMlon Prc,s printing ofRabosyalraya lhushma Ibo, PanNri ed. Andbra Grantbotaya Saro4si"'mu Nagalln11aya Katba ux in Schools, A.O. Campbell's rcpon Naga)-ya, llcnda(!iri San,ar( 'td. & pttparrd vrrs.ion ofSaJllltandbrll nama !iangrabandbrt, namast!sbamulU Nagc:swara Rao, K2sinadhuni Andbra PatrlltaBbarall Naidu, A P Panhasanhy s« Panh2Sanlhy Naidu, A P Nalsbadba print-,d b)' Gtwrmmmt ptl)·a·s son� b)· Rall>palli Ana,v.a Krishna Sarma _',OIi Oric:nl�I manuscripts. Uc.aloguc: of act.·oun1 oo bn of­ information on devel opment of Telugu printing 341 Prcssn establishment of. Govt.....,. 373 Madras, Pondkhcrry ·•ff proliferation in M.adra.ltttJoycs and N.C. Scshaduryulu Ranganatba Ramayana Purva Kanda by Kacha, Vinhala U112ra Kanda by Kacha, Vinh>la Ranganayakulu Srahthi, Chunduru Andbm Dip/ca, avatlablllry comment on the work Rayakudum availability of Andbra D1'pica·s m;anuscripl ;u R.ayala yugam p,.:.riodofKrishancJc,·ara)'a Rayalanatl Raslkata Ray2la.1tt11U popularity of Ranganatba Ramayana Reeve. '«'. On lhc incamarion of Chris1 (Ytsu-Krlstuyoklla avatanamu) Rfflnusm1,E-Dercan Reid,J Id/ !ianma,samunu Supe/1

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ec:can JXH'IS in l:'nl(lisb -Hl.?, ,I ika.•w·.1n13n;im, t r . of Ohana\':antari -1 1l.? -to2 tr. of Saraswoui Bai's PuktMflStra \'lsu'tl�((.mulanum ·t02 \'cnkata Rao. Pian·ada publisher of l')'ai,:a R:tfa Rhqja·." .-lndbra /.nksbtma Karutalamala­ llaman11 Cbban,I n1tualtaramu .s�r \'cn.k:u.t Sa.,1ri. 01d l apill.1: Andhra J)O. Brown's ,·iel'' -i(H VJfayanapr , C'ollec1ion of translations on Colin Mcken2Je·s collection .i4H \'i jayanagar Empire P:atronagc to

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literature and an .rh Vljayaranga Muning of names of C.P. Br�-n. 38-1 A.O.hta 0i88"i..

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PART Ill

Origir1 of Printing and Publishing in ,\I,\ I.,\)' Al .1\i\-l

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Acknowledgements mong the percipient reviewers of the first volume of TheHistory of printing and Publishing in India, was Sri Dipankar Sen of he Regional Institute of Printing Technology. Jadavpur, whose review in the Calcutta Telegraph of the 17th August 1987, contains the following observations: "Mr. Kesa\'an does not merely gi\'e us a long list of e,·t·nts together with a long list of names. connected "'ith the history of printing in India. n the contrary his interpretation of these chapters of our cultural history shows that he has a good historical sense. and h e had caught the clue 10 the intellectual ferrnenl that followed the introduction of large scale graphic comn1unication in tht' country. Ht' looks upon typography as an applied arr. lhl· essential ft'aturt's of "'hich art' intensified by literary imagination and aesthetic perception. In his adequately illustrJted text. he surveys not only the e\'olulion of Indian typography. hut our changing literary conditions, orthography and the influence of morphology on Indian readers." In the accompanying letter attached to the re\'iew snippet, Sri 0. Sen says: "- you ha\'e made it quite clear that typogrJphic design is as fluid as language and as changing as modern life. Secondly, I feel that you have written many pages about some of our greatest writers, composers and grammarians, establishing a link between literature, music, language and graphic art." Mr Oipankar Sen has rightly grasped the point of the sub-title :

A Story of Cultural Re-awakening! Ulloor S . Parameswar lyer's Kera/a Sahitya Charitram in four

volumes. published by the Kerala University in Trivandrum, P.K. Parameswaran Nair's History ofMalayalam literature published by the Sahirya Akademi in New Delhi, Krishna Chailanya's A History of

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·f�l oRltitutlon. In Kcrala is givro in MANORAMA YEAII BOOK. 1986 published by M,layala Manon.ma 2t Kottayam.

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·t5610Rl(,IN Of PKINTING AN!) Pl"BU�IIIN(, IN �IAL\YAI.A.'I

Various attempts have been made to determine the earliest use of the term: G. A . Inns i n his Malabar and Anjengo ( 1908), credits Al Biruni (970-1039) with such usage, having called the Country Malabar. The Egyptian merchant lndico Pleustes (refer to John's Thesis, 1979), .mentions Male on the West Coast as a great emporium of the pepper trade. ls Malabar derived from Male? or is It a combination of Dravidian Mala, meaning Hill, and Persian Bar, meaning Country? The Arab navigators had a protean variety of names: Malibar, Manlbar, !'-fulibar, Melitx:ria, Malabaria etc. ... Among ancient Mohammedan and European writers, Malibu and Manlbar were most common. Early records show that the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Romans, the Arabs, and the Chinese traded in Spices, Pepper, Ivory, Timber, Teak, and Rosewood, and the ports mentioned were, Muzitis, Tyndls, Barace, and Nelcynda, Ptolemy and the author of Periplus of the Erytrean Sea being among those who referred to them. Muziris corresponds t o the present day Kodungallur also called Cranganore. Marcopolo noted the existence of Jewish Communities in Malabar as early as 821 A.O. The Zamorin of Calicut ,treated foreigners with kindness and consideration, though he was shrewd enough not to grant trading facilities to Vasco da Gama who landed at Calicut in 1498. Before long there ensued a polarisation between the Zamorin and the Arabs on one hand, and the Rajah of Cochin and the Portuguese on the other, with the Portuguese ultimately having the upper hand for a whole century. They monopolised trade on the Malabar Coast. The Old Testament reference to Ophir as the port from where Solomon's ships brought spices, ivory and peacock feathers etc., has been sought to be identified by some as the village of Puvar, South of Trivandruril. The Arab Traveller Sulaiman (851 A.O.) referred to Qullon as an Important centre of Chinese Trade. But, surprisingly enough, what is to-day described as a Queen among harbours, Cochin, has not been mentioned by Ptolemy, lbn Batuta or Marco Polo. The Portuguese had an overlordship over the fortresses of Cannanore, Cranganore, Poracadu, and Quilon. Until the British took over, Portuguese was the Diplomatic language. The descriptions of Duane, Barbosa, and Gaspar Correa have historical value. The Patriarch of Babylon controlled the Syrian Christians until the Portuguese arrived. l ater the Syrian liturgy was latinised and the Diocese of Cochin was created for those who belonged to the Syrian Church. The Synod of Oiamper (Udayamperur) was convened to extirpate the "Nestorian Heresy" and to bring the Syrian Christians under Rome's control.

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I II� l'ORl1·ho polluted the Nan1puthiris hy touch. The Kshatri\'as and the Nairs l'njoyed Sl'\'eral pri\'ill-ges Vl'hich \\'l'rl' denied to the lo\,·er c1stl'S. But thcrl· \\'ert" certain paradoxes in the Kerala social scene. \Vhilc the Christians and l\luslin1s \\'ert: not harrt"d from using the approach road to the t ....,. - id\u-i...• "'14•·

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hardly a trace o_f the life of the erdinary people discernible in this literature. A by-product of the manipravala mode is the Sandesam literature and the best of them is Unnunili Sandesam of which it is said" .... that there is no poem in the literary lore of Kerala which reflects so much the scenic splendour of the land and the joy of life that charac.terized the age". (HM L p 34)

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EZHlrlTACHAN, BEGIN:'IINdl lHlllm-dl wo1-111>1jj 1D•Q1•C110Q&ofl, Orchestrate in thunder witb polysyllabic Sanskrit

And you will see tbe public stampeding at tbe exit. He is also reputed co be the same person as a ce'rtain Rama Panivada \vho composed a mahakavya, Raghaviyam, Sitaraghavam, a drama, and Cbandrlka Vidbi and lilavati Vidb� in Samskrit! Well over sixty Thullals.�a Thullal means a dance) cf Tamil: 'ThuUi Vizhundan', and these Sanskrit compositions in a mere span of sixty and

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MAI.AVAi.AM l'OETRY/491

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492/0RIGIN OF PRINTING ANO PUlllJSHING IN MAlAYAJ.AM

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-i%fORJGIN OF PRJN11NG ANO Pl'BIJ�HING IN MAtAVAIAM

movement against rhyme and the Dvitiyalcshara Prasarn. The tendency to sacrifice sense for sound was arrested. And ·what is more, A.R. Raja Raja Varma of the Establishment translated KaJidasa's Meghasandesam without Dvitiyalcshara Prasam!! One has to bear in mind at this point of time Kerala Valiya Koyil Tampuran's( 1845-1914).MayuraSandesam (1894), (Mangalore Basel Mission Press first serialized in Bbasba Posbini in two issues( l)April-May 1894,(2)August-September( 1894) in Manipravala style adopting the Dvitiyakshara Prasarn. The emotive content of this poem is rather meagre. But it docs illustrate the grandeur of rhyme. Mahakavi Ulloor defended rhyme and KC Kesava Pillai fought back with vigour. The Mahakavyas Sanskrit has a prescription as to the content of a Mahakavya. It must contain Nagara Varnana,Arnava vanrana, Sailavarnana, Ritu varnana and descriptions of Chandrarkodaya. Now for a brief rehearsal of the titles and authors of celebrated Mahakavyas in Kerala : 1. Ramacbandra Vilasam: ( 1907) by Azhakathu Padmanabha Kurup (1869-1931 ) 2. Uma Kera/am ( 1913) by Mahakavi Ulloor(an episode from the history ofTravancore) 3. Rukmangada Chari/am (1913) by Pandalam Kerala Varma (1879-1919) 4. Kesaveeyam (1913) by KC Kesava Pillai ( 1868-1913) 5. Pandavodayam : Serialised in Lakshmibai monthly (1910-1913) Vancbeesa Yarnsam : Ditto, completed in 1917 by Kodungallor Kochunni Tampuran (1864-1913) 6. Yesu Vijayam (1925) b y Kattakayathil Cherian Mappilla (1858-1936) 7. Devi Yogam (1909) by Kerala Varma (1845-1914) who resorted to a modem Epic form eschewing the Dvitiyakshara Prasam in this work. The Khanda Kavya This is a shorter form of the Epic manner. A signal example of this mode with emphasis on emotive and thought content, rather than on formal values (cf: Kesava Pillai's Kesaveeyam). striking a romantic note is : Asanna Marana Cbinta Satakam by K C Kesava Pillai The English Elegaic form seems to have inspired works such as these; Malaya Vilasam (1894); Oru Vilapam, written (1903) Prlya Vilapam

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MAIAYAL\M POETRY/49""

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532/0RIGIN OF PRINTING AND PUllUSHING IN MAI.AYAJ.»1

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conviction and realism and passion as to enforce a willing suspension of disbelief. If prevailing superstition helps to invent a l21.c with authenticity and atmosphe{e, Takazhi has n o scruples using them to hring home his agonising experience of such a situation. Talc:azhi was selected for the Jnanpith Award for the year 1984.

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I

MA!.\Y :\L,\M C;R,\.MMAR/5i l

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Cochin Ramavarma Appan lbampuran Appan Thampur.in was a prince in 1he dircc1 lirn: of succession 10 the throne of Cochin. He would ha,·e become: Mahantjah if oruy he had lin:d for a few more: years. lnstc:ad he bc:came Kair.ilividheyan-HY IN MALAYAu\M/59�

"I started 'Rasika ranjini' after depositing Rs. 3000/· in bank. I stopped its publication when the balance was reduced to just 3½ annas". But Appan Thampuran could develop a lucid style of writing Malayalam Prose through the columns of Rasika ranjini. Appan Thampuran w as one of the Managing Directors of the Mangalodayam Company, along with Kurur Unni Namputhirippad. Again in 1913, Cochin Sahitya Samajam took charge of the publication of Mangalodayam Magazine. Appan Thampuran was the President of the Samajam. Appan Thampuran took great care in the set-up of the books printed in Mangalodayam. Books like Nampyar's Tbullalkkatbas, Krlshnagatba, Pattukal and Addbyatma Ramayanam, came out from Manga.lodayam in good, uniform binding and cover. He was associated with MangaJodayam till 1919. Thereafter the management was transferred to the Yogakshemam Company. Cochin Malayalam Improvement Committee: (Cochin Bhasha Parishkarana Committee) Duri,ng the Shashtyabda poorthi celebrations of the Maharaja of Cochin (later known as the Abdicated Maharaja) graciously proclaimed the grant of a sum of Rs. 50,000/- for the improvement of Malayalam and Samskrit. A Committee was constituted for the improvement of the language and literature on the order of the Diwan. Appan Thampuran was the first President of the Cochin Bhasha Parishkarana Committee thus ordained. The first publication of the Committee Gauri Charitham Prabandham was released under the · series, Sri Ramavarma Granthaval£ Many scholars were involved in the working of this Committee. T K Krishna Menon, P Sankaran Nampiyar and Puthezhathu Rama Menon were secretaries at one time or another. K Vasudevan Mussathu, A D Hari Sarma and Kooneshathu Paramesvara Menon were associated as Pundits. Many rare ll)anuscrlpts from the Thrippunithura Palace. Library were brought to light by the Committee The second Samastha Kerala Sahitya Parishad was conducted under the au�pices of the Bhasha Parishkarana Committee.

His Works-

1. Bhaskara Menon ( I st detective novel). 2. Bhootha rayar (Novel) 3. Prasthana Panchakam 4. Kala viparyayam 5. Dravida Vrithangalum avayute dasa parinamangalum 6. Mangalamala-5 parts 7. Sangakkali

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5rinting in lndic Characters should start in the extreme south among the Tamils and the Malayalis can be explained away by reference to the abiding work ofSt Francis Xavier whose conversion activities provided a clientele demanding religious instruction in their own tongue. Native Christians in tl'!e extreme South among the T31)lils and Malayalis were in a large number inclusive·ofSt Thomas Christians. And it was therefore not surprising that dissemination of Christian teaching in Indic characters should begin in the south.

John Gonsalvez

And there is one name, that of a Spanish lay-brother, John Gonsalvez, that is for ever associated with the first cutting in India of Indic types. This man born in 1525. who entered the Society in Lisbon in 1555, took his vows in Goa in 1575, and possessed of native skills in ironsmithy and clock-making (Rodeles ). assisted the Jesuits in their printing operations. all the while being in feeble health. We owe to two Church Historians Sacchini & Sousa (Historia Societatis Jesu (Sacchini) and Oriente Conquistado a Jesu Christo (Francis de Souza) the naming of Gonsalvez a s the maker of 'Malabar' types. Writers on Jesuit Printing, scholars and Church Historians, have expressed views which obfuscate the exact determination as to where John Gonsalvez actually printed the Catechism, at Cochin. o r Vypicottah. �'here as Sacchini does not mention the actual place of printing. Fr de Souza in his Oriente Conquistado ajesu Christo (Lisbon 1710), �rites of having taken up the task of printing a Catechism in the Malabar Tongue, the Spanish lay:brother.John Gonsalvez making the cypes with which the hook was printed. RiShop Proserpio in his contrihution to the ,'\'e11· Re1•il?u• Vol 112. 1935 on the First Printing Press in India comments that "it is not clear from the context whether according to Francis de Souza. John Gonsalvez printed his Catechism in Vyplcottah or Cochin. That it was in the latter place had to be concluded... from other writers on the history of the residence of Vypicota". He then procel·ds to quote Fr Marcellinus of the Verapoly Diocese, who on the.-

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EARLY PRINTING IN K£RAW603

basis of a wealth of information from old MSS and from learned writers of the 16th and 17th centuries, the Paulists printed in 1577 a Catechism book i n Malayalam (Malayalam Paechil) in the fon of Cochin. It was one John Gonsalves, a Jesuit Lay-brother, who formed the characters". Proserpio also quotes G T Mackenzie who specifically asserts that the: Vypicotta press was not the first Press in Indla. He says that "in 1577 a Spanish Lay-brother, John Gonsalvez at Cochin was the first to cast Malayalam-Tamil types with which he printed a Catechism". Proserpio further quotes two passages from Fr PaceUinoes which he characterizes as being the Fons et Origo of much of our knowledge In the matter. "II Primo Con Caratteri e forme di legno fu la Dottrina Christiana di Giovanni Gonzalvez. laieo della C.D.G. Cha formo ii Primo, quanto sappia _io i carattery Tammlesi nel 1577" Vtggeo a/le Indic Orientali da Fra Paslino di S Banolomeo, Cannelitamo Sealzo. Roma, 1796, p . 346. Proserpio's footnote translates this as follows: " The first (book) printed with types and wooden forms was the Doctrlna Cbristtana of John Gonsalvez. Lay-brother of the Society ofJesu, who was the first-to our knowledge-to carve Tamil types in 1557". The second passage quoted from Fr Paulinus is as follows: "Anno 1557, Coccini Primus Characters malabarico Tamilicos sculprit Joannes Gonsalves. S.J.Quibero Primo Catholicae Fidel documenta typis edita lndiac lnnotuere". India Orienta/is Christiana, a Rev. P Paulino a Sa Bartholomeo, C.D. Roma 1794 p. 181. Translated ii runs thus: "In the year 1577. at Cochin, John Gonsalvez S.J. ,vas the: first to can·e l\lalabar-Tamil types. through which for the firs! lime 1he teaching� of the Catholic faith were edited in Print and Published in India".

First Printing in a "native" language in Cochin

Though Proserpio admits of there being a tradition investing Vypicotta with the honour of first printing in a "native" language. unfonunately all available records concur in awarding the coveted distinction to Cochin". Proserpio opines that it does not seem that the Jesuits settled there: before I 581. An article from Trnbner's Record. reprinted in the Indian Antiquary, March 1873. it is stated that: "The firs! Malabar-Tamil (MjlJayalam) 1ypes had been cut by a Lay brother of the Jesuits, Johannes Gonsalvez, a1 Cochin in 1577". ·n,c Re,· Cccilis Gomez Rodeles, SJ. ( summarising an accoun1 gi\'c:n hy Fr Becc.:ari ). in his account of early printing in India, translated by

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the Rev F Cardon, S.J.. which appeared in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1913 (Vol. 9 pp 149-168 ). Cochin is mentiOnl·d only as the place where "A small book on the Christian Doctrine Composed in Portuguese by Fr Man:os Jorge and translated inro 'l\.1alabar'; by Fr Henry Anriquez (Henriquez) wai; printed in the Cuia:ge of the Mother of God on November 1-i. 1579". Vaipicota As Rodeles very aptly put it, a new irnpulse to the typographical and editorial movements in Western India was given by the seventh decree of the third f'.rovincial Council of India held at Goa in 1585. lbis decree entrusted the Fathers of the SOciety of Jesus with the translation into 'Syriac and Malabar' some of the hooks required for the proper management of the Christian Community. This directive was responded to by the professors of the Seminary at Vaipicota who not only translated from Latin into Syriac a con1mentary of the four gospels, another of the pentateuch, the times of the Apostles and other saints, a book on the sacraments. the office of our Lady, the Ritual anu the Catechism of Trent hut composed in 'Malabar' a Voluminous prayer,oook, a Catechism. and a booklet o f devotional cxercises for the Sundays of Chief feasts. 'The Jesuits established a Chaldean (Syriac) Printing Press at Vaipicota in I 602. The types and matrices for this press were ohtained from Rome. We must here bring ro mind the Diamper Synod ( 1500) decree which c_alled upon the Jesuits at Vaipicota to cooperate in revising the books on liturgy currently used hy the Syrian Christians. Pope Clen1ent VIII sent the Jesuits at Vaipicota a press with Chaldean types. This led to the first printing at Vaipicota of the Roman Ceremonial and of the exorcisms and blessings contained in rhe l\.fissal. TI1e Syrian Missal and Bre\•iary were \vritr,cn in Syriac or Chaldean. with notes and explanations in 1\-lalayalam printed in Syriac script-a manner of writing e\'cn no,v called "Carson". Dr P S Thomas' well-kno\\·n work Jlfalaynla Sahi�11a1,un1., Kristianikalutn, ( National Book Stall, Kottayan1. 1961 ) has a Ii.and of interesting inJormation. He says that the religious hooks printed in Vaipicota. used Tamil script to print thcn1. On the basis of contempQrary rt·cords h,· sa,·s that not less than fifty hooks were printed at the [>resses in Cochin and \'aipicota. In 1605 the \'aipicota pn."Ss was shifted to Cranganorl·.

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in Bombay in 181 I at the Courier Pre�,. The actual "''Ori< of translation of the, Bible bcgan with the arrh'al of the C.M.S . . Mis.sionarics. Con1c,mpora.ry records show that the moti,·e force behind this worl< was Col. Munro who .,,. as the, British Resident in Tra\'ancorc. As a first stcp in rcforminl( the Syrian Lihlrll)' he thought of translatintt thc .,,t,ok Bihk into Malayalam. In this conncctioo he wtote 10 RC\'. Thompson. the, Sc:crctary ohheCorrnpondin(tSoclel)· thus: "Thc Translation of the Bible is a work of first imponance and also of great difficulty. The, ,·crsion of the four Gospels printed at Bonlbay is no.,,. found. as our Missionaries advancc i n the knowledge of Ma_byalam, to bc so,·�·bad in cvery respect. in fidelity. meaning and langu• as to be unlit for use: and the ,·crsion of the whole scripture lately made at the College by the Karranars from Syriac into Malayalam Is equally bad. Mr llailey, whose proficicncy in Malayalam is f!!cal. is obli(tecJ 10 make a cqmplete revision of th•· "''hok. res.,mbling indec.-d a new version: and this work mUSl necessarily be slow".' Mr Bailey's 3\'0"''cd object i n making the new attempt was "to adopt such mcdium as 10 rendcrthe work a, once acccpuble 10 the higher and benc,r cducatI th-"........., l ._, hi,J l'l,"•rapn;i(Jn,;•! Km : JO1,_,-y •Jlllllllo" . It is strange that the author could not realise the grotesquences o f the construction. When this process of assimilation was complete it was readily as,_�umed that ie:JUllll, 1JJ11111iG11 and other inflexions as well as•mia11111 ,�a(D)JC/lo, •6QlllAn1 ie:JGIDJC/loand other

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(>88/0RJGIN 01' l'RINTIN(; ANU PI.JBUSHIN(; IN MAI.AYAIAM

conjugar. ions are really inherent in ,Walayalam Gram111ar.A more fallacious assumption could not have been made. All the san1e not only was it made, but has been,serlously set fonh as the basis of their works by writers on Malayalam Grammar belonging to the Sanskrit &hool. See for example how deeply these preconceived ideas have coloured the work of Patchoo Muthathoo and Kovunny Nedungady. It was left to the learned author of Keralapaniniyam to examine this persistent theory and to explode it once for all. The introduction of English education with its steadily increasing influence on the vernacular, marks the commencement of the second stage. Al present the attachment of our language to English is in full swing. Our prose literature is entirely fa.�hioned on English literature . The new poetic spirit i n our language is directly traceable to English models. Nay the peaceful . penetration of EngliSh language, if not controlled to somesubstantiaJextent, menaces to dislodge our mother­ tongue even from our hearth and home. Now to confine ourselves to the topic i n hand we find that from about the beginning of the 19th century attempts have been made by western scholars to survey the hold of our language and to classify the rules underlying its correct use. In 1799 appeared a s I have said elsewhere, the first product of European research i n this subject namely a Malayalam grammar compiled from the notes prepared by a Romish Bishop. Next followed i n 1889 "Outlines of a grammar of the Malayalam language" by Mr. F. Spring of the honour. able East India Company's service, Madras. Another rudimentary treatise was published in 1841 by Rev. Peet which called for a second edition in 1854. Then we have the works of the well-known eminent scholar Dr. Gundert. In 1851 was issued the first edition of his grammar which was admitted!}' but a portion of his work. In 1860, when Inspector of schools in Malabar and Canara, he published the first catechism of Malayalam Gra1n111ar which was corrected by himself and was handed · over by his Editor Mr. E. Diez to Mr. L. Garthwaite in 1865. Ultimately in 1865, afte! the learned Doctor had left India, complete edition of his grammar was brought out by the Editor aforesaid.- Another work which calls for a mention in this connection is Rev. George Marhen's grammar published in 1863. The author assures us i n the preface that the greater part of his work had been prepared before Gunden's grammar was published and a comparison of the two works clearly bears out the claim originally irnplied in the assurance. Somehow M r . Garthwaite's ·catechism appears to ha\'e held the field against the other works noticed above and enjoyed a precarious survival even at the date of the appearance of KPr"l"p"niniy",n. TI1e work.� of Dr. Gunden and George Mathen posst:ss certain undeniable merits and disclose much

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APPf.NOJCFS/689

originaliry in many respects. lbey restored the kinship of Meloyalam with the other Dravidian tongues but imparted in their own turn a western tinge io the grammar of our language. 'Ibey borrowed Sanskrit terminology so far a� i t had got imbcdded in our language and proceeded to fill up the lacunae by the new inventions of grammatical terms. not very happy in the n1ajori1r of case�. Some of the n1k·s and theories formulated hy 1hen1 arc open 10 4uestion \\'ith respect to their precision and correctness. Sullice il 10 say. their defects and inact·uracies appear to have totally eclipsed the n1erits. \\'hich in all fairness. he ii conceded, dl·sen·ed to have preponderatt·d. So n1uch so for manr a long year were entirely left with Mr. (;arrh,vaite's hook nuirt· an1using than instructiYt', as controlling the tender dt·stinies of our languagt·. ·111e situation n1ade a keen demand for an authoritati\T "·ork at least fr 1he purpo�e of getting rid of 1cu1PtR. J .S.M.: Bible Translat/011 In India, Pakistan. Ceylon, Oxford linh·c:rsiry Press •. Bombay, 1%3. :12. Hn:11.J•M>S: History ofCbristlanlty in /11dla, l.ndon, 1845. :1:1, Ht'NT. W.S.: TbeA11gliCJ1n Churcb in Tra1,a11core, 1816-1916, in 2 Vols combined. Church Mlssionary Society Press. Ko1 1ayam. 1918. 191111tt1 , j.U.: "Maiayalarhil Mudranam Chaim A·

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