Historical Atlas of Central Europe: Third Revised and Expanded Edition [3rd Edition] 9781487530068

Table of contents :
Contents
Maps
Tables
Introduction to the Original Edition
Note to the Second Revised and Expanded Edition
Note to the Third Revised Edition
1. Central Europe: geographic zones
2. Central Europe, ca. 400
3. Central Europe, 7th–8th centuries
4. Central Europe, 9th century
5. Early medieval kingdoms, ca. 1050
6. The period of feudal subdivisions, ca. 1250
7. Poland, Lithuania, and Bohemia-Moravia, 13th–15th centuries
8. Hungary-Croatia and Venetia, 14th–15th centuries
9. Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia, and the Ottoman Empire, 14th–15th centuries
10. Central Europe, ca. 1480
11. Economic patterns, ca. 1450
12. The city in medieval times
13. Ecclesiastical jurisdictions, ca. 1450
14. Central Europe, ca. 1570
15. Protestant Reformation, 16th century
16. Catholic Counter Reformation, 16th–17th centuries
17. Education and culture through the 18th century
18. Central Europe, 1648
19. Poland-Lithuania, the Habsburgs, Hungary-Croatia, and Transylvania, 16th–17th centuries
20. The Ottoman Empire, the Habsburgs, Hungary-Croatia, and Transylvania, 16th–17th centuries
21. Central Europe, ca. 1721
22. Poland, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire, 18th century
23. The Napoleonic era, 1795–1814
24. Central Europe, 1815
25. The Austrian and Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1815–1914
26. The Balkan Peninsula, 1817–1912
27. The Balkan Peninsula on the eve of World War I
28. Canal and railway development before 1914
29. Population, 1870–1910
30. Ethnolinguistic distribution, ca. 1900
31. Cultural and educational institutions before 1914
32. Germans in Central Europe, ca. 1900
33. Jews and Armenians in Central Europe, ca. 1900
34. The Catholic Church, 1900
35. The Orthodox Church, 1900
36. Central Europe, 1910
37. World War I, 1914–1918
38. Central Europe, 1918–1923
39. Poland, Danzig, and Lithuania in the 20th century
40. Belarus and Ukraine in the 20th century
41. Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia in the 20th century
42. Austria and Hungary in the 20th century
43. Romania and Moldova in the 20th century
44. Yugoslavia, Serbia, and Kosovo in the 20th century
45. Slovenia, Trieste, and Istria in the 20th century
46. Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 20th century
47. Montenegro, Albania, and Macedonia in the 20th century
48. Bulgaria and Greece in the 20th century
49. Central Europe, ca. 1930
50. World War II, 1939–1942
51. World War II, 1943–1945
52. Central Europe after World War II
53. Population movements, 1944–1948
54. Population in the 20th century
55. Ethnolinguistic distribution, ca. 2010
56. Central Europe, 1980
57. Industrial development, 1945–1989
58. Education and re-education in the 20th century
59. The Catholic Church in the 20th century
60. The Orthodox Church in the 20th century
61. Post-Communist Central Europe
Map sources
Bibliography
Index

Citation preview

Historical Atlas of Central Europe, Third Edition, Revised and Updated

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Historical Atlas of

Central Europe Third Revised and Expanded Edition

Paul Robert Magocsi

University of Toronto Press

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Toronto Buffalo London

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The Historical Atlas of Central Europe is an extensively revised and updated version of the Historical Atlas of East Central Europe, which was published in 1993 by the University of Washington Press and the University of Toronto Press as Volume I in the series, “The History of East Central Europe.”

The maps were compiled by Paul Robert Magocsi and drawn at the University of Toronto’s Office of Cartography under the direction of Geoffrey J. Matthews and Byron Moldovsky.

Copyright © 1993, 2002 by the University of Washington Press Maps copyright © 1993, 2002, 2018 by Paul Robert Magocsi Copyright © 2018 by the University of Toronto Press Printed in Canada ISBN 978-1-4875-2331-2 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Publication cataloguing information is available from Library and Archives Canada.

University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council, an agency of the Government of Ontario.

an Ontario government agency un organisme du gouvernement de l’Ontario

Funded by the Financé par le Government gouvernement du Canada of Canada

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To my brother Alexander Magocsi for his wise counsel throughout many years

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Contents Introduction to the Original Edition xi Note to the Second Revised and Expanded Edition xiii Note to the Third Revised Edition xiv 1. Central Europe: geographic zones 2 2. Central Europe, ca. 400 5 3. Central Europe, 7th–8th centuries 8 4. Central Europe, 9th century 10 5. Early medieval kingdoms, ca. 1050 13 6. The period of feudal subdivisions, ca. 1250 16 7. Poland, Lithuania, and Bohemia-Moravia, 13th–15th centuries 20 8. Hungary-Croatia and Venetia, 14th–15th centuries 23 9. Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia, and the Ottoman Empire, 14th–15th centuries 27 10. Central Europe, ca. 1480 31 11. Economic patterns, ca. 1450 34 12. The city in medieval times 37 13. Ecclesiastical jurisdictions, ca. 1450 42 14. Central Europe, ca. 1570 46 15. Protestant Reformation, 16th century 48 16. Catholic Counter Reformation, 16th–17th centuries 51 17. Education and culture through the 18th century 54 18. Central Europe, 1648 57 19. Poland-Lithuania, the Habsburgs, Hungary-Croatia, and Transylvania, 16th–17th centuries 59 20. The Ottoman Empire, the Habsburgs, HungaryCroatia, and Transylvania, 16th–17th centuries 63 21. Central Europe, ca. 1721 67 22. Poland, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire, 18th century 70 23. The Napoleonic era, 1795–1814 73 24. Central Europe, 1815 76 25. The Austrian and Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1815–1914 78 26. The Balkan Peninsula, 1817–1912 83 27. The Balkan Peninsula on the eve of World War I 87 28. Canal and railway development before 1914 90 29. Population, 1870–1910 93 30. Ethnolinguistic distribution, ca. 1900 97

3 1. Cultural and educational institutions before 1914 100 32. Germans in Central Europe, ca. 1900 104 33. Jews and Armenians in Central Europe, ca. 1900 107 34. The Catholic Church, 1900 111 35. The Orthodox Church, 1900 114 36. Central Europe, 1910 118 37. World War I, 1914–1918 121 38. Central Europe, 1918–1923 125 39. Poland, Danzig, and Lithuania in the 20th century 130 40. Belarus and Ukraine in the 20th century 135 41. Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia in the 20th century 140 42. Austria and Hungary in the 20th century 145 43. Romania and Moldova in the 20th century 149 44. Yugoslavia, Serbia, and Kosovo in the 20th century 153 45. Slovenia, Trieste, and Istria in the 20th century 159 46. Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 20th century 162 47. Montenegro, Albania, and Macedonia in the 20th century 166 48. Bulgaria and Greece in the 20th century 170 49. Central Europe, ca. 1930 174 50. World War II, 1939–1942 177 51. World War II, 1943–1945 181 52. Central Europe after World War II 185 53. Population movements, 1944–1948 189 54. Population in the 20th century 194 55. Ethnolinguistic distribution, ca. 2010 197 56. Central Europe, 1980 202 57. Industrial development, 1945–1989 205 58. Education and re-education in the 20th century 208 59. The Catholic Church in the 20th century 211 60. The Orthodox Church in the 20th century 216 61. Post-Communist Central Europe 221 Map sources 225 Bibliography 229 Index 237

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Maps 1. Central Europe: geographic zones 3 1a. Average annual rainfall 4

22a. The Partitions of Poland, 1772–1795 71 22b. Austria and the Ottoman Empire, 1718–1792 72

1b. Vegetation and land use 4 2. Central Europe, ca. 400 6

23. The Napoleonic era, 1795–1814 74 24. Central Europe, 1815 77

2a. Original homeland of the Slavs 6 2b. Constantinople, 4th–6th centuries 6

25a. The Austrian Empire, 1815–1866 79 25b. The Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1867–1914 81

3. Central Europe, 7th–8th centuries 9 4. Central Europe, 9th century 11

26a. The Balkan Peninsula, 1817–1877 85 26b. The Balkan Peninsula, 1878–1912 85

4a. Cyril and Methodian missions 12 5. Early medieval kingdoms, ca. 1050 14

27a. The Balkan Peninsula: ethnolinguistic distribution, ca. 1910 87

6. Central Europe, ca. 1250 17 6a. The Mongol invasions 19

27b. Conflicting claims to Macedonia, ca. 1912 87 27c. The Balkan Peninsula, 1912–1913 89

6b. The Teutonic Order 19 7a. Poland and Lithuania, 13th–14th centuries 21

28. Canal and railway development before 1914 91 29a. Population, ca. 1870 94

7b. Bohemia-Moravia, 13th–15th centuries 22 8. Hungary-Croatia and Venetia, 14th–15th centuries 25

29b. Population, ca. 1910 95 30. Ethnolinguistic distribution, ca. 1900 99

8a. Northern Spiš, 1412–1772 25 9. Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia, and the Ottoman Empire,

31. Cultural and educational institutions before 1914 101 32a. Germans in Central Europe, ca. 1900 105

9a. 10. 11. 12a. 12b. 12c. 12d. 12e. 12f. 13. 13a. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19a. 19b. 20a. 20b. 20c. 20d. 21.

14th–15th centuries 29 Serbia, 14th–15th centuries 29 Central Europe, ca. 1480 32 Economic patterns, ca. 1450 35 Wrocław/Breslau, ca. 1300 38 Cracow, ca. 1350 38 Vienna, ca. 1300 38 Prague, ca. 1350 39 Dubrovnik/Ragusa, ca. 1475 39 The development of German law cities 40 Ecclesiastical jurisdictions, ca. 1450 43 Mount Athos 45 Central Europe, ca. 1570 47 Protestant Reformation, 16th century 49 Catholic Counter Reformation, 16th–17th centuries 52 Education and culture through the 18th century 55 Central Europe, 1648 58 Poland-Lithuania, 16th–17th centuries 60 The Habsburgs, Hungary-Croatia, and Transylvania, 16th–17th centuries 61 The Ottoman Empire, 16th–17th centuries 63 The Habsburgs, Hungary-Croatia, and Transylvania, 1683–1718 65 The Dubrovnik Republic 64 Resettlement of the Danubian basin 66 Central Europe, ca. 1721 68

32b. The evolution of German settlement 105 33. Jews and Armenians in East Central Europe, ca. 1900 108 34. The Roman Catholic Church, 1900 112 34a. The Greek Catholic Church, 1900 113 35. Orthodox Churches, 1900 115 36. Central Europe, 1910 119 37. World War I, 1914–1918 122 38. Central Europe, 1918–1923 126 39a. Poland in the 20th century 131 39b. Danzig 131 39c. Lithuania in the 20th century 132 40a. Belarus in the 20th century 136 40b. Ukraine in the 20th century 138 41a. Czechoslovakia in the 20th century 141 41b. Czech Republic in the 20th century 142 41c. Slovakia in the 20th century 144 42a. Austria in the 20th century 146 42b. Hungary in the 20th century 147 43a. Romania in the 20th century 149 43b. Moldova in the 20th century 151 44a. Yugoslavia in the 20th century, to 1941 153 44b. Yugoslavia in the 20th century, 1941–1991 155 44c. Yugoslavia, Serbia, and Kosovo since 1991 157 45a. Slovenia in the 20th century 159 45b. Klagenfurt plebiscite area 159 45c. Trieste and Istria in the 20th century 160

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46a. Croatia in the 20th century 163

54. Population, ca. 1990 195

46b. Bosnia-Herzegovina in the 20th century 164 47a. Montenegro in the 20th Century 166

55. Ethnolinguistic distribution, ca. 2010 198 56. Central Europe, 1980 203

47b. Albania in the 20th century 167 47c. Macedonia in the 20th century 169

57. Industrial development, 1945–1989 206 57a. Upper Silesia 206

48a. Bulgaria in the 20th century 171 48b. Greece in the 20th century 172

57b. Halle-Łódź-Budapest industrial triangle 205 58. Education and re-education in the 20th century 209

49. Central Europe, ca. 1930 175 50. World War II, 1939–1942 178

59. The Latin (Roman)-rite Catholic Church in the 20th century 212 59a. The Byzantine Greek (Eastern)-rite Catholic Church in the 20th century 214 60. The Orthodox Church, 2000 218 61. Post-Communist Central Europe 222

51. World War II, 1943–1945 182 51a. Partisan movements during World War II 183 52. Central Europe after World War II 186 52a. Berlin, 1945–1989 185 52b. Vienna, 1945–1955 185 53. Population movements, 1944–1948 191

Tables Mountain passes 2 Venetian acquisitions before 1500 along the eastern Adriatic and Aegean seas 26 Variants of German law 41 Hungarian counties 81 Population change, 1870–1910 93 Largest cities in Central Europe, ca. 1870 and 1910 96 Ethnolinguistic groups in Central Europe, ca. 1900 97–98 Largest “Jewish” cities in Central Europe, ca. 1900 109 Catholic population in Central Europe, ca. 1900 111 Orthodox population in Central Europe, ca. 1900 114 Departments and counties in Central Europe, 1910 120 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Poland 131 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Lithuania 134 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Belarus 136 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Ukraine 139 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Czechoslovakia 141 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Czech Republic 143 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Slovakia 143 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Austria 146 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Hungary 148 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Romania 150 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of the Moldovian S.S.R./Moldova 152 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Yugoslavia 156 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Serbia 158

Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Kosovo 158 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Slovenia 160 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Croatia 162 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of BosniaHerzegovina 165 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Montenegro 167 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Albania 168 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Macedonia 169 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Bulgaria 171 Ethnolinguistic-national composition of Greece 173 Districts and counties, ca. 1930 176 Estimated deaths of Jews by 1945 189 Transfer of Germans, 1939–1944 190 Population transfers, 1939–1943 190 Population transfers in the Balkans, 1940–1943 190 Population transfers, 1944–1948 193 Population distribution in Central Europe, ca. 1990 194 Central Europe’s largest cities, ca. 1990 196 Ethnolinguistic groups in Central Europe, ca. 2000 199–201 Districts, counties, regions, and provinces, 1980 204 New institutions of higher learning, 1918–1999 208 Latin (Roman)-rite Catholic population, ca. 1995 211 Byzantine Greek (Eastern)-rite Catholic population, ca. 1995 215 Orthodox population, ca. 1995 216 Districts, counties, regions, and provinces, 2000 223

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Introduction to the Original Edition T

his atlas is part of the multivolume History of East Central Europe published by the University of Washington Press, and for that reason it follows the basic guidelines of that series. The first of those guidelines concerns the geographical extent of what is called here East Central Europe. The series editors have defined East Central Europe as the lands between the linguistic frontier of the German- and Italian-speaking peoples on the west and the political boundaries of the former Soviet Union on the east. The north-south parameters are the Baltic and Mediterranean seas. Whereas the geographic parameters have not changed, the political structure of the area defined by the series as East Central Europe has been altered substantially since work on the atlas began in 1987. At present, this area comprises the countries of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegov ina, Yugoslavia, Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria, and Greece. However, this atlas, like some of the other volumes in the series, has expanded the geographic scope to include, toward the west, the eastern part of Germany (historic Mecklenbur g, Brandenburg, Prussia, Saxony, and Lusatia), Bavaria, Austria, and northeastern Italy (historic Venetia), and toward the east, the lands of historic Poland-Lithuania (present-day Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine up to the Dnieper River), Moldova, and western Anatolia in Turkey. In strict geographic terms, this “expanded” version of East Central Europe encompasses roughly territory between 10°E and 30°E longitude. Since Europe is traditionally considered to lie within the longitudinal boundaries of 10°W (the western coasts of Ireland and Portugal) and 60°E (Ural Mountains), the territory covered in this atlas (10°E–30°E) is literally the central third of the European continent. Thus, while it would be more precise to call this territory Central Europe, the political divisions for most of the twentieth century have encouraged the popular rise of the term Eastern Europe, or the slightly more correct East Central Europe. The second of the series guidelines, concerning chronology, is easier to define. Coverage in this atlas, as well as the series in general, is roughly from about 400 c. e. (common era) to the present. The contents of the Historical Atlas of East Central Europe reflect both the geographical and chronological guidelines discussed above and the practical restraints imposed by the enormous cost of producing full-color maps. With those factors in mind, I was allowed to conceptualize the historical development of East Central Europe as one consisting of fifty problems or aspects. Those fifty problems developed into chapters, each having one full-page map or two half-page maps, as well as in some cases inset maps and/or facing-page maps. Each chapter also includes an explanatory text related primarily if not exclusively to the map(s) in the given chapter. The result is a total of eighty-nine maps: thirty-five full-page, twenty-eight half-page, nine inset, and seventeen facing-page maps.

The order of maps is basically chronological. One goal is to show in a systematic fashion the political and administrative changes that have occurred in East Central Europe since 400 c. e. Hence there are several full-page maps showing the changing boundaries at certain key historical dates (Maps 5, 6, 10, 14, 18, 21, 24, 36, 38, 49, 56, 61) interspersed with half-or full-page maps that focus on similar changes within individual countries or specific areas (Maps 7, 8, 9, 19, 20, 22, 25, 26, 27, 39–48). There are, of course, aspects other than political-administrative ones that warrant attention. These are addressed by thematic maps that deal with issues such as the economy (Maps 11, 12, 28, 57); ecclesiastical structures (Maps 13, 15, 16, 34, 35, 59, 60); education and culture (Maps 4a, 17, 31, 58); demography and ethnicity (Maps 20d, 27a, 29a, 29b, 30, 32, 33, 53, 54, 55); and military affairs (Maps 6a, 23, 37, 50, 51). In virtually every serious study of the countries that encompass East Central Europe there is an explanatory disclaimer regarding place names. More often than not, each town, city, and region has had more than one name in the course of its history. The variations may simply be a function of language or they may reflect a decision by ruling powers to have an entirely new name. An example of the first category is Warszawa (Polish), Warschau (German), Varshava (Russian), and Warsaw (English); an example of the second category is the city called Königsberg until 1945 and Ka liningrad since then. The problem is to avoid confusion by choosing a form that will respond to historical criteria as well as to the need for consistency. It should be stressed that the choice about names used in this atlas in no way reflects any sympathy for a particular political or national orientation, even though I am well aware that the decision to use a particular form might be viewed by certain readers as reflecting some kind of bias. It should also be stressed that early in the preparatory stages of this atlas I became painfully aware that it was impossible to make a choice about names that would fulfill both historical criteria and consistency. Given this unenviable choice, I chose consistency. This means that the main entry for the name of a town or city is the same on every map in this atlas, regardless of the historical period covered. As for the question of which form to use consistently, the criterion of present-day political boundaries is the determining factor. Thus the official language used within the boundaries of a present-day East Central European country is what determines the main en try of a town or city: Polish names within Poland, Slovak names within Slovakia, Romanian names within Romania, and so forth. This, moreover, is the principle adopted by the standard reference work, Webster’s New Geographical Dictionary (Springfield, Mass., 1980), which serves as the guide for place names used in this atlas.

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Wherever Webster’s provides an either/or choice (and there are several of these for East Central European place names), the first name indicated is the main entry used here. The only divergence from Webster’s guidelines are the following. On Maps 2 through 6, the names of towns and citieslocated within territory of the Roman and Byzantine empires are given in their classical Latin or Greek forms. Also, throughout the atlas, names of towns and cities within the boundaries of the former Soviet Union are given in the language of the successor states, whether it is Lithuanian, Belarusan, Ukrainian, or Romanian (for Moldova). ( Webster’s, in contrast, uses Russian names for all places in what was then the Soviet Union.) Since the Historical Atlas of East Central Europe is in tended primarily for the English-language reader, the few English-language forms that exist for places in East Central Europe are the ones used here. Some are well known: Prague instead of Praha (Czech); Cracow instead of Kraków (Polish). Others are less evident: Herzegovina for Hercegovina (Serbo-Croatian); Cerigo for the Greek form, Kithíra (known, perhaps, even better in its Latin form, Cythera). Again, Webster’s is the guide followed in determining whether or not there is an English form (or more precisely a “W ebsterian English” standard, which may often be based on German, Latin, or the language of a country that formerly ruled a given area). Admittedly, I found it difficult to use as the main entry Kaliningrad for Königsberg, or Gdańsk for Danzig prior to 1945, and certainly there will be users who will bristle at seeing Wrocław for Breslau, Bratislava for Pressburg or Pozsony, and Cluj for Kolozsvár—to mention only a few of the numerous possible examples. In order to avoid confu sion, however, it seemed preferable to use one name for the same town or city (and this applies to bodies of water as well) throughout the atlas and the text. On the other hand, on most maps I have provided, in parentheses below the main entry , as many alternate historic names as space would allow . Finally, the exten sive index incl udes linguistic variants (with appropriate cross-references) in twenty-six languages. A guide such as Webster’s is particularly helpful regarding bodies of water. Rivers may flow through several countries and therefore have several different “official” names, not to mention local names designated by ethnolinguistic groups whose languages are different from the state language. Thus, to resolve the problem of choice between, let us say, the Elbe (German) or Labe (Czech), or between Tisza (Hungarian), Tisa (Serbo-Croatian), and Theiss (German), the first entry given in Webster’s is what is used in this atlas. In one category, however, the historical principle has been used instead of names in the official languages of present-day countries. This pertains to administrative subdivisions with clearly defined boundaries (in contrast to undefined historic regions, such as Slovakia or Thrace), whose names are given in the language of the country that created those sub divisions. Thus palatinate names in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth are in Polish; counties in the Hungarian Kingdom in Hungarian; provinces in the Russian Empire in Russian; vilayets in the Ottoman Empire in Turkish. But here, too, English usage (following Webster’s) has priority

wherever possible; for example, Mazovia instead of Ma zowsze (Polish), or Bohemia instead of Böhmen (German) or Čechy (Czech). The principle of using historic names for clearly defined administrative subdivisions on the one hand, and names of towns and cities according to the official language used in present-day countries on the other, may seem strange on some maps because, in ef fect, two linguistic forms of the same name might be juxtaposed, such as Poznań (in Polish) for the city and Posen (in German) for theprovince of historic Prussia in which the city was located; Vilnius (in Lithuania) for the city and Vilna (in Russian) for the surrounding prov ince of imperial Russia; or Ioannina (in Greek) for the city and Yanya (in Turkish) for the surrounding Ottoman vilayet. Despite appearances, this is not inconsistency, although it does reveal the problem of trying to reconcile historical and present-day criteria for place names. The extensive chronological and geographic scope of the Historical Atlas of East Central Europe imposed a wide range of conceptual, factual, and technical concerns that would have been difficult if not impossible to resolve alone. In this regard, I was very fortunate to have as active con sultants and reviewers a distinguished group of historians, geographers, and cartographers. Among the earliest of these who helped in both the conceptual stage and factual review was Ivo Banac (Yale University). Also, Henry Abramson (University of Toronto), Ľubica Babotová (Šafárik University, Prešov), Bohdan Budurowycz (University of Toronto), Charles Jelavich (Indiana University), Ljubomir Medješi (Novi Sad), Dean S. Rugg (University of Nebraska), Aurel Sasu (University of Cluj), Piotr Wandycz (Yale University), and Andrzej Zięba (Jagiellonian University, Cracow) were unfailingly sympathetic in their critical reviews of the entire text and maps. A few specific chapters benefited from the review and emendations of Jerzy Kłoczowski and his staff at the Institute for the Historical Geography of the Church in Poland (Catholic University of Lublin) and of Michael K. Silber (Hebrew University of Jerusalem), while Zachary M. Baker (YIVO Institute for Jewish Research) was an indis pensable source for Yiddish names that appear in the text and index. No less was the input from the editors of the series, Donald W. Treadgold (University of Washington) and most especially Peter F. Sugar (University of Washington), who encouraged this project from beginning to end with invalu able factual and editorial advice. The actual creation of the atlas began with large-scale color drawings that I created for each map. These draft maps were given to the Office of Cartography at the University of Toronto where Chris Grounds made publication-size compilation maps from which, after editing, the final scribing was done by him and his fellow cartographers Brigid McQuaid, Jane R. Ejima, and Ada Cheung. Throughout this process the work was overseen by Geoffrey J. Matthews, whose cartographic design determined the beauty of the final maps. A word of special thanks to Joan Winearls and her staf f members, Patricia Bellamy and Sherry Smugler , at the Map Collection of the University of Toronto’s John P. Robarts Library. They not only provided me with a home away from

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home for nearly two years, they also protected the project’s working space and nurtured its contents by bringing to my attention otherwise little-known maps and atlases from their rich collection. Finally, the painstaking task of transforming handwritten text into readable typescript and setting all the type for eighty-nine maps was done by the staff of the Chair of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Toronto. As important as is human support, projects such as theHistorical Atlas of East Central Europe would have been impossible without significant financial commitments. The project was initially made possible through two grants from the So cial Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and smaller grants from the Centre for Russian and East European Studies at the University of Toronto and the Stephen B. Roman Foundation in Toronto. The support from these institutions provided for professional leave and for the preparation of the manuscript and draft maps. The penultimate stage

of the project, which required expensive cartographic scribing and preparation of camera-ready plates, was made possible by a generous grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent federal agency in Washington, D.C. When we were ready for publication, the final stage of the project was made possible by the professionalism of the directorate and staff at the University of Washington Press. I am especially grateful to the copyeditor, Leila Charbonneau. I am greatly indebted to all of the above individuals and institutions, whose wise counsel has contributed to making this work better than it otherwise would have been. Nonetheless, whatever shortcomings remain are my sole responsibility . This project has, since the beginning, been both demanding and exciting. Hopefully, the result in the form of this Historical Atlas of East Central Europe will be a useful tool to help students and the public at lar ge understand better this still relatively unknown but important area of the world. Paul Robert Magocsi Toronto, Ontario January 1993

Note to the Second Revised and Expanded Edition

The original edition of the Historical Atlas of Central Europe (reprinted, with corrections, in 1995) seems to have fulfilled its purpose: to introduce a wide variety of people to that important but often little-known part of the world. I am particularly gratified by the praise and constructively critical remarks of the seventy-five reviewers, in seventeen countries, who took the time to evaluate the atlas in the publications for which they write. Many of their suggestions/emendations have been incorporated into this revised edition. With this background in mind, it was much easier for me to respond favorably to the request of the publisher, the University of Washington Press, to prepare a revised edition that would coincide with the dawn of the new millennium. The first edition had been conceived during the second half of the 1980s before the enormous changes ushered in by therevolutions of 1989, which of course profoundly affected precisely those regions covered in this volume. A substantively revised edition therefore seemed necessary to retain the book’s value as an introductory reference tool. The perceptive reader may have already noticed that this re vised edition has a new title, Historical Atlas of Central Europe. The publisher picked up on a suggestion I had made in the in-

troduction to the first edition (p. xi) that in purely geographical terms the territory covered in this volume should more properly be referred to as Central Europe. It has also become clear since 1989 that the articulate elements in many countries of this region consider eastern or even east-central to carry a negative conno tation and prefer to be considered part of Central Europe. Since, in fact, none of the various terms—western, central, eastern, east-central, northern, or southern Europe—has precise bound aries, and since the definitions given to these terms vary from author to author, the choice of Central Europe based simply on geographical criteria would seem as valid, if not more so, than any other term. Moreover, if Central Europe responds to the preference of the populations of the countries in question, this would seem to lend even greater credence to the terminological choice. Aside from some corrections in the text and on some of the maps from earlier periods, the most substantive changes in this revised edition relate to the twentieth century. There are twenty new maps and the equivalent of eleven new chapters. The new maps fall into two categories: individual countries, and specific themes covering the entire region. Of the twelve new individual country maps, all but one (Austria) deal with countries that gained (or regained) their independence in the

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course of the 1990s: Lithuania , Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, and the new Yugoslavia. The new thematic maps basically follow upon subjects treated in earlier periods. These include developments and changes during the twentieth century in population, ethnolinguistic distribution, international and internal boundaries, education, and the Catholic and Orthodox churches. The only new non-twen tieth century map is of the Teutonic Order, which appears in Chapter 6. Every effort has been made to maintain consistency in the design and symbology between the revised edition (computer-generated) and the original edition (hand-drawn) maps. The University of Toronto’s Office of Cartography is again responsible for the final maps, although that department is now under the direction of Byron Moldofsky, with the cartographic work being carried out by Jane R. Ejima, Mary-Ellen Maybee, and Daniel Spring. I am thankful to them for maintaining the high aesthetic and technical standards set by the first edition, as well as to Bogdan Czaykowski (University of British Columbia), Mladen Klemenčić (Krleža Lexicographical Institute, Zagreb), and to several University of Toronto colleagues—Jerzy Borżęcki, Marko Bulatović, Jack Fairey, Jüri Kivimae, Andrij

Makuch, Aleksander Panev, Andrew Rossos, Piotr Wróbel— who were extremely helpful in directing me to data and for reviewing specific maps. The production stage was enhanced by the accuracy of Yana Filippenko, who inputted the text, and of Leila Charbonneau, Julidta Tarver, and Marilyn Trueblood, who successfully coordinated the production of a volume carried out in cities located in three countries and two conti nents—from Toronto to Seattle to Hong Kong and back. Aside from intellectual and technical skills, the publication of atlases in full color is costly and requires substantial funding. In that regard, the appearanceof this revised and expanded edition of the atlas has been made possible by a grant from the University of Washington Press, which was matched by grants from several bodies at the University of Toronto: the Office of the Vice-President for Research and International Relations, the Office of the Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, the Department of History, and the Department of Political Science. To the heads of all those institutions I am particularly grateful. Paul Robert Magocsi Toronto, Ontario October 2001

Note to the Third Revised Edition

More than a decade and a half has gone by since the appearance of the second edition of the Historic Atlas of Central Europe. Interest in this part of the world remains high, so that when the second edition needed to be reprinted, it was decided instead to undertake a third revised edition to be published solely by the University of Toronto Press. The text of the entire book has been revised, quite substantially in some chapters, and most especially the statistical tables for individual countries which now include data collected at the outset of the second decade of the twenty-first century. Because of political changes, Montenegro and Kosovo are now treated as distinct countri es with a new map of Monte negro and appropriate changes on several other maps. The Map sources and Bibliography have been expanded to reflect the appearance of several new cartographic works on Central Europe and its component countries. Finally, the comprehensive index has been amended to include the changes made on the maps and in the text. The author is particularly grateful to the 80 reviewers of the first edition and the 15 reviewers of the second revised edition, many of whom made suggestions and emendations that have been incorporated into this third revised edition.

Among colleagues whose expertise has been beneficial to certain chapters and maps in the present edition are Robert Austin (University of Toronto) and Tomasz Kamusella (University of St. Andrews, Scotland). Nadia Zavorotna (University of Toronto) has been particularly helpful in obtaining resources for the most recent census data. This project is fortunate to have the changes on the existing digital maps made by the University of Toronto’s Office of Cartography under the direction of Byron Moldofsky. All of the original hand-drawn maps were digitized by Branislav Švorc. The layout and corrections on some non-digital maps was undertaken by John Beadle. The inputting of the complicated changes in the text and statistical charts was carried out with admirable competency by Ivanna Prots. It is my hope that the third revised edition of the Historical Atlas of Central Europe will be as helpful to a cohort of new users as the earlier editions have been for previous readers. Paul Robert Magocsi Toronto, Ontario April 2017

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Historical Atlas of Central Europe

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1

Central Europe: geographic zones

Just as there is no consensus regarding the name and extent

of territory for what is described in this volume as Central Europe, there is also no agreement on how to subdivide this area into geographic zones. For instance, geographers reject the notion that rivers can serve as borders of geographical units, because by their very nature rivers are bodies of water that often unify rather than divide surrounding areas. This may be true in purely geographical terms, but it is equally true that rivers have been used as boundaries of political units, thus often deliberately restricting or even eliminating their otherwise “natural” unifying characteristics. The Oder-Neisse, Danube, Sava, Drina, Zbruch, and Prut are among the better known examples of rivers that have served as de finitive borders in Central Europe. Because of the historical emphasis of this atlas, the broad zones described here have been determined as much by historical as by geographic factors. Taking this into consider ation, Central Europe can be said to be subdivided into three geographic zones: (1) the northern zone; (2) the Alpine-Carpathian zone; and (3) the Balkan zone. The northern zone is bounded by the Baltic Sea in the north and the crests of the Ore, Sudeten, and Carpathian mountains and the Dniester River in the south. This area coincides with the medie val Slavic marchlands east of the Elbe River and the historic political entities of Prussia, Saxony, and Poland-Lithuania, which for several centuries reached as far east as the Dnieper River valley and beyond. Today this zone encompasses former East Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine west of the Dnieper River (for country names see Map 61). The predominant geographic feature of this northern zone is the broad sweep of an unbroken plain, which is part of the North European Lowlands that stretch in a west-east band across virtually the entire European continent. Along the southern fringe of this zone are plateaus (the Silesian and Volhynian-Podolian) and increasingly higher elevations (the Carpathian Forelands) that culminate in a westeast range of mountains: the Thuringian Forest, Ore Mountains, Sudeten Mountains, and the northwestern and forested (central) ranges of the Carpathian Mountains. The middle, or Alpine-Carpathian zone is bounded in the north by the northwestern boundary of Austria, the mountain ranges (Bohemian, Ore, Sudeten) that surround the Bohemi an Basin, the northern crests of the Carpathians, and farther east the Moldavian Table land as far as the Dniester River . The Alpine-Carpathian zone ends on its southern flank at the Sava-Danube river line—from the Sava’s tributary, the Kupa River, in the west, to the Danube River Delta along the Black Sea in the east. This area roughly coincides with the lands of the historic Habsburg Empire (minus Galicia) before the mid-nineteenth century and the Danubian principalities of Moldavia and Walachia. Today this zone encompasses the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Slovenia, Croatia (north of the Kupa-Sava rivers), and northeast Italy.

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The middle zone is dominated in the west by the Austrian Alps and the Bohemian Basin, and in the east by the Carpathian Mountains. The Carpathians are, in turn, divided into five subdivisions: the northwestern Carpathians (including Slovakia’s Tatra and Ore ranges); the central, or forested, Carpathians; the eastern Carpathians; the southern Carpathians (or Transylvanian Alps); and the western Carpathians (including the Apuseni Mountains). The broad arc formed by these ranges surrounds what is known as the Danubian Basin, itself divided into the Hungarian (or Pannonian) Plain and the Transylvanian Basin. Much of the Danubian Basin, drained by the middle Danube and its two main tributaries the Tisza and Drava, is characterized by a flat agriculturally rich lowland plain that covers virtually all of Hungary and parts of southwestern Slovakia, Ukraine (Transcarpathia), Romania (the Partium and Banat), Serbia (the Vojvodina), and Croatia (Slavonia). Access to the Danubian Basin has been hampered but never fully blocked by the surrounding Carpathian Mountain arc. This is because, despite the formidable heights of some ranges, the Carpathians have several passes, especially through the central (forested) and southern (Transylvanian Alps) ranges. South of the Carpathians is the Walachian Plain drained by the lower Danube River. The Balkan zone begins south of the Sava-Danube river boundary and extends as far south as theAdriatic, Mediterranean, and Aegean seas. This area has generally been referred to as the Balkan Peninsula. Since “balkan” is a corrupted derivation of the Turkish word balak, meaning mountain, all the mountains in the peninsula are often called the Balkans, even though the Balkan Mountains (Stara Planina) are in fact found only in north-ce ntral Bulgaria. The Sava and Danube rivers have been chosen as the northern boundary of this zone, because it is south of that line that for most of early modern history (sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries) the core provinces of the Ottoman Empire were found. Today, this formerly Ottoman sphere of Central Eu rope includes the contemporary states of Croatia (south of the Kupa-Sava rivers), Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Monte Mountain passes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Arlberg Brenner/Brennero Plöcken/Monte Croce Loibl/Ljubelj Schober Semmering Jablunkov Tylicz/Tylic Dukla/Dukl’a Lupków/Lupkov Uzhok Verets’kyi Jablonica/Iablunytsia/Tatar Prislop

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

Rodna Tihuţa Oituz Predeal Red Gate/Turnu Roşu Transylvanian Iron Gate/ Poarta de Fier a Transilvaniei Poarta Orientală/Domaşnea Petrohanski Vitinya Zlatishki Shipka Iron Gate/Vratnik

Central Europe: geographic zones

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Central Europe: geographic zones

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