Historical Dictionary of Upper Volta (Haute Volta) 0810810883, 9780810810884

Citation preview

KtbO MAY 3

SAN

1979

j

FRANCISCO

PUBLIC

LIBRARY

African Ar’srrnn Center San

FranctCwO I

JdIIc Library

HISTORY DEPARTMENT

REFERENCE BOOK Not to be taken from the Library

c

AFRICAN HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES Edited by Jon Woronoff 1. 2.

Cameroon, by Victor T. LeVine and Roger P. Nye. 1974 The Congo (Brazzaville), by Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff. 1974

3.

Swaziland, by John J. Grotpeter. 1975

4.

The Gambia, by Harry A. Gailey. 1975

5.

Botswana, by Richard P. Stevens. 1975

6.

Somalia, by Margaret F. Castagno. 1975

7.

Dahomey, by Samuel Decalo. 1975

8.

Burundi, by Warren Weinstein. 1976

9.

Togo, by Samuel Decalo. 1976

10.

Lesotho, by Gordon Haliburton. 1977

11.

Mali, by Pascal James Imperato. 1977

12.

Sierra Leone, by Cyril Patrick Foray. 1977

13.

Chad, by Samuel Decalo. 1977

14.

Upper Volta, by Daniel Miles McFarland. 1978

15.

Tanzania, by LauraS. Kurtz. 1978

16.

Guinea, by Thomas O’Toole. 1978

17.

Sudan, by John Voll. 1978

N

.

Historical Dictionary of UPPER VOLTA (Haute Volta) by

Daniel Miles McFarland

African Historical Dictionaries, No. 14

The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Metuchen, N.J. & London 1978

6. F. PUBLIC LIBRARY

£E:F 9&C. 2.5

79 40

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data McFarland, Daniel Miles. Historical dictionary of Upper Volta (Haute Volta). (African historical dictionaries ; no. 14) Bibliography: p. 1. Upper Volta--History--Dictionaries. 2. Upper Volta--History--Chronology. 3. Upper Volta--Bibliography. I. Title. II. Series. DT553. U75M3 966’.25'003 77-14987 ISBN 0-8108-1088-3

Copyright © 1978 by Daniel Miles McFarland Manufactured in the United States of America

CONTENTS .#

Editor's Foreword (Jon Woronoff) Preface

v vii

Abbreviations and Acronyms

ix

Maps 1 2 3 4

The Departments of Upper Volta and Their Chief Places Important Towns Chief Products Ethnic Groups

List of Major Ethnic Groups

xiii xiv xv xvi xvii

Introduction

xix

CHRONOLOGY

1

THE DICTIONARY

53

BIBLIOGRAPHY

163

iii

\

a

EDITOR’S FOREWORD

Upper Volta is one of the poorest countries in the world, it is also one of the driest. Aside from some wood¬ ed savannah in the south, most of it is arid plains melting into an ever further encroaching desert. Its people dream of life-giving waters. And, yet, the country takes its name from one of Africa's great rivers, the Volta, which divides into the Black, Red and White Volta that flow through the country. But the river's contribution so far has been mini¬ mal, even negative, since it spreads dreaded diseases such as river blindness, bilharzia and malaria. Nevertheless, the country's population is drawn to it. Despite long periods abroad, in neighboring countries or even France, the people remain closely attached to their home¬ land and return. And this human wealth, including one of Africa's oldest and most powerful empires, that of the Mossi, is the real promise of Upper Volta. That the situation is still far from hopeless is shown by this dictionary. Going beyond facts and figures, dates and statistics, it studies individuals and peoples and tries to understand their lot. A country less well endowed can survive, if it limits its ambitions to its means. This sim¬ ple logic, so often forgotten in developing countries, is ap¬ parently being adhered to in present-day Upper Volta. Its slow progress does permit hope for the future. The dictionary's author, a man who loves the Volta River and is fascinated by the peoples living along it, ex¬ presses this hope in a book that is far from academic. Dr. Daniel M. McFarland has lived and studied in West Africa, and returns there periodically. No other country interests him quite as much as Upper Volta, and this dictionary is a fruit of his research and affection. For over twenty years he had been teaching others what he learned. Here he gives us an amazing spread of information backed up by highly use¬ ful ethnic maps, a lengthy chronology, and a very complete bibliography. Jon Woronoff, Series Editor v

1

PREFACE

This book is based on the pioneer work of Henri Labouret, Louis Tauxier, Elliott P. Skinner, Frangoise IzardHferitier, Michel Izard and Myron Joel Echenberg. Their collective contribution to the knowledge of Voltaic peoples places all students of this subject in their debt. It is an honor to stand in their shadow.

Acknowledgments Raymond Dingledine, Paula Weaver, Ronald Carrier and my associates in the James Madison University history de¬ partment all contributed their support. Janis Pivarnik collected materials from far and wide. Without her dogged determination, I would have never finished. My family has shown loyal pa¬ tience through the whole project. My wife now knows far more about Upper Volta than she ever wanted to know. My mother has contributed in many ways. Special appreciation is due to the editor of this series, Jon Woronoff, for select¬ ing me for this project, and for the clemency and tolerance of his guidance. This work has been supported by generous grants from James Madison University for Faculty Research and by the Madison College Foundation.

A Note on Spelling Anyone who has written about West Africa knows the problems ^osed by spelling African nouns. Each European language approaches the problem differently. Arabic and local usage complicate things even more. For the Ameri¬ can, diacritical marks are often a mystery of unfathomable proportion. Since Upper Volta now is a francophone nation, French renderings are preferred in most cases in this book. George Peter Murdock's Africa: Its Peoples and Their Culvii

tural History has influenced the way names of major ethnic groups are spelled. Many entries in this Dictionary include alternate spellings. The November 1971 Texaco Carte Routifere and the United States Board on Geographic Names gazet¬ teer for Upper Volta were references for place name spell¬ ings. ’’Chute" for waterfall, "falaise” for cliff or escarp¬ ment, "mare” for lake or marsh, and "mont" or "pic" for hill are often used because that is the way they appear on maps of the area most likely to be used.

Daniel Miles McFarland Bridgewater, Virginia January 1977

viii

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AAOF ADB AHV ANSOM AOF AV AVP BAGF BCAF BCEAO BCEHS

BIFAN

BSAP BSG BSGAOF BSGC BSLP CARDAN CATAF CATC CEA CEAO

Archives of French West Africa, Dakar African Development Bank Archives Nationales de la Haute-Volta Archives Nationales, Section d’Outre-Mer, Paris Afrique Occidentale Frangaise Alliance Volta'lque Agence Volta’ique de Presse Bulletin de l'Association des Gfeographes Frangais, Paris Bulletin du Comitfe de PAfrique Frangaise, Paris Banque Centrale des Etats de 1'Afrique de l'Ouest Bulletin du Comitfe d'Etudes Historiques et Scientifiques de l'Afrique Occidentale Frangaise, Paris Bulletin de Plnstitut Frangais d'Afrique Noire, Dakar Bulletin de l'Institute Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Dakar Bulletin de la Socifetfe d'Anthropologie de Paris Bulletin de la Socifetfe de Gfeographie, Paris Bulletin de la Socifetfe de Gfeographie de l'Afrique Occidentale Frangaise Bulletin de la Socifetfe de Gfeographie Commerciale, Paris Bulletin de la Socifetfe de Linguistique de Paris Centre d'Analyse et de Recherche Documentaires pour l'Afrique Noire, Paris Centre d'Affectation des Travailleurs Agri¬ coles et Forestiers Conffedferation Africaine des Travailleurs Croyants Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, Paris Communautfe Economique de l'African de l'Ouest IX

CEDESA CEFA CFA CFAO CFTC CGT CGTA CHEAM CIDESA CNR CNRS CN TV CVRS ECA (UNECA) ECOWAS EDF EDI EEC ENFOM EV EVOL FAC FEANF FIDES GAP GSV IBRD IDEP IDERT I FAN

Centre de Documentation Economique et Sociale Africaine Comite d'Etudes Franco-Africain Colonies Frangaises d'Afrique; Communaute FinanciSre Africaine Compagnie Frangaise de l'Afrique Occidentale Confederation Frangaise des Travailleurs Chretiens Confederation G§n6rale du Travail Confederation G6n§rale des Travailleurs Africains Centre des Hautes Etudes Administratives sur l'Afrique et l'Asie Modernes Centre International de Documentation Eco¬ nomique et Sociale Africaine, Brussels National Consultative Council for Renewal (Conseil National pour le Renouveau) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Confederation Nationale des Travailleurs Volta'iques Centre Volta'ique de la Recherche Scientifique, Ouagadougou United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Economic Community of West African States European Development Fund Etudes et Documentation Internationales, Paris European Economic Community Ecole National de la France d'Outre-Mer Entente Volta'ique Etudes Volta'iques, Ouagadougou Fonds d'Aide et de Cooperation Federation des Etudiants d'Afrique Noire en France Fonds d'lnvestissement pour le Dfeveloppement Economique et Social Groupement d’ Action Politique Groupe de Solidarity Volta'ique International Bank for Reconstruction and De¬ velopment Institut Africaine de Developpement Economique et de Planification, Dakar Institut d'Enseignement et de Recherches Tropicales Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Dakar; Institut Frangaise d'Afrique Noire, Dakar x

IHEOM IOM ISEA ISHA JAOF JOHV JORF JSA MDV MFOM

MI FAN MLN MNR MPEA MPV MRP MSA NA OAMCE OAU OCAM OCAMM OCRS ORSTROM OVSL PAI PAP PCEHS

PDU PDV PFA PNV PRA PRL PRN PSEMA

Institut des Hautes Etudes d’Outre-Mer Independants d'Outre-Mer Institut de Science Economique Appliqufee Institut des Science Humaines Appliqufees, Bordeaux Journal Officiel de l’Afrique Occidentale Frangaise Journal Officiel de la Rfepublique de Haute Volta Journal Officiel de la Rfepublique Franqaise Journal de la Socifetfe des Africanistes, Paris Mouvement Democratique Voltaique Section for Out re-Me r of the National Ar¬ chives; once the Archives of the Ministry of Overseas France. Memoires de l’Institut Frangais d’Afrique Noire, Paris and Dakar Mouvement Africain de Liberation Nationale Mouvement National pour le Renouveau Mouvement Populaire de 1'Evolution Africaine Mouvement Progressiste de la Volta Mouvement Republican Populaire Mouvement Socialiste Africain Notes Africaines, Dakar Organisation Africaine et Malgache de Coop¬ eration Economique Organization of African Unity Organisation Commune Africaine et Malgache Organisation Commune Africaine, Malgache et Mauritienne Organisation Commune des Regions Sahariennes Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Tech¬ nique Outre-Mer, Paris Organisation Voltaique des Syndicats Libre Parti Africain de l’Independance Parti d'Action Paysanne Publications du Comite d’Etudes Historiques et Scientifiques de l'Afrique Occidentale Frangaise, Paris Parti Democratique Unifie Parti Democratique Voltaique Parti de la Federation Africaine Parti National Voltaique Parti du Regroupement Africain Parti Republican de la Liberte Parti du Regroupement National Parti Social d'Education des Masses Africaines xi

PTV RAN RCD RDA RDCA RES RETP RMAOF RPF RVOL SATP SEDES TOM UAM UDA UDIHV UDJV UDOA UDV UGEV UGTAN UIPL UMOA UNI UNRV USTV UV

Parti Travailliste Volta'ique Rfegie du Chemin de Fer Abidjan-Niger Renseignements Coloniaux et Documents, Paris Rassemblement Dbmocratique Africain Renseignements et Documents Publics par le Comitfe de l’Afrique Frangaise Revue d’Ethnographie et de Sociologie, Paris Revue d'Ethnographie et des Traditions Popu¬ lates, Paris Revue Militaire de l'A.O.F. Rassemblement du Peuple Frangais Recherches Volta'iques Syndicat Autonome des Travaux Publics Socifetfe d'Etudes pour le Dfeveloppement Economique et Social Territories d'Outre-Mer Union Africaine et Malgache Union Dfemocratique Volta'ique Union pour la Defense des Intferets de la Haute Volta Union Dbmocratique de la Jeunesse Volta'ique L’Union Douani&re entre les Etats de l’Ouest Africain Union Dfemocratique Volta'ique Union G§nferal des Etudiants Volta'iques Union Gbnferale des Travailleurs d'Afrique Noire Union des Indbpendants du Pays Lobi Union Monfetaire Ouest Africaine Union Nationale des Independents Union pour la Nouvelle Rbpublique Volta'ique Union Syndicale des Travailleurs Volta'iques Union Volta'ique

xii

Map 1.

The Departments of Upper Volta and Their Chief Places

Dori

Map 2.

Important Towns

Aribinda

i


C

Map 3.

Chief Products

Nomadic erasing

Map 4.

Ethnic Groups

TUAREG

I

LIST OF MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS

MOSSI (Mole, Mosl>i)

HABE

Birifor Gourma (Gourmantchfe) Gurensi Konkomba Kusasi Nankana Ouagadougou Tallensi Tenkodogo Wilfe (Wala) Yatenga Zandoma

Bob6 (Bwa) Bobo Fing (Black Bobo) Bobo Gb£ (White Bobo) Bobo Oulb (Red Bobo) Deforo Nienige

MANDE Boron Busansi (Bissa) Dafing (Marka) Dioula Marka Samo Samogho Sia (Sya)

SENUFO Gouin (Guin) Karaboro Komono Minianka Nafana Nanerge Turka (Tourka) Tyfefo (Tifefo) Wara

GOUROUNSI Awuna Builsa Dagari Frafra Isala Kasena Nounouma (Nunuma) Sissala Vagala

LOBI Dorosie (Dokhosie) Dyan (Dian) Gan Kulango Tusyan Vigye xvn

NINISI (Tinguimbissi)

OTHERS

Fulse (Foulse) Kibsi Kipirsi Kurumba (Akurumba) Lilse Nioniosse

Fulani (Fulbe, Peul) Liptako Silma Mossi Songhai Tuareg Yars§ Zerma (Zaberma)

xviii

INTRODUCTION

The Republic of Upper Volta is located in the heart of West Africa, bordered on the north and west by Mali, on the east by Niger, and on the south by Benin, Togo, Ghana and the Ivory Coast. The area of the country is 105,792 square miles (274,200 square kilometers). Five West Afri¬ can countries are larger, nine are smaller. The American state of Colorado, eighth largest in the union, is of compara¬ tive size. Population compares with that of New Jersey, approximately six million. Only Ghana and Nigeria in West Africa have more people. The Voltaic Republic has a diverse population, The Sfenufo, Habfe, Lobi and Mande live mostly in the western part of the country. Some of these have never organized states, while others have seen several polities come and go. The center and southeast have been the location of four ma¬ jor and other minor Mossi states which have dominated a varied group of Gourounsi and Ninisi peoples. The north¬ east, north of Aribinda and Dori, in the Sahel, has seen the Tuareg, Fulani and Songhai pass to and fro in search of water and pasture for their herds. Hausa, Yarsb and Dioula merchants have trudged the dusty byways selling their kola and salt and buying what they could. Zerma have come aslaving, desolating the land and exterminating whole villages. Marabouts have come in the name of Allah. The French came last, and their impact was surely the greatest. With their might they tied divergent peoples together within the borders of one state. With their language they opened a whole new world to the Voltaics. With their language and their ideas they generated a force that even they could not long conta . The country is a plateau, drained mostly to the south by the Volta. A part of Gourma is drained toward the Niger. A bit of the northwest drains by way of the Bani to the Niger. Half the Sikasso Plateau gives its waters through the Komob and across the Ivory Coast to the Gulf of Guinea. The averxix

Introduction

xx

age altitude of the plateau is about 1320 feet (400 meters), and Mount Nakourou at 2472 feet (749 meters), near the Mali border and east of Sikasso, is the highest point in the coun¬ try. The lowest land is in the bogs of the Arly Reserve, far from Nakourou on the Benin border. The economy of the country is based on subsistence agriculture and livestock herding. The soil is mostly sterile laterite, and drought is a constant fact of life. Maize, fonio, cassava, sweet potatoes, millet, sorghum, peas, beans, pea¬ nuts, rice and yams are the basic foods. Cotton, peanuts, shea butter and sesame seeds are exported in small amounts. Above Ouagadougou Zebu cattle thrive beyond the reach of the tsetse fly. They furnish by far the most important ex¬ port of the country. Below the capital small Ndama and Lobi cattle, relatively resistant to the fly, furnish a meager sup¬ plement to the wealth of their owners. Sheep, goats, pigs and poultry are mostly for local consumption. There are small amounts of graphite, bauxite, tin, gold and iron in the ground of Upper Volta, and there are large deposits of manganese, but little of this reaches the world market as yet. Prospecting has given little hope for other minerals or petroleum. Potential for hydroelectric de¬ velopment is limited to small projects in the west, to the Kombe, the Black Volta and their tributaries. The economic prospects for Upper Volta are bleak. Every year thousands leave the country to seek employment in neighboring countries, especially Ghana and the Ivory Coast. The economy generates little capital for financing industrial expansion. In 1975 the per capita gross national product was the lowest in West Africa. In all Africa only Rwanda and Burundi are as poor. Foreign assistance and money sent home by expatriates barely keep the country economically afloat. Today Upper Volta has a military government and some stability. In April 1975, under union pressure, Presi¬ dent-General Sangoulb Lamizana established a commission to consider "a new political definition.” The commission recommended a referendum on a new government for March 1977, with a presidential election two months later. The small educated elite finds little outlet for their talents save in governmental employment, and with rising expectations they demand a bigger piece of the pie. It is hard to see how the vote will make the pie larger, but those outside the army

XXI

Introduction

demand the right to try. If the restless and the impatient endanger what pie there is, the army is always there to move back into control. Lamizana is a patient man.

I

\

&

CHRONOLOGY

ca.700

The Proto-Mossi settled in the Dallol Bosso area west of modern Niamey, Niger. This early Mossi kingdom is today called Diamarfe I.

11th cent.

Delafosse and Dim Delobsom say the Mossi states were founded in the 11th century. The Bobo-Fing move into the bend of the Black Volta.

ca.1050

Delafosse gives this as the date for the start of Oubri's reign. Oubri is fifth in the Nakomsfe line of Mossi founding fath¬ ers.

1076

The Almoravids conquered ancient Ghana.

1090

Delafosse gives this date for the death of Oubri at Koudougou. Oubri was fighting the Kipirsi at the time.

13th cent.

Tauxier says the Mossi states were founded in the 13th century. Modern theory places the formation of Mamprussi by Nedega (Bawa) at about 1400. About the beginning of the 13th century, pressure from Berbers forced the Proto Mossi to the banks of the Niger. Here they founded a new kingdom of Mindji or Diamarfe II.

ca.1204

Diaba Lompa founded Gourma.

ca.1250

The Proto-Mossi cross the Niger and form Diamare III in the area of modern Torodi.

ca.1329

The town of Timbuktu was ransacked and 1

Chronology

2 destroyed by a group of Mossi. This event took place in the reign of Mansa Musa of Mali. This date is listed from 1328 to 1336 by different authorities. •

1336-80

Banydoba, a ruler of Gourma, made fre¬ quent raids north against the Fulani and south against the Tomba.

ca.1350

Lobi, Koulango and Gan move into their present locations according to Delafosse. Labouret suggests a date four centuries later.

ca.1400

The Mossi chiefdom of Boursouma was founded in area of modern Ouahigouya.

15th cent.

The Samo move into the area along the Sourou river.

ca.1422

The Mossi began to move west from Diamar§ III toward the junction of the White and Red Voltas.

ca.1433

Mossi attacks pushed into the area of modern Mali.

ca.1465

Sonni Ali of Songhai (1464-1492) began his campaigns south of the bend of the Niger. At about the same time the Nakomsfe expan¬ sion north from Tenkodogo probably be¬ gan.

1469-70

Fighting between Sonni Ali and the Mossi was reported in the bend of the Niger.

ca.1480

This is the date J. D. Fage says the Mossi states of Mamprussi and Dagomba were formed in modern Ghana. The Mossi attacked Walata in modern Mali.

1483

Sonni Ali defeated the Mossi in the battle of Kobi near Lake Debo in modern Mali.

1488

Sonni Ali campaigned in the bend of the Niger against Mossi forces. This same year there were reports in

3

Chronology

Portugal that the king of the Mossi might be the long-sought Prester John. ca.1495

Michel Izard suggests that this is the date for the creation of Oubri's kingdom of Ouagadougou. J. D. Fage selected 1515 as the. date. It is certain that the area between the White and Red Voltas was ruled by the Nakoms6 by this time.

1497-98

Mohammed Tour6 of Songhai (1493-1528) raided into Yatenga and captured many slaves. There were many Songhai raids during the next decade.

16th cent.

The migration of the Yarsfe began. Large groups of Mande from the west began to settle the valley of the Black Volta.

1533

The Portuguese attempted to make contact with the Mossi from Benin.

1537

Askia Ismaail of Songhai (1537-1539) raided Gourma for slaves.

ca. 1540

Michel Izard suggests that at about this time the kingdom of Yatenga was started by Yadega.

1549

Askia Daoud raided into area of modern Upper Volta. There were frequent Songhai raids until 1591.

12 Apr. 1591

Battle of Tondibi, 35 miles from Gao, was a decisive defeat for the army of Songhai under Askia Ishak II (1582-1591) by Moroccan forces. Ishak retreated into Gourma and was killed at a place Barth called Tinfiri.

ca.1596

Delafosse says that the Samo, Samogho and Sia moved into the Black Volta valley about this time.

ca.1680

The Turka moved into the area west of the Komob.

r

Chronology

4

1690

Beginning of the reign of Ibrahima Saidou in Liptako. He ruled until 1714.

ca.1700

The Komono moved into the area along the modern border of Upper Volta and the Ivory Coast.

1714

Famagan (Famara) Ouattara (Watara) founded the Gouiriko (Gwiriko) empire about Bobo Dioulasso.

1754

Naba Kango of Yatanga was forced into ex¬ ile soon after he began his reign by the usurper, Wobgho I.

1757

Naba Kango returned from Sfegou at the head of a Bambara army and regained the power in Yatanga. This army brought firearms and gunsmiths into Yatanga for the first time known to historians.

ca.1770

The Dian and Lobi began to settle along the west bank of the Black Volta. Delafosse gives a much earlier date of 1350.

1790

The Wilfe crossed the Black Volta into the area near Di6bougou.

1800

The Birifor moved into their present area along the Black Volta. Delafosse gives the much earlier date of 1690.

1809

Abdullah, brother of Usuman dan Fodio of Sokoto, raided Gourma. So koto estab¬ lished at least nominal control over Lip¬ tako.

1815

The Ouattara of Kong raided deep into Lobi country north of Gaoua. These attacks were to continue into the 1890’s.

1820

The Dagari (Dagaba) crossed the Black Volta and settled along the Bougouriba ac¬ cording to Labouret. Delafosse’s date is 1700.

1825-34

Civil War in Yatenga.

Four sons of Naba

5

Chronology

Sagha competed for the throne and ruled briefly during these years. ca. 1826

Djilgodji became a part of the Fulani Macina empire of Shaikh Amadu.

1832-39

The Zogore famine in what is now northern Upper Volta caused the depopulation of wide areas.

1835

The Bobo Dioula rebelled against the Ouattara.

1848-51

Yatenga and Rissiam fought a war in which Rissiam lost territory.

1850

The forces of Kong raided across the lands of the Dagari, Dian and Gan. Mamadou Karantao founded Ouahabou (Wahabou).

2 July 1853

Heinrich Barth entered modern Upper Volta on his trip from Say to Timbuktu

.9

12-20 July 1853 Barth was in Dori. 25-26 July 1853

Barth was in Aribinda.

ca. 1856

About this time the Zerma (Zaberma) under Alfa Hano entered the Gourounsi area.

1871

Moro Naba Koutou died. A dispute between partisans of Koutou's two oldest sons, Alhassan and Boukary, held up selection of a new ruler for several months until Alhassan became Naba Sanem and Boukary was exiled from Ouagadougou.

1875

Ouagadougou captured Boussouma and in turn was attacked by Boussouma. The war continued several years.

1880

Ouahabou attacked the Wil6 and the Dian.

1883

The Zerma occupied Sati and established their headquarters there. Zerma forces were defeated at Gouro Hill,

Chronology

6 near Sourgou, by the Kipirsi. The Zerma leader, Alfa Gazari, was wounded in the battle and later died at Sati.

1885

A coalition of Bobo, Ko and Kipirsi forces defeated the Zerma under Babatu at Safan6. Baogho became the thirty-eighth Yatenga Naba. This started a civil war in Ya¬ tenga between Baogho, head of the house of Yemde, and the house of Tougouri.

24 Sept. 1886

Gottlob Adolf Krause became the first re¬ corded European to reach Ouagadougou.

1888

Ti6ba of K6n6dougou (Sikasso) attacked the Samogho village of Diomo and captured several Turka villages.

5 Feb. 1888

On his way from Ni6116 to Kong, Louis Gustave Binger crossed the LSraba into the territory of modern Upper Volta.

16 Mar. 1888

After his visit to Kong, Binger crossed the Komofi into the Komono country.

3 Apr.

Binger reached Sid6radougou in the Dorosie (Dokhosie) country.

19 Apr.

1888

1888

Binger arrived at Bobo Dioulasso, which he describes as five villages, three on the left and two on the right side of a creek. He stayed in the villages until the 25th. Kurt von Francois, after crossing Busansi (Bissa) country, reached Zourma, on the Mossi frontier.

8 June 1888

Binger crossed the Red Volta west of Dakaye. Near here he visited with Boukary Koutou at Banema for a week.

15 June 1888

Binger arrived in Ouagadougou. He remain¬ ed there until July 10. He then returned to Boukary Koutou's camp before crossing Gourounsi country on his way to Salaga.

1889

Moro Naba Sanem died. The electoral col¬ lege met at Samambili to select a new

7

Chronology

ruler. Boukary Koutou surrounded the village with his troops and forced the electors to select him. He took the name of Naba Wobgho. 10 Jan.

1889

France established a formal protectorate over the Ivory Coast.

10-16 Aug. 1890 Dr. Francois Crozat was in Bobo Dioulasso. 18 Aug.

1890

2-5 Sept.

1890

17 Sept.

1890

The territory of French Soudan was estab¬ lished under the general direction of the governor of Senegal. Crozat was at Lanfi6ra. Crozat reached Ouagadougou. He was in Mossiland from the 9th until the 30th. Ti6ba conducted a campaign against Turka villages.

1891

9-14 Mar.

1891 Parfait Louis Monteil visited in Bobo Diou¬ lasso before crossing Upper Volta.

2-14 Apr.

1891

28 Apr.

1891

Monteil was in LanfiSra. Monteil reached Ouagadougou. The next day he was ordered to leave the country by Moro Naba Wobgho.

23 May 1891

Monteil reached Dori, capital of Liptako, and signed a treaty of protection with the ruler. He reached Say 19 August.

1892

Ti6ba campaigned in southwest Upper Volta.

Apr.

1892

Al-Kari's jihad in the Samo country began with an attack on Toubani. This Mus¬ lim crusade was to last for more than two years until ended by the French.

Dec.

1892

Ti6ba destroyed P6ni and attacked Noumoudara.

1893

A Zerma campaign against the Samo was a failure. Gourounsi troops revolted against the Zerma at Poua, east of

Chronology

8 Koudougou. Balou, Sissala chief, revolt¬ ed against Babatu rather than surrender a woman the Zerma leader wanted. Hamaria joined Balou and became the lead¬ er of resistance against the Zerma.

26 Jan.

1893

Ti6ba was poisoned during the battle of Bama, northwest of Bobo Dioulasso. His brother, Babfemba, became the new ruler of Sikasso and continued the at¬ tacks against the area south and west of Bobo Dioulasso.

1894

During much of the year there was fighting between Babatu and Hamaria in the area about L6o.

May 1894

Yatenga Naba Baogho was killed in the battle of Thiou. French forces under Captain Nigotte were defeated by Marka forces of Al-Kari near Boussg.

June 1894

Bagar