Henry Christophe and Thomas Clarkson [Reprint 2020 ed.] 9780520346550

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HENRY CHRISTOPHE

and THOMAS CLARKSON

A Correspondence

HENRY

CHRISTOPHE

painted from life by Richard

Evans

The painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1818. Reproduced by courtesy of Captain Bruce S. Ingram, editor of the Illustrated London News. This portrait is now on loan to the Birmingham Art Gallery.

HENRY CHRISTOPHE

THOMAS CLARKSON A Correspondence Edited by E A R L LESLIE G R I G G S and CLIFFORD H.TRATOR

U N I V E R S I T Y OE C A L I E O R N l A PRESS Berkeley & Los Angeles : 1932

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Berkeley & Los Angeles California

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY London, England

THE REGENTS

Copyright, 1952, by OF THE UNIVERSITY

PRESS

PRESS

OF

Printed in the United States of America by University of California Press Designed by Adrian Wilson

CAUFORNIA

To DR. ROBERT GLASS CLELÂND

PREFACE The British Museum possesses a large collection of manuscripts preserved by Thomas Claris on, the English abolitionist. Among them are to be found his Haitian papers (Brit. Mus. Add. MS 41266), consisting of his correspondence with Henry Christophe, the Negro king of Haiti, as well as other letters and documents pertinent to Haitian affairs. Because much of the correspondence with Christophe was of an official nature, Clar\son considered it of the utmost importance and carefully preserved not only the letters he received from Haiti, but also copies of many of his replies. In great measure, therefore, both sides of the correspondence are still extant. This material forms a valuable commentary upon the obscure history of Haiti, and it tends to modify the interpretations which legend and fiction have woven around the personality and activities of Christophe. Instead of the spectacular and savage despot so often found in boo\s dealing with him, Christophe becomes a wise and farsighted monarch dedicated to the welfare of his people. The letters of Christophe are, indeed, remarkable productions. Their brevity, conciseness, and coherence, and the temperate discussion of Haitian problems show the intelligence and energy of his mind. They would do credit, as the Emperor of Russia remarked to Clarkson, to the best-trained European statesmen. Introduced by four letters from Christophe to his son, the main correspondence begins with a letter from Christophe to Clar\son in 1816 and continues down to the King's death four years later. Interspersed are several letters from Haitian officials. The correspondence concludes with a series of letters written after Christophe's death. They give a vivid, firsthand account of the King's paralysis, of the revolution which followed, of Christophe's suicide, and of the rapid disintegration of the kingdom. Attention should also be drawn to the three official documents included in Part III. These decrees are of the utmost importance not only in evalu-

a ting the foresight and administrative genius of Christophe, but also in showing Clar\son's influence on Haitian domestic affairs. Although the philanthropic labors of Thomas Clar\son are nowhere better exemplified than in this correspondence, in striking contrast to Christophe, he wrote at great length, to avoid any possibility of misunderstanding, and as a result his letters are repetitious and laborious. An Englishman, William Wilson, and an American Negro, Prince Sanders, who both resided for a time in Haiti, also wrote in a rambling and lengthy manner. In the interests of readability, therefore, certain omissions, varying from a few words to several pages, have been made in editing these letters, as well as those from Wilberforce and Sutherland. Each omission is clearly indicated in the text. Obvious misspellings, faulty punctuation, haphazard capitalization, and the indiscriminate use of italics have been silently corrected. The letters are printed in chronological order, and since they are in the main self-explanatory, editorial comment has been \ept as unobtrusive as possible. The Haitian letters and documents are in French, the official language of Haiti, but have been translated and only the English translations appear in this volume. A brief historical survey dealing with the island from its discovery by Columbus in 1492 to the death of Christophe in 1820 has been included. From 1806 until 1820, Haiti was divided into two governments, one under Christophe in the north, the other under Petion (and later Boyer) in the south. The account of these years, therefore, has been centered upon Henry Christophe, in order to place in its proper setting the correspondence which follows. Mr. Prator transcribed the microfilm of the manuscripts and translated the French letters and documents. Mr. Griggs prepared the historical survey (Haiti, 1492-1820) which precedes the correspondence and edited the text of the letters and documents. We are indebted to the University of Michigan and to the University of California for grants in aid of research; to Miss Mary Isabel Fry of the Huntington Library and to Miss Corinne Babcoc\ for generous assistance; and to Dr. Edward Howard Griggs and Dr. Price-Mars for a careful reading of the historical introduction. We wish to acknowledge the courtesy of the Pan American Airways System in permitting us to reproduce photographs of the Citadel Henry and the Palace of Sans Souci. E. L. G.

CONTENTS PART ONE: HAITI, 1492-1820 Introduction

3

Early Period

5

Revolution in Saint-Domingue

10

The Rise of Toussaint L'Ouverture

15

The Invasion of Hispaniola

21

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

33

Henry Christophe

38

Christophe and Thomas Clarkson

63

The Death of Henry Christophe

73

Aftermath

77

PART TWO: LETTERS, 1813-1824 LETTER

i

King Henry to his Son August ig, 1813

87

LETTER

2

King Henry to his Son October I J , 1813

88

LETTER

3

King Henry to his Son December 12,1813

89

LETTER

4

King Henry to his Son June 15,1816

90

LETTER

5

King Henry to Thomas Clarkson February 5,1816

91

LETTER

6

Thomas Clarkson to King Henry May 4,1816

94

LETTER

7

King Henry to Thomas Clarkson November 18,1816

97

LETTER

8

King Henry to Thomas Clarkson November 18,1816

103

LETTER

9

King Henry to Thomas Clarkson April 26,1818

104

LETTER

10

Thomas Clarkson to King Henry August 26,1818

no

The Count of Limonade to Thomas Clarkson September 14,1818

118

LETTER 1 1

LETTER

12

Thomas Clarkson to King Henry October 30,1818

120

LETTER

13

Thomas Clarkson to King Henry February 20,1819

124

LETTER

14

King Henry to Thomas Clarkson March 20,1819

126

LETTER

15

King Henry to Thomas Clarkson March 20,1819

128

King Henry to the Emperor Alexander March 20,1819

132

LETTER 1 6

LETTER

17

Baron de Vastey to Thomas Clarkson March 24,1819

136

LETTER

18

King Henry to Thomas Clarkson June 8,1819

138

LETTER

19

Thomas Clarkson to King Henry June 28,1819

140

LETTER

20

The Count of Limonade to Thomas Clarkson July 25,1819

147

LETTER

21

King Henry to Thomas Clarkson July 29,1819

149

LETTER

22

The Count of Limonade to Thomas Clarkson September 1819

153

LETTER

23

Thomas Clarkson to King Henry September 7,18 ig

154

LETTER

24

King Henry to Thomas Clarkson September 10,181g

157

LETTER

25

Thomas Clarkson to King Henry September 22,181g

159

LETTER

26

Thomas Clarkson to King Henry September 2 8,181g

161

LETTER

27

King Henry to Thomas Clarkson November 20,181g

164

LETTER

28

King Henry to Thomas Clarkson November 20,181g

167

LETTER

29

King Henry to Thomas Clarkson November 20,181g

168

LETTER

30

The Duke of Limonade to Thomas Clarkson 171 November 20,181g

LETTER

31

The Duke of Limonade to Thomas Clarkson 172 November 20,181g

LETTER

32

The Duke of Limonade to Thomas Clarkson 173 November 20,181g

LETTER

33

Baron de Vastey to Thomas Clarkson November 29,181g

178

LETTER

34

Duncan Stewart to Thomas Clarkson December 4,181g

183

LETTER

35

Thomas Clarkson to King Henry ]anuary 24,1820

186

LETTER

36

King Henry to Thomas Clarkson March iy, 1820

189

LETTER

37

The Duke of Limonade to Thomas Clarkson 190 April 14,1820

LETTER

38

King Henry to Thomas Clarkson April 14,1820

192

LETTER

39

King Henry to Thomas Clarkson April 14,1820

194

LETTER

40

Thomas Clarkson to King Henry April 2 8,1820

196

LETTER

41

Thomas Clarkson to King Henry July 10,1820

200

LETTER

42

William Wilson to his Father October 1,1820

209

LETTER

43

George Clarke to Thomas Clarkson November 4,1820

210

LETTER

44

William Wilson to Thomas Clarkson December 5,1820

213

LETTER

45

William Wilson to his Father December 5,1820

220

LETTER

46

Duncan Stewart to Thomas Clarkson December 8,1820

222

LETTER

47

Thomas Clarkson to Jean-Pierre Boyer May 25,1821

224

LETTER

48

Prince Saunders to Thomas Clarkson July 14,1821

226

LETTER

49

President Boyer to Thomas Clarkson July 30,1821

229

LETTER

50

William Wilson to Thomas Clarkson November 3,1821

231

LETTER

51

William Wilson to Mrs. Clarkson November 12,1821

233

LETTER

52

Thomas Clarkson to Zachary Macaulay November 19,1821

237

LETTER

53

B. Sutherland to Thomas Clarkson November 22,1821

241

LETTER

54

William Wilson to Mrs. Clarkson January 30,1822

242

LETTER

55

Thomas Clarkson to Zachary Macaulay January 3/, 1822

245

LETTER

56

William Wilberforce to Mrs. Clarkson March 11,1822

246

LETTER

57

Athénaïre Christophe to Mrs. Clarkson October 26,1822

247

LETTER

58

Prince Saunders to Thomas Clarkson May 2,182 j

248

LETTER

59

Prince Saunders to Thomas Clarkson May 19,1823

252

LETTER

60

The Christophes to Mrs. Clarkson September 13,1824

254

PART THREE: DOCUMENTS issued by King Henry and sent to Thomas Clarkson DOCUMENT

i

Ordonnance of King Henry, November 20, 1818, establishing the Royal Chamber of Public Instruction 257

DOCUMENT

2

Ordonnance of King Henry, January 1, 1819, providing for the organization of the National Schools and the Royal Academies 261

DOCUMENT

3

Edict of King Henry, July 14,1819, providing for concessions of land from the public domain to the soldiers of all ran\s 268

APPENDIX Report of Baron Dupuy to the King, February 15, 1817, concerning the imprisonment of Mr. J. Davidson

273 French Original of Letter 7, King Henry to Thomas Clarkson, November 18,1816 276

SELECTED INDEX

BIBLIOGRAPHY

281 283

MAPS er ILLUSTRATIONS Henry Christophe, painted from life by Richard Evans frontispiece Island of Hispaniola, showing the French part (Saint-Domingue) and the Spanish part (Santo Domingo) in iy8g

6

Saint-Domingue

8

Saint-Domingue, showing the areas occupied by the Spanish and the British in 1J94

16

Thomas Clarkson, from the original in the Municipal Museums, Hull, England

81

Citadel Henry, on the pea\ of La Ferrière

82

Ruins of the Palace of Sans Souci

83

Facsimile of Letter 1

84

HAITI, 1492--I820 IKTK0DUC7I0H Out of the fertile island of Haiti have come some of the most fascinating stories of modern times. A confusing mixture of legend and fact, their central theme unfolds a mighty drama, in which half a million Negro slaves struck off their chains, expelled their white masters from the island, and set up rulers of their own race. The luxurious, tropical vegetation has obscured the evidence of battle and bloodshed, and the island today seems almost a sleeping Paradise; but as the equinoctial storms and recurrent hurricanes sweep across the peaceful landscape, so once the unruly passions of men and the wild outpourings of race prejudice turned Haiti into a maelstrom of destruction. Not even the ruin and havoc caused by the earthquakes which occasionally shake the island can match the devastation of fire and sword. Among the Negroes who emerged into prominence during the interracial conflicts of a century and a half ago, Toussaint L'Ouverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, and Henry Christophe are the most spectacular. In spite of the degrading effects of the slavery of their youth, they rose to positions of absolute authority; but personal failure came to each man at the height of his power. Toussaint, who for a brief interval united the whole island under a single government and miraculously transformed it from anarchy and civil war to peaceful productivity, spent his last days in a French prison, a victim of Napoleon's treachery; Dessalines, who proclaimed Haitian independence and founded the first independent government in Haiti, was assassinated by his disgruntled subjects; and Christophe, who strove to raise the Haitians to a civilized level, committed suicide when his subjects revolted. Despite the tragic endings of their lives, they did not, however, work entirely in vain. It is true that their dream of a prosperous, self-respecting, and successful Negro state has not yet been fully realized and that chaos and instability have marked most of the governments of Haiti down to the early years of the present century, but it is likewise true that the island over which 3

4

Henry Qhristophe and Thomas Qlar\son

they gained supremacy has remained, for better or for worse, under native control. Toussaint and Christophe were of heroic mold, and if the limitations and handicaps under which they labored are taken into consideration, they bear favorable comparison with the white leaders of their era. Henry Christophe, the principal figure in this volume, has won fame as an absolute sovereign who, by sheer force of personality and strength of will, ruled despotically over his kingdom. His elaborate palace, Sans Souci, his magnificent and awe-inspiring fortress, the Citadel Henry,—which even in ruins stand among the wonders of the Western world,—and his grandiose and pompous court emphasize his love of power and ostentation; but the ruthless cruelty with which he carried out the stern measures he imposed upon his people for their ultimate improvement has cast a shadow over his reputation. Undoubtedly, the same titanic energy with which he opposed the French and, with his fellow leaders, drove them from Haitian soil, characterized his actions as a monarch. Human life was cheap in Haiti, and Christophe let nothing stand in the way of what he considered a desirable objective. Much, however, can be offered in extenuation of his conduct. There was little in his heritage to improve his character; almost every circumstance of his life until he came to power was calculated to foster only the most savage instincts, and he committed no act of cruelty which had not already been practiced by his white oppressors. He must be judged, then, not wholly by the means he employed to achieve his objectives, but also by the nobility and grandeur of his aims. Once he had assumed control of his kingdom, he dreamed of the future, of a time when the Haitians, raised from ignorance, indolence, and poverty to industry and self-respect, would take their place among the nations of the world. Driven by an insatiable ambition, Henry Christophe endeavored to accomplish for his black brothers in fourteen years what the white race had been centuries in achieving. An understanding of Henry Christophe demands a glance backwards over the story of the island in which he ruled and an examination of the milieu in which he was reared. The history of Haiti, too complicated to be retold here in extenso, explains in great measure the contradictions of her people and especially of her rulers. If the biography of Christophe seems too fantastic for belief, the story of Haiti is equally so. Haiti (the aboriginal name, meaning hilly land), or Hispaniola, is a West Indian island lying between Cuba and Porto Rico. It is bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean and on the south by the Caribbean Sea. Much

Tart One: Haiti, 1492-1820

5

of the island is mountainous. The tropical climate is mild and admirably suited to growing coffee and sugar cane, but generations of primitive methods of farming have seriously depleted the once rich and productive soil. Today Hispaniola contains two sovereign states. To the east lies the Dominican Republic, occupying about two-thirds of the island. To the west lies the Republic of Haiti, comprising an area of about ten thousand square miles and with a population of more than two and a half millions.

EA%LY

TE%10D

On the evening of December 6, 1492, Columbus first set foot in Haiti at what is now the Môle Saint-Nicolas, off the northwestern coast. Six days later, at the Baie des Moustiques, he erected a cross; and, taking possession of the island in the names of Ferdinand and Isabella, called it Española,1 later Latinized as Hispaniola. On the island he found simple, friendly, and peace-loving aborigines, estimated by the Spanish to number a million persons. Believing he had landed in the Indies, he called the natives Indians. Although Columbus considered Española "the Paradise of God," and wrote of living out his life there, those who followed him under the Spanish flag came not to settle in idyllic surroundings but to seek gold, and as fortune hunters they enslaved and exploited the natives of the island. It has been declared that by 1533 barely six hundred Indians had survived. Certainly today not one pure-blooded descendant of the aborigines remains. Thus began the tragic story of the second largest island in the Caribbean Sea. During the seventeenth century, French buccaneers and freebooters settled in considerable numbers in the island, and though there were long struggles with the Spanish inhabitants, eventually, in 1697, Spain ceded the western portion of Española to France. The French called their colony la partie française de Saint-DomingueThe rest of the island remained in Spanish hands and was known as Santo Domingo.3 Since the Indians were being rapidly exterminated by hard physical labor 1 The Spanish later called the island Santo Domingo, and when the French gained control of the western third of the island, they called their territory Saint-Domingue. English and American writers of the nineteenth century often used Santo Domingo, St. Domingo, and San Domingo to designate the island. In order to avoid confusion, the United States Hydrographie Office has recently established Hispaniola as the official name of the whole island. 2 Now the Republic of Haiti, although the area is today somewhat larger than in colonial times. ' Now the Dominican Republic.

Tart One: Haiti, 1492-1820

5

of the island is mountainous. The tropical climate is mild and admirably suited to growing coffee and sugar cane, but generations of primitive methods of farming have seriously depleted the once rich and productive soil. Today Hispaniola contains two sovereign states. To the east lies the Dominican Republic, occupying about two-thirds of the island. To the west lies the Republic of Haiti, comprising an area of about ten thousand square miles and with a population of more than two and a half millions.

EA%LY

TE%10D

On the evening of December 6, 1492, Columbus first set foot in Haiti at what is now the Môle Saint-Nicolas, off the northwestern coast. Six days later, at the Baie des Moustiques, he erected a cross; and, taking possession of the island in the names of Ferdinand and Isabella, called it Española,1 later Latinized as Hispaniola. On the island he found simple, friendly, and peace-loving aborigines, estimated by the Spanish to number a million persons. Believing he had landed in the Indies, he called the natives Indians. Although Columbus considered Española "the Paradise of God," and wrote of living out his life there, those who followed him under the Spanish flag came not to settle in idyllic surroundings but to seek gold, and as fortune hunters they enslaved and exploited the natives of the island. It has been declared that by 1533 barely six hundred Indians had survived. Certainly today not one pure-blooded descendant of the aborigines remains. Thus began the tragic story of the second largest island in the Caribbean Sea. During the seventeenth century, French buccaneers and freebooters settled in considerable numbers in the island, and though there were long struggles with the Spanish inhabitants, eventually, in 1697, Spain ceded the western portion of Española to France. The French called their colony la partie française de Saint-DomingueThe rest of the island remained in Spanish hands and was known as Santo Domingo.3 Since the Indians were being rapidly exterminated by hard physical labor 1 The Spanish later called the island Santo Domingo, and when the French gained control of the western third of the island, they called their territory Saint-Domingue. English and American writers of the nineteenth century often used Santo Domingo, St. Domingo, and San Domingo to designate the island. In order to avoid confusion, the United States Hydrographie Office has recently established Hispaniola as the official name of the whole island. 2 Now the Republic of Haiti, although the area is today somewhat larger than in colonial times. ' Now the Dominican Republic.

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54> 7 5 - 7 7 . 1 1 8 - 1 1 9 , 218, plan to use militia in place of large standing army, 68, 108-109, 129, 1 5 0 - 1 5 1 ; efforts to increase commerce, 5 1 - 5 2 ; relations with Santo Domingo, 52, 98, 104—105, 128; relations with England, 52, 6 1 - 6 3 , 7°> 1 0 6 - 1 0 7 , nonintervention in British colonies, 52, 9 8 99, plan for British recognition of Haitian independence, 70, 108-109, 1 1 3 , 1 2 8 - 1 2 9 , 1 6 9 - 1 7 0 ; relations with the United States, 5 2 - 5 3 , 68, 125, 163, 180; friendship with Duncan Stewart, 5 3 - 5 4 , 1 8 3 - 1 8 5 , 2 2 2 - 2 2 3 , 2 3 1 , 244; relations with France after his rise to power, 56, 71—73, 101, 1 3 2 - 1 3 5 , 1 7 3 - 1 7 4 , fears of new French invasion, 5 6 - 5 7 , 7 2 , 1 0 7 , plans for French recognition of Haitian independence, 5 6 - 5 7 , 6o, 7 1 73> T75> first French commission to Haiti, 57-59, second French commission to Haiti, 60-61, 10X, French abolition of slave trade, 61, 92, n i - 1 1 3 , views on indemnification of ex-colonists, 7 1 , 175—176, overtures made by De Vincent, 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 , 1 3 8 - 1 3 9 , 195, authorizes Clarkson to be ambassador to France ( 1 8 1 9 ) , 1 6 8 - 1 7 7 , I 9 4 _ I 9 5 . attitude on trade relations with France, 1 7 5 1 7 7 (see also Clarkson, Thomas); establishes public instruction, 62, 64-66, 9 1 - 9 3 , 97-98, 2 5 7 - 2 6 7 , later progress of schools and Royal College, 97, 1 2 9 - 1 3 0 , 1 3 7 , 1 5 1 ,

Index 1 5 7 - 1 5 8 , 1 8 1 , 1 9 2 - 1 9 3 , 2 1 2 ; efforts to improve agriculture, 62, 108, 1 5 0 - 1 5 1 , 184, 193, 2 6 8 - 2 7 1 ; begins correspondence with Wilberforce ( 1 8 1 4 ) , 62 (see also Wilberforce, William); begins correspondence with Clarkson ( 1 8 1 5 ) , 63, summary of results of correspondence with Clarkson, 6 8 - 7 3 ; plans to settle American Negroes in Haiti, 68, 149, 165, 226; seeks aid of Emperor Alexander of Russia, 7 0 - 7 1 , 105, 131—135, 140; financial arrangements with Clarkson, 7 1 , 78, 167, 194; illness, 73, 2 0 9 210, 2 1 3 - 2 1 4 , 226, rebellion against, 7 3 75, 2 1 0 - 2 1 1 , 2 1 4 - 2 2 0 , 2 2 6 - 2 2 7 , death, 75, 2 1 1 , 218, 222; fate of kingdom established by, 7 6 - 7 7 , 208, 2 1 1 - 2 1 2 , 222, 248-249; interest in South American revolutionists, 99; relations with Spain, 1 0 5 - 1 0 6 , 108, n o , 1 1 4 , 124—125, 128; information and comment on the Davidson affair, 105-106, 273-275 Christophe, Jacques-Victor-Henry (Prince Royal of Haiti), 42, 48, 67, 74, 76, 87-90, 192, 209, 2 1 1 , 2 1 3 - 2 1 4 , 2 1 8 - 2 2 0 , 233, 242,252 Christophe, Marie-Louise (Queen of Haiti): marriage, 38; relations with ladies from Philadelphia, 48-49; at time of Christophe's death, 7 3 - 7 6 , 210—211, 2 1 8 ; takes refuge in England, 78-79; treatment at hands of Boyer, 230; William Wilson keeps her secret, 2 3 1 - 2 3 2 ; judged by Wilson, 233— 234; dealings with Sutherland, 2 3 7 - 2 4 1 ; her suspicions of Dupuy and others, 2 4 3 244, 252; guest of the Clarksons, 245-246; letters of thanks, 247, 254 Clarke, George, 67, 1 8 6 - 1 8 7 , 192, 196, 2 1 0 212 Clarkson, Thomas: birth and early life, 63; character and personality, 63-64; receives first letter from Christophe ( 1 8 1 5 ) , 63, summary of results of correspondence with Christophe, 6 9 - 7 3 ; sends teachers to Haiti, 64, 66-67, 91-93> 97-98, 1 1 7 , 1 5 7 - 1 5 8 , 1 8 6 - 1 8 7 ; general role in Haitian affairs compared with role of Wilberforce, 67, relations with Wilberforce, 72, 7 8 - 7 9 , 125, 146, 156, 196, 237-240, 246, relations with other English abolitionists ( s e e Macaulay, Zachary; Stephen); advice on Haitian education, 67, 185 n.; views on Haitian militia, 67, 1 1 4 ; advocates friendly relations with Republic of Haiti, 68-69, 1 1 6 , 123, 201, 224; correspondence with American abolitionists, 68, 1 4 1 - 1 4 2 (see also San-

Index ders, Prince); project of settling American Negroes in Haiti, 68, 1 2 4 - 1 2 5 , 1 4 1 - 1 4 3 , 161—163, 249; counsels neutrality toward British colonies, 70, 145, 201, replies on subject of British recognition of Haitian independence, 113; activities and views concerning Haitian relations with France, 70-73, H I , 120-123, 1 5 9 - 1 6 1 , 197, 200208, 225, counsel on indemnification, 72, I 5 4 _ I 5 5 > ' 9 8 , 202-204, counsel on French trade relations, 121, 144-146, reports of influence and demands of ex-colonists, 143, 154, comments on Louis XVIII, 155, 160, declines to act as official Haitian ambassador, 196-200, commends firm Haitian stand and advises against suing France for recognition directly, 196-199, 204-205; advocates Haitian cause with Emperor Alexander of Russia, 70-71, 97, 1 1 7 , 1 2 1 122, 140; financial arrangements with Christophe and his associates, 7 1 , 78-79, 167, 220-221, 223, 227-228, 2 3 1 - 2 3 2 , 241; receives reports from visitors to Haiti, made after outbreak of rebellion against Christophe, 77, 210-219, 222—223, 226-228, 233-236, 248—253, made before collapse of kingdom, 183-185; aid to Christophe's widow and daughters, 78-79, 225, 230, 245-247, 254, dealings with B. Sutherland on their behalf, 237-241, 243-244, 246; interest in advancement of Haiti after Christophe's death, 78, 224-225, 248-251, correspondence with Boyer, 78, 224-225, 229—230; interest in religious freedom, 94— 96, 165, 189; solicits aid of sovereigns of Austria and Prussia, 97; protests against cruelty possibly involved in Davidson affair, 105—106, n o ; advocates nonaggressive attitude toward Santo Domingo, 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 ; counsel on enforcing European agreements to abolish slave trade, 1 1 5 , 1 2 2 - 1 2 3 ; plans for Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 116—117, 120-123; confers with Duke of Wellington; 120-121; interest in Sierra Leone colony, 161; interest in betterment of Haitian women, 184-185; interest in Haitian agriculture, 187, 193; writes Baron Turckheim, 187-188, 203; aids sons of Baron Dupuy, 228, 232 Clarkson, Mrs. Thomas, 79, 87 n., 233-238, 242-244, 246-247 Clervaux, General, 22, 3 0 - 3 1 , 35 Coidavid, Marie-Louise. See Christophe, Marie-Louise Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 63

285 Collier, Commodore George, 150,161 Columbus, Christopher, 5, 178 Daniel, 1 1 7 , 1 5 1 , 192-193 Davidson, James, 105-106, n o , 273-275 Davis, C„ 140 n., 154, 164, 178 Decazes, Elie, Duke, 187-188 Défilée, 37 Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 3, 19, 22, 27-40, 42, 44, 47 n., 5 0 - 5 1 , 55, 182-183, 233, 235 Dessalines, Baron Joseph, 2 1 1 (?), 258 Dessalines, Baron Louis, 2 1 1 ( ? ) , 2 5 8 Dondon, Duke of, 257 Douglas, Captain, 43 Dravermann, 57—58 Duchèsne, T., 130 n. Dupin, Chevalier, 258 Dupuy, Baron: role in kingdom, 44-45; receives teachers from Philadelphia, 48; actions at time of Christophe's death, 74-76; reports on Davidson affair, 105—106, 273— 275; judged by Duncan Stewart, 184; witness of Christophe's promise to pay Stewart, 223; requested by Clarkson to approach Boyer, 224—225; wishes to send sons to England, 228, 232; handles funds, 231, 241; judged by William Wilson, 243-244; judged by Prince Sanders, 252-253 Emmanuel, J., 130 n. Esmangart, Charles, 60, 180 Eugène (Prince of Haiti, natural son of Christophe), 76, 2 1 1 , 2 1 8 Evans, Richard, 64, 98, 276 Ferdinand VII (King of Spain), n o Ferrand, General, 36, 98 n. Fontanges, Viscount, 60 Fort-Royal, Duke of. See Joachim Fowlerton, 232 Francis II (Emperor of Austria), 70, 97 n., 131 Frederick II (King of Prussia), 43 Frederick William III (King of Prussia), 70, 92, 97 n„ 131 Galbaud, 14 Glory, Pierre de, 225, 229-230 Gomar, Count of Jérémie, 42 n., 116 n., 151-152 Grégoire, Henri (Abbé), 179-180, 242 (?) Grellet, Stephen, 94-96, 103, 165 n. Gros Morne, Count of, 210 Guillermin de Montpinay, Gilbert, 166 Gulliver, T. B., 97-98, 117, 130 n., 1 5 1 , 193, 276

286 Hardy, General, 27 n. Harvey, Captain, 194 Harvey, William Woodis, 44 n., 49 n., 97 n., 1 5 1 nn., 1 6 5 n., 189, 193 n., 2 1 0 n. Hassal, Mary, 3 2 Haydon, Benjamin, 246 n. Hazard, Samuel, 104 n. Hcdouville, General, 1 7 - 1 8 , 20 Jean-Charles, Lieutenant, 258 Jean-Joseph, Chevalier, 258 Jefferson, Thomas, 32—33 Jeremie, Count of. See Gomar Joachim (Prince of Haiti), Duke of FortRoyal, 75, 2 1 1 , 2 1 7 - 2 1 8 John (Prince of Haiti, nephew of Christophe), 48 Jones, Elliot, 165 n., 189 Kindelan y Oregon, Sebastian, 1 0 4 - 1 0 5 , 1 1 4 116 Laborde, Joseph-Alexandre de, Count, 180 Lacroix, General, 30 La Croix, Baron Pamphile de, 166 Lafayette, General, 1 2 3 , 188, 245 Lafleur, Commandant, 27 Laisne de Villeveque, Gabriel-Jacques, 1 4 3 , 154-155. 159-160 Laplume, General, 30

Lavaysse, 57-59

Laveaux, General, 1 5 - 1 7 , 20 Leclerc, Charles-Victor-Emmanuel, 2 1 - 3 1 , 3 3 , 37, 39. 57, 72, 200 Leconte, Chevalier Cincinatus, 258 Lervis, Duke of, 180 Lewis, Evan, 1 6 5 Lieven, Count, 140, 164 Limonade, Julien Prevost, Count of: role in kingdom, 44-45; sends congratulations to Louis X V I I I , 56; tells of accident at Citadel, 1 1 8 ; reply to De Vincent, 1 2 6 , 1 3 8 , 1 5 9 , 1 9 5 ; compliments Clarkson, 1 4 7 - 1 4 8 ; sends Clarkson Baron de Vastey's book, 1 5 3 ; invites immigration from United States, 1 6 1 1 6 3 ; instructs Clarkson on mission to France, 1 7 1 - 1 7 7 ; judges De Vincent, 1 9 0 1 9 1 ; judged by Prince Sanders, 2 5 2 - 2 5 3 ; documents signed by, 2 5 7 - 2 7 1 ; approves punishment of Davidson, 274 n. Liverpool, Earl of, 62 Louis X V I I I (King of France), 5 6 - 6 1 , 7 1 , 1 0 7 , n i - 1 1 3 , 121,135,154-156,160, 174,187188, 1 9 6 - 1 9 7 Louvel, Louis-Pierre, 197

Index L'Ouverture, Paul, 22, 30 L'Ouverture, Toussaint, 3 - 4 , 1 4 - 3 0 , 3 2 - 3 6 , 3 8 - 3 9 , 4 2 - 4 3 . 45. 109, 126 n., 1 3 3 - 1 3 4 . 1 8 2 , 208 n. Macaulay, Zachary, 62, 78-80, 2 3 7 - 2 4 0 , 245 Mackenzie, Charles, 38, 275 n. Magny, General, 222 Maitland, General, 1 7 - 1 8 Mallet, 247 Malouet, Pierre-Victor, 57 Marmelade, Richard, Duke of, 44 n., 54, 60, 74-76, 2 1 0 , 2 1 7 , 219, 2 3 3 - 2 3 4 , 244, 257 Masson, 275 Maunay. See Magny, General Maurepas, General, 30 Medina, Agoustino Franco de, 5 7 - 5 9 Metternich, 1 0 7 n. Montague, 247 Montorsier, 5 8 - 5 9 Montpinay. See Guillermin de Montpinay, Gilbert Mont-Rouis, Count of, 258 Moore, M. J., 54, 1 5 1 , 192 n., 2 1 2 Morton (the Rev.), 1 5 1 , 1 5 7 , 1 6 5 Napoleon I (Emperor of France), 1 9 - 2 3 , 26, 2 8 - 3 3 , 35-36, 39, 43, 52, 5 6 - 5 7 , 59, 6 1 , 1 2 6 n., 188 n. Noël (Prince of Haiti, brother-in-law of Christophe), Duke of Port-de-Paix, 1 1 8 , 1 2 5 Nord-Alexis, 2 3 3 , 2 3 5 n. Ogé, Vincent, 1 2 - 1 3 Ouanaminthe, Count of, 258 Papillon, T . , 1 3 0 n. Peters, Richard, Jr., 68, 1 4 1 - 1 4 2 , 149, 1 6 1 163, 1 6 5 Pétion, Alexandre: warned of insecurity of mulattoes, 3 7 ; birth and education, 39; supports Rigaud and Ledere, 39; turns against the French, 39; character, 40; outwits Christophe at Constituent Assembly, 40, 2 3 5 n.; loses north to Christophe in armed conflict, 40-42; elected President of Republic of Haiti, 4 1 ; reëlected, 42; opposed by Gomar, 42 n., 1 1 6 n.; administrative policies, 55— 56, 249—250; included in plans of the French, 5 7 - 5 8 ; dealings with French commissioners, 58-60; succeeded by Boyer, 69, 1 1 5 ; judged by Christophe, 9 1 , 9 9 - 1 0 0 , 130, 2 7 8 - 2 7 9 ; visited by Stephen Grellet, 94 n.; aids Bolivar, 99, 278; Christophe counseled to maintain friendly relations

Index with, 224; judged by Sanders, 249-250; allegedly involved in Davidson affair, 273 Popham, Sir Home Riggs, 53, 69, 76, 150 Portal, Baron, 202-203 Port-de-Paix, Duke of. See Noël, Duke of Portde-Paix Pradt, Dominique Dufour de, 180, 195 Prévost, Julien. See Limonade, Julien Prévost, Count of Prézeau, Chevalier, 258 Prophète, 217—219, 233, 235 n., 243-244 Ramírez, Juan Sánchez. See Sánchez Ramírez, Juan Raynal, Guillaume (Abbé), 1 6 - 1 7 Richard. See Marmelade, Richard, Duke of Richardson, 275 Richelieu, Duke of, 197 Richepanse, General, 29 Rigaud, André, 1 3 , 15, 19, 39, 42 Rochambeau, General, 3 1 - 3 2 , 3 5 - 3 7 , 98 n. Romain, General, 74, 76 Roume, 20 Saint-Cyr, Laurent Gouvion, 107, h i Saint-Louis, Count of, 258 Saint-Martin, Madame, 234 Salme, General, 27 Sánchez Ramírez, Juan, 98 n. Sanders (or Saunders), Prince: citations from his Haytian Papers, 23-27, 46; summary of his role, 45; attitude after Christophe's death, 77-78; arrives in Haiti, 91; sent on mission to England, 92-94; returns to Haiti, 97-98, 276; bearer of Clarkson's Portraiture of Quakerism to Christophe, 103; in United States, 125, 146; disavowed by Christophe, 150; reports on Christophe's death, 2 2 6 228; reports on Haiti under Boyer, 248-251 ; denounces former Haitian officials, 252-253 Shaw, Mrs., 247 Simmons, W., 1 1 7 , 130, 1 5 1 Stephen, 91, 146, 1 5 1 , 156, 169, 196, 241 Stewart, Duncan, 54, 73-74, 77-78, 1 8 3 - 1 8 5 , 192 n „ 2 1 2 , 222—223, 2 3!> 244 Stewart, Mrs. Duncan, 244 Strafford, 106, 275 Sutherland, Captain B., 237-246 Talleyrand, 33 Terrier-Rouge, Count of, 258 Thompson, 1 1 9 - 1 2 0 , 128, 241 Toussaint l'Ouverture. See L'Ouverture, Toussaint Turckheim, Baron, 1 8 7 - 1 8 8 , 203

287 Urritin, Carlos de, 104 Valentin, Malvina and Aricie, 182 Valentin, Pompée. See Vastey, Baron Pompée Valentin Valier, Duchess of (sister of Queen of Haiti), 253 Vastey, Baron Pompée Valentin: role in kingdom, 44-45; citations from his books, 60, 61, 92 n., 1 0 1 nn., 130 nn., 183 n.; advised by Clarkson in writing about kingdom, 73, 205-207; Clarkson recommends Wilson as adviser to him, 186; discusses public relations with Clarkson, 1 3 6 - 1 3 7 , 1 5 3 , 1 7 8 182; death, 2 1 1 Villevêque. See Laisné de Villevêque, GabrielJacques Vilton, General, 27 n. Vincent, General, 7 1 , 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 , 138—139, 143, 159, 180, 190, 195 Waldkierch, 149 Wellington, Duke of, 1 0 1 , 1 1 2 , 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 , 1 3 1 , 143» 279 Wetherby, 1 1 0 Wilberforce, William: extent of his aid to Christophe, 62, 64, 67; conferred with regarding French recognition, 72, 1 1 6 - 1 1 7 , 156, 196—198; unwilling to receive Christophes, 79; judges opinion in France, n 1 ; writes to Emperor Alexander, 122; conferred with regarding immigration from United States, 1 2 5 ; to approach British Government, 146; advises regarding treatment of women, 185 n.; sends ploughmen to Haiti, 187, 193; consulted regarding Sutherland's dealings with Christophes, 237-240; advises Mrs. Clarkson regarding Christophes, 246 Wilberforce, Mrs. William, 79, 246 Wilson (father of William Wilson), 209, 2 2 0 221 Wilson, William: sent to Haiti, 67; judges Christophe, 77; saves Christophe's papers, 87 n., 235, 242; recommended by Clarkson, 1 8 6 - 1 8 7 ; made tutor of Prince, 192, 252; reports on Prince's progress, 209; relates events leading up to Christophe's death, 213—221; discusses financial claims against Christophe's estate, 2 3 1 - 2 3 2 ; judges members of royal family, 233-236; judges Boyer, Dupuy, and Sutherland, 242—244 Wrangham, Archdeacon, 62 Yeo, Sir James Lucas, 52