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Table of contents :
Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
List of plates
Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Objectives of this book
Taxonomy
Nomenclature
Geographical area covered
Moult and ageing
How to use this
Concept of the book
The species accounts
References and citations
The plates
The maps
Abbreviated information
Errors and Corrections
Bird topography
The Plates and Maps
Index
Quick index to the principal groups of birds
Birds of Northern South America An Identification Guide Volume 2: Plates and Maps
Robin Restall Clemencia Rodner and Miguel Lentino
with contributions from David Ascanio
CHRISTOPHER HELM LONDON
For every birder who ever struggled to identify a mystery bird For those loved ones who supported us so valiantly
Author credits The plates and captions, and black-and-white line drawings were all done by Robin Restall, with comments and suggestions, not to mention corrections, by Clemencia Rodner and Miguel Lentino. The distribution maps were compiled and produced by Miguel Lentino. The majority of the text was written by Clemencia Rodner and Robin Restall, but all species and subspecies descriptions were written by Robin Restall. Species accounts for Vireonidae, Corvidae, Alaudidae, Hirundidae, Troglodytidae, Polioptilidae, Cinclidae, Bombicillidae, Muscicapidae, Mimidae and Thraupidae were prepared by Bruno Walther. The species accounts were reviewed in critical detail by Olivier Tostain and Guy Tudor. All plates were reviewed by David Ascanio, with many captions corrected and additional captions suggested. Shaun Peters produced the discography. The entire text was edited by Guy Kirwan (who also wrote four of the introductory sections), and proof-read by Keith Marsh.
This electronic edition published in 2020 by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Published in 2006, by Christopher Helm, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 50 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3DP www.bloomsbury.com Reprinted in 2015 Copyright © 2006 Robin Restall The right of Robin Restall to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means – photographic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or information storage and retrieval systems – without permission of the publishers.
BLOOMSBURY, CHRISTOPHER HELM and the Helm logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc ISBN: 9780713672435 (pbk) ISBN: 9781472981639 (ePDF) Commissioning Editor: Nigel Redman Production and design: Julie Dando, Fluke Art, Cornwall
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CONTENTS List of plates
4
Preface
6
Acknowledgements
7
Introduction Objectives of this book Taxonomy Nomenclature Geographical area covered Moult and ageing
9 9 9 9 10 10
How to use this guide Concept of the book The species accounts References and citations The plates The maps Abbreviated information Errors and Corrections Bird topography
12 12 13 13 14 14 16 17
The Plates and Maps
18
Index
630
Quick index to the principal groups of birds
656
LIST OF Plates Plates 1–3: Tinamous Plate 4: Screamers Plates 4–7: Ducks and Geese Plates 7–8: New World Quails Plates 9–12: Chachalacas, Guans and Curassows Plate 13: Grebes and Penguins Plate 14: Albatrosses and Giant Petrel Plates 15–16: Petrels and Shearwaters Plate 17: Storm-petrels Plate 18: Tropicbirds and Frigatebirds Plate 19: Boobies Plate 20: Cormorants, Anhinga and Pelicans Plates 21–24: Herons, Egrets and Bitterns Plate 24: Ibises and Limpkin Plate 25: Spoonbills, Storks and Flamingos Plate 26: Vultures Plates 27–40: Osprey, Kites, Hawks and Eagles Plates 41–43: Caracaras and Falcons Plates 44–47: Crakes, Rails, Gallinules and Coots Plate 48: Trumpeters, Sungrebe and Sunbittern Plate 49: Thick-knees Plates 49–50: Plovers Plate 51: Oystercatcher, Stilt, Avocet and Jacana Plate 52: Snipes and Seedsnipes Plates 53–56: Shorebirds Plate 57: Skuas and Jaegers Plates 58–59: Gulls Plates 60–62: Terns and Skimmer Plates 63–67: Pigeons and Doves Plates 68–77: Parrots Plate 78: Hoatzin Plates 78–80: Cuckoos Plates 81–84: Barn Owl and Typical Owls Plate 85: Oilbird and Nighthawks Plate 86: Potoos Plates 86–87: Nightjars Plates 88–90: Swifts Plates 91–111: Hummingbirds Plates 112–114: Trogons and Quetzals Plate 115: Kingfishers Plate 116: Motmots Plates 117–118: Jacamars Plates 119–122: Puffbirds, Nunlets and Nunbirds Plates 123–124: Barbets Plates 125–130: Toucans, Toucanets and Araçaris Plates 131–132: Piculets Plates 133–137: Woodpeckers
Plates 138–148: Ovenbirds Plates 149–153: Woodcreepers Plates 154–159: Antshrikes Plates 159–171: Antbirds Plates 172–179: Antthrushes and Antpittas Plate 180: Gnateaters Plates 181–183: Tapaculos Plates 184–209: Tyrant-flycatchers Plate 210: Sharpbill Plates 210–211: Fruiteaters Plates 212–213: Cotingas and allies Plate 214: Pihas and Capuchinbird Plate 215: Fruitcrows Plate 216: Umbrellabirds and Cocks-of-the-Rock Plates 217–221: Manakins Plates 222–224: Becards, Schiffornis and Tityras Plates 225–226: Peppershrikes and Vireos Plate 227: Greenlets Plate 228: Jays Plates 229–231: Swallows and Martins Plates 232–238: Wrens Plate 239: Gnatcatchers and Gnatwrens Plate 240: Wagtail, Pipits, Lark, Waxwing and Dipper Plate 241: Wheatear Plates 241–246: Thrushes Plate 247: Mockingbirds, Thrashers and Catbird Plates 248–265: Tanagers Plate 266: Dacnises and Bananaquit Plate 267: Honeycreepers Plate 268: Conebills Plates 269–270: Flowerpiercers Plate 271: Sparrows 1 Plates 272–273: Finches, Sierra Finches, Yellow Finches and Grass Finches Plate 274: Grassquits Plates 275–278: Seedeaters Plate 279: Sparrows 2 Plates 280–283: Brush Finches Plates 283–284: Cardinals and Grosbeaks Plate 285: Saltators Plate 286: Seedeaters, Grosbeaks and Buntings Plates 287–294: New World Warblers Plates 295–296: Oropendolas Plates 297–298: Caciques and Orioles Plate 299: Blackbirds and Troupials Plate 300: Grackles Plate 301: Cowbirds and Meadowlarks Plates 302–303: Siskins and Goldfinches Plates 304–305: Euphonias and Chlorophonias Plate 306: Exotics
PREFACE Over many years of working with others in the field and in a bird museum, we noticed that people fall into a certain behavioural pattern when using field guides; this came to be referred among ourselves as ‘the shoehorn syndrome’. We have seen this in action among students as they attempt to identify unfamiliar birds they take from the mist-net at banding stations, we have seen it in the field with birders of every kind and level of experience, and also with visitors to the Phelps Collection when they come to ask about birds they have seen and tried to identify. The ‘shoehorn syndrome’ is ready to strike whenever a bird comes along that is not instantly recognised, when the observer needs to consult his field guide. Almost invariably, he or she goes straight to the plates and tries to match the bird to one of the illustrations. If the bird is ‘notquite-but-almost’ a particular species, it may well get shoehorned into fitting the nearest illustration. Sometimes, identification by means of illustrations alone may turn out to be correct, but a fair number of times, especially in an unfamiliar country, the foot will have been shoehorned into the wrong shoe. After experiencing numerous instances of these often innocent misidentifications, we became convinced that the reason why the shoehorning of birds into plate illustrations leads to wrong identifications is because, in most guides, fewer than half the plumages of birds are illustrated. In some cases, even a number of species are left out of the plates. Many birders wisely turn to the text to see if there is a species that is not illustrated that fits the description (and we have observed that field-guide users generally like plates, but trust text). However, it is quite amazing how many people do not check the text, and how often they do not realise that the plates are not as helpful as they should be. The shortcomings of plates in a field guide only become evident if one undertakes a careful analysis of the species concerned, or when some tough confusion species are being examined. Among other problems, ‘shoehorning’ causes species that are illustrated, invariably the commonest and the ones most likely to be seen, to be recorded more often than they occur in reality, while the ones not illustrated, are recorded rather less often than they have been seen in reality. The many guides for the countries of northern South America, which we have drawn upon freely in researching for this book, are getting better with every generation, and the most recent ones illustrate almost all the species in their respective countries. However, for many species it is still only the adult male in breeding plumage that is shown, and occasionally a dull female is tucked away behind him, half showing. It is rare indeed to see a complete set of juvenile, immature, female and male plumages, plus different colour morphs, distinct subspecies and non-breeding plumages, all together on a plate, even in the specialised handbooks. In his wonderfully illuminating book, The Speciation and Biogeography of Birds (Newton 2003), Ian Newton says that “…every regional handbook on birds can now give details, not only of the size and colour differences between similar species, but also of the size and colour variation found across the geographical range of a single species, and from one subspecies to another. Such details can often also be given on song and other characteristics. Hence, for birds more than other animals, the geographically definable population has become the customary taxonomic unit of study”. Whilst this may well be true of the Old World and also for North America, it is still not true, unfortunately, for the Neotropics. Vast areas of South American territory are even now waiting for in-depth surveys and detailed population studies. The incredibly useful Handbook of the Birds of the World (del Hoyo et al.) is sufficiently comprehensive to partially comply with Newton’s assertion but, at the time of writing, only twothirds of the series’ volumes have been completed, and it seems unlikely to be finished before 2010. In any case, although each volume seems to be an improvement over the previous one, at least for the Neotropics, it falls a little short of Newton’s somewhat Utopian description of the present state of knowledge of avian geographic variation. In the Neotropics, there still remains much to be learned about subspecies and their distributions. The original inspiration for Birds of Northern South America was the recognition that, in the 2,300 or so species that occur in the countries that we selected as our region, there are probably more than 7,000 distinct plumages, very many of which have never been illustrated anywhere, and a considerable number of which are only known, with luck, from one or two specimens. In our everyday work at the Phelps Museum, we were frustrated on an almost daily basis, with inadequate references to identify some taxon or other. RR set out to correct this deficit, by visiting the great collections in North America and making detailed identification drawings. ML joined the project by preparing maps based on known and confirmed specimens, and then CR joined to start making notes on behaviour and status. Christopher Helm and Nigel Redman showed great interest in the proposed book, and the project became a reality. Work on the book started in 1996, and has taken ten years to complete. The original aim was simply
to illustrate as many of the distinct plumages of the species of birds that occur in northern South America as could be found in museums and the literature by the senior author, together with a map for each species and text to assist in identifying and better understanding the variations. Along the way, we also found that illustrating all the species and subspecies would necessarily require an ongoing update of the increasingly fluid taxonomy of Neotropical birds. This led to the interim publication in 2000 of the Checklist of the Birds of Northern South America (Rodner et al. 2000). This list recognised 2,245 species and included information on all the subspecies found in the region. It formed the basis of the taxonomy for the present volumes, although the number of species has now risen to 2,308. At the time of going to press we believe we are up to date with the latest taxonomic decisions, and certainly we are in step with the SACC list of the AOU. But we are fully aware that further profound changes are on the way, which is likely to increase the number of species in the region, but at least we hope that most of these ‘new’ species will have been illustrated and described in this book, albeit as subspecies at the present time. It has proved impossible to illustrate and carefully describe absolutely every single distinct plumage, as originally planned, in the same way that it has proved impossible to present a definitive taxonomy. Some 6,388 individual figures have been painted, with work continuing on the illustrations up to the day before the material went off to the printers. We suspect one could add about 1,000 more. However, we trust that we have come as close as possible at the present time in fulfilling the original goal and sincerely hope that this book, in its complete two volumes, with so many subspecies and plumages illustrated for the first time and a much-needed updated taxonomy for the species of this South American region, will make a significant contribution in the direction of that ideal situation described by Professor Newton. Robin Restall Caracas, May 2006
Acknowledgements It took ten years to complete this volume. During that time we consulted with countless people – professionals and amateurs, university professors, museum curators, taxidermists, bird artists and illustrators, ornithologists and field researchers, tour guides, birdwatchers, bird trappers and others. We were given advice, problems were solved, leads for follow-up research were given and corrections suggested. All gave encouragement as well as help. We are all ashamed that there are many people who helped at some time, and yet we failed to record their names to include here. To these people most of all, heartfelt thanks for your input. Firstly, we thank Christopher Helm who had the faith in RR to encourage the project right from the start, regularly offering words of praise and encouragement through the years – and for a mean steak-andkidney pie! David Ascanio reviewed the plates and plate pulls several times, and made many constructive comments that enabled better captions to be written on the plates; he also reviewed the maps, and his review of the text for Tyrannidae and several other families was invaluable. Shaun Peters did a masterful job in creating a discography of the species in the book. Margarita Martinez drafted text for conebills and several individual oscines, and prepared the list of species that extend into eastern Panamá, northern Peru and northern Brazil; she also helped in countless ways as a research assistant at the Phelps Collection. Guy Kirwan and Olivier Tostain made endless quality comments on the species accounts, sharing unrivalled experience and wisdom with absolute generosity, and patience. Chris Milensky made superb digital photographs of difficult and complicated species, enabling RR to figure out relevant characteristics for many obscure subspecies. Chris Sharpe gave many helpful comments on status during the preparation of the species accounts of non-passerines. Hugh Eva (European Commission Joint Research Centre) kindly prepared the wonderful maps of altitudinal zones and vegetation cover in the introduction. Keith Marsh diligently transposed the various information codes onto the plates as well as pointing out numerous discrepancies between the plates and text. Warm and heartfelt thanks are also due to the following people for their support and help in so many ways: Alexander Aleixo, Peter Alden, Alan Altman, Jose Alvarez, Phil Angle, Nacho Areta, Dick Banks, Luis Baptista, Gian Basili, John Bates, Steve Beissinger, Francisco Bisbal, Tomas Blohm, Carlos Bosque, Mike Braun, Tom Brown, Rob Brumfield, Daniel Cadena, Diego Calderon F., Peter Capainolo, Steve Cardiff, Yrving Carreño, Clark Casler, Kathy Castelein, Juan Carlos de las Casas, Rob Clay, Mario CohnHaft, Charles Collins, Javier Colvée, Dan Cooper, Paul Coopmans, Allen Chartier, Lynn Clark, Nigel
Cleere, Tony Crease, Andres M. Cuervo, Maria Rosa Cuesta, James Dean, Robert Dickerman, Donna Dittman, Thommas Donegan, Carla Dove, Edward Dickinson, Jessica Eberhard, Gunnar Engblom, Patricia Escalante, Diana Esclasans, Ernesto Fernandez, Richard ffrench, Jon Fjeldsaa, John Fitzpatrick, Rosendo Fraga, Juan F. Freile, Anita Gamauf, Adrian Giacomo, Sandra Gines, MaryLou Goodwin, Ivan Goodwin, Gary Graves, Arthur Grosset, Floyd Hayes, Bennett Hennessy, Steve Hilty, Ian Hinze, Josep del Hoyo, Bill Hull, Johan Ingels, Mort and Phyllis Isler, Alvaro Jaramillo, Leo Joseph, Martyn Kenefick, Shannon Kenney, Guy Kirwan, Niels Krabbe, Andrew Kratter, Tim Krynack, Dave Lauten, Dan Lane, Dan Lebbin, Rosemary Low, Jane Lyons, Barry MacKay, Curtis Marantz, Manuel Marin, Larry McQueen, Jeremy Minns, John Moore, Luis Gonzalo Morales, Roy Neilsen, David Nott, Storrs Olson, John O’Neill, Luis O. Nieves, Jorge Pérez, Emma Restall Orr, Joshua Restall Orr, Fernando Ortiz-Crespo, Robert Payne, Ray Paynter, John Penhallurick, Jorge Perez, Luis Perez C., Alison Pirie, Bill Porteous, Dan Porter, Ana Porzecanski, Rick Prum, Nigel Redman, J. Van Remsen, Carlos Rengifo, Luis Miguel Rengifo, Matthew Restall, Carlos Reyes, Jan Hein Ribot, Chris Rimmer, Mark Robbins, Gustavo Rodriguez, Jon Paul Rodriguez, Loretta Rossellini, Tom Ryan, Paul Salaman, Marcos Salcedo, Brian Schmidt, Tom Schulenberg, Chris Sharpe, F. Gary Stiles, Douglas Stotz, Denis Summers-Smith, Paul Sweet, Byron Swift, Stan Temple, Jeremiah Trimble, Francois Vuilleumier, Michael Walters, Sophie Webb, Walter Weber, David Wege, David Weidenfeld, Bret Whitney, Andrew Whittaker, Aisha Williams, Rob Williams, Kevin Winker, Irene Zager and Kevin Zimmer. In addition to these stalwarts, countless numbers responded to queries made over the years on the NEOORN list server for people working with Neotropical birds. To all those who offered opinions and answers, this book would be less effective in many ways without your contributions, and we are truly grateful. We also had the privilege of being able to study specimens in the following collections: Museo de Historia Natural La Salle; Museo de la Estacion Biologica, Rancho Grande, Maracay; Louisiana State University Museum of Zoology, Baton Rouge; Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; American Museum of Natural History, New York; United States National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), Washington, D.C. Our truly profound thanks to the curators and directors of these establishments for their courtesy and help. Without this, it would have been impossible accurately to illustrate nearly half of the birds shown. Last, but absolutely not least, there are three people without whom the book would not have been finished. The contributions of our Commissioning Editor, Nigel Redman and the designer, Julie Dando, have had a profound and most positive effect on the way the book has ended up. The plates were originally designed with a totally different concept of guide in mind to the way they ended up, but Julie organised and reorganised them, and in the process corrected all sorts of errors, such as changing the angle of a tail, adding protruding wingtips, filling out a throat and slimming down a belly, and so on – in short, she worked absolute wonders. Her good humour and patience was matched only by her professionalism and ability. Nigel not only freely provided the benefit of his bottomless well of experience in editing bird books, but his good-natured persistence, perspective and enviable professionalism kept the senior author from giving up on this project several times, and thus ensured completion of the work - and for feeding me arguably the very best fish and chips in Britain! My wife Mariela lived through my depressions, maniacal highs, angers and sullen doggedness when I was working 15 hours a day for weeks on end. Without her near-saintly support I really would have quit! This work is essentially the product of the individual enthusiasm of three people. We were not underwritten or supported by anybody, nor any institution. All travel and other expenses for over ten years were paid for by ourselves out of our own pockets – and I regret that this limited our ability to cover all the collections we would have liked to visit. The actual work was done in our homes and on the premises of the Phelps Ornithological Collection, where RR and CR were, and remain, unpaid volunteers. The Phelps Foundation is to be acknowledged and thanked profoundly for allowing us complete freedom of access to the quite magnificent library, and what is probably the finest single-country collection of bird specimens in the world. Despite all the above, the authors of course take full responsibility for any errors that might remain, but it is worth recording that whenever we three disagreed on a point of taxonomy, I made the decision. And I also take sole responsibility for any errors in the illustrations. RR
INTRODUCTION Objectives of this book
This book was conceived as, and is primarily intended to be a visual guide to the identification of all of the birds one is likely to see within the geographic boundaries of northern South America. It was never intended as a field guide, but as a complement to the various guides that are currently available. It was our ambition to illustrate every distinct plumage of every species in the region, for such has not existed before. This ambition came to be modified slightly, as there are cases where it was simply impossible to find adequate references, whether they be specimens or original descriptions. Indeed, with some species, there are plumages of females and juveniles that are not even known. But, as it stands, this book contains illustrations of almost every distinct plumage of over 2,300 species and includes many plumages not previously illustrated anywhere, not even in the most eclectic journal. The key word here is ‘distinct’, for where females and juveniles are sufficiently like the adult male to be indistinguishable in the field they are usually represented by a single illustration. Many flycatchers, for example, fall into this category. We have sought to illustrate every visually distinct subspecies. This permits a comparative look at the full species in the region, and helps identify birds that might be intermediate in a clinal species. If the user of this book finds that he or she has a good reference for a plumage that is missing, we will be most grateful to receive it and will incorporate it into future editions, along with the inevitable new species that are being described and discovered. The cut-off date for new material for this book was the end of May 2006. All data received after that time is being stored for use in a future second edition.
Taxonomy We have sequenced the families following the American Ornithologists’ Union (AOU) Checklist, incorporat ing the necessary additions of exclusively South American families as revised by the AOU’s South American Checklist Committee (SACC). The new order is published on the AOU website (www.aou.org/checklist/ index.php3) and was last checked by us in May 2006. The species order within a family generally follows the SACC list but does not always mirror it. The full SACC list is published on the following website: www. aou.org/checklistsouth.php3. There are occasions when the authors of any guide are faced with the dilemma of the recognition of a species. Whenever this has occurred in our case, we have usually decided to recognise the split, and in this we have gone beyond the SACC list. Since this book has no pretensions to be a taxonomic reference, we feel comfortable in following this policy for the sake of clarification in taxon recognition and prompting more accurate attribution of taxa. One notable example is that of the lumping of Red-backed Hawk with Puna Hawk into a single, indivisible Variable Hawk by Farquhar (1998). There seemed to be an instant wave of agreement with this decision (e.g. Ridgely & Greenfield 2000), but it was not unanimous and we have decided not to follow it. In this case, our decision was subsequently made easier as both the AOU and Dickinson (2003) retained the two as separate species. Subsequently, a new paper presenting a strong case for retaining the two species appeared (Cabot & De Vries 2003), but there is still disagreement about these birds. The plates took ten years to complete and, in some cases, we followed splits proposed by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), only to find that subsequently these splits were rejected by the SACC on grounds of insuf ficient published evidence. In some of these cases we have retained the appearance of a split, giving each ‘species’ its own English name and map, but retained the official scientific name, making the situation clear. In each case of taxonomic uncertainty, the current situation is explicitly mentioned in the species accounts. We make no pretensions to taxonomic authority. This book should not be quoted as a primary or authoritative source for any taxonomy. Our objective is to aid in the visual recognition of taxa. Our ‘recognition’ of any taxon is absolutely not an authoritative, formal treatment with scientific credentials. The last thing we would wish is to be accused of having exhibited the ‘taxonomy by field guide’ syndrome. The species limits presented here are simply what we have accepted, for our purposes of identifying taxa, in as unequivocal way as possible.
Nomenclature
We have followed the most widely used common names throughout. These broadly follow the SACC list, but we have noted alternative English names occasionally. However, we have chosen to follow ‘Howard & Moore’ (Dickinson 2003) and the new IOC-endorsed list of recommended English names (Gill & Wright 2006) with regard to the hyphenation of English names. Both works explain the rationale for their use of hyphens, but generally they take a minimalist approach, avoiding hyphens unless it is considered essential to use them.
The scientific names follow the SACC list (which in turn follows the names used by the American Orni thologists’ Union where possible), unless there is a recent precedent not to do so. Any departures from the SACC list are explained in the Notes section at the end of the species accounts. These scientific names have gender endings according to the principles set out by David & Gosselin (2000a and 2000b), and in conse quence some names will appear to be slightly different from those used in other field guides, or even in our own Checklist (Rodner et al. 2000). For example, the Great Green Macaw is now called Ara ambiguus, whereas it was formerly known as Ara ambigua, and Speckled Crake, formerly Coturnicops notata, is now C. notatus.
Geographical area covered
The countries covered by the illustrations and the text (but not the maps) are continental Ecuador, continental Colombia, Venezuela and its offshore islands, the islands that were part of the Netherlands Antilles offshore from Venezuela, namely Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, and also Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. It should be noted that whilst we recognise Trinidad & Tobago as a single political unit, in distributional terms we accord them separate recognition, thus ‘Tr’ refers only to Trinidad and ‘To’ to Tobago, and they are not shorthand for Trinidad and Tobago, which is always written ‘T&T’.
CARIBBEAN SEA Netherlands Pta. Gallinas Aruba Antilles Gulf of Curaçao Barranquilla Venezuela
TrinidadTRINIDAD
S O M
Bogotá Ibaque
et
a
GUYANA
G U I A N A
C O L O M B I A Gauv
iare
Or
Cayenne
SURINAME FRENCH H I G H L A GUIANA N D S
co
an
co
ino
ATLANTIC OCEAN Georgetown Paramaribo
VENEZUELA
A
Manizales
Neiva Nevado del Huila
Br
Punta Galera Quito
ECUADOR Chimborazo Guayaquil
Ca
Ne
qu
etá
B
R
A
Z
I
L
Am
azo
I. de Marajó
n
á
Am
ru Ju
azo
s
L
S M
ad
e
ir
a Ta
p
aj
ó
s
ru
E
V
n
Pu
S
A
Xingu
Chiclayo
Macapá
o
Manaus
PERU Punta Aguja
gr
Toc ant inu s
Gulf of Guayaquil
& TOBAGO
Delta del Orinoco co Orino Cuidad Guayana Cuidad Bolivar
L
Pereira Nevado del Tolima Armenia Buenaventura Cali ANDES MOUNTAINS
Medellin
L
Cabo Corrientes
N
na Ma
gd
ale
Gulf of Panama
Barbados
Tobago
Port of Spain
Caracas
Baraquisimeto
Cauca
PA N A M A
St. Lucia St. Vincent Grenada
Valencia
Maracaibo Lake Maracaibo
Panama
L E S S E R A N T I L L E S
Northern South America, as defined in this book.
The maps are cut off by a straight, latitudinal line eastwards from the southernmost point of Ecuador, at approximately 5° S of the equator. They show the distribution of birds north of this line, as far as we could estimate, thus depicting ranges that extend into or across northern Peru and northern Brazil. We believe that ending a bird’s range at the political boundary of a country is not helpful to the user of a book such as this. To observe that a species continues into Peru, Panama or Brazil signals an opportunity for further research, and perhaps a broader understanding of the bird being studied. But please note, we do not identify, nor describe or illustrate, any distinct subspecies that may occur in these extralimital areas. The continuation of the range on the maps into, for instance, northern Brazil means the species occurs there, but we do not identify which subspecies. Nevertheless, this guide may be used (with caution) by birders visiting northern Peru and Brazil north of the Amazon; both these regions still lack a satisfactory field guide. A few extralimital species have been included for the purpose of reducing possible confusion. An example is the hummingbird, Marvellous Spatuletail Loddigesia mirabilis which seems unlikely to occur in southern Ecuador, but for which there has been at least one contentious sighting. Other species occurring just beyond our boundaries will doubtless be recorded in our region in the future, but it has not been possible to include all of these. 10
Moult and ageing
We have generally avoided mentioning moult in the text, though the effects of age, and wear throughout the year, may be touched upon when they are significant. With some families, the various plumages are so numerous and complex, for example in gulls and hawks, that it is regrettably beyond the scope of this book to be so comprehensive as to illustrate all of these. The reader is invited to refer to specialist books for a more detailed treatment; there are many of these, some of which are very comprehensive and helpful (e.g. Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America by Klaus Malling Olsen and Hans Larsson, Sylvia Warblers by Hadoram Shirihai, Gabriel Gargallo and Andreas Helbig, Pipits and Wagtails of Europe, Asia and North America by Per Alström and Krister Mild, and Raptors of the World by James Ferguson-Lees and David Christie). Regrettably, there are virtually no books dealing with Neotropical birds in such detail. However, it is relevant to note that in every species with a distinct contrast between juvenile plumage and the adult (usually male) plumage, there will be a period when the bird is moulting from one to the other, and may look nothing like either. These have been illustrated in only a few cases. In the case of parrots, in most species the sexes and juveniles all look alike, but there is a change of iris colour from juvenile to adult in many species. Juveniles usually have dark brown eyes, whilst adults may develop red, yellow or even white eyes, though many continue to have brown eyes. Moult may be sudden and dramatic, as in the case of an adult male Mallard Anas platyrhynchos, or may be spread over several years, as in the case of wing moult in pelicans and albatrosses. It is important to recognise that, in most cases, the bird needs to be able to fly, and therefore wing-feathers are shed in a steady sequence, with replacement feathers for a few old feathers growing before the old feathers are dropped. Tail- and wing-feathers are usually replaced in matched pairs, a feather or two on each side. At times this might dramatically change the flight profile of a bird; for example, where the central pair of tail-feathers is shorter than those either side, creating a forked-tail impression in a species that normally has a blunt or rounded tail. It is as well to ponder these aspects when faced by a bird that does not quite match the illustrations or descriptions. In most species, post-breeding moult affects the entire plumage. This is true also for birds about to migrate, though many species delay their moult until they reach their wintering grounds. Subsequently, there is a partial moult prior to breeding that only involves body-feathers. There are many different strategies and exceptions to the rules, but below are the various typical plumages and moults, not all of which may be noticeable or significant; note that this sequence does not apply to all species: Juvenile plumage followed by post-juvenile moult (usually body-feathers only) → first-winter / immature / intermediate / first adult plumage, followed by pre-breeding moult → first-summer plumage, followed by post-breeding moult → adult (winter / non-breeding) plumage, followed by post-breeding moult → adult summer plumage, etc. The subject and study of moult of birds in the Neotropics is a very large and complicated one, and merits a dedicated book of its own. The subject has been well covered in North America (e.g. Pyle et al. 1987), and thus the moult strategies of Nearctic migrants are comparatively well known. Migrants usually have a basic (winter) plumage that differs from their alternate (breeding) plumage, but this complicates rather than simplifies identification. Whilst some are only seen in winter plumage, others may be observed in any stage of plumage and moult, from breeding to non-breeding. It has been impossible to illustrate every one of these plumages, but those that may be expected in the region are all depicted. There are several species that migrate north to spend their non-breeding period in northern South America, and there are considerable numbers of North American species that pass their winter in South America. Some migrants pass overhead, with very few individuals alighting in northern South America, whilst others are generally seen during one passage period and not the other due to their overall routes being elliptical. And, finally, there is the case of altitudinal migrants, where birds breed at higher elevations and move lower when not breeding. All migrants in a non-breeding situation tend to have different feeding habits and vocal behaviour from those on their breeding grounds, and different habitat preferences, which may differ yet again when the birds are in transit. In some species it is often the case that a few individuals stay in the region the entire following year, returning north only 15–18 months after their arrival. This is particularly true of juveniles that have physiological problems, e.g. illness, parasites or are underweight. These birds do not moult into breeding plumage during their stay, but remain in a basic or winter plumage for the duration, though a few might undertake a partial moult. 11
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE Concept of the book
The concept of the book is to provide as comprehensive a visual guide as possible to the thousands of different plumages of the birds of northern South America, with additional text descriptions and details of subspecies. The text also gives information about the natural history of each species, and the whole should help to resolve all those questions about identification that remain after a bird is identified to species level. As such, it is intended to complement the various country field guides, and be of particular assistance to researchers of plumage variation. The contents of this book, despite being handled as concisely as we felt possible, have necessitated two volumes. The species accounts appear in the first volume and the plates and maps in the second. The two books are obviously complementary. However, recognising the habits of many field workers and birders to take plates alone into the field, and keep the text back at base for use at the end of the day, we have endeavoured to make the plates more comprehensive than usual with the addition of caption text on the plates themselves and coded information about status and abundance below the maps. In order to keep Volume 2 as portable as possible for field use, most of the introductory material is included in Volume 1, together with the appendices and Discography. However, some parts of the Introduction have been repeated in Volume 2 so that the latter may be used on its own if desired.
The species accounts (Volume 1)
These are short and tight, and are largely complementary to the plates and maps. Species accounts are subdivided into the following sections: Name A reference to the Plate number in Volume 2 is given after the English and scientific names. Hypothetical species (either unconfirmed for the region or considered to be possible future additions to the list) have their names placed in square brackets. Identification The accounts begin with the length of the bird, as taken from a live bird or a freshly dead specimen. This is not always recognised by scientists as being a reliable indicator, but in this context it offers a good comparison between species. For some species, such as seabirds, the wingspan (W) is also given. For polytypic species, the description that follows is usually of the nominate form or the most typical race of the region. Distinguishing features of other races are briefly mentioned under Subspecies. Subspecies (Ssp.) Each taxon’s name is followed by abbreviated distributional data. The countries of the region are abbreviated as follows: Ec Ecuador Tr Trinidad Co Colombia To Tobago Ve Venezuela T&T Trinidad & Tobago Ar Aruba Gu Guyana Bo Bonaire Su Suriname Cu Curaçao FG French Guiana ABC Aruba, Bonaire & Curaçao Distributions are further refined by means of the points of the compass, thus: SC Co = south-central Colombia, NE Ve = north-east Venezuela etc.There follows a brief comment that helps discriminate between subspecies. This is particularly useful when not all subspecies are illustrated. Habits These data have been limited to a few relevant notes. Emphasis has been given to features that assist in the identification of the species. Status Remarks on status are best read in the context of the map from where a better idea of the distribution of each species will be gained. We have compiled data regarding relative abundance from the main and most current references for each country, which often permits a pattern to emerge, giving an idea of centres of abundance and population densities throughout the range of a species in the region. Habitat Altitudinal zones or actual altitude figures (sometimes both) are given – see definitions on page 15. Voice Avian vocalisations are an ever-important contribution to the process of identifying birds, and the technique of responsible playback, to entice a bird close enough to be seen, is increasingly used by birders and ornithologists alike. We have often presented several different versions of a species’ vocalisations which in some cases refer to the same calls or songs. These are transcriptions or interpretations, usually by very 12
accomplished ornithologists, and the source of each is given (see ‘References and citations’) below. The ‘Discography’ at the end of the book lists all the recordings of relevant bird vocalisations currently available commercially. Furthermore, it also lists bird species whose vocalisations have been recorded (in taxonomic order), cross-referenced to the available compilation with details of where the recording was made. Note(s) These are appended (and referenced) when there is an aspect of a species’ taxonomy that is relevant to its identification, especially if conflicting data on taxonomy is apparent in other literature. Alternative English or scientific names, or synonyms, are also given here.
References and citations
Throughout the preparation of this book, we have repeatedly referred to the principal guides of the region. These have not been referenced or cited in the species accounts, except in the Voice and Notes sections. They were invaluable and deserve particular recognition. It is interesting to note that these sources are sometimes contradictory, usually complementary, and invariably informative. It is assumed that ornithologists and birders alike will generally have access to these books, at least the most recent and readily available ones. They give much more local data than will be found herein. The regional guides referred to, together with their abbreviations which have been used to save space, are as follows (complete citations appear in the bibliography): R&G The Birds of Ecuador by R. S. Ridgely & P. J. Greenfield A Guide to the Birds of Colombia by S. L. Hilty & W. L. Brown H&B A Guide to the Birds of Venezuela by R. Meyer de Schauensee and W. H. Phelps, Jr.; also the MdS&P amended Spanish version, Aves de Venezuela (P&MdS) Birds of Venezuela by S. L. Hilty H The Birds of Guyana by D. E. Snyder Snyder BFR&S A Field Checklist for the Birds of Guyana by M. Braun, D. Finch, M. Robbins & B. Schmidt H&M The Birds of Surinam by F. Haverschmidt and G.F. Mees Tostain et al. Oiseaux de Guyana by O. Tostain, J.-L. Dujardin, C. Erard & J.-M. Thiollay. Voous The Birds of the Netherlands Antilles K. H. Voous A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago R. ffrench ffrench Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation by D. F. Stotz, J. W. Fitzpatrick, T. A. Parker & SFP&M D. K. Moskovits Birds of the High Andes by J. Fjeldså & N. Krabbe F&K Clements A Field Guide to the Birds of Peru by J. F. Clements & N. Shany Sick Birds in Brazil by H. Sick Taxonomy and Distribution of Birds of the World by C. G. Sibley & B. L. Monroe, Jr. S&M Please note that a number of other key references are frequently referred to in the Voice and Notes sections by abbreviations or incomplete citations. These refer to major sources such as family monographs, and they are listed at the ends of the introductory paragraphs as ‘Additional references used’. For example, in the tanagers, I&I refers to Tanagers by M. L Isler & P. R. Isler. Full citations appear in the bibliography.
The plates (Volume 2)
The purpose of the plates is to show as many different plumages of the birds of the region as possible. Every species recorded in the region has been illustrated, together with almost every distinct subspecies and plumage variation. A few hypothetical species have been included (especially seabirds), on the basis of unconfirmed records for the region or the likelihood of being recorded in the future. Their names are placed within square brackets (as are their text entries in Volume 1). Species are arranged on the plates more or less taxonomically but, inevitably, concessions have had to be made and some species appear out of sequence. Please note that, within a family, all of the birds are drawn in proportion to each other. Thus, the user can view a plate with a familiar species and know at once how much larger or smaller any other related, but unfamiliar, bird in that family is. Right at the start, we decided to show the birds in a strictly comparative style, somewhat ritualised, but showing jizz characteristics as much as possible. In this way, comparisons of subtle detail in the plumages may be made. The differences in coloration and pattern that are shown between one race and another are not accidents of the printing process, but are deliberate indicators of the differences between one form and another. It would have been beyond my limited abilities as an illustrator to depict every bird in a different and natural pose based on field sketches and photographs. And, whilst the book has taken over ten years 13
to complete, such a requirement would have doubled the preparation time. Another aspect of the birds as drawn is that they are sometimes drawn four-dimensionally in order to show both rump and ventral areas. Most hummingbirds perch with their wing-tips tucked beneath their tails, and their bills pointing upwards. In many cases birds have been drawn with their wings in a rarely held position in order to show diagnostic undertail-coverts as well as uppertail-coverts. Many birds hold their wings folded over their lower back and rump, with the tertials concealing the feathers below, including most of the uppertail-coverts, but here they are usually drawn with the wings slightly apart in order to show the lower back, rump and uppertailcoverts. These apparent flaws are a deliberate attempt to draw attention to diagnostic plumage features. To make the plates more useful, pointers highlight a key feature of the bird in question. Furthermore, additional information is given on the plates themselves by means of caption text. These little pieces of information highlight key habitat preferences or behaviour which, it is hoped, will assist in the identification process and enable Volume 2 to be used on its own in the field. The threat status of those species listed in Threatened Birds of the World is coded next to the English name of each species on the plates (as well as underneath the map). See below for an explanation of these codes.
The maps (Volume 2)
The areas within which a species occurs are shown in green. The maps also show political boundaries in red and major river systems in blue. The river systems, especially, provide an instant visualisation of whether a species is a bird of high country, for example, or whether it is a bird associated with well-drained lowlands.
c
range of illustrated races
a record not confirmed or probable occurrence
?
? b
Antwren 1 Dot-winged 11.5-12.5cm; T; R; c/lu DD p. 403
size
altitudinal range
status
abundance
page number of species account in Volume 1
threat status
We have avoided as much as possible using blanket ranges within which a particular species might be found, assuming appropriate habitat, altitude, etc. Instead, we have indicated where a bird is confirmed to occur. This is not wholly successful, as there are many species for which it is only possible to prepare a distribution map by relying on the work of others, thereby following their broad strokes, errors or generalisations. Where we have left a simple interrogative ‘?’ on a map, it signifies that a record has not been confirmed, is in doubt, or the occurrence of the species is likely or even probable, but simply not known. Where more than one race has been illustrated, the approximate ranges of these races are indicated on the map (where possible) with the letters ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ etc. The precise ranges of subspecies in the region is too imperfectly known for this to be done with any great accuracy, and our maps are necessarily rather small.
Abbreviated information
Below each map is a set of data specific to that species. This gives certain basic information in coded form for every species. The purpose of this is to make Volume 2 more useful in the field when used without Volume 1. For fuller details, particularly subspecific differences, please check the species accounts in Volume l. The top line has the English name of the species and the page number in Volume l where the species account is located. The bottom line presents the following five pieces of information: Size: approximate or average, or range of, sizes in centimetres (cm). Occasionally, a tail or bill length might also be mentioned, or the sizes of both males and females, in the case of strongly sexually dimorphic species. 14
Altitudinal Zones of northern South America as defined in this book. Derived from the US Geological Survey’s 30 arc-second database ‘GTOPO30’ (USGS 1997; Bliss and Olsen 1996).
Altitudinal range: the various altitudinal zones are referred to by name in the species accounts in Volume 1, and by codes in Volume 2:
O Oceanic (coastal habitats)
T Tropical (from sea level to c.1,400–1,600m)
LT Lower Tropical (sea level to c.800–900m)
UT Upper Tropical (c.800-900m to c.1,400–1,600m)
S Subtropical (c.1,400–1,600m to c.2,300–2,600m)
LS Lower Subtropical (1,400–1,600m to c.2,000m)
US Upper Subtropical (c.2,000m to c.2,300–2,600m) Te Temperate (c.2,300–2,600m to c.3,100–3,400m, or to the treeline)
P Páramo (from the treeline, c.3,100–3,400m, to the snowline)
The two lowest zones – Tropical and Subtropical – are each divided into two subzones, in order to be more specific for species that have a narrower altitude range, such as those found exclusively in the lowlands or on lower slopes. When a species ranges throughout the entire Tropical or Subtropical zone, only the general abbreviation is used. The codes can be used together to indicate a range in altitude, e.g. T-LS indicates Tropical to Lower Subtropical, i.e. sea level to 2,000m. Status: generally single letters, but combinations are possible (e.g. a species can be both resident and a boreal migrant, thus R/B): R Resident B Boreal migrant A Austral migrant V Vagrant I Introduced ? Unconfirmed
a species that resides within its range throughout the year and breeds a species that breeds in the Nearctic region (North America) and migrates to spend the post-breeding season (northern winter) in our region a species that visits our region from elsewhere in South America a species outside its normal range a species introduced into our region, with a self-sustaining population status uncertain 15
Abundance: in order to be as user-friendly as possible, only five codes are used, plus one qualifier (l = local) which may be used with any of the five codes. Thus, lc = locally common etc. Given that abundance will vary considerably in such a huge region, two categories are frequently used, to show the range of abundance within northern South America. The category of the most frequently occurring abundance is generally placed first. Thus, f/s = fairly common to scarce (i.e. the species is more often fairly common than scarce); and u/lc = uncommon to locally common. c f u s r l
common fairly common or frequent uncommon scarce rare local
invariably encountered within its normal habitat usually, but not invariably, encountered within its normal habitat relatively frequently, but not regularly, encountered within its normal habitat only irregularly and infrequently encountered within its normal habitat rarely encountered only occurs patchily within its range
Threat Status: this gives the status of those species listed in Threatened Birds of the World (BirdLife International 2000). The codes are as follows: CR Critical EN Endangered VU Vulnerable NT Near Threatened LC Least Concern DD Data Deficient NE Not Evaluated
species facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future species facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future species facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future species coming very close to qualifying as Threatened (i.e. CR, EN or VU) species considered to be at less risk of extinction than Near Threatened species for which there is inadequate information to make an assessment of its risk of extinction species not assigned a risk category (for example, newly described species with very small ranges or in threatened habitats)
Errors and Corrections
It is hoped that eventually this work will appear in an enlarged and completely revised second edition. When that happens, not only will species new to the region be added, but sexes and juveniles that have been excluded because they were unknown or specimens were unavailable, will be added, as will new descriptions of vocalisations. The reader thus has the opportunity to contribute to this project by informing the authors of any errors on the plates, modifications to the maps, and refinements and corrections to the texts, including vocalisations. Please write to the senior author c/o A&C Black.
16
Bird Topography upper mandible
lores
forehead
lower mandible
forecrown supercilium crown oribtal ring ear-coverts nape
chin throat mesial malar
alula
mantle
median wing-coverts primary coverts greater wing-coverts lesser wing-coverts
breast
nail/claw toe tarsus underwing-coverts axillaries thigh flank
s arie
prim s arie
iges s) rem eather f g (win
ond
sec
undertail-coverts uppertail-coverts
tertials
pupil crown/ crown stripe
oribtal-ring eye-ring
rectrices (tail feathers)
nostril culmen gonys
lateral crown stripe
mesial stripe
eye stripe
malar stripe
cheek
crown
eyebrow orbital skin
side of neck back
moustachial stripe
upper mandible
nape bill
scapulars rump uppertail-coverts throat breast
tail
lower mandible
belly undertail-coverts wing vent
flanks
thigh
feet
tarsus
17
PLATE 1: TINAMOUS 1
1
Highland Tinamou 35-41cm; S: R; u/r
d
p. 28
2
Tawny-breasted Tinamou 35-41cm; S-Te; R; u/r
p. 28
3
White-throated Tinamou 32-36cm; LT; R; f/u
p. 28
a
e b
a
?
b c
4
Great Tinamou 40-46cm; LT; R; f/r
p. 27
5
Black Tinamou 40-46cm; UT-S; R; r VU p. 27
6
Grey Tinamou 42.5-49cm; T-LS; R; u/r
p. 27
6 Grey Tinamou Tinamus tao
blackish head and neck freckled white with white stripe down neck
5 Black Tinamou
Tinamus osgoodi
usually sings at dusk
b) larensis
hershkovitzi
heavy humid forests on eastern slopes of Andes; epiphytes, tree ferns, bromeliads and mosses
a) septentrionalis
humid pristine primary or very mature secondary forests in Andes, cloud forest in Venezuela
18 001 BNSA.indd 18
19/9/06 10:50:40
rufous crown and nape
2 Tawny-breasted Tinamou Nothocercus julius
buffy barring on wings
1 Highland Tinamou
Nothocercus bonapartei bonapartei
pale spots white throat
juvenile/immature
wet or very humid forests, light, elfin forests rich in ferns and epiphytes, up to treeline
buffy throat
3 White-throated Tinamou Tinamus guttatus
black crown
buffy-white spots on upperparts
forages alone; marshy, muddy areas and ravines with thick undergrowth white throat
note variation between individuals
4 Great Tinamou
sings a series of very melancholy whistles
Tinamus major a) latifrons
b) major
note variation in crown colour and length of crest mainly terra firme wet forest
c) peruvianus d) saturatus
upperparts barred black but unspotted
greenish legs note variations in adult plumage
may forage in clearings and along trails
e) zuliensis yellow-olive morph
001 BNSA.indd 19
grey legs tall, dense, undisturbed primary forest
19/9/06 10:50:42
PLATE 2: TINAMOUS 2 c
?
b
? a
1
Red-legged Tinamou 27-32cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 31
2
p. 30
3
4
Chocó Tinamou 25-27cm; LT; R; r VU
p. 31
5
p. 30
Berlepsch’s Tinamou 29.5-32cm; LT; R; f/r p. 29
8
p. 29
7
Brown Tinamou 25-30cm; T-Te; R; f/r
Pale-browed Tinamou 27-29cm; LT; R; r VU
Cinereous Tinamou 26-32cm; LT; R; c/f
Undulated Tinamou 28-32cm; LT; R; c/f p. 30
6
Tepui Tinamou 28.5-30cm; UT-LS; R; f/s LC p. 30
8 Cinereous Tinamou Crypturellus cinereus
uniform dark brown usually near water in dense vegetation
7 Berlepsch’s Tinamou
Crypturellus berlepschi
adult
wet primary and mature secondary forests
juvenile the only uniform dark tinamou in its limited range
dark reddishbrown legs
20 001 BNSA.indd 20
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1 Red-legged Tinamou
2 Brown Tinamou
grey head with yellow eye, uniform brown
Crypturellus erythropus
Crypturellus obsoletus
all seven races described in vol. 1
a) erythropus
knoxi
quite variable, inhabits drier forests and scrub
uniform upperparts
juvenile often at edges and along forest trails, especially during rain
b) spencei
adult
pale underparts, barred on flanks and undertail
3 Undulated Tinamou
yellow legs
Crypturellus undulatus
black crown
c) columbianus
4 Chocó Tinamou
legs vary from red to pink
NT
favours riparian forest
white throat
VU
Crypturellus kerriae
very humid and dense lowland forest
white throat
sharp contrast
bright red legs
buffy underparts contrast with grey chest
distinct supercilium
orange legs
5 Pale-browed Tinamou
NT
Crypturellus transfasciatus
most vocal at dusk
curious, not very shy, most active at dawn and dusk, foraging in leaflitter in open woodland, thickets and light deciduous forests
6 Tepui Tinamou
inhabits semideciduous dry forest and scrub
LC
Crypturellus ptaritepui
grey throat and face, pale eye
mainly on tepui slopes
001 BNSA.indd 21
may freeze to avoid detection
pale pink legs
green legs
19/9/06 10:50:44
PLATE 3: TINAMOUS 3
1
Grey-legged Tinamou 28-31cm; LT; R; lf/r p. 32
2
Variegated Tinamou 28-31cm; LT; R; c/u
p. 32
3
Rusty Tinamou 25-28cm; LT; R; r
?
?
4
p. 32
7
p. 29
Bartlett’s Tinamou 25-28cm; LT;R; r
p. 32
Little Tinamou 21.5-24cm; T; R; c/f
5
p. 32
8
p. 33
Barred Tinamou 25.5-27cm; LT; R; lf
Andean Tinamou 25.5-30cm; UT-P; R; u
6
p. 33
9
p. 33
Tataupa Tinamou 24.5-26.5cm; T; R; u
Curve-billed Tinamou 26-30cm; Te-P; R; u
páramo and high altitude grasslands
grey arid scrub and open dry forest
streaked upperparts
adult more rufous on upperparts and wings
curved bill
grey breast spotted buff
ambigua
8 Andean Tinamou Nothoprocta pentlandii
juvenile
curvirostris
9 Curve-billed Tinamou
Nothoprocta curvirostris
22 001 BNSA.indd 22
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1 Grey-legged Tinamou
2 Variegated Tinamou
Crypturellus duidae
Crypturellus variegatus
lightly barred back
black crown heavily barred back
rufous head and breast
rufous head and breast
adult
humid lowland forest and forest borders
contrastingly pale belly
juvenile
very shy, terra firme forest, edges and overgrown clearings
3 Rusty Tinamou
4 Bartlett’s Tinamou
Crypturellus brevirostris
Crypturellus bartletti barred upperparts
dull brown breast
adult
adult juvenile
dense humid tropical forest
pale yellowish legs
6 Tataupa Tinamou
Crypturellus tataupa
5 Barred Tinamou
Crypturellus casiquiare
unstreaked upperparts red bill
bright rufous head
favours secondary habitats and plantations
grey head, neck and breast
grey breast contrasts with white belly
semi-decidous woodland and dry scrub
purplish-red legs
restricted to white sand-soil forests
7 Little Tinamou
Crypturellus soui
andrei
shy and elusive, will not flush
immature
001 BNSA.indd 23
highly variable with uniform unbarred upperparts
19/9/06 10:50:47
PLATE 4: SCREAMERS AND DUCKS
flight illustrations on plate 7
? ?
?
1
Northern Screamer 84-94cm; T; R; u/r NT
2
p. 34
Horned Screamer 84-92cm; LT; R; R; lc/r p. 34
3
Brazilian Teal 33-38cm; T; R; c
p. 37
a
b b
a
4
Masked Duck 29-36cm; LT; R; u
p. 35
5
p. 36
6
p. 41
7
Southern Pochard 46-48cm; T-P; R; u
p. 41
8
p. 41
9
p. 42
Andean Duck 37-43.5cm; S-P; R; u
Ring-necked Duck 42-43.5cm; T-S; B; r
Torrent Duck 41-42cm; S-P; R; f/u
Lesser Scaup 41.5-43cm; T-S; B; lc/u
antenna-like horn vary variable in length
red face easily overlooked when resting among tall marsh grasses or in Red Mangrove
remote marshy areas, vegetation – choked lagoons, marshes and ponds – always with bushes and trees
black neck
similar habitat to Horned Screamer large spur on wings all-grey underparts
white belly grey legs occasionally soars like a vulture
rising, highpitched yelping scream
1 Northern Screamer Chauna chavaria
NT
2 Horned Screamer Anhima cornuta
24 001 BNSA.indd 24
19/9/06 10:50:49
3 Brazilian Teal
Amazonetta brasiliensis
usually in pairs or small groups and often with other waterfowl
brasiliensis
freshwater wetlands partially forested
dark morph
4 Masked Duck
pale morph usually seen in highlands on open water with extensive reedbeds
Nomonyx dominicus
skulking. likes water with lots of emergent vegetation, swims low in water
very dull, look for green speculum in flight
5 Andean Duck
Oxyura ferruginea highly variable pattern
montane wetlands
breeding
a) ferruginea
b) andina
from Andean by white panels on wings
non-breeding
non-breeding birds resemble Masked but have less distinct lines on face
swamps and marshes
6 Torrent Duck
a) colombiana
no other duck in its habitat
Merganetta armata
tumbling, rocky mountain streams with pools and stretches of rapids
b) leucogenis juvenile
7 Southern Pochard
Netta erythrophthalma erythrophthalma
white speculum
8 Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris
eclipse male has white spot by base of bill and brown flanks
9 Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis
breeding
freshwater wetlands with open water, submerged plants and bordering vegetation
001 BNSA.indd 25
maybe duller
spacious freshwater in open areas with extensive reedbeds, aquatic vegetation
likes larger wetlands with deep water
juvenile
non-breeding
female similar but with dark eyes, may show weak ear patch
19/9/06 10:50:50
PLATE 5: DABBLING DUCKS
1
American Wigeon 45-52cm; T; B; u
4
Northern Pintail 54-65cm; T-S; B; u/r
p. 38
2
p. 39
flight illustrations on plate 7
Mallard 50-65cm; T; B; r
5
White-cheeked Pintail 41-50cm; lT; R; f
p. 39
3
p. 40
Eurasian Wigeon 45-51cm; T; V; r
p. 38
6
Yellow-billed Pintail 49-57cm; T-P; R; f/u
p. 39
b
a
7
10
8
Northern Shoveler 47.5-50cm; T-S; B; f/s
p. 40
Green-winged Teal 34-43cm; T-S; B; r
p. 38
9
Blue-winged Teal 36-40cm; T-S; R/B; c p. 40
11
12
Andean Teal 38-43cm; S-P; R; u
Cinnamon Teal 35-48cm; T-P; R/B; p. 40
p. 39
Mérida Speckled Teal 40-44cm; Te-P; R; lf
p. 38
11 Andean Teal
Anas andium
10 Green-winged Teal Anas carolinensis
montane waters and bogs on high slopes
white-green-white speculum
purple-bronze speculum
12 Mérida Speckled Teal
non-breeding male looks like female
Anas altipetens
small brackish or salt water coastal wetlands
green speculum
forages in water ands on land, mountain lakes, ponds, rivers, bogs and marshes
26 001 BNSA.indd 26
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1 American Wigeon
2 Mallard
Anas americana
male likely to look like female
male very secretive when in eclipse, but females may gather in small noisy groups on open water
rare boreal migrant
Anas platyrhynchos
3 Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope
shallow wetlands on or near coast
eclipse
shallow wetlands on or near coast
breeding
4 Northern Pintail
5 White-cheeked Pintail Anas bahamensis
foarges on water, frequently up-ending for food
Anas acuta
likes wetland in open areas with dense vegetation, fresh or brackish water
7 Northern Shoveler
Anas clypeata
sits low in water with bill pointing down
6 Yellow-billed Pintail Anas georgica niceforoi
freshwater wetlands of Andean slopes and valleys
juvenile
well-vegetated, open water, muddy shores
9 Cinnamon Teal
Anas cyanoptera
b) tropicus
adult
(resident)
8 Blue-winged Teal Anas discors
usually in large flocks of mixed species
when in flight it occupies the lower levels, flying under the other species
001 BNSA.indd 27
fresh or brackish water wetlands of open country, prefers abundant water vegetation
eclipse
breeding
forages on water, salt, brackish or fresh, swamps, lagoons, mangroves
a) septentrionalium (boreal migrant)
19/9/06 10:50:53
PLATE 6: WHISTLING DUCKS, STIFFTAILS, MUSCOVY DUCK AND GEESE
1
p. 34
4
p. 37
Greater White-fronted Goose 65-86cm; LT; B/V; r p. 36
Fulvous Whistling Duck 45-53cm; T; R; lc
Comb Duck 56-76cm; T; R; u/r
7
2
White-faced Whistling Duck 38-48cm; T-S; R; u p. 35
5
p. 37
8
p. 36
Muscovy Duck 66-84cm; T; R; lf/u
Snow Goose 66-84cm; LT; B/V; r
3
Black-bellied Whistling Duck 43-53cm; T; R; c p. 35
6
Orinoco Goose 61-66cm; LT; R; lf/u NT p. 36
from immature Whitefront by dark bill and legs
roosts on water, grazes on coastal farmland and cultivated areas, pulling up plants by the roots
blue phase immature
very vocal, calls continuously in flight
white phase immature
white phase adult
8 Snow Goose
Anser caerulescens
blue phase adult intermediate white/blue phase adult
28 001 BNSA.indd 28
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2 White-faced Whistling Duck
1 Fulvous Whistling Duck Dendrocygna bicolor freshwater wetlands wth reedbeds and tall water vegetation
3 Black-bellied Whistling Duck
Dendrocygna viduata
Dendrocygna autumnalis discolor
black bill
coral bill
no chestnut on back
cinnamon head and streaked flanks diagnostic
adult
heavy band
juvenile
band on throat
favours wetlands in flat, open areas
chestnut back faint vestigial band
adult
very fond of rice paddies
juvenile coral feet
4 Comb Duck
Sarkidiornis melanotos
somewhat nocturnal, forages on land and in shallow water, wary of man
juvenile
usually slow-moving to still waters in forested areas
5 Muscovy Duck
Cairina moschata feral Muscovy x domesticated white duck (variable)
wild birds very wary of man; very retiring
feral hybrids are common and usually easy to approach
large white wing panel in flight
6 Orinoco Goose Neochen jubata
NT
7 Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons
white wing panel shows in flight
from Snow Goose in all plumages by pink bill and barred plumage
favours lakes, but also rivers and open water, nests in forested areas
001 BNSA.indd 29
adult
juvenile
shy and wary, saltmarsh, open farmland, coastal wetlands
19/9/06 10:50:56
PLATE 7: DUCKS IN FLIGHT AND NEW WORLD QUAILS female Eurasian Wigeon has darker wingbar
underwing pale grey (white in Eurasian Wigeon) male Eurasian Wigeon browner head, not band through eye
5.1
white along length of wings
American Wigeon Anas americana
4.7 Southern Pochard
Netta erythrophthalma
note heavy head and pale underwing, pale belly
female very cryptic but blue-white-blue speculum is diagnostic
5.2 Mallard
Anas platyrhynchos
5.7 Northern Shoveler
Anas clypeata
virtually uniform, duller underwing
ochre-greenochre speculum diagnostic
5.5 White-cheeked Pintail
5.6 Yellow-billed Pintail
Anas bahamensis
Anas georgica
non-breeding
grey speculum in all plumages, no white in wings
white speculum and underwing
4.8 Ring-necked Duck
Aythya collaris
long pointed tails, slim necks
eclipse
breeding
4.9 Lesser Scaup
Aythya affinis
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white trailing edge on speculum
5.11 Andean Teal
Anas andium
flies fast, rises very steeply from water
generally paler than Andean Teal
5.12 Mérida Speckled
5.10 Green-winged Teal
Teal Anas altipetens
Anas carolinensis
brown body with spots
white body with streaks
5.8 Blue-winged Teal Anas discors
5.9
Cinnamon Teal Anas cyanoptera
a d
c b
e
1
Crested Bobwhite 18-23cm; T; R; c/f
p. 50
2
Tawny-faced Quail 17-20cm; T; R; lc/r
p. 53
12 ssp. described in vol. 1
a) continentis
b) barnesi c) mocquerysi coveys up to 12 birds or so
1 Crested Bobwhite
d) hovarthi
Colinus cristatus
2 Tawny-faced Quail e) sonnini
Rhynchortyx cinctus
dry to arid lowland grassland, thickets, pastures, roadsides, rice and sugarcane plantations very shy when disturbed, prefers to run then freeze rather than fly
001 BNSA.indd 31
small coveys
19/9/06 10:50:59
PLATE 8: WOOD QUAILS c ? b
a p. 51
2
Chestnut Wood Quail 25-28.5cm; S-Te; R; r NT p. 51
5
p. 52
8
p. 52
Marbled Wood Quail 23-29cm; LT; R; lc/f
4
7
b
a
1
a
b
Gorgeted Wood Quail 25.5-27cm; S; R; r CR
p. 52
Rufous-fronted Wood Quail 23-28cm; T; R; f/u p. 51
Dark-backed Wood Quail 24-27cm; UT; R; lc VU
Tacarcuna Wood Quail 22-25cm; UT; R; lc VU
3
Black-fronted Wood Quail 24-30cm; UT-Te; R; u VU p. 51
6
Rufous-breasted Wood Quail 25-26.5cm; UT-Te; R; lc/r p. 52
9
Starred Wood Quail 24-26cm; T; R; r
p. 53
10
Venezuelan Wood Quail 28-30cm; UT-S; R; lf NT p. 52
prefers to run and freeze when disturbed
very shy, hides in cover when disturbed, very vocal at dusk, calling kor-korrals repeatedly
9 Starred Wood Quail Odontophorus stellatus
sings only at dawn
small tight coveys, often in single file
10 Venezuelan Wood Quail NT
Odontophorus columbianus
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b) medius
1 Marbled Wood Quail
c) marmoratus
Odontophorus gujanensis
a) gujanensis
2 Rufous-fronted Wood Quail Odontophorus erythrops
choruses kokoro at dawn and dusk
small coveys on floor of humid forest
3 Black-fronted Wood Quail Odontophorus atrifrons
floor of montane forests
b) parambae
VU
a) erythrops
inside humid lowland forest very vocal at dawn
black face shy and furtive, often in pairs
4 Chestnut Wood Quail
NT
Odontophorus hyperythrus
trailing eyebrow
b) navai a) atrifons
5 Dark-backed Wood Quail
Odontophorus melanonotus
VU
forages among leaf-litter and around roots of trees, floor of montane forest
very humid montane forest floor
6 Rufous-breasted Wood Quail Odontophorus speciosus eyebrow
soederstroemii
7 Gorgeted Wood Quail
CR
Odontophorus strophium
may run and freeze if disturbed, but usually flushes explosively
small coveys banded throat
floor of montane forest
divided throat
floor of humid forest
very variable, some birds very dark
small coveys, flush noisily
VU 8 Tacarcuna Wood Quail
Odontophorus dialeucos
001 BNSA.indd 33
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PLATE 9: CHACHALACAS AND GUANS b ? a
1
p. 42
2
Rufous-headed Chachalaca 56-66cm; LT; R; u/r p. 43
5
Grey-headed Chachalaca 46-58cm; T; R; c/f
4
7
Little Chachalaca 43-54cm; T-S; R; c/f
10
p. 44
Rufous-vented Chachalaca 55-61cm; T; R; c VU p. 43
Chestnut-winged Chachalaca 53-60cm; LT; R; c p. 42
p. 43
6
p. 43
Blue-throated Piping Guan 60-69cm; T; R; lf/r p. 46
9
p. 46
Speckled Chachalaca 45-60cm; T-LS; R; lc/r
8
3
Colombian Chachalaca c.50cm; UT; R; r
Trinidad Piping Guan c.69cm; LT; R; r CR
Wattled Guan 72-78cm; UT-S; R; lf/r NT p. 47
darkest montane guan
10 Wattled Guan
Aburria aburri
NT
more often heard than seen
wet montane forest and mature second growth, especially on steep sloping terrain
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2 Rufous-vented Chachalaca
1 Grey-headed Chachalaca
Ortalis ruficauda
Ortalis cinereiceps
heavy to open forests, brushland to gardens
habitually drinks at streams and rivers at dawn and dusk
a) ruficauda
b) ruficrissa
chestnut primaries
rufous undertail
3 Chestnut-winged Chachalaca
rufous tip
Ortalis garrula
white tips
thickets, second growth riparian woodland, mangroves
colour of undertail varies by locality, more often rufous but may be ochraceous or buffy
chestnut primaries
chestnut primaries
only chachalaca in its range, semi-deciduous forest and scrub
chestnut outer tail edges
4 Rufous-headed Chachalaca VU
white outer tail edges
Ortalis erythroptera
5 Speckled Chachalaca
7 Little Chachalaca
Ortalis guttata
Ortalis motmot
whitish streaks on neck
only chachalaca in its range
pale fringes to neck feathers
dry or moist humid forest and morichales reddish legs
rufous outer tail feathers
6 Colombian Chachalaca
red legs
pale crest
Ortalis columbianus
darker crest
facial skin varies from blue to white
white wing patch diagnostic in range partial to riparian forest seldom more than 100m from water
facial skin blue
8 Blue-throated
Piping Guan Pipile cumanensis cumanensis
001 BNSA.indd 35
only guan on Trinidad
9 Trinidad Piping Guan CR Pipile pipile
19/9/06 10:51:05
PLATE 10: GUANS AND NOCTURNAL CURASSOW b
a
1
Nocturnal Curassow 56-57cm; LT; R; u/r
a
p. 47
2
Sickle-winged Guan 50-65cm; UT-Te; R; lf/u
p. 47
3
Bearded Guan c.55cm; S-Te; R, r VU p. 44
c a
b
b
4
Band-tailed Guan 50-61cm; UT-S; R; lc/u
p. 44
5
Baudó Guan 58-65cm; UT-LS; R; r VU p. 45
6
Spix’s Guan 70-80cm; T; R; f/r
p. 46
b a b
7
Marail Guan 63-68cm; LT; R; f/u
p. 45
a
c
8
Andean Guan 51-61cm; S-P; R; lf/u
9 Crested Guan
p. 45
Penelope purpurascens
10
Cauca Guan c.76cm; UT-S; R; r EN
p. 46
when disturbed flees with a loud honking
9
Crested Guan 72-91cm; T-S; R; u/r
p. 45
bushy crest, often erected
10 Cauca Guan
EN
Penelope perspicax
b) aequatorialis rich chestnut on back, wings, tail and underparts
rufous lower underparts
a) brunnescens
groups of up to 16 or so all levels, but mainly mid- and understorey outer tail feathers darker
36 001 BNSA.indd 36
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1 Nocturnal Curassow
2 Sickle-winged Guan
Nothocrax urumutum
Chamaepetes goudotii
small and seldom seen, nocturnal, roosts in hollow log or on branches over streams
secretive, likes tall forests on steep hillsides
blue face
a) fagani
noticeable white supercilium and frosting on face
b) sanctamartae unique rufous underparts in range feathering on chin
5 races described in vol. 1
chestnut tip
3 Bearded Guan VU Penelope barbata
c) albicauda
when disturbed crouches and utters VU low calls
Baudó Guan Penelope ortoni
6 Spix’s Guan
Penelope argyrotis b) argyrotis
white tips on tail
smaller than sympatric Crested Guan
5
4 Band-tailed Guan
shows white frosting on head
Penelope jacquacu
forages in small groups mid to upper levels
scalloped chest chestnut tips
a) colombiana
pale band on tail
bushy crest
7 Marail Guan
Penelope marail
jacupeba
prefers heavy, undisturbed forest, usually near water
a) granti
a) montagnii
note pale bills
pairs or small groups higher up, rarely on ground
b) brooki
c) atrogularis likes soft, ripe palm fruits
b) orienticola
8 Andean Guan
prefers dense epiphyte-rich, humid forests
Penelope montagnii
001 BNSA.indd 37
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PLATE 11: CURASSOWS 1
1
Salvin’s Curassow 75-89cm; LT; R; s/r a
Lesser Razor-billed Curassow 75-85cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 47
p. 48
5
3
Razor-billed Curassow 83-89cm; LT; R; lf
p. 48
b
4
2
p. 48
Helmeted Curassow 85-92cm; S-Te; R; r VU
Great Curassow 87-92cm, 78-84cm; T-LS; R; r NT p. 48 scaled black-and-white head and crest humid to wet forest; forages mainly for fallen fruit in leaf-litter
only female currasow with uniform brown upperparts
large crest yellow wattle
barred tail
pinkish legs
all-black vinaceous legs
rubra
5 Great Curassow Crax rubra
NT
from male Yellowknobbed Currasow by green gloss (not blue)
38 001 BNSA.indd 38
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crest usually held flattened
1 Salvin’s Curassow
large red bill laterally flattened
Mitu salvini
likes terra firme forest, avoids flooded areas no crest red bill no casque
crest usually flattened
extensive white tip to tail
red bill with large casque
2 Lesser Razor-billed Curassow Mitu tomentosum favours areas along rivers
often near streams or swampy areas
chestnut tip
3 Razor-billed Curassow Mitu tuberosum
white tip differs only by size and shape of helmet
large helmet wattle on both sexes
bluish helmet in coastal cordillera of Venezuela
rare barred rufous morph
a) gilliardi
b) pauxi
pinkish-brown helmet in Andes
favours very dense, wet, cool, montane forest
red legs
4 Helmeted Curassow VU Pauxi pauxi
001 BNSA.indd 39
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PLATE 12: CURASSOWS 2
1
Yellow-knobbed Curassow 84-93cm; T; R; f/u NT p. 49
2
Blue-billed Curassow 82-93cm; T; R; r CR
p. 49
3
Wattled Curassow 82-89cm; LT; R; r VU
p. 49
a b
4
Black Curassow 86-95cm; T; R; lf
always near water in humid forests and várzea
p. 49
bright red wattle
female from Razor-billed Currasow by all-black tail and crest
3 Wattled Curassow VU
red cere
Crax globulosa
small crest
a) alector
from Salvin’s Currasow (Plate 11) by all-black tail (no white tips)
female has fine white barring on base of crest
all-black grey legs
likes thickets along rivers and tangled forest borders
male alector from Yellow-knobbed by smaller cere and tighter crest
4 Black Curassow
from allopatric male Wattled by small cere
red cere
Crax alector
b) erythrognatha 40 001 BNSA.indd 40
19/9/06 10:51:13
1 Yellow-knobbed Curassow NT Crax daubentoni
especially fond of ravine habitats, gallery forests
no yellow
bright yellow wattle
white tip
from male Great Currasow by blue gloss (not green) (allopatric)
greenish legs
2 Blue-billed Curassow CR Crax alberti
blue cere
barred morph
rare; only N slope of Santa Marta Mts
from all other curassows by bright blue base of bill
only female curassow with white scalloping on the back
normal (rufous) morph
bright blue wattle
humid lowland forests and lower montane slopes white tip
001 BNSA.indd 41
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PLATE 13: GREBES AND PENGUINS
? ?
1
p. 53
4
p. 54
Least Grebe 25cm; T-Te; R; c/r
Colombian Grebe 33cm; Te; R; EX
2
Pied-billed Grebe 33cm; T-Te; R; lc/u
1 Least Grebe
Tachybaptus dominicus brachyrhynchus
p. 54
3
Silvery Grebe 27cm; S-P; R; u/r
favours lakes and wetlands with abundant floating vegetation
yellow eye adult
adult
pale eye
juvenile/ immature
breeding
non-breeding
head entirely streaked
p. 55
2 Pied-billed Grebe
Podilymbus podiceps antarcticus
pale bill with dark band
faint band
adult non-breeding
adult breeding
juvenile/ immature only throat streaked
likes areas with open water and marginal vegetation
3 Silvery Grebe
Podiceps occipitalis
red iris
unmistakable
4 Colombian Grebe Podiceps andinus
EX
adult non-breeding
juninensis high altitude lakes and pools
adult breeding
juvenile\ immature
adult breeding
adult non-breeding Extinct, last sighting on Lake Tota in 1978
42 001 BNSA.indd 42
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?
5
Galápagos Penguin 48-53cm; O; V; r EN
p. 55
5 Galápagos Penguin
Spheniscus mendiculus
6
Humboldt Penguin 65cm; O; V; r VU
p. 55
7
Magellanic Penguin c.70cm; O; V; r EN
p. 55
EN
juvenile pink base to lower mandible adult
double black breast band
6 Humboldt Penguin
VU
Spheniscus humboldti
extensive red on base of bill adult single black breast band
juvenile
white band encircling face
double black breast band
7 Magellanic Penguin
EN
Spheniscus magellanicus
no penguins occur normally nor naturally in the waters of the region; all records are of dead or dying birds washed ashore
001 BNSA.indd 43
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PLATE 14: ALBATROSSES AND GIANT PETREL
?
1
Black-footed Albatross 68-74cm W190-210cm; O; V; r VU p. 56
3
2
Black-browed Albatross 83-93cm W210-250cm; O; V; r NT p. 56
Yellow-nosed Albatross 71-82cm W180-200cm; O; V; r NT p. 56
?
4
5
Waved Albatross Southern Giant Petrel 85-93cm W230-240cm; O; R; r VU 85-100cm W185-200cm; O; V; r VU p. 56 p. 57
5 Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus
VU
white phase dark phase
dark phase
44 001 BNSA.indd 44
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1 Black-footed Albatross VU Phoebastria nigripes
2 Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophrys
NT
melanophrys
juvenile
broad black leading edge to underwing dark brow
dark tipped bill
partial dusky collar
immature
adult
adult
vermiculations heaviest on rump and back
creamy buff head
3 Yellow-nosed Albatross
NT
Thalassarche chlororhynchos chlororhynchos
001 BNSA.indd 45
4 Waved Albatross
VU
Phoebastria irrorata
19/9/06 10:51:19
PLATE 15: FULMAR, PETRELS AND PRIONS
1
2
3
?
?
?
Southern Fulmar 46-50cm W114-120cm; O; A/V; rt p. 57
4
Mottled Petrel 33-35cm; O; A/V; r NT
p. 58
Parkinson’s Petrel 46cm W115cm; O; A/V; r VU p. 59
White-chinned Petrel 51-58cm W134-147cm; O; A/V; r VU p. 59
5
Dove Prion 25-27cm; O; A/V; r
p. 59
6
Kermadec Petrel 38cm; O; ?V; p. 59 r
p. 58
?
7
Cape Petrel 38-40cm W81-91cm; O; A; r p.58
8
Galápagos Petrel 43cm W91cm; O; V; r CR p. 58
9
Black-capped Petrel 40cm W95cm; O; V; r EN p. 58
46 001 BNSA.indd 46
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1 Southern Fulmar
Fulmarus glacialoides
2 White-chinned Petrel
Procellaria aequinoctialis
3 Parkinson’s Petrel
VU
Procellaria parkinsoni
VU
bill all pale bill tipped dark glides with wings in stiff camber, very distinctive
undersides of primaries may appear silvery
small white chin inconspicuous in field
4 Mottled Petrel
6 Kermadec Petrel
Pterodroma neglecta
NT
Pterodroma inexpectata
dark morph
5 Dove Prion
Pachyptila desolata
7 Cape Petrel
light morph
Daption capense bouncing glides in strong winds, high above waves
9 Black-capped Petrel 8 Galápagos Petrel
CR
Pterodroma hasitata
EN
Pterodroma phaeopygia
often accompanies whales associated with Sargassum weed reefs and upwellings bouncing flight, wing strokes as it rises, glides down
001 BNSA.indd 47
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PLATE 16: SHEARWATERS
? Pink-footed Shearwater 48cm W109cm; O; A/V; r VU p. 60
1
4
5
2
Flesh-footed Shearwater 40-45cm; O; V?; r
P. 60
3
6
Buller’s Shearwater 45-47cm W96-99cm; O; A/V; r VU p. 60
Great Shearwater 43-51cm W100-118cm; O; A/V; s p. 60
Bulwer’s Petrel 26-28cm W63-73cm; O; V; r p. 59
Wedge-tailed Shearwater 38-46cm W97-105cm; O; V; r p. 60 ? ?
10
9
8
7
Sooty Shearwater 40-51cm W94-109cm; O; A; f/u p. 60
Cory’s Shearwater Manx Shearwater 45-48cm W100-125cm; O; B/V; r 30-38cm W76-89; O; B/V; r p. 61 p. 59
11
Little Shearwater 25-30cm W58-67; O; V; r p. 61
Audubon’s Shearwater 27-33cm W64-74; O; R; f p. 61
white extends onto primaries
baroli fast, flapping flight action
often flies along troughs between waves alternating shallow fluttering strokes and short straight glides, often holds head raised
eye shows clearly on border to black
black undertail
10 Little Shearwater
Puffinus assimilis
boydi
extensive black bordering to wings
race boydi has dark undertail-coverts
11 Audubon’s Shearwater
Puffinus lherminieri
48 001 BNSA.indd 48
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3 Bulwer’s Petrel
2 Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes
Bulweria bulwerii
pale carpal bars
4 Great Shearwater Puffinus gravis
1 Pink-footed Shearwater Puffinus creatopus
VU
dark bar on underwings
tapering tail
transient, travelling north, May–June
flight erratic with buoyant twists
dark cap
mottled underwings slow relaxed flight with lazy strokes and low glides
pale brown upperparts
5 Buller’s Shearwater Puffinus bulleri
distinct white band on upper tail coverts
VU
flies with quick, stiff wingbeats with fairly straight wings unmistakable
distinctive grey and black pattern
9 Cory’s Shearwater
Calonectris diomedea borealis
graceful and elegant, especially in strong winds; long, higharching glides and easy strokes
6 Wedge-tailed Shearwater Puffinus pacificus
generally lacks white band though some show an indistinct narrow band
dark morph all-dark underwings
7 Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus
silvery wing linings
clean white underwings flight is slow and relaxed with long glides on downward arched wings
pale morph
upperparts same on both morphs
wedge-shaped tail
gliding flight action
underwings barred distinctive flight with deep, slicing beats unmarked white underwings
8 Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus
white undertail narrow black borders
001 BNSA.indd 49
19/9/06 10:51:24
PLATE 17: STORM-PETRELS
1
3
2
White-faced Storm-petrel 20-21cm W41-43cm; O; V; r p. 63
White-vented Storm-petrel 15-16cm; O; V; r DD p. 62
Wilson’s Storm-petrel 17-19cm W38-40cm; O; A/V; r p. 62
?
4
5
Wedge-rumped Storm-petrel 18-20cm; O; A; f p. 63
Least Storm-petrel 13-15cm; O; B/V; r
6
p. 63
White-bellied Storm-petrel 19-21cm; 0; A/V; r p. 62
? ?
?
7
9
8
Black-bellied Storm-petrel 20cm; O; V?; r p. 62
Leach’s Storm-petrel 19-22cm W45-48cm; O; B; r p. 63
Band-rumped Storm-petrel 19-21cm W44-46cm; O; A/V; r p.63
?
10
11
Black Storm-petrel 23cm W46-51cm; O; B; f p. 64
Markham’s Storm-petrel 23cm; O; A; r DD
12
p. 64
Ashy Storm-petrel 18-21cm; O; B/V; r NT
p. 64
from White-faced by blackish underwings and clearly forked tail
13
Ringed Storm-petrel 21-23cm W46cm; O; A; c DD p. 64
forked tail
flies with shallow strokes and seldom glides
12 Ashy Storm-petrel
NT
Oceanodroma homochroa
13 Ringed Storm-petrel
Oceanodroma hornbyi
DD
50 001a BNSA.indd 50
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1 White-faced Storm-petrel
Oceanites oceanicus
Oceanites gracilis
maoriana
erratic ‘bouncing’ flight
3 Wilson’s Storm-petrel
2 White-vented Storm-petrel DD
Pelagodroma marina
feet project beyond tail
oceanicus
flight direct; ‘walks on water’
combination of white rump and white belly with dividing line
gracilis
from Ringed by shorter tail and white underwings
feet project beyond tail nocturnal black belly and white undertail-coverts white below is variable
4 Wedge-rumped Storm-petrel
indistinct upperwing bar
Oceanodroma tethys kelsalli
flight fast with deep beats
5 Least Storm-petrel Oceanodroma microsoma
very large white area
wedge-shaped tail dividing line distinctive
fast steady flight, deep slow wingbeats, twists and banks
7 Black-bellied
Storm-petrel Fregatta tropica tropica
6 White-bellied Storm-petrel Fregatta grallaria
bouncy irregular flight; jinks. Does not ‘walk on water’
feet protrude
extended white ‘W’
forked tail
segethi
note white T-shape below; like Black-bellied above
divided belly distinctive
narrow white band
10 Black Storm-petrel
8 Leach’s
Storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa chapmani
some southern birds on Atlantic coast may have dark rumps
Oceanodroma melania note longer wingbar on upperwing
forked tail
9 Band-rumped
Storm-petrel Oceanodroma castro flight steady with very few glides
shorter wingbar on upperwing
flies with shallow fluttering strokes and often long glides
11 Markham’s Storm-petrel
001a BNSA.indd 51
DD
Oceanodroma markhami
19/9/06 11:00:51
PLATE 18: TROPICBIRDS AND FRIGATEBIRDS
?
1
White-tailed Tropicbird 70-82cm (streamers 33-45cm) W90-95cm; O; V; r p. 65
2
Red-billed Tropicbird 90-105cm (streamers 46-56cm) W99-106cm; O; R; u p. 64
4
Magnificent Frigatebird 89-114cm W217-244cm; O; R; f p.69
3
Great Frigatebird 85-105cm W 205-230cm; O; V; r p. 69
1 White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus
catesbyi pelagic and coastal waters
more extensive black markings on wings
pure white on mantle and forewings yellow bill
lightly scalloped
white tail tips
adult juvenile
red bill mostly pelagic, only near coasts at breeding sites more heavily scalloped
adult faint scalloping on upperparts
black tips to tail feathers
black lines through eye meet on nape
juvenile
2 Red-billed Tropicbird Phaethon aethereus mesonauta
52 001a BNSA.indd 52
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3 Great Frigatebird Fregata minor ridgwayi pale panel on upperwing
cleaner on underparts
juvenile
adult
red feet
sub-adult
red feet red eyering grey throat
adult
grey throat
sub-adult all-dark wings
juvenile
black feet
blue eyering
dark grey eye-ring
adult dark throat
dark throat colour of head varies and becomes progressively blacker over the first years
juvenile
sub-adult
sub-adult
adult juvenile sub-adult
4 Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens
001a BNSA.indd 53
19/9/06 11:00:56
PLATE 19: BOOBIES
1
2
Masked Booby 81-85cm W152cm; O; R; f/u p. 66
3
Nazca Booby 90-92cm W152cm; O; R; c p. 66
Peruvian Booby 72-76cm; O; A; u/r
p. 66
a
b
5
4
Blue-footed Booby 76-84cm W152cm; O; R; c/f p. 66
Red-footed Booby 66-77cm W91-101cm; O; R; c/f p.67
6 Brown Booby
6
Brown Booby 64-74cm W132-150cm; O; R; c/r p.67
juvenile
Sula leucogaster juvenile
white belly and underwing
greyish forehead pale bill
adult all-dark upperparts
adult
Pacific birds have greyish foreheads
a) leucogaster
b) etesiaca
54 001a BNSA.indd 54
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1 Masked Booby
3 Peruvian Booby
Sula dactylatra dactylatra
distinctive underwing bar dark face
Sula variegata
2 Nazca Booby Sula granti
adult
underparts streaked brown
juvenile
dark face, orange bill
yellow bill
white mantle
dark back
white patch in primaries
juvenile
adult
juvenile
brown back scaled white
adult
white head
darker head contrasts with pale belly white patch in primaries
juvenile brown morph
white headed white-tailed morph
black-tailed white morph
entirely white head
like small Masked/ Nazca Booby all-dark white tail distinctive for most morphs
more white on back and rump than Peruvian
adult
nebouxii
4 Blue-footed Booby Sula nebouxii
juvenile
sula
5 Red-footed Booby Sula sula
001a BNSA.indd 55
all-dark with white tail
white morph
white-tailed morph Pacific coast birds are slightly smaller
19/9/06 11:00:59
PLATE 20: CORMORANTS, ANHINGA AND PELICANS
1
p. 67
2
4
p. 68
5
Neotropic Cormorant 58-73cm; O-Te; R; c
Anhinga 81-91cm; T; R; lc/r
Double-crested Cormorant 79-91cm; O; B/V; r p. 68
Peruvian Pelican 134-152cm Wc.228cm; O; A/V; r p. 65
3
Guanay Cormorant 71-76cm; O; A; u/r
p. 68
6
Brown Pelican 105-111cm Wc.200cm; O; R; c p. 65
6 Brown Pelican
Pelecanus occidentalis murphyi
duller on head and bare parts
adult non-breeding
diving for fish
5 Peruvian Pelican Pelecanus thagus
whiter head
brighter head and bare parts
larger than Brown
adult breeding
stays in sheltered inshore waters
adult feeding young
streaked underparts
adult non-breeding
coastal and offshore waters
adult breeding
56 001a BNSA.indd 56
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1 Neotropic Cormorant
Phalacrocorax brasilianus brasilianus
adult non-breeding
adult breeding
white facial skin
2 Double-crested Cormorant
Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus
dark lores
extensive outer gular pouch extends around eye
adult breeding orange lores dark upper mandible
adult non-breeding
immature
usually pale breast
widespread, coastal and freshwater habitats
juvenile
islands in the Caribbean
3 Guanay Cormorant
Phalacrocorax bougainvillii immature
4 Anhinga
white underparts
adult breeding
Anhinga anhinga anhinga
glossy back
red facial area favours marshes, lakes and slow rivers
juvenile
buffy head and neck
adult non-breeding exclusively marine and highly pelagic in Pacific, unmistakable in range
001a BNSA.indd 57
immature
occasional glides combined with fanned tail give unique flight profile (see vol. 1)
needle-like bill
cormorant-like bird with long thin neck, small head and thin bill
swims with entire body underwater, only head and part of neck showing
19/9/06 11:01:02
PLATE 21: HERONS AND EGRETS 1
1
p. 76
2
Tricoloured Heron 50-76cm; LT; R/B; f/u
p. 75
3
4
Western Reef Heron 55-65cm; T; V; r
p. 75
5
Grey Heron 90-98cm; T; V; r
p. 73
6
7
Great Blue Heron 91-137cm; T-S; B; s
p. 74
p. 75
9
Little Blue Heron 51-76cm; T-S; R; c
8
Whistling Heron 50-61cm; T; R; lc
Reddish Egret 66-81cm; LT; R; u
Cocoi Heron 97-127; LT; R; f
Purple Heron 78-90cm; T?; V?; r
p. 75
p. 74
p. 74
8 Whistling Heron
Syrigma sibilatrix fostersmithi
bright blue orbital skin mostly in pastures and fields away from water
adult
white tail contrasts with grey back in flight
9 Purple Heron
Ardea purpurea
juvenile
prefers to forage at sunset, and stalks facing the sun
adult
juvenile
58 001a BNSA.indd 58
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2 Tricoloured Heron Egretta tricolor
1 Little Blue Heron
tricolor
Egretta caerulea (see also plate 22)
frequently fishes by raising and spreading wings and holding head partially under wing
mainly freshwater wetlands, marshes and flooded grassland
juvenile
adult non-breeding
immature adult non-breeding
adult breeding
seashores, salt and mudflats, coastal shallows and marshes, mangroves, river deltas and tidal creeks
3 Reddish Egret
Egretta rufescens (see also plate 22)
4 Western Reef Heron
rufescens
Egretta gularis (see also plate 22)
wet and dry grasslands, shallow water, rice fields, usually solitary, defends feeding territory
adult non-breeding
juvenile adult non-breeding
courtship plumage
5 Grey Heron
Ardea cinerea cinerea
adult breeding
forages alone in tenaciously held territory, constantly active, will often hold wings open when fishing
6 Cocoi Heron Ardea cocoi
7 Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias (see also plate 22)
occidentalis solitary, quiet, stands waiting, stalks slowly, usually very cautious and shy
forages alone serenely accidental vagrant from Europe
001a BNSA.indd 59
solitary, quiet and shy, fresh and brackish to salt waters
adult
juvenile
19/9/06 11:01:05
PLATE 22: HERONS AND EGRETS 2
1
Little Egret 55-65cm; T; V; r
p. 76
2
p. 76
p. 75
5
p. 73
Snowy Egret 48-68cm; T; R; c
3
Great Egret 80-104cm; T; R; c
p. 74
?
4
Capped Heron 51-61cm; LT; R; s
Cattle Egret 46-51cm; T-S; R; c
21.3 Reddish Egret
may open wings and teeter, as if drunk, when foraging in water
Egretta rufescens (see also plate 21)
adult non-breeding
white morph
4 Capped Heron
adult breeding
courtship plumage
Pilherodius pileatus
distinctive ‘bent wings held low’ flight action looks laborious wingbeats slower than most egrets
juvenile adult breeding
adult non-breeding
5 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis
ibis
stalks prey along edge of water, often motionless, walks slowly
least aquatic of all egrets, forages in loose and scattered flocks of varying sizes – agricultural grassland, rice fields, pastures and meadows – follows grazing livestock
courtship plumage
adult breeding
adult non-breeding
60 001a BNSA.indd 60
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21.4 Western Reef Heron drooping bill
Egretta gularis
typically forages by slow wading and stirring with feet, occasional short rushes, mainly on reefs and rocky coastal areas
(see also plate 21)
1 Little Egret straight bill, note red lores
Egretta garzetta
adult non-breeding
courtship plumage lores and feet orange
courtship plumage yellow lores
2 Snowy Egret Egretta thula
forages by dashing around in shallow water, but also patrolling in grass around livestock like a Cattle Egret
21.1 Little Blue Heron
Egretta caerulea (see also plate 21)
white morph
adult breeding
21.7 Great Blue Heron
juvenile
3 Great Egret
Ardea alba egretta red bill
adult non-breeding
Ardea herodias
(see also plate 21)
white morph
green lores
usually forages alone unless great abundance of food, silent and often motionless
kink in neck diagnostic
courtship plumage
courtship plumage adult breeding
001a BNSA.indd 61
adult breeding
adult non-breeding
adult non-breeding
19/9/06 11:01:09
PLATE 23: HERONS AND PINNATED BITTERN
a b
1
Yellow-crowned Night Heron 51-71cm; LT; R; f/r p. 72
2
Agami Heron 60-76cm; LT; R; s
p. 70
3
p. 73
p. 72
Striated Heron 35-48cm; T-LS; R; s
a b
?
4
Boat-billed Heron 45-51cm; LT; R; lc
p. 71
5
Black-crowned Night Heron 61-69cm; T-Te; R; lc p. 72
6
p. 70
8
Bare-throated Tiger Heron 71-81cm; LT; R; u p. 70
9
Green Heron 38-43cm; T-LS; R/B; f/r
?
7
Fasciated Tiger Heron 61-71cm; T-Te; R; r
10
Pinnated Bittern 64-76cm; T; R; u
Rufescent Tiger Heron 66-76cm; T; R; f/s
p. 70
p. 71
lineatum pinnatus
shallow, meandering water, marshes, flooded grassland near woodland, gallery forest
adult
immature
9 Rufescent Tiger Heron Tigrisoma lineatum
water’s edge or shallows active dawn and dusk
usually solitary; keeps well within dense cover, freezes with head and neck stretched upwards if disturbed; can be seasonally common
10 Pinnated Bittern
Botaurus pinnatus
62 001a BNSA.indd 62
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3 Striated Heron
2 Agami Heron
Butorides striata
Agamia agami
striata
solitary at water’s edge, may enter shallow water, especially in dry season
adult
very shy and wary
1 Yellow-crowned Night Heron
juvenile
Nyctanassa violacea
adult
b) calignis
all kinds of wetlands where shore vegetation is dense, rarely in water
juvenile
a) cayennensis
6 Green Heron
Butorides virescens virescens
lowland wetlands, crouches motionless then jabs at great speed, may wade in deep water
adult
juvenile like Striated Heron juvenile
juvenile mostly coastal; mangroves, marshland, rocky shores, usually solitary
5 Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli
4 Boat-billed Heron
Cochlearius cochlearius a) panamensis b) cochlearius
quite social forages alone from dusk through the night; in wetlands with forested margins
adult non-breeding juvenile adult
adult
juvenile
adult breeding
all kinds of wetlands with forested margins or dense water vegetation e.g. reedbeds
8 Bare-throated Tiger Heron Tigrisoma mexicanum
7 Fasciated Tiger Heron
mangroves and densely wooded marshes and running water through dense forest
Tigrisoma fasciatum
salmoni
usually seen standing on boulders in mid-stream, mountain brooks and fast-flowing streams of humid forest, also lowlands
flies quietly at dawn and dusk
adult immature
001a BNSA.indd 63
adult immature
19/9/06 11:01:13
PLATE 24: IBISES, LIMPKIN AND SMALL HERONS
?
1
Scarlet Ibis 54-70cm; LT; R; lc
p. 77
2
p. 77
3
p. 78
4
Sharp-tailed Ibis 76-86cm; LT; R; f/s
p. 78
5
p. 77
6
p. 78
7
p. 78
Limpkin 56-71cm; LT; R; f p. 109
9
Green Ibis 50-58cm; T; R; lf/u
White Ibis 56-71cm; LT; R; lc
Glossy Ibis 50-65cm; LT; R; lc
8
Bare-faced Ibis 46-54cm; LT; R; c
White-faced Ibis 46-66cm; T-S; B/V; r
Black-faced Ibis 71-76cm; P; R; r
p. 79
a b
?
10
? Buff-necked Ibis 71-81cm; T; R; lc/s
11
p. 78
Stripe-backed Bittern 28-33cm; LT; R; lc/s
12
p. 72
Least Bittern 28-36cm; T-Te; R; f
forages at water’s edge and in wet leaf-litter, wetland inside evergreen forests
a) erythromelas juvenile
13
Zigzag Heron 28-33cm; LT; R; r
freshwater wetlands with dense cover, rice fields
11 Stripe-backed Bittern
Ixobrychus involucris
p. 71
adult
p. 71
juvenile
b) bogotensis
keeps well within cover, flushes with slow laboured wingbeats, shows black primaries
12 Least Bittern
13 Zigzag Heron
Zebrilus undulatus
Ixobrychus exilis
64 001a BNSA.indd 64
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2 White Ibis
1 Scarlet Ibis
Eudocimus albus
Eudocimus ruber
adult unmistakable; mainly coastal mangroves and mudflats, also in llanos
3 Bare-faced Ibis
Phimosus infuscatus berlepschi sociable, usually in compact groups, follows grazing herbivores
juvenile
very similar to juvenile White Ibis; best identified by first red feathers – the two species usually forage together
slender orange-pink bill
adult adult unmistakable, mainly coastal and in llanos
legs do not protrude past tail tip
abundant, may be in large numbers
4 Sharp-tailed Ibis Cercibis oxycerca
5 Glossy Ibis
tufty nape
dark eye also shows white on face
Plegadis falcinelllus legs project beyond tail in flight
distinctive horizontal stance
heavy red bill long tail slow laboured flight, usually solitary or small groups, damp grassland, marshes rice fields
adult breeding
scarce
7 Green Ibis
Mesembrinibis cayennensis
mainly freshwater marshes, occasionally dry grassland, not far from water
red eye, note white line
adult non-breeding
solitary and wary, usually in or near wet, muddy forest legs do not project beyond tail in flight
mainly freshwater marshes, irrigated cultivation, ricefields
8 Limpkin
Aramus guarauna guarauna
6 White-faced Ibis
red legs when breeding
Plegadis chihi
streaked white on neck
10 Buff-necked Ibis 9 Black-faced Ibis
Theristicus melanopis
branickii resembles a straightbilled ibis
Theristicus caudatus caudatus very noisy in predawn at roost
often wades in deep water, probing into muddy bottom
calls nasal taro-taro alongside water, freshwater marshes, wet and muddy pastures, edges of mangroves
001a BNSA.indd 65
unique in tiny range in highlands; favours short grazed páramo
open country, often far from water, partial to recentlyburned pastures
19/9/06 11:01:16
PLATE 25: SPOONBILLS, STORKS AND FLAMINGOS
?
1
p. 79
4
p. 80
Eurasian Spoonbill 86cm; LT; V; r
Wood Stork 83-110cm; LT; R; c
2
p. 79
3
Maguari Stork 97-102cm; LT; R; f/s
p. 80
5
p. 80
6
Greater Flamingo 120-145cm; LT; R; lc
p. 82
Roseate Spoonbill 68-86cm; LT; R; lc
Jabiru 120-150cm; LT; R; lf/s
usually wary, but more tame on feeding grounds saline lagoons, estuaries and salt pans
7
saline lagoons, estuaries and mudflats on coast, prefers water without fish
ruber
6 Greater Flamingo
Phoenicopterus ruber
Chilean Flamingo 99-109cm; T-P; R; r NT p. 82
7 Chilean Flamingo
NT
Phoenicopterus chilensis
66 001a BNSA.indd 66
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1 Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia leucorodia
bill black tipped yellow
strong preference for sheltered, shallow open water and salt ponds
3 Maguari Stork
Ciconia maguari
yellow crest and breast patch when breeding
does not usually mix with other species
feathered neck red and grey bill distinctive
2 Roseate Spoonbill Platalea ajaja
adult
juvenile adult
juvenile red legs
coastal areas, mangroves salt or brackish water, seldom inland
freshwater wetlands of all kinds, including rice fields
5 Jabiru
Jabiru mycteria
heavy upturned bill
4 Wood Stork
Mycteria americana bare head and decurved bill diagnostic
in dry season, shallow open pools – often in groups (concentration of fish); in wet season, deeper water – tends to be solitary
immature from young Maguari by size and alldark bill
prefers freshwater wetlands, but in tidal and brackish waters if food is adundant
adult
huge and unmistakable black flight feathers show well in flight (see King Vulture Plate 26)
001a BNSA.indd 67
19/9/06 11:01:20
PLATE 26: VULTURES
a) brasiliensis
1 Black Vulture
1
Black Vulture 56-68cm; T-Te; R; c
p. 80
a
a
?
2 Turkey Vulture
jinks and tilts in flight especially when gliding, wings held in shallow ‘V’
Cathartes aura
b
2
short tailed; white roundels less distinct in Ecuadorian birds, (foetens)
Coragyps atratus
Turkey Vulture 64-81cm; T-Te; R/B; c
p. 81
3 Lesser Yellow-headed
? ?
?
Vulture Cathartes burrovianus
silvery-grey tone to remiges, white shafts on primaries may be seen from above, wings held in shallow ‘V’
4 Greater Yellow-headed
note darker innermost primaries, distinctive wings held nearly level
?
3
Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture 3. Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture 58-66cm; T; R; c/f p. 81
?
Vulture Cathartes melambrotus
4
Greater Yellow-headed Vulture 74-81cm; LT; R; c p. 81 immature from other vultures by irregular white on wing and deep-winged shape
adult may be confused with Maguari Stork at a
5
King Vulture 71–81cm; T. R u/r
6
5 King Vulture p. 81
Andean Condor 100-130cm; T-P; R; r NT p. 82
distance, but stork has extended neck and legs
Sarcoramphus papa
6 Andean Condor Vultur gryphus
rounded tail with no barring in any plumage
68 001a BNSA.indd 68
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1 Black Vulture
Coragyps atratus
3 Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture Cathartes burrovianus
a) brasiliensis
usually flies and glides noticeably lower than Turkey or Greater Yellowheaded Vulture
savannas
often flaps wings heavily
from all other vultures by shorter tail and whitish roundels in flight; usually in groups
glides low over forest canopy; usually solitary cosmoplitan, common over cities, many on garbage dumps
2 Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura
a) ruficollis
adult
juvenile
b) jota
lowlands including humid and dry forest and partially cleared land
humid lowland forest
meridionalis
4 Greater Yellow-headed Vulture
boreal migrant
Cathartes melambrotus
usually solitary; soars very high
3rd year adult
2nd year
5 King Vulture
juvenile
Sarcoramphus papa
6 Andean Condor Vultur gryphus
NT
entirely dusky brown
juvenile
may soar for hours
immature
immature breast may seem very swollen and out of proportion after feeding
adult
adult
adult massive size with large wing panels and unmarked tail are unmistakable
001a BNSA.indd 69
19/9/06 11:01:24
PLATE 27: OSPREY AND KITES
1
Osprey 55-58cm; LT; B; c
p. 83
flight illustrations on plate 29
2
Grey-headed Kite 46-54cm; T; R; u
p. 83
3
p. 86
6
Hook-billed Kite 38-42cm; T-Te; R; u
p. 84
b a
?
4
Double-toothed Kite 31-35cm; T; R; u
p. 86
5
Rufous-thighed Kite 29-35cm; T; R; r
Pearl Kite 20-28cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 84
swainsonii
often in dense primary forest, intolerant of forest disturbance
dry to arid areas overgrown pastures, open woodland
usually solitary in lower levels
adult
6 Pearl Kite
juvenile
Gampsonyx swainsonii
5 Rufous-thighed Kite Harpagus diodon
1 Osprey
Pandion haliaetus carolinensis
coasts, rivers and wetlands – large areas of relatively open shallow water; dives to catch fish
usually solitary
boreal migrant OctoberMay, but some immatures stay year-round
70 001a BNSA.indd 70
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2 Grey-headed Kite
Leptodon cayanensis cayanensis repeatedly soars over canopy for short periods throughout the day
hunts from an exposed perch mainly at dawn and dusk
adult
immature light phase
immature intermediate
immature dark phase the three morphs only occur in immature plumage
3 Hook-billed Kite
Chondrohierax uncinatus uncinatus
considerable variation in size of bill (see vol. 1)
grey morph
dark morph
immature
immature generally sluggish, secretive and shy, perching inside forest – but soars high over canopy
4 Double-toothed Kite Harpagus bidentatus
juvenile
a) fasciatus
001a BNSA.indd 71
frequently follows troops of monkeys, bird flocks and army ants, for prey they disturb – lizards, large insects etc
immature
b) bidentatus
immature
black morph
19/9/06 11:01:27
PLATE 28: KITES AND CRANE HAWK
1
White-tailed Kite 38-43cm; T-Te; R/B?/A?; f p. 86
4
Swallow-tailed Kite 56-66cm; T-S; R/B; c
a
2
p. 87
3
p. 87
5
p. 85
6
p. 85
Mississippi Kite 31-37cm; LT; B; r
Snail Kite 40-45cm; T; R; f
a) balzarensis
b
7
p. 85
Crane Hawk 43-53cm; LT; R; u
flight illustrations on plate 29 (species 1–4)
Plumbeous Kite 33-38cm; T-S; A/B; f/u
Slender-billed Kite 37-41cm; LT; R; s
b) caerulescens
p. 90 white crescent is diagnostic
7 Crane Hawk
Geranospiza caerulescens
adult
juvenile adult
essentially a forest bird
immature juvenile adult
adult
a) balzarensis
immature
b) caerulescens
72 001a BNSA.indd 72
19/9/06 11:01:29
1 White-tailed Kite
sometimes hovers, may fly with raised wings like a harrier, usually solitary, mostly hunts at dawn and dusk
Elanus leucurus
leucurus
3 Plumbeous Kite
2 Mississippi Kite
Ictinia mississippiensis
Ictinia plumbea
open forest, gallery forest, forest islands in palm savanna and open country, often sits on an exposed branch ignoring observers
hunts mainly in flight, returns to perch to feed
adult
immature juvenile
4 Swallow-tailed Kite
adult
Elanoides forficatus
immature
adult
immature
nomadic, often drifts in groups of 30 or more juvenile
juvenile
immature
sallies from perch to snatch snails from water with its feet, also hunts by cruising low over water
5 Snail Kite mostly seen soaring over forest hawking large insewcts
Rostrhamus sociabilis sociabilis
only over permanent water
yetapa
(resident)
forficatus
(boreal migrant)
white crescent is diagnostic
Crane Hawk adult
001a BNSA.indd 73
6 Slender-billed Kite
Helicolestes hamatus
Snail Kite adult
Slender-billed Kite immature
immature
adult
replaces Snail Kite in forest areas, shallow lagoons surrounded by forest, swamp forest, etc.
19/9/06 11:01:31
PLATE 29: KITES AND HAWKS IN FLIGHT
27.4 Rufous-thighed Kite
27.1 Grey-headed Kite
Harpagus diodon
fast wingbeats, short glides on flat wings
Leptodon cayanensis
flaps and glides, soars low
adult juvenile
27.2 Hook-billed Kite
Chondrohierax uncinatus adult
slow wingbeats, slightly bowed wings when soaring
juvenile dark morph juvenile pale morph juvenile dark morph
adult brown morph
adult grey morph
28.3 Plumbeous Kite
28.2 Mississippi Kite
juvenile
Ictinia mississippiensis
first-winter
28.1 White-tailed Kite
Ictinia plumbea
adult dark morph
Elanus leucurus
juvenile adult
juvenile
adult
deep graceful wingbeats, glides on arched wings
28.4 Swallow-tailed Kite
adult
27.3 Double-toothed Kite
27.5 Pearl Kite Gampsonyx swainsonii leonae fast
bidentatus
leisurely buoyant flight, glides on flat wings
buoyant leisurely wingbeats, glides with wings flat
Harpagus bidentatus
Elanoides forficatus
slow loose wingbeats, flat wing gliding and soaring
fasciatus
wingbeats, flat wings gliding
juvenile adult
juvenile fast wingbeats and glides
74 001a BNSA.indd 74
19/9/06 11:05:35
32.1 Plain-breasted Hawk
adult
32.2 Bicoloured Hawk
Accipiter ventralis
juvenile
fast wingbeats, soars and glides on flat wings
fast light wingbeats, glides, soars on flat wings
dark morph juvenile
light morph
32.3 Slate-coloured Hawk
Accipiter bicolor
Leucopternis schistaceus
32.4 Barred Hawk
Leucopternis princeps
32.6 Plumbeous Hawk
Leucopternis plumbeus
juvenile
juvenile
adult
adult
apparently does not soar
not known to soar
soars often
32.7 Semiplumbeous Hawk
Leucopternis semiplumbeus
fast wingbeats, short glides, rarely if ever soars
32.5 Black-faced Hawk
Leucopternis melanops
32.8 White Hawk
Leucopternis albicollis
slow strong wingbeats, glides, soars on flat wings
juvenile adult
juvenile adult
slow wingbeats, flat-wing glides
williaminae albicollis
32.9 Grey-backed Hawk
001a BNSA.indd 75
fast shallow beats, short glides; does not soar
Leucopternis occidentalis
19/9/06 11:01:34
PLATE 30: HARRIERS
1
Long-winged Harrier 45-60cm; LT; R; u
2
p. 87
Northern Harrier 45-53cm; LT; B; r
p. 88
3
Cinereous Harrier 43-50cm; T-P; R; u/r
p. 88
pale morph pale morph
pale morph
immature
when hunting, alternates long, low glides with drifting from side-to-side
1 Long-winged Harrier
immature
dark morph
Circus buffoni
very buoyant flight
dark morph
immature
2 Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus
3 Cinereous Harrier Circus cinereus
immature
flies with slow wingbeats alternating with glides on raised wings, sometimes glides with flat or slightly bowed wings
76 001a BNSA.indd 76
19/9/06 11:01:36
1 Long-winged Harrier
usually rests on ground rather than a post or fence
Circus buffoni
normal morph
immature
marshes, grassland, small lagoons with emergent vegetation, rice fields and open cultivation
dark morph immature adult retaining some immature characters
2 Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus
pale
usually solitary, perches on ground, poles, fences and reeds but seldom on trees
hudsonius
immature
swampy areas with thick growth of tall reeds and grassy aquatic vegetation, rice fields, freshly ploughed cultivation
3 Cinereous Harrier Circus cinereus
open country, particularly marshes and reed beds
immature
pastures and wetlands in humid inter-Andean valleys
001a BNSA.indd 77
19/9/06 11:01:38
PLATE 31: HAWKS 1
1
Grey-bellied Hawk 43-51cm; LT; R/A; r
p. 88
2
Cooper’s Hawk 37-47cm; UT-Te; B; r
p. 89
3
Semicollared Hawk 30-36cm; UT-S; R; u/r
p. 89
a b
4
Tiny Hawk 20-28cm; T; R; u
p. 89
2 Cooper’s Hawk
1 Grey-bellied Hawk
Accipiter cooperii
Accipiter poliogaster
juvenile
juvenile strong stiff wingbeats, long glides on flat wings
adult
adult
3 Semicollared Hawk Accipiter collaris
brown juvenile
rufous juvenile
adult
4 Tiny Hawk
Accipiter superciliosus fast shallow wingbeats, short glides
adult
brown juvenile
rufous juvenile
78 001a BNSA.indd 78
19/9/06 11:01:39
1 Grey-bellied Hawk
usually solitary, soaring over forest, perches at forest edge or clearing
Accipiter poliogaster
dense humid lowland forests and mature second growth especially along rivers
black-faced
grey-faced
2 Cooper’s Hawk
intermediate immature/adult
Accipiter cooperii
immature
3 Semicollared Hawk Accipiter collaris
often around wetlands or along rivers
NT
usually alone, may be in pairs, wary and shy
adult
immature
quite wary, usually solitary, perches within canopy, only occasionally in the open
adult immature rufous phase
immature brown phase
4 Tiny Hawk
Accipiter superciliosus
perches within cover, always inside forest
a) fontanieri b) superciliosus
still-hunts for birds within forest, usually perches low, but occasionally in canopy
001a BNSA.indd 79
immature brown phase
immature rufous phase
19/9/06 11:01:41
PLATE 32: HAWKS 2
flight illustrations on plate 29
?
Plain-breasted Hawk 28-33cm; T-Te; R; u/r
1
p. 89
4
Barred Hawk 53-59cm; UT-Te; R; u/r
p. 91
? Bicoloured Hawk 35-43cm; T-S; R; u/r
2
p. 90
3
Slate-coloured Hawk 38-43cm; LT; R; u
p. 92
5
Black-faced Hawk 31-43cm; T; R; u/r
p. 91
6
Plumbeous Hawk 35-38cm; LT; R; r NT
p. 92
p. 92
9
b c
a ?
7
Semiplumbeous Hawk 33-36cm; T; R; u/r
p. 93
?
8
White Hawk 46-56cm; T; R; lf/u
8 White Hawk
Leucopternis albicollis
a) albicollis
sits in sun for long periods on exposed perch
Grey-backed Hawk 45-48cm; T-S; R; u EN
9 Grey-backed Hawk
p. 91
EN
Leucopternis occidentalis still-hunts, sitting quietly for long periods in mid-levels and subcanopy
adult adult white rump only shows in flight
immature small groups soar in circles over forest
b) williaminae
immature
c) costaricensis
80 001a BNSA.indd 80
19/9/06 11:01:43
1 Plain-breasted Hawk
discreet and well-hidden
Accipiter ventralis
four bars on adult
dark phase
2 Bicoloured Hawk
normal
juvenile
soars above forest, hunts flying through foliage
Accipiter bicolor
black phase
keeps to cover within forest and hunts through foliage of upper levels
note nuchal collars on immatures
bicolor
immature
three bars on adult
immature
immature
forest borders and secondary woods, especially around lakes and along rivers
immature
3 Slate-coloured Hawk
Leucopternis schistaceus
4 Barred Hawk Leucopternis princeps
usually on exposed perch at forest edge, or soaring high over forest
adult
usually solitary, seldom soars; still-hunts at edge of water
adult
6 Plumbeous Hawk
immature NT
Leucopternis plumbeus
immature
immature
adult
5 Black-faced Hawk
Leucopternis melanops
001a BNSA.indd 81
Leucopternis semiplumbeus
flies fast with shallow wingbeats and short glides, but rarely soars
only perches in open in early morning, otherwise well inside cover in forest; does not soar
usually solitary inside forest, stillhunts within dense lower levels; does not soar
7 Semiplumbeous Hawk
adult
hunts inside forest
adult juvenile
juvenile
19/9/06 11:01:45
PLATE 33: BLACK HAWKS AND BUZZARD-EAGLE
flight illustrations on plate 34
?
1
Rufous Crab Hawk 46cm; LT; R; f
p. 93
2
Common Black Hawk 46-51cm; T-S; R; c
p. 94
3
p. 96
6
Mangrove Black Hawk 39-47cm; LT; R; c
p. 94
b a
4
Great Black Hawk 64cm; T-LS; R; u
p. 94
soars gracefully, and high, for long periods above cliff faces, and cruises over forests, hovers occasionally
5
Harris’s Hawk 48-56cm; T-S; R; lc
Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle 65-80cm; T-P; R; lf/u p. 96
6 Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle Geranoaetus melanoleucus
dry areas, rocky canyons ravines – also open savanna
adult immature
juvenile
82 001a BNSA.indd 82
19/9/06 11:01:47
2 Common Black Hawk
1 Rufous Crab Hawk still-hunts for crabs occasionally hunts in flight, cruising low over water
Buteogallus anthracinus
Buteogallus aequinoctialis
still-hunts from low perch at water’s edge, may walk about shore and even wade in shallows
mangroves
usually in pairs near edge of water
immature
adult large rufous patch on wings
coastal mangroves and mangrove swamps
adult
note base of tail is black
immature
3 Mangrove Black Hawk Buteogallus subtilis adult perches within canopy and also on top of tall trees
immature
adult habits like Common Black Hawk
immature
note base of tail is white
5 Harris’s Hawk
Parabuteo unicinctus
4 Great Black Hawk
Buteogallus urubitinga urubitinga
short wings, long tail
juvenile
solitary or in pairs; soars high; attends savanna fires
semi-open, drier lowlands and foothills sometimes swampy areas and marshlands with scattered trees, thorny scrub with cactus
adult
a) harrisi b) unicinctus
001a BNSA.indd 83
immature
19/9/06 11:01:49
PLATE 34: HAWKS AND EAGLES IN FLIGHT
33.1 Rufous Crab Hawk
33.2 Common Black Hawk
33.3 Mangrove Black Hawk
Buteogallus aequinoctialis
Buteogallus subtilis
slow wingbeats; glides and soars on flat wings
Buteogallus anthracinus slow strong wingbeats, glides and soars on flat wings
black base to tail
juvenile
slow strong wingbeats, glides, soars on flat wings
adult
adult juvenile white base to tail
33.6 Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle
Geranoaetus melanoleucus
slow strong wingbeats; glides and soars on level wings
33.4 Great Black
Hawk Buteogallus urubitinga
juvenile adult
harrisi
unicinctus
adult
long, frequent glides alternate with slow strong wingbeats
juvenile glides and soars on flat or slightly raised wings
fast shallow beats, cupped wings, glides with wrists raised and tips pointed down
adult
adult
juvenile
33.5 Harris’s Hawk
Parabuteo unicinctus
84 001a BNSA.indd 84
19/9/06 11:01:51
35.1 Savanna Hawk
35.2 Black-collared Hawk
Buteogallus meridionalis
Busarellus nigricollis
slow strong wingbeats; glides on bowed wings; soars with slightly arched wings
strong heavy beats and glides on cupped wings; soars on flat wings
adult juvenile
adult
35.5 White-tailed Hawk
juvenile
hypospodius
Buteo albicaudatus
colonus
slow heavy wingbeats, glides with wings raised
adult
juvenile
adult
adult dark-throated morph
35.3 Roadside Hawk
Buteo magnirostris
35.6 Solitary Eagle
Harpyhaliaetus solitarius
fast shallow flaps and short glides
juvenile
adult
fast shallow flaps and short glides
35.4 Grey-lined Hawk
juvenile
Asturina nitida
adult
001a BNSA.indd 85
adult
juvenile
19/9/06 11:01:52
PLATE 35: HAWKS 3 AND SOLITARY EAGLE
1
Savannah Hawk 51-64cm; T; R/A; c/f
p. 95
2
Black-collared Hawk 46-51cm; LT; R; lc a
b
? ?
a
4
Grey-lined Hawk 38-43cm; T; R; u
5
p. 95
3
p. 97
p. 97
6
p. 95
Roadside Hawk 33-40cm; T-S; R; lc
?
?
p. 93
flight illustrations on plate 34
White-tailed Hawk 53-60cm; T-S; R; f
b
Solitary Eagle 66-71cm; UT-Te; R; r
6 Solitary Eagle
Harpyhaliaetus solitarius solitarius
perches on high bare branches; sometimes swoops down-slope in fast glides
forested valleys and mountain slopes; humid, wet and cloud forests
adult
juvenile
86 001a BNSA.indd 86
19/9/06 11:01:54
1 Savanna Hawk rufous on upper primaries very noticeable in flight
Buteogallus meridionalis
2 Black-collared Hawk
perches upright on poles, posts, stumps, fences etc., for long periods – noticeable on roadsides
Busarellus nigricollis
adult
adult note variation
immature
similar behaviour to Savanna; always around wetlands
adult immature
3 Roadside Hawk
4 Grey-lined Hawk
Buteo magnirostris
Asturina nitida
still-hunts from semi-open perch will chase prey through trees
juvenile when nervous wags tail
adult ‘insidiatrix’ type
attends savanna fires; in towns and cities that have plenty of trees
b) costaricensis
a) nitida
magnirostris
immature
adult
immature
usually perches alone on bare limb of solitary tree or roadside pole
adult
5 White-tailed Hawk Buteo albicaudatus
open to semi-open drier areas, dry scrub, cactus desert, pastures, thin or patchy woodland, especially near hills and mountains
juvenile
adult dark morph
adult
a) colonus
001a BNSA.indd 87
b) hypospodius
juvenile dark morph adult
19/9/06 11:01:56
PLATE 36: HAWKS 4
flight illustrations on plate 37
b a
1
Broad-winged Hawk 35-43cm; T; B; f
p. 98
2
p. 98
3
p. 98
4
White-throated Hawk 41-48cm; S-P; R; u/r
p. 98
5
p. 99
6
p. 99
White-rumped Hawk 35-38cm; S-Te; R; r
Swainson’s Hawk 46-52cm; T-S; B; u/r
Short-tailed Hawk 35-41cm; T-S; R; u
Red-tailed Hawk 47-60cm; T-Te; VB; r
seems lethargic when perched on exposed or covered branch, but swift in flight
5 Swainson’s Hawk Buteo swainsoni
boreal migrant in transit to and from Argentina
immature light morph
immature red/dark morph
adult light morph
adult red morph
adult dark morph
soars high on stiff, relatively raised, narrow wings with long tips, criss-crossing in wide circles
6 Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis
race(s) not identified wide variety of habitats, perches high on tall trees
borealis
costaricensis
calurus
dark phase
costaricensis/calurus
88 001a BNSA.indd 88
19/9/06 11:01:58
1 Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus
immature
a) platypterus
adult
b) antillarum
dark morph
adult
boreal migrant, usually solitary, perches lethargically on pole or exposed branch
black morph still-hunts or patrols over treetops
2 White-rumped Hawk Buteo leucorrhous
white rump only shows in flight
immature
adult
immature
3 Short-tailed Hawk brachyurus
adult dark morph
adult pale morph
usually solitary, soaring high up
Buteo brachyurus
hunts by cruising over forest top sometimes hovering before diving; seldom perches in exposed spot
4 White-throated Hawk Buteo albigula
adult dark morph wing tips nearly reach tip of tail
immature dark morph
immature
adult
usually seen flying over high humid montane forest, cloud, and patches of elfin forest or páramo
immature
001a BNSA.indd 89
adult
19/9/06 11:02:00
PLATE 37: HAWKS AND HAWK-EAGLES IN FLIGHT
36.6 Red-tailed Hawk
Buteo jamaicensis
36.1 Broad-winged Hawk
Buteo platypterus
antillarum
steady, stiff wingbeats, regular glides, soars on flat or lightly arched wings
juvenile steady, laboured wingbeats, glides on level wings or hands lower, soars with light dihedral
adult adult
borealis
36.2 White-rumped Hawk
costaricensis
Buteo leucorrhous
36.3 Short-tailed Hawk
platypterus
soars frequently
Buteo brachyurus
juvenile adult
stiff wingbeats, soars high stiff wingbeats, flat wings with tips up in a glide, soars with light dihedral
adult dark morph
adult pale morph
juvenile dark morph
36.4 White-throated Hawk
Buteo albigula
adult
juvenile
36.5 Swainson’s Hawk
Buteo swainsoni
light easy wingbeats with glides; wings slightly raised; rocks side to side
adult pale morph
adult red morph
adult dark morph
juvenile pale morph
juvenile red/dark morphs
90 001a BNSA.indd 90
19/9/06 11:07:42
stiff shallow wingbeats, wings raised a little in glides and soaring
38.1 Red-backed Hawk
Buteo polyosoma
juvenile
juvenile
38.3 Ornate Hawk-Eagle
38.2 Puna Hawk
Buteo poecilochrous
soft wingbeats, glides on flat wings, soars on raised wings
Spizaetus ornatus
vicarius ornatus
juvenile
38.4 Zone-tailed Hawk
Buteo albonotatus
Spizastur melanoleucus
soars and glides with definitely raised wings (like Turkey Vulture)
juvenile
deep powerful wingbeats, soars with wings flat
38.5 Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle
juvenile
powerful wingbeats, glides and soars with flat wings, tips turned up
adult
001a BNSA.indd 91
19/9/06 11:02:04
PLATE 38: HAWKS AND HAWK-EAGLES
flight illustrations on plate 37
a
1
p. 99
2
Zone-tailed Hawk 48-53cm; T-Te; R/B; u p. 100
5
Red-backed Hawk 45-53cm; S-Te; R; c
? ?
perch-hunts from inside canopy of tall trees
Puna Hawk 50-70cm; S-P; R/A?; f p. 100
3
Ornate Hawk-Eagle 58-63cm; T; R; u/r p. 101
?
4
b
Black-and-White Hawk-Eagle 56-60cm; T-LS; R; u/r p. 101
3 Ornate Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus ornatus
vicarius
ornatus circles and soars high especially in the mornings
adult
juvenile
5 Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle Spizastur melanoleucus
forest next to open country, along rivers, patches of forest in wet savannas
flies like a Turkey Vulture and easily dismissed as such
adult very wide variety of habitats but always near water
immature
adult
still-hunts, tailchases, and stoops from soaring flight
immature
4 Zone-tailed Hawk Buteo albonotatus
92 001a BNSA.indd 92
19/9/06 11:02:05
1 Red-backed Hawk Buteo polyosoma
wing tips reach halfway down tail
immature
immature
immature
immature
2 Puna Hawk
Buteo poecilochrous
wing tips reach tip of tail
001a BNSA.indd 93
juvenile
juvenile
immature
19/9/06 11:02:07
PLATE 39: HAWK-EAGLE AND EAGLES
1
Black Hawk-Eagle 63-71cm; T-S; R; lu p. 102
2
Black-and-chestnut Eagle 63-74cm; S-Te; R; s p. 102
forked crest
flight illustrations on plate 40
3
4
female noticeably larger than male
Crested Eagle 81-86cm; T; R; u/r NT p. 100
Harpy Eagle 86-93cm; T-LS; R; s/r NT p. 101
forages low over canopy, or just below it, in lowland forest; does not soar, beware of confusion with Crested Eagle which does soar
long fork not developed on young birds
adult
note number of bars on tail become fewer with age
immature
4 Harpy Eagle
NT
Harpia harpyja
enormous, powerful legs and feet for grasping sloths and monkeys
juvenile
94 001a BNSA.indd 94
19/9/06 11:02:09
circles and soars high over undisturbed heavy montane forest – hunts inside canopy
1 Black Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus tyrannus serus
soars high; slow wing flapping
usually perches and still-hunts in subcanopy
secretive, perches in very upright position when inactive
note dark cheek
adult
adult subadult/ immature
immature
juvenile
2 Black-and-chestnut Eagle Oroaetus isidori
single longest feather to crest frequently soars and circles over lowland forest –may be mistaken for Harpy (which is more common) sits motionless for long periods on high branches
adult pale morph longer tail and narrower wings than Harpy
3 Crested Eagle
immature NT
Morphnus guianensis
001a BNSA.indd 95
smaller and more slender than juvenile Harpy
adult dark morph
juvenile
19/9/06 11:02:11
PLATE 40: EAGLES IN FLIGHT AND BALD EAGLE
white discs diagnostic
39.1 Black Hawk-Eagle
Spizaetus tyrannus
adult
39.2 Black-and-chestnut Eagle
Oroaetus isidori
adult
juvenile
juvenile juvenile
deep heavy wingbeats, glides on flat wings, soars often
powerful deep wingbeats, glides and soars on flattish wings
juvenile adult
adult
juvenile
39.3 Crested Eagle
39.4 Harpy Eagle
Harpia harpyja
rapid wingbeats then glides, does not soar
Morphnus guianensis
96 001a BNSA.indd 96
19/9/06 11:02:13
1
Bald Eagle 75cm; LT; V; lr
p. 91 slow powerful wingbeats, seldom glides
intermediate
intermediate/ juvenile
adult
1 Bald Eagle
Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus
juvenile
3rd year vagrant to Curaçao before the DDT-impact of the 1950s, recent recovery could mean return of southern wanderers
001a BNSA.indd 97
19/9/06 11:02:15
PLATE 41: CARACARAS AND LAUGHING FALCON
1
Black Caracara 43-48cm; LT; R; f
p. 103
2
p. 103
3
p. 103
4
Mountain Caracara 51-56cm; Te-P; R; r
p. 104
5
p. 104
6
p. 104
Red-throated Caracara 48-56cm; T; R; lf/u
Northern Caracara 48-53cm; T-Te; R; c
Carunculated Caracara 51-56cm; Te-P; R; lf/u
Yellow-headed Caracara 41-46cm; T-S; R; c/f
7 Laughing Falcon
Herpetotheres cachinnans
Mountain Caracara in flight looks similar, but belly white to mid-breast
7
Laughing Falcon 46-56cm; T-LS; R; u
p. 105
2 Red-throated Caracara Ibycter americanus
adult
adult
adult
juvenile juvenile
juvenile
6 Yellow-headed Caracara Milvago chimachima
1 Black Caracara Daptrius ater
5 Northern Caracara Caracara cheriway
3 Carunculated Caracara
Phalcoboenus carunculatus
98 002 BNSA.indd 98
19/9/06 11:11:57
1 Black Caracara
2 Red-throated Caracara
Daptrius ater
Ibycter americanus
3 Carunculated Caracara
Phalcoboenus carunculatus
strong flyer, soars gracefully
forages in pairs and small noisy bands often near water
juvenile
juvenile juvenile
adult
adult
forages inside forest, pairs or small noisy bands, not shy
adult
4 Mountain Caracara
forages walking on ground, often around grazing herbivores
Phalcoboenus megalopterus
5 Northern Caracara Caracara cheriway
juvenile
strong flyer, soars gracefully, forages in small groups on ground
juvenile
adult
6 Yellow-headed Caracara Milvago chimachima
serches for prey by soaring or perching on high, follows cattle and will pull ticks from their backs
adult laughing call very far-reaching
juvenile
usually perched fairly high on an exposed perch, flies purposefully with laboured flapping, never soars
adult vertical posture when at rest
002 BNSA.indd 99
7 Laughing Falcon
up to 20 birds, may forage together; carrion, road kills etc., also hunts savanna fires
Herpetotheres cachinnans
19/9/06 11:11:58
PLATE 42: FOREST FALCONS
a b ?
1
c
Barred Forest Falcon 28-35cm; T-S; R; u
p. 105
2
Plumbeous Forest Falcon 28-35cm; T-S; R; u p. 105
a
4
Slaty-backed Forest Falcon 35-46cm; LT; R; s/r p. 106
5
3
Lined Forest Falcon 25-36cm; LT; R; u
p. 106
? b
Collared Forest Falcon 46-60cm; T; R; u/r
p. 106
6
typically at forest edge, second growth with dense understorey and mangroves, usually mid to lower levels; lower levels where overlapping with Slaty-backed
Buckley’s Forest Falcon 41-46cm; LT; R; r
p. 106
usually perches 1m or so from ground, listening for prey which it will run down – mostly mammals, but also birds up to size of guans
tawny morph, tawny-naped variant
b) semitorquatus
pale morph dark morph immature
a) naso
5 Collared Forest Falcon Micrastur semitorquatus
100 002 BNSA.indd 100
19/9/06 11:12:00
1 Barred Forest Falcon Micrastur ruficollis
barks like a small dog, feeds mostly on lizards, but hunts for small birds at ant swarms
a) zonothorax
three tail bars
adult
adult
b) interstes
adult
immature
immature
immature
c) concentricus 3 Lined Forest Falcon Micrastur gilvicollis adult
adult
immature
note variable number of tailbars on immatures
2 Plumbeous Forest Falcon Micrastur plumbeus VU adult
juvenile adult
juvenile
juvenile two tail bars
4 Slaty-backed Forest Falcon Micrastur mirandollei
mostly in understorey, possibly feeds mostly on snakes, hunts at ant swarms, perches within 2m of ground
usually at mid to lower levels, but where overlaps with Collared it occupies upper levels
one tail bar inside wet or very humid forests, still-hunts from perches less than 2m from ground, often walks or runs on forest floor
6 Buckley’s Forest Falcon Micrastur buckleyi
adult
juvenile
always inside forest, usually near rivers
juvenile
002 BNSA.indd 101
19/9/06 11:12:01
PLATE 43: FALCONS
? a b
1
Aplomado Falcon 38-46cm; T-P; R; lf/u
p. 108
2
Merlin 3 Merlin 25-33cm; LT-S; B; lf/u
p. 107
3
Bat Falcon 23-30cm; LT; R; u
p. 108
4
Orange-breasted Falcon 33-38cm; T-S; R; s/r
p. 108
5
Common Kestrel 32-39cm; ?; V; r
p. 107
6
Peregrine Falcon 38-51cm; T-Te; R/B; u
p. 109
e f
a
Peregrine in flight, showing typical falcon profile
b d
c American Kestrel 23-28cm; T-P; R; f
7
p. 107 usually solitary, catches large insects in flight
a) aequatorialis
most often seen perched on telephone wires and posts along roadsides
b) isabellinus
c) peruvianus
7 American Kestrel Falco sparverius
male always has plain tail – tail of female always barred
d) caucae
e) ochraceus
f) brevipennis
102 002 BNSA.indd 102
19/9/06 11:12:08
1 Aplomado Falcon
2 Merlin
Falco femoralis
immature
Falco columbarius
very fond of wintering Dickcissel roosts
mostly perch-hunts, rarely stoops
columbarius
usually in partially open areas
a) femoralis often forages alone, but pairs often use a one-two hit method of cooperative hunting
richardsoni
4 Orange-breasted Falcon Falco deiroleucus
b) pichinchae
5 Common Kestrel
fierce expression
Falco tinnunculus
immature
3 Bat Falcon Falco rufigularis
main prey, birds caught in flight
tinnunculus
note barred undertail-coverts (plain in adult)
European vagrant
immature
primaries do not reach tip of tail
primaries just pass tip of tail
forages by flying and hovering to scan ground below
hover stoops from 5-10m perches on telegraph wires and poles, scanning ground
6 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus
tundrius boreal migrant
anatum cassini resident in Ecuador
002 BNSA.indd 103
boreal migrant soars high and stoops at speed but also stoops from circling, and perch
favours areas with migrating shore birds, wintering Dickcissel roosts and areas where birds are continually numerous
pealei
19/9/06 11:12:09
PLATE 44: CRAKES
a a
b
1
?
?
?
Russet-crowned Crake 16-18cm; T; R; u
b Chestnut-headed Crake 19-22cm; LT; R; u
2
p. 111
p. 111
?
3
Black-banded Crake 18-20cm; LT; R; lf/r
p. 112
b
?
a Rufous-sided Crake 14-18cm; T; R; f/u
4
6
5
p. 112
?
?
Grey-breasted Crake 14-15.5cm; T; R; u
Rusty-flanked Crake 16-18cm, 14-19cm; LT; R; u EN p. 112
?
p. 113
b
7
White-throated Crake 14-16cm; T; R; lf/u
10
8
p. 112
Uniform Crake 20-23cm; T; R; s/r
11
Speckled Crake 13-14cm; T; R; r
?
?
a
p. 111
Ocellated Crake 14-15cm; T; R; u
secretive, both grassy freshwater marshes and saltmarshes, flies strongly when flushed, tucks legs up in flight
jamaicensis
9 Black Rail
NT
Laterallus jamaicensis
p. 115
Black Rail 12-15cm; Te-P; B; r NT p. 112
p. 111
forages secretively, always in dense vegetation, flooded pastures, wet and coastal grasslands, rice and alfalfa fields
10 Speckled Crake
9
Coturnicops notatus
prefers areas with dense, tall grasses, Moriche, Mauritia palm bogs etc., but not necessarily near water; when flushed, drops back into cover almost immediately
schomburgkii
11 Ocellated Crake Micropygia schomburgkii
104 002 BNSA.indd 104
19/9/06 11:12:11
1 Russet-crowned Crake Anurolimnas viridis
a) brunnescens
2 Chestnut-headed Crake
Anurolimnas castaneiceps a) coccineipes
cautious and secretive
b) viridis
3 Black-banded Crake
overgrown plantations and crop fields, areas of deforestation; not always in wetlands but sometimes by edge of marshes
Anurolimnas fasciatus
b) castaneiceps humid to wet soil, edges of streams, plantations
solitary, inside thickets and dense vegetation, very wary and difficult to see
4 Rufous-sided Crake
Laterallus melanophaius
5 Rusty-flanked Crake
a) oenops
Laterallus levraudi
EN
lakesides, marshes, swamps etc.
wet swampy grassy areas, river banks, around ox-bow lakes, pools, streams, river islands; only occasionally far from water
b) melanophaius usually in pairs
difficult to flush, less shy than other crakes and to forest edge shrubbery and in the open
6 Grey-breasted Crake Laterallus exilis
forages within dense vegetation; may be fearless in response to playback
responds to playback but wary and difficult to flush, flies short distance with dangling legs, borders of wetlands, rarely in dry grass
7 White-throated Crake Laterallus albigularis
a) albigularis
8 Uniform Crake
Amaurolimnas concolor castaneus
b) cerdaleus responds well to playback but does not expose itself
002 BNSA.indd 105
humid and wet grassy areas; may be seen on dry stream beds or almost dry watercourses
keeps to dense cover and is very reluctant to flush wet, swampy thickets and underbrush, alongside water, borders of mangroves, forest edges
19/9/06 11:12:12
PLATE 45: CRAKES AND RAILS
1
Sora 19-25cm; LT; B; c/u
p. 115
2
Ash-throated Crake 21-24cm; T; R; lc/f
3
p. 116
Paint-billed Crake 18-20cm; T-S; R; u/r a
b
d
e
p. 116 b
a c
4
Yellow-breasted Crake 12.5-14cm; LT; R; lf/r
7
Plain-flanked Rail 24-27cm; LT; R; r EN
p. 116
5
p. 114
Colombian Crake 18-21cm; T-S; R; r DD p. 116
8
6
p. 113
9
p. 114
Bogotá Rail 25-30cm; Te; R; lf/u EN p. 114
Clapper Rail 31-41cm; LT; R; lf/r
Virginia Rail 20-27cm; T-Te; R; u/r
EN 8 Bogotá Rail
Rallus semiplumbeus
9 Virginia Rail Rallus limicola
aequatorialis
forages furtively in dense vegetation, comes into open only early morning, favours dense reed beds
usually solitary in freshwater wetlands, always where there are extensions of emergent vegetation, reeds, tall grasses
106 002 BNSA.indd 106
19/9/06 11:12:13
1 Sora
brown mottled black and flecked white
2 Ash-throated Crake
Porzana carolina
Porzana albicollis
black face, yellow bill
upperparts brown mottled black, no white
olivacea
wet and boggy areas, curious, may come out to see intruder
juvenile
brown head
green bill
5 Colombian Crake
DD
Neocrex colombiana
creamy undertail
3 Paint-billed Crake
Neocrex erythrops olivascens
yellow and red bill
uniform brown upperparts
4 Yellow-breasted Crake Porzana flaviventer
streaked upperparts and wings
barred undertail
adult
juvenile
yellow and red bill
marshes with floating vegetation
b) colombiana a) ripleyi skulking; likes areas with lush tall grasses, rice fields, ditches etc
skulking but comes out to open muddy areas
e) dillonripleyi
6 Clapper Rail Rallus longirostris
a) phelpsi
d) margaritae
c) cypereti
brackish and saltwater marshes and mangroves
7 Plain-flanked Rail EN
juvenile shorter-billed than Clapper Rail
Rallus wetmorei
b) pelodramus normal adult
no barring
only in red and black mangroves in limited range in N Venezuela
002 BNSA.indd 107
black morph
19/9/06 11:12:15
PLATE 46: RAILS
b a
1
Spotted Rail 25-32cm; LT; R; lf/r
p. 117
2
Plumbeous Rail 28-38cm; S; R; r
p. 117
3
p. 115
Blackish Rail 27-32cm; T-S; R; u/r
p. 117
?
4
Grey-necked Wood Rail 38-42cm; T; R; f/u
p. 114
5
Red-winged Wood Rail 31-33cm; LT; R; u/r
7
Rufous-necked Wood Rail 28-30cm; T; R; u/r p. 114
6
Brown Wood Rail 33-36cm; LT; R; u/r VU p. 115
brown back
6 Brown Wood Rail Aramides wolfi
VU
grey restricted to head and neck
streams and swamps inside forest and mangroves, habits and habitat much as Rufous-necked Wood Rail
rufous head and neck
adult
juvenile
7
Rufous-necked Wood Rail Aramides axillaris
usually in dense cover but comes out onto mudflats when tide is out, favours mangroves, rarely inside deciduous forest
108 002 BNSA.indd 108
19/9/06 11:12:16
1 Spotted Rail
Pardirallus maculatus maculatus
white spotting on head, upperparts and breast
adult
freshwater margins
red spot at base of yellow bill
barred morph juvenile
variable barring on flanks
2 Plumbeous Rail
Pardirallus sanguinolentus pale morph juvenile
red and blue base to greenish bill
adult
dark morph juvenile
juveniles show some white flecking
freshwater marshes with dense emergent water vegetation, rice fields, canals etc.
3 Blackish Rail
Pardirallus nigricans
a) nigricans juvenile
yellow-green bill whitish throat black undertail
wet grass areas along streams, sugarcane fields
b) caucae streams and wet areas inside forest, edge of rivers, lakes and marshes
4 Grey-necked Wood Rail Aramides cajanea
cajanea
grey back, head and neck
marshy ponds and wet grasslands, sometimes comes out onto muddy banks and mudflats to forage with waders or other waterbirds
5 Red-winged Wood Rail Aramides calopterus
along streams and wet or swampy areas inside foothill forest
brown crown and hindneck
grey thighs calls loudly and excitedly, exchanges with birds in the area can result in a riotous chorus
002 BNSA.indd 109
rufous stripe on neck
rufous wing grey breast
19/9/06 11:12:18
PLATE 47: GALLINULES AND COOTS
1
Purple Gallinule 27-36cm; T; R/B; c/f
p. 118
2
Azure Gallinule 23-26cm; LT; R; f/u
p. 118
3
Spot-flanked Gallinule 28cm; US-Te; R; r
p. 118
6
Slate-coloured Coot 40-44cm; S-P; R; lc/u
p. 119
?
4
Caribbean Coot 33-38cm; LT; R; lf NT
p. 119
5
American Coot 34-43cm; T-Te; R/B; lc/r p. 119
7
Common Moorhen 30-38cm; T-P; R/B; c/s p. 118
mainly freshwater with emergent vegetation, often in rice fields
juvenile
red shield and bill, tipped yellow
forages on land and on water, walks with high steps and tail horizontal, but cocks tail when on water
adult
immature
white stripes on flank in all plumages white undertail with dark centre
red tibiae, normally concealed
galeata
7 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus
110 002 BNSA.indd 110
19/9/06 11:12:19
2 Azure Gallinule
1 Purple Gallinule
Porphyrula flavirostris
Porphyrula martinica
usually in pairs but flocks up to 50 may gather, behind cover or near it; clambers over water plants and reeds, including rice
juvenile wetlands with dense vegetation, forages within cover but may be seen walking on mats of floating vegetation along edge of reed beds
pale blue shield
black face
red and yellow bill
brown upperparts
3 Spot-flanked Gallinule
Gallinula melanops bogotensis not secretive, often seen swimming among reed beds
white undertail
adult white undertail white spotting on flanks
freshwater wetlands with emergent vegetation
4 Caribbean Coot Fulica caribaea
freshwater wetlands with abundant vegetation
white frontal shield extends to crown dark ring on bill
NT
juvenile
adult
chestnut callous on top of shield
5 American Coot
Fulica americana
darker ring on bill
columbiana yellow legs, red tibiae (latter rarely seen)
juvenile adult swims in the open and walks along shore
mostly forages on water, diving for shoots, etc
both species prefer freshwater wetlands with ample submerged and emergent vegetation, occasionally on brackish water
yellow legs
6 Slate-coloured Coot Fulica ardesiaca
forages mostly on water, diving for shoots etc.
large frontal shield, allwhite bill
white-fronted morph
atrura
pale-fronted morph
dark legs
adult
juvenile
002 BNSA.indd 111
seldom on water without reeds and emergent vegetation, except at higher elevations where pale-fronted morph is dominant
red-fronted morph has green legs and feet, tends to be dominant at lower elevations
19/9/06 11:12:21
PLATE 48: TRUMPETERS, SUNGREBE AND SUNBITTERN
b
?
a
?
1
Grey-winged Trumpeter 45-52cm; LT; R; f/u
p. 110
2
?
Pale-winged Trumpeter 45-52cm; T; ?R; r
? p. 110
3
Sungrebe 28-30cm; LT; R; lf/s
p. 120
b
a
4
Sunbittern 46-48cm; T; R; c/r
p. 120
4 Sunbittern
Eurypyga helias
b) major
a) helias distinctive horizontal stance and stalking gait, walks across muddy ground and wet forest litter at edges of water, but does not wade
rivers, streams, lanes and wet areas in forest
responds very well to playback or human whistle
112 002 BNSA.indd 112
19/9/06 11:12:22
1 Grey-winged Trumpeter
b) crepitans
Psophia crepitans
unmistakable, in pairs or groups on forest floor
when alarmed flies to a high branch
groups engage in play including mock fights, chases and bragging over food, playing with twigs etc.
a) napensis
ochre back diagnostic
ochroptera
wanders peacefully on floor of pristine terra firme forest
2 Pale-winged Trumpeter Psophia leucoptera
unique striped head and neck pattern narrow white tips to tail (conspicuous in flight)
3 Sungrebe
Heliornis fulica
sometimes swims with only head showing above water, like Anhinga
striped legs and feet, does not normally walk on ground, but may run to flee; perches on branches overhanging water
002 BNSA.indd 113
slow moving or still water in lowlands with dense overhanging or marginal vegetation
19/9/06 11:12:23
PLATE 49: THICK-KNEES AND PLOVERS
a b
1
Double-striped Thick-knee 43-48cm; LT; R; c p. 126
4
Black-bellied Plover 30cm; LT; B; f
7
Pied Lapwing 21-24cm; LT; R; f/u
p. 122
p. 121
unmistakable in range
a) pediacus
2
p. 127
5
p. 122
6
Peruvian Thick-knee 38-43cm; LT; R; r
Pacific Golden Plover 23-26cm; LT; V; r
3
American Golden Plover 24-28cm; LT; B; u
p. 122
Tawny-throated Dotterel 25-29cm; T-P; R?; r p. 125
generally still, often lying on ground by day, nocturnal and vociferous by night, eyes reflect in headlights and flashlights
2 Peruvian Thick-knee
Burhinus superciliaris
b) vocifer grey coverts form panel on wings
unmistakable in range
1 Double-striped Thick-knee Burhinus bistriatus
114 002 BNSA.indd 114
19/9/06 11:12:24
3 American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica
bold eyebrow
4 Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis squatarola
coastal mudflats, mud strips behind mangroves, tidal pools, saltpans etc. as all Pluvialis here
winter
mid-moult
juvenile
note wings protruding well past tip of tail, legs do not project past tail in flight
all-black
breeding
wing tips to tip of tail
white
boreal passage migrant en route to-from Argentina
6 Tawny-throated Dotterel Oreopholus ruficollis pallidus
non-breeding
breeding very short hind toe
7 Pied Lapwing
Vanellus cayanus
usually in well dispersed pairs
5 Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva
wing tips barely pass tip of tail
juvenile juvenile
non-breeding
adult legs project beyond tail in flight
white bars
breeding
adult
when approached may turn away and stand still
002 BNSA.indd 115
runs forward in short bursts like a sand plover
19/9/06 11:12:26
PLATE 50: PLOVERS AND LAPWINGS
1
Common Ringed Plover 18-20cm; T; V; r
p. 123
2
Semipalmated Plover 17-19cm; LT; R/B; lc/f
p. 123
3
Wilson’s Plover 16.5-19cm; LT; R/B; lf/u p. 123 a
b
4
Killdeer 23-28cm; T-S; R/B; u/r p. 124
5
Collared Plover 14-15cm LT; R; lc
p. 125
6
p. 124
p. 121
9
p. 122
Snowy Plover 15-17.5cm; LT; R; c/u
?
7
Piping Plover 17-18.5cm; LT; V; r
p. 124
8
Southern Lapwing 31-38cm; T-Te; R; c
Andean Lapwing 33-36cm; Te-P; R; lc
open boggy areas, damp meadows, unattended grazing land, ploughed land
9 Andean Lapwing
flies with light springy beats, but slow flapping in display
Vanellus resplendens
juvenile
adult
adult
cayennensis
8 Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis
open grassy areas, usually near freshwater lakes and rivers
juvenile
116 002 BNSA.indd 116
19/9/06 11:12:27
1 Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula tundrae
2 Semipalmated Plover
long postocular eyebrow
Charadrius semipalmatus
short postocular eyebrow small bill
thick bill
juvenile
non-breeding
3 Wilson’s Plover
Charadrius wilsonia usually singly but gregarious feeds slowly and deliberately alert but allows close approach
juvenile
non-breeding
cinnamominus breeding various coastal habitats, sometimes short grassland
(May)
(N S Am resident)
breeding coastal mud and sandflats
wilsonia
(Boreal migrant)
4 Killdeer
Charadrius vociferus
wing tips
juvenile
orange
wide variety of open habitats from savanna to ploughed fields, not necessarily near water
wilsonia beldingi
typical coastal habitats, mudlfats, tidal pools etc.
5 Collared Plover
Charadrius collaris collaris
note lack of white collar
6 Snowy Plover
Charadrius alexandrinus b) occidentalis
a) nivosus
7 Piping Plover
Charadrius melodus
juvenile
juvenile nonbreeding
immature
wide range of habitats from sandy beaches and mudflats to short grassland
002 BNSA.indd 117
breeding
breeding flat, smooth mudflats and salt pans
juvenile/ non-breeding
breeding long prominent white wingbar shows in flight
19/9/06 11:12:29
PLATE 51: OYSTERCATCHER, STILT, AVOCET AND JACANA
?
?
1
American Oystercatcher 48cm; O; R/B; u/r
c
b
p. 125
d
a
?
2
Black-necked Stilt 36-39cm; T; R; c/f
p. 126
3
American Avocet 43-46cm; T-S; B; r
p. 126
? a
b
4
Wattled Jacana 17-25cm; LT; R; c
p. 140
lime-yellow primaries and underwings show bright yellow in flight, and when wings held upright
juvenile juvenile
a) intermedia adult
c) hypomelaena d) melanopygia
b) scapularis
adult
4 Wattled Jacana Jacana jacana
unmistakable, huge-footed waterbird; favours areas with abundant floating vegetation
118 002 BNSA.indd 118
19/9/06 11:12:30
1 American Oystercatcher
Haematopus palliatus palliatus
juvenile
rocky and sandy beaches and estuaries
adult
diagnostic wing pattern
usually in pairs that do not mix with other shorebirds
2 Black-necked Stilt
Himantopus mexicanus a) mexicanus
wary and easily put up – will fly around in circles crying loudly, especially nervous when with young
3 American Avocet
Recurvirostra americana
adult
b) melanurus
feeds by sweeping bill from side to side in shalllow water
juvenile
favours brackish and freshwater marshes and pools
adult
may wade into water up to its belly to pick from surface
juvenile
breeding often roosts in water standing on one leg
002 BNSA.indd 119
vagrant to coastal estuaries and lagoons, and rice fields in coastal lowlands
19/9/06 11:12:31
PLATE 52: SNIPES AND SEEDSNIPES
1
p. 129
2
p. 128
3
p. 129
4
p. 128
5
Noble Snipe 30-32cm; Te-P; R; f
p. 128
6
p. 128
8
Least Seedsnipe 16-19cm; T; R?; r
p. 140
9
Puna Snipe 22cm; Te-P; R; r
Wilson’s Snipe 25-28cm; T-Te; B; lf/u
7
South American Snipe 25-29cm; T; R/A; f
Imperial Snipe 29-30cm; Te-P; R; u/r NT p. 129
Andean Snipe 29-30cm; T-P; R; LF/u
Giant Snipe 35-40cm; T; R; u
Rufous-bellied Seedsnipe 27-30.5cm; P; R; u/r p. 140
open marshy páramo around treeline, grassy areas rich in Espeletia
7 Imperial Snipe
almost black underwings
NT
Gallinago imperialis
9 Rufous-bellied Seedsnipe open sandy desert and barren fields with scrub and succulents
Attagis gayi
diagnostic throat and breast pattern
when disturbed lowers close to ground and keeps still
cuneicauda
8 Least Seedsnipe
Thinocorus rumicivorus
a plump partridge-like bird of very high altitude, barren ridgetops and rocky fields, high mountain meadows and bogs with Espeletia
120 002 BNSA.indd 120
19/9/06 11:12:33
high altitude boggy areas – marsh, river, creek; not open reed marsh
1 Puna Snipe
when flushed, rises steeply then flies in small ‘jumps’, no zig-zag
Gallinago andina
almost white underwing
2 South American Snipe
Gallinago paraguaiae paraguaiae
wet savannas, edges of streams, marshy coastal areas
very reluctant to flush, takes off with zig-zag flight; only in lowlands
3 Andean Snipe
loud rasping call when flushed
Gallinago jamesoni
grey base grassy marshland near treeline flushes with an explosive tchik
4 Wilson’s Snipe
Gallinago delicata delicata
flushes explosively at the last minute, and takes off with a zig-zag flight, may give a nasal call
white underwing-coverts and white bar
5 Noble Snipe montane marshland, flushes reluctantly, takes off heavily with less pronounced zig-zag
two-tone olive/ dusky bill
6 Giant Snipe
Gallinago nobilis
all brown underwingcoverts
Gallinago undulata undulata
tall vegetation, tall grass, also swamps and flooded grassland
002 BNSA.indd 121
seldom flushes, prefers to squat and freeze, or slowly walk away
when flushed utters kek-kek
19/9/06 11:12:34
PLATE 53: GODWITS, CURLEWS AND RUFF
1
p. 131
2
p. 130
3
p. 130
Eskimo Curlew 429-34cm; LT; B; r CR p. 131
5
p. 131
6
p. 131
Bar-tailed Godwit 37-41cm; T; B/V; r
4
Hudsonian Godwit 36-42cm; T; B; lc/r
Marbled Godwit 42-48cm; LT; B/V; r
Black-tailed Godwit 36-40cm; T; B/V; r
Whimbrel 40-46cm; LT; B; f
?
7
Long-billed Curlew 50-65cm; T; B; r NT
p. 132
8
Upland Sandpiper 26-32cm; T-(P); B; u
9 Ruff
9
Ruff 26-32cm, 20-25cm; LT; B/V; r p. 138
male is significantly larger then female, difference in colour here is individual variation
Philomachus pugnax
juvenile
juvenile
wingbeats slower and deeper than other similar-sized shorebirds
non-breeding gregarious
p. 132
forages actively, often running with hunched posture
122 002 BNSA.indd 122
19/9/06 11:12:36
1 Bar-tailed Godwit
2 Hudsonian Godwit
Limosa lapponica lapponica
Limosa haemastica
only large shorebird with mainly black underwings
juvenile
juvenile all three highly gregarious, favour muddy estuaries
non-breeding
non-breeding white underwing
white tip usually only seen on Atlantic coast in October
juvenile
3 Black-tailed Godwit
rounded head with bold eyebrow, curved bill
Limosa limosa limosa Marbled Godwit 5 Limosa fedoa fedoa
4 Eskimo Curlew CR Numenius borealis
non-breeding
white underwing intertidal mudflats, muddy bays, estuaries
all-black overflies the region – pauses briefly to feed on offshore islands – east of continent in September, west in March
long neck and short bill diagnostic
overflies region, rarely stopping for a refill
8 Upland Sandpiper
Bartramia longicauda
grassy land, pastures, air fields, parks etc., seldom by water
hudsonicus
6 Whimbrel
Numenius phaeopus
002 BNSA.indd 123
conspicuous in flocks of shorebirds at roosts and when feeding
rather shy, stays in mixed flocks, strides rapidly, pecking and probing
7 Long-billed Curlew NT Numenius americanus
19/9/06 11:12:37
PLATE 54: TRINGA SANDPIPERS, DOWITCHERS AND ALLIES
1
Common Greenshank 9 Common Greenshank 30-35cm; T; B/V; r p. 132
2
p. 132
3
p. 133
Spotted Redshank 29-32cm; T; B/V; r
p. 133
5
p. 134
6
p. 134
p. 133
p. 133
4
7
Solitary Sandpiper 18-21cm; T; B; f
Greater Yellowlegs 29-35cm; T-P; B; c
Wandering Tattler 26-29cm; LT; B; s
8
Wood Sandpiper 19-23cm; T; B/V; r
Lesser Yellowlegs 23-25cm; T-S; B; c/f
Spotted Sandpiper 18-20cm; T-S; B; c
9
b
Terek Sandpiper 9-23cm; T; B/V; r
p. 134
?
usually seen on intertidal strips, especially tidal mudflats bordering mangroves
? a
feeds by walking slowly, stitching into mud
10
Short-billed Dowitcher 25-29cm; LT; B; f
11
p. 129
Long-billed Dowitcher 24-30cm; LT; B; r
p. 130
flight call peep or keek
juvenile
a) caurinus
juvenile
breeding (moulting)
more of a freshwater bird, wades up to belly, prefers marshes and freshwater muddy areas
b) griseus plain flammulated
irregular and varied
flight call tututu
non-breeding
10 Short-billed Dowitcher
Limnodromus griseus
even
non-breeding
11 Long-billed Dowitcher
Limnodromus scolopaceus
124 002 BNSA.indd 124
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2 Greater Yellowlegs
1 Common Greenshank
Tringa melanoleuca
Tringa nebularia
feeds singly or in small groups, wades in water, often swims, dashes through water after small fish
bill almost straight, only fractionally upturned
bill curves up slightly
non-breeding
non-breeding from coastal lagoons to páramo rain pools, marshes, rice fields etc.
breeding winters inland, favours flooded meadows, marshes and rice fields etc.
breeding
5 Wandering Tattler
Heteroscelus incanus
3 Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes
bobs and teeters, low weaving flight
4 Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus
non-breeding
juvenile
accidental
non-breeding
slight droop
similar habitats to Greater Yellowlegs, not as likely to dash will walk on lily leaves and floating vegetation
rocky coasts with piers out to sea and offshore islands, stops at inland freshwater pools on migration
breeding wedge-shaped white rump, entire underwing white
7 Solitary Sandpiper
white eyerings
6 Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularius
bill and legs variable from yellow to orange or grey
non-breeding
Tringa solitaria
solitaria
solitary
juvenile
non-breeding
non-breeding
often wades in shallow water, vibrating leading foot to attract fish, may change direction suddenly when flying
8
Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola
breeding
freshwater of every kind, often along streams and pools in forest where no other wader occurs
9 Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus
breeding continually teeters rear end as it runs along the shore; just about any freshwater habitat (like Solitary Sandpiper)
002 BNSA.indd 125
non-breeding
freshwater wetlands, rarely in coastal areas
upturned bill
very active, forages in a frenzied manner; sweeps bill through water
19/9/06 11:12:41
PLATE 55: PEEPS AND SMALL SANDPIPERS
1
Sanderling 20-21cm; LT; B; f
p. 136
2
3
p. 136
4
Least Sandpiper 13-15cm; T-S; B; c
p. 137
5
6
p. 137
Semipalmated Sandpiper 13-15cm; LT; B; c p. 136
White-rumped Sandpiper 15-18cm; T; B; r p. 137
Western Sandpiper 14-17cm; T-S; B; c
Baird’s Sandpiper 14-17cm; T-P; B; r
?
7
Pectoral Sandpiper 19-23cm; T-P; B; u
8
p. 137
Stilt Sandpiper 18-23cm; T; B; lc
?
10
p. 138
9
Dunlin 16-22cm; LT; B; r
p. 138
?
Curlew Sandpiper 18-23cm; LT; B/V; r
11
p. 138
Buff-breasted Sandpiper 18-20cm; LT; B; s p. 138 short-grass country, freshwater wetlands, also far from water
short bill
rich buff distinctive
juvenile runs in a very upright manner, quite approachable rather freeze than flush, when flushed flies with erratic twisting jizz
unmarked buffy cheeks
non-breeding
11 Buff-breasted Sandpiper
Tryngites subruficollis
126 002 BNSA.indd 126
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1 Sanderling
2 Semipalmated Sandpiper
Calidris alba rubida feeds close to
Calidris pusilla
3 Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri
water’s edge, keeping close to waves as they retreat and advance
tends to feed by waking into shallow water, beaches, intertidal strips, etc
juvenile juvenile juvenile some are
breeding washed
non-breeding
chestnut
non-breeding runs fast, very sociable
tends to feed by probing in mud
non-breeding call of Western is distinctly longer, more high-pitched than Semipalmated
5 White-rumped Sandpiper
4 Least Sandpiper
Calidris fuscicollis
Calidris minutilla
white rump shows in flight
6 Baird’s Sandpiper Calidris bairdii
transients in many typical habitats
juvenile
juvenile
more often inland than Western or Semipalmated, residents tend to occupy muddy areas
juvenile
non-breeding
non-breeding greenish yellow
wing tips on Whiterumped and Baird’s extend beyond tail
7 Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos
non-breeding
8 Stilt Sandpiper
Calidris himantopus
juvenile
White-rumped and Baird’s usually overfly the region, and are ephemeral in small numbers in the region
juvenile
bill droops slightly at end groups spread out in grassy marshland, when alarmed stand tall, flushes reluctantly, flies off with zigzag flight
non-breeding
9 Dunlin Calidris alpina
lagoons and mudflats along coast, freshwater wetlands inland
usually seen belly-deep in water, stitches and scythes, sometimes head completely submerged
non-breeding
10 Curlew Sandpiper
Calidris ferruginea
hudsonia juvenile white rump shows in flight
no streaks
pacifica walks slowly and deliberately, probing into mud or sand
002 BNSA.indd 127
rows of short streaks
tidal flats, estuaries, salt marshes, salt pans etc.
non-breeding
19/9/06 11:12:44
PLATE 56: TURNSTONES, KNOT, PHALAROPES AND WILLET
1
Ruddy Turnstone 21-26cm; LT; B; c
p. 135
2
Red Knot 23-25cm; LT; B; u
p. 135
3
p. 139
Black Turnstone 22-25cm; LT; B/V; r
p. 135
?
4
Surfbird 23-26cm; LT; B; u/r
p. 135
5
Wilson’s Phalarope 20-25cm; T-P; B; lc/r
b
6
Red-necked Phalarope 18-20cm; O-T; B; r
p. 139
a all countries b
7
Red Phalarope 20-22cm; O-T; B; r
p. 139
both may be found on intertidal strips and salt marshes
8
Willet 33-41cm; T; R/B; c
p. 134
b) inornatus
b) inornatus juvenile
a) semipalmatus
non-breeding
breeding early spring
8 Willet
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus
breeding early spring
walks slowly, bill angled down, also runs, scythes water, flight strong, downstroke emphasised non-breeding semipalmatus is like inornatus but more ochraceous
128 002 BNSA.indd 128
19/9/06 11:12:45
2
1 Ruddy Turnstone
Arenaria interpres
morinella
Red Knot Calidris canutus
see vol. 1 for flight pattern
juvenile
juvenile non-breeding
open sandy beaches, sandy outer reaches of estuaries, on mudflats during migration
non-breeding first-year adult
4 Surfbird
Aphriza virgata
breeding hurriedly tosses pebbles and seaweed aside for hidden prey both turnstones forage on rocks, shingle and mud and are adept at dealing with shellfish
rocky coasts, especially where lots of seaweed has been thrown up on the rocks and shore
3 Black Turnstone
juvenile
Arenaria melanocephala see vol. 1 for flight pattern
non-breeding breeding bird is lighter with rufous patches on scapulars, spotted and scalloped below
juvenile
not as active as Ruddy, gathers in flocks to feed and roost
non-breeding thin pointed bill
5 Wilson’s Phalarope
6 Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus
forages swimming, spins rapidly to draw food close
Phalaropus tricolor
winters in saline lakes in the highlands; tidal pools, estuaries on migration
usually along the edges of the Humboldt Current
juvenile/ first-winter
non-breeding
juvenile/ first-winter
non-breeding
may be seen inshore in bad weather
7 Red Phalarope
Phalaropus fulicarius
002 BNSA.indd 129
juvenile/ first-winter
non-breeding also along the edges of Humboldt Current
19/9/06 11:12:47
PLATE 57: SKUAS AND JAEGERS ?
?
? ?
1
Great Skua 51-66cm; O; B; r
p. 141
2
Chilean Skua 53-59cm; O; A/V; r
p. 141
3
4
Pomarine Jaeger 65-78cm; O; B; u
p. 142
5
South Polar Skua 50-55cm; O; A; u/r
p. 141
6
Parasitic Jaeger 46-67cm (including tail streamers of 8-14cm); O; B; u/r p. 142 ? ?
Long-tailed Jaeger 50-58cm (including tail streamers of 15-25cm); O; B; r p. 142
narrower white patch than in Great Skua
6 Long-tailed Jaeger
small white flash restricted to outer three primaries
Stercorarius longicaudus
dark adult
adult winter
pale nape but no dark cap
two primaries
unstreaked underparts
first-winter pale adult
dark trailing edge to wing
smaller bill and head than Great Skua
two primaries
juvenile juvenile flight agile and buoyant
5 South Polar Skua Stercorarius maccormicki
shorter relatively deeper bill than Parasitic Jaeger
slim profile gives deep-chested look
130 002a BNSA.indd 130
19/9/06 11:21:36
2 Chilean Skua
more inshore waters, may enter harbours and forage along tidal strip
Stercorarius chilensis
1 Great Skua Stercorarius skua
extensive white flash
adult
adult extensive white flash
dark cap
streaked underparts and head
immature normal juvenile
juvenile dark juvenile noticeable cap
highly pelagic in winter but stays on waters of the Continental Shelf
warm cinnamon underparts in all plumages
3 Parasitic Jaeger
4 Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus
Stercorarius parasiticus white five outer primaries
adult non-breeding
powerful flight interspersed with short glides
adult breeding
adult winter
white on all primaries
broad-based wings deep profile
first-winter spoons diagnostic
dark bill
full white flash
immature juvenile
juvenile
barred rump
flight has distinctly jerky upbeats, interspersed with glides
002a BNSA.indd 131
two-tone bill in all plumages barred underwings
strongly barred axillary
19/9/06 11:21:38
PLATE 58: LARGER GULLS
1
Belcher’s Gull 51cm; O-LT; A; r
p. 143
2
p. 143
3
Lesser Black-backed Gull 51-61cm; O-LT; B; u/r p. 145
6
Grey Gull 45-46cm; O-LT; A; lc
Ring-billed Gull 45-53cm; O-LT; B; u/r
p. 143
?
4
p. 144
5
7
p. 144
8
Kelp Gull 58cm; O-LT; R/A; s
California Gull 51-58cm; O-LT; B/V; r
note black streaks in tail
American Herring Gull 55-56cm; O-LT; B; u/r
Great Black-backed Gull 71-79cm; O-LT; V; r p. 144
p. 144
opportunistic and totally omnivorous, coastal areas and inland – even gardens
black and red on bill black tip
continual tone
adult non-breeding juvenile first-winter
note all-white tail
third-winter second-winter note tail all-black with thin white edge
8 American Herring Gull Larus smithsonianus
7 California Gull Larus californicus
second-winter first-winter
adult non-breeding
mainly coastal, but also on large inland waters, opportunistic, often at rubbish tips
132 002a BNSA.indd 132
19/9/06 11:21:39
1 Belcher’s Gull
3 Ring-billed Gull
2 Grey Gull
Larus belcheri
Larus delawarensis
Larus modestus
white boxed tail
contrasting nape
all bills have black band
secondwinter
adult non-breeding
juvenile
secondwinter
first-winter
juvenile adult non-breeding
adult breeding
adult breeding
adult breeding
second-winter scavenges along rocky shores and around seabird colonies
adult non-breeding
gathers in numbers along the tide line, running swiftly behind retreating breakers like a sandpiper
4 Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus
highly opportunistic, often seen on rubbish dumps
5 Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus
dominicanus
graellsii
second-winter
juvenile
dusky sub-terminal bar on underwing is good field mark for second-year birds onwards
second-winter birds lighter grey with partially grey back and wings
first-winter
third-winter
aggressive and dominant, usually on coast but ventures inland
third-winter
may have dusky band
adult breeding
6 Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus
massive size; usually singly, aggressive and dominant
002a BNSA.indd 133
adult non-breeding
first-winter
slow, deep wingbeats
second-winter
19/9/06 11:21:41
PLATE 59: GULLS ? ?
1
Laughing Gull 38-43cm; O-LT; R/B; c
p. 146
2
Franklin’s Gull 33-38cm; O-LT; R/B; u/r p. 147
3
p. 145
6
p. 146
Brown-hooded Gull 35-38cm; O-LT; B/V; r
? ?
4
Black-headed Gull 38-43cm; O-LT; B/V; f
p. 145
5
Bonaparte’s Gull 33-36cm; O-LT; B; u
p. 146
Andean Gull 48cm; Te-P; R; lf/u
?
7
Grey-hooded Gull 36-38cm; T; R; lf
p. 145
8
Sabine’s Gull 33-36cm; O-LT; B; u/r
?
p. 147
9
Little Gull 33-36cm; O-LT; B; u/r
p. 147
9 Little Gull Larus minutus
adult non-breeding
10
Swallow-tailed Gull 55-60cm; LT; R; s/r
p. 147
juvenile first-winter
rather tern-like, often with Black Terns along coast
10 Swallow-tailed Gull
Creagrus furcatus
undulating flight, mainly nocturnal
adult non-breeding
adult breeding
adult non-breeding
first-winter
juvenile
134 002a BNSA.indd 134
19/9/06 11:21:42
1 Laughing Gull
adult non-breeding
Larus atricilla
adult breeding
first-winter
first-summer
juvenile
2 Franklin’s Gull
Franklin’s and Laughing Gull are regularly together
Larus pipixcan
3 Brown-hooded Gull Larus maculipennis
adult non-breeding
adult non-breeding
first-summer
juvenile
first-winter
4 Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus
adult non-breeding
first-winter
5 Bonaparte’s Gull Larus philadelphia
first-winter
first-summer
adult non-breeding
bill always black, tipped red
first-summer
first-winter
6 Andean Gull Larus serranus
adult breeding
first-winter adult non-breeding
juvenile
first-summer
7 Grey-hooded Gull
Larus cirrocephalus cirrocephalus adult breeding first-summer second-winter
generally coastal but has a propensity to visit freshwater lakes, wetlands etc.
8 Sabine’s Gull
juvenile
Xema sabini
flight buoyant with continual graceful beats, is rather tern-like, often adult breeding associates with terns
002a BNSA.indd 135
juvenile first-winter
juvenile adult non-breeding
19/9/06 11:21:44
PLATE 60: TERNS 1
1
Inca Tern 40-42cm; O-LT; R; f
p. 151
2
Brown Noddy 40-45cm; O-LT; R; f
p. 148
3
Black Noddy 35-39cm; O-LT; R; u/r
p. 148
4
Bridled Tern 35-38cm; O-LT; R; f
p. 148
5
Sooty Tern 43-45cm; O-LT; R; f
p. 148
6
Black Tern 22-24cm; O-LT; B; c/s
p. 151
7
White Tern 28-33cm; O-LT; V; r
p. 148
flight erratic with frequent jerky undulations, swoops but rarely dives
7 Black Tern
often occurs in a mosaic plumage midway between breeding and winter
Chlidonias niger
surinamensis non-breeding adult
note cap with ear-coverts
first-summer/ winter
6 White Tern Gygis alba alba breeding adults
juvenile
adult
non-breeding adult very gregarious light and fluttering flight, catches flying fish in the air
juvenile
hypothetical for offshore Ecuador and Colombia
136 002a BNSA.indd 136
19/9/06 11:21:45
1 Inca Tern Larosterna inca
white trailing edge
2 Brown Noddy Anous stolidus
no white moustache
stolidus
flies low over the sea and easy to overlook – forages at night
juvenile
immature adult
adult flight graceful and buoyant, shallow fluttering wingbeats
juveniles
adults
3 Black Noddy Anous minutus americanus
immature
4 Bridled Tern
Onychoprion anaethetus
adult juvenile
sociable; forages with fast fluttering flight over shoaling fish
often rests on driftwood or flotsam
juvenile
juvenile
adults
adult
highly social, flocks with other seabirds over shoaling fish – does not plungedive, but swoops to snatch from surface
singly or in pairs, flies low over sea and plunge-dives
5 Sooty Tern
Onychoprion fuscatus white forehead does not extend beyond eyes
juvenile
adult juvenile adult
002a BNSA.indd 137
dark underwing
very rarely settles on water
first-summer
19/9/06 11:21:46
PLATE 61: TERNS 2 AND BLACK SKIMMER
1
Royal Tern 45-51cm; O-LT; R?/B; c p. 152
2
South American Tern 40-44cm; O-LT; A; s
p. 151
3
Large-billed Tern 37cm; T; R; c/s
5
Gull-billed Tern 3 Gull-billed Tern 35-43cm; O-T; B; f
p. 150
6
4
p. 150
Elegant Tern 40-43cm; O-LT; R/B; u/r NT p. 153
Caspian Tern 48-59cm; O-LT; B; u p.
150
7 Black Skimmer Rynchops niger
7
Black Skimmer 41-46cm; LT; R; c/f p. 154
adult breeding juvenile
adult breeding
lagoons, estuaries, rivers, tidal pools etc. as long as the water is smooth and placid
immature
6 Caspian Tern
Hydroprogne caspia
heavy red bill rather gull-like
piratic, robbing other terns
adult non-breeding flies up to 15m above water with bill pointing down, hovers before plunge-diving into the water
juvenile, first-winter, spring adult breeding
138 002a BNSA.indd 138
19/9/06 11:21:48
1 Royal Tern
Thalasseus maximus
maximus
2 South American Tern
very sociable, usually forages close to shore – flies high, dives but does not submerge
Sterna hirundinacea
very social, often in large flocks over open water and kelp beds; plungedives from about 6m
adult breeding
adult non-breeding first-winter first-winter
adult non-breeding adult breeding
adult non-breeding
NT 3 Elegant Tern
first-winter
Thalasseus elegans
adult non-breeding
4 Large-billed Tern
adult breeding
Phaetusa simplex simplex
large pale yellow bill
slim and elegant, slightly drooping bill; rests in packed flocks on sandbars and mudflats
shallow wingbeats, usually points bill forward in flight (like a gull) seldom with bill pointed down
adult breeding
adult breeding
usually flies high over water and often follows boats
immature
5 Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica
very distinctive wing pattern
adult non-breeding adult breeding
adult breeding
juvenile
roosts on sandbars and mudflats with skimmers, nighthawks and others
adult non-breeding juvenile
black cap, not crested flies with smooth, leisurely strokes
002a BNSA.indd 139
adult breeding
adult non-breeding
juvenile
19/9/06 11:21:49
PLATE 62: TERNS 3
?
1
Least Tern 20-28cm; O-LT; R/B; u p. 149
2
Yellow-billed Tern 23cm; LT; R; f
p. 149
3
Peruvian Tern 23cm; O-LT; A; s NT
p. 150
6
Roseate Tern 35-43cm; O-LT; R; lc/r
p. 151
?
4
Common Tern 32-38cm; O-LT; R/B; c
7
Sandwich Tern 40-45cm; O-LT; R/B; u
5
p. 152
8
p. 153
p. 152
p. 152
Arctic Tern 33-38cm; O-LT; B; r
Cayenne Tern 40-43cm; O-LT; R; f/u
7 Sandwich Tern
Thalasseus sandvicensis acutiflavidus
dives from higher than smaller terns and stays submerged longer
8 Cayenne Tern Thalasseus eurygnathus flight strong, fast and light
adult breeding
social but only rarely mixed with other species
first-summer
adult breeding
longer crest
adult breeding
bill almost entirely black
Sandwich: late summer
bill all yellow
adult breeding
adult non-breeding
juvenile adult non-breeding
Cayenne: dark-billed type
140 002a BNSA.indd 140
19/9/06 11:21:51
1 Least Tern
adult non-breeding
Sternula antillarum antillarum
immature
juvenile
outer two primaries dark
adult breeding usually flies 3-6m above water and hovers before plunge-diving
buoyant and erratic flight, hurried, with rapid wader-like beats
2 Yellow-billed Tern
Sternula superciliaris
NT 3 Peruvian Tern Sternula lorata
quick flight with rapid wingbeats, frequently hovers
adult non-breeding adult breeding
juvenile
adult breeding
adult non-breeding
adult usually solitary, occasionally non-breeding in small groups, forages over shallow water
adult non-breeding
4 Common Tern
5 Arctic Tern
Sterna hirundo hirundo
Sterna paradisaea
adult non-breeding
note broad wedge
first-winter
adult non-breeding
flight buoyant, slowish, shallow and more graceful strokes
first-winter flight buoyant with deep wingbeats, hovers frequently with down-turned tail
first-winter
first-winter
6 Roseate Tern
adult non-breeding
Sterna dougallii
juvenile birds in Caribbean do not have pink flush on breast
adult breeding
first-winter
very pelagic – wintering far out to sea, coastal records usually of young birds
first-winter adult non-breeding
adult non-breeding
002a BNSA.indd 141
19/9/06 11:21:52
PLATE 63: PIGEONS
1
p. 155
2
4
p. 156
5
White-crowned Pigeon 29-40cm; LT; V; r
Bare-eyed Pigeon 30-37cm; LT; R; lc/f
p. 156
3
p. 156
Marañón Pigeon 31-34cm; UT-S; R; r VU p. 158
6
p. 157
Scaled Pigeon 28-34cm; LS; R; f/r
Scaly-naped Pigeon 32-41cm; T; R; lc/u
Pale-vented Pigeon 25-26.5cm; LT-LS; R; c
a
b
7
Band-tailed Pigeon 33-40cm; UT-P; R; lc/f
humid montane forests, arboreal and rarely seen on ground
p. 157
a) roraimae
bill always yellow
juvenile
a) roraimae
may burst from concealment with loud wing-clapping
7 Band-tailed Pigeon
b) albilinea
Patagioenas fasciata
142 002a BNSA.indd 142
19/9/06 11:21:54
1 White-crowned Pigeon Patagioenas leucocephala
2 Scaled Pigeon
Patagioenas speciosa
juvenile
usually solitary but occasionally in large flocks
juvenile
most often seen flying strongly over forest, mangroves
heavy scaling diagnostic
3 Scaly-naped Pigeon
Patagioenas squamosa
4 Bare-eyed Pigeon
Patagioenas corensis
juvenile juvenile
‘goggles’
broad white wing patch diagnostic – shows as a V-shape in flight
distinctive loud wing-flapping when flushed wary bird of the canopy, usually seen in flight
6 Pale-vented Pigeon
Patagioenas cayennensis
on the islands
5 Marañón Pigeon VU Patagioenas oenops
rusty shoulders diagnostic
wing patern key mark
juvenile
riparian forests of Marañón basin
002a BNSA.indd 143
usually seen in loose groups both foraging and in large roosts
mainly arboreal and often solitary, generally avoids closed forest and rainforests
19/9/06 11:21:55
PLATE 64: PIGEONS AND DOVES b
c
a
1
Short-billed Pigeon 26-31cm; T; R; lf/s
p. 158
d
2
p. 158
3
p. 158
5
p. 159
6
p. 160
Dusky Pigeon 24cm; T; R; lc/f
Ruddy Pigeon 27-32cm; T-LS; R; f/u
b c a
4
Plumbeous Pigeon 33-34cm; T-S; R; lc/f
p. 159
Eared Dove 22-28cm; T-Te; R; c
Mourning Dove 27-34cm; T-Te; B; r feeds on ground, open arid areas
7
White-winged Dove 25-31cm; T-S; B; r
p. 161
8
Pacific Dove 25-33cm; T-S; R; u
usually in flocks, conspicuous, very alert and flushes very readily; dry and semi-arid open areas
p. 160
6 Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura turturilla
‘ears’ and iridescence
adult
juvenile
7 White-winged Dove Zenaida asiatica
buffy head
juvenile grey head
5 Eared Dove
Zenaida auriculata
juvenile
8 Pacific Dove Zenaida meloda
leaf-litter in open undergrowth, open areas, fields, parks, roadsides
144 002a BNSA.indd 144
19/9/06 11:21:57
da
1 Short-billed Pigeon
Patagioenas nigrirostris
2 Dusky Pigeon
typical call wuek-ca, ca-cooooo faster and less mournful than Ruddy Pigeon
Patagioenas goodsoni
typical call cu-wuk-wuk
plain brown
pale grey bluish
juvenile
contrasting bicolour
uniform
a) berlepschi
b) peninsularis red eyes in Venezuela and The Guianas
3 Ruddy Pigeon
Patagioenas subvinacea
d) purpureotincta
voice varies with subspecies
c) zuliae d) purpureotincta
b) peninsularis
highly arboreal, usually hidden in subcanopy
d) purpureotincta
a) berlepschi
4 Plumbeous Pigeon
Patagioenas plumbea
call transliterated as what-do-yooou-know, and hit the foul pole
red cere
uniform
a) chapmani pale eyes in Venezuela and The Guianas
002a BNSA.indd 145
b) delicata
c) wallacei
19/9/06 11:21:59
PLATE 65: Ground doveS
1
Plain-breasted Ground Dove 14-16cm; T; R; lc/u p. 161
2
Scaled Dove 18-22cm; T; R; c
p. 162
3
Common Ground Dove 15.5-18cm; T-S; R; c/f
p. 161
a ? b
4
p. 162
5
Maroon-chested Ground Dove 18-24cm; UT-Te; R; u/r p. 164
8
Ruddy Ground Dove 14-18cm; T; R; c
7
Ecuadorian Ground Dove 18cm; LT; R; lf p. 163
6
Croaking Ground Dove 15cm; T-S; R; c
9
p. 163
Picui Ground Dove 18cm; LT; A/V?; r
p. 163
Blue Ground Dove 18.5-21.5cm; T; R; lc/u p. 164
10
Black-winged Ground Dove 21-23cm; US-P; R; lc/u p. 164
10 Black-winged Ground Dove
Metriopelia melanoptera
melanoptera
contrasting pale buffy and black
usually in small close groups on open stony scrubby grass, when disturbed huddle down, but when flushed rockets upwards with a noisy whirring of wings
adult juvenile
146 002a BNSA.indd 146
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2 Scaled Dove
Columbina squammata ridgwayi
1 Plain-breasted Ground Dove
Columbina minuta amazilia
usually in pairs on open stony ground where they are highly cryptic
no scaling
3 Common Ground Dove
Columbina passerina albivitta
scrub, open fields, agricultural areas, parks, gardens, usually in pairs or trios
noisy wings on take-off
zig-zag flight when flushed, but prefers to run often in roads, parks and gardens
juvenile
4 Ruddy Ground Dove Columbina talpacoti
5 Ecuadorian Ground Dove Columbina buckleyi buckleyi
a) rufipennis
often in leaf-litter and among thickets
juvenile
6 Picui Ground Dove Columbina picui picui
b) talpacoti
in small groups; often in urban areas; tame but wary
open understorey with mosses and lichens, edges and second-growth
leaf-litter in light woodland, agricultural and urban areas
8 Croaking Ground Dove 7 Maroon-chested Ground Dove Claravis mondetoura
black line and white bar
Columbina cruziana
deep red line
mondetoura
usually in pairs but many gather at seeding bamboo
croaks like a frog
dry deciduous woodland with open understorey, parks and gardens
9 Blue Ground Dove Claravis pretiosa
dry deciduous woodland, sandy soil forests, scrubby habitats
very terrestrial, shy, prefers to walk
juvenile
002a BNSA.indd 147
19/9/06 15:26:42
PLATE 66: DOVES
1
White-tipped Dove 24-30cm; T-Te; R; c
4
Caribbean Dove 30-33cm; LT; R; lc
2
p. 165
p. 166
Pallid Dove 25-31cm; LT; R; f/u
p. 165
5
3
p. 165
6
p. 166
Ochre-bellied Dove 23-25cm; UT-LS; R; u/r VU p. 167
Grey-headed Dove 23.5-26cm; T; R; u
Grey-chested Dove 22.5-28cm; T; R; u
a b
7
Tolima Dove 22.5-25cm; S; R; r EN p. 167
8
Grey-fronted Dove 27-28cm; T-LS; R; c/f
p. 166
8 Grey-fronted Dove Leptotila rufaxilla
flushes reluctantly, flies low and fast
usually singly, occasionally pairs, leaf-litter in undergrowth, fond of rank growth near water
note grey forehead, yellow eyes, red eye-rings
juvenile
small white tips on outer feathers
a) pallidipectus
b) dubusi
148 002a BNSA.indd 148
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1 White-tipped Dove
2 Pallid Dove
white forehead, blue-grey eye-ring
Leptotila verreauxi dry, open areas, farms etc.
Leptotila pallida
leaf-litter in undergrowth or edge of scrub
juvenile
6 races described in vol. 1
adult
large white corners key diagnostic
3 Grey-headed Dove
pale head and cheeks
juvenile rufescent
note that all Leptotila doves have chestnut underwings
adult
Leptotila plumbeiceps contrasting grey mantle and brown lower back diagnostic
plumbeiceps
4 Caribbean Dove
Leptotila jamaicensis
juvenile
only on San Andrés Is. not strictly of the region
generally in forest, but often on trails, edges – quickly retreats into forest
white corners of tail diagnostic
5 Ochre-bellied Dove
VU
Leptotila ochraceiventris
strong white tips like White-tipped Dove
generally in forest, but often on trails and at edges, shady pastures and gardens
juvenile
juvenile
adult
small white tips EN 7 Tolima Dove
6 Grey-chested Dove
Leptotila conoveri
Leptotila cassini
recently found in scrub and coffee plantations
black band
cassini
contrasting dark vinaceous and buff band
adult small white tips on outer feathers
002a BNSA.indd 149
19/9/06 11:22:05
PLATE 67: QUAIL-DOVES
1
2
Russet-crowned Quail-Dove 26.5-28cm; UT; R; s NT p. 168
4
Olive-backed Quail-Dove 21-24.5cm; LT; R; lf/r p. 168
3
Sapphire Quail-Dove 22-26cm; UT; R; u/r
p. 167
Violaceous Quail-Dove 21-24.5cm; T; R; u/r
6
Ruddy Quail-Dove 21-24.5cm; T; R; f/u
p. 169
Indigo-crowned Quail-Dove 2-26cm; UT; R; u/r p. 167
5
p. 169
a
c b
7
8
White-throated Quail-Dove 30-34cm; UT-Te; R; f/u p. 169
Lined Quail-Dove 27-29cm; T-S; R; f/s
p. 168
b) linearis c) infusca juvenile
usually in dense undergrowth of undisturbed montane forest
a) trinitatis
sings from high perch but when disturbed glides silently down to forest floor
8 Lined Quail-Dove Geotrygon linearis
150 002a BNSA.indd 150
19/9/06 11:22:06
2 Olive-backed Quail-Dove
1 Russet-crowned Quail-Dove NT Geotrygon goldmani goldmani
Geotrygon veraguensis
forages in leaf-litter and undergrowth of forest interior
juvenile
very terrestrial, shy, inconspicuous, but not wary and suspicious
note white triangle
juvenile
unique head pattern
3 Sapphire Quail-Dove Geotrygon saphirina saphirina
both have unique head patterns
4 Indigo-crowned Quail-Dove Geotrygon purpurata rich indigo
adult
rich indigo
juvenile note spot(s) on wings
5 Violaceous Quail-Dove Geotrygon violacea violacea
adult
metallic sheen
dense understorey of undisturbed primary humid montane forest
likes heavily shaded undergrowth, tolerant of some disturbance and occurs in second growth
juvenile
often in trees, flushes silently (no wing whirr)
7 White-throated Quail-Dove Geotrygon frenata
slaty-grey crown
6 Ruddy Quail-Dove Geotrygon montana
immature moulting juvenile
singly or in pairs, floor of primary and secondary forests – thick understorey with lots of leaf-litter
prefers undisturbed dense understorey of humid primary montane forest
juvenile
002a BNSA.indd 151
19/9/06 11:22:07
PLATE 68: LARGE MACAWS
1 Blue-and-yellow Macaw Ara ararauna
1
Blue-and-yellow Macaw 75-87cm; LT; R; c/f
2 Great Green Macaw VU Ara ambiguus
p. 170
2
Great Green Macaw 80-90cm; LT; R; u/r VU p. 171
3
Military Macaw 70-85cm; UT-S; R; lc/r VU p. 170
4
Red-and-green Macaw 75-97cm; T; R; u/r
p. 171 in NE Colombia in deciduous forests all blue
5
Scarlet Macaw 80-96cm; LT; R; f/u
recorded in deciduous forests in Ecuador
p. 171 underwing-coverts mostly yellow mangroves, boggy stands of Mauritia palm, riparian and swamy areas in lowland forests, várzea and gallery forest
humid, lower montane forests, usually evergreen, generally in wetter areas than Military Macaw
152 002a BNSA.indd 152
19/9/06 11:22:09
3 Military Macaw VU Ara militaris militaris
4 Red-and-green Macaw
5 Scarlet Macaw
Ara chloropterus red lines
Ara macao
clear white face
bluish nape
note that yellow wingbar is diagnostic
note that green wingbar is diagnostic tail undulates in flight green underwingcoverts all kinds of forest along foothills of the Andes – major movements associated with fruiting seasons
tail remains stiff in flight
terra firme rainforest, humid lowland evergreen forest, sometimes in deciduous forest and gallery forest in savannas and llanos
humid terra firme forests, rainforest evergreen forest, seems to prefer undisturbed areas, often near exposed banks
002a BNSA.indd 153
19/9/06 11:22:10
PLATE 69: SMALL MACAWS AND PARROTS
?
1
Chestnut-fronted Macaw 40-49cm; T; R; c p. 171
4
Golden-plumed Parakeet 34-35cm; Te-P; R; s VU p. 175
2
p. 172
3
5
p. 176
Red-bellied Macaw 44-50cm; T; R; s
Yellow-eared Parrot 42cm; US-Te; R; r CR
Red-shouldered Macaw 30cm; T; R; lc
6
Rose-ringed Parakeet 40cm; T; I; lc
p. 172
p. 172
6 Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri manillensis
juvenile
very streamlined in flight and very noisy – quite different from Chestnut-fronted Macaw with which they compete for nest holes in Royal Palms
urban parks and gardens, light woodland
154 002a BNSA.indd 154
19/9/06 11:22:11
1 Chestnut-fronted Macaw
3 Red-shouldered Macaw
Ara severus
Diopsittaca nobilis
juvenile
nobilis
wingbeats faster than larger macaws; regular loud raucous calls
white face
juvenile
2 Red-bellied Macaw Ara manilata
adult
adult usually around palm trees underwing mainly reddish
underwing-coverts red, underside of flightfeathers olive-yellow
5 Yellow-eared Parrot CR
Mauritia palm obligate
Ognorhynchus icterotis
black bill
juvenile underwing green coverts and yellowolive flights
4 Golden-plumed Parakeet VU Leptosittaca branickii yellow tuft
juvenile
underwings yellow-olive ear-coverts form a plush pad
broad band
all yellow
juvenile
adult underwings yellow-olive
adult
unpredictable, travels to feed, associated with Podocarpus
002a BNSA.indd 155
absolutely dependent on Ceroxylon wax palm for roosting and breeding
19/9/06 11:22:13
PLATE 70: PARAKEETS 1 b
b
a
1
Blue-crowned Parakeet 33-38cm; T; R; f/r
p. 173
2
Red-masked Parakeet 33cm; LT; R; f NT
p. 173
a
c Scarlet-fronted Parakeet 36cm; UT-Te; R; lc
3
a
p. 173
?
? b
4
White-eyed Parakeet 32-35cm; T; R; lc
p. 174
5
Dusky-headed Parakeet 28cm; LT; R; c/f
p. 174
6
Sun Parakeet 30cm; T; R; lc/r
p. 174
6 Sun Parakeet
Aratinga solstitialis
small noisy flocks disappear in silence when they alight in foliage
adult
scattered scrub in grassland and Mauritia palms
underwing-coverts yellow
juvenile
156 002a BNSA.indd 156
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1 Blue-crowned Parakeet Aratinga acuticaudata
juvenile
2 Red-masked Parakeet NT Aratinga erythrogenys
red underwingcoverts flocks commuting to feeding ground fly high, very noisy
b) neoxena
juvenile
adult generally dry to arid country, Mauritia palms, cactus scrub, pastures
a) koenigi
a) transilis
4 White-eyed Parakeet
Aratinga leucophthalma roosts in large communal gatherings in trees
underwing-coverts red with yellow outerband
3 Scarlet-fronted Parakeet Aratinga wagleri extent of red on face varies by race
b) callogenys a) leucophthalma Mauritia palm groves, várzea, riverine habitats
5 Dusky-headed Parakeet Aratinga weddellii
c) frontata
underwing-coverts green, underwing and undertail dark grey
juvenile juvenile
b) wagleri
002a BNSA.indd 157
requires cliffs for roosting and nesting – noisy flocks commute to feeding grounds, prefers virgin forest but will visit orchards, even parks and gardens for fruiting trees
adult
gathers in numbers at food sources, commuting flocks fly low, just above canopy
19/9/06 11:22:15
PLATE 71: PARAKEETS 2 ji k
e
h
gf b
a
a
c
d
b
1
Brown-throated Parakeet 25cm; T; R; c p. 175
2
Peach-fronted Parakeet 28cm; T; R; lc
p. 174
3
Painted Parakeet 22cm; T-S; R; c
a
b
b
a
4
Sinú Parakeet 22cm; T-S; R; c
p. 177
5
Todd’s Parakeet 22cm; T-S; R; u
p. 176
4 Sinú Parakeet
7
3 Painted Parakeet Pyrrhura picta
6
Venezuelan Parakeet 22-23cm; T; R; c
p. 177
6 Venezuelan Parakeet
Pyrrhura subandina
Santa Marta Parakeet 25cm; S-Te; R; lf EN
p. 176
Pyrrhura emma b) emma
a) auricularis p. 177 fast, undulating flight, restless and apt to move suddenly, forages from canopy to ground
contrasting head patterns
all kinds of forest from mature evergreen terra firme, várzea, sand-soil forests and occasionally partially cleared areas
7 Santa Marta Parakeet Pyrrhura viridicata
EN
a) picta b) lucianii
usually forages high Painted, Sinú and Todd’s Parakeet similar in behaviour and habitat
variant of picta a) caeruleiceps
5 Todd’s Parakeet
Pyrrhura caeruleiceps
b) pantchenkoi
fast-flying, twisting and wheeling flocks, shy, flushes easily with much shrieking but will return to same tree
158 002a BNSA.indd 158
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1 Brown-throated Parakeet Aratinga pertinax
juvenile
a) venezuelae
b) surinama
c) chrysophrys d) lehmanni
e) aeruginosa
f) margaritensis
juvenile
k) xanthogenia
h) griseipecta g) tortugensis
wide variety of open wooded habitats from cultivations – where it can be a pest – to parks and gardens
i) pertinax
j) arubensis
typically very noisy; flocks of a dozen to 20 birds swoop into a low tree and disappear in silence
juvenile small noisy flocks
2 Peach-fronted Parakeet Aratinga aurea
adult
open wooded savanna, Mauritia palm groves
002a BNSA.indd 159
19/9/06 11:22:18
PLATE 72: PARAKEETS 3
b
c
b
a
d a
1
Fiery-shouldered Parakeet 25cm; UT-LS; R; lc/f p. 177
4
Barred Parakeet 16-17cm; UT-Te; R; u
p. 179
2
Maroon-tailed Parakeet 24-25cm; T; R; f
Rufous-fronted Parakeet 18-19cm; Te-P; R; r EN p. 180
5
3
p. 178
El Oro Parakeet 22cm; UT; R; lf EN
p. 178
6
White-breasted Parakeet 24cm; S-Te; R; lc VU p. 178
a b
7
Brown-breasted Parakeet 22-23cm; S-Te; R; r VU p. 179
8
Red-eared Parakeet 25cm; UT-S; R; f
commutes daily to and from lowland foraging areas; seasonal movements to higher elevations during rainy season
red ear-coverts show well at rest
p. 179
9
Rose-headed Parakeet 25cm; UT-Te; R; lf
p. 179
9 Rose-headed Parakeet Pyrrhura rhodocephala
comparatively quiet, cloud forest, elfin woodland, páramo
a) hoematotis b) immarginata
8 Red-eared Parakeet Pyrrhura hoematotis
juvenile
adult variant (older bird) adult
immature
160 002a BNSA.indd 160
19/9/06 11:22:20
1 Fiery-shouldered Parakeet Pyrrhura egregia
usually forages in canopy but will descend very low for fruiting trees
2 Maroon-tailed Parakeet Pyrrhura melanura full collar
c) melanura
b) chapmani a) berlepschi d) pacifica
b) obscura pale yellow underwings show well in flight
a) egregia in flocks of up to 25 or even more
note red on wings – varies by race
juvenile
continual loud shrieking in flight
adult
3 El Oro Parakeet EN Pyrrhura orcesi
4 Barred Parakeet
Bolborhynchus lineola tigrinus
red on wing shows as a wedge-shape in flight
juvenile
Bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons
black shoulder is best mark
EN 5 Rufous-fronted Parakeet
chatter sweetly in flight often in bamboo
6 White-breasted Parakeet Pyrrhura albipectus
only small parrot within in its range, always noisy and usually easy to approach but forages in grass and thus easy to overlook
pointed tail
VU
7 Brown-breasted Parakeet Pyrrhura calliptera
VU
noisy and conspicuous
underwingcoverts green
adult
flies rapidly just above the canopy but drops low when crossing an open space
noisy groups; cloud forest and elfin forest to páramo bogs
green underwing, yellow edges
juvenile old adult juvenile
002a BNSA.indd 161
young adult
19/9/06 11:22:21
PLATE 73: PARAKEETS AND PARROTS
c
a
b
?
1
Indigo-winged Parrot 23-24cm; Te-P; R; r CR p. 185
2
Red-faced Parrot 23cm; Te-P; R; s VU
p. 186
3
Rusty-faced Parrot 23cm; S-Te; R; r EN
p. 185
b a ?
4
White-winged Parakeet 22-25cm; T; R; lc
p. 181
5
Grey-cheeked Parakeet 19-21cm; LT; R; lf/u EN p. 182
6
Orange-chinned Parakeet 16-18cm; T; R; c p. 182
?
7
Golden-winged Parakeet 16-18cm; T; R; c p. 182
p. 182
?
9
Tui Parakeet 17cm; LT; ?R; lc/r
p. 183
várzea riverine habitats, avoids terra firme
?
?
flight fast and direct, high over canopy
10
Short-tailed Parrot 24cm; LT; R; f/s
8
Cobalt-winged Parakeet 18cm; LT; R; c
p. 186 juvenile orange-red eyes
often appears to tumble and flutter when landing, chattering, calling and squabbling
adult very loud shreek! can be heard for long distances
brachyurus
10 Short-tailed Parrot
Graydidascalus brachyurus
short square tail
162 003 BNSA.indd 162
19/9/06 11:40:26
1 Indigo-winged Parrot CR
2 Red-faced Parrot
Hapalopsittaca fuertesi
small flocks in canopy feed on epiphyte berries
adult
VU
Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops adult
3 Rusty-faced Parrot EN
Hapalopsittaca amazonina
pale face variable narrow red patch in centre of belly
wet epiphyte-rich cloud forest, elfin forest
juvenile
a) amazonina juvenile
4 White-winged Parakeet Brotogeris versicolurus
calls eek eek when foraging
5 Grey-cheeked Parakeet EN Brotogeris pyrrhoptera
juvenile
b) theresae
c) velezi
adult white on wings normally completely covered by long tertials and greater wingcoverts
adult
juvenile
reddish-orange underwing-coverts key mark
6 Orange-chinned Parakeet
juvenile
Brotogeris jugularis
brown shoulders
7 Golden-winged Parakeet
Brotogeris chrysoptera chrysoptera orange wing patch
orange chin
and blue primaries unmistakable mark in flight
quite vocal while foraging for flowers in canopy
underwing-coverts green
a) exsul b) jugularis
8 Cobalt-winged Parakeet cobalt on wing not easily seen when perched – shows well in flight
Brotogeris cyanoptera cyanoptera
9 Tui Parakeet
Brotogeris sanctithomae
juvenile adult
sanctithomae
dark bill
greater underwing-coverts blue rarely seen outside woodland; usually seen in canopy – but overflies clearings and open areas
003 BNSA.indd 163
a) amazonina
flocks up to 50 or so, usually in canopy
aways near water – várzea, riverine habitats, lowland rainforest etc.
very gregarious flocks may be up to 500!
19/9/06 11:40:27
PLATE 74: PARROTLETS a
b
c c
b
a
b
a
1
Blue-winged Parrotlet 12-13cm; T; R; u
2
p. 180
Green-rumped Parrotlet 12-13cm; LT; R; c p. 180
3
Spectacled Parrotlet 12-13cm; T-LS; R; c
p. 181
a ? b
4
Dusky-billed Parrotlet 12-13cm; LT; R; u
5
p. 181
Pacific Parrotlet 12-13cm; T; R; c
p. 181
6
Red-winged Parrotlet 15-17cm; UT-LS; R; u/r p. 184
?
7
8
Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet 15-16cm; LT; R; u/r p. 183
Spot-winged Parrotlet 17-18cm; UT-S; R; r VU p. 184
9
Tepui Parrotlet 14cm; UT-LS; R; lc
p. 183
a b
10
11
Sapphire-rumped Parrotlet 17-18cm; T; R; u/r p. 184
Lilac-tailed Parrotlet 14cm; T-LS; R; f
p. 183
Touit parrotlets have strong direct flight with continuous wingbeats, are noisy, and invariably in groups or flocks
juvenile
usually prefers dense forest, but tolerant of urban areas: on Trinidad known to roost in large suburban trees; in Caracas feeds on Chusia in parks and gardens
adult
very noisy in flight but silent or at rest in canopy
11 Lilac-tailed Parrotlet
Touit batavicus
164 003 BNSA.indd 164
19/9/06 11:40:29
1 Blue-winged Parrotlet
2 Green-rumped Parrotlet
Forpus xanthopterygius
forest edges and open areas with grass – and nearby cover – ranches, farms, parks and gardens
Forpus passerinus
a) cyanophanes
a) crassirostris
b) passerinus c) viridissimus
4 Dusky-billed Parrotlet
often in Cecropia trees feeding on catkins
Forpus modestus
5 Pacific Parrotlet
a) modestus
b) spengeli
Forpus coelestis
b) sclateri
blue postocular line diagnostic
3 Spectacled Parrotlet Forpus conspicillatus
a) metae b) caucae c) conspicillatus
flight swift and undulating, usually at canopy level
only Forpus west of Andes
7 Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet
Touit huetii
twittering flocks, often found foraging on the ground
wary in flight, twists and changes direction abruptly
flight call touit!
6 Red-winged Parrotlet Touit dilectissimus
thick red underwingcoverts show in flight
juvenile
flight call tu-eeet
striking yellow underwingcoverts
10 Sapphire-rumped Parrotlet
juvenile
8 Spot-winged Parrotlet VU Touit stictopterus
flies high, direct and fast, momentarily closing wings at intervals
9 Tepui Parrotlet
Touit purpuratus
juvenile
b) viridiceps
Nannopsittaca panychlora
shows red undertail
daily commute from tepui top roosts to Gran Sabana feeding grounds
juvenile
a) purpuratus
003 BNSA.indd 165
cautious, flies close to canopy, calling ddreet but silent otherwise
flight call nyah
tends to freeze when aware of danger – then erupts with alarm calls
19/9/06 11:40:31
PLATE 75: PARROTS
1
Saffron-headed Parrot 24cm; T-LS; R; lf/u VU
p. 187
2
Brown-hooded Parrot 21-23cm; T-S; R; s
p. 187
3
Rose-faced Parrot 23cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 187
a b
?
b
a
4
Orange-cheeked Parrot 25cm; LT; R; f/u
p. 187
5
Caica Parrot 23cm; T; R; u/s
p. 188
6
Black-headed Parrot 23cm; LT; R; f
p. 186
6 Black-headed Parrot
Pionites melanocephalus
a) melanocephalus
pale to white breast and belly good field mark
foraging flocks maintain lookouts, but may be approached closer than most parrots
juvenile
b) pallidus a) melanocephalus
166 003 BNSA.indd 166
19/9/06 11:40:32
2 Brown-hooded Parrot
red axillaries very distinctive
Pionopsitta haematotis coccinicollaris
1 Saffron-headed Parrot VU Pionopsitta pyrilia
‘wide-eyed’ expression
stays quiet and still when alarmed, but often vocal while feeding
noisy flocks call continually, tends to fly low
adult
flight rapid with a weaving pattern
juvenile
adult amount of yellow on head increases with age
3 Rose-faced Parrot Pionopsitta pulchra
juvenile
facial patterns all unique
humid and wet forests, maybe in tall second growth and edges humid forest, clearings and plantations
very distinctive underwing pattern
usually in flocks that are quiet when feeding
4 Orange-cheeked Parrot Pionopsitta barrabandi
juvenile
a) aurantiigena
red and green underwings
all green
5 Caica Parrot Pionopsitta caica
b) barrabandi
adult adult tail of birds from W Amazonas, Venezuela
juvenile small groups or flocks are very secretive and wary and flush from canopy readily
003 BNSA.indd 167
groups and small flocks very agile in flight through treetops; favours undisturbed terra firme rainforest
juvenile trumpet-like voice, usually heard before seen
19/9/06 11:40:34
PLATE 76: PIONUS PARROTS AND FESTIVE AMAZON d b e
a c b
a
f?
1
Red-billed Parrot 27-29cm; UT-LS; R; f/u p. 189
2
Blue-headed Parrot 24-28cm; T-LS; R; c
p. 188
3
White-capped Parrot 29-30cm; S-Te; R; lc/r
p. 189
b a
4
Bronze-winged Parrot 25-26cm; T-LS; R; f
p. 189
5
Dusky Parrot 25-26cm; T; R; f
p. 190
6
?
Festive Amazon 34-35cm; LT; R; lc
p. 190
6 Festive Amazon Amazona festiva
juvenile distinct preference for wet or watery areas, and rarely encountered far from water – avoids dry land forest
b) bodini
adult
a) festiva
amounts of red and blue on head increase with age
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1 Red-billed Parrot
a) antelius
all red bill diagnostic
Pionus sordidus
adult
b) ponsi juvenile
c) sordidus
d) saturatus
2 Blue-headed Parrot Pionus menstruus
flocks sometimes fly in a single, straggling line
e) corallinus
montane rainforest and cloud forest, secondary growth, partially deforested areas and plantations; usually near water
f) mindoensis
3 White-capped Parrot Pionus seniloides
seniloides often in open country with scattered trees
two-tone bill, solid blue head
juvenile
juvenile
adult
a) menstruus adult
mainly lowland forests, várzea, gallery forest, also plantation and cultivation – may be a pest in maizegrowing areas
adult (younger)
adult (older)
b) rubrigularis shrieks continually in flight
both wet and dry montane forests, edges, clearings, partially deforested areas
juvenile
003 BNSA.indd 169
adult
5 Dusky Parrot
4 Bronze-winged Parrot
Pionus chalcopterus cyanescens
wing strokes more shallow than other Pionus
Pionus fuscus
underwings entirely ultramarine
usually in canopy but comes lower for fruiting trees
juvenile
dark streaks
adult
unmarked red, also on base of undersides of tail
19/9/06 11:40:37
PLATE 77: AMAZONS AND RED-FAN PARROT
b
? ?
?
a
a b
c
1
Yellow-crowned Amazon 35-38cm; LT; R; u
p. 191
2
Orange-winged Amazon 31-32cm; LT; R; lc
p. 192
3
Scaly-naped Amazon 32-34cm; UT-Te; R; u
a
p. 192
b ?
?
b
a
4
Mealy Amazon 38-40cm; T; R; f
p. 192
?
Red-fan Parrot 35-36cm; LT; R; f/r
p. 193
6
Red-lored Amazon 31-35cm; T; R; u/r
p. 190
?
7
5
Blue-cheeked Amazon 34cm; UT-LS; R; u/s NT p. 191
8
Yellow-shouldered Amazon 33-36cm; LT; R; r VU p. 191
6 Red-lored Amazon
7 Blue-cheeked Amazon NT
Amazona autumnalis
Amazona dufresniana
combination of red forehead and red wing panel diagnostic
blue cheeks and orange wing patch diagnostic flies higher than other Amazons, rainforest to gallery and sand ridge forests
juvenile
8 Yellow-shouldered Amazon Amazona barbadensis
VU
yellow face and shoulders, red speculum conspicuous in flight
adult juvenile
a) lilacina generally stays within canopy, active early morning and late afternoon
adult keeps still at sign of danger but very noisy when flushed
b) salvini
yellow corners show in flight
adult juvenile
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1 Yellow-crowned Amazon
2 Orange-winged Amazon
Amazona ochrocephala
Amazona amazonica
juvenile
a) ochrocephala
despite being persecuted by man almost everywhere often has communal roosts in urban areas
variety of habitats but prefers drier areas
adult
adult (variant)
juvenile
yellow and blue variable, very noisy at roosts prior to morning departure
note red bend of wing
adult
immature
3 Scaly-naped Amazon Amazona mercenaria
flushes silently, but wings make a flapping sound
a) canipalliata
note distinct bill shape
b) panamensis c) nattereri large white eye-ring prominent in flight
4 Mealy Amazon Amazona farinosa
adult
yellow on head variable
juvenile
flies very high, large flocks may be seen flying to and from roosts
adult adult () race mercenaria (b) has red speculum
5 Red-fan Parrot
Deroptyus accipitrinus accipitrinus
a) inornata hoary fringes
adult
juvenile
b) farinosa two-tone tail
often sits still for long periods
dense humid forest to sand ridge forests, often visits cultivations and plantations where it causes much damage long tail distinctive in flight
003 BNSA.indd 171
adult
juvenile
very distinctive flight with head lifted, wings angled down, tail fanned, undulating with frequent glides
19/9/06 11:40:40
PLATE 78: HOATZIN and cuckoos 1
?
1
Hoatzin 60cm; LT; R; lc
?
a
c
p. 154
b
2
Pheasant Cuckoo 38cm; T; R; u/r
b
b
p. 196
a
3
Pavonine Cuckoo 25cm; T; R; u/r
p. 197
6
Black-bellied Cuckoo 38cm; LT; R; u/r
p. 196
a
c
4
Little Cuckoo 25cm; LT; R; lc/u
p. 196
5
Squirrel Cuckoo 43cm; T-S; R; lc
p. 195
1 Hoatzin
Opisthocomus hoazin
always along slow-flowing streams in riparian and gallery forests, also at forest edge of brackish water
flies rather like a chachalaca with short rounded wings and frequent glides
may be seen in groups perched on highest exposed branches of tall tree by side of river, or on the ground in a clearing
172 003 BNSA.indd 172
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2 Pheasant Cuckoo Dromococcyx phasianellus
3 Pavonine Cuckoo
Dromococcyx pavoninus pavoninus
flies with a high-winged butterfly-like jerkiness, tail fanned
keeps to cover, flitting across openings or crossing paths discretely
skulking and secretive, only calls at night and at dawn
flight undulating with tail spread
juvenile adult
sings mostly at dawn
race gracilis (c) has paler underparts
a) barinensis
b) minuta
4 Little Cuckoo Piaya minuta not only much smaller than Squirrel Cuckoo but voice very different
adult
adult juvenile
5 Squirrel Cuckoo Piaya cayana
seven races described in vol. 1
usually near water in low-level thickets, dense second growth, swamps etc
eye-ring may be yellow north of Orinoco
6 Black-bellied Cuckoo Piaya melanogaster
a) cayana squirrel-like as it bounds along branches, tail appearing to undulate, stops suddenly, unmoving
red bill and grey cap
b) mehleri c) nigricrissa
note that colour of eye-ring varies from race to race, does not follow strict geographic lines
003 BNSA.indd 173
canopy of humid forest, sandy-soil forest and overgrown open areas
often joins mixed-species canopy flocks, stays within foliage and seldom glides across open spaces like Squirrel Cuckoo does
19/9/06 11:40:43
PLATE 79: CUCKOOS 2
?
1
Dwarf Cuckoo 20-22cm; T-S; R?; f
p. 193
2
Grey-capped Cuckoo 25cm; LT; R?; u/r
p. 195
3
p. 195
p. 194
5
Black-billed Cuckoo 28cm; T-LS; B; u/r
p. 194
6
p. 194
Dark-billed Cuckoo 25cm; T; R/A; lf/u
?
4
Mangrove Cuckoo 30cm; T; R; u
Ash-coloured Cuckoo 24cm; LT; A/V; r
?
?
7
8
Pearly-breasted Cuckoo 25cm; LT; R?; s/r p. 194
Yellow-billed Cuckoo 30cm; T; B; lc/u
p. 194
9
Striped Cuckoo 28-30cm; T; R; lc/r
p. 196
9 Striped Cuckoo Tapera naevia
naevia runs on the ground and often found within a metre of the ground along edges and borders
open country with bushes and bogs
call an insistent melancholy rising whistle, wüüü weee, second note rising – but can be very difficult to locate
juvenile adult
174 003 BNSA.indd 174
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1 Dwarf Cuckoo Coccyzus pumilus
2 Grey-capped Cuckoo Coccyzus lansbergi
note contrasting underparts usually in dense low vegetation near streams and lagoons, borders and heavily overgrown clearings
adult juvenile usually solitary, slow and inconspicuous
3 Dark-billed Cuckoo
4 Mangrove Cuckoo
Coccyzus melacoryphus
note grey line on sides of throat and breast
Coccyzus minor
all black bill
pale morph
solitary but far less shy than other Coccyzus cuckoos, often sits still on low exposed branch
bill black and yellow
dark morph seldom seen away from water, often in xerophytic thickets near streams or along coasts and Avicennia mangroves
adult
5 Black-billed Cuckoo
Coccyzus erythropthalmus boreal passage migrant, furtive and generally keeps within foliage
note uniform wing colour and pale tail
immature
8 Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus
6 Ash-coloured Cuckoo Coccyzus cinereus
7 Pearly-breasted Cuckoo Coccyzus euleri
barred tail, rufous in wings quite conspicuous in flight
sluggish, sits still inside dense foliage call a loud cow deciduous and gallery forests, secondary growth and scrub
003 BNSA.indd 175
note absence of any rufous in wings
19/9/06 11:40:46
PLATE 80: ANIS AND GROUND CUCKOOS
?
1
Groove-billed Ani 30-34cm; T-S; R; lc/u
4
Guira Cuckoo 36cm; T; ?V; r
p. 198
2
p. 198
5
p. 197
3
Rufous-vented Ground Cuckoo 46cm; T; R; r p. 198
6
Greater Ani 46cm; LT; R; lc/f
Smooth-billed Ani 33-40cm; T-S; R; c
p. 198
Banded Ground Cuckoo 46-50cm; UT; R; r p. 199
?
7
Rufous-winged Ground Cuckoo 48-50cm; T; R; u p. 199
8
Red-billed Ground Cuckoo 50cm; LT; R; r p. 199
follows army ants and foraging peccaries, even following troops of monkeys – runs away quickly when alarmed
pucheranii
immature
adult
8 Red-billed Ground Cuckoo Neomorphus pucheranii
176 003 BNSA.indd 176
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1 Groove-billed Ani
4 Guira Cuckoo
2 Greater Ani
Crotophaga sulcirostris
Guira guira
Crotophaga major
massive bill and yellow eyes
rivers and wetlands, mangroves, swamps, likes reed beds
3 Smooth-billed Ani
invariably in large noisy groups of a dozen or so, pastures, boggy land and cultivations etc.
Crotophaga ani
usually solitary
single record on Curaçao, almost certainly an escape from captivity
raises crest frequently
see vol. 1 for comparative bill shapes of all anis
small groups frequently forages near grazing herbivores, snatching insects disturbed by them
5 Rufous-vented
Ground Cuckoo Neomorphus geoffroyi
aequatorialis solitary
undisturbed lowland humid forest very terrestrial but perches often
6 Banded Ground Cuckoo Neomorphus radiolosus
mostly wet foothill forests
7 Rufous-winged Ground Cuckoo
Neomorphus rufipennis ‘nigrogularis’
follows army ants and bands of peccaries, when alarmed runs away very fast, neck stretched, tail drooped
normal bird
loud bill snapping very terrestrial
003 BNSA.indd 177
19/9/06 11:40:48
PLATE 81: BARN OWL, SMALLER OWLS AND screech owls c a
b a
b
1
Barn Owl 29-38cm; T-P; R; lc/u
2
Burrowing Owl 18-26cm; T-P; R; c/f c
4
Crested Owl 36-43cm; T; R; u/r
p. 208
3
p. 201
6
a
Buff-fronted Owl 19-20cm; UT-Te; R; r
p. 209
a
b
a
p. 200
b
p. 205
5
Tropical Screech Owl 22-25cm; T-Te; R; c/f
Northern Tawny-bellied Screech Owl 19-23cm; Lt; R; lf/u p. 202
distinct heart-shaped face, white facial disc nocturnal but may hunt at dusk, sometimes criss-crossing over low fields
7
Southern Tawny-bellied Screech Owl 19-24cm; LT; R; u p. 203
flight moth-like, with ‘leaping’ surges
1 Barn Owl Tyto alba
b) contempta a) hellmayri
plains, fields with short sparse vegetation, sandy-soil, airfields, cemeteries etc.
a very fast, slightly irregular trill
a) punensis
b) brachyptera
2 Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia
c) arubensis
harrisii
3 Buff-fronted Owl
semi-open areas, clearings with scattered trees, elfin forest, Podocarpus, Almus and Polylepis woodland
Aegolius harrisii
178 003 BNSA.indd 178
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white eyebrows distinctive
a) cristata
4 Crested Owl Lophostrix cristata
low accelerating k,k,k’k’krrrrrrr that ends in a purr, bit froglike, every 5 seconds
b) stricklandi purring kworrrrrr shorter than other races, repeated irregularly
grey
rufous
short ear-tufts
5 Tropical Screech Owl Megascops choliba
considerable variation within morphs, races, and local populations
a) crucigerus nocturnal
note sharp dark line either side of facial disk
deep rufous
fluttering, wavy flight pattern
rufous light brown
c) margaritae very clear lines defining facial disc, longer eartufts
dark grey-brown
b) duidae
voice a series of bubbling hoots, ending in a sharp note
contrasting head and body, long ear-tufts, black ‘eyebrows’
rufous
6 Northern Tawny-bellied Screech Owl Megascops watsonii
long ear-tufts cinnamon scapular spots
black
7 Southern Tawny-bellied Screech Owl Megascops usta
amber eyes
rufous hunts mostly in canopy, sometimes calls before dark, calls up to 20 seconds, low mellow whoot notes that accelerate and rise
003 BNSA.indd 179
buffy
hunts in understorey and mid-levels; starts calling at dusk, a series of low whoo notes, 2 per second, rising and falling
19/9/06 11:40:52
PLATE 82: SCREECH OWLS 2
1
2
Bare-shanked Screech Owl 20-25cm; UT-Te; R; r p. 200
Vermiculated Screech Owl 20-23cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 201
4
Roraima Screech Owl 20-23cm; T-S; R; lf
p. 201
5
7
Rufescent Screech Owl 25-28cm; UT-S; R; u/r
p. 202
Río Napo Screech Owl 20-22.5cm; T-Ls; R; u/r p. 201
8
Colombian Screech Owl 26-28cm; S; R; u/r NT p. 203
3
Cinnamon Screech Owl 21-24cm; S-Te; R; u/r
6
Chocó Screech Owl 20-21cm; T; R; u/c
9
Tumbes Screech Owl 17.5cm; T; R; lf/u
b
Peruvian Screech Owl 20-22cm; UT-LS; R; u
White-throated Screech Owl 25-28cm; US-Te; lf/r p. 203 fast descending series of 10-15 hoots at 4-9 a second
fast series: kwurrrrrrrrrr rises in middle, fades at end
rufous
p. 203
11
p. 203
roosts up against trunk of tree, often in pairs
p. 202
note – all species have full vocabularies, the calls noted here are only partially representative of each species
a
10
p. 202
a rising trill, undulating in pitch, accelerates towards end
grey
9 Tumbes Screech Owl
a) albogularis
Megascops pacificus
roboratus Peruvian Screech Owl 10 Megascops roboratus
a) meridensis
11 White-throated Screech Owl
Megascops albogularis
180 003 BNSA.indd 180
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1 Bare-shanked Screech Owl Megascops clarkii
2 Vermiculated Screech Owl Megascops vermiculatus
short ear-tufts
toad-like trill rising in volume and pitch then drops and fades
poorly defined disc
only feathered halfway
rufous brown note rows of white dots
3 Cinnamon Screech Owl Megascops petersoni
grey
juvenile
4 Roraima Screech Owl Megascops roraimae
a rising and falling series of about 30 or 40 bu or u notes
slopes of tepuis
brown or rufous-brown
high-pitched trill of c.50 notes in 5-8 seconds
tarsus only partly feathered
rufous
5 Río Napo Screech Owl Megascops napensis
white eyebrows, light brown eyes
6 Chocó Screech Owl Megascops centralis
shy and roosts in dense foliage by day
very shy and retiring, roosts well hidden during the day
a soft, brief, fast-purring trill which falls in pitch and ends suddenly
5-10 second trill that starts softly and becomes quite loud
rufous
light brown
7 Rufescent Screech Owl
Megascops ingens ingens nocturnal, roosts against trunk, often among clumps of epiphytes
call a mournful weeeauw, also various tu notes
brown brown
rufous
NT 8 Colombian Screech Owl
Megascops colombianus
two soft notes then a series of fluted notes: bu-bu.... bu bu bu bu bu bu ....
rufous comparatively long legs
grey-brown
003 BNSA.indd 181
19/9/06 11:40:55
PLATE 83: PYGMY OWLS
1
Subtropical Pygmy Owl 14-15cm; S; R; r
p. 206
2
Amazonian Pygmy Owl 14-15cm; LT; R; lf/u
p. 207
3
Central American Pygmy Owl 13-18cm; T; R; lf/r p. 206
d e b
c
e?
a
4
Cloud Forest Pygmy Owl 16cm; S-Te; R; u VU p. 208
7
Peruvian Pygmy Owl 16-16.5cm; T-P; R; c/f
p. 207
5
Andean Pygmy Owl 14.5-16cm; S-P; R; lf/u p. 207
8
Ridgway’s Pygmy Owl 16cm; T; R; lf
6
Ferruginous Pygmy Owl 16.5-20cm; T-S; R; c/u p. 207
p. 208
both highland and lowland birds give a series of pew or toit notes that last several minutes streaks
spots
streaks
spots only at nape
a series of hollow toots at 2.5 to 3 per second – similar to but slower than Ferruginous Pygmy Owl
grey
grey-brown highland birds
more profusely spotted, short chirrp notes
rufous-brown lowland birds
7 Peruvian Pygmy Owl Glaucidium peruanum
red
grey-brown
8 Ridgway’s Pygmy Owl Glaucidium ridgwayi
182 003 BNSA.indd 182
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2 Amazonian Pygmy Owl
1 Subtropical Pygmy Owl Glaucidium parkeri
Glaucidium hardyi
white spots cover head, scapular spots bold
streaks on front dots on back ‘eye’ large and complete
call a series of 2-4 toots, tu-tu-tu-...tu unique pattern of notes
fast series of 10-30 notes (about 12 per second) run into a tremulous trill
3 Central American Pygmy Owl Glaucidium griseiceps rarum
reddishbrown
5 Andean Pygmy Owl Glaucidium jardinii
almost entirely rufous but for white chin
white spots have black ‘shadows’
4 Cloud Forest Pygmy Owl VU Glaucidium nubicola
rufous
2–18 unvarying, evenly-paced notes, may descend slightly – usually shorter but long series if disturbed
dark (normal)
6 Ferruginous Pygmy Owl
Glaucidium brasilianum
no other species has the same pacing and length of song
calls a long series of toots, around 3 or 4 per second, maybe lasting a full minute
brown
brown
rufous
b) duidae
rufous
voice appears to differ in each country (see vol. 1); only high altitude pygmy owl (over 2,000m)
very wet primary montane and cloud forests on steep slopes
long series of paired hollow notes bu-bu, bu-bu, bu-bu, bu-bu...
white spots on breast and barred flanks
dark brown
c) olivaceum olivaceum group
a) ucalayae flight direct, quick wingbeats alternating with short glides
all kinds of habitat from deciduous woodland, gallery forests to parks and gardens; hunts day and night; calls mostly at dusk
rufous grey-brown
rufous
d) margaritae
rufous-brown
e) medianum
grey-rufous grey
medianum group
003 BNSA.indd 183
19/9/06 11:40:58
PLATE 84: LARGER OWLS
a
a b
1
Black-and-white Owl 35-41cm; T; R; lf/r
4
Rufous-banded Owl 30-36cm; S-Te; R; lf/r
7
Stygian Owl 38-46cm; T-Te; R; u/r
b
10
p. 204
2
p. 205
5
p. 209
Black-banded Owl 36cm; LT; R; lf/r
Spectacled Owl 43-48cm; T; R; f/u
8
Striped Owl 30-38cm; T; R; lc/r
p. 204
3
p. 206
p. 209
Mottled Owl 30.5-34.5cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 205
6
p. 206
9
p. 210
Band-bellied Owl 35.5-48cm; LT; R; s
Short-eared Owl 36-38cm; T-P; R; lf/r
a
Great Horned Owl 48-56cm; T-P; R; f/u
p. 204
far-carrying, deep, resonant hoots, whoo, 4-5 from males, 6-8 from females
widest variety of habitats, often hunts at dawn and dusk
b) nigrescens
a) nacurutu
10 Great Horned Owl
Bubo virginianus
184 003 BNSA.indd 184
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1 Black-and-white Owl Ciccaba nigrolineata
2 Black-banded Owl
3 Mottled Owl
Ciccaba huhula
varied resonant hooted phrases eg. hu hu hu hooah, slurred at end
sometimes hawks moths near outdoor lamps
5 Spectacled Owl adult and juvenile may roost together on high exposed branch
Ciccaba albitarsis
short eyebrows
a) virgata
deep resonant hu hu hu HOOO
4 Rufous-banded Owl
Ciccaba virgata
b) macconnelli
deep resonant hu,hu-hu-hu HOOOa repeated every 10 seconds
series of 2 or more resonant whooou or whoOOOau notes slower than Blackand-white or Black-banded Owl
Pulsatrix perspicillata perspicillata
6 Band-bellied Owl Pulsatrix melanota melanota
call accelerating, descending and fading series of low hoots: BOO-BOOboo-boo-booboo-boo barred underparts habits like Spectacled Owl
juvenile
adult
adult
juvenile
voice similar to Spectacled but faster and higher-pitched
7 Stygian Owl Asio stygius robustus
very low, but loud hu, or hu-hu, and short cat-like miaow by female
Asio clamator clamator crepuscular, flying low over open fields – a loud whee yoo, and a series of ow ow like a small dog yapping
alarmed
003 BNSA.indd 185
8 Striped Owl
relaxed
9 Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus pallidicaudus
quarters fields like a harrier, calls infrequently, a highpitched cri-cri-cri
19/9/06 11:41:01
PLATE 85: OILBIRD AND NIGHTHAWKS
b a
1
p. 213
2
4
p. 214
p. 214
Common Nighthawk 22-25cm; T-S; B; u
Antillean Nighthawk 20-21cm; LT; B; r
a
Band-tailed Nighthawk 16-20cm; LT; R; lc/u
10
Nacunda Nighthawk 23-33cm; T; R/A; lc/u
3
p. 213
5
Rufous-bellied Nighthawk 23-25cm; S-Te; R; u p. 212
6
p. 212
8
Oilbird 41-48cm; T-S; R; lc/u
Least Nighthawk 15-16cm; LT; R; c/f
Short-tailed Nighthawk 21-22cm; T-LS; R/A; u
b
7
p. 210
Sand-coloured Nighthawk 22cm; LT; R; lc/r p. 213
9
Lesser Nighthawk 19-20cm; T-S; R/B/?A; lc/u p. 212
p. 214 leisurely and graceful flight, wings in dihedral; dozens roost together in the open by day – on sandbanks and rocky outcrops
minor
rarely vocalises in flight, when flushed a low chuk or cherk
10 Nacunda Nighthawk
Podager nacunda
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1 Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor minor
bounding flight with deep wingbeats, call a nasal buzzy beent
2 Oilbird
Steatornis caripensis
3 Least Nighthawk
often repeated chitty-chit
Chordeiles pusillus flight is buoyant and erratic with fast wingbeats
a) esmeraldae
often dives steeply
b) septentrionalis
forages high above beaches, shorelines, fields, pastures and urban areas
4 Antillean Nighthawk Chordeiles gundlachii
may be seen like a giant moth fluttering under hanging bundles of palm nuts
6 Short-tailed Nighthawk Lurocalis semitorquatus semitorquatus
erratic bat-like flight with bursts of shallow wingbeats and glides – usually over water
strictly nocturnal
flight bat-like; calls a series of mellowwhistled hoots, falling in pitch kwakwa-kwa-kwa-ko
9 Lesser Nighthawk
Chordeiles acutipennis
5 Rufous-bellied
Nighthawk Lurocalis rufiventris forages low
7 Band-tailed Nighthawk Nyctiprogne leucopyga
calls a series of ow-owow... notes
8 Sand-coloured
Nighthawk Chordeiles rupestris
a) pallida
erratic, fluttering flight
deep wingbeats like a tern – frequently changes direction
b) latifascia calls a low, guttural churk or qurk
003 BNSA.indd 187
flight very buoyant with short bouts of fast erratic flapping
low, soft chuck chuck from ground or in flight
19/9/06 11:41:04
PLATE 86: POTOOS AND LONG-TAILED NIGHTJARS
?
1
Great Potoo 45-54cm; LT; R; lf/u
2
p. 210
3
Long-tailed Potoo 42-56cm; T; R; u/r
p. 211
Rufous Potoo 21.5-24.5cm; LT; R; u/r p. 211
?
4
White-winged Potoo 26-28cm; LT; R; lc
p. 211
1 Great Potoo
white barring
Andean Potoo 34-40cm; S-Te; R; u/r
p. 211
6
Common Potoo 31-41cm; T-Ls; R; lc
p. 211
2 Long-tailed Potoo
Nyctibius grandis
flies with slow deep wingbeats – awesome when trolling with mouth open
5
Nyctibius aethereus
sub-scapular line may be paler, even white large eyes reflect orange
3 Rufous Potoo Nyctibius bracteatus longicaudatus
sings from canopy at night, especially with full moon, soft waa-OO-oo descending then rising
calls at night, loud far-carrying waaha-oo-oo
heavy bands on tail
5 Andean Potoo
4 White-winged Potoo Nyctibius leucopterus
Nyctibius maculosus
haunting, plaintive whistle, gradually descending ring in pitch sweeeeuuuuuuuu
6 Common Potoo
Nyctibius griseus griseus
often forages low at edges and over grassland near forest
humid pristine primary forest, especially near water where Mora spp. trees are abundant
rapidly descending series of 10-15 notes bu-bu-bu-bu-bu... may accelerate and fade at end
open woodland especially near water
double-note sequence, higher on second note raa-AA, rah-AA at 90 second intervals
melancholy and mournful descending series of hoots, starting loud then fading powo-ho-ho-ho-hoo
188 003 BNSA.indd 188
19/9/06 11:41:06
?
7
8
10
11
Ladder-tailed Nightjar F25-28cm, C22-23cm; LT; R; f/u p. 218
Scissor-tailed Nightjar F with tail 50-70cm, F without tail/C25-30cm; T; R; u p. 218
Lyre-tailed Nightjar 25-28cm (tail of F up to 55cm); UT-S; R; u p. 218
Swallow-tailed Nightjar 22-23cm (tail of F up to 28cm); US-Te; R; lf/r p. 218
9
Pauraque 22-28cm; T-LS; R; c
p. 215
8 Scissor-tailed Nightjar Hydropsalis torquata torquata
7 Ladder-tailed Nightjar
Hydropsalis climacocerca climacocerca
along streams and strictly riverine habitat, edges of oxbow lagoons etc
F
flight call a high-pitched tsig
C F
C
very vocal, squeaky chweeit or cheeit
Sipaliwini savanna, Eucalyptus and Acacia groves
9 Pauraque albicollis
Nyctidromus albicollis
10 Lyre-tailed Nightjar
Uropsalis lyra lyra
11 Swallow-tailed Nightjar
Uropsalis segmentata segmentata
forest edge, bamboo, páramo
F C F wide range of habitats but essentially an edge bird; call who ARE you?
F C C
rocky cliffs, gorges, ravines and bridges – always close to water
003 BNSA.indd 189
often hovers in flight; roosts in or behind hanging vines; calls weep-weep-weep
usually at higher altitudes than Lyretailed Nightjar
song purrrrr-sweeee, rising then falling – beautiful sound
19/9/06 11:41:08
PLATE 87: NIGHTJARS
1
Chocó Poorwill 19-21cm; LT; R; lf NT
p. 215
2
p. 215
3
p. 216
5
p. 215
6
p. 216
8
p. 217
9
p. 216
11
p. 217
Ocellated Poorwill 20-25cm; T; R; s
Chuck-will’s-widow 27-34cm; T-S; B; r
p. 215
a a
b
a
4
Band-winged Nightjar 20-27cm; T-P; R; f
Rufous Nightjar 25-30cm; LT; R; f/r
Silky-tailed Nightjar 24-30cm; LT; R; f/u
?
7
Spot-tailed Nightjar 19-21cm; T; R; ?
10
p. 216
Scrub Nightjar 18-21cm; LT; R; lf/u
Little Nightjar 19-21cm; T; R; lc/r
Cayenne Nightjar 22.5cm; LT; R?; r DD
p. 217
White-tailed Nightjar 20-22cm; T-LS; R; lf/s
12
Blackish Nightjar 19.5-21.5cm; T; R; c
call a nasal chew-uh! repeated several times
forested slopes and upper levels of tepuis – open areas, clearings and treefalls
13
Roraiman Nightjar 21-23cm; S; R; r
p. 217
F
12 Blackish Nightjar
forest bird that prefers stony ground and rocky outcrops around and along rivers
p. 217
Caprimulgus nigrescens
C
13 Roraiman Nightjar
F
Caprimulgus whitelyi
3 or 4 purring, froglike trills puurrt... puurrt... puurrt...
C 190 003 BNSA.indd 190
19/9/06 11:41:09
1 Chocó Poorwill
NT
Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi
call resonant, rhythmic, rising wee whurrrr
2 Ocellated Poorwill
Nyctiphrynus ocellatus ocellatus
forest interiors, small clearings and open understorey, second growth forests
primary forest interior and edges, sometimes hunts above canopy
black morph
3 Chuck-will’s-widow
F
C
Caprimulgus carolinensis
flight call ddrreuw
4 Band-winged Nightjar
Caprimulgus longirostris a) ruficervix
generally silent, might give chuck notes or growl
a thin ascending seeeeeEER
C
F
race roraimae (b) has very little to no white on wings and tail, and different voice
F
range of habitats from forest interiors to parks and gardens
C
6 Silky-tailed Nightjar
Caprimulgus sericocaudatus mengeli
5 Rufous Nightjar
Caprimulgus rufus minimus
wide range of habitats from forests to plantations and gardens, scrub
mournful, melodious, undualting doh wheeo wheeo for minutes on end
F F C
large white corners
7 Spot-tailed Nightjar
C
Caprimulgus maculicaudus
F
thin, high-pitched rising tseet
9 White-tailed Nightjar
chuck wee wee weeo
Caprimulgus cayennensis
forages with butterflylike flight over grassland, pastures, after dark
C
voice unknown
F
F C
003 BNSA.indd 191
DD
Caprimulgus maculosus
Caprimulgus anthonyi
arid scrub and open country, a short simple treeow over 1 or 2
thin, rising and falling, spit-cheeeeuua
11 Cayenne Nightjar
10 Scrub Nightjar
F
8 Little Nightjar Caprimulgus parvulus
pastures, marshes, Mauritia and Curatella, forest edges, always where wet grass
C
tropical rainforest, bamboo understorey, second growth, clearings
C
open woodland, pastures, fields with scattered scrub, foothills and hilly country; calls roll, pik, gobble-gobble-gobble
F
open boulder-strewn areas in dense forest, along rivers (virtually unknown)
C
hypothetical
19/9/06 11:41:11
PLATE 88: SWIFTS 1
1
Tepui Swift 16.5cm; T-S; R; lf
p. 219
2
p. 219
3
p. 219
5
Spot-fronted Swift 13-14cm; UT-S; R; r DD p. 219
6
p. 224
8
Black Swift 18cm; UT-Te; B; r
Chestnut-collared Swift 13cm; UT-Te; R; lf/u
p. 220
?
4
White-chested Swift 14-15cm; UT; R; r LC
7
Alpine Swift 20-23; ?; V; r
White-collared Swift 20cm; T-Te; R; c/lf
White-chinned Swift 14-15cm; T-Te; R; lf/r
p. 220
p. 220
adult
juvenile
gathers in large numbers in the evening when it becomes very vocal, all calling simultaneously
7 Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba subtropicalis
forages at all levels and at all altitudes
8 White-collared Swift Streptoprocne zonaris
192 003 BNSA.indd 192
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2 Black Swift
1 Tepui Swift
Cypseloides niger
Cypseloides phelpsi not as montane as Chestnut-collared, normally to 1,100m
fast glides, much banking and twisting on wings arched below body line
adult
juvenile
adult
bright
boreal migrant that rarely reaches region
unlike Chaetura swifts, Cypseloides have wings and rump uniform
immature juvenile is scaled buffy below, same as juvenile Chestnut-collared
4 White-chested Swift LC Cypseloides lemosi
3 Chestnut-collared Swift Streptoprocne rutila brunnitorques
usually in flocks of 20-25 birds but will join mixed-species flocks
F
adult juvenile primarily montane to 3,000m
5 Spot-fronted Swift DD Cypseloides cherriei montane forest areas with wet shady ravines
F forked tail more pronounced and noticeable on male; female and juvenile have fragmented white breast patch (none on very young bird) with shallower tail fork
female looks like immature Tepui Swift
6 White-chinned Swift Cypseloides cryptus when in mixedspecies flocks flies at higher levels
juvenile flies with bursts of fast flapping with much gliding and banking
003 BNSA.indd 193
adult
preference for higher country with steep valleys and waterfalls
19/9/06 11:41:14
PLATE 89: SWIFTS 2
?
1
Chapman’s Swift 13-14cm; T; R; u/r
p. 221
2
4
Sick’s Swift 12.5-14cm; T; A; r
p. 222
5
Short-tailed Swift 10cm; T; R; lf
Pale-rumped Swift 11cm; T; R; lc/r
p. 221
3
p. 222
6
Tumbes Swift 11cm; T; R; u
p. 221
Amazonian Swift 14-15cm; ?; A; r
p. 222
?
7
Chimney Swift 12-14cm; T-S; B; u
p. 222
8
8 Ashy-tailed Swift
Ashy-tailed Swift 13.5cm; T; R; u
see vol. 1 for detailed comparison
Chaetura andrei
p. 222
9
Vaux’s Swift 12cm; T-Te; R; c/f
p. 222
Chaetura always show some colour contrast on upperparts
9 Vaux’s Swift
Chaetura vauxi aphanes
slightly paler paler
primarily lowlands along streams and rivers, always near water
quick, agile flight, primarily montane
194 003 BNSA.indd 194
19/9/06 11:41:15
1 Chapman’s Swift
3 Tumbes Swift
mainly above forested higher slopes; small numbers often mix with other swifts
Chaetura chapmani
chapmani
Chaetura ocypetes
flies with few wingbeats and many glides
2 Short-tailed Swift
Chaetura brachyura brachyura tail much darker
undertail paler
occupies lower levels in mixed-species flocks
flight style rather bat-like, fairly slow compared to other Chaetura, mixed flapping and short glides
5 Pale-rumped Swift Chaetura egregia
dull brown
4 Sick’s Swift
wide variety of humid habitats
bright
all dark
Chaetura meridionalis
flight in intermediate between fluttering bat-like of Short-tailed and typical Chaetura
underparts paler
6 Amazonian Swift Chaetura viridipennis
uniformly dark
7 Chimney Swift
Chaetura pelagica transient boreal migrant that is theoretically common but few specimens and rarely reported – winters in Brazil and Peru
pale
rare austral migrant to Colombia (Mar-Apr)
003 BNSA.indd 195
19/9/06 11:41:17
PLATE 90: SWIFTS 3
c
a
b
c
b
a
1
Grey-rumped Swift 11cm; T-S; R; lc/u
p. 220
2
Band-rumped Swift 11cm; T; R; c
p. 221
3
White-tipped Swift 13cm; UT-S; R; lc/u
p. 223 b
a
4
Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift 13cm; T; R; u p. 223
5 Pygmy Swift Tachornis furcata
5
Pygmy Swift 10cm; LT; R; u
long pointed wings occasionally open to display deep forks
p. 223
6
Fork-tailed Palm Swift 13.scm; LT; R; lc
p. 224
6 Fork-tailed Palm Swift Tachornis squamata
slow wingbeats as compared to Pygmy Swift (but not sympatric)
very fast wingbeats
from forests to open fields and towns, but always near palms
a) semota
b) squamata
rarely forages with other swifts, but occasionally forages with Blue-andwhite Swallow flies close to tops of palms and frequently close to ground favours boggy or sandy soil savanna and Mauritia stands
196 003 BNSA.indd 196
19/9/06 11:41:18
1 Grey-rumped Swift
Chaetura cinereiventris
when in mixed-species flocks it tends to feed at the lower levels
forages in small to moderate groups with other swifts and, occasionally, with Barn Swallows
2 Band-rumped Swift
Chaetura spinicaudus
a) occidentalis
c) schistacea
b) guianensis
often feeds over open stretches of water – usually in single-species flocks but occasionally in mixedspecies flocks where it occupies the lower levels
pale rump can look white when it catches the sun
a) aetherodroma
c) spinicaudus
b) latirostris
4 Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift
3 White-tipped Swift
Panyptila cayennensis
Aeronautes montivagus
all kinds of habitat but seems to prefer rock faces, ridges, cliffs and sides of tepuis
often in pairs but maybe solitary, flies high and fast in patterns like arial acrobatics long pointed tail
very gregarious, always in flocks, vocalises continuously
juvenile
adult
003 BNSA.indd 197
presence is unpredictable
sometimes joins mixed flocks where it occupies the top level
19/9/06 11:41:19
PLATE 91: HERMITS 1 a
c
b
1
Rufous-breasted Hermit 13.5-15.3cm; T; R; lc/u p. 225
2
Bronzy Hermit 10.8-11.1cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 225
3
5
Eastern Long-tailed Hermit 14cm; T; R; c/f p. 227
6
Green Hermit 17cm; UT-S; lc/u
p. 226
a
b
4
Western Long-tailed Hermit 14-17cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 226
Sooty Barbthroat 10-11cm; LT; R; u
p. 225
a b
?
7
White-tailed Barbthroat 13-13.2cm; T; R; lc/r p. 226
8
Band-tailed Barbthroat 13cm; T; R; lf/u
feeds at lower levels in dense thickets, forest edges and second growth
p. 226
leucurus
C
7 White-tailed Barbthroat Threnetes leucurus
F
8 Band-tailed Barbthroat
6 Sooty Barbthroat
Threnetes ruckeri
F
Threnetes niger
forages at low levels in thickets and undergrowth, favours stands of Heliconia
all grey
solitary, trap-lines at low levels; favours Heliconia and Monotagma flowers; lowland marshy forests, near streams
a) venezuelensis black-and-white undertail diagnostic
b) ruckeri
198 003 BNSA.indd 198
19/9/06 11:41:21
1 Rufous-breasted Hermit
usually solitary, bold, curious and aggressive; most often found in Heliconia and banana plantations
Glaucis hirsutus
b) hirsutus
greyish below and bold white moustache
a) affinis
rich cinnamon
juvenile
light ochre
bill of female more curved
F
F
C
F F
F
2 Bronzy Hermit
c) insularum
3 Green Hermit
Glaucis aeneus
Phaethornis guy
curious
apicalis bill longer
F
red very noticeable
F
bill more curved
C F
solitary, gleans undersides of leaves, probes moss
C
4 Western Long-tailed Hermit Phaethornis longirostris
wet forest undergrowth, often near water
a) sussurus trap-lines a wide variety of flowers including bananas gleans leaves and spiders’ webs for insects
5 Eastern Long-tailed Hermit Phaethornis superciliosus superciliosus b) baroni
pale edges
trap-lines several species of flowers
female has shorter and more curved bill
003 BNSA.indd 199
trap-lines various flowers favours humid habitats, gallery forests, riverine areas etc.
19/9/06 11:41:23
PLATE 92: HERMITS 2
a
b b
a
1
White-whiskered Hermit 17.6cm; T; R; lc p. 227
2
4
Straight-billed Hermit 15.5-16.3cm; T; R; lc/u p. 228
5
White-bearded Hermit 16.3cm; LT; R: lc/u
a
7
Streak-throated Hermit 11.9-12.5cm; T; R; f/u
p. 229
p. 227
p. 228
6
p. 228
Great-billed Hermit 13cm; LT; R; lc/u
Pale-bellied Hermit 16-16.8cm; LT; R; lc/u
b
8
3
Tawny-bellied Hermit 17.1-18.1cm; UT-S; R; lc/u p. 227
Sooty-capped Hermit 16.3cm; T; R; lc/u
humid forests, borders; local variations in song in southern Venezuela
p. 229
8 Sooty-capped Hermit Phaethornis augusti
F
rufous rump
black chin is diagnostic (but check Little Hermit)
C
rufous base to streamers
a) augusti b) incanescens
rupurumii
7 Streak-throated Hermit Phaethornis rupurumii
distinctive undertail pattern
darts about low levels, solitary, flicks tail, trap-lines in open areas more than other hermits
200 003a BNSA.indd 200
19/9/06 11:56:58
2 Tawny-bellied Hermit
1 White-whiskered Hermit
Phaethornis yaruqui yaruqui
Phaethornis syrmatophorus
immature
formerly thought to be separate race sanctijohannis
b) syrmatophorus
a) columbianus
only in highlands, humid and cloud forests
typical trap-liner, speeding from one flower site to another in wet forest undergrowth
forages low down, often near ground – trap-lines
F F
3 Great-billed Hermit
primary forests with sandysoils, hillsides (usually near the top), stands of bamboo, transitional forests
Phaethornis malaris
trap-liner
a) insolitus
b) moorei
4 Straight-billed Hermit Phaethornis bourcieri whiteleyi
forages alone mostly in undergrowth but sometimes in open, moving over surface of border shrubbery
6 Pale-bellied Hermit 5 White-bearded Hermit Phaethornis hispidus
anthophilus forages alone, traplining Heliconia, Brownea, etc., and gleaning spiders and insects
always in seasonally inundated areas, gallery forest, várzea
003a BNSA.indd 201
Phaethornis anthophilus
solitary, forages at low levels
19/9/06 11:57:00
PLATE 93: HERMITS 3
a
a
b
b
1
Reddish Hermit 10.3cm; T; R; lc/r
2
p. 229
4
p. 230
7
p. 225
b
3
Grey-chinned Hermit 10.9-11.3cm; UT-S; R; u/r p. 229
Little Hermit 11.4cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 229
a
Stripe-throated Hermit 11.6cm; T; R; lc/r
Buff-tailed Sicklebill 14.8-15cm; T-Te; R; u
5
Black-throated Hermit 8-9cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 230
6
White-tipped Sicklebill 14.8-15.5cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 224
202 003a BNSA.indd 202
19/9/06 11:57:00
pale chin
a) episcopus
1 Reddish Hermit
Phaethornis ruber usually solitary, foraging in lower levels, weaves like a bumblebee as it whizzes by – gleans tiny insects and spiders from undersides of leaves
2 Grey-chinned Hermit
Phaethornis griseogularis
F
F
a) griseogularis
C
3 Little Hermit
Phaethornis longuemareus
b) nigricinctus
longer, whitetipped tail
b) porcullae
wide range of lowland and hillside forests – edges, clearings and thickets
4 Stripe-throated Hermit
trap-lines in undergrowth and gleans insects from undersides of leaves
dull rufous
F C
Phaethornis striigularis
wings whirr audibly as it traplines through undergrowth
a) ignoblis thin streaks on throat variable in density
5 Black-throated Hermit Phaethornis atrimentalis
a) striigularis
lowland forest, borders of várzea, semi-open areas, plantations, near water
trap-lines small flowers, like Lantana, occasionally pierces corolla of larger flowers to access nectar
F
dark streaking on throat can be very heavy, overall dark
C
6 White-tipped Sicklebill Eutoxeres aquila
aquila
7 Buff-tailed Sicklebill Eutoxeres condamini
condamini feeds on Heliconia; hard to see in undergrowth; gleans insects from low branches
moustache
superciliary
behaviour like White-tipped; difficult to see in dark undergrowth; hawks for insects
adult juvenile adult juvenile
003a BNSA.indd 203
19/9/06 11:57:02
PLATE 94: LANCEBILLS AND SABREWINGS
1
2
Scaly-breasted Hummingbird 13.2cm; T; R; u p. 231
3
p. 231
5
Grey-breasted Sabrewing 15.8-16cm; LT; R; f/u p. 231
6
Buff-breasted Sabrewing 12cm; UT-S; R; c p. 231
8
Tooth-billed Hummingbird 14.3cm; UT-S; R; lf/r p. 230
4
Blue-fronted Lancebill 11-12cm; UT-S; R; lc/u
7
White-tailed Sabrewing 14.5-15.8cm; UT-LS; R; f/r NT p. 232
Green-fronted Lancebill 12-13.8cm; UT-Te; R; lc/u p. 231
Rufous-breasted Sabrewing 12cm; UT-S; R; lc p. 232
9
Lazuline Sabrewing 13.9-14.3cm; T-Te; R; lc/r p. 232
?
11
10
Santa Marta Sabrewing 15-16cm; UT-Te; R; f EN p. 232
Swallow-tailed Hummingbird F 17cm (tail 9cm), C15cm (tail 7cm); T; R; lc/r p. 233
savanna with scattered trees, borders, plantations, parks, gardens etc.
trap-lines a variety of flowering shrubs and trees, defending its territory vigorously; adapts well to man’s presence and modified habitats
solitary
female similar but smaller and duller
macroura
11 Swallow-tailed Hummingbird
Eupetomena macroura
204 003a BNSA.indd 204
19/9/06 11:57:03
1 Tooth-billed Hummingbird
2 Scaly-breasted Hummingbird
Androdon aequatorialis
Phaeochroa cuvierii
understorey of primary forest
forages at all levels; partially wooded areas, fields with bushes, gardens etc.
both lancebills trap-line flowers with long corollas and sally for insects from a perch; when perched, usually hold bill almost vertical
berlepschi
3 Green-fronted Lancebill Doryfera ludovicae ludovicae
4 Blue-fronted Lancebill
Doryfera johannae guianensis
mainly traplines, but will probe into rolled leaves, cracks and narrow cavities looking for spiders
5 Grey-breasted Sabrewing Campylopterus largipennis
C
F
both like montane slopes, crags, wet ravines, etc.
6 Rufous-breasted Sabrewing
F
Campylopterus hyperythrus
C
7 Buff-breasted Sabrewing 8 White-tailed Sabrewing Campylopterus duidae
Campylopterus ensipennis NT
white tips, black base forest borders, interior and borders of second growth and scrub, open scrub
F
montane scrub on tepuis
C
centre of tail golden
humid montane forests, openings, plantations etc., but always with significant canopy cover
9 Lazuline Sabrewing
Campylopterus falcatus
usually solitary, forages lower levels – slopes of tepuis, borders of humid montane forests etc.
10 Santa Marta Sabrewing
EN
Campylopterus phainopeplus
solitary; low to mid levels of humid montane forest shy of humans
F C
likes shade
often perches in low bushes but when displaying will perch out on high exposed twig
F C C
003a BNSA.indd 205
19/9/06 11:57:05
PLATE 95: VIOLETEARS, MANGOS AND JACOBIN
a
b
b a
1
Green Violetear 11-12cm; S-Te; R; f/u
p. 233
2
Sparkling Violetear 14-15.5cm; UT-Te; R; c p. 234
4
5
7
Brown Violetear 12.4-14.1cm; UT-S; R; lc/r p. 233
Green-throated Mango 12.9-15.2cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 234
Fiery-tailed Awlbill 9.4cm; LT; R; u/r
8
Black-throated Mango 12.4-14cm; T; R; lc/r
3
Napo Sabrewing 13.5cm; UT-LS; R; lc/u NT p. 232
p. 235
6
p. 235
Green-breasted Mango 12.5-13cm; UT-LS; R; lc/u p. 234
9
White-necked Jacobin 11.9-13.8cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 233
9 White-necked Jacobin Florisuga mellivora mellivora
generally forages alone, but several may gather in a flowering tree – where males engage in territorial chases
C
juvenile
C
F
juvenile
F
immature
F
feeds at flowers of coffee shade and vines, hawks insects as well as perch-sallying
adult
206 003a BNSA.indd 206
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1 Green Violetear
2 Sparkling Violetear Colibri coruscans
a) cyanotus
Colibri thalassinus usually solitary but may gather at flowering trees, especially coffee shade, Inga and Erytherina
a) germanus
feeds from Chusia and other bushes where flowers are erect or sideways opening
F C
blackish blue
all green
white tufts
F
b) coruscans
b) kerdeli
3 Napo Sabrewing
F
C
4 Brown Violetear
NT
Campylopterus villaviscensio
Colibri delphinae
solitary, usually in canopy but occasionally lower for flowering bushes
humid forests on montane slopes; usually inside and often along watercourses
5 Fiery-tailed Awlbill
adult
Avocettula recurvirostris F C bill distinctive
juvenile
F C
6 Green-breasted Mango
white green bar
Anthracothorax prevostii
trap-lines borders of primary forest and adjacent savannas, sides of tepuis, granite outcrops and giant boulders, along rivers
viridicortatus fairly open areas with scattered trees orange especially near water, from mangroves to parks and gardens
7 Green-throated Mango
green centre
8 Black-throated Mango
F
Anthracothorax nigricollis
C
Anthracothorax viridigula
F
variety of habitats from humid lightly wooded to dry scrub, farms to gardens; common at feeders, taking nectar and fruit flies
juvenile coastal regions, mangroves, marshes, swamps etc. with scattered trees usually solitary but squabbling groups will gather in large flowering trees
F
F
C
003a BNSA.indd 207
juvenile
F C F
juvenile
C
juvenile
19/9/06 11:57:08
PLATE 96: RUBY TOPAZ, COQUETTES AND THORNTAILS
1
p. 235
2
4
p. 237
5
Ruby Topaz 9.2-10.4cm; T; R; lc/r
Spangled Coquette 7.2-7.7cm; UT; R; u/r
7
p. 236
Rufous-crested Coquette 7.9cm; T-S; R; r p. 236
8
Green Thorntail F11.2cm, C7.6cm; UT; R; lc/r p. 238
Black-bellied Thorntail F13.5-15cm, C7.9cm; LT; R; lf/r p. 238
3
Violet-headed Hummingbird 9.1-10.3cm; UT; R; lf/r p. 236
6
Wire-crested Thorntail F12.7cm, C8.8cm; UT; R; u/r p. 237
9
Racket-tailed Coquette F10.7cm, C8.1cm; LT; R; u/r p. 238
b
b
a
a
10
11
Peacock Coquette 11cm; UT-S; R; u
Tufted Coquette 7.8-8.5cm; LT; R; u
p. 237
Festive Coquette 9.1cm; LT; R; u/r
p. 237
C
usually in large flowering trees in canopy
adult
C
juvenile
F
immature
b) klagesi
a) verreauxii
F feeds from a wide variety of small a) flowers from bromeliads to Lantana
F C
duidae b) pavoninus F
humid and cloud forests, borders and clearings
10 Peacock Coquette
Lophornis pavoninus
all the coquettes will feed in the crowns of blossoming trees emergent from the canopy; they weave in and out like hawk-moths and bumblebees and are often chased by larger species that have claimed the tree as territory
11 Festive Coquette
Lophornis chalybeus
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change of colour with change of angle
1 Ruby Topaz
Chrysolampis mosquitus dry to xerophytic areas, agriculture, light scrub, parks and gardens and mangroves
F
F
F
immature
C
F
from Trinidad
C
juvenile
2 Tufted Coquette
Lophornis ornatus
a male will take possession of a tree in blossom, feeding from the flowers and searching foliage for insects, defending it vigorously even buzzing human observers
F
not shy, has a distinctive audible hum as it flies, very like bumblebee hovering in front of flower
5 Rufous-crested Coquette
C
Lophornis delattrei
lessoni
3 Violet-headed Hummingbird Klais guimeti guimeti
note distinctive eye spot
juvenile
C
juvenile
4 Spangled Coquette
Lophornis stictolophus
F
F
juvenile
C F C
usually solitary at lower levels but several may gather in crown of a tree covered in blossom
6 Wire-crested Thorntail
forages around low-flowering plants in clearings, edges and overgrown roadsides
F
Popelairia popelairii
7 Green Thorntail
Popelairia conversii
C most often seen in crown of tall and large trees in blossom – gliding, drifting jizz noticeable
perches on tip of high branch
partial to flowers with fine filaments e.g. Inga, Minosa, Jambosa hovers under large leaves looking for spiders etc.
F F
C
8 Black-bellied Thorntail Popelairia langsdorffi
solitary, forages in emergent tall trees in blossom e.g. Inga, Erythrina
forages alone in blossoming canopy trees, buzzing around like a bumblebee; humid forests and along rivers
003a BNSA.indd 209
melanosternon
C
9 Racket-tailed Coquette Discosura longicaudus
often in riverine habitats, usually in crown of tree in blossom
F
F C
C
19/9/06 11:57:11
PLATE 97: EMERALDS b
a
1
4
2
Blue-tailed Emerald 8.1-9.5cm; T-S; R; lc/r p. 239
Chiribiquete Emerald 8.5-9cm; UT; R; lc
Blue-chinned Sapphire 10.7-10.9cm; T; R; lc/r p. 238
5
p. 239
Short-tailed Emerald 9-9.4cm; UT-Te; R; f/u
3
p. 240
6
p. 240
p. 240
Narrow-tailed Emerald 9.4-9.8cm; UT-Te; R; f
Green-tailed Emerald 9.4cm; UT-LS; R; lf a
b c
7
8
Coppery Emerald 8.4-9.1cm; UT-Te; R; u p. 240
9
West Andean Emerald 10.9-11.4cm; UT-S; R; lc/u p. 239
Red-billed Emerald 8.9cm; T-S; R; u
b d
a
a b
c
10
11
Shining-green Hummingbird 10.9cm; T; R; lf p. 241
12
Sapphire-bellied Hummingbird 11.2cm; LT; R; lc CR p. 241
10 Shining-green Hummingbird
p. 239
Lepidopyga goudoti
Sapphire-throated Hummingbird 10.7cm; LT; R; u p. 241
11 Sapphire-bellied Hummingbird CR
a) luminosa
Lepidopyga lilliae
12 Sapphire-throated
mangrove swamps and nearby xerophytic scrub
b) zuliae
c) goudoti d) phaeochroa
forages alone, but joins squabbling groups in crowns of flowering large trees
Hummingbird Lepidopyga coeruleogularis
a) confinis
b) coelina
F C
F
C
mostly lower levels on borders and semi-open areas, but will forage in crown of large trees in blossom
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notata
2 Blue-chinned Sapphire Chlorestes notata
slightly curved bill, black and red
extremely shiny all over
forages mostly in blooming trees both for nectar and small spiders etc
wide variety of lowland habitats
1 Blue-tailed Emerald
Chlorostilbon mellisugus a) duidae
F
3 Narrow-tailed Emerald
C
b) caribaeus
Chlorostilbon stenurus stenurus
F
immature
5 races described in vol. 1
F F C
F
juvenile long wings
F
5 Short-tailed Emerald
C
Chlorostilbon poortmani
juvenile
poortmani
semi-dry and partially open areas, wide variety of habitats
cloud and elfin forests at higher levels, specialises in flowers with erect corollas
trap-lines shrubs with erect flowers usually below 4m from ground; route long and often in open spaces
6 Green-tailed Emerald
F
4 Chiribiquete Emerald
Chlorostilbon alice
C
Chlorostilbon olivaresi
juvenile
F
immature
variant from Monagas
juvenile
perches low in shade
alice
long wings base of bill red
F F
F
8 West Andean Emerald
C
Chlorostilbon melanorhynchus
solitary, forages among bushes and flowering trees, sallies for insects and gleans beneath leaves
7 Coppery Emerald
Chlorostilbon russatus
bright copper reflections
C F
long wings
humid wet cloud forests, borders and clearings
juvenile
trap-lines a wide variety of flowering plants; male aggressively defends his feeding territory
9 Red-billed Emerald F
Chlorostilbon gibsoni
C
trap-lines regularly
a) chrysogaster
outer two rectrices same length
b) nitens c) gibsoni
reddish
on Santa Marta replaces Red-billed above 500-600m
F
juvenile
003a BNSA.indd 211
F
C dry scrub and xerophytic areas, thorny scrub foraging at patches of small flowers
F C
F
19/9/06 11:57:15
PLATE 98: WOODNYMPHS AND SAPPHIRES d
a
b
a
b
b
1
c
a
2
3
4
5
6
p. 243
7
8
9
p. 244
Violet-crowned Woodnymph F12cm, C8.4cm; T-LS; R; c p. 241
Fork-tailed Woodnymph F11-12.7cm, C9.6-10.9cm; T-LS; R; lc/u p. 242
Violet-bellied Hummingbird 9.4cm; L-T; R; f/u p. 242
a c b
Green-crowned Woodnymph F9.5-10.5cm, C8.5-9cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 242 ?
White-chinned Sapphire 10.9-11.3cm; T; R; lc/r p. 243
10
Golden-tailed Sapphire 11.4cm; T-LS; R; lc/r
Rufous-throated Sapphire 10.9-11cm; LT; R; u p. 243
Blue-headed Sapphire 10.9cm; T-S; R; r
p. 243
Blue-throated Sapphire 9-9.5cm; T; R; lc/u
Humboldt’s Sapphire 12-12.6cm; T-S; R; r
11
Violet-capped Hummingbird 10.4cm; UT-R; lf p. 244
p. 244
visits flowers at all levels but mostly in canopy – montane forests to plantations to gardens
10 Golden-tailed Sapphire Chrysuronia oenone
9 Humboldt’s Sapphire Hylocharis humboldtii
little known
11 Violet-capped Hummingbird
C
F
F
Goldmania violiceps
white undertail-coverts
C
reddish upper
F
immature
juvenile
favours Pelliciera rhizophora, mangroves, humid forest, mature second growth
poorly known; solitary at lower levels in dense shady haunts
F C
212 003a BNSA.indd 212
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1 Violet-crowned Woodnymph
2 Fork-tailed Woodnymph
Thalurania colombica
a) colombica
Thalurania furcata
a) furcata
forages in open lower levels but always in shady canopy-covered areas, only occasionally in flowering canopy trees
b) nigrofasciata
c) fissilis
b) rostrifera
F
F
immature
solitary, mid to lower levels – curious and bold, aggressive to intruders
d) refulgens
C
F F
3 Violet-bellied Hummingbird
a) fannyi
Damophila julie
C
woodnymphs have deeply forked tails
F
immature
4 Green-crowned Woodnymph
a) feliciana
Thalurania fannyi
b) julie b)
forages in shady, canopy-covered areas, males hawk insects and hypochlora perch-sally; females glean from leaves
F F
c) verticeps C
C rounded tails
F
much like a woodnymph but will join mixed flocks in crowns of flowering trees
C
forked tails
juvenile
5 Rufous-throated Sapphire Hylocharis sapphirina
6 Blue-throated Sapphire Hylocharis eliciae
earina
F forages at all levels, often in blooming trees hovers and hawks insects – pugnacious in feeding areas
C juvenile
F C
7 White-chinned Sapphire Hylocharis cyanus
forages at flowering plants in the open; chases away interlopers, perches in shady areas
8 Blue-headed Sapphire Hylocharis grayi
all have multi-coloured rump and uppertail-coverts
gathers at flowering trees but territorial and aggressive at feeding spots
F forages all levels but often in flowering emergent canopy trees
003a BNSA.indd 213
F
C F
immature
green undertail-coverts
C
catches insects by both hawking and gleaning
19/9/06 11:57:18
PLATE 99: GOLDENTHROATS AND EMERALDS a
1
p. 244
2
Green-tailed Goldenthroat 10.6-10.9; LT; R; lc/r p. 245
5
Tepui Goldenthroat 12.5cm; S; R; lf
?
b
c
3
White-tailed Goldenthroat 11.5-12.8cm; LT; R; c p. 245
Buffy Hummingbird 10.9-11.3cm; LT; R; lc
p. 246
b
a
4
Tumbes Hummingbird 12.3-12.9cm; LT; R; u
6
p. 246
Olive-spotted Hummingbird 10.7cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 246
b
a
7
8
Many-spotted Hummingbird 10.5-11.4cm; UT; R; u p. 246
9
White-chested Emerald 10.5-11.4cm; LT; R; lc/r p. 247
Versicoloured Emerald 10.4-10.9cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 247
b a
10
11
Glittering-throated Emerald 9.8-13cm; LT; R; c p. 247
12
Táchira Emerald 9.5cm; T; R; r NE
p. 248
Sapphire-spangled Emerald 8-11cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 248
12 Sapphire-spangled Emerald
Amazilia lactea
zimmeri
13 Rufous-cheeked
13
Rufous-cheeked Hummingbird 10.2cm; UT-S; R; u NT p. 244
virtually unknown, found only in a politically inaccessible area; humid forests, coffee plantations; lower levels
F adult
Hummingbird NT Goethalsia bella
in poor light
immature forages at all levels on slopes of tepuis – strongly defends feeding territories
F
NE 11 Táchira Emerald
Amazilia distans
distinctive tail
F
C
humid forests on mountain slopes
214 003a BNSA.indd 214
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1 Tepui Goldenthroat Polytmus milleri
2 White-tailed Goldenthroat Polytmus guainumbi
open savanna with thickets and bushes, favours wet grassland, marshes, near streams and foothills of tepuis
guainumbi
white base of tail only shows when fanned
F
C
solitary, low bushes and shrubs – hawks insects in the open
3 Buffy Hummingbird
juvenile
Leucippus baeri
C
juvenile
Leucippus chlorocercus
coastal desert
c) richmondi
river island specialist, only found along rivers
solitary; bushes and flowering cacti
solitary; in xerophytic scrub, edges of mangroves, even gardens
dense vine-laden thickets and early second growth on islands
7 Many-spotted Hummingbird
4 Green-tailed Goldenthroat
Taphrospilus hypostictus hypostictus
Polytmus theresiae a) leucorrhous
F
C
Olive-spotted 5 Tumbes Hummingbird 6 Hummingbird
Leucippus fallax a) cervina b) fallax
seasonally common when Agave is in flower
F
b) theresiae
C
forest interiors, montane slopes and wooded ravines
note undertailcoverts
hawks insects in clearings and over water
low to mid levels, wide variety of flowers
C
C
F Amazilia chionopectus
F trap-lines, particularly fond of Rynchanthera and Tibouchina; savanna and scrubby fields
F
forages among flowers at all levels, including crowns of blossoming trees – wide variety of habitats from gallery forest to scrub
chionopectus
10 Glittering-throated
9 Versicoloured Emerald
Amazilia versicolor a) hollandi
juvenile
8 White-chested Emerald
b) millerii
Emerald Amazilia fimbriata
a) fimbriata
white vertical line down belly
extremes of variation
patch on sides
F juvenile
003a BNSA.indd 215
F
juvenile
feeds at a wide variety of plants but prefers those with flat flowers
partially open areas with scattered trees and bushes, from gallery forests to thorn scrub, plantations to gardens
whiteY-front
F F b) obscuricauda
19/9/06 11:57:21
PLATE 100: AMAZILIA HUMMINGBIRDS
b a
1
2
Blue-chested Hummingbird 8-9cm; LT; R; lf/r p. 248
3
Purple-chested Hummingbird 8-9cm; LT; R; u p. 248
Andean Emerald 9.1cm; UT-S; R; lf/r
p. 249
b a c
4
Plain-bellied Emerald 10cm; LT; R; c/f
b
a
5
p. 249
c dg f
6
Indigo-capped Hummingbird 9.1cm; UT-S; R; lc/u p. 249
?
Steely-vented Hummingbird 8.9-9cm; T-S; R; f p. 249
a
e b
7
8
Copper-rumped Hummingbird 8-9.5cm; T-LS; R; c p. 249
b
Chestnut-bellied Hummingbird 10.4cm; UT-S; R; u CR p. 251
a
10
11
Green-bellied Hummingbird 10.9-11.2cm; T-S; R; f/u p. 250
9
Copper-tailed Hummingbird 10cm; T-S; R; lc/r p. 250
12
Rufous-tailed Hummingbird 11.1-11.4cm; T-LS; R; c p. 250
Amazilia Hummingbird 11cm; T; R; lc/r
p. 251
12 Amazilia Hummingbird
13
Loja Hummingbird 10cm; S; R; lc
Amazilia amazilia
13 Loja Hummingbird
p. 251
Amazilia alticola
11 Rufous-tailed Hummingbird
Amazilia tzacatl
solitary but small groups gather at blossoming trees and disputes occur all the time; not in forest
particularly fond of Erythrina and Psittacanthus prefers flowers with slightly deep corollas, dry to open country
borders and clearings and open terrain with bushes on montane slopes
216 003a BNSA.indd 216
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1 Blue-chested Hummingbird Amazilia amabilis
3 Andean Emerald
Amazilia franciae a) viridiceps b) franciae
2 Purple-chested Hummingbird Amazilia rosenbergi
solitary trapliner, but also gathers in blossoming trees
trap-lines at all levels; gathers in emergent treetops covered in blossom with much bickering and chasing
F
F C
F
white undertailcoverts
trap-lines wide variety of flowering plants, forest edges, clearings
4 Plain-bellied Emerald
Amazilia leucogaster leucogaster
F
C
5 Indigo-capped Hummingbird Amazilia cyanifrons
C
6 Steely-vented Hummingbird
Amazilia saucerrottei a) braccata c) saucerrottei
cyanifrons
female has outer tips grey
F
note undertail-coverts
solitary; in bushes and small trees, mangroves, coastal woodland and plantations (esp. bananas)
forages all levels but mostly lower, where it fiercely defends feeding areas
7 Copper-rumped Hummingbird Amazilia tobaci
a) monticola
c) aliciae
energetic and fiesty
b) feliciae
e) caurensis
b) warscewiczi
f) tobaci
d) caudata
vigorously defends its feeding territory against bird of any size it perceives as a threat to the food...
g) erythronotus
F C
8 Copper-tailed Hummingbird
Amazilia cupreicauda a) cupreicauda b) laireti
...but in crown of tall tree in full blossom, it joins others without bickering
9 Chestnut-bellied
CR Hummingbird 10 Green-bellied Hummingbird Amazilia castaneiventris Amazilia viridigaster
a) viridigaster b) iodura
solitary at blooming vines and shrubs, often hawks insects at bromeliads
003a BNSA.indd 217
juvenile
borders of humid forest, bushy ravines and partially open terrain on mountain slopes
forages at all levels, in Andes often at blooming coffee shade trees especially Inga and Erythrina
19/9/06 11:57:25
PLATE 101: PLUMELETEERS, PIEDTAIL, BLOSSOMCROWN AND BRILLIANTS b
a
a
c
White-vented Plumeleteer F11.4-11.5cm, C10.2cm; LT; R; f/r p. 252 b
a
2
b d
b
1
c
c
Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer F11.4-11.5cm, C10.2cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 252
3
Speckled Hummingbird 8.4-8.6cm; S; R; c
a
p. 252
a
c b
4
Blossomcrown 8.4cm; S; R; r VU
p. 252
5
p. 253
6
Violet-fronted Brilliant F13cm, C10.9-11cm; UT-S; R; u p. 253
9
Gould’s Jewelfront 12-12.2cm; T; R; s/r
Fawn-breasted Briliant 11.2cm; S; R; u/r
p. 253
a
b
7
Ecuadorian Piedtail 7.6cm; UT-LS; R; u NT
p. 253
8
NT 7 Ecuadorian Piedtail
Snowy-breasted Hummingbird 8-10cm; T; R; r p. 251
9 Snowy-breasted Hummingbird
Phlogophilus hemileucurus
Amazilia edward
edward
solitary, fairly low down; clings to flowers – does not hover, gleans for insects humid lower slopes
b) sagitta
a) leadbeateri
forages alone, mostly low to mid-levels – does not gather at flowering trees
undergrowth, borders, clearings, plantations, regenerating clearings
F
F
immature
C
F
C
8 Violet-fronted Brilliant Heliodoxa leadbeateri
218 003a BNSA.indd 218
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c) caeruleogaster
1 White-vented Plumeleteer b) buffonii
Chalybura buffonii
a) aeneicauda
forages singly, in pairs or small groups at all levels – adept at piercing long corollas of tube flowers to get to nectar; takes insects by gleaning and robbing spiders’webs
2 Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer a) urochrysia
C F
F
broad dusky blue tails, bold white undertail-coverts
Chalybura urochrysia b) intermedia
c) isaurae
F
forages in forest understorey, establishes territorial rights over flowering plants: males hawk insects, females generally glean
F
3 Speckled Hummingbird
F
Adelomyia melanogenys a) cervina
F c) debellardiana
usually solitary and occasionally in pairs often at flowers in thickets along trails and borders
C
VU 4 Blossomcrown
Anthocephala floriceps
a) berlepschi unique head pattern
b) aeneosticta
b) floriceps
d) melanogenys
white postocular and dark cheeks with spotted underparts
5 Gould’s Jewelfront Heliodoxa aurescens
poorly known, solitary, forages at lower levels, lightly forested areas
F
C F
6 Fawn-breasted Brilliant Heliodoxa rubinoides b) cervinigularis
a) rubinoides
c) aequatorialis
C F interior of humid terra firme and várzea; along shady streams and boggy areas
solitary; usually in lower levels; visits flowering treetops, but not in gatherings; – hawks insects high in open spaces
003a BNSA.indd 219
F
C F
F
19/9/06 11:57:29
PLATE 102: BRILLIANTS AND TOPAZES
2
1
Black-throated Brilliant 12cm; T; R; r
p. 254
4
Velvet-browed Brilliant 10cm; UT-S; R; f
p. 254
5
7
p. 255
8
Pink-throated Brilliant 11.4cm; UT; R; r NT
8 Fiery Topaz
Green-crowned Brilliant F13, C10.9cm; UT-S; R; u/r p. 254
Violet-chested Hummingbird 11.5cm; UT-S; R; lc p. 255
Fiery Topaz F18cm, C15cm; LT; R; r p. 255
3
Empress Brilliant F14cm, C12.2cm; UT-LS; R; f/r p. 254
6
Scissor-tailed Hummingbird F19cm, C11.5cm; UT-LS; R; f VU p. 255
9
Crimson Topaz 18cm; LT; R; lf/u
p. 256
9 Crimson Topaz
Topaza pyra pyra
Topaza pella
pella
F
juvenile
F F
F
immature
C
similar plumage stages for juveniles and immatures
C
immature
C
both species occur in open forest and borders, often at tops of flowering trees and emergent canopy trees in blossom; they like areas near blackwater rivers and streams; hawk for insects above canopy, in clearings and open spaces over streams
220 003a BNSA.indd 220
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1 Black-throated Brilliant low levels in humid forests
2 Green-crowned Brilliant
Heliodoxa schreibersii schreibersii
Heliodoxa jacula
very clear fieldmarks
humid wet and cloud forests – both interiors and borders, occasionally into adjacent open areas and along streams
very poorly known bird
F
F
C
immature
jacula
C
4 Velvet-browed Brilliant Heliodoxa xanthogonys
3 Empress Brilliant Heliodoxa imperatrix
solitary; very wet and cloud forests of lower slopes; hovers upward at hanging flowers
F C forages on a variety of flowering bushes and low plants; forest and scrub on slopes of tepuis
F C
5 Violet-chested Hummingbird Sternoclyta cyanopectus
long and gently curved
note wing patches
6 Scissor-tailed Hummingbird VU
solitary; lower levels of humid and cloud forests, ravines but also cocoa and coffee plantations
Hylonympha macrocerca
F
small groups may gather in canopy of flowering trees; males defend an area rich in flowers
C
7 Pink-throated Brilliant Heliodoxa gularis
F
inside humid and wet montane forests on mid-level slopes pink throat
C very often in Heliconia and bromeliads, mossladen areas of tall canopy, occasionally in coffee plantations
C
white undertailcoverts
F
003a BNSA.indd 221
19/9/06 11:57:32
PLATE 103: HILLSTARS AND ALLIED SPECIES
b a
1
Ecuadorian Hillstar 13cm; P; R; f/u
p. 256
2
p. 257
3
4
Giant Hummingbird 23.1cm; S-P; R; u
p. 257
5
Great Sapphirewing 19.3cm; Te-P; R; lf/r
p. 257
6
p. 257
8
Shining Sunbeam 13.2cm; Te-P; R; lc
p. 258
a
Sword-billed Hummingbird F14cm, C13cm; S-Te; R; u p. 257
Mountain Velvetbreast 11-12cm; S-Te; R; lc/u
p. 258
b
7
Andean Hillstar 13-15cm; P; R; u
White-tailed Hillstar 14.4cm; UT-Te; R; f/r
7 White-tailed Hillstar Urochroa bougueri
moustache
C
8 Shining Sunbeam Aglaeactis cupripennis
F
a) bougueri
no moustache tail on both races very distinct
rainbow rump
forages alone or in pairs from mid level to canopy
b) leucura humid and wet and cloud forests, both inside and borders, often along streams
F
C
often perches in the open and holds its wings aloft for a while after landing
tail varies from dark brown to rufous, both with bronze edges
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solitary; fiercely defends its feeding territory
1 Ecuadorian Hillstar Oreotrochilus chimborazo
a) chimborazo
spends much time hawking insects
2 Andean Hillstar
and also sitting in the sun b) jamesonii b) jamesonii b) jamesonii
Oreotrochilus estella
F
juvenile
F
F
F
C
immature
3 Sword-billed Hummingbird Ensifera ensifera
C open areas with scattered patches of Puya and Polylepis
a) chimborazo
very long bill
4 Giant Hummingbird Patagona gigas
peruviana
bill is normally held in a near-vertical position when perched
open arid country often near water
F C specialises in flowers with long hanging corollas – hovers below, probing upwards
F C spends long periods hawking insects
flies with comparatively heavy flapping beats, rather bat-like, but glides briefly – and swift-like!
5 Great Sapphirewing Pterophanes cyanopterus
slow wingbeats, flight direct with some glides, swift-like
6 Mountain Velvetbreast forages alone, usually in canopy of humid, wet and cloud forest, edges and open areas nearby, always in or around dense shrubbery
Lafresnaya lafresnayi
lafresnayi
F C highland grassland with scattered trees and bushes
003a BNSA.indd 223
F
(5 races in vol. 1)
F
immature
C
19/9/06 11:57:35
PLATE 104: INCAS AND STARFRONTLETS a
c
a
d
1
Collared Inca 10cm; S-Te; R; c
b
p. 258
2
p. 259
3
p. 259
5
p. 259
6
Bronzy Inca 14-15cm; UT-Te; R; c
Brown Inca 14.2cm; UT-TS; R; u
p. 259
a
4
b
f
c
b
e
Black Inca 13.9cm; S; R; lc EN
Purple Inca 14cm; not known
White-tailed Starfrontlet 14.2cm; S; R; c p. 260
b a
7
Golden Starfrontlet 13.5cm; S-T; R; lc
p. 260
8
Golden-bellied Starfrontlet 13.2-13.9cm; S-Te; R; u p. 260
7 Golden Starfrontlet Coeligena eos
trap-lines at low levels, always at edges
darker colouring with paler tails
8 Golden-bellied Starfrontlet Coeligena bonapartei
C F C C F
F
rufous wing panels rich golden-orange rump shows well in flight
b) consita a) bonapartei solitary; lower levels; borders of elfin and cloud forest, open areas with scattered trees and bushes nearby
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1 Collared Inca
often feeds at flowers at forest edge out in the open and flies across open spaces
Coeligena torquata
white breast and white tail are diagnostic
C
F
F
C
F
C
highland forests, thickets and borders, solitary, very distinct fieldmarks
b) torquata a) fulgidigula
2 Bronzy Inca Coeligena coeligena
occasionally in flowering canopies
juvenile
F
F
adult
b) coeligena
d) obscura
c) ferruginea
3 Brown Inca throat patch and Coeligena wilsoni white neck spot are diagnostic
4 Black
c) conradii
trap-lines along forest edges, favours red flowers with long corollas like Fushia, Cavendishia, Heliconia etc
F
a) zuliana only known from two male specimens from Popayán, Colombia
F
F
f) columbiana
F
e) zuloagae
5 Purple Inca Coeligena purpurea
6 White-tailed Starfrontlet Coeligena phalerata
EN Inca
Coeligena prunellei
uniform colouring
C
F trap lines through thick undergrowth of humid montane forest, usually seen feeding at epiphytes
F
juvenile
tail less forked
003a BNSA.indd 225
F
trap-lines at all levels even canopy, favours oak woods; at borders and along streams
males tend to be in forest clearings while females more at borders and edges
C F
19/9/06 11:57:39
PLATE 105: STARFRONTLETS AND CORONETS
a
a
1
b p. 260
2
Buff-winged Starfrontlet 14.5cm; Te-P; R; u p. 261
5
Rainbow Starfrontlet 13-15cm; S-P; R; c
4
Violet-throated Starfrontlet 14.5cm; T; R; r p. 261
3
Dusky Starfrontlet 14.2cm; Te-P; R; r
6
p. 260
b
Blue-throated Starfrontlet 14.5cm; S-Te; R; f/u p. 261
Velvet-purple Coronet 12.7cm; UT-S; R; r
C
a b
F
8
7
p. 262
Buff-tailed Coronet 13.2-13.5cm; S-Te; R; f/u p. 262
Chestnut-breasted Coronet 13.2cm; S-Te; R; u/r p. 262
forages in canopy and mid levels, solitary, territorial and aggressive but joins gatherings at blossoming trees shoulder tufts
C
solitary, territorial and aggressive in defence of its feeding areas, but will join gatherings in crowns of trees in full blossom
F
F
tail very distinctive
6 Velvet-purple Coronet Boissonneaua jardini
all Boissonneaua coronets have the habit of holding their wings up in the air for a few moments after landing on a perch
pale edges to tail
a) flavescens
b) tinochlora
7 Buff-tailed Coronet Boissonneaua flavescens
8 Chestnut-breasted Coronet Boissonneaua matthewsii
juvenile
tail distinctive
F
territorial and very aggressive in defence of its flowers, but will join gatherings in blossoming trees and will cause chases and bickering
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1 Rainbow Starfrontlet Coeligena iris
note wing patches
F
C
C
F
F less of a forest bird, often in open areas with scattered trees and bushes; traplines a wide variety of flowering plants; often along streams
a) hesperus
2 Violet-throated Starfrontlet
b) iris
aurora
Coeligena violifer dichroura
N Peru
C
3 Blue-throated Starfrontlet Coeligena helianthea
F white line
C F
a) helianthea
F
b) tamai
trap-lines many different flowering plants in the lower levels of humid, cloud and elfin forests, often in open adjacent areas, around settlements, gardens and villages
4 Buff-winged Starfrontlet Coeligena lutetiae
pale secondaries diagnostic
5 Dusky
bar trap-lines for flowers in borders and thickets, clearings and treefalls and often along forest trails
known only from 2 localities on northern end of Western Andes; forages in canopy and mid-levels; humid, wet Starfrontlet and elfin forest
Coeligena orina
F
C F
C F
immature
from dense forest to Polylepis woodland; often seen feeding in the open and flying across wide open spaces; likes ravines
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19/9/06 11:57:42
PLATE 106: SUNANGELS
1
2
Orange-throated Sunangel 10.9cm; S-Te; R; lc p. 262
a c
3
Amethyst-throated Sunangel 11.2cm; S-Te; R; f/u p. 263
p. 262
p. 264
6
Bogotá Sunangel c.12cm not known DD p. 264
9
b
4
Longuemare’s Sunangel 11.2cm; S-Te; R; f/u
Mérida Sunangel 10.8cm; S-P; R; u
5
p. 263
Gorgeted Sunangel 10.9cm; UT-Te; R; lf/u
Flame-throated Sunangel 10-11cm; Te; R; u p. 264
?
7
Tourmaline Sunangel 10.2cm; Te; R; lc/u
8
p. 264
Purple-throated Sunangel 11-12cm; US-Te; R; lc/f p. 264
10
Royal Sunangel 11-12cm; S-Te; R; r EN p. 263
10 Royal Sunangel
EN
Heliangelus regalis
entirely deep purple-blue
favours elfin scrub and male will fiercely defend a small area with flowering shrubs
C
not yet recorded in Ecuador but very possible in extreme south, on Cordillera del Cóndor
forked deep blue tail separates female from other similar species
F 228 003a BNSA.indd 228
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1 Orange-throated Sunangel Heliangelus mavors
2 Mérida Sunangel Heliangelus spencei
forages low down; solitary, territorial and aggressive
forages at lower levels along edges and borders, territorial all Heliangelus hummingbirds are distinguished by the crescent marks across their breasts
3 Amethyst-throated Sunangel Heliangelus amethysticollis laticlavius
F F
C
C
4 Longuemare’s Sunangel Heliangelus clarisse wet and humid montane forests rich in epiphytes; likes damp and bushy areas
different throat patterns on females
a) verdiscutatus
c) clarisse
b) violiceps
forages in shrubby clearings along forest edges and along streams
F C
F
5 Gorgeted Sunangel
Heliangelus strophianus
C female has full dusky gorget
F F
C
6 Flame-throated Sunangel
Heliangelus micraster micraster
forked dark blue tail distinctive borders and interiors of humid or wet forest on montane slopes, rich in mosses and epiphytes – will venture onto adjacent open land
F
C
solitary; likes humid bushy ravines, shrubby clearings, along edges
8 Bogotá Sunangel DD Heliangelus zusii
7 Tourmaline Sunangel
9 Purple-throated
Sunangel Heliangelus viola
Heliangelus exortis
variety of habitats from cloud forest to orchards and gardens
C
F
dense wet and humid mossy forests and stands of bamboo, also overgrown clearings
forages low down and is aggressively territorial
003a BNSA.indd 229
C
F
F F
juvenile
described from a single ‘Bogotá’ specimen
C F
very territorial, freely chasing other hummingbirds
19/9/06 11:57:45
PLATE 107: PUFFLEGS AND WHITETIPS
b a
1
Black-breasted Puffleg 8-9cm; Te-P; R; r CR
2
p. 265
4
Sapphire-vented Puffleg 13.4cm; Te-P; R; lc/u p. 265
Hoary Puffleg 10.9cm; UT-S; R; u NT p. 267
10
3
5
p. 266
8
p. 267
Coppery-bellied Puffleg 11.5cm; Te; R; lf NT
7
p. 265
Glowing Puffleg 9cm; Te-P; R; u
Greenish Puffleg 10.5-11.1cm; S; R; f/u
Turquoise-throated Puffleg 10-11cm; US-Te; R; r CR p. 265
6
Emerald-bellied Puffleg 9.1cm; S-Te; R; lc/r
9
Black-thighed Puffleg 11.7cm; Te-P; R; u/r NT p. 266
Purple-bibbed Whitetip F8.9cm, C8.1cm; UT-S; R; lf/r p. 267
Golden-breasted Puffleg 13.4cm; Te; R; lf/u p. 266
13 Colourful Puffleg CR
F
C F
juvenile
13
Colourful Puffleg 9.6cm; US-Te; R; u CR p. 266
forages within foliage at all levels, hovers at flowers, both hawks and gleans insects
p. 266
12
11
Rufous-vented Whitetip F9.4cm, C8.6cm; S; R; u/r p. 267
Eriocnemis mirabilis
forages low in and at the edges of pristine wet and cloud forests
F C white tail spot diagnostic
C
pale tips
juvenile
12 Purple-bibbed Whitetip
Urosticte benjamini
fiercely territorial
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1 Black-breasted Puffleg CR
2 Glowing Puffleg
Eriocnemis nigrivestis
Eriocnemis vestita
a) paramillo exclusively in very stunted elfin forest of rocky montane ridges, in dense undergrowth rich in epiphytes, mosses, bromeliads etc
juvenile
C
b) vestita
F
F
3 Turquoise-throated Puffleg CR Eriocnemis godini
F
edges of cloud and elfin forest, overgrown fields, bushy slopes and páramos
C
4 Sapphire-vented Puffleg Eriocnemis luciani NT 5 Coppery-bellied Puffleg
goldenyellow on breast and belly distinctive
Eriocnemis cupreoventris
clings to flowers when feeding, sallies for insects, very territorial and aggressive in defence of area
6 Emerald-bellied Puffleg
F
Eriocnemis alinae alinae
C edges and fairly open country, may be seen on ground, feeding from flowers of groundcover plants
has not been reported for over 50 years – effectively unknown long and deeply forked
7 Hoary Puffleg NT
female similar but lacks emerald frontlet
8 Greenish Puffleg Haplophaedia aureliae
Haplophaedia lugens
F NT 9 Black-thighed Puffleg
both catch insects by gleaning
Eriocnemis derbyi
open spaces within wet forest, treefalls, groves, small clearings – all with canopy cover
derbyi forages among low growing flowers and hawks for insects
forages low in understorey of humid, wet and cloud forests humid, wet and cloud forests, often along mountain streams, forages low down from flowers with short corollas
solitary, all levels within foliage, hovers at flowers; hawks and gleans insects
F C
10 Rufous-vented Whitetip
Urosticte ruficrissa F
bushy highland areas, overgrown ravines and border of wet and elfin forest
C
unusual tail shape
11 Golden-breasted Puffleg
Eriocnemis mosquera
forages low, clearings and edges, territorial and very aggressive
F
juvenile white tail spot is diagnostic
003a BNSA.indd 231
white tips
19/9/06 11:57:49
PLATE 108: METALTAILS AND THORNBILLS
c b a
1
2
Violet-throated Metaltail 10-11cm; Te-P; R; u EN p. 268
Viridian Metaltail 10.1cm; Te-P; R; lc/u
p. 269
3
Neblina Metaltail 10-11cm; Te-P; R; u NT p. 269 a
b
?
5
4
Rufous-capped Thornbill 8-9cm; Te; R; r p. 269
7
8
Blue-mantled Thornbill 10.8-11.8cm; Te-P; R; u p. 270
10
Purple-backed Thornbill 3 Purple-backed Thornbill 8.6cm; Te-P; R; s p. 268
Perijá Metaltail 10.2-10.6cm; S-Te; R; ?r VU p. 270
Bronze-tailed Thornbill F12.7-13cm, C8.7-10.2cm; Te; R; c p. 270
11
Black-backed Thornbill 9-10cm; S-P; R; u
usually forages alone but joins gatherings in blossoming trees –usually perches on flowers, takes nectar and insects but hawks for flying insects
deep fork
8 Tyrian Metaltail Tyrian Metaltail 8.1-9cm; S; R; lc
immature
C
juvenile
Ramphomicron microrhynchum
p. 269
9
Rainbow-bearded Thornbill 10.8-10.9cm; Te; R; u p. 270
p. 269
forages at all levels, usually solitary
apparently seasonal vertical movement; common in sub-páramo in September (Venezuela)
10 Purple-backed Thornbill
tiny thin bill diagnostic with females and juveniles
F
F
6
C
deep fork
F
both edges and open páramos with scattered trees and bushes
distinct pattern
11 Black-backed Thornbill
Ramphomicron dorsale
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2 Viridian Metaltail
1 Violet-throated Metaltail EN Metallura baroni
solitary, males hold feeding territories
borders and edges, stands of trees and bushes on open land
borders of cloud and elfin forest, polylepis and rocky outcrops covered with epiphytes, bromeliads etc
F C
bushes and open areas with preference for wet areas, boggy fields, ravines etc.
Metallura williami a) atrigularis b) williami
F
F
C
solitary, males defend feeding territories tail slightly deeper fork
4 Rufous-capped Thornbill Chalcostigma ruficeps 3 Neblina Metaltail NT
forages at lower levels, clings to flowers in search of nectar and insects and will make slits in base of corolla of long flowers
Metallura odomae
solitary and territorial
6 Tyrian Metaltail F
F
C
5 Perijá Metaltail
VU
open grassy fields with scattered brush and Swallenochloa bamboo, forest borders near mountain tops
Metallura tyrianthina
C
a) districta
b) oreopola
males defend feeding territory, females defend breeding area
Metallura iracunda
tail blue and green
c) recisa
prefers flowers with open corollas; not shy, seems unconcerned by observers
F
F
C
5 races each have distinct coloration see vol. 1
8 Bronze-tailed Thornbill Chalcostigma heteropogon
F
C
7 Blue-mantled Thornbill
Chalcostigma stanleyi feeds in canopy stanleyi
note unique gorget and pink forked beard
9 Rainbow-bearded
Thornbill Chalcostigma herrani herrani
rufous
of Gynoxys gleaning insects from leaves, prefers small flowers like Gentiana, Berberis, Ribes etc
F
F
003a BNSA.indd 233
C
may be seen chasing Tit-like Dacnis which shares same habitat and competes for same flowers
immature
solitary on low páramo vegetation, mostly on Espeletia flowers – hawks insects but walks on cushions of moss and fine grass picking out insects
immature
F
C
19/9/06 11:57:53
PLATE 109: HELMETCREST, FAIRIES, STARTHROATS AND AVOCETBILL
b a
d
c
1
Bearded Helmetcrest 11.2-11.5cm; Te-P; R; lc p. 268
2
Purple-crowned Fairy F12.2cm, C12.9cm; T; R; f/u p. 271
3
Black-eared Fairy F11.6cm, C13.2cm; T; R; lf/u p. 271 a
?
b
?
4
Long-billed Starthroat 14.7cm; T; R; f/u
7
Mountain Avocetbill 10.2cm; Te-P; R; r
p. 272
5
Blue-tufted Starthroat 16cm; T; R; s
p. 272
6
Wedge-billed Hummingbird 8.6cm; UT-S; R; lc/r p. 271
p. 271
6 Wedge-billed Hummingbird Schistes geoffroyi
b) albogularis
a) geoffroyi always solitary and does not gather at flowering trees
forages at all levels but mostly at lower levels of shubbery to flowers with tubular corollas; trap-lines
note white throat
emerald green throat
dense, humid and mossy cloud forest, both interior and edges
7 Mountain Avocetbill
Opisthoprora euryptera
slightly upturned bill
forages alone, lower levels, prefers small flowers with tubular corollas – seems to be lethargic compared to other hummingbirds
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1 Bearded Helmetcrest Oxypogon guerinii
high valleys, slopes with Espeletia, stands of Polylepis, patches of bushes etc.
forages in low vegetation, also in fields planted with garlic, onion and other flowering crops
whole head pattern very distinct
a) stuebelii
F
F
F
F
b) cyanolaemus c) guerinii
C
juvenile perches on flowers to feed and will walk on mats of tight fine grass to pick insects
d) lindenii
2 Purple-crowned Fairy Heliothryx barroti
3 Black-eared Fairy
Heliothryx auritus auritus
both species are solitary and do not gather in groups in crowns of tall blossoming trees – usually low down at edges, along trails and in clearings; they dash about swiftly, fanning tail or lifting it like a rudder
F immaculate white of breast and tail shows very well in flight – both species
C
F tail stepped very steeply
C
4 Long-billed Starthroat
5 Blue-tufted Starthroat
Heliomaster longirostris
longirostris
forages both singly and in pairs
Heliomaster furcifer
semi-dry areas, light woodland and adjacent fields
bright red throat contrasts with intense bluish-purple
favours blossoming trees like Erythrina, Tabebuia, but also Heliconia, bananas and flowering shrubs
irregular white line down rump
forages from midlevel to canopy of wide variety of flowering plants from bromeliads, cacti, Lobeliaceae to Leguminosae
F C
F note shape of tail
003a BNSA.indd 235
C
19/9/06 11:57:55
PLATE 110: WOODSTARS AND SUNGEM
?
?
1
Purple-collared Woodstar 10cm; T-Te; R; u p. 273
2
Gorgeted Woodstar F8.7cm, C7.1cm; UT-Te; R; lf/r p. 274
4
3
Amethyst Woodstar F6.6cm, C6cm; T; R; lf/r p. 273
5
White-bellied Woodstar F8.6cm, C8.1cm; UT-Te; R; u p. 274
Purple-throated Woodstar 9.5cm; UT-S; R; u p. 273
6
Santa Marta Woodstar 6.2cm; UT-Te; R; lc/r b
p. 274
c
a
7
Esmeraldas Woodstar 6.5cm; LT: R; r EN
8
p. 275
10
11
Little Woodstar F8.4cm, C7.4cm; T-S; R; r VU p. 276
Short-tailed Woodstar 6.3cm; LT; R; lc
Horned Sungem 10.2cm; T; R; lc
p. 275
9
Rufous-shafted Woodstar 7-8.8cm; UT-S; R; lc/s p. 275
p. 272
usually solitary, forages blossoms of lower levels, including Verbenaceae, Malvaceae and Urticaceae
savanna with scattered bushes, open woodland, gallery and riparian forests
C F
11 Horned Sungem
Heliactin cornutus
woodstars fly around in a drifting kind of way and often look and sound like bumblebees; they all have distinct tail shapes and patterns at all sexes and ages; they all can be found in blossoming Inga and Erythrina, and all hawk for small insects
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2 Amethyst Woodstar
1 Purple-collared Woodstar
Calliphlox amethystina
Myrtis fanny
F
breeding
follows trapline route; semi-desertic light woodland, agaves and thorny scrub
C F
note distinct tail profile
non-breeding
F
4 Gorgeted Woodstar
3 Purple-throated Woodstar
Chaetocercus heliodor
Calliphlox mitchellii
usually solitary and often in dense shrubbery – but gathers in crowns of trees in blossom
F
breeding
F
note shape
humid and wet, cloud forests, thickets and bushes on slopes; usually found in canopy
breeding non-breeding
6 Santa Marta Woodstar
Chaetocercus mulsant
breeding
C F
Chaetocercus astreans
often in second growth borders, plantations and shrubby clearings
usually forages among smallflowering bushes but joins others in tops of blossoming tree
C
F
non-breeding
distinctive blue tone to plumage
8 Short-tailed Woodstar
note shape
Myrmia micrura
EN 7 Esmeraldas Woodstar
Chaetocercus berlepschi
violet ear patch
usually solitary and in canopy
short round tail
9 Rufous-shafted Woodstar
Chaetocercus jourdanii a) andinus b) rosae c) jourdanii
often found around cacti in flower, common in semi-desert habitat
C
F
C
F
juvenile
C
F
F
5 White-bellied Woodstar
F
heliodor
juvenile
C non-breeding
juvenile
C
forages low down and in low flowering trees; from borders of humid forests to arid areas and thorny scrub
10 Little Woodstar VU
Acestrura bombus
F
C
F
F
F
F
very distinct
003a BNSA.indd 237
C
F non-breeding
juvenile usually forages alone but often a few found feeding at same bush; from cloud forest to plantations, parks and gardens
canopy and mid-levels, fond of Agave and bromeliads, transition areas from humid to dry
19/9/06 11:57:59
PLATE 111: SYLPHS, TRAINBEARERS AND RACKET-TAILS
a
b
1
Venezuelan Sylph F19.5cm, C10.6cm; S; R; u p. 276
2
Long-tailed Sylph F19.3cm, C11cm; S-Te; R; lc/u p. 276
b
Violet-tailed Sylph F19-21cm, C10cm; UT-S; R; f/u p. 277
a
4
?
b
a
3
5
Black-tailed Trainbearer F26.5cm; C14.5cm; Te-P; R; lc/u p. 277
Green-tailed Trainbearer F17cm, C12cm; S-Te; R; lc/u p. 277
c
6
Peruvian Sheartail F15cm (tail 10cm), C7cm; T-Te; ?R; r p. 278
b
a
7
Marvellous Spatuletail F10-20cm, C10cm; S-Te; R; ? p. 278
8
Racket-tailed Puffleg 6 Booted Racket-tail F13.2cm, C8.7cm; UT-S; R; lc/u p. 277
trap-lines at forest edge – may be seen repeatedly in same spots throughout the day
a) peruanus
not confirmed for the region
b) discifer F
C F
C
immature
C F
F spatules oval
c) incommodus
spatules rounded
EN 7 Marvellous Spatuletail
Loddigesia mirabilis
F
8 Racket-tailed Puffleg Ocreatus underwoodii
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2 Long-tailed Sylph
1 Venezuelan Sylph
Aglaiocercus kingi
Aglaiocercus berlepschi F
F
C
C
C
3 Violet-tailed Sylph
humid and cloud forest, mature second growth but often seen in plantations and areas rich in moss and epiphytecovered trees
F
Aglaiocercus coelestis
b) emmae
a) kingi forages at all levels, alone or in pairs and freely joins gatherings in crowns of blossoming trees
all sylphs trap-line regular routes but will establish territory of a particularly well flowering bush and defend it energetically
aethereus
forages in shady clusters of flowering shrubs, forest interiors
4 Black-tailed Trainbearer Lesbia victoriae
C
immature
F
C
F
forages alone or in pairs, does not join gatherings in flowering trees
5 Green-tailed Trainbearer Lesbia nuna
F C
forest edges on mountain slopes, middle level to canopy of flowering trees
F
F
C
6 Peruvian Sheartail Thaumastura cora F a) victoriae b) gouldii
a) victoriae C
forages alone at all levels, mostly coastal and riverine habitat
a) victoriae
b) juliae
note shape of tail and patterns
not confirmed for the region
b) gouldii a) gracilis mid levels and canopy, spends much time hawking insects, variety of montane and páramo habitats, including bamboo-covered landslides
F
immature
003a BNSA.indd 239
19/9/06 11:58:02
PLATE 112: TROGONS b
a
c
1
p. 280
2
Amazonian White-tailed Trogon 28-30cm; T; R; c p. 281
5
Black-tailed Trogon 30-32cm; T; R; lc/u
4
p. 280
3
Western White-tailed Trogon 28-30cm; T-S: R; u p. 282
6
Ecuadorian Trogon 30-32cm; T-LS; R; f
Chocó Trogon 30-32cm; T-LS; R; lf/u
p. 281
Northern Violaceous Trogon 22-24cm; T; R; f p. 279
a
b note that tails have been illustrated in such a way as to show both sides, in reality the tails are almost flat
7
Amazonian Violaceous Trogon 22-24cm; T; R; lc/u p. 280
fast series of downslurred notes: cuh-cuh-cuh...
6 Northern Violaceous Trogon
see vol. 1 for comments on taxonomy of Black-tailed and Violaceous Trogons
incomplete eye-rings: ‘brackets’
Trogon caligatus
7 Amazonian Violaceous Trogon
incomplete eye-rings
Trogon violaceus
F
F
immature
C
F
immature
F
note different undertail patterns and wingpanels
borders and semi-open areas, treefalls, clearings with scattered trees, plantations etc.
This plate was prepared following the splits in Ridgely and Greenfield (2001) but the changes were not approved by the SACC on grounds of insufficient published evidence
F
F
immature
C very fast series of chok’chok’chok... 12-15 notes, steady, no acceleration
b) crissalis
a) violaceus
often joins tanagers and thrushes feeding on fruit in lower levels; generally forest edges
240 004 BNSA.indd 240
19/9/06 12:11:27
1 Black-tailed Trogon
note how vermiculations on wings change with sex, age and race
Trogon melanurus
a) melanurus
c) eumorphus F
F
C
immature
sometimes in small groups, interiors and borders of humid forests: slow waw-waw-waw... up to 20 or more, rather dog-like
C
F
b) macroura
all very dark undertails
4 Amazonian White-tailed Trogon Trogon viridis viridis
interiors and borders of humid and wet forest, but also lighter areas, plantations
blue eye-rings
2 Ecuadorian Trogon Trogon mesurus
cow-cow-cow... notes that start softly and build
white eyes, red eye-rings
often seen at borders of woodland and forest
F
5 Western White-tailed Trogon
3 Chocó Trogon
Trogon chionurus
Trogon comptus
white eyes, grey eye-rings
F
blue eye-rings
F
F C
F
C
slowly repeated cow notes
interiors and borders of humid and wet forests – likes ravines and steep foothills
004 BNSA.indd 241
C
F
immature
chaw-chaw-chaw... 20-25 low notes, slow and slowly accelerating towards the end
humid forest borders very fast series of cowp notes accelerating while falling in pitch
19/9/06 12:11:29
PLATE 113: TROGONS c
a c
b
1
Black-throated Trogon 25cm; LT; R; f/u
a
b
p. 282
2
Blue-crowned Trogon 24cm; T; R; u
p. 281
3
Masked Trogon 25cm; S-Te; R; f/u
p. 283
b
c
4
note that tails have been illustrated in such a way as to show both sides, in reality the tails are almost flat
a
Collared Trogon 25cm; T-S; R; lc/u
p. 282
5
Slaty-tailed Trogon 30-33cm; T; R; lc/r
p. 283 red eye-ring and bill
australis
4 Collared Trogon Trogon collaris
short series of kyow or kyuuw, that accelerates
F
F red eye-ring, white brackets
F
C F C
steady nasal barking koh-kh-koh...
frequently hawks insects and may follow monkeys, or flocks of caciques to take insects they disturb
5 Slaty-tailed Trogon note variety of undertail patterns by sex and race
Trogon massena
b) exoptatus a) collaris all females have similar undertail patterns
sociable and found in mixedspecies flocks, humid and wet forests interiors and borders
c) virginalis
242 004 BNSA.indd 242
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1 Black-throated Trogon Trogon rufus
2 Blue-crowned Trogon
F
F
Trogon curucui
immature
C
red eye-rings
peruvianus invariably inside deep forest, never at edges; favours vicinity of streams
F
C
C
blue eye-rings
a) rufus
b) amazonicus
F
highly insectivorous; often joins mixedspecies feeding flocks in understorey
slow even-paced series of cuh (or similar) notes only 2-4, but up to 10 from amazonicus, decrease in pitch
F
fast series of cow notes, accelerating then stopping abruptly
c) tenellus
3 Masked Trogon
yellow eye-ring
Trogon personatus
incomplete breast bands in females and juveniles
F
borders of humid and wet montane forest; soft steady series of kwa notes, up to 10, soft, then louder, then soft again white crescent behind eyes
F C
F C C
F
immature
a) ptaritepui b) personatus undertail well barred but grey
004 BNSA.indd 243
c) temperatus
faint shadow pattern
19/9/06 12:11:33
PLATE 114: QUETZALS
?
1
4
2
Golden-headed Quetzal 33-36cm; UT-Te; R; u p. 284
White-tipped Quetzal 33-34cm; S-Te; R; c
Pavonine Quetzal 33-34cm; T; R; lf/u
3
p. 284
Crested Quetzal 33-35cm; UT-Te; R; lf/u p. 283
p. 284
3 Crested Quetzal
4 White-tipped Quetzal
Pharomachrus antisianus
Pharomachrus fulgidus
a slow melancholy series of whistles: tay, ta AAaaao
head is metallic green with coppery iridescence, it usually appears a little more green than illustrated
fulgidus
C F C F all white distinctive pattern forages alone or in pairs – swoops from perch to snatch fruit, often returning to same perch
gregarious and often vocal, with several birds in an area calling loud kirra, ot kirra kip
often along shadowy mountain streams and deeper parts of coffee plantations
partially white
244 004 BNSA.indd 244
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1 Golden-headed Quetzal Pharomachrus auriceps
hargitti
usually solitary; flies to a fruit and hovers as it prepares to snatch it
head can look very golden or even orange-lime
yellow bill
C melodic, mournful whe-wheeeu, several times, rather hawk-like
F
juvenile
F
2 Pavonine Quetzal Pharomachrus pavoninus pavoninus
reddishcoppery iridescence
note white on wings of both birds
humid lowland forests
F
C
immature only lowland quetzal; sometimes joins mixed feeding flocks
undertails all uniform dark
series of about 5 melodious notes – ew ewwo-ewwoewwo-ewwo that may end with a chok!
long
004 BNSA.indd 245
19/9/06 12:11:36
PLATE 115: KINGFISHERS b
c d
a
1
Ringed Kingfisher 40cm; T-S; R; c/f
4
p. 286
Green-and-rufous Kingfisher 24cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 286
2
American Pygmy Kingfisher 13cm; LT; R; f/u p. 285
5
Belted Kingfisher 28-33cm; T-S; B; lc/r
p. 286
3
p. 285
6
p. 286
Green Kingfisher 20cm; T-S; R; c
Amazon Kingfisher 30cm; T; R; c
5 Belted Kingfisher
fishes from a prominent perch or hovers and dives almost vertically
Megaceryle alcyon
F
C
C
immature
F
immature
F C
solitary or in pairs, fishes from perch, also hovers and dives vertically
F
immature
6 Amazon Kingfisher
Chloroceryle amazona
246 004 BNSA.indd 246
19/9/06 12:11:38
1 Ringed Kingfisher
Megaceryle torquata
may breed in small colonies along some large rivers
solitary except in breeding season, when it congregates on exposed cliffs along rivers to nest
quite shy – when disturbed flies off to a more secluded perch
usually fishes for hours from same perch, raises crest and cocks tail
F
C
2 American Pygmy Kingfisher Chloroceryle aenea
F juvenile
3 Green Kingfisher
Chloroceryle americana
perches mostly at edge of riverine forest, exposed to sunlight
F
C
solitary, waits and watches over water quietly – but changes perch often
juvenile
solitary or in pairs, fiercely territorial, bobs head and flicks tail up
a) cabanisii
C
usually inside the forest or in shady areas
4 Green-and-rufous Kingfisher Chloroceryle inda
F
F c) bottomeana b) septentrionalis
C
F C d) americana and c) bottomeana
004 BNSA.indd 247
d) americana
fishes from a fixed perch, sitting there for hours, usually in shaded places
19/9/06 12:11:40
PLATE 116: MOTMOTS g f b
a
1
Tody Motmot 16.5-18cm; T; R; u
a
c
b
h a
d
p. 287
2
p. 288
p. 288
5
p. 289
Blue-crowned Motmot 39-46cm; T; R; c/f
c
3
Broad-billed Motmot 33-39cm; T; R; f/u
p. 287
b
4
e
i
Rufous Motmot 42-46cm; T; R; lf/u
Highland Motmot 46-48cm; S; R; lf/r
5 Highland Motmot
Momotus aequatorialis
4 Rufous Motmot Baryphthengus martii
3 Broad-billed Motmot Electron platyrhynchum
humid forests on montane slopes, landslides, treefalls, voice a low hoo-doot
fast series of oonk notes
aequatorialis
tail lacks rackets
c) pyrrholaemum tail lacks rackets humid to wet forests, solitary or in pairs, regularly follows army ants – enjoys feeding on large fierce Panaponera ants
b) colombianum b) martii
tail has rackets tail has rackets
a) platyrhynchum Pacific coast
nearest race of Blue-crowned is microstephanus
a) semirufus Pacific coast
see vol. 1 for recent taxonomic change to this species
248 004 BNSA.indd 248
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2 Blue-crowned Motmot
forages at all levels and on ground will turn leaf-litter with its bill
Momotus momota
follows swarms of ants
1 Tody Motmot
Hylomanes momotula
fast-sallies from perch to snatch insects from foliage, branches, the air, and on the forest floor
b) microstephanus calls whooop
d) momota
a) argenticinctus
forages alone or in pairs, most active early morning or late afternoon
h) osgoodi f) conexus e) bahamensis
004 BNSA.indd 249
c) olivaresi
g) spatha
i) subrufescens a low hoo-doot, and oüü-doot at dawn
19/9/06 12:11:43
PLATE 117: JACAMARS 1
1
White-eared Jacamar 20cm; LT; R; c
c ? d
b
Dusky-backed Jacamar 16.5-18cm; LT; R; f
p. 289
3
Pale-headed Jacamar 16-18cm; LT; R; lc/s
Bronzy Jacamar 22cm; LT; R; f/r
p. 289
a b
?
Brown Jacamar 14-18cm; LT; R; lc/u
7
2
a
4
p. 289
p. 290
5
Purplish Jacamar 23.5cm; LT; R; u/r
p. 291
6
Paradise Jacamar 30cm; LT; R; lc/r
p. 292
p. 292
250 004 BNSA.indd 250
19/9/06 12:11:44
1 White-eared Jacamar Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis
3 Pale-headed Jacamar
2 Dusky-backed Jacamar
Brachygalba goeringi
Brachygalba salmoni
dark green back singly, pairs or groups that sit on exposed branch and sally for insects
rufous band across belly diagnostic borders, clearings, treefalls, along open streams etc.
always near water
4 Brown Jacamar Brachygalba lugubris
usually in pairs or small groups in or near canopy – and in one or two quite distinct habitats, riverine forest or desert scrub
gallery forests, savanna woodland and all riparian habitats
5 Purplish Jacamar
Galbula chalcothorax
usually inside humid forests, occasionally in clearings, treefalls etc
juvenile
a) lugubris
a) lugubris
c) fulviventris b) obscuriceps d) caquetae
F forages alone or in pairs, mid levels to canopy, often joins mixed species canopy flocks
6 Paradise Jacamar Galbula dea
7 Bronzy Jacamar
often sits on high exposed perch in canopy
Galbula leucogastra leucogastra
both species often apparently solitary, but also in pairs, small groups and occasionally joins mixed feeding flocks in canopy sandy-soil and humid terra firme forests, clearings, bushy borders and along streams
C F
b) brunneiceps a) dea
004 BNSA.indd 251
19/9/06 12:11:46
PLATE 118: JACAMARS 2
a ? b
1
Yellow-billed Jacamar 19cm; LT; R; f/u
p. 290
2
Coppery-chested Jacamar 23cm; UT-LS; R; u/r VU p. 291 d
b
4
White-chinned Jacamar 22cm; T; R; u
p. 291
Bluish-fronted Jacamar 20-23cm; LT; R; r
p. 290
c a
5
3
Rufous-tailed Jacamar 23cm; LT; R; c/u
p. 290
6
Green-tailed Jacamar 20cm; LT; R; lc/f
p. 291
a b
7
Great Jacamar 30cm; T; R; lf/r
p. 292
wicked-looking heavy bill
throat patches small
usually heard before seen – long plaintive whistle or a springlike call
F
F C
underside of tail dusky
a) aureus
b) ridgwayi
sits rather sedately on exposed branch, seemingly sluggish and confiding – sallies to take prey from leaves and branches as well as in the air but seldom returns to the same perch
7 Great Jacamar Jacamerops aureus
252 004 BNSA.indd 252
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2 Coppery-chested Jacamar VU
1 Yellow-billed Jacamar
Galbula pastazae
Galbula albirostris
higher altitudes than other jacamars
female has triangular rufous throat
well inside dark and humid forest, both terra firme and várzea
C
F
forages alone or in pairs, very attached to a few perches which it uses constantly
F
F humid and montane cloud forest
often joins mixed flocks
undertail rufous
a) albirostris
b) chalcocephala
4 White-chinned Jacamar Galbula tombacea tombacea
female is more ochraceous below
female has underparts ochraceous
a sequence of accelerating pee-pee-pee-pe’pe’pe’e’e’e
F
F
3 Bluish-fronted Jacamar Galbula cyanescens
borders of várzea, humid and gallery forests, clearings etc.
usually in terra firme forest
undertail rufous
undertail rufous call a long series of kree or kree-ip notes, accelerates into a trill, slows down, then ends in a burst of speed
5 Rufous-tailed Jacamar Galbula ruficauda
6 Green-tailed F
F
F
Jacamar Galbula galbula
F C
a) brevirostris b) melanogenia
d) ruficauda
c) pallens
wide variety of habitats from shady light forest clearings to bamboo, marshes with scattered trees, riverine habitats, plantations and along streams
004 BNSA.indd 253
F C borders and clearings, edges of mangroves, coffee plantations, riverine habitats
19/9/06 12:11:49
PLATE 119: PUFFBIRDS 1
b ?
?
1
White-necked Puffbird 25cm; LT; R; f/u
b
a
p. 293
2
Black-breasted Puffbird 19-21cm; T; R; u/r
b
c
4
?
a
Pied Puffbird 14-16cm; T; R; lf/r
p. 293
p. 293
Brown-banded Puffbird 20-21cm; LT; R; u/r
a
?
5
3
Chestnut-capped Puffbird 14-17cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 294
b ? Spotted Puffbird 18cm; LT; R; lf/r
6
?
p. 293
a
p. 294
b a
7
Sooty-capped Puffbird 19cm; LT; R; u/r NT
p. 294
8
Collared Puffbird 17.5-19cm; T; R; lf/r
p. 295
8 Collared Puffbird Bucco capensis
still-hunts from a low shady perch – sometimes follows mixed flocks for a short period
a) dugandi
yellow eyes and bill diagnostic
b) capensis
254 004 BNSA.indd 254
19/9/06 12:11:51
1 White-necked Puffbird Notharchus macrorhynchos
2 Black-breasted Puffbird Notharchus pectoralis
usually in forest interior associated with Heliconia and bamboos, often near running water
3 Brown-banded Puffbird
a) macrorhynchos
Notharchus ordii
b) hyperrhynchus forages in canopy, mid levels both inside forest and at borders
4 Pied Puffbird Notharchus tectus
usually forages in canopy at edges of rainforest, humid terra firme, white sand-soil forests and adjacent scrub white eyebrow diagnostic
note white scapulars
5 Chestnut-capped Puffbird Bucco macrodactylus
c) tectus
a) picatus b) subtectus white spots
complete frontal pattern distinctive
usually solitary and in canopy riverine forest, tall mangroves, coffee plantations, edges of dense lowland forest favours dense tangled undergrowth near water and riverine bamboo – very hard to find
6 Spotted Puffbird Bucco tamatia
a) caurensis
b) macrodactylus
facial pattern unique
7 Sooty-capped Puffbird NT Bucco noanamae
juvenile
adult
a) tamatia
004 BNSA.indd 255
b) pulmentum usually solitary in understorey, still hunts from low exposed perch, edges of forest, especially along waterways
sits still and silent for long periods, low in understorey, on fairly exposed branch, waiting for large insects to pass by
19/9/06 12:11:53
PLATE 120: PUFFBIRDS 2
a ?
a
1
Striolated Puffbird 20cm; T; R; r
p. 295
b
Two-banded Puffbird 20-22cm; T; R; lc
2
White-chested Puffbird 18-19cm; LT; R; u
7
Barred Puffbird 20-22cm; LT; R; u
b a p. 296
3
Black-streaked Puffbird 19-22cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 297
b
c? a
5
Russet-throated Puffbird 22cm; T; R; c p. 295
c
?
d b
p. 296
?
?
a
4
b
a
6
Moustached Puffbird 20-23cm; LT; R; u
p. 297
likes dense, tangled, humid forest, often in gullies and on slopes and edges including introduced spp. of large bamboo – rarely reaches lower limits of cloud forest
p. 295 adult
7 Barred Puffbird Nystalus radiatus
a) pacifica
b) mystacalis
rufous morph is slightly more rufous above, and lightly washed with cinnamon below
6 Moustached Puffbird Malacoptila mystacalis
juvenile
lowland humid and wet forest borders, second growth, open streams, thickets on open plains and agricultural land
256 004 BNSA.indd 256
19/9/06 12:11:54
1 Striolated Puffbird
Nystalus striolatus striolatus
2 White-chested Puffbird Malacoptila fusca
3 Black-streaked Puffbird Malacoptila fulvogularis
a) fusca a) fulvogularis
usually more often heard than seen, more forest interior than open areas
b) huilae
soft but penetrating melancholy whip whi-wheeu wheeeeeuu
b) venezuelae still-hunts from low perch in understorey, often in second growth, plantations and clearings with scattered trees
4 Two-banded Puffbird Hypnelus bicinctus
adult understorey of montane forest – perches silent and still for long periods
juvenile
a) bicinctus
c) substriata
5 Russet-throated Puffbird Hypnelus ruficollis
thin wooded savanna thickets, abandoned cultivations, open streams with trees alongside
a) coloratus
b) ruficollis
b) stoicus
dry areas of low-lying deciduous forest and scrub, second growth, along waterways, dry thickets
004 BNSA.indd 257
d) decolor c) striaticollis
always a single pectoral band
19/9/06 12:11:56
PLATE 121: PUFFBIRDS 3 b a
d
c a c
?
1
White-whiskered Puffbird 18-21cm; T; R; lc/u p. 297
2
Brown Nunlet 13-16cm; LT; R; r
5
4
p. 298
d
b
a
b c
?
Rusty-breasted Nunlet 14-16cm; LT; R; s/r
White-faced Nunbird 23-25cm; UT-Te; R; r
p. 298
3
Grey-cheeked Nunlet 14-15cm; T; R; f
p. 298
p. 299
6
Lanceolated Monklet 12-15cm; UT-S; R; r
p. 298
5 White-faced Nunbird Hapaloptila castanea
the only montane puffbird
6 Lanceolated Monklet
Micromonacha lanceolata lanceolata distinct face
still-hunts at edges, in clearings on steep slopes and ravines of montane humid, wet and cloud forest
silent and retiring, difficult to detect in mid and upper storeys large black spots likes to sit over streams, shady open borders, edges, tails, treefalls etc
258 004 BNSA.indd 258
19/9/06 12:11:57
1 White-whiskered Puffbird
C
F
a) poliopis
sits within a few metres of the ground waiting for passing scorpions, large beetles, snakes etc.
edges of wet and humid forests, treefalls, trails etc.
Malacoptila panamensis
F
a) poliopis
F
b) panamensis
F
c) magdalenae
d) chocoana
2 Rusty-breasted Nunlet Nonnula rubecula
forages alone, sitting quietly in open areas inside swampy forest and riparian areas, still-hunting insects
a) tapanahoniensis b) duidae
d) cineracea
c) interfluvialis
3 Grey-cheeked Nunlet Nonnula frontalis
pink eye-ring with grey surround, distinctive
4 Brown Nunlet Nonnula brunnea
sometimes travels with foraging flocks of antwrens and others
c) stulta a) pallescens
b) frontalis particularly fond of riverine areas with tangled vines
004 BNSA.indd 259
pink eye-ring and buffy loral patch distinctive
solitary, often sits well concealed within tangled vines – occasionally travels with mixed flocks of antwrens and others in understorey
19/9/06 12:11:59
PLATE 122: NUNBIRDS AND SWALLOW-WING c a b
1
Black Nunbird 25-29cm; LT; R; f
p. 299
?
2
White-fronted Nunbird 27-28cm; T; R; c/u
p. 299
3
Black-fronted Nunbird 27-28cm; LT; R; c
p. 299
b a
4
Yellow-billed Nunbird 23-26cm; T; R; u
p. 300
5
Swallow-winged Puffbird 16-17cm; T; R; c p. 300
5 Swallow-winged Puffbird Chelidoptera tenebrosa
perches on high exposed bare branch, pole or telegraph wire, sallies out like a martin-cumflycatcher and may manouevre like a bat
hovers and flutters like a butterfly in ant and termite swarms
note very distinctive silhouette
b) pallida intermediate this form occurs sporadically across the Venezuelan llanos
a) tenebrosa
260 004 BNSA.indd 260
19/9/06 12:12:00
1 Black Nunbird Monasa atra
often in small groups which sit in a row and chorus together
2 White-fronted Nunbird Monasa morphoeus
a) pallescens juvenile
‘starbursts’ on face quite distinctive
juvenile
adult
favours edges of várzea, gallery and terra firme forest, usually near water
b) peruana
3 Black-fronted Nunbird
c) sclateri
Monasa nigrifrons
nigrifrons follows both army ants and monkey troops to take disturbed insects
high trees bordering rivers, gallery forest and mature flood plain forest
4 Yellow-billed Nunbird Monasa flavirostris
juvenile usually in pairs, does not follow army ants nor mixed-species flocks
juvenile
adult
adult
a fast and skilful flyer, but may fly slowly with frequent glides – solitary to small groups, can be very noisy, but forages quietly
004 BNSA.indd 261
borders and edges of forests clearings with scattered trees, stands of bamboo
19/9/06 12:12:02
PLATE 123: BARBETS 1
a b
?
c ?
1
Gilded Barbet 19cm; T-LS; R; lc/u
p. 302
2
Five-coloured Barbet 18cm; LT; R; f/u NT
b
4
Lemon-throated Barbet 15cm; LT; R; u
p. 303
5 Red-headed Barbet Eubucco bourcierii
3
Black-spotted Barbet 19cm; T; R; f/u
p. 302
a
c
5
p. 302
Red-headed Barbet 16.5cm; UT-S; R; f/u
p. 303
forages actively at all levels, usually in pairs, often with mixed flocks – easy to pass unnoticed if it is sitting quietly
F C b) aequatorialis F
differences between races clearly defined
C a) bourcierii F
juvenile
C
juvenile juveniles much more grey streaking below than adults
F c) occidentalis
262 004 BNSA.indd 262
19/9/06 12:12:04
1 Gilded Barbet Capito auratus
waves tail from side-to-side when calling
F
F
F
C a) aurantiicinctus forages from canopy to mid levels and often with canopy flocks – but also joins understorey flocks of antbirds and woodcreepers
C
C b) nitidior
c) punctatus
2 Five-coloured Barbet NT Capito quinticolor
forages alone or in pairs, all levels but mostly canopy – often with mixed canopy flocks, especially with Masked Tityra
3 Black-spotted Barbet Capito niger
forages in mid levels and canopy in small noisy bands, and often with mixed canopy flocks
F C lowland wet forests and mature second growth
F
4 Lemon-throated Barbet Eubucco richardsoni
C
richardsoni forages alone and in pairs or small groups but most often in mixed-species canopy flocks
has habit of clinging to and climbing trunks; will sit motionless calling ventriloquially
F
commonly near water
C
004 BNSA.indd 263
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PLATE 124: BARBETS 2
b
a
1
Toucan Barbet 20cm; UT-S; R; lf/u NT p. 304
2
Scarlet-crowned Barbet 19cm; LT; R; c/f
p. 301
3
Spot-crowned Barbet 16-18cm; T; R; lf
p. 301
c a b
4
White-mantled Barbet 19cm; UT; R; u/r EN
p. 301
5
Orange-fronted Barbet 17-18cm; T; R; lc/u NT p. 301
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1 Toucan Barbet NT
small erectile tuft at nape, only on male
Semnornis ramphastinus bar at end of bill
yellow rump
2 Scarlet-crowned Barbet Capito aurovirens
b) ramphastinus a) caucae usually forages in pairs, often joins mixed flocks, particularly fond of fruit of Cecropia
montane wet and cloud forests
F
3 Spot-crowned Barbet
pairs or small groups forage silently at all levels, very seldom with mixed flocks
Capito maculicoronatus
forages alone in pairs and occasionally in small bands, often joins mixed-species flocks
C
spends long periods just sitting quietly looking around
EN 4 White-mantled Barbet
Capito hypoleucus
a) extinctus
F
F
C black spot at base of malar
C
b) carrikeri
humid to wet forests, borders, clearings and landslides
c) hypoleucus NT 5 Orange-fronted Barbet
Capito squamatus
generally a canopy bird but comes lower for fruiting trees
F
004 BNSA.indd 265
C
humid and wet forests, second growth, cultivations, orchards, farms, gardens – will cross wide spaces for a fruiting tree
typically forages in canopy, coming lower for fruiting trees and even into the open; plantations mixed with fruiting trees, orchards etc.
19/9/06 12:12:08
PLATE 125: GREEN TOUCANETS e
a
b Emerald Toucanet 33-35cm; S-Te; R; lc/u
1
b c
p. 304
2
Groove-billed Toucanet 35-36cm; UT-S; R; lc
p. 305
3
Yellow-billed Toucanet 35-36cm; UT-S; R; lf
p. 305
b a a
d
4
a
a
c d
b
b
Chestnut-tipped Toucanet 38-41cm; S; R; u/r p. 305
5
Crimson-rumped Toucanet 41-48cm; UT-S; R; lc/r p. 306
all the toucanets shown here can be boisterous and noisy as they forage in an untidy group, or silent and sneaky, one following another, their only sound the whirring of wings
5 Crimson-rumped Toucanet
Aulacorhynchus haematopygus
a) sexnotatus b) haematopygus from montane evergreen forest to orchards, isolated fruit trees in open land (e.g. farms) and gardens
forages in a skulking manner, often bounding through branches
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1 Emerald Toucanet Aulacorhynchus prasinus
c) griseigularis
montane humid, wet and cloud forests, interiors and borders, mature second growth and edges
a) albivitta
C
e) lautus note different facial and bill colours
F
F b) cyanolaemus
d) phaeolaemus usually solitary when foraging, but occasionally in groups
2 Groove-billed Toucanet Aulacorhynchus sulcatus
juvenile
b) erythrognathus a) sulcatus the two species overlap in two isolated areas – mountains of NW Lara and Cerro Platillón on Carabobo/Guarico border from humid and wet montane forests and mature second growth to woodland borders and suburban gardens
3 Yellow-billed Toucanet Aulacorhynchus calorhynchus
Groove-billed x Yellow-billed hybrid
forages at all levels, noisy or quiet – sometimes silently trails behind a mixed-species foraging flock
4 Chestnut-tipped Toucanet Aulacorhynchus derbianus
no brown spot
a) osgoodi
c) duidae d) derbianus note differences in bill patterns
b) whitelianus generally singly or in pairs in the canopy but occasionally groups of 6–8 or so
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PLATE 126: TOUCANETS AND MOUNTAIN TOUCANS
?
?
1
Golden-collared Toucanet 33cm; T; R; u p. 306
2
Tawny-tufted Toucanet 32-33cm; LT; R; s/r
p. 307
3
Yellow-eared Toucanet 38cm; T; R; lf/r
?
p. 306
a b
4
Guianan Toucanet 33cm; LT; R; lc/f a
p. 307
5
6
Plate-billed Mountain Toucan 47-51cm; UT-P; R; lc/u NT p. 309
Grey-breasted Mountain Toucan 46cm; Te-P; R; lf/u NT p. 310
b
c ?
7
Black-billed Mountain Toucan 51cm; S-P; R; lc/r p. 310
7 Black-billed Mountain Toucan Andigena nigrirostris
a) occidentalis
forages noisily in pairs or small bands from tops of bushes to canopy often near water, along streams and in mossy gutters
c) spilorhynchus b) nigrirostris
wet and cloud montane forests, wet bushy areas with scattered trees
seasonal altitudinal movement, reaching lower elevations in the rainy season
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red bill, black tip
1 Golden-collared Toucanet Selenidera reinwardtii
note odd pupil
C
2 Tawny-tufted Toucanet Selenidera nattereri
alone or in small bands, sometimes joins mixed-species foraging flocks barred bill
C
F
quiet and shy
only black-fronted toucanet in its range
F
sometimes calls from an exposed branch, high up in humid lowland forests
C
only black-fronted toucanet in its range
4 Guianan Toucanet F
Selenidera piperivora
C forages alone or in pairs always in canopy – only black-fronted toucanet in its range
black and red distinct pattern
F
3 Yellow-eared Toucanet Selenidera spectabilis
5 Plate-billed Mountain Toucan NT Andigena laminirostris
only mountain toucan on west side of Andes
distinct bill pattern singles to small bands, mostly in canopy, favours Cecropia, mossy, epiphyterich montane forests
pale eyes
6 Grey-breasted Mountain Toucan NT
b) lateralis
Andigena hypoglauca
a) hypoglauca mostly in canopy, shady ravines, stands of Cecropia; generally fairly quiet during the day
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PLATE 127: ARAÇARIS a b
1
Lettered Araçari 37cm; LT; R; c/lf
p. 307
2
4
Black-necked Araçari 46cm; LT; R; f
p. 308
5
Chestnut-eared Araçari 46cm; LT; R; lc/u
Stripe-billed Araçari 43cm; T; R; c
p. 308
3
p. 309
6
Collared Araçari 41cm; T; R; lc/f
Pale-mandibled Araçari 40-43cm; T; R; c
?
Many-banded Araçari 43-46cm; LT; R; lc/u
p. 309
8
Green Araçari 30cm; LT; R; lf
usually forages in small bands, vivacious, curious and very noisy
p. 309
?
?
7
p. 308
p. 307
9
Ivory-billed Araçari 33-46cm; LT; R; lf/r
p. 308
red band along bill
lowland forests and sometimes plantations
F
9 Ivory-billed Araçari Pteroglossus azara
C
flavirostris
fairly clear underparts unique clear allyellow bill with buffy band along lower mandible
8 Green Araçari Pteroglossus viridis
small, noisy bands travel through various woodlands in single file, usually in canopy
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1 Lettered Araçari Pteroglossus inscriptus
bill pattern distinct
F
humboldti
C forages in small bands that move noisily in single file
2 Chestnut-eared Araçari Pteroglossus castanotis castanotis
clear yellow underparts
typical behaviour in canopies of humid lowland and gallery forests, forest patches in savannas
yellow eyes with blue skin red band in yellow belly distinctive in range
3 Collared Araçari Pteroglossus torquatus
note orange nuchal band
4 Black-necked Araçari Pteroglossus aracari
red eyes with deep violet orbital skin
a) torquatus
atricollis
b) nuchalis
ivory and black bill
brown thighs
only araçari in its range, lively, curious and noisy; small bands usually proceed in single file
forages in small bands, travelling in single file – quite noisy semi-open woods, along borders and along rivers
5 Stripe-billed Araçari Pteroglossus sanguineus
only araçari in its range; small noisy bands in primary forest
6 Pale-mandibled Araçari Pteroglossus erythropygius
yellow thighs
7 Many-banded Araçari
Pteroglossus pluricinctus
green skin around eyes distinctive
bands of different colours quite distinct yellow thighs
004 BNSA.indd 271
only araçari in its range, noisy bands of up to 15 or so birds file through canopy
19/9/06 12:12:18
PLATE 128: TOUCANS 1 b
c a
1
Keel-billed Toucan 48cm; T; R; c/s
p. 310
2
Chocó Toucan 44-48cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 311
3
Citron-throated Toucan 48-53cm; T; R; lf
p. 311
a b
4
?
Yellow-ridged Toucan 48cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 311
4 Yellow-ridged Toucan Ramphastos culminatus
b) from Táchira (Venezuela) white front
a) from Lara (Venezuela)
loud repeated croaks, frog-like
heavy dipping flight, small groups in upper levels
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1 Keel-billed Toucan
only bill with this green and orange panel and red tip
Ramphastos sulfuratus brevicarinatus
forages in canopy in pairs and small bands
often calls from an exposed perch on treetop – moving bill up and down or side-to-side
2 Chocó Toucan Ramphastos brevis
note simplicity of pattern
from solitary to small bands in canopy and subcanopy
sings with head up, swinging it in an arc from side-to-side
3 Citron-throated Toucan Ramphastos citreolaemus
very distinct pattern at base of bill – but see local variants
a) from Andean Cordillera (Táchira to Lara)
b) from Colombia (type)
c) from Perijá
very small bands stay well up in tall trees
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PLATE 129: TOUCANS 2
b
c a
?
1
a
Channel-billed Toucan 48cm; T; R; c
b ? p. 311
2
Black-mandibled Toucan 56-61cm; T-S; R; lf/r
p. 312
3
Chestnut-mandibled Toucan 61cm; UT; R; lc/u p. 312
3 Chestnut-mandibled Toucan Ramphastos swainsonii
see vol. 1 for notes on taxonomy bill rich brown
white line
prefers canopy but comes lower for fruit, or in pursuit of live prey – known to take fallen bananas from ground
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1 Channel-billed Toucan Ramphastos vitellinus vitellinus note differences between regions and within region
a) from Amazonas (Venezuela) orange tail-coverts
b) from Bolívar (Venezuela) red
small active and noisy bands in canopy, very partial to palm fruits, flies with a wary jizz
c) Bolívar variant morph
2 Black-mandibled Toucan
blue skin
Ramphastos ambiguus
humid lowland forests, gallery forest, parks and plantations, golf courses
b) ambiguus
greenish-yellow skin
a) abbreviatus white line
004 BNSA.indd 275
bill appears black
19/9/06 12:12:23
PLATE 130: TOUCANS 3
?
?
1
Toco Toucan 60-65cm; T; R; u/r
p. 313
2
Red-billed Toucan 53-61cm; T; R; c/f
?
p. 312
3
Cuvier’s Toucan 58-61cm; T; R; f
p. 312
3 Cuvier’s Toucan Ramphastos cuvieri
usually in pairs but bands of up to 20 recorded; always in canopy
lowlands, clearings, tree falls, often along rivers
loud cries from treetops are rhythmic repetitions of 2-3 loud whistled yelps eeot-whew-whew!
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1 Toco Toucan
orange orbital skin
Ramphastos toco
note difference from bill of Red-billed Toucan ‘aurantiirostris’
white
no red band
usually solitary or in pairs, seldom in bands; usually in canopy but will come lower for food – i.e. to the ground for fallen fruit in orchards
2 Red-billed Toucan Ramphastos tucanus
very distinct bill pattern
‘aurantiirostris’ variant type (originally described as a race from Bolívar, Venezuela)
note smaller size of juvenile and its bill, also brown panel
yellow
juvenile
no red band humid forests, borders, also along streams and at treefalls, also in pine forests, very fond of palm fruits, usually solitary or in pairs
004 BNSA.indd 277
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PLATE 131: PICULETS 1
1
Bar-breasted Piculet 7.5cm; T; R; u/r
p. 313
2
Orinoco Piculet 9cm; T; R; u/r
p. 313
3
p. 314
6
p. 314
Lafresnaye’s Piculet 9-10cm; T; R; u
a b c
a b
4
Ecuadorian Piculet 8-9cm; T; R; u
p. 314
b
5
Golden-spangled Piculet 9-10cm; T-TS; R; f/u p. 314
Black-dotted Piculet 10cm; LT; R; lc/f
c a
7
Chestnut Piculet 9-10.2cm; LT; R; f/u
p. 315
all piculets forage acrobatically, often hanging upside down or clinging like trapeze artists to the thinnest twigs, seldom using the tail for support (contrary to all other woodpeckers); all piculets are energetic and persistent hammerers
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1 Bar-breasted Piculet
3 Lafresnaye’s Piculet
Picumnus aurifrons
aurifrons C
Picumnus lafresnayi
humid forests, terra firme and várzea, edges, clearings and second growth
lafresnayi note barring
C
2 Orinoco Piculet Picumnus pumilus
tiny white dots
C
F
gallery forests, edges, open woodland
F
yellow streaks
rare and poorly known; forages at all levels
heavily forested, very humid terrain, edges and clearings
5 Golden-spangled Piculet
F
Picumnus exilis
normally alone or in pairs, active on quite thin outer branches, riverine habitats, stands of bamboo
C
4 Ecuadorian Piculet Picumnus sclateri
usually in xerophytic areas, dry deciduous forests with thorny scrub and cacti
C forages at lower levels
F
a) clarus
F b) buffoni F
c) undulatus
F b) sclateri
a) parvistriatus
7 Chestnut Piculet
Picumnus cinnamomeus
6 Black-dotted Piculet
Picumnus nigropunctatus
from solitary to small (family?) groups; lowland forests, mangroves, open woodland
C
alone, pairs or smallgroups, joins mixedspecies feeding flocks
C
b) cinnamomeus
very active and not shy of observers
all levels in dense thickets and tangles
F F
F
004 BNSA.indd 279
a) venezuelensis
F
c) perijanus
19/9/06 12:12:30
PLATE 132: PICULETS 2
1
Guianan Piculet 9-10cm; LT; R; f ?
p. 315
2
White-barred Piculet 10cm; T-S; R; f
p. 315
3
Rufous-breasted Piculet 9-11cm; LT; R; lf/r
b
?
b
?
p. 316 a
?
a
4
p. 316
7
p. 315
Scaled Piculet 8-9cm; T-LS; R; f
Olivaceous Piculet 8.5-10cm; T-LS; R; lf/u
5
p. 316
8
p. 317
Plain-breasted Piculet 8-9.2cm; LT; R?; r
Greyish Piculet 9-10cm; UT-S; R; u
6
White-bellied Piculet 9cm; LT; R; lf
p. 317
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1 Guianan Piculet
2 White-barred Piculet
Picumnus minutissimus
Picumnus cirratus
confusus
only scaled piculet in its range, usually forages among small twigs on outer branches, often near water
C
F
C
mostly on small twigs and branches, also in vines, small trees and bamboo
F
3 Rufous-breasted Piculet
forages alone or in pairs and often with mixedspecies flocks
Picumnus rufiventris rufiventris C
forages mainly at low levels
no similar piculet in its range, cinnamon front diagnostic
5 Plain-breasted Piculet Picumnus castelnau
4 Scaled Piculet
Picumnus squamulatus a) squamulatus
C
colour varies on this race, yellow to orange
C
scaling on nape diagnostic
F
totally plain below
swamp and várzea, well-developed second growth dominated by Mimosa and Cecropia
F
F F usually in xerophytic and dry open areas, farms and pastures
b) roehli
juvenile
7 Olivaceous Piculet Picumnus olivaceus
often in gardens and cultivated areas
C
forages in low to mid levels in tangles and thickets, preferring thin branches
6 White-bellied Piculet Picumnus spilogaster
poorly known; forages alone or in pairs from undergrowth to subcanopy, lowland, open woodland and thickets
F
C
8 Greyish Piculet
Picumnus granadensis
dry to moderately humid and secondary forests, scrub and thickets – usually among thinner twigs and branches
C
F a) spilogaster
004 BNSA.indd 281
F b) orinocensis
F
19/9/06 12:12:33
PLATE 133: MELANERPES WOODPECKERS b a
1
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 20cm; T; B; r p. 319
4
White Woodpecker 24cm; T; R; lf
p. 318
2
Red-crowned Woodpecker 16-18cm; T-LS; R; c p. 317
3
5
Golden-naped Woodpecker 17-19cm; T; R; lf p. 319
6
Black-cheeked Woodpecker 17-19cm; LT; R; lc/f p. 318
Acorn Woodpecker 23cm; T-Te; R; lf/u
p. 318
7
Yellow-tufted Woodpecker 20cm; T; R; c/f p. 318 usually seen in small (family?) groups; drier and deciduous forests, often in slash-and-burn clearings, and worked-over plots where dead or burnt trunks still stand
yellow is variable
C
C
white very noticeable
F
F
black morph
yellow-tufted morph
7 Yellow-tufted Woodpecker Melanerpes cruentatus
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1 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius
2 Red-crowned Woodpecker
very rare boreal winter migrant – mostly juveniles on the islands, and females in Colombia
Melanerpes rubricapillus
juvenile
a) rubricapillus
b) paraguanae C C
C F low to mid levels, semiopen areas – patchy woodland in savannas, parks and gardens; never in dense forest
F
F
3 Black-cheeked Woodpecker Melanerpes pucherani
red napes
C
4 White Woodpecker Melanerpes candidus forages for berries and fruits, raids bee and wasp nests for larvae and honey
solitary to small groups and often with mixedspecies flocks
C
very social, always in groups of 5 to 8
F
small groups may be seen flying high in a straight line en route to distant feeding grounds
6 Acorn Woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus
flavigula
F
5 Golden-naped Woodpecker barred back, all white below
very agile, probing beneath bromeliads and epiphytes; also probes flowers for nectar
Melanerpes chrysauchen pulcher
usually forages in canopy on high dead branches and trunks
C
C likes semi-open or partially-deforested areas with scattered trees and standing dead trunks
fruits, palm dates, Cecropia catkins etc.
F
004 BNSA.indd 283
favours dead trunks and branches in upper levels – will hawk for termites over canopy at dusk
F resident in Colombia, not a boreal migrant and seldom stores acorns in holes specially drilled
19/9/06 12:12:36
PLATE 134: VENILIORNIS WOODPECKERS
?
b a Scarlet-backed Woodpecker 13-15cm; T; R; lc/u p. 319
Golden-collared Woodpecker 14-16cm; T; R; f p. 319
1
2
3
4
Red-stained Woodpecker 15-18cm; T; R; u/r p. 320
5
6
Chocó Woodpecker 15-16cm; T; R; u/r NT p. 320
Blood-coloured Woodpecker 13cm; LT; R; f/u p. 319
Little Woodpecker 14-15cm; T; R; f/u
p. 320
b
a
7
Yellow-vented Woodpecker 15-18cm; UT-S; R; f/u p. 320
10
Bar-bellied Woodpecker 17-19cm; S-P; R; u/r
a
8
Smoky-brown Woodpecker 16.5-18cm; T-Te; R; lf/u p. 321
9
Red-rumped Woodpecker 15-16.5cm; T-S; R; u p. 321
male and female same above
C
male has red moustache
p. 321
b
C spots on underparts vary by subspecies (7 races described in vol. 1)
?
11
F
Spot-breasted Woodpecker 18-21cm; LT; R; f/u p. 323
F fairly conspicuous, forages all levels in light woodland, plantations, riverine woods etc
11 Spot-breasted Woodpecker
Colaptes punctigula
a) punctigula
b) punctipectus occasionally on ground where it might break open ant hills
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2 Scarlet-backed Woodpecker
1 Golden-collared Woodpecker
Veniliornis callonotus
Veniliornis cassini
a) callonotus
white dots on yellow nape
3 Blood-coloured
Woodpecker Veniliornis sanguineus
b) major
C
forages at all levels
C C
C F F
singly or in pairs at all levels, mostly on thin outer branches of canopy, on vines – joins mixed flocks
colour combination unique dry deciduous forests and arid scrub with cacti, riverine habitats
coastal habitats – mature mangroves, sandy-ridge forests, savannas with Curatella, gardens and parks
6 Little Woodpecker
moustache line
hilaris
C
F
often on thin outer branches and twigs
Veniliornis passerinus
4 Red-stained Woodpecker Veniliornis affinis
F
7 Yellow-vented
Woodpecker Veniliornis dignus abdominalis
C
5 Chocó Woodpecker Veniliornis chocoensis
NT
C
C
extensive red discreet and quiet, usually with mixed flocks – favours bamboo, forages all levels
narrow white bars
F
forages mid levels to canopy, often in mixed flocks, interior of tall humid forests, mostly terra firme
8 Smoky-brown Woodpecker Veniliornis fumigatus
even barring
F
(4 races described in vol. 1)
F
wet forests of foothills and lower slopes – usually solitary but pairs – occasionally in mixed groups
9 Red-rumped Woodpecker Veniliornis kirkii a) cecilii
fumigatus
F
wet and cloud forests, inside and at borders; mid-levels to canopy; often in mixed flocks
10 Bar-bellied Woodpecker
Veniliornis nigriceps equifasciatus
b) continentalis C
C
C
C
F forages quietly and unobtrusively mostly at mid-levels, often in mixed flocks – interiors and borders
004 BNSA.indd 285
F F
from gallery to deciduous and secondary woodland, plantations, edges of mangroves, gardens at edge of town
F
humid montane, cloud, elfin forests esp. with dense undergrowth of Chusquea bamboo, stands of woodland on páramos, e.g. Polylepis
19/9/06 12:12:40
PLATE 135: PICULUS WOODPECKERS b
b
?
c a
a
1
Golden-olive Woodpecker 18-23cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 322
2
Lita Woodpecker 17-18cm; T; R; u
p. 323
Golden-green Woodpecker 18-24cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 323 a
White-throated Woodpecker 19-20cm; T; R; u/r p. 323
5
b
a
b
?
3
?
4
?
Yellow-throated Woodpecker 18-20cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 323
6
Crimson-mantled Woodpecker 24-28cm; S-Te; R; lf/u p. 321
C
C
F
juvenile
a) zuliensis
C F
forages from low levels to canopy, alone or pairs, often in mixed flocks
juvenile
F a lot of variation in red and black on head by age and race (5 races described in vol. 1)
favours moss and epiphyteladen branches
sometimes on ground for ants/ant-hills
6 Crimson-mantled Woodpecker Piculus rivolii
b) meridae
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1 Golden-olive Woodpecker Piculus rubiginosus
2 Lita Woodpecker Piculus litae
complex species with 13 races in the region see vol. 1 for details
note grey tops of head
juvenile
c) meridensis C
C
red moustache
C F forages alone or in pairs, all levels, often accompanying mixed flocks
F
F a) guianae
F forages singly or in pairs, mid levels to canopy of humid and wet forests
C
eyebrow and moustache of male distinct
arid country – cacti, termites nests, cocoa plantations, bromeliads etc
b) rubiginosus
4 White-throated Woodpecker Piculus leucolaemus
hammers into anything bearing insects, from dead trees to young green wood, cacti to fruit – does not feed on the ground
note crescent on ear-coverts
crest tip
3 Golden-green Woodpecker Piculus chrysochloros
a) capistratus C
F often near water
green moustache
F C
usually alone, maybe with mixed flocks mid levels to canopy
females lack all red
C
juvenile
5 Yellow-throated Woodpecker Piculus flavigula
F
C
C
F
C
juvenile
b) xanthochlorus
no moustache
often in mixed canopy flocks, in canopy; gleans amid foliage but also digs under bark – likes ants and termites
F b) magnus F seems to be an ant specialist but arboreal, from mid levels to canopy
a) flavigula
004 BNSA.indd 287
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PLATE 136: CELEUS WOODPECKERS AND FLICKERS
b a
1
Waved Woodpecker 23-24cm; LT; R; f
p. 325
2
Scaly-breasted Woodpecker 23-26cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 325
b
?
?
b ?
a
3
Rufous-headed Woodpecker 26-28cm; LT; R; r p. 326
a
a b
?
b
4
Cinnamon Woodpecker 19-23cm; LT; R; u
7
Campo Flicker 28-31cm; T-S; R; lf
5
p. 326
8
p. 324
9
p. 325
p. 324
7 Campo Flicker Colaptes campestris
Ringed Woodpecker 26-28cm; LT; R; u/r
Andean Flicker 32cm; Te-P; R; lf/u
alone or in pairs or small groups, most often on the ground searching termite mounds, anthills, fallen logs, base of cacti etc.; open savanna with scattered trees
6
Chestnut Woodpecker 26-32cm; LT; R; f/u
p. 326
Cream-coloured Woodpecker 24-28cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 325
9 Cream-coloured Woodpecker
Celeus flavus semicinnamomeus
C F
C F
loud double or triple whistles
8 Andean Flicker Colaptes rupicola
cinereicapillus F forages in groups of up to a dozen or so, rockstrewn montane slopes – perches on rock to survey surroundings, then drops to ground to dig around grass tufts etc.
C loud tew-tew-tew whistles
usually forages in pairs, mid-levels to subcanopy; breaks into arboreal termite nests, wet environments from swampy forests to riparian habitats and coffee plantations
288 004a BNSA.indd 288
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1 Waved
2 Scaly-breasted Woodpecker Woodpecker Celeus grammicus C Celeus undatus
b) amarcurensis
3 Rufous-headed Woodpecker
C
Celeus spectabilis
spectabilis
C
F a) undatus F
forages both in foliage and under bark, also takes berries and fruit, often in riparian habitats
single to groups, joins mixed flocks; forages mainly on bark of trunks and thick branches but also takes fruit
pale rump
C
4 Cinnamon Woodpecker Celeus loricatus usually in canopy in well-spaced pairs, seldom with mixed flocks – attacks arboreal termites nests, takes ants, and also fruit and berries
F
riparian habitats with Cecropia or Gynerium cane, particularly favours Chusquea and Guadua bamboo
6 Chestnut Woodpecker Celeus elegans
F
a) loricatus
b) innotatus
F
C
C
5 Ringed Woodpecker Celeus torquatus
a) occidentalis
C C
F
F
F
a) elegans F b) torquatus (6 races described in vol. 1)
004a BNSA.indd 289
F usually seen on thick trunks and branches probing and opening bark, but diet varied includes fruit and berries
b) jumanus
usually alone or in pairs on trunks and boughs, but often joins canopy flocks –hammers loudly with double-taps
19/9/06 12:20:31
PLATE 137: CAMPEPHILUS WOODPECKERS
a b
1
Lineated Woodpecker 30-36cm; T; R; c
p. 326
2
Guayaquil Woodpecker 32-34cm; T; R; u/r NT p. 328
3
Crimson-crested Woodpecker 33-38cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 328
a b
4
Powerful Woodpecker 32-37cm; S-Te; R; lf/r
p. 327
forages usually in pairs but may be in small family groups; humid forests from lowlands to lower slopes, gallery and várzea
5
Red-necked Woodpecker 30-32cm; T; R; lf/r p. 327
6
Crimson-bellied Woodpecker 33-34cm; T-S; R; u/r p. 327
large strip race rubricollis (b) has rufous in wings not red
C
6 Crimson-bellied Woodpecker Campephilus haematogaster
uniform rufous
haematogaster
small patch
a) trachelopyrus
C
F red rump and white spots in wings
5 Red-necked Woodpecker Campephilus rubricollis
F
interior of humid and wet forests, usually forages alone on large trunks at lower levels, where ground cover is good
290 004a BNSA.indd 290
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b) fuscipennis
1 Lineated Woodpecker Dryocopus lineatus
a) lineatus
note key field mark that white scapulars do NOT join in V-shape
C
C
usually in pairs, most often seen on tall thick trunks of scattered tall trees in open woodland
NT 2 Guayaquil Woodpecker
Campephilus guayaquilensis white frontal strip
parallel lines
F
F
C
dark brown rump
F black rump
3 Crimson-crested Woodpecker
black ridge
Campephilus melanoleucos
forages in pairs on thicker limbs in upper levels and canopy
malherbii V-shape
C
4 Powerful Woodpecker Campephilus pollens pollens
barred rump and undertailcoverts all black
C V-shape
F scapulars join in a V-shape
black rump and undertail-coverts white rump diagnostic usually in pairs in upper levels and canopy on larger limbs and boughs in swampy and riparian forests
004a BNSA.indd 291
F
forages alone or in pairs at all levels but usually seen on trunks and heavy branches
19/9/06 12:20:35
PLATE 138: OVENBIRDS 1
1
Slender-billed Miner 16cm; Te-P; R; r b
p. 329
2
Lesser Hornero 15cm; LT; R; s/r
p. 330
3
Pale-billed Hornero 18.5cm; LT; R; u/r
b a
a
c
c
b
4
Pale-legged Hornero 16.5-19cm; T-Te; R; c
p. 330
p. 330
5
‘Pacific Hornero’ 16.5-19cm; T-Te; R; c
p. 330
6
Stout-billed Cinclodes 20-22cm; Te-P; R; lf/u
p. 330
c b a
7
Bar-winged Cinclodes 15-18.5cm; T-P; R; c/f
p. 329 from dry barren fields to wet boggy meadows
7 Bar-winged Cinclodes forages by digging and probing ground
Cinclodes fuscus
forages in short spurts
a) columbianus
a) albidiventris
b) heterurus
b) excelsior
6 Stout-billed Cinclodes Cinclodes excelsior
flicks wings and tail frequently when singing
c) oreobates
often perches on exposed rock to survey ground
292 004a BNSA.indd 292
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1 Slender-billed Miner Geositta tenuirostris
flight is strong and direct, rufous on wings and tail shows well in flight
2 Lesser Hornero Furnarius minor
kalimayae
likes river islands
adult
juvenile
often perches on top of rock or boulder to look out and sing forages quietly beneath bushes and plants alongside water
3 Pale-billed Hornero Furnarius torridus
riparian forests and river islands
4 Pale-legged Hornero Furnarius leucopus
forages on or close to ground, turning leaf-litter
forages in grass and leaf-litter.
walks boldly with long steps
a) endoecus
b) longirostris ‘Caribbean Hornero’
5 ‘Pacific Hornero’ Furnarius (l.) cinnamomeus
usually treated as a race of Palelegged Hornero
pale variant of longirostris
struts boldly, fearlessly, even in middle of towns
c) leucopus
likes leaf-litter, often near water
004a BNSA.indd 293
partially wooded, open terrain, distinct preference for areas where ground may be muddy- pastures, agricultural land
19/9/06 12:20:38
PLATE 139: OVENBIRDS 2 a c
a a b
1
Slaty Spinetail 16.5cm; T-S; R; c/f
b
2
p. 334
Plain-crowned Spinetail 15-16.5cm; T-LS; R; c/f p. 336
a
3
White-bellied Spinetail 16-17cm; LT; R; u
p. 336
b
b a
4
7
5
Marañón Spinetail 15.5cm; T-LS; R; u VU p. 336
White-whiskered Spinetail 16-17cm; T; R; c/f p. 339
Rusty-headed Spinetail 16-18cm; UT-Te; R; lc NT p. 338
6
Ruddy Spinetail 14-15cm; LT; R; lf/r
p. 337
8
Silvery-throated Spinetail 17-19cm; UT-S; R; lc p. 336
8 Silvery-throated Spinetail Synallaxis subpudica
NT 7 Rusty-headed Spinetail
Synallaxis fuscorufa
often forages among thin outer branches and seen in the open montane forests and secondary growth, edges and clearings
low to mid level often in mixed-species flocks
294 004a BNSA.indd 294
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1 Slaty Spinetail
2 Plain-crowned Spinetail
Synallaxis brachyura
Synallaxis gujanensis
very secretive and seldom seen
a) caucae b) columbiana
b) brachyura
juvenile
a) gujanensis
c) nigrofumosa
adult
adult always by water in canes, reeds, early successional várzea forest
forages in pairs, small family groups within foliage of light growth, comes to gardens
juvenile
3 White-bellied Spinetail Synallaxis propinqua
moves with short, bouncy hops, cocking tail
VU 4 Marañón Spinetail
Synallaxis maranonica
often in dense patches of Gynerium cane and Tessaria
river islands of Amazon lowlands
moist forests and deciduous woods skulking pairs keep well to cover
5 White-whiskered Spinetail Synallaxis candei
6 Ruddy Spinetail occasionally in
flicks tail frequently, usually has tail cocked when foraging
juvenile
Synallaxis rutilans
arid wooded areas with cacti, scrubby borders of dry streams, etc.
mixed understorey flocks
juvenile
b) dissors b) venezuelensis
adult deep reddishchestnut
a) atrigularis
004a BNSA.indd 295
forages in leaf-litter on ground and dense tangles of undergrowth
a) caquetensis
19/9/06 12:20:42
PLATE 140: OVENBIRDS 3 d
b b
1
McConnell’s Spinetail 15-17cm; T; R; lc/u
Chestnut-throated Spinetail 14cm; T; R; s/r NT p. 337
4
h
2
p. 335
c e
a
a
f g
Stripe-breasted Spinetail 14cm; UT-S; R; lc/u p. 338
5
Necklaced Spinetail 12.5cm; LT; R; f
p. 338
3
Blackish-headed Spinetail 14.5cm; LT; R; lf/r EN p. 336
6
Hoary-throated Spinetail 15-16cm; LT; R; r EN p. 339
b c
b
c
e
a
a
7
Many-striped Canastero 15-16.5cm; P; R; f/u p. 344
d
8
forages on ground and in low vegetation
Streak-backed Canastero 15-18cm; P; R; lc/u p. 344
when flushed flies very low, then dives into cover carries tail cocked most of the time
runs hurriedly from cover to cover
a) flammulata b) multostriata
open grassy páramo and grassy fields
c) quindiana
7 Many-striped Canastero 8 Streak-backed Canastero Asthenes wyatti
Asthenes flammulata
forages on ground alone or very loose pairs
a) azuay
c) wyatti cocks tail frequently
e) aequatorialis
b) perijanus b) perijanus d) mucuchiesi juvenile
will sing from top of exposed rock
secretive and skulking but runs across space to reach fresh cover
296 004a BNSA.indd 296
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1 McConnell’s Spinetail Synallaxis macconnelli
skulks in undergrowth in pairs
2 Stripe-breasted Spinetail Synallaxis cinnamomea
streaked underparts good field mark
juvenile
b) macconnelli
a) cinnamomea adult
b) variant of cinnamomea from Perijá a) obscurior very humid and wet forest undergrowth in Venezuela but dry scrub around boulders of Guianan Shield
does not join mixed flocks but very vocal and active when one passes by
3 Blackish-headed Spinetail EN Synallaxis tithys
furtive and hidden in lower growths, but seen in mixed flocks
c) aveledoi
d) bolivari
e) striatipectus
4 Chestnut-throated Spinetail NT Synallaxis cherriei
f) pariae
checks hanging branches of dead leaves
often in stands of Guadua bamboo
g) carri
5 Necklaced Spinetail Synallaxis stictothorax
h) terrestris does not skulk dry areas and arid scrub
6 Hoary-throated Spinetail EN Synallaxis kollari
seasonally flooded gallery forest along banks of headwaters of río Branco (Brazil) thus tenuous for W. Guyana
004a BNSA.indd 297
d) bolivari juvenile
e) striatipectus
juvenile
humid to drier forests and secondary growth on montane slopes
19/9/06 12:20:45
PLATE 141: OVENBIRDS 4 b
a
c
d e
b
a c
1
Pale-breasted Spinetail 16.5cm; T; R; c
p. 333
2
Azara’s Spinetail 17-18cm; S-Te; R; c/f c
b
3
Dark-breasted Spinetail 15-16cm; LT; R; c/f
p. 334
p. 337
6
Black-throated Spinetail 18-18.5cm; S-Te; R; f
p. 338
a
b
c a
4
p. 333
Dusky Spinetail 15.5-16.5cm; T; R; f/u
p. 335
5
Rufous Spinetail 18cm; US-Te; R; lf/u
mossy and epiphyte-overgrown areas in humid mountain forests, bracken fern and stands of Chusquea bamboo
5 Rufous Spinetail Synallaxis unirufa
a) meridana
apparently does not join or follow mixed flocks
juvenile juvenile
adult
b) unirufa
c) munoztebari
adult
6 Black-throated Spinetail Synallaxis castanea
forages in pairs and small groups that will follow mixedspecies canopy flocks, whilst keeping at a lower level
pairs or small groups, becomes very active when mixed flock passes by but does not join or follow it
occasionally, briefly in the open
298 004a BNSA.indd 298
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2 Azara’s Spinetail note how juveniles Synallaxis azarae
usually in pairs, seldom found in mixed flocks
1 Pale-breasted Spinetail Synallaxis albescens see vol.1 for details of taxonomy
note greybrown tail
a) media
adult
a) occipitalis
acquire their long tails gradually
b) elegantior
juvenile adult
fledgling
b) perpallida
adult
b) perpallida
c) ochracea overgrown pastures, areas with bracken ferns, thickets along roadsides
juvenile
c) nesiotis
3 Dark-breasted Spinetail
adult
c) nesiotis
short olivebrown tail
Synallaxis albigularis
juvenile
d) trinitatis
pairs forage secretively in dense undergrowth
d) trinitatis
particularly shrubs and reed beds near water
immature
4 Dusky Spinetail Synallaxis moesta
adult
d) trinitatis a) moesta
fairly short tail
e) josephinae adult
b) brunneicaudalis
usually in pairs in the undergrowth, keeping well within cover forest borders to open fallow fields, mangroves, savannas, plantations, etc
004a BNSA.indd 299
c) obscura usually forages in pairs always in dense undergrowth skulks with great secrecy
often in stands of bamboo
19/9/06 12:20:49
PLATE 142: OVENBIRDS 5
1
2
4
5
Ochre-browed Thistletail 18cm; Te-P; R; lc p. 332
White-chinned Thistletail 18-19cm; Te-P; R; lf/u p. 332
3
Perijá Thistletail 20.5-22cm; Te-P; R; lf VU p. 332
Roraiman Barbtail 14.5cm; S; R; lc/u
b
p. 347
Mouse-coloured Thistletail 18.5-19cm; Te-P; R; lf/u p. 333
6
Rusty-winged Barbtail 13.5-14.5cm; S; R; lf/u p. 348
b
d
a a
7
White-throated Barbtail 14-15cm; UT-S; R; lf/u VU p. 348
b
8
Spotted Barbtail 13-14cm; UT-S; R; f/u
p. 348
a c
9
Andean Tit-Spinetail 16.5cm; Te-P; R; f/u
p. 331
active and nimble forages in pairs or small groups within foliage, also drops to the ground
adult
juvenile
a) andicola b) exterior d) certhia c) extima
when flushed flies low often joins mixedspecies flocks
9 Andean Tit-Spinetail Leptasthenura andicola
300 004a BNSA.indd 300
19/9/06 12:20:50
VU 2 Perijá Thistletail
1 Ochre-browed Thistletail
Schizoeaca perijana
Schizoeaca coryi
forages in a very brisk manner through shrubs and bushes
secretive and stays within cover sometimes forages on the ground
juvenile adult
alone or in pairs
4 White-chinned Thistletail Schizoeaca fuliginosa
regularly cocks tail and flicks wings
3 Mouse-coloured Thistletail Schizoeaca griseomurina
flits through dense undergrowth, cocks tail when alarmed, often flicks wings
5 Roraiman Barbtail Roraimia adusta
usually in pairs, mostly with mixed understorey flocks
6 Rusty-winged Barbtail Premnornis guttuligera
juvenile
montane sandy forest specialist
flits actively and nimbly, silent
adult
humid forests with abundant mosses and epiphytes
likes abundant mosses and epiphytes
8 Spotted Barbtail Premnoplex brunnescens
7 White-throated Barbtail VU Premnoplex tatei very agile in dense undergrowth
will forage on the ground
a) brunnescens wet mossy forests with understorey palms
a) tatei b) pariae
004a BNSA.indd 301
b) rostratus
forages on lower trunks and low lying branches, dense mossy forest
19/9/06 12:20:52
PLATE 143: OVENBIRDS 6 a b
a b
c
1
4
2
Rufous-fronted Thornbird 15-17cm; T-LS; R; c/f p. 345
Pearled Treerunner 15-16cm; S-P; R; c/f
Spectacled Prickletail 11-12cm; S; R; lf/r
p. 346
3
Fulvous-dotted Treerunner 15cm; UT-LS; R; lf/r NT p. 349
5
8
9
p. 349
p. 350
Point-tailed Palmcreeper 21.5-22cm; LT; R; lc/r p. 350
6
Chestnut-winged Hookbill 18-19cm; LT; R; lf/r p. 350
d a
c b
7
Streaked Tuftedcheek 20-22cm; S-P; R; f/u
10
Buffy Tuftedcheek 19.5-20.5cm; T-S; R; u p. 349
Orange-fronted Plushcrown 10.5-11.5cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 346
11
Double-banded Greytail 10.5-11cm; LT; R; lf/r p. 347
Equatorial Greytail 11-11.5cm; UT-LS; R; u/r NT p. 347
10 Double-banded Greytail
9 Orange-fronted Plushcrown Metopothrix aurantiaca
mid-level to canopy in pairs or small groups
Xenerpestes minlosi
pairs or small groups, often joins mixed-species flocks
juvenile lacks wing bars and is washed grey below
NT 11 Equatorial Greytail
juvenile creeps up trunks like a Xenops
Xenerpestes singularis
adult
warbler-like foraging restlessly in thin outer branches
usually in canopy in pairs or small groups, joins canopy flocks
usually in tangled vines and dead leaves
302 004a BNSA.indd 302
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1 Rufous-fronted Thornbird Phacellodomus rufifrons
juvenile
3 Fulvous-dotted Treerunner NT
builds enormous nests looking like suspended bundles of sticks at the end of a branch, attended by whole familes and helpers, often used by other species
Margarornis stellatus scales up trunks like a woodcreeper
usually with mixed flocks
2 Spectacled Prickletail adult
Siptornis striaticollis
mid levels to canopy in very wet forests
a) striaticollis b) castilloi
forages in active manner sometimes like a warbler other times like a piculet
b) nortoni
4 Pearled Treerunner Margarornis squamiger perlatus
a) inornatus
may be seen checking undersides of large leaves
5 Point-tailed Palmcreeper
c) peruvianus
Berlepschia rikeri
very shy and hard to find unless singing
6 Chestnut-winged Hookbill Ancistrops strigilatus
forages deep within palm fronds mostly Mauritia, occasionally Bactris palms
often associates with mixed-species flocks
7 Streaked Tuftedcheek
forages slowly and deliberately, usually near trunk
Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii
c) oberholseri
8 Buffy Tuftedcheek Pseudocolaptes lawrencii johnsoni a) meridae
subcanopy and canopy, usually in mixed flocks
d) striaticeps b) boissonneautii noisily explores debris around and in masses of epiphytes, often found by falling matter drawing attention
004a BNSA.indd 303
specialises in exploring bromeliads both inside humid forests and at borders
19/9/06 12:20:56
PLATE 144: OVENBIRDS 7 b
e
a c
a
1
Streaked Xenops 11.5-12.5cm; T-S; R; f/r p. 363
a
?
Slender-billed Xenops 10.5-11.5cm; LT; R; u/r p. 362 c
e
Rufous-tailed Xenops 10-11cm; LT; R; lf/r
p. 362
3
Plain Xenops 12-12.5cm; T; R; lc/u
?
4
b
2
d
b
c
b
a
a
5
Parker’s Spinetail 13-14cm; T; R; lf
p. 342
6
Speckled Spinetail 13-14.5cm; LT; R; u/r
p. 363
?
p. 343
a d ?
7
Yellow-chinned Spinetail 13-15cm; LT; R; u/r p. 343
8
Cinnamon-rumped Foliage-gleaner 16.5-17cm; LT; R; u/r p. 354
Rufous-tailed Foliage-gleaner 17-18cm; T; R; f/u p. 354
9 Rufous-tailed Foliage-gleaner
a
Philydor ruficaudatum
b
always found with mixed insectivorous species flocks in canopy or subcanopy
10
Rufous-rumped Foliage-gleaner 16.5-17cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 354
9
8 Cinnamon-rumped Foliage-gleaner Philydor pyrrhodes
usually in outer high branches and stems
10 Rufous-rumped Foliage-gleaner
Philydor erythrocercum
mostly subcanopy
a) erythrocercum usually alone or in small groups very shy and secretive
b) subfulvum very seldom in mixed-species flocks
dead-leaf specialist. looks for bundles of hanging dead leaves
304 004a BNSA.indd 304
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1 Streaked Xenops Xenops rutilans
3 Plain Xenops low to mid-levels,
close pairs or small groups often in mixed groups, all levels up to subcanopy
Xenops minutus
rarely as high as subcanopy; lowlands to foothill slopes
a) olivaceus
b) neglectus
2
6 races described in vol. 1
a) heterurus
Rufous-tailed Xenops Xenops milleri c) littoralis usually near water
b) perijanus
4 Slender-billed Xenops Xenops tenuirostris
very nimble and agile
b) hellmayri
like a piculet in its agility among small branches of canopy
often at ends of thin twigs
a) tenuirostris d) remoratus
joins mixed flocks
5 Parker’s Spinetail Cranioleuca vulpecula
e) ruficaudus
usually deep within tangles and dense foliage
forages in closeknit pairs high in canopy
close pairs
b) fuscifrons
alone or in loose pairs
agile and restless
c) acutirostris
6 Speckled Spinetail Cranioleuca gutturata
specialist in early successional scrub on river islands, Amazon basin, riverine habitats, Tessaria etc.
c) marabinus
a) hyposticta regularly with mixed flocks
juvenile
7 Yellow-chinned Spinetail Certhiaxis cinnamomeus
adult
a) cinnamomeus adult
reeds and grasses – always next to water
e) valencianus juvenile
adult adult
b) gutturata
only occurs in lowland forest where lianas and vines abundant
004a BNSA.indd 305
d) orenocensis
usually near water
juvenile often seen in tops of reeds or on exposed muddy ground
juvenile
19/9/06 12:21:00
PLATE 145: OVENBIRDS 8 a
b b a
1
Streak-capped Spinetail 15cm; S-Te; R; lc a
Rusty-backed Spinetail 14.5-16cm; LT; R; c/f
10
Tepui Spinetail 4-15cm; UT-S; R; lc/u
3
p. 341
White-browed Spinetail 11-13.5cm; Te-P; R; f/u p. 339
p. 341
5
p. 341
6
p. 342
8
p. 342
Line-cheeked Spinetail 14-15cm; S; R; c/f
Crested Spinetail 14-15cm; T-LS; R; lc/u
11
Plain Softtail 15cm; LT; R; r
Ash-browed Spinetail 14-15cm; UT-Te; R; f/u
p. 341
? b
7
2
Red-faced Spinetail 14-15cm; UT-S; R; lc/u p. 340
4
d
a
b c
p. 345
Orinoco Softtail 16-17cm; LT; R; lf VU
9
Red-and-white Spinetail 14-15cm; LT; R; lc/f
p. 343
p. 345
often deep within tangles of vines and dead leaves riparian forests and flooded evergreen forests forages in canopy and subcanopy in pairs or in small family groups
dimorpha
10 Plain Softtail
Thripophaga fusciceps
VU 11 Orinoco Softtail
Thripophaga cherriei
306 004a BNSA.indd 306
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1 Red-faced Spinetail
2 Tepui Spinetail
Cranioleuca erythrops
a) erythrops
a) demissa
adult
likes tangles and bunches of dead leaves
immature
juvenile
quite active and nimble
Cranioleuca demissa
juvenile
adult hitches up trunks like a woodcreeper
regularly with mixed flocks
3 White-browed Spinetail
b) cardonai
Hellmayrea gularis
b) griseigularis
nimble and restless, forages in tangles, epiphyte-laden branches and hanging bunches of dead leaves
wren-like in its movements
4 Streak-capped Spinetail Cranioleuca hellmayri
most often in mixed flocks
a) brunneidorsalis
5 Line-cheeked Spinetail
mid levels to subcanopy
c) from Tamá
Cranioleuca antisiensis
alone or in pairs often with mixed flocks
b) cinereiventris
very agile and acrobatic
6 Ash-browed Spinetail
Cranioleuca curtata cisandina tangles and clumps of dead leaves
inspects bunches of dead leaves
from montane forests to pastures and hedgerows
7 Rusty-backed Spinetail
frequently seen in tall bamboo
Cranioleuca vulpina a) apurensis
forages in close pairs or tightly-knit groups
adult
d) gularis
juvenile
8 Crested Spinetail Cranioleuca subcristata
juvenile
crest always laid back
riverine habitats, always near water
b) alopecias
they briefly join mixed flocks that pass by
004a BNSA.indd 307
forages low levels to canopy often with other furnariids in mixed flocks eyes from chestnut to cream
adult
very active but quiet and discreet and easy to miss
agile and restless
low levels to subcanopy very agile in tangles and bundles of dead leaves
9 Red-and-white Spinetail Certhiaxis mustelinus
always in grasses next to water
often in the open
river islands of Amazon basin hops upon mud on waters edge
19/9/06 12:21:04
PLATE 146: OVENBIRDS 9 b a
1
Western Woodhaunter 16.5-17cm; T; R; f/u
2
p. 351
Eastern Woodhaunter 16.5-19cm; T; R; f/u
p. 351
3
Guttulated Foliage-gleaner 19cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 351
a b
4
5
Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner 18cm; S; R; u p. 352
Rufous-necked Foliage-gleaner 18cm; S; R; f/u VU p. 352
6
Lineated Foliage-gleaner 18-19cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 352
c b a
7
8
Montane Foliage-gleaner 16-16.5cm; UT-S; R; c/f p. 353
Slaty-winged Foliage-gleaner 16.5-17cm; T; R; lc/r p. 354
9
Scaly-throated Foliage-gleaner 16.5-18cm; UT-S; R; f/u p. 353
a b
10
11
Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner 19cm; UT-LS; R; f p. 355
Chestnut-winged Foliage-gleaner 18-18.5cm; LT; R; u p. 355
hops along horizontal branches inspecting bunches of leaves, both alive or dead
mixed flocks in canopy
b) cuchiverum a) colombianum
11 Chestnut-winged Foliage-gleaner
Philydor erythropterum
10 Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner
Philydor rufum
308 004a BNSA.indd 308
19/9/06 12:21:06
1 Western Woodhaunter Hyloctistes virgatus
2 Eastern Woodhaunter Hyloctistes subulatus
b) cordobae
territorial, sings from same perch every day while territory is held
a) assimilis
same behaviour as in 2
secretive in undergrowth up to mid levels
forages in debris in and around tangles of vines and epiphytes
3 Guttulated Foliage-gleaner Syndactyla guttulata
5 Rufous-necked Foliage-gleaner Syndactyla ruficollis
4 Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner Syndactyla rufosuperciliata cabanisi
juvenile
VU
usually in mixed groups from ground to subcanopy
adult
secretive, keeps behind foliage forages from understorey to canopy, alone or pairs, sometimes in understorey mixed flocks
undergrowth, usually in mixed flocks with 5
7 Montane Foliage-gleaner
6 Lineated Foliage-gleaner
Anabacerthia striaticollis
Syndactyla subalaris
5 races described in vol. 1
forages in leaf-litter along large horizontal branches digging into epiphytes
often in Chusquea bamboo
juvenile
canopy and subcanopy
a) montana
mostly in mixed flocks
adult
b) striaticollis
a) striolata
c) venezuelana
b) subalaris
often moves hopping sideways, habits like 9
moves along horizontal branches, keeps inside cover, very noisy
8 Slaty-winged Foliage-gleaner Philydor fuscipenne
9 Scaly throated Foliage-gleaner Anabacerthia variegaticeps
erythronotum both within forest and edges
often in mixedspecies flocks
mostly undergrowth
004a BNSA.indd 309
forages above and below branches
has distinct sideways hopping habit
19/9/06 12:21:08
PLATE 147: OVENBIRDS 10 a c
1
Uniform Treehunter 19cm; UT-S; R; lf/u
b
p. 356
2
3
p. 357
5
6
Streak-capped Treehunter 21.5-22cm; UT-Te; R; lf/u p. 356
Black-billed Treehunter 20-20.5cm; UT-LS; R; lf/r p. 356
a
4
b
Flammulated Treehunter 24cm; UT-P; R; u
Striped Treehunter 20-20.5cm; S-Te; R; lf/r p. 356
Brown-rumped Foliage-gleaner 18-20cm; T; R; lf/r p. 358
a
a
b
b c
7
8
Dusky-cheeked Foliage-gleaner 18–18.5cm; M/V+ u/r NT p. 355 d
Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner 18.5-19cm; T; R; lc/u p. 357
9
Olive-backed Foliage-gleaner 19cm; LT; R; c p. 357
c e
10 Ruddy Foliage-gleaner
b
a
10
Ruddy Foliage-gleaner 18.5-19cm; T-S; R; r
Automolus rubiginosus
d) saturatus p. 358
a) brunnescens usually forages alone, seldom in mixed flocks
e) venezuelanus adult
b) nigricauda
juvenile
c) rufipectus mostly skulking near the ground
310 004a BNSA.indd 310
19/9/06 12:21:10
1 Uniform Treehunter Thripadectes ignobilis
2 Streak-capped Treehunter Thripadectes virgaticeps
a) klagesi
forages singly, rarely joins flocks
b) tachirense
usually in pairs, occasionally small groups, rarely with mixed flocks
inspects debris collectd in tangle of undergrowth esp. Chusquea bamboo
c) sclateri
favours mossy clumps and debris in tangles
4 Flammulated Treehunter
3 Black-billed Treehunter
Thripadectes flammulatus
Thripadectes melanorhynchus
b) flammulatus
a) bricenoi
forages alone in undergrowth
does not join mixed flocks rarely joins flocks
very restless but usually keeps within cover forages alone in dense tangled undergrowth
very secretive
7 Dusky-cheeked Foliage-gleaner Anabazenops dorsalis
5 Striped Treehunter Thripadectes holostictus
6 Brown-rumped Foliage-gleaner Automolus melanopezus
dead-leaf specialist esp. collected debris in stands of bamboo
wet mountain forests esp. with bamboos and overgrown with mosses and epiphytes
adult juvenile
a) badius
b) cervicalis
usually in pairs
responds very well to play back
8 Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner Automolus ochrolaemus
004a BNSA.indd 311
often in mixed flocks
regularly with mixed flocks
a) pallidigularis
b) turdinus
dead-leaf specialist associated with Guadua bamboo and Gynerium cane
usually near river or stream
holostictus
c) infuscatus
9 Olive-backed Foliage-gleaner Automolus infuscatus
19/9/06 12:21:12
PLATE 148: OVENBIRDS 11 b
a
a b
c
c
1
Tawny-throated Leaftosser 15-16.5cm; T; R; u/r p. 360 c
2
p. 360
3
Scaly-throated Leaftosser 16-17cm; T; R; u/r p. 361
Short-billed Leaftosser 15-16cm; LT; R; lc/r
Grey-throated Leaftosser 16.5-18cm; T-S; R; lf/r p. 360
b
a
4
p. 361
5
6
White-throated Foliage-gleaner 18cm; S; R; lc/u p. 358
8
9
Black-tailed Leaftosser 18cm; T; R; lc/u
Sharp-tailed Streamcreeper 13-15cm; T-Te; R; u/r p. 361
b a
7
Chestnut-crowned Foliage-gleaner 19-20cm; LT; R; lc/r p. 358
7 White-throated Foliage-gleaner Automolus roraimae singly or small groups
Henna-hooded Foliage-gleaner 21-22cm; UT-LS; R; u VU p. 359
8 Chestnut-crowned Foliage-gleaner Automolus rufipileatus
consobrinus
juvenile
juvenile
a) duidae
thick undergrowth and vine tangles along rivers and streams
immature
adult
9 Henna-hooded Foliage-gleaner
adult
all levels to subcanopy
b) paraquensis
regularly joins mixed flocks
Hylocryptus erythrocephalus
VU
usually forages on or near ground, noisily working over leaf-litter
may join mixed flocks
sometimes scales lower trunks like a woodcreeper
312 004a BNSA.indd 312
19/9/06 12:21:14
1 Tawny-throated Leaftosser Sclerurus mexicanus
curved bill
b) macconnelli
hops about in leaf-litter
furtive and shy but makes a noise tossing leaves aside
a) andinus
2 Short-billed Leaftosser never joins mixed flocks, solitary
Sclerurus rufigularis fulvigularis
c) obscurior solitary
3 Grey-throated Leaftosser Sclerurus albigularis c) zamorae
hops in leaf-litter, tossing and shredding in search of insects
b) kunanensis
solitary
straight bill
adult
in ravines and along streams of humid montane forests
a) albigularis
forages on or near ground
4 Black-tailed Leaftosser Sclerurus caudacutus
5 Scaly-throated Leaftosser
juvenile
Sclerurus guatemalensis
salvini
b) caudacutus solitary, rarely in pairs
a) brunneus c) insignis floor of prime lowland and foothill forest
er
6 Sharp-tailed Streamcreeper Lochmias nematura
usually solitary, on ground around fallen logs, mossy rocks and leaf-litter
a) sororius alone or in loose pairs, around rocks, logs and muddy ground, even wading into shallow water, by mountain brooks and streams
b) chimantae
004a BNSA.indd 313
19/9/06 12:21:16
PLATE 149: WOODCREEPERS 1
b
a
1
Tyrannine Woodcreeper 23-26.5cm; S-Te; R; lf/r p. 364
2
p. 365
3
Plain-brown Woodcreeper 20-22cm; T; R; lc/u p. 364
6
Ruddy Woodcreeper 20-20.5cm; T; R; f/s
Long-tailed Woodcreeper 19.5-22cm; T; R; u/r p. 365
c a
b a
b
4
White-chinned Woodcreeper 18-21cm; LT; R; u/r p. 364 c
5
b a
7
Spot-throated Woodcreeper 19-20.5cm; LT; R; u/r p. 365
b a
d
Olivaceous Woodcreeper 15-16.5cm; T; R; lc/r p. 366
8
Wedge-billed Woodcreeper 14cm; T; R; c/lu p. 366
7 Olivaceous Woodcreeper Sittasomus griseicapillus
(see vol. 1 for all 8 races in the region)
effectively two-tone plumage, no streaks
8 Wedge-billed Woodcreeper Glyphorynchus spirurus
usually with mixed flocks
(see vol. 1 for all 9 races in the region)
b) spirurus a) axillaris
b) griseus
c) perijanus
buffy band across base of flight feathers very obvious
a) rufigularis low and mid levels going around thick trunks chipping off flecks of bark
314 004a BNSA.indd 314
19/9/06 12:21:18
2 Ruddy Woodcreeper
b) hellmayri
Dendrocincla homochroa
a) macrorhyncha
meridionalis
follows mixed flocks
follows army ants quietly
usually alone
only uniform brown woodcreeper at its altitudes
humid montane forests
1 Tyrannine
lower levels
Woodcreeper Dendrocincla tyrannina
usually quiet; forages lower levels
4 White-chinned Woodcreeper Dendrocincla merula
often follows army ants
3 Long-tailed
humid terra firme and sandy-soil forests
Woodcreeper Deconychura longicauda
does not follow army ants sometimes follows mixed flocks
forages quietly in understorey, often alone
a) merula
5 Plain-brown Woodcreeper Dendrocincla fuliginosa
(see vol. 1 for all 8 races in the region)
seldom forages alone
b) bartletti
noisily follows army ants
6 Spot-throated Woodcreeper Deconychura stictolaema humid lowland forests
hops and flags wings when excited forages on low levels, often with mixed flocks
low and mid levels
a) phaeochroa b) fuliginosa
004a BNSA.indd 315
c) meruloides
19/9/06 12:21:20
PLATE 150: WOODCREEPERS 2
b
a
b
? a
1
2
Black-banded Woodcreeper 25-28cm; T-Te; R; lf/r p. 370
?
Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper 24-25cm; LT; R;2 lf/u p. 368
c b
4
?
3
Amazonian Barred Woodcreeper 27-28cm; T; R; c/lu p. 370
a
?
5
Northern Barred Woodcreeper 25-28cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 369
Strong-billed Woodcreeper 28-33cm; T-S; R; lc/r p. 368
5 Strong-billed Woodcreeper
Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus bill is large
see vol. 1 for details of all 12 subspecies
pale lores humid pine forests
pale eyes
may join mixed flocks
usually forages in pairs
often found inspecting epiphytes, bromeliads
a) tenebrosus voice is diagnostic
b) orenocensis c) promeropirhynchus
316 004a BNSA.indd 316
19/9/06 12:21:22
2 Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper Dendrexetastes rufigula
1 Black-banded Woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes picumnus
regularly with mixed flocks
forages at all levels, follows army ants
head unstreaked
b) rufigula a) devillei
bars on breast not easily visible; look for bars on belly and vent
often in outer branches of canopy
a) multistrigatus
always near water
b) picumnus from prime forest to mature second growth and sandy-soil forest
eye colour varies
common at army ant swarms
bill dark brown or reddish
often in mixed flocks
pale base
close to army ant swarms
humid lowland forests riparian forests, várzea, sand-soil forests
certhia
3 Amazonian Barred Woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes certhia
004a BNSA.indd 317
punctipectus
4 Northern Barred
Woodcreeper Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae
19/9/06 12:21:25
PLATE 151: WOODCREEPERS 3
c
b
a
a
c b
1
Cocoa Woodcreeper 22.5-25.5cm; T-LS; R; c p. 374
d e ?
?
2
Straight-billed Woodcreeper 20-20.5cm; LT; R; c/f p. 371
3
Zimmer’s Woodcreeper 21-25cm; LT; R; lf
p. 371 a
? ? ? Tschudi’s Woodcreeper 21-24.5cm; T; R; lf/u
4
? p. 372
b
?
5
Red-billed Woodcreeper 29cm; LT; R; u/r p. 368
joins mixed flocks
6
Buff-throated Woodcreeper 26-29cm; T; R; c/f p. 374
inspects bunches of dead leaves and bases of palms leaves, bromeliads and epiphytes follows army ants juveniles more heavily streaked, shorter and darker bills
mid-levels to subcanopy
low levels to canopy but most often in low dark areas
perrotii a) polystictus
5 Red-billed Woodcreeper Hylexetastes perrotii
6 Buff-throated Woodcreeper
b) guttatoides
Xiphorhynchus guttatus
318 004a BNSA.indd 318
19/9/06 12:21:27
1 Cocoa Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus susurrans
smaller bill usually darker than adult
a) susurrans aggressive to other birds at ant swarms
juvenile has deeper buff throat
(13 races fall into 2 groups – see vol. 1)
low levels to canopy, often in mixed understorey flocks
c) nanus
b) jardinei adult
juvenile
2 Straight-billed Woodcreeper
bill all dark
Xiphorhynchus picus
note pale face in almost every race
adult
juvenile
juveniles generally darker and throat more buffy
contrast
e) picirostris a) choicus
b) duidae
usually forages alone, may join mixed flocks
d) deltanus
forages alone or loose pairs
wide variety of wooded habitats
mid levels to canopy
3 Zimmer’s Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus kienerii
usually forages mid to low levels, occasionally in mixed flocks
c) phalara
occasionally in groups várzea, swampy forests, seasonally flooded woodland, river islands
napensis
searches hanging bunches of dead leaves
humid lowland forests
4 Tschudi’s Woodcreeper
Xiphorhynchus chunchotambo
004a BNSA.indd 319
19/9/06 12:21:29
PLATE 152: WOODCREEPERS 4
? ?
1
Striped Woodcreeper 19-20.5cm; LT; R; lc/u
p. 372
2
3
Olive-backed Woodcreeper 23cm; S; R; f/u p. 375
Chestnut-rumped Woodcreeper 21-23.5cm; T-S; R; c/lu p. 373
a a
b
b
4
Streak-headed Woodcreeper 18-20cm; T; R; c/lu p. 376
5
Montane Woodcreeper 19cm; S-Te; R; c/lu
Narrow-billed Woodcreeper 20cm; T; R; u p. 376
b
a
a
b
b
a
c
7
6
p. 376
Lineated Woodcreeper 18cm; T; R; lc/r
p. 377
insolitus (b) is brighter rufous above and more spotted below
8
Spotted Woodcreeper 20-23cm; T-S; R; lc/f
almost always with mixed understorey flocks
forages alone
9
p. 375
Elegant Woodcreeper 18-23cm; LT; R; lf/r
pale
p. 373
? ?
very pale
10
light colours
? Ocellated Woodcreeper 20-22.5cm; T; R; lf/u
? p. 372
joins mixed flocks in understorey occasionally in wetter areas
b) ornatus mossy trunks and branches humid wet forests on mountain slopes
a) aequatorialis
8 Spotted Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus erythropygius
seldom seen near army ants
a) buenavistae
reclusive and not easy to see
mainly humid terra firme and Guadua bamboo
probes hanging bunches of dead leaves, mosses
9 Elegant Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus elegans
10 Ocellated Woodcreeper
Xiphorhynchus ocellatus
320 004a BNSA.indd 320
19/9/06 12:21:32
2 Olive-backed Woodcreeper
1 Striped Woodcreeper
3 Chestnut-rumped Woodcreeper
Xiphorhynchus triangularis
Xiphorhynchus obsoletus
hylodromus
riverine forests
Xiphorhynchus pardalotus caurensis
humid, wet montane forests
rich buffy replaces Buffthroated Woodcreeper at higher elevations moss covered trunks
heavy streaking
variety of humid forest habitats always with mixed understorey flocks
mostly mid levels to canopy
persistent follower of army ants
4 Streak-headed Woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes souleyetii
generally dry areas, xeroplytic scrub,
5 Montane Woodcreeper
often mixed flocks
Lepidocolaptes lacrymiger
see vol. 1 for details of 7 subspecies
climbs over and under branches
wet montane, cloud, elfin forests
forages alone above and undersides of branches
a) lineaticeps
b) uaireni
often with mixed-species canopy flocks
6 Narrow-billed Woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes angustirostris griseiceps
b) lacrymiger
spirals up trunks and hops along branches
a) lafresnayi
mid levels to canopy
fuscicapillus (c) is more fulvous below
probes hanging bunches of dead leaves
may join canopy flocks
7 Lineated Woodcreeper b) duidae
Lepidocolaptes albolineatus
a) albolineatus
004a BNSA.indd 321
19/9/06 12:21:35
PLATE 153: WOODCREEPERS 5
1
Greater Scythebill 29cm; S-Te; R; s/r NT p. 377
2
Curve-billed Scythebill 23cm; LT; R; lf/r
p. 378
3
Long-billed Woodcreeper 36cm; LT; R; f/u p. 367
a b
4
Red-billed Scythebill 23-23.5cm; T; R; f/r
p. 378
5
Brown-billed Scythebill 22-23cm; T-S; R; u/r
p. 378
6
Black-striped Woodcreeper 22-25cm; T; R; f/u p. 375
6 Black-striped Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus
juvenile smaller, with darker bill wet and humid forests, inc. mangroves
regularly follows army ants spirals up trunks
b) lachrymosus a) alarum 322 004a BNSA.indd 322
19/9/06 12:21:37
3 Long-billed Woodcreeper
NT 1 Greater Scythebill
Nasica longirostris
Campylorhamphus pucherani
‘snakes’ its head and neck probing into crevices
usually forages alone
wet montane and cloud forests
2 Curve-billed Scythebill
Campylorhampchus procurvoides sanus usually low to mid levels
always in riverine forest
often with mixed flocks
climbs thick ferns and mossy trunks
responds very well to whistle imitating its voice or playback
humid lowland forest
4 Red-billed Scythebill
Campylorhamphus trochilirostris
venezuelensis
clumps of orchids, bromeliads, epiphytes etc.
5 Brown-billed Scythebill Campylorhamphus pusillus
tachirensis
follows understorey mixed flocks alone or in pairs
mossy areas of wet forests occasionally on ground, undisturbed lowland forests and xerophytic scrub
juvenile
adult
004a BNSA.indd 323
juvenile
4 races described in vol. 1
adult
inspects bases of large leaves, clumps of epiphytes
19/9/06 12:21:39
PLATE 154: ANTSHRIKES 1 b a c
a
1
Fasciated Antshrike 17-18cm; T; R; lc/u
b
p. 379
2
Black-throated Antshrike 19-22cm; LT; R; u/r p. 380
?
b Undulated Antshrike 23cm; T; R; u/r
3
p. 380
a ?
b ?
a ?
? ?
4
Great Antshrike 19-20cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 380
rarely with mixed flocks
moves slowly, usually in pairs
see vol. 1 for details of all 6 subspecies
dots
F bars
F
immature
F a) semifasciatus plain face
seldom follows army ants
b) granadensis C
C
distinct bicoloured pattern
4 Great Antshrike
all kinds of forest and woodland, clearings and grassland not inside primary forest, usually edges with vine tangles
Taraba major
324 005 BNSA.indd 324
19/9/06 12:31:55
1 Fasciated Antshrike
b) brangeri
usually in pairs
regularly with mixed flocks
c) intermedius
usually in canopy, comes to lower levels in breeding season
Cymbilaimus lineatus
F
a) lineatus
C
C
F moves deliberately, seemingly sluggish, pauses for long periods to scan surroundings
dense undergrowth, vine tangles
plain back moves slowly, singly or pairs
follows army ants
2 Black-throated Antshrike Frederickena viridis
C
F
immature
F
dense understorey sometimes on ground vine-tangled treefalls
3 Undulated Antshrike Frederickena unduligera
rarely with mixed flocks
b) unduligera
a) fulva
contrasting tail
C adult
F
immature vine tangles in treefall gaps
dense understorey, rarely away from dense cover
005 BNSA.indd 325
19/9/06 12:31:59
PLATE 155: ANTSHRIKES 2 cd f
e
b
a g
1
p. 382
4
p. 382
Collared Antshrike 17cm; LT; R; c/f
Band-tailed Antshrike 17cm; LT; R; lf
2
Black-crested Antshrike 15.5-16cm; LT; R; u
p. 381
3
Black-backed Antshrike 15.5-16cm; LT; R; c/f
p. 382
4 Band-tailed Antshrike
3 Black-backed Antshrike
Sakesphorus melanothorax
Sakesphorus melanonotus
forages in pairs quietly and discreetly
small crest usually forages quietly in pairs no crest
F
broad white tip
F
C thick dry scrub, thorny woodland
C continually shakes tail
densely tangled undergrowth with heavy vine growth
326 005 BNSA.indd 326
19/9/06 12:32:01
1 Collared Antshrike Sakesphorus bernardi
variant wags tail almost continually
all levels
F grey speckled face
white tips
F
not shy but avoids human habitation
C
2 Black-crested Antshrike Sakesphorus canadensis
see vol. 1 for details of all 8 subspecies
long crest
occasionally joins mixed flocks
F
F
F
frequently wags tail white sides
b) canadensis
a) fumosus
locally in parks and garden
d) paraguanae
d) paraguanae
ground to mid levels male like canadensis
patchy woodlands, lightly wooded areas, mangroves, cactus forests
F
juvenile
C
c) pulchellus
male like canadensis
d) paraguanae
short crest
juvenile
usually forages quietly in pairs
C
C
f) trinitatis e) intermedius
005 BNSA.indd 327
f) trinitatis
19/9/06 12:32:05
PLATE 156: ANTSHRIKES 3 b
a b
1
p. 382
2
Chapman’s Antshrike 15.5cm; UT-S; R; f
p. 383
3
p. 383
Lined Antshrike 15-16.5cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 384
5
Black Antshrike 15-16cm; LT; R; c/f
p. 384
6
p. 384
Barred Antshrike 15-16.5cm; T; R; c
Bar-crested Antshrike 15-16.5cm; UT-S; R; f
a
c
b
4
Cocha Antshrike 16cm; LT; R; lf/u NT
NT 6 Cocha Antshrike
Thamnophilus praecox
5 Black Antshrike
Thamnophilus nigriceps forages along edges and border
often joins other species of antbirds but not in mixed flocks
white underwing coverts
white underwing coverts
F
F
C
lower levels, close to water
C
immature male like female with black barring on flanks and vent
jerks tail when alarmed, pumps tail downwards when calling
black-water várzea swamps
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1 Barred Antshrike
always in pairs within well-defined territory but usually well-spaced
a) nigrescens
Thamnophilus doliatus white patch on crest
complex series of plumage phases and 6 subspecies; see vol. 1 eye colours vary
F
F
juvenile
F
spots on wings
b) doliatus C
moves steadily and carefully, pausing to look for prey
C C
borders, thickets, clearings, parks and gardens
juvenile barred crest
3 Bar-crested Antshrike
2 Chapman’s Antshrike
Thamnophilus multistriatus
Thamnophilus zarumae
always in pairs within defended territory
see vol. 1 for details of 4 subspecies
F
understorey to canopy, often in subcanopy
F
barred sides
F
immature
C
C
replaces Barred Antshrike at higher levels
forest borders, semiopen second growth
parks and gardens
rufous wash
crest all-black territorial, always in pairs, retiring and not easy to see
F c) berlepschi b) tenuifasciatus
F
F
a) tenuepunctatus dense vine undergrowth and thickets, plantations and gardens
4 Lined Antshrike Thamnophilus tenuepunctatus
C C
005 BNSA.indd 329
no rufous wash
19/9/06 12:32:10
PLATE 157: ANTSHRIKES 4
a
b
a ?
b
1
Blackish-grey Antshrike 16.5cm; LT; R; lc
2
p. 384
Castelnau’s Antshrike 16-17cm; LT; R; lf/u
3
p. 385
a
c
4
Uniform Antshrike 15.5-16cm; UT-S; R; u
5
p. 385
White-shouldered Antshrike 16cm; T; R; u p. 385
a
b
?
b Black-capped Antshrike 14-14.5cm; T; R; c/f
6
Mouse-coloured Antshrike 13.5-14cm; T; R; c/f p. 386
p. 386
does not visit ant swarms
forages in pairs in canopy does not join mixed flocks, sings continually
b) murinus
grey eyes
C b) capitalis
F F a) cayennensis
F b) murinus
c) canipennis
often along blackwater streams
5 Mouse-coloured Antshrike
red eyes
C
Thamnophilus murinus
F
low to mid levels
F usually well inside forests, rarely at borders
a) heterogynus
6 Black-capped Antshrike Thamnophilus schistaceus
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1 Blackish-grey Antshrike
habitat varies with subspecies (see vol. 1)
Thamnophilus nigrocinereus
a) cinereoniger usually in pairs at mid levels
constantly wags tail
juvenile
F C
2 Castelnau’s Antshrike Thamnophilus cryptoleucus
usually easy to see
F all-black
b) kulczynskii
C rarely joins mixed flocks
juvenile
3 White-shouldered Antshrike Thamnophilus aethiops
eyes deep red
does not join mixedspecies flocks
a) polionotus
F
C
C
F wags tail languidly river island specialist, likes Cecropia
timid and evasive
b) aethiops juvenile
4 Uniform Antshrike
Thamnophilus unicolor grandior
C
F
forages quietly, in pairs
pale bluegreen eyes
partial to treefall clearings
F
forages at lower levels inside forests away from borders
C rarely in mixed flocks
005 BNSA.indd 331
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PLATE 158: ANTSHRIKES 5
b
a
c Eastern Slaty Antshrike 14.5-15cm; T; R; c/f
1
p. 386
2
p. 387
5
Western Slaty Antshrike 14.5-15cm; T; R; f
p. 387
3
p. 388
6
Streak-backed Antshrike 16.5-17cm; UT; R; lf/u p. 387
a b
4
Amazonian Antshrike 14-15cm; LT; R; lc/u
Pearly Antshrike 12-13cm; LT; R; lf/s
Spot-winged Antshrike 14cm; LT; R; f/u
p. 388
black cowl distinctive pattern of dots often at ends of branches intently searching
7
Russet Antshrike 14.5-15cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 389
F
occipitalis
8
Speckled Antshrike 15cm; LT; R; r
forages actively
C
6 Spot-winged Antshrike Pygiptila stellaris
p. 389
pale eyebrow
forages furtively, and easily overlooked
upper to mid level canopy
F F often at ends of branches
C
pairs keep close together
C
7 Russet Antshrike Thamnistes anabatinus
8 Speckled Antshrike Xenornis setifrons
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1 Eastern Slaty Antshrike
dark eyes
white eyes
Thamnophilus punctatus
a) punctatus
c) leucogaster
b) interpositus grey eyes
F
F F C
C shakes tail constantly
usually forages within foliage and not easily seen
C
2 Western Slaty Antshrike Thamnophilus atrinucha
3 Streak-backed Antshrike fairly open forest borders
often with mixed flocks
F
F
F
F
C
thick understorey; only antshrike in its range
immature often forages around branches and trunks
C
4 Amazonian Antshrike a) cinereiceps
only antshrike with white streaks on nape
Thamnophilus insignis
subcinereus
joins mixed flocks
always at borders and edges, never inside forest
Thamnophilus amazonicus
b) divaricatus
red eyes
joins mixed understorey flocks along forest borders
habitat varies by subspecies (see vol. 1)
F
especially in whitesand soil forests
F
F immature
pale eyes
C
white spots on tail
C F
large spots on wings and tail
mostly at uppermid levels
fairly open areas in middle tiers, gleans and sallies
C
005 BNSA.indd 333
5 Pearly Antshrike Megastictus margaritatus
19/9/06 12:32:20
PLATE 159: BUSHBIRDS AND ANTVIREOS b
a c
1
Black Bushbird 16cm; LT; R; u/r
p. 388
2
Recurve-billed Bushbird 16.5cm; T; R; r EN
p. 389
3
Plain Antvireo 11.5cm; UT-S; R; c/lu
p. 390
a b
4
Spot-crowned Antvireo 11.5cm; T; R; lf/u
7
Cinereous Antshrike 14.5cm; LT; R; c/f
5
p. 391
p. 392
Bicoloured Antvireo 13.5cm; UT-S; R; u/r VU p. 391
6
White-streaked Antvireo 12.5-13cm; UT-LS; R; lf/u p. 391
8
Dusky-throated Antshrike 13-14cm; T; R; f p. 392
8 Dusky-throated Antshrike
Thamnomanes antshrikes often act as feeding flock lookouts, but are strong mixed flock leaders, when heard, wait and look out for the flock. See vol. 1 for vocalisation details
Thamnomanes ardesiacus
typical slightly angled posture
obidensis black bibs
7 Cinereous Antshrike Thamnomanes caesius
glaucus
typical erect posture
C
F
immature
F
F
frequently sallies to take insects from foliage forages in noisy pairs and small groups
C
F
immature
F
continually flicks wings, exposing white underwing-coverts
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2 Recurve-billed Bushbird
1 Black Bushbird
Clytoctantes alixii
Neoctantes niger
both species specialise in foraging on dead and rotting stems and branches
forages inside thick tangles at lower levels
often explores rotting logs
males all-black but for white interscapular patch
F
F
note distinctive bill shape
fine white dots on wing-coverts
F
often pauses to look around intently
EN
Cecropia-dominated, decaying old second growth, abandoned plantations, etc.
C
immature
C c) spodionotus b) viridis a) andrei
3 Plain Antvireo Dysithamnus mentalis
F
F
F
C C
pale eyes
highly fragmented species with different plumage phases and 11 races, see vol. 1
continually flicks wings while foraging
pairs forage unhurriedly and inobtrusively, quietly
4 Spot-crowned Antvireo
C
Dysithamnus puncticeps
note degree of variation
forages singly or in pairs VU 5 Bicoloured Antvireo
forages in pairs silently
does not join mixed flocks
Dysithamnus occidentalis
F
C
F
in undergrowth
often in mixed understorey flocks
race punctitectus (b) has lesser wingcoverts all white
juvenile
F quiet
C
usually in mixed-species understorey flocks
F always forages in silent pairs
C
a) tocuyensis
005 BNSA.indd 335
C
F b) leucostictus
F
6 White-streaked Antvireo Dysithamnus leucostictus
a) tocuyensis
19/9/06 12:32:25
PLATE 160: ANTWRENS 1
a b
1
p. 393
2
4
Cherrie’s Antwren 9.5cm; LT; R; f
p. 394
5
7
Pacific Antwren 9.5cm; T; R; f
p. 394
8
Pygmy Antwren 8.5cm; T; R; c/f
10
Rufous-bellied Antwren 9cm; LT; R; lf/u
3
Guianan Streaked Antwren 9.5cm; LT; R; f/u p. 393
6
Stripe-chested Antwren 9.5cm; UT-LS; R; c/f
9
Yellow-throated Antwren 8cm; LT; R; f/u p. 393
?
?
p. 393
Moustached Antwren 7.5-8cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 395
Amazonian Streaked Antwren 9.5cm; LT; R; u p. 394
Plain-throated Antwren 9.5cm; LT; R; u
p. 395
p. 395
9 Plain-throated Antwren Myrmotherula hauxwelli
suffusa
usually forages close to the ground, close pairs
10 Rufous-bellied Antwren
Myrmotherula guttata
usually in pairs that forage close to the ground
F
F
C frequently in wet habitats, follows meandering streams
C joins understorey feeding flocks
humid lowland forest sometimes in swampy areas within forest
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1 Pygmy Antwren Myrmotherula brachyura
small unclear white cheeks
2 Moustached Antwren Myrmotherula ignota
clear white cheeks
lowland evergreen forest
F
b) obscura
F
C
forages restlessly within small territory; joins mixed flocks while they pass through
favours treefall clearings often along streams
a) ignota
forages in dense tangles from canopy to mid levels
F
C
C
3 Yellow-throated Antwren Myrmotherula ambigua
close pairs and small groups; seldom joins mixed flocks
most often in whitesand soil forests
4 Cherrie’s Antwren Myrmotherula cherriei
yellow throat
forage in pairs; deep within understorey
F
close pairs, usually in mixed flocks in canopy
C
always in seasonally flooded primary várzea, igapo and scrub forest
F
5 Guianan Streaked Antwren Myrmotherula surinamensis
very active, constantly flicking wings
F
6 Amazonian Streaked Antwren
immature
Myrmotherula multostriata
second growth
C
F
often joins mixed flocks
F F
immature
C orange suffusion on back
C
forages in understorey and midstorey, constantly on the move
C
7 Pacific Antwren Myrmotherula pacifica
occasionally joins mixed flocks as they pass through territory, occurs near water
borders of seasonally flooded lowland, evergreen forest and várzea
8 Stripe-chested Antwren Myrmotherula longicauda
seldom joins mixed flocks
pseudoaustralis usually in pairs but often solitary
F F forest edges, never inside; forages in close pairs, never joins mixed flocks
005 BNSA.indd 337
C likes swampy riparian habitats
C
19/9/06 12:32:31
PLATE 161: ANTWRENS 2
1
Brown-bellied Antwren 11cm; T; R; c/f
c
b
a
p. 395
2
Stipple-throated Antwren 11cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 396
3
p. 397
6
p. 397
Foothill Antwren 11cm; UT; R; f/u
a
c
4
p. 397
7
p. 398
White-flanked Antwren 10.5cm; T; R; c/f
Plain-winged Antwren 9.5cm; UT-LS; R; lf/r
5
Ornate Antwren 11cm; T; R; f
p. 397
Rufous-tailed Antwren 11.5cm; LT; R; lc/u
7 Plain-winged Antwren Myrmotherula behni
yavii
rare and hard to locate
F
completely lacks spots or bars on wings
F
immature
C
joins mixed-species flocks in understorey, always on slopes
juvenile
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deep rufous
light brown eyes
Myrmotherula haematonota pyrrhonota
usually in close pairs in tangled undergrowth close to ground
F dead-leaf specialist
1 Brown-bellied Antwren Myrmotherula gutturalis
F
dead-leaf specialist, bunches and clusters of dead leaves
dark eyes
2 Stipple-throated Antwren
3 Foothill Antwren Myrmotherula spodionota
wing bar
eyes grey or hazel
two wingbars
F F
spotted wings
C
F
C
pairs stay close together in tangled undergrowth near the ground
usually in mid levels, often in mixed flocks
C dead-leaf specialist
b) melaena from Perijá
4 White-flanked Antwren Myrmotherula axillaris
b) melaena
often numerous in mixed flocks
forages actively from understorey to subcanopy, flicks wings frequently
F a) axillaris C
F
F
immature
C white axillaries and side plumes show well when male vocalises
5 Ornate Antwren Myrmotherula ornata
saturata
005 BNSA.indd 339
C
F
different races easily distinguished by undertail coverts of males
C
6 Rufous-tailed Antwren Myrmotherula erythrura
contrasting rufous back patch
rufescent tail
F
F
close pairs; joins mixed flocks
c) albigula
F
C
C low in understorey, dead-leaf specialist
forages in pairs, small groups, and understorey mixed-species flocks
19/9/06 12:32:35
PLATE 162: ANTWRENS 3 b b
a
c
b
1
a p. 399
2
p. 398
3
Checker-throated Antwren 11cm; T; R; lc/r p. 396
5
p. 399
6
Long-winged Antwren 10cm; LT; R; f/u
4
a
7
Río Suno Antwren 9cm; T; R; u/r
p. 398
Slaty Antwren 10cm; UT-S; R; f/u
Leaden Antwren 9cm; LT; R; r
8
Brown-backed Antwren 10-11cm; LT; R; lu/r
7 Río Suno Antwren Myrmotherula sunensis
mixed-species groups
C pairs and small groups usually in understorey
White-eyed Antwren 9.5-11cm; T; R; lu/r
p. 399
p. 396
p. 396
8 Brown-backed Antwren Myrmotherula fjeldsaai
eyes amber
often in mixedspecies groups
F
F
most often near ground
Grey Antwren 10cm; T; R; c/f
in lower understorey in pairs, small groups
C inspects hanging bunches of dead leaves and dead leaves caught in vine tangles
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2 Slaty Antwren Myrmotherula schisticolor
1 Long-winged Antwren
usually in close pairs in understorey
Myrmotherula longipennis
forages in pairs
a) longipennis a) interior
flicks and shivers wings
F F often in dead leaf tangles
most often seen in open, tall forest
C
F
immature
c) schisticolor
F
F
immature forages at the ends of branches and is usually with other species of antwren
C
F
immature
b) sanctaemartae
F
immature
F forages actively and acrobatically
b) zimmeri C
(male like male longipennis)
C
3 Grey Antwren Myrmotherula menetriesii
F
forages incessantly, flicks tail side to side and flicks wings
a) pallida
immature
F C
(male slightly darker than male pallida)
5 Leaden Antwren Myrmotherula assimilis
6 White-eyed Antwren
assimilis
C
005 BNSA.indd 341
dead-leaf specialist; hanging bunches and clusters of dead leaves in tangles
C
usually in mixed flocks at mid levels
F
juvenile
Myrmotherula fulviventris
C
b) cinereiventris
F
4 Checker-throated Antwren
F
usually forages vertically, going up and down hanging vines
often in outermost branches
Myrmotherula leucophthalma note pale grey and whitish eyes
see vol. 1 for confusion over occurrence in Ecuador
lowland understorey, dead-leaf specialist
C F
19/9/06 12:32:41
PLATE 163: ANTWRENS 4
d c
b
a
1
Long-tailed Antbird 15cm; UT-S; R; lf/u
p. 404
2
Striated Antbird 14cm; LT; R; r
p. 404
3
p. 400
4
Spot-tailed Antwren 10.5cm; LT; R; f/u
p. 400
5
Rufous-winged Antwren 11.5cm; T; R; f/u
p. 402
6
p. 401
Yellow-breasted Antwren 11cm; UT-LS; R; u/r p. 402
8
Todd’s Antwren 11cm; LT; R; f
p. 401
9
7
Dugand’s Antwren 10.5cm; LT; R; lf/u
Roraiman Antwren 12.5cm; UT-LS; R; c/f
Spot-backed Antwren 11cm; LT; R; u
p. 401
9 Spot-backed Antwren
Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus in and under canopy of seasonally flooded black-water forest
10
Ancient Antwren 11.5cm; T; R; u/r
p. 402
F three streaks
7 Yellow-breasted Antwren Herpsilochmus axillaris
usually in mixed flocks
8 Todd’s Antwren
Herpsilochmus stictocephalus
C
10 Ancient Antwren
Herpsilochmus gentryi
white spots
sandy soil forest
F
F
F
C pairs in tangles of vines, mid-storey to canopy usually in mixedspecies flocks, often with Spot-tailed Antwren
C
C often with mixed flocks in canopy and subcanopy
frequently flicks wings
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1 Long-tailed Antbird Drymophila caudata usually in pairs in dense undergrowth, seldom in flocks
a) caudata
2 Striated Antbird Drymophila devillei
F
usually in bamboo and tangles
juvenile plain rump
C
four streaks or spots
b) klagesi F
F streaked rump
C
C
sometimes joins mixed-species flocks passing through
F
4 Spot-tailed Antwren
F
d) aristeguietana
Herpsilochmus sticturus
c) hellmayri
joins canopy flocks
3 Dugand’s Antwren Herpsilochmus dugandi
single line on tail
F humid lowland evergreen forest
three streaks
F
mixed-species flocks
C
C gallery forest along water, also humid lowland forest
5 Rufous-winged Antwren
C
juvenile
Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus
generally more tolerant of dry forest than others in genus
frater
usually in pairs in canopy, sometimes in mixed flocks
6 Roraiman Antwren Herpsilochmus roraimae
often in feeding flocks
multiple streaks on tail
bright rufous patches
pale morph
F F
pale back and tail
C F
dark rufous patches
dark morph
C
005 BNSA.indd 343
C
dark back and tail
usually among topmost leaves of upper canopy may sortie out after a flushed insect
juvenile
19/9/06 12:32:49
PLATE 164: ANTWRENS 5 d c
a
Dot-winged Antwren 11.5-12.5cm; T; R; lc/u p. 403
b
f
c
b
1
e
?
?
g a
?
2
White-fringed Antwren 12-13cm; T; R; c
p. 403
3
Rusty-backed Antwren 12.5cm; T; R; lc
p. 404
c b a
4
a
b
Rufous-rumped Antwren 11cm; UT-S; R; u/s p. 405
5
Chestnut-shouldered Antwren 11cm; LT; R; lf/r p. 405
6
Ash-winged Antwren 10.5cm; T; R; f/r
p. 405
4 Rufous-rumped Antwren Terenura callinota
bright rufous rump
a) callinota F
6 Ash-winged Antwren
C
Terenura spodioptila
F chestnut back
C b) guianensis
5 Chestnut-shouldered Antwren Terenura humeralis
rufous chestnut
F
C c) venezuelana
all three very similar in voice, behaviour, habitat; close pairs or small groups mix with other species in canopy; often on extreme outer branches acrobatically searching over and under leaves, warbler-like
F a) spodioptila C
juvenile
F b) signata
C
C
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1 Dot-winged Antwren b) quixensis
regularly raises tail and fans it to show the white
Microrhopias quixensis
c) consobrinus
white interscapular patch layer long, partially concealed
a) microstictus
C
F
F juvenile
C
forest edges and second growth especially where vine tangles and bamboo
C pairs or small groups forage alone or join mixed-species groups
2 White-fringed Antwren Formicivora grisea
white fringe
see vol. 1 for possibility of two species involved here
a) intermedia
c) rufiventris
b) orenocensis
juvenile
F C
F
F
juvenile
e) hondae
f) grisea
C
C
white tips to uppertailcoverts
always in pairs forage along borders but keeps within thickets
F F
often with mixedspecies flocks
3 Rusty-backed Antwren Formicivora rufa
white tips to steeply graduated tail
female is streaked below
chapmani bright rufous above
C
d) fumosa
C
F no spots
F
habitually spreads tail and swivels it from side to side, also droops wings to flash white underwings
race tobagensis (g) like intermedia but with white undertail-coverts, female more heavily streaked
C common in low scrub in Sipaliwini savanna
juvenile
005 BNSA.indd 345
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PLATE 165: ANTBIRDS 1
1
p. 407
2
p. 406
3
p. 406
Dusky Antbird 13.5-14.5cm; LT; R; c/f p. 406
5
p. 408
6
p. 407
Black Antbird 14cm; T; R; f/u
Parker’s Antbird 14cm; UT-LS; R; u
Grey Antbird 16cm; T; R; lc/f
b a c
4
Rio Branco Antbird 14cm; LT; R; u
Willis’s Antbird 13.5-14.5cm; LT; R; lf
a c
7
Jet Antbird 15cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 408
8 Blackish Antbird Cercomacra nigrescens
b
b
a
8
Blackish Antbird 14-15cm; T-LS; R; f/u
p. 407
9
White-backed Fire-eye 18cm; T-LS; R; lf
c) fuscicauda
pairs, small groups in dense foliage
male like nigrescens only slighter paler
mangroves, bamboos, plantations, riparian habitats; lower levels of thickets, dense shrubbery
C
p. 408
raises and lowers tail slowly
a) castanoptera F
attends army ants distinct wing bars
C b) aequatorialis
a) nigrescens C F F
C
b) pacifica aequatorialis is a montane bird with a distinct voice
C
9 White-backed Fire-eye Pyriglena leuconota
often attends ant swarms
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1 Black Antbird
2 Parker’s Antbird
Cercomacra serva
Cercomacra parkeri
not in riparian habitats
usually in pairs, most often in thickets and young growth along borders
3 Grey Antbird Cercomacra cinerascens
pairs vocalise regularly within heavy tangles in subcanopy
F
F
F
C
C
affinity for bamboo thickets close pairs or small groups in dense undergrowth
C
4 Dusky Antbird Cercomacra tyrannina
F
forages close to ground in dense undergrowth, thickets, etc. along forest edges and secondary growth
C F C
c) tyrannina
b) vicina
C
Jet Antbird 6 Willis’s Antbird 7 Cercomacra nigricans
a) saturiatior
Cercomacra laeta
pairs in lower levels of thickets and dense shrubbery along borders of forests
tail steeply graduated with a white spot at tip of each retrix
waimiri all-black, no white spots underside
continually flicks wings
F
5 Rio Branco Antbird Cercomacra carbonaria
F C
close pairs in dense thickets and tangles along riverbanks
C C
immature
F
pairs stay close inside dense tangled undergrowth of borders, thickets
raises and lowers tail, flicks wings
C
C
immature
generally close to water
juvenile
005 BNSA.indd 347
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PLATE 166: ANTBIRDS 2
a
b
1
Black-faced Antbird 13cm; T; R; c
p. 409
2
White-browed Antbird 13.7cm; T; R; c/lu
p. 409
3
Ash-breasted Antbird 13.2cm; LT; R; lf
p. 409
4
Amazonas Antbird 14-15cm; LT; R; c/f
p. 412
5
Black-headed Antbird 14-15cm; LT; R; c/f
p. 412
6
Black-chinned Antbird 11.5cm; LT; R; lf/u
p. 410
b
7
Slate-coloured Antbird 14.5cm; LT; R; lc/r
8
p. 412
Caura Antbird 17.5cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 413
9
Spot-winged Antbird 15cm; T; R; lc/u
a
p. 413
?
10 Roraiman Antbird
10
Roraiman Antbird 15cm; T; R; lf
Schistocichla saturata
p. 413
C
a) subplumbea F C F
immature
a) subplumbea
b) leucostigma F
C
9 Spot-winged Antbird Schistocichla leucostigma
F
b) leucostigma
348 005 BNSA.indd 348
19/9/06 12:33:03
1 Black-faced Antbird Myrmoborus myotherinus a) ’napensis’
usually in pairs or small groups foraging on or near ground
2 White-browed Antbird Myrmoborus leucophrys angustirostris
F
very territorial
F C
variant formerly named race ‘napensis’
F
immature
b) elegans
3 Ash-breasted Antbird Myrmoborus lugubris
only found on island at junction of rivers Aguarico and Napo
F C
raises and lowers tail slowly and often
in pairs, often joins mixed flocks
F C
4 Amazonas Antbird
see vol. 1 for taxonomy
Percnostola (r.) minor
6 Black-chinned Antbird
5 Black-headed Antbird Percnostola (r.) rufifrons
groups call and sing noisily
both species follow army ants
Hypocnemoides melanopogon melanopogon
F
F
F lowers and raises fanned tail slowly, showing white dots
C
7 Slate-coloured Antbird Schistocichla schistacea
near water and swampy areas
C
forages in low vegetation but not on ground
8 Caura Antbird Schistocichla caurensis
humid understorey with moss-covered boulders and rambling bamboo on slopes of tepuis and serranias of southern Venezuela
F
C
005 BNSA.indd 349
stops while foraging on or near ground, to flick tail up, then lower it slowly
fledgling
red eye
C
F
19/9/06 12:33:07
PLATE 167: ANTBIRDS 3
c
b a
1
Banded Antbird 10-10.7cm; LT; R; f/u
p. 400
2
Silvered Antbird 15cm; LT; R; lf
p. 411
3
p. 411
5
Black-and-white Antbird 11.5cm; LT; R; lf/u
p. 411
6
Wing-banded Antbird 15.5-16.5cm; T; R; u/r
p. 419
a b
4
Bare-crowned Antbird 16cm; LT; R; lf/u
only on islands in Amazon and Napo rivers
c
p. 410
Myrmochanes hemileucus
white patch semi-concealed
7
Warbling Antbird 12cm; T; R; c
Yellow-browed Antbird 11.7cm; LT; R; u
5 Black-and-white Antbird
b
a
p. 410 plain back
terra firme forests
F
C wing spots broad and obvious
dark streaks on sides of breast
F
6 Yellow-browed Antbird
Hypocnemis hypoxantha hypoxantha
C
7 Warbling Antbird Hypocnemis cantator
streaked breast
joins mixed flocks
dark mottling on breast
F
F
F often in thick, viney vegetation inc. bamboo, along creeks and soggy ground areas
a) flavescens
C C
C b) cantator
c) saturata
terra firme and várzea forests
350 005 BNSA.indd 350
19/9/06 12:33:09
1 Banded Antbird Dichrozona cincta
cincta F
always on or very near the ground and very difficult to observe
continually wags tail and fluffs back and wings
C
2 Silvered Antbird Sclateria naevia
often swings tail slowly both up and down or side to side
b) naevia
juvenile
F
pairs maintain large territories forages in muddy leaflitter or among leaves right at water’s edge
F
C C
F
immature
F
F rarely on actual ground, usually on stems close to ground
juvenile
C
C a) argentata
c) diaphora
always in undergrowth near water
3 Wing-banded Antbird
4 Bare-crowned Antbird
Myrmornis torquata
Gymnocichla nudiceps
torquata
usually close to the ground
bright blue bare areas and plain underparts diagnostic
b) nudiceps more likely to be alone than in flocks
F
F
immature
C
adult
F C
adult
C
immature
005 BNSA.indd 351
tail is usually upturned like antthrush, but it hops (not walks)
a) sanctaemartae retreats by bounding off over the ground
C follows army ants
19/9/06 12:33:12
PLATE 168: ANTBIRDS 4 a b
1
White-bellied Antbird 14.5-15cm; T-LS; R; lc/f p. 414
2
White-shouldered Antbird 18cm; LT; R; f p. 416
b
3
Ferruginous-backed Antbird 15cm; LT; R; c p. 415
c
a
4
Stub-tailed Antbird 13.2cm; LT; R; lc
p. 413
5
Chestnut-backed Antbird 13cm; T; R; lc/f p. 414
b) niglarus
no wing spots
a) maculifer
6
Dull-mantled Antbird 14cm; T; R; u
c) cassini
F
F
F
p. 415
blue skin around eyes
C
when alarmed pounds tail repeatedly
C
singly or pairs; uses vertical perches; both dense and open understorey
C
5 Chestnut-backed Antbird Myrmeciza exsul
usually in pairs in lowest levels of undergrowth but seldom actually on ground
often perches on vertical stems; may follow army ants
palliata
C
F
lowers tail slowly
6 Dull-mantled Antbird Myrmeciza laemosticta
352 005 BNSA.indd 352
19/9/06 12:33:14
1 White-bellied Antbird
red eyes
Myrmeciza longipes
F
b) griseipectus
immature
note back markings on this race
a) longipes lowers tail deliberately
F
C F
immature
flesh-coloured legs and feet
F C
2 White-shouldered Antbird
usually singly or in pairs hopping on ground and through low undergrowth
Myrmeciza melanoceps
eyes red pairs or small groups inside dense foliage
blue-grey skin around eyes
moves tail downwards
F
3 Ferruginous-backed Antbird
follows army ants
Myrmeciza ferruginea ferruginea
joins mixed flocks
C
bobs head and flicks wings as it walks
4 Stub-tailed Antbird Myrmeciza berlepschi
F
dark red eyes usually in pairs
shady forest floor; attends army ants
uniform sooty
C
runs about on ground and in undergrowth like a rail, hops up onto fallen logs and low branches
wet undergrowth typically shady wet ravines, tangles of treefalls and landslides
F C
005 BNSA.indd 353
pumps tail
19/9/06 12:33:18
PLATE 169: ANTBIRDS 5
1
Northern Chestnut-tailed Antbird 13cm; T; R; f/u p. 416
2
Esmeraldas Antbird 13-13.5cm; T; R; u
p. 414
3
Yapacana Antbird 13.5cm; LT; R; lc
a
p. 415
c
b
4
Grey-bellied Antbird 13cm; LT; R; lf/u
7
Plumbeous Antbird 18cm; LT; R; lc/f
p. 416
5
p. 416
Grey-headed Antbird 13.5-14cm; UT-Te; R; u/r p. 417
8
Immaculate Antbird 18cm; T-LS; R; f/u
regularly attends ant swarms
p. 417
6
Black-throated Antbird 14cm; LT; R; c/f
9
Sooty Antbird 18.3cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 417
p. 417
8 Immaculate Antbird Myrmeciza immaculata
stops frequently, looking around slowly
F humid habitat usually in dry areas, ridges and higher slopes
C F F all lower tail slowly usually in pairs
C C rarely at ant swarms
7 Plumbeous Antbird Myrmeciza hyperythra
várzea and overgrown second growth
fortis
pairs, small groups
9 Sooty Antbird Myrmeciza fortis
354 005 BNSA.indd 354
19/9/06 12:33:20
1 Northern Chestnut-tailed Antbird
2 Esmeraldas Antbird
Myrmeciza castanea
pumps tail downwards
Myrmeciza nigricauda
castanea inside dense undergrowth
F
rarely in mixed flocks
C
3 Yapacana Antbird Myrmeciza disjuncta
rarely at ant swarms
F
C
unmarked sides
forages near ground, from vertical stem to vertical stem occasionally at ant swarms
F
dense inpenetrable undergrowth, matted sawgrass, bamboo, spiny scrub
C
5 Grey-headed Antbird Myrmeciza griseiceps
inconspicuous at mid-levels
4 Grey-bellied Antbird Myrmeciza pelzelni
pairs noisily defend territory, walks about leaf-litter on forest floor
F lowers tail slowly and spreads it showing white spots
C F
large buff spots
C c) atrothorax
6 Black-throated Antbird Myrmeciza atrothorax noisy usually in pairs
F F F
always near water
lowers tail slowly
C C b) tenebrosa
F a) metae
005 BNSA.indd 355
19/9/06 12:33:24
PLATE 170: ANTBIRDS 6
a
a
b
b
1
White-plumed Antbird 12-13cm; T; R; f
p. 418
2
Rufous-throated Antbird 15cm; T; R; f p. 418
3
Chestnut-crested Antbird 15cm; LT; R; u p. 420
b f e
d a c
4
White-masked Antbird 14cm; LT; R; lf/r
p. 418
5
p. 423
8
Hairy-crested Antbird 15cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 420
6
Bicoloured Antbird 14.5cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 419
a b
7
Ocellated Antbird 19.5-20cm; T; R; u
Lunulated Antbird 14.5cm; LT; R; u/r
p. 419
usually found at ant swarms
juvenile
F
obligate army ant follower
lifts and spreads tail
always in undergrowth
C
b) chocoanus
a) pacificus
only in várzea forests
8 Lunulated Antbird Gymnopythis lunulatus
adult
adult
F
flicks tail upwards while standing looking around
juvenile
7 Ocellated Antbird Phaenostictus mcleannani
356 005 BNSA.indd 356
19/9/06 12:33:26
1 White-plumed Antbird Pithys albifrons
2 Rufous-throated Antbird
invariably with ant swarms usually with groups of Whiteplumed Antbird
Gymnopythis rufigula
shy and very restless
a) pallidus
F
b) peruvianus
a) albifrons obligate follower of ant swarms
juvenile
C
b) rufigula
immature
4 White-masked Antbird
F
Pithys castaneus
C
possibly in Ecuador (see vol. 1)
keeps within breeding territory when resting and may be seen away from ants
3 Chestnut-crested Antbird Rhegmatorhina cristata
5 Hairy-crested Antbird
rarely raises crest
Rhegmatorhina melanosticta
melanosticta
always with ant swarms at the front
flicks tail up
F
raises crest aggressively
obligate follower of ant swarms
C
immature
F
6 Bicoloured Antbird Gymnopythis leucaspis c) castaneus
C
obligate antfollower
usually in pairs, several pairs may be in a crowd of ant swarm followers
juvenile
C F
d) daguae
e) leucaspis
005 BNSA.indd 357
f) ruficeps
b) bicolor
a) aequatorialis
19/9/06 12:33:29
PLATE 171: ANTBIRDS 7
c b
a
b
1
Scale-backed Antbird 13cm; T; R; lf/u
a
a
p. 421
2
p. 421
Spot-backed Antbird 11.5cm; T; R; c/f
p. 421
3
p. 422
6
Spotted Antbird 11.5cm; T; R; u
p. 420
a
b
4
Dot-backed Antbird 11cm; LT; R; u/r
5
Black-spotted Bare-eye 17-18.5cm; LT; R; f/u
Reddish-winged Bare-eye 18.5cm; LT; R; u p. 422
seldom more than two or three seen at ant swarms follows marching army ants
7
Argus Bare-eye 18cm; LT; R; r
p. 422 hops around forest floor, fans tail
follows army ants
C from Río Mavaca
C from Pinchincha adult
usually in small groups
fans tail
F
juvenile
5 Black-spotted Bare-eye Phlegopsis nigromaculata
adult
F
immature
erythroptera
6 Reddish-winged Bare-eye Phlegopsis erythroptera
7 Argus Bare-eye
effectively unknown – possibly a hybrid between the other bare-eyes
Phlegopsis barringeri
358 005 BNSA.indd 358
19/9/06 12:33:31
1 Scale-backed Antbird Hylophylax poecilinotus
usually forages in pairs
C
F F
C
c) poecilinotus
F
a) lepidonotus
b) duidae
usually only one pair attending ant swarms; very territorial
favours vertical stems to perch on
C juvenile
2 Spot-backed Antbird Hylophylax naevius
a) naevius usually close to the ground in pairs
C
F b) theresae
very active, flicks tail
juvenile
plain rump
F
C
3 Spotted Antbird Hylophylax naevioides naevioides eyes grey
juvenile
4 Dot-backed Antbird Hylophylax punctulatus
a) punctulatus
uniform back
F F
C flicks tail upwards, fans it
005 BNSA.indd 359
C
frequently follows ant swarms
spotted rump
juvenile
19/9/06 12:33:34
PLATE 172: ANTTHRUSHES 1 e b c
a
?
?
b
c
1
Rufous-breasted Antthrush 18.5-19cm; UT-S; R; f/u p. 424
d
a
2
Black-faced Antthrush 17-20cm; T; R; c/lu
p. 424
3
Black-headed Antthrush 18cm; T-LS; R; f/u
p. 424
b a
Formicarius sing all year round
4
Rufous-capped Antthrush 18cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 424
destructus
3 Black-headed Antthrush Formicarius nigricapillus
tall, humid, terra firme and savanna forests
wet, dense undergrowth esp. in ravines
4 Rufous-capped Antthrush Formicarius colma
usually heard before seen
F
juvenile
b) colma
b) colma
b) colma
F C
F
a) nigrifrons
C
showing range of white on females (both races)
C
juvenile
characteristic headbobbing walk, often follows army ants
360 005a BNSA.indd 360
19/9/06 12:39:32
1 Rufous-breasted Antthrush Formicarius rufipectus
a) carrikeri c) thoracicus
b) lasallei
rufous breast is diagnostic dense undergrowth of ravines and deep slopes
e) griseoventris
2 Black-faced Antthrush humid forest and tall secondary woodland – lowlands and foothills
a) saturatus
Formicarius analis
follows ant swarms
b) zamorae
d) crissalis
juvenile
juvenile
adult
adult
c) connectens
005a BNSA.indd 361
usually seen walking alone on forest floor, tossing leaves
19/9/06 12:39:35
PLATE 173: ANTTHRUSHES 2 a c
a
b
b
1
p. 426
2
p. 426
Short-tailed Antthrush 19-20.5cm; T-LS; R; lf/u p. 425
5
p. 425
Schwartz’s Antthrush 19cm; S-Te; R; lf
e d b
Barred Antthrush 20cm; US-Te; R; r
3
Rufous-crowned Antpitta 16-17.5cm; T; R; u/r p. 426
c
a
4
Striated Antthrush 22-23cm; T; R; lf/r
b) huachamacarii
a) punctigula
d) yavii
c) fulvescens note tips of tails: a different pattern in each race
e) venezuelana
floor of fairly open terra firme forest
keeps within undergrowth on forest floor; sings frequently; favours areas with fairly open understorey
pale to white bellies
4 Short-tailed Antthrush Chamaeza campanisona
rubida
responds well to playback but very difficult to see
5 Striated Antthrush Chamaeza nobilis
362 005a BNSA.indd 362
19/9/06 12:39:37
1 Schwartz’s Antthrush
pale ear-coverts
Chamaeza turdina
b) turdina
a) chionogaster
pale tail tips
dark ends to tail
a) chionogaster
buffy morph
wet, mossy montane forest floors and borders
walks and runs slowly, rather than fly bellies wellmarked
blackand-white morph
all Chamaeza stand with legs more vertical than illustrated – they walk, not hop
2 Barred Antthrush
Chamaeza mollissima mollissima
3 Rufous-crowned Antpitta Pittasoma rufopileatum
b) rufopileatum
a) harterti
dense undergrowth of undisturbed montane cloud and rainforest
F
juvenile
C
juvenile
C
C C
F
F
floor of wet lowland and foothill forests
F
c) rosenbergi
hops and bounds about but also sits still for periods
005a BNSA.indd 363
19/9/06 12:39:39
PLATE 174: ANTPITTAS 1 a b b
1
Great Antpitta 24-25.5cm; S; R; s
p. 427
c a
2
Giant Antpitta 25cm; S-Te; R; u/r
p. 427
3
Black-crowned Antpitta 18-19cm; T; R; r
p. 426
hops and bound, over forest floor but also sits still on low perch for periods
a juvenile
b Undulated Antpitta 20-24cm; US-P; R; lf/u p. 427
4
a) squamigera
F
adult
michleri
3 Black-crowned Antpitta Pittasoma michleri
juvenile
immature
b) canicauda
adult shy and retiring, but will forage in clearings
floor of mossy woodland, around clumps of Chusquea bamboo and wet montane forest
4 Undulated Antpitta Grallaria squamigera
364 005a BNSA.indd 364
19/9/06 12:39:41
a) phelpsi
b) excelsa
1 Great Antpitta Grallaria excelsa
preference for level, wet or muddy highland forest floor, occasionally on slopes – forages on the ground, but to move distances in the forest, travels through or over the canopy
song may slow, or rise at the end
c) lehmanni
2 Giant Antpitta Grallaria gigantea
juvenile
b) hylodroma
a) gigantea
c) lehmanni adult
song ends abruptly with no slowing down at end
highest ridges of dense cloud forest
005a BNSA.indd 365
19/9/06 12:39:43
PLATE 175: ANTPITTAS 2 a
b c
c
d ? b
a
1
Scaled Antpitta 18cm; T-Te; R; lf/r
b
a
?
p. 428
?
2
?
Variegated Antpitta 20.5cm; T; R; lf/u
3
p. 428
Plain-backed Antpitta 17cm; UT-S; R; lc/u
p. 429
b) cincereiceps
a) varia mostly active predawn and at dusk
damp, wet forest floor and secondary woodland
a) haplonota
very shy and very difficult to see
2 Variegated Antpitta Grallaria varia
race chaplinae from Ecuador is like haplonota green variant but more greenish-olive on back, crown lightly scaled black
a) haplonota
b) pariae
c) parambae
juvenile
‘red’ variant
in dense undergrowth of cloud forest, favours steep slopes
‘green’ variant
3 Plain-backed Antpitta Grallaria haplonota
366 005a BNSA.indd 366
19/9/06 12:39:45
1 Scaled Antpitta a) regulus
Grallaria guatemalensis
b) aripoensis
a) regulus
(Trinidad)
juvenile immature
adult
a) regulus young adult ?
much variation within given populations, regardless of age, and diagnostic mark(s) may be missing
a) regulus
c) carmelitae variant of ‘d’ from Isla Margarita, or undescribed taxon – known from a single specimen
d) roraimae
race chocoensis (e) like (c) but darker and weaker throat markings
d) roraimae
d) roraimae
d) roraimae
d) roraimae
five adult variants
dense tangled undergrowth on slopes, ravines
005a BNSA.indd 367
19/9/06 12:39:47
PLATE 176: ANTPITTAS 3
a
b
1
Moustached Antpitta 16-17cm; US; R; r
p. 428
2
Ochre-striped Antpitta 19cm; LT; R; u/r
p. 430
3
Santa Marta Antpitta 18cm; S; R; lf
p. 431
a b
4
Watkins’s Antpitta 18cm; T; R; lf
a
5
p. 432
8
Yellow-breasted Antpitta 17cm; UT-LS; R; u/r p. 432
6
p. 431
9
p. 431
Bicoloured Antpitta 15-16cm; Te; R; lf/r
b
7
p. 430
White-bellied Antpitta 17cm; UT-LS; R; lf/u
Táchira Antpitta 17-18cm; S; R; r
p. 429
Cundinamarca Antpitta 15-16cm; US; R; lf
only known from a 5km stretch of the río Chiquito, Tamá
preference for dense, dark understorey
8 Táchira Antpitta Grallaria chthonia
9 Cundinamarca Antpitta Grallaria kaestneri
368 005a BNSA.indd 368
19/9/06 12:39:49
1 Moustached Antpitta
2 Ochre-striped Antpitta
Grallaria alleni
a) alleni
b) andaquiensis
ravines and steep slopes
Grallaria dignissima
fondness for areas with running streams in uneven terrain
elongated feathers
3 Santa Marta Antpitta Grallaria bangsi
4 Watkins’s Antpitta Grallaria watkinsi
streaked crown
often in clearings, treefalls etc., in early morning
5 Yellow-breasted Antpitta Grallaria flavotincta
joins feeding flocks of seedeaters and brush finches often comes into open while foraging early morning
6 Bicoloured Antpitta a) romeroana understorey of temperate forest
a) castanea
understorey of cloud forest
005a BNSA.indd 369
7 White-bellied Antpitta
Grallaria rufocinerea
b) rufocinerea
humid dense undergrowth but often along forest edges in early morning
pink
Grallaria hypoleuca
b) hypoleuca
often in fragmented areas, landslides and treefalls as well as forest edges
19/9/06 12:39:51
PLATE 177: ANTPITTAS 4 b
a
c
b
1
Grey-naped Antpitta 16-17cm; Te; R; lf
a
a
p. 431
b
2
Rufous Antpitta 14-14.5cm; Te-P; R; lf/u p. 433
b
3
Tawny Antpitta 16-18cm; Te; R; c/f
b
a ?
c
4
Thicket Antpitta 14cm; T; R; c
p. 434
5
p. 433
Streak-chested Antpitta 14cm; T; R; lf/r
p. 434
a
6
Spotted Antpitta 14cm; LT; R; f/u
?
p. 434
a
c b
7
Chestnut-naped Antpitta 20cm; Te; R; lf/u p. 432
7 Chestnut-naped Antpitta Grallaria nuchalis
a) ruficeps b) nuchalis
c) obsoleta
floor of cloud forest, particularly within dense stands of Chusquea bamboo
370 005a BNSA.indd 370
19/9/06 12:39:52
1 Grey-naped Antpitta
a) griseonucha
Grallaria griseonucha
2 Rufous Antpitta
a) rufula
Grallaria rufula b) spatiator
b) tachirae c) saltuensis dense and tangled undergrowth; Chusquea bamboo
3 Tawny Antpitta Grallaria quitensis
a) alticola
b) quitensis near steams and damp ground; in and around Chusquea bamboo
4 Thicket Antpitta Hylopezus dives
barbacoae
often in semi-open, e.g. agricultural land, scattered bushes, shrubs, Espeletia
edges of young and second-growth woodland, seems to favour light habitat disturbance
5 Streak-chested Antpitta Hylopezus perspicillatus a) pallidior
b) perspicillatus
6 Spotted Antpitta
Hylopezus macularius a) diversus b) macularius
may be seen singing from an exposed perch, often several metres from ground may fly up several metres if disturbed
c) periophthalmicus light undergrowth
005a BNSA.indd 371
dense undergrowth
19/9/06 12:39:54
PLATE 178: ANTPITTAS 5 a
c b c
a
b
1
a
Thrush-like Antpitta 15cm; LT; R; f
p. 435
5
Jocotoco Antpitta 20-22cm; US; R; u
p. 431
Tepui Antpitta 16-16.5cm; UT-Te; R; f/u p. 435
dense cover and understorey on tepui slopes and Sierra de Lema
3
Brown-banded Antpitta 17cm; Te; R; r
p. 433
b
4
2
Chestnut-crowned Antpitta 19.5-20.5cm; UT-Te; R; c/f p. 430
a) guaiquinimae
moss-rich montane forest with ample bamboo, steep overgrown areas near streams
juvenile
adult
shy and retiring
adult juvenile
b) simplex
4 Tepui Antpitta Myrmothera simplex
5 Jocotoco Antpitta Grallaria ridgelyi
372 005a BNSA.indd 372
19/9/06 12:39:56
a) perijana
floors of foothill forest clearings, disturbed land and patchy secondary woodland
b) nigrolineata
responds very well to imitation of its song, and playback see vol. 1 for details of all 6 subspecies
adult
1 Chestnut-crowned Antpitta
adult immature
Grallaria ruficapilla
c) avilae
c) avilae
adult
juvenile responds very well to playback
immature
chick
a) dissors
2 Thrush-like Antpitta Myrmothera campanisona
b) signata c) modesta
hops and walks, sometimes on low perches
005a BNSA.indd 373
very shy and skulking, dense second growth and treefalls
3 Brown-banded Antpitta Grallaria milleri
dense undergrowth of humid montane forests inc. second growth
19/9/06 12:39:58
PLATE 179: ANTPITTAS 6 a b
1
Rusty-breasted Antpitta 10-11cm; Ut-Te; R; c/lu p. 436
d
Peruvian Antpitta 10cm; S; R; r
3
Scallop-breasted Antpitta 10.8cm; S; R; lc p. 437
a
b
a
4
Slate-crowned Antpitta 10.5-11cm; S-Te; R; lc/u p. 436
5
Crescent-faced Antpitta 11.5cm; P; R; lf/r
p. 437
6
Hooded Antpitta 10.5cm; S-Te; R; lf/r
p. 437
a
a
b
c
b
d
7
p. 437
c
b
2
White-lored Antpitta 14.5cm; LT; R; u
p. 434
8
Ochre-breasted Antpitta 10cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 436 the Grallaricula antpittas forage among the branches of dense undergrowth within one or two metres of the ground and only occasionally visit the forest floor
a) ochraceiventris
b) flavirostris
c) mindoensis
c) mindoensis
d) zarumae
light variant
dark bill
d) zarumae
bicoloured bill tolerant to indifferent to observers much variation within some populations
light brown bill dark variant dark bill
c) mindoensis
dark variant hops inside undergrowth close to floor of wet mossy forest
8 Ochre-breasted Antpitta Grallaricula flavirostris
374 005a BNSA.indd 374
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1 Rusty-breasted Antpitta
3 Scallop-breasted Antpitta
Grallaricula ferrugineipectus
a) ferrugineipectus b) rara
Grallaricula loricata
often associated with bamboo
prominent eye-ring
2 Peruvian Antpitta Grallaricula peruviana
juvenile adult undergrowth of humid montane forest
steep slopes with clean understorey
F C
may hop about forest floor and stop suddenly
4 Slate-crowned Antpitta Grallaricula nana
a) kukenamensis
adult
moderately open undergrowth of humid montane forest
adult
chick
frequently in stands of Chusquea bamboo
d) olivascens
b) nana
c) cumanensis
chick in moult
6 Hooded Antpitta
inside wet, mossy undergrowth of montane forest
Grallaricula cucullata a) cucullata b) venezuelana
7 White-lored Antpitta Hylopezus fulviventris
a) caquetae b) fulviventris
distinct facial pattern
hops through undergrowth, perch gleaning up to 2m from ground
5 Crescent-faced Antpitta Grallaricula lineifrons
humid montane forest and adjacent secondary woodland
005a BNSA.indd 375
very dense tangled undergrowth
19/9/06 12:40:01
PLATE 180: GNATEATERS
a
c
?
b
c
?
a b
1
Chestnut-belted Gnateater 11.5-13cm; T; R; u p. 438
2
Ash-throated Gnateater 11.5-12cm; LT; R; u
p. 438
3
Chestnut-crowned Gnateater 13-13.5cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 438
gnateaters forage on or near the forest floor, mainly gleaning very small insects, insect larvae and spiders – occasionally they will take tiny frogs and berries; when foraging all species continually flick wings sideways
376 005a BNSA.indd 376
19/9/06 12:40:02
1 Chestnut-belted Gnateater Conopophaga aurita
note distinctive white postocular stripe in all species
3 Chestnut-crowned Gnateater Conopophaga castaneiceps
a) aurita a) castaneiceps
2 Ash-throated Gnateater Conopophaga peruviana
F
clearly spotted
F
C F
b) inexpectata
C
F C
juvenile
b) chapmani
C c) occidentalis variant
C
F very furtive and shy
F
often around overgrown treefalls, but occasionally in lighter clearings
gnateaters respond very well to playback
C often around overgrown treefalls
juvenile
C c) chocoensis
F
juveniles moult into adult plumage very soon after fledging often along borders and in old clearings
terra firme forests; usually in dense undergrowth; sometimes follows army ants
005a BNSA.indd 377
19/9/06 12:40:04
PLATE 181: TAPACULOS 1
a b
a
1
Blackish Tapaculo 12-12.5cm; S-P; R; c/f
p. 440
2
Santa Marta Tapaculo 11cm; UT-S; R; lf
p. 440
3
White-crowned Tapaculo 12-12.5cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 440
a b
4
p. 439
5
p. 441
7
p. 445
8
p. 445
Ash-coloured Tapaculo 14cm; Te; R; f/u
Marañón Crescentchest 16cm; T; R; r
Ecuadorian Tapaculo 11.5cm; UT; R; u&l
Elegant Crescentchest 14.5cm; T; R; lf/u
6
Rusty-belted Tapaculo 19-19.5cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 439
both crescentchests occur in dry scrub and keep to low, dense cover, on or near the ground
unusual spots on wing-coverts
8 Elegant Crescentchest Melanopareia elegans
a) dugandi
elegans F
b) erithacus
F bill long and bicoloured
C
juvenile
7 Marañón Crescentchest Melanopareia maranonica
6 Rusty-belted Tapaculo Liosceles thoracicus
occurs in disturbed, fairly humid areas
rusty edges on wings
C
378 005a BNSA.indd 378
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1 Blackish Tapaculo
b) subcinereus
Scytalopus latrans
Scytalopus sanctaemartae
b) subcinereus
a) latrans
2 Santa Marta Tapaculo
C
on or near the ground in thick tangled undergrowth, along streams and in shady ravines
F F
F extemely difficult to see without playback
a) latrans
immature
a) latrans
C
b) subcinereous C
each race is divided by different song in different locations (see vol. 1)
juvenile
juvenile
juvenile white crown patch diagnostic
3 White-crowned Tapaculo Scytalopus atratus nigricans note variation in plumage, probably due to age differences
F
very secretive and skulking
C
C
F
juvenile
4 Ash-coloured Tapaculo Myornis senilis
creeps through dense tangles of dead leaves in Chusquea bamboo and Neurolepis cane, from low down up to 4m from ground
5 Ecuadorian Tapaculo Scytalopus robbinsi
F
immature
C adult
juvenile wet foothill forests
005a BNSA.indd 379
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PLATE 182: TAPACULOS 2
a b
1
Mérida Tapaculo 12.5cm; S/Te; R; lc/f
p. 443
2
Lara Tapaculo 10.5-11cm; S-Te; R; lf/u p. 444
a
4
Caracas Tapaculo 12.5cm; S; R; c
p. 443
Páramo Tapaculo 10.5-11cm; Te-P; R; f/u p. 444
b
5
3
Mattoral Tapaculo 10-11.5cm; Te; R; c/f
p. 444
6
Upper Magdalena Tapaculo 10-11cm; Te; R; lf NE p. 442
lower montane humid forest
F dense understorey
6 Upper Magdalena Tapaculo NE
a good tip when looking for Scytalops tapaculos is to imagine looking for a mouse, running silently and smoothly over and under dead leaves, sometimes seeming to disappear into tunnels as a mouse would
Scytalopus rodriguezi
380 005a BNSA.indd 380
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1 Mérida Tapaculo rather solitary, forages Scytalopus meridanus
2 Lara Tapaculo Scytalopus fuscicauda
very low down, highly territorial
F adult
C
favours undergrowth of deep ravines, but often seen in the open
F
immature
juvenile/ immature
recently fledged juvenile juvenile
b) opacus 3 Páramo Tapaculo Scytalopus canus
a) canus
b) opacus
4 Caracas Tapaculo
mostly borders along treeline, in Polylepis, Blechnum fern and Chusquea bamboo
Scytalopus caracae
variant from S. Ecuador
F adult
usually solitary
5 Mattoral Tapaculo Scytalopus griseicollis
b) infasciatus C
adult
adult
immature
a) griseicollis
juvenile
juvenile
005a BNSA.indd 381
adult
curious, very vocal
forages with runs, hops, brief flights near or on ground
forages in low scrub close to ground
juvenile
favours Chusquea bamboo, forages up to 2m from ground
19/9/06 12:40:11
PLATE 183: TAPACULOS 3
1
Long-tailed Tapaculo 13.5cm; UT-Te; R; f/u
p. 441
3
5
p. 442
6
Nariño Tapaculo 12-12.5cm; S-Te; R; f/s p. 442
4
2
p. 440
Chocó Tapaculo 11.5cm; T; R; f
Stiles’s Tapaculo 10-11cm; S-T; R; lf
Pale-throated Tapaculo 11.5cm; UT; R; lc
p. 441
Brown-rumped Tapaculo 13cm; S-P; R; lf p. 442
b a
7
Chusquea Tapaculo 12.5cm; Te; R; lc/u
p. 444
8
Spillmann’s Tapaculo 12.5cm; US-Te; R; lc/f
p. 443
9
Ocellated Tapaculo 22-23cm; S-Te; R; lf/u
p. 445
a) infuscatus
b) orthonyx
9 Ocellated Tapaculo Acropternis orthonyx
usually on ground in clumps of bamboo, jumps and kicks leaf-litter backwards with both feet, look for a pile of dead leaves and forest floor detritus that looks as if it has been swept up into a corner
382 005a BNSA.indd 382
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1 Long-tailed Tapaculo
2 Chocó Tapaculo
Scytalopus micropterus
Scytalopus chocoensis
on ground or in lower levels
F ferns and brackens, often near streams
usually solitary
juvenile
C
3 Pale-throated Tapaculo Scytalopus panamensis
5 Stiles’s Tapaculo Scytalopus stilesi
long white eyebrow is diagnostic
F
4 Nariño Tapaculo Scytalopus vicinior
wet forest along mid slopes
C
F
immature
6 Brown-rumped Tapaculo Scytalopus latebricola
C juvenile adult
7 Chusquea Tapaculo Scytalopus parkeri
almost invariably in lower levels of Chusquea bamboo, foraging among clusters of dead leaves
8 Spillmann’s Tapaculo Scytalopus spillmanni
on or near new ground, esp. in Chusquea bamboo
juvenile adult
adult dense thickets of wet montane forest and woodland
juvenile
005a BNSA.indd 383
juvenile
note pale spots on wings and flanks
19/9/06 12:40:14
PLATE 184: FLYCATCHERS AND PYGMY TYRANTS
a
a b
a
b
a
1
Streak-necked Flycatcher 12.5-13cm; S-P; R; lc/u p. 446
2
Olive-striped Flycatcher 13cm; T-LS; R; lc/r p. 447
3
Ochre-bellied Flycatcher 13cm; T; R; c/f p. 447
b
b
a
a
?
4
McConnell’s Flycatcher 12cm; T-LS; R; lf/r
p. 448
5
Rufous-breasted Flycatcher 13-13.2cm; S-Te; R; lc/u p. 448
6
Sepia-capped Flycatcher 13-14cm; T; R; f/u p. 448
a
a
b c
7
Slaty-capped Flycatcher 13.5-14cm; UT-S; R; lc/u p. 449
8
Rufous-headed Pygmy Tyrant 10.9-11cm; S-Te; R; f/u p. 450
both are inconspicuous and easy to overlook
adult
b
9
Bronze-olive Pygmy Tyrant 11.2cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 449
race annectens (c) more bronzy than berlepschi and brighter yellow below
forage low in undergrowth of montane forests
juvenile
a) berlepschi
b) pelzelni
9 Bronze-olive Pygmy Tyrant 8 Rufous-headed Pygmy Tyrant
Pseudotriccus pelzelni
Pseudotriccus ruficeps
384 005a BNSA.indd 384
19/9/06 12:40:17
1 Streak-necked Flycatcher Mionectes striaticollis
2 Olive-striped Flycatcher
see vol. 1 for comparative primaries differences
Mionectes olivaceus
white spot behind eye quite small
a) meridae white spot behind eye larger than on Streak-necked Flycatcher
a) columbianus mostly between 1,300–2,500m
likes cloud and rainforests dark and damp
pale base to mandible
damp forests but also forest borders
b) viridiceps
bill all-dark
b) hederaceus usually 600–1,000m
3 Ochre-bellied Flycatcher
juvenile is duller and darker
grey extends over belly
4 McConnell’s Flycatcher
Mionectes olegineus
Mionectes macconnelli
fuzzy wingbars all Mionectes flick a wing upwards from time to time when perched
sings frequently
note absence of wingbars
from tepui slopes, second growth and plantations
6 Sepia-capped Flycatcher Leptopogon amaurocephalus
prefers forest edges and open areas with tree cover
single wing flicks
always in pairs, very territorial
wingbars continual line of pale edges
male and female duet frequently in defence of territory
joins passing flocks within the territory
more often forest edges
5 Rufous-breasted Flycatcher
7 Slaty-capped Flycatcher
Leptopogon rufipectus
Leptopogon superciliaris
juvenile
a) obscuritergum
divided underparts: cinnamonrufous breast with yellowish underparts good field mark
usually within shady areas beneath canopy
b) venezuelanus a) rufipectus
005a BNSA.indd 385
usually low inside mid-storey
b) diversus
wingbars formed by series of tearshaped dots
often flicks one wing after the other
a) superciliaris
b) venezuelensis
19/9/06 12:40:20
PLATE 185: TODY-FLYCATCHERS AND TODY-TYRANTS
1
Ruddy Tody-Flycatcher 9.5-10cm; S; R; lf
2
p. 454
a ?
b
4
Smoky-fronted Tody-Flycatcher 9cm; LT; R; lc/r p. 454
a
?
b
3
Rusty-fronted Tody-Flycatcher 9.4-9.5cm; T; R; lf/u p. 454
5
Spotted Tody-Flycatcher 9.7-10cm; LT; R; c/lu p. 455
6
Common Tody-Flycatcher 9.7cm; T; R; c/f p. 455
Slate-headed Tody-Flycatcher 9-10cm; T; R; f p. 454
?
7
Black-headed Tody-Flycatcher 8.9cm; T; R; f/uT p. 456
8
10
Painted Tody-Flycatcher 8.5cm; LT; R; lc/f p. 456
11
9
Maracaibo Tody-Flycatcher 8.6-9cm; LT; R; lf p. 455
Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher 8.5-9cm; T; R; u p. 456
12
Golden-winged Tody-Flycatcher 9.7cm; T; R; u/r p. 456
? Black-and-white Tody-Tyrant 9.4cm; T; R; r p. 450 chin and cheeks may be all white
usually in undergrowth
?
13
Black-chested Tyrant 11.7cm; LT; R; lc/u
a) melanomystax often in bamboo alongside streams
p. 451
b) ruficeps
a all races extremely variable
b c
14
edges of montane forests
d Rufous-crowned Tody-Tyrant 9-9.7cm; S-Te; R; lc/u p. 450
c) rufigenis
race peruvianus (d) has bold black lines on head and cheeks washed light rufous
14 Rufous-crowned Tody-Tyrant
Poecilotriccus ruficeps
386 005a BNSA.indd 386
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3 Smoky-fronted
1 Ruddy Tody-Flycatcher Poecilotriccus russatus
Tody-Flycatcher Poecilotriccus fumifrons
2 Rusty-fronted
Tody-Flycatcher Poecilotriccus latirostris caniceps
penardi
cinnamon wingbars distinctive
inside forest
often in small clumps of bushes
particularly fond of tangled undergrowth
4 Spotted Tody-Flycatcher Todirostrum maculatum
sits perched for long periods
6 Slate-headed Tody-Flycatcher Poecilotriccus sylvia
a) amacurense always close to water in edge habitat
very shy and usually heard before seen
adult
5 Common Tody-Flycatcher
Todirostrum cinereum a) cinereum b) sclateri
b) signatum
juvenile
juvenile
7 Black-headed Tody-Flycatcher Todirostrum nigriceps
always in canopy
8 Maracaibo Tody-Flycatcher Todirostrum viridanum
adult
arid zones
10 Painted Tody-Flycatcher
Todirostrum pictum
11 Golden-winged Tody-Flycatcher
9 Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher
Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum guttatum
always in treetops yellow stripes distinctive
always in treetops
12 Black-and-white Tody-Tyrant distinctive white line
Poecilotriccus calopterus
bill looks very big
Poecilotriccus capitalis
13 Black-chested Tyrant
Taeniotriccus andrei
micro-habitats, small clearings in mid-storey
F
likes bamboo
often sits still for long periods, tail slightly drooping
C F low down in tangled thickets, particularly bamboo alongside streams
005a BNSA.indd 387
juvenile
C
female may show grey band across nape
19/9/06 12:40:25
PLATE 186: TODY-TYRANTS AND RINGED ANTPIPIT c
a
a ?
b
d c
b
1
Snethlage’s Tody-Tyrant 10cm; T; R; u
4
Boat-billed Tody-Tyrant 11cm; LT; R; lf/r
p. 451
2
p. 451
3
Black-throated Tody-Tyrant 10-10.7cm; T-S; R; u/r p. 453
5
Pearly-vented Tody-Tyrant 10-10.6cm; T-S; R; f p. 452
6
Buff-throated Tody-Tyrant 10cm; UT-S; R; s/r p. 453
Johannes’s Tody-Tyrant 11cm; LT; R; r p.
452
?
7
Stripe-necked Tody-Tyrant 10.9-11cm; LT; R; s p. 452
10
Ringed Antpipit 14cm; T; R; f/u
8
White-eyed Tody-Tyrant 11-11.2cm; LT; R; lf/s
9
p. 452
Cinnamon-breasted Tody-Tyrant 10cm; S; R; r p. 453
p. 457 snaps insects from undersides of overhanging leaves runs around rainforest floor like a pipit in a fairly horizontal position bobbing head and pumping tail
adult
anthoides
10 Ringed Antpipit
Corythopis torquatus
juvenile
388 005a BNSA.indd 388
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1 Snethlage’s Tody-Tyrant
2 Black-throated Tody-Tyrant
bill very broad
Hemitriccus minor
c) lehmanni
Hemitriccus granadensis
juvenile has brown eye and much less yellow and green in plumage
wings make a humming noise in flight
a) intensus
pallens
3 Pearly-vented Tody-Tyrant
Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer wide variety of forest habitats
b) pyrrhops
perches silently for long periods
forages purposefuly, pausing to scan beneath leaves
a) impiger
race auyantepui has distinctive voice
b) duidae c) breweri d) auyantepui
4 Boat-billed Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus josephinae
dark eyes
5 Buff-throated Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus rufigularis
no wingbars
note lack of wingbars
pale eye not boat-billed
very easy to overlook as it sits still, best identified by voice
6 Johannes’s Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus iohannis
7 Stripe-necked Tody-Tyrant eyes vary from white to yellow
white supraloral spot variable
Hemitriccus striaticollis
striaticollis white supraloral spot and white eyering
rare
often found in tangles alongside rivers
8 White-eyed Tody-Tyrant zosterops
Hemitriccus zosterops
very territorial
well-defined wingbars
often perches in open in fairly upright position
9 Cinnamon-breasted Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus cinnamomeipectus
white edges to tertials show well
wings may hum in flight
005a BNSA.indd 389
19/9/06 12:40:29
PLATE 187: TYRANNULETS a b a b
1
2
Rough-legged Tyrannulet 11.4-11.5cm; UT-S; R; u/r p. 457
Urich’s Tyrannulet 13cm; T; R; u
3
p. 457
Plumbeous-crowned Tyrannulet 1.5-11.7cm; S; R; u/r p. 458
Black-capped Tyrannulet 11-11.7cm; Te; R; f/u p. 458
a b
4
5
7
Sooty-headed Tyrannulet 10-10.6cm; T; R; f/u p. 458
a
10
8
Ashy-headed Tyrannulet 10.2-11cm; UT-Te; R; u p. 459
Red-billed Tyrannulet 12cm; T; R; r
6
Tawny-rumped Tyrannulet 11.2-11.5cm; S-P; R; u/r p. 459
9
p. 460
Paltry Tyrannulet 10cm; T; R; c
b
11
Slender-footed Tyrannulet 10.2cm; T; R; lc/u p. 460
12
Venezuelan Tyrannulet 11.5-12cm; T-Te; R; c/f p. 460
eye-ring good fieldmark juvenile mid-brown above
Golden-faced Tyrannulet 10.9-11.5cm; UT-Te; R; c/f p. 461
see vol.1 for further details of 5 subspecies
flicks tail
11 Venezuelan Tyrannulet Zimmerius improbus
note yellowish face
flies upwards with flutter of wings
race petersi paler above and much paler below
p. 459
12 Golden-faced Tyrannulet
Zimmerius chrysops
390 005a BNSA.indd 390
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1 Rough-legged Tyrannulet
crown not well defined
2 Urich’s Tyrannulet
Phyllomyias burmeisteri
Phyllomyias urichi
uncommon Venezuelan endemic maybe confused with several other species (see species account in vol. 1)
a) viridiceps
b) leucogonys
borders and clearings on humid mountain slopes, always in canopy or on crowns of tall trees
4 Sooty-headed Tyrannulet Phyllomyias griseiceps
very upright position
3 Black-capped Tyrannulet
a) cristatus
wingbars indistinct in adult and diagnostic
Phyllomyias nigrocapillus a) nigrocapillus
adult
b) aureus
juvenile
b) caucae
forest edges and open, loosely planted areas, but keeps to cover in canopy, only comes lower at edges
dense cloud forest
5 Plumbeous-crowned Tyrannulet Phyllomyias plumbeiceps dusky crescent on ear-coverts
6 Tawny-rumped Tyrannulet
7 Ashy-headed Tyrannulet
Phyllomyias uropygialis
Phyllomyias cinereiceps
upper slopes to páramos
sits quietly for long periods, occasionally flicking wing
8 Red-billed Tyrannulet Zimmerius cinereicapilla
cinnamon rump and uppertailcoverts diagnostic
bluish-grey
distinct crescent on sides of face
sings frequently at dawn
eyes straw yellow bill dark above, flesh-coloured below
will sit quietly in upright position, occasionally flicking a wing
10 Slender-footed Tyrannulet
Zimmerius gracilipes
a) gracilipes
9 Paltry Tyrannulet
Zimmerius vilissimus parvus race acer (b) has white throat and face
usually in canopy, often with mixed flocks very partial to mistletoe berries
005a BNSA.indd 391
usually in canopy, joins mixed flocks
note pale eye, juvenile has dark eye
19/9/06 12:40:34
PLATE 188: TYRANNULETS AND ELAENIAS
a b
?
1
2
Southern Beardless Tyrannulet 9.7cm; T; R; f/u p. 462
b
White-lored Tyrannulet 8.5-9cm; T; R; lc/u
3
p. 461
Brown-capped Tyrannulet 7.6-8.4cm; T; R; u p. 461
a
?
4
?
?
c
5
Mouse-coloured Tyrannulet 13cm; T-LS; R; lc/u p. 462
6
Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet 10.2cm; T; R; lc/u p. 464
Grey-and-white Tyrannulet 12.5cm; T; R; r p. 467
b
a
7
p. 465
10
p. 466
Grey Elaenia 12-13cm; T; R; u/r
Foothill Elaenia 12-13cm; T; R; u
8
9
Greenish Elaenia 13.2-14.7cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 466
Forest Elaenia 12.5-13cm; T; R; lc/u
seldom inside forest, preferring borders
p. 465
white coronal patch semiconcealed
two wingbars
three wingbars
juvenile has bars and edges; buffy often in forested areas, also alongside streams and mangroves
wet and very humid primary forests
9 Forest Elaenia Myiopagis gaimardii
10 Foothill Elaenia
Myiopagis olallai
392 005a BNSA.indd 392
19/9/06 12:40:36
1 Southern Beardless Tyrannulet
2 White-lored Tyrannulet
Camptostoma obsoletum
see species account in vol. 1 for details of all 7 subspecies
Ornithion inerme
bill thick and heavy
canopy dweller
a) venezuelae
very distinctive row of white spots on wings
juvenile
juvenile
treetops
adult
3 Brown-capped Tyrannulet Ornithion brunneicapillus
adult
eyebrows are a distinctive fieldmark
dilutum
b) bogotensis juvenile brown above and lacks eyebrow; canopy dweller
c) sclateri
a) wagae
crest is frequently raised (like an Elaenia)
4 Mouse-coloured
Tyrannulet Phaeomyias murina
sometimes treated as a separate species
5 Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet
b) tumbezana ‘Tumbes Tyrannulet’
Tyrannulus elatus
6 Grey-and-white Tyrannulet
call, three beers usually heard before seen
white shows, crest splits
Pseudelaenia leucospodia no wingbars
7 Grey Elaenia very small white patch, Myiopagis caniceps
semi-concealed
grey morph
cocks tail intermittently
8 Greenish Elaenia Myiopagis viridicata
a) implacens
green morph
note posture compared to Pacific Elaenia (pl. 189)
F
F b) restricta
F cocks tail sporadically
C note three wingbars
yellow morph
adult lowland often along streams
juvenile
005a BNSA.indd 393
no wingbars
19/9/06 12:40:39
PLATE 189: TYRANNULETS, SCRUB FLYCATCHERS AND ELAENIAS
? ? ?
1
Northern Scrub Flycatcher 15cm; T; R; f p. 463
2
Yellow-crowned Elaenia 13cm; T; R; lf/r b
?
p. 466
3
p. 463
6
Suiriri Flycatcher 15.5-16cm; T; R; u
p. 464
p. 467
9
Yellow-bellied Elaenia 16.5cm; T-S; R; c/f
p. 468
Pacific Elaenia 13.5-14cm; T-S; R; u/r
p. 466
a ?
c
4
Amazonian Scrub Flycatcher 15cm; T; R; u/r p. 464
5
Yellow Tyrannulet 11.4-11.5cm; T; R; u/r
b d
c
a
7
White-throated Tyrannulet 14-15cm; S-P; R; c/f p. 472
8
Caribbean Elaenia 15cm; T; R; lf/r
note white inside crest
three wingbars
very worn plumage, note deterioration of all white and loss of yellow
10
three wingbars
Large Elaenia 18cm; T; A; r
p. 468
white loral spot
fresh plumage
three wingbars
riisii very fond of bathing and sunning itself dry in the open
8 Caribbean Elaenia Elaenia martinica
flavogaster
9 Yellow-bellied Elaenia Elaenia flavogaster
spectabilis
10 Large Elaenia
rare austral visitor May to September
Elaenia spectabilis
394 005a BNSA.indd 394
19/9/06 12:40:42
1 Northern Scrub Flycatcher Sublegatus arenarum
2 Yellow-crowned Elaenia Myiopagis flavivertex
glaber
very weak wingbars usually near water
patch on wings
compare posture with Greenish Elaenia (pl. 188)
adult
juvenile
adult
tail may hang vertically when at rest
juvenile
3 Pacific Elaenia
Myiopagis subplacens
4 Amazonian Scrub Flycatcher Sublegatus obscurior
5 Yellow Tyrannulet
Capsiempis flaveola
buffy wingbars
6 Suiriri Flycatcher Suiriri suiriri affinis
may forage on ground
juvenile
a) cerula see vol. 1 for Southern Scrub Flycatcher
pairs display and sing duets
b) leucophrys
c) magnirostris
7 White-throated Tyrannulet Mecocerculus leucophrys
sometimes drops to ground for prey, or hovers over grass with tail fanned, and drops in
throat tends to look full (rather like on Bearded Flycatcher)
a) chapmani juvenile
b) palliditergum
005a BNSA.indd 395
d) parui c) rufomarginatus
adult in fresh plumage
adult in worn plumage note how wingbars disappear with wear
19/9/06 12:40:45
PLATE 190: ELAENIAS
?
?
1
2
White-crested Elaenia 14.5-15cm; T-P; R; lf/u p. 468
Lesser Elaenia 14cm; T-P; R; f/r
p. 470
3
Small-billed Elaenia 14.5-15cm; T; A; f/r
p. 469
? ?
4
Rufous-crowned Elaenia 14.5cm; T; R; lc/u
5
p. 470
8
7
Sierran Elaenia 14.5-15cm; S-P; R; lf/s p. 471
10
Great Elaenia 20cm; S; R; lc/r
Slaty Elaenia 16cm; T-S; A; u
Mottle-backed Elaenia 19cm; T; R; u/r
11
p. 471
Mountain Elaenia 14cm; S; R; lc/f
p. 469
6
p. 469
Highland Elaenia 18cm; US-Te; R; lr
p. 471
Plain-crested Elaenia 14.5cm; T; R; lf/r
9
Brownish Elaenia 18-19cm; T; R; r
p. 470
p. 470
very little crest (no white)
p. 471
two yellowish wingbars
two wingbars
12
white on wing may look like a patch favours fairly open areas
pudica
11 Mountain Elaenia
Elaenia frantzii
often perches leaning forward humid mountain forests
12 Highland Elaenia
Elaenia obscura
396 005a BNSA.indd 396
19/9/06 12:40:47
1 White-crested Elaenia
broad eye-ring
Elaenia albiceps
3 Small-billed Elaenia
griseigularis
Elaenia parvirostris
2 Lesser Elaenia Elaenia chiriquensis
birds in worn plumage may lose bar on lesser wing-coverts
two or three wingbars (see vol. 1 for details)
two or three wingbars (see vol. 1 for details)
4 Rufous-crowned Elaenia Elaenia ruficeps not always as clear as this juvenile browner, lightly barred above
juvenile male has light brown wingbars and yellowish belly
two wingbars
5 Slaty Elaenia Elaenia strepera
6 Plain-crested Elaenia Elaenia cristata
long crest, no white
two or three wingbars (see vol. 1 for details)
flammulated breast mostly in sandy soil with thick scrub forages in low vegetation
7 Sierran Elaenia
juveniles all have three buffy wingbars
F
Elaenia pallatangae
C
b) alticola a) cristata
often sits still for long periods
9 Brownish Elaenia Elaenia pelzelni
8 Mottle-backed Elaenia
two wingbars
10 Great Elaenia
Elaenia gigas
Elaenia dayi
forked crest two white wingbars
pale yellowish eye-ring, lores
two wingbars
juvenile warmer brown above, lower parts almost white
three dull wingbars, often not seen on lesser wing-coverts shy, prefers islands in streams and small rivers
005a BNSA.indd 397
endemic to Pantepuis juvenile duller below, with brownish undertail-coverts
19/9/06 12:40:50
PLATE 191: TYRANNULETS AND TYRANTS
1
2
Rufous-winged Tyrannulet 11cm; UT-S; R; f p. 473
3
Sulphur-bellied Tyrannulet 11-12cm; S-Te; R; lf/r p. 474
White-tailed Tyrannulet 10.4-11cm; S-Te; R; lc/u p. 473
a
b
4
5
White-banded Tyrannulet 11.7cm-13cm; Te-P; R; f/u p. 474
Torrent Tyrannulet 11.2cm; UT-Te; R; lc/r
6
p. 474
River Tyrannulet 10.7cm; T; R; lf/r
p. 474
?
7
8
Lesser Wagtail-Tyrant 13.2cm; T; R; u b
p. 475
Slender-billed Inezia 9.4cm; T; R; lf
9
p. 475
10
Pale-tipped Inezia 12cm; T; R; c/f
p. 475
a
a ?
Amazonian Inezia 12cm; T; R; lc
b
11
p. 475
12
Rufous-sided Pygmy Tyrant 11cm; T; R; lf p. 478
Tawny-crowned Pygmy Tyrant 10.2cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 477
desert scrub and dry edges along banks of lower Orinoco and mountain slopes
a) paulus usually close to ground
b) fulviceps
11 Rufous-sided Pygmy Tyrant
Euscarthmus rufomarginatus
12 Tawny-crowned Pygmy Tyrant
Euscarthmus meloryphus
398 005a BNSA.indd 398
19/9/06 12:40:52
2 Sulphur-bellied Tyrannulet
1 Rufous-winged Tyrannulet
Mecocerculus minor
Mecocerculus calopterus
buffy wingbar
very warbler-like Mecocerculus usually perch in more upright position
rufous patch
forests along the Andes not bright yellow underparts
3 White-tailed Tyrannulet Mecocerculus poecilocercus
very often in mixed canopy flocks
4 White-banded Tyrannulet Mecocerculus stictopterus
albocaudatus
the most horizontal perching of the genus
often flirts with tail fanned and wings drooped, showing pale rump and white edges to tail juvenile has wing bars buffy
5 Torrent Tyrannulet Serpophaga cinerea
perches on boulders and rocks, seldom on stems
6 River Tyrannulet
along rivers in the Andes
Serpophaga hypoleuca
both species flick tail up and down frequently
adult
juvenile
lowland river systems, floodable scrub, low river banks
b) hypoleuca a) venezuelana
7 Lesser Wagtail-Tyrant Stigmatura napensis
posture much more upright when alert and excited
Inezia tenuirostris
broad yellow wingbars
distinctive long tail often held down, but cocked frequently
tiny, much smaller than Pale-tipped Inezia sandy river banks and islands of Amazonia and Orinoco river
desert scrub cocks tail when foraging
sings continuously
9 Amazonian Inezia
10 Pale-tipped Inezia
obscura
b) intermedia
Inezia subflava
eyes usually brown, but some older males have pale grey or whitish eyes
8 Slender-billed Inezia
two thin wingbars
Inezia caudata
eyes of race caudata (a) are brown breeding birds have pale eyes
young birds have brown eyes always near water and along streams
005a BNSA.indd 399
fond of Avicennia mangroves prefers humid areas
19/9/06 12:40:55
PLATE 192: PYGMY TYRANTS AND ALLIES
?
a
?
1
4
2
Black-capped Pygmy Tyrant 7cm; LT; R; lf/u p. 481
Tufted Tit-Tyrant 11cm; US-P; R; f/r
Black-crested Tit-Tyrant 13cm; Te-P; R; r
?
p. 476
Pale-eyed Pygmy Tyrant 8.5-9.5cm; T; R; f
p. 483
6
p. 476
9
p. 483
Agile Tit-Tyrant 13cm; Te-P; R; lc/u
b
?
? a
8
7
c
a
b
b
3
Short-tailed Pygmy Tyrant 6-7cm; T; R; lf/r p. 481
5
p. 476
c
Double-banded Pygmy Tyrant 9.5-10cm; LT; R; f/u p. 482
Scale-crested Pygmy Tyrant 9.5-10cm; T-LS; R; lc/u p. 482
Helmeted Pygmy Tyrant 9.5-10cm; T; R; c/f
b a
10
11
Bearded Tachuri 9.7cm; T; R; c/f
Crested Doradito 10cm; LT; R/A?; r
p. 476
12
p. 477
Subtropical Doradito 11.7cm; UT-S; R; s/r
forages in tall grasses, sedges and marshes, usually with seedeating finches
p. 477
juvenile has prominent wingbars and pale base to bill
difficult to see
F
a) bogotensis
C
b) brevipennis
10 Bearded Tachuri
tall grass in marshy areas
unpredictable, may be in an area one year, then disappear the year after
11 Crested Doradito 12 Subtropical Doradito Pseudocolopteryx sclateri
Pseudocolapteryx acutipennis
Polystictus pectoralis
400 005a BNSA.indd 400
19/9/06 12:40:57
3 Pale-eyed Pygmy Tyrant
1 Black-capped Pygmy Tyrant
Atalotriccus pilaris
Myiornis atricapillus
2 Short-tailed Pygmy Tyrant Myiornis ecaudatus
a) pilaris
forest edges
b) griseiceps c) venezuelensis
4 Tufted Tit-Tyrant Anairetes parulus
5 Black-crested Tit-Tyrant
red bill
Anairetes nigrocristatus
aequatorialis smaller than other tit-tyrants and less dramatically patterned
juvenile is duller streaked dingy below, brown bill
juvenile is duller with a shorter crest
6 Agile Tit-Tyrant Anairetes agilis
often in Chusquea bamboo
usually forages near tips of bamboo
7 Double-banded Pygmy Tyrant Lophotriccus vitiosus
adult
juvenile
a) guianensis
b) affinis c) sanctaeluciae
a) pileatus
9 Helmeted Pygmy Tyrant Lophotriccus galeatus
F
C
only looks ‘helmeted’ when seen sideways on
F b) squamaecrista
8 Scale-crested Pygmy Tyrant
C
Lophotriccus pileatus
005a BNSA.indd 401
19/9/06 12:41:00
PLATE 193: TYRANNULETS AND BRISTLE TYRANTS
1
Olive-green Tyrannulet 12cm; T; R; s
2
p. 481
3
Black-fronted Tyrannulet 12-13cm; UT-S; R; lf p. 480
Ecuadorean Tyrannulet 11.5cm; UT; R; r
p. 480
b a
4
5
Venezuelan Bristle Tyrant 10.5cm; UT; R; u p. 479
6
Marble-faced Bristle Tyrant 11.5cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 478
Rufous-lored Tyrannulet 11.5cm; T; R; lf/u p. 480
?
7
Spectacled Bristle Tyrant 10.7cm; T; R; r p. 479
10
Antioquia Bristle Tyrant 11cm; T; R; r
p. 479
13
Northern Bentbill 9.5cm; T; R; r
p. 483
8
9
Chapman’s Bristle Tyrant 11.5cm; UT-S; R; lf p. 479
Variegated Bristle Tyrant 11.4cm; UT-S; R; f/u p. 479
12
11
Southern Bentbill 9.1cm; T; R; lf
Rufous-browed Tyrannulet 11.5cm; UT-LS; R; u/r p. 481
p. 483
12 Southern Bentbill 13 Northern Bentbill
Oncostoma olivaceum
Oncostoma cinereigulare
402 005a BNSA.indd 402
19/9/06 12:41:02
2 Black-fronted Tyrannulet Phylloscartes nigrifrons
1 Olive-green Tyrannulet Phylloscartes virescens
active and conspicuous when in a mixed-species feeding flock
3 Ecuadorean Tyrannulet Phylloscartes gualaquizae
4 Venezuelan Bristle Tyrant Phylloscartes venezuelanus
long, pointed bill usually forages on outer branches and twigs
5 Marble-faced Bristle Tyrant Phylloscartes ophthalmicus
dull black between wingbars
adult
scaly greyish face
juvenile
7 Spectacled Bristle Tyrant
a) ophthalmicus
Phylloscartes orbitalis
6 Rufous-lored Tyrannulet Phylloscartes flaviventris
adult juvenile
rufous forehead
lack of bordered black earcoverts
note buffy wingbars
b) purus
8 Chapman’s Bristle Tyrant Phylloscartes chapmani
often cocks tail
humid montane and cloud forests
white eye-ring
all yellow
forages with mixed flocks
joins mixed feeding flocks
buffy wingbars
white eye-ring buffy wingbars
griseocapillus
10 Antioquia Bristle Tyrant
adult
Phylloscartes lanyoni
perches in vertical posture like this after a sortie, and holds tail down
adult
very quiet and inconspicuous
juvenile
9 Variegated Bristle Tyrant Phylloscartes poecilotis
005a BNSA.indd 403
semi-deciduous forest along foothills
11 Rufous-browed Tyrannulet
Phylloscartes superciliaris
19/9/06 12:41:05
PLATE 194: ROYAL-FLYCATCHERS AND FLATBILLS
a
b
1
p. 491
2
3
4
Brownish Twistwing 18cm; LT; R; u/r
p. 484
5
6
7
Eye-ringed Flatbill 15cm; T-Te; R; s
p. 485
8
Pacific Royal Flycatcher 16.5cm; T; R; r
Northern Royal Flycatcher 16-16.5cm; T; R; lf/u p. 492
Amazonian Royal Flycatcher 15-16.5cm; T-LS; R; l c/r p. 491
Large-headed Flatbill 13.2-13.5cm; T-LS; R; lf/r p. 484
Dusky-tailed Flatbill 15.5-16.5cm; T; R; r
p. 484
Rufous-tailed Flatbill 15-16cm; LT; R; f/r
p. 485
9
Fulvous-breasted Flatbill 15cm; UT-LS; R; u p. 486
b ? ? a
10
Pacific Flatbill 15cm; T; R; u/r
11
Olivaceous Flatbill 15-17cm; T; R; lf/r
p. 485
p. 485
no eye-ring
sits upright and still; changes perch often
a) aequinoctialis
b) jelambianus
often found in mixed understorey flocks
10 Pacific Flatbill
Rhynchocyclus pacificus
11 Olivaceous Flatbill
humid areas, swampy forest amd marshland
Rhynchocyclus olivaceus
404 005a BNSA.indd 404
19/9/06 12:41:07
3 Amazonian Royal Flycatcher
1 Pacific Royal Flycatcher Onychorhynchus occidentalis
Onychorhynchus coronatus a) coronatus
2 Northern Royal Flycatcher Onychorhynchus mexicanus
fraterculus likes wet and swampy areas
often near water sallies like a redstart
adult
usually forages in understorey
mostly in dry areas, seldom near water
in poor light with crest laid back it may be taken for a woodpecker or some other species
juvenile
5 Large-headed Flatbill
4 Brownish Twistwing
Ramphotrigon megacephalum
Cnipodectes subbrunneus
subbrunneus
illustration of crest displayed in vol. 1
b) castelnaui
6 Rufous-tailed Flatbill Ramphotrigon ruficauda
note white
venezuelense
long rictals eyes bright orange
uniformly dark above
similar Thrush-like Manakin has dark eyes
no streaks usually found only in stands of bamboo
likes open but wellshaded understorey
avoids dense foliage but sits still often near streams
8 Dusky-tailed Flatbill
7 Eye-ringed Flatbill
Rhynchocyclus brevirostris bold eye-ring hellmayri deep montane forests esp. in ravines
sits idly, often very upright
005a BNSA.indd 405
humid lowland forests as well as savanna forests
Ramphotrigon fuscicauda
usually in vine-tangled growth
Rhynchocyclus fulvipectus
dull, no wingbars
juvenile less streaked and more yellow below
typical flatbill bill shape
9 Fulvous-breasted Flatbill
not found in bamboo in this region
lower growths of humid and wet montane forests
19/9/06 12:41:10
PLATE 195: FLYCATCHERS AND SPADEBILLS b
a ?
c
1
Yellow-olive Flycatcher 14cm; T-LS; R; lc/u
p. 486
2
Grey-crowned Flycatcher 11-12cm; LT; R; lc/u p. 487
3
Orange-eyed Flycatcher 13.5cm; T; R; r p. 488
b
c ? a
4
Yellow-breasted Flycatcher 12-13cm; LT; R; c/f p. 488
5
White-throated Spadebill 9.4cm; T-S; R; u p. 489
6
Yellow-margined Flycatcher 13cm; T; R; f/u p. 487
b ? ?
7
Golden-crowned Spadebilll 8.5-9.0cm; LT; R; f/u p. 490
? Cinnamon-crested Spadebill 9.4cm; T; R; lf/r p. 489
8
a
9
Yellow-throated Spadebill 10.2cm; UT-S; R; r p. 490
?
10
White-crested Spadebill 11.4cm; T; R; lf/r p. 490
undergrowth of wet forests on upper mountain slopes
often sits motionless on an exposed perch in the open
bigger and chubbier than other spadebills
C forages singly or in pairs in mid-storey, does not join mixed flocks
a) flavigularis
b) vividus
9 Yellow-throated Spadebill Platyrinchus flavigularis
contrast
F
10 White-crested Spadebill
Platyrinchus platyrhynchos
406 005a BNSA.indd 406
19/9/06 12:41:12
1 Yellow-olive Flycatcher
Tolmomyias sulphurescens c) aequatorialis
2 Grey-crowned Flycatcher
note variation of supraloral spot
Tolmomyias poliocephalus
no supraloral spot
klagesi usually perches more upright than others in genus
yellow edges on remiges even across wing
tends to perch more upright see vol. 1 for comparative notes of the confusion species, Yellow-olive, Grey-crowned and Yellow-margined Flycatchers
smaller than similar birds in genus
b) confusus
4 Yellow-breasted Flycatcher
a) exortivus
Tolmomyias flaviventris
collingwoodi
3 Orange-eyed Flycatcher Tolmomyias traylori
divided underparts
Tolmomyias flycatchers are distinguished by their broad flat bills. Voices can be key to identification but note there are many races (see vol. 1) and voice varies with race and location
crown and back concolorous calls a deep tsueeet!
virtually all yellow likes open areas with scattered streams
5 White-throated Spadebill Platyrinchus mystaceus
note coronal patches
a) ventralis F
c) insularis
see vol. 1 for details of 9 subspecies
sits still and silent for long periods
generally singly, in understorey of tangles and thickets
6 Yellow-margined Flycatcher Tolmomyias assimilis
C
examinatus
face patterns
b) imatacae
sometimes joins mixed flocks
7 Golden-crowned Spadebill
8 Cinnamon-crested Spadebill
Platyrinchus coronatus
superciliaris
black edge to coronal patch
Platyrinchus saturatus
sometimes follows mixed flocks but does not join in
F
note pattern on cheeks
F C
005a BNSA.indd 407
does not follow mixed flocks
likes shady soil forests
C
juvenile
19/9/06 12:41:15
PLATE 196: FLYCATCHERS 1
a b
1
Ornate Flycatcher 11.5cm; UT-LS; R; c/f
2
p. 492
p. 496
Sulphur-rumped Flycatcher 12.5-13cm; T; R; lf/u p. 495
3
p. 495
6
p. 496
Whiskered Flycatcher 12.5-13cm; LT; R; lc/u
?
4
Cinnamon Tyrant 8.5-9cm; LT; R; u/r
5
Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher 10.9cm; T; R; f/u
p. 494
Black-tailed Flycatcher 12.5-13cm; T; R; lf/r
a
c
b
b
d
a
7
8
Tawny-breasted Flycatcher 14-15cm; UT-S; R; u/r p. 495
Cliff Flycatcher 18-19cm; UT-LS; R; f/u p. 497
9
Cinnamon Flycatcher 13cm; UT-S; R; c
p. 496
c) vieillotioides
wet montane forests, but often at edges along trails and roads through forest
heavy wingbars and markings on wings
a) pariae
usually forages in pairs that may join a passing flock, but does not follow it
b) pyrrhopterus
9 Cinnamon Flycatcher Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus
d) spadix 408 005a BNSA.indd 408
19/9/06 12:41:17
1 Ornate Flycatcher
2 Sulphur-rumped Flycatcher
Myiotriccus ornatus
Myiobius sulphureipygius
3 Whiskered Flycatcher
aureatus
humid and wet cloud forests
Myiobius barbatus
often droops wings to flash rump
barbatus
mostly in low lands
whitish chin and throat very quick as it darts and sallies
b) stellatus
very often with mixed-species flocks
fond of deep ravines
a) ornatus
4 Cinnamon Tyrant Neopipo cinnamomea cinnamomea
6 Black-tailed Flycatcher
Myiobius atricaudus atricaudus
female has coronal patch smaller
5 Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher
no wingbars
Terenotriccus erythrurus
rump white on birds from E Ecuador buffy throat
wingbars grey
slimmer than Cinnamon Tyrant
sits still for long periods
breast and throat ochraceous on birds from east Venezuela
horn-colour
usually forages singly, often joins mixed flocks
sits quietly singing often sits quietly for long periods - flicking both wings regularly
8 Cliff Flycatcher Hirundinea ferruginea
likes road cuts and quarries
occasionally on sides of tall buildings in built-up areas
7 Tawny-breasted Flycatcher Myiobius villosus
favours large boulders in N Amazonia and the Guianas
yellow patch well concealed or absent
b) sclateri
F
flits from perch to perch, constantly fans tail and flicks wings
C
a) ferruginea very swallow-like as it sorties out from cliff face
005a BNSA.indd 409
19/9/06 12:41:20
PLATE 197: FLYCATCHERS 2
a
b a
a
a
a
c
b
1
Bran-coloured Flycatcher 11.4cm; T-S; R; f/u p. 494
b
a
2
Flavescent Flycatcher 12-13cm; LS-S; R; lf/r
p. 492
3
p. 493
6
Roraiman Flycatcher 13.2-13.5cm; UT-LS; R; u/r p. 493
a b
4
Orange-banded Flycatcher 12.5-13cm; US-S; R; lf/r p. 493
5
Handsome Flycatcher 9.5-11cm; S; R; lc/r
Olive-chested Flycatcher 12.2cm; UT; R; lc/r p. 494
7
Orange-crested Flycatcher 11.5-13cm; UT; R; f/r p. 493
complete eye-ring yellow coronal line well concealed
two-coloured bill
usually at lower levels than Flavescent Flycatcher
less rufescent than Brancoloured Flycatcher (b) and is more yellow below
6 Olive-chested Flycatcher Myiophobus cryptoxanthus
border thickets and underbush
7 Orange-crested Flycatcher Myiophobus phoenicomitra
410 005a BNSA.indd 410
19/9/06 12:41:22
juvenile
1 Bran-coloured Flycatcher
a) fasciatus
borders of deciduous forests and open areas with scattered trees or savanna near forest
Myiophobus fasciatus
b) crypterythrus
variation in head colouring
adult
female often has breast less heavily streaked
2 Flavescent Flycatcher usually at higher levels than Orange-crested Flycatcher
Myiophobus flavicans
broken eye-ring
bill black
F
3 Roraiman Flycatcher Myiophobus roraimae
b) venezuelanus
usually along edges of montane forests
also in scrub forests on sandy soil in lowlands
C broad rufous wingbars
C
a) caripensis shy and quiet; often in thick stands of bamboo
F c) flavicans
4 Orange-banded Flycatcher
juvenile
Myiophobus lintoni
5 Handsome Flycatcher
pale eyes
Myiophobus pulcher
female has coronal patch duller or reduced
juvenile
forages noisily in canopy, very active usually found in mixed flocks in the canopy
adult
a) bellus
005a BNSA.indd 411
b) pulcher
19/9/06 12:41:24
PLATE 198: FLYCATCHERS
1
p. 497
2
p. 498
3
4
p. 499
5
p. 502
Fuscous Flycatcher 14cm; T; R; lc/u
Black-billed Flycatcher 13-13.5cm; LT; R; lf
Euler’s Flycatcher 13.5cm; T; R; lc/u
Acadian Flycatcher 14cm; T-S; B; u/r
Grey-breasted Flycatcher 13-13.5cm; T; R; u/r p. 499
6
Olive-sided Flycatcher 18-20cm; S-Te; B; u/r
p. 500
a b c
7
Alder Flycatcher 13cm; T; B; f/r
8
p. 502
Willow Flycatcher 13cm; T; B; f/r
p. 502
often sits on an exposed perch out in the open, only one or two metres from the ground
9
c
Vermilion Flycatcher 13cm; T-S; R/A; c/s
p. 503
display flight is vertical, and male sings continuously especially at dawn and dusk
fences and isolated bushes
F C typical male for all races
C juvenile
a) saturatus and
c) rubinus
b) piurae
9 Vermilion Flycatcher Pyrocephalus rubinus
strength of rosy varies in these races
some birds of this austral migrant race are all white below, others are yellow
412 005a BNSA.indd 412
19/9/06 12:41:26
1 Fuscous Flycatcher see vol. 1 for details Cnemotriccus fuscatus cabanisi
of 5 subspecies
3 Grey-breasted Flycatcher
bill all black
similar to Euler’s Flycatcher but is larger and tail longer, with different voice
2 Euler’s
Lathrotriccus griseipectus
usually in woody vines and vine tangles Flycatcher
Lathrotriccus euleri
bill pale, flesh-colour below
brownish
olive morph
from Tropical Pewee (race punensis pl. 199) by white eye-ring and wingbars
grey morph smaller than race cabanisi of Fuscous Flycatcher and tail a little shorter
sometimes very fond of riverine habitats and forested islands in rivers
see vol. 1 for comments on races south of the region that could reach on migration
4 Black-billed Flycatcher Aphanotriccus audax similar to Euler’s but greenish back and whitish supraloral line
5 Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens
greener above and yellower below than Alder and Willow Flycatchers
bill black
tends to perch more horizontally than Empidonax spp.
grey legs and feet unique in genus
7 Alder Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum
6 Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi
in fresh plumage slightly greener above than Willow Flycatcher
newly arrived juveniles have buffy edges to wingbars
8 Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii
white tuft on flanks
contrasting white centre to underparts
usually has a favourite perch, well exposed, that it uses for weeks on end!
005a BNSA.indd 413
these two boreal migrants arrive in worn plumage, they moult while here
shorter more rounded wings
has longer bill and shorter tail than Alder Flycatcher
shy and quiet
19/9/06 12:41:29
PLATE 199: PEWEES AND FLYCATCHERS a a
b
1
Tropical Pewee 14cm; T-S; R; c/f
p. 501
2
Western Wood Pewee 14-16cm; UT-S; B; f/u
3
p. 501
6
p. 502
p. 500
p. 500
Eastern Wood Pewee 13.5-15cm; T; B; u/r
a
b
4
Blackish Pewee 13cm; UT; R; lf/r
5
Smoke-coloured Pewee 16-17cm; UT-S; R; c/s
p. 501
p. 499
8
White-throated Pewee 13cm; LT; R; lc/u
?
7
Olive Tufted Flycatcher 13cm; S; R; u
Tufted Flycatcher 12.5-13cm; UT-P; R; f/r p. 499
poorly-developed crest
maybe quite pointy forages in lower and mid-levels in pairs
shakes tail upon alighting
only crested small flycatcher in its range
fulvous breast wanderer to south Ecuador?
7 Olive Tufted Flycatcher Mitrephanes olivaceus
bright yellow
shakes tail upon alighting
juvenile has buffy edges above - like juvenile Contopus
berlepschi
8 Tufted Flycatcher Mitrephanes phaeocercus
414 005a BNSA.indd 414
19/9/06 12:41:31
1 Tropical Pewee
3 Eastern Wood Pewee
2 Western Wood Pewee
Contopus cinereus
Contopus virens
Contopus sordidulus
base of mandible orange, or maybe all dark
in fresh pumage is darker and browner
shivers tail upon alighting
most of mandible pale yellow
these two very difficult to tell apart
a) surinamensis
arrives in worn plumage, and then moults
in fresh plumage is paler and more greyish above
Wood Pewees do not shiver tail upon alighting
4 Blackish Pewee Contopus nigrescens
b) punensis ‘Tumbes Pewee’
may use same perch day after day considered a separate species by some authors (see vol. 1) much smaller than Smoke-coloured Pewee, also less bushy crest
races from the west much darker – like Wood Pewees but with pale lores
adult
juvenile generally in canopies along edges and easy to overlook
5 Smoke-coloured Pewee Contopus fumigatus a) cineraceus
b) duidae
6 White-throated Pewee Contopus albogularis crest full but not developed
juvenile
005a BNSA.indd 415
adult
usually perched alone on exposed perch, sallying on long sorties, returning to the same perch
white throat is a distinctive field mark
usually in pairs in defended territory
19/9/06 12:41:34
PLATE 200: CHAT-TYRANTS AND BLACK PHOEBE b a
a
a
b
b
1
Yellow-bellied Chat-Tyrant 12-12.5cm; S-P; R; u p. 504
c
2
Crowned Chat-Tyrant 12.5cm; Te-P; R; u/r
p. 504
3
Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant 15cm; Te-P; R; lc/u p. 505 b
a b
c a
b d
4
Jelski’s Chat-Tyrant 12cm; S-Te; R; r
7
p. 504
White-browed Chat-Tyrant 14.5cm; UT-Te; R; r p. 506
angustirostris
5
Slaty-backed Chat-Tyrant 12cm; S-P; R; f/u p. 505
8
Black Phoebe 15-18cm; T-S; R; f
6
Rufous-breasted Chat-Tyrant 13cm; Te-P; R; u p. 505
p. 503
head all dark, no white
juvenile
perches on boulders in midstream, also walls, bridges and exposed perches along fast moving water
immature in fresh plumage constantly flicks tail upwards
F
adult in worn plumage
typical adult female is slightly greenish above
8 Black Phoebe Sayornis nigricans
416 005a BNSA.indd 416
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1 Yellow-bellied Chat-Tyrant
a) diadema
2 Crowned Chat-Tyrant
Ochthoeca diadema
considerable racial variation see vol. 1 for all 6 races
flicks tail up
b) rubellula
Ochthoeca frontalis
usually forages singly and perches in low undergrowth
a) albidiadema
b) frontalis prefers mossy trunks and limbs
usually forages alone or in pairs
adult
4 Jelski’s Chat-Tyrant Ochthoeca jelskii
adult
juvenile
juvenile
cloud forest, likely in Chusquea bamboo
3 Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant Ochthoeca fumicolor
dark undergrowth
Páramo
juvenile single broad wingbar
occasionally follows mixed flocks
all rufous below
adult
5 Slaty-backed Chat-Tyrant
Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris
short line
riverine habitats, tangled undergrowth along streams esp. in ravines
pale
c) brunneifrons a) superciliosa
b) fumicolor
6 Rufous-breasted Chat-Tyrant Ochthoeca rufipectoralis
a) nigrita
occasionally follows mixed flocks no wingbars
b) cinnamomeiventris
7 White-browed Chat-Tyrant Ochthoeca leucophrys dissors juvenile has clear rufous wingbars race obfuscata (d) like rubicundula with white belly and undertailcoverts
a) rufopectus b) poliogastra
005a BNSA.indd 417
c) rubicundula
likes ravines and gullies, often found near water
19/9/06 12:41:39
PLATE 201: BUSH TYRANTS AND SHRIKE-TYRANTS b
a
1
Santa Marta Bush Tyrant 19cm; Te; R; u EN p. 507
2
4
White-tailed Shrike-Tyrant 26-28cm; P; R; r VU p. 508
5
p. 507
3
Black-billed Shrike-Tyrant 23cm; S-P; R; u/r p. 508
6
Smoky Bush Tyrant 20cm; S-P; R; u
Streak-throated Bush Tyrant 23cm; S-Te; R; u p. 507
Grey Monjita 23cm; T; R; lc
7
Red-rumped Bush Tyrant 23cm; Te-P; R; u/r p. 506
p. 507
forehead white in juvenile red eye
very distinctive when in flight (see vol. 1)
often in pairs but widely spaced usually forages by dropping from a look-out perch to the ground open areas, perches on top of shrub or fence
6 Grey Monjita Xolmis cinereus
cinnamon inner webs of wings show in flight
7 Red-rumped Bush Tyrant Cnemarchus erythropygius
418 005a BNSA.indd 418
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all three species have
1 Santa Marta Bush Tyrant EN similar wing patterns Myiotheretes pernix Smoky Bush Tyrant 2
3 Streak-throated
Bush Tyrant Myiotheretes striaticollis
Myiotheretes fumigatus
cultivated land and open areas
b) olivaceus much smaller than Streakthroated Bush Tyrant
striaticollis
forest edges
cinnamon in wings but not in tail
often perches high up, esp. telegraph wires
only one with cinnamon in tail
a) fumigatus
4 White-tailed Shrike-Tyrant VU Agriornis andicola
horn colour
b) olivaceus no cinnamon
5 Black-billed Shrike-Tyrant Agriornis montanus
solitarius
pale eye
dark eye
juvenile
high valleys black bill
C prefers to perch on rock or boulder rather than a bush
F likes open slopes with scattered boulders
often hovers briefly
F
005a BNSA.indd 419
19/9/06 12:41:44
PLATE 202: TYRANTS
?
2
1
White-browed Ground Tyrant 16cm; P; A; u/r p. 509
4
Spot-billed Ground Tyrant 14-15cm; Te; R; u p. 508
5
7
Masked Water Tyrant 14.5cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 511
10
White-headed Marsh Tyrant 13cm; T; R; lc/r p. 512
Dark-faced Ground Tyrant 15cm; T; A; r p. 509
Little Ground Tyrant 13cm; T; R; r
8
Drab Water Tyrant 13cm; T; R; c
3
Plain-capped Ground Tyrant 18-19cm; P; R; c p. 509
p. 509
6
Pied Water Tyrant 13cm; T; R; c/f
p. 511
p. 506
9
Short-tailed Field Tyrant 11cm; T; R; u
p. 510
raises crest when excited or in aggression – such as when attacking reflection in a car wing mirror!
b a
11
Rufous-tailed Tyrant 15cm; T-Te; R; u/r
runs about ground in pastures, often perches on backs of herbivores
p. 510
flavigularis
12
Cattle Tyrant 19.5cm; T; R; c
p. 512
sometimes occurs in parks, gardens and often fairways in golf courses
12 Cattle Tyrant
Machetornis rixosa
420 005a BNSA.indd 420
19/9/06 12:41:46
2 Dark-faced Ground Tyrant Muscisaxicola maclovianus 3 Plain-capped Ground Tyrant
1 White-browed Ground Tyrant Muscisaxicola albilora
Muscisaxicola alpinus
breeds at high altitiudes, migrates to lowlands
forages on ground like a pipit
likes dry areas with rocky outcrops
favours marshy areas
all grey
rare vagrant
flares tail often
from White-browed Ground Tyrant by white underparts
5 Little Ground Tyrant Muscisaxicola fluviatilis
4 Spot-billed Ground Tyrant Muscisaxicola maculirostris
no loral spot
whitish lores and eyebrow
lower elevations than Spot-billed
pale spot at base
pale spot on mandible
juvenile has rufous edgings
6 Pied Water Tyrant Fluvicola pica
juvenile brownish-grey
7 Masked Water Tyrant Fluvicola nengeta
lowlands
8 Drab Water Tyrant Ochthornis littoralis
likes exposed roots and branches along riverbanks, rarely on the ground
pale rump shows when bird flits or flies
both species forage on ground or on water plants
10 White-headed Marsh Tyrant
Arundinicola leucocephala
11 Rufous-tailed Tyrant
Knipolegus poecilurus
9 Short-tailed Field Tyrant Muscigralla brevicauda runs on ground
two bars
F dry and barren open country of lowlands
005a BNSA.indd 421
juvenile and C
low down in the open near water, but sallies into the air for prey
edges of forest
a) salvini
b) venezuelanus
19/9/06 12:41:49
PLATE 203: TYRANTS AND MOURNERS ? b
a
1
Yellow-browed Tyrant 16cm; T-S; R/A; u
p. 512
2
Greyish Mourner 20cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 515
?
?
3
Long-tailed Tyrant F9cm, C8cm, tail 10-12cm; T-S; R; f/u p. 512
?
?
4
Cinerous Mourner 20-21cm; T; R; f/u
p. 558
5
Pale-bellied Mourner 19cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 515
6
Andean Tyrant 15cm; T; R u
p. 510
6 Andean Tyrant Knipolegus signatus signatus
7
Riverside Tyrant 15cm; T; R; u/r
p. 511 juvenile
F
?
C
8
Amazonian Black Tyrant 13cm; T; R; u/r
p. 510
likes darker areas within montane forest, but often found on slopes alongside streams semi open scrub along rivers, lakesides and seasonally flooded areas, esp. islands
juvenile like female but with brown eyes
F
C seasonally flooded scrub
7 Riverside Tyrant Knipolegus orenocensis
male usually seen perched at lek, displaying regularly, notably during the hottest part of the day
F lowlands
likes shady tangled undergrowth by shallow water inside seasonally flooded forest
C female can be difficult, but look for pale around eyes
8 Amazonian Black Tyrant Knipolegus poecilocercus
422 005a BNSA.indd 422
19/9/06 12:41:52
open areas with scattered trees; often near water
2 Greyish Mourner
1 Yellow-browed Tyrant
Rhytipterna simplex
Satrapa icterophrys
often in mixed feeding flocks female pale yellow and gentle streaks on breast, juvenile has breast spotted
from Myiozetetes flycatchers by yellow eyestripe
dry forest and savanna woodland
adult
3 Long-tailed Tyrant Colonia colonus
a) fuscicapillus
usually forages silently, although regularly heard in the forest
b) poecilinota
juvenile Screaming Piha more slate grey, has brown eyes
4 Cinereous Mourner Laniocera hypopyrra
immature
females have mottled bellies and shorter tails
adult
juveniles dark grey and virtually tail-less
5 Pale-bellied Mourner Rhytipterna immunda
red eyes sits quietly inside foliage
juvenile
semi-open sandy soil woodland and scrub
most often seen on favorite singing perch in parts of the canopy with areas of bare branches sometimes in mixed flocks
from Myiarchus flycatchers by more angled posture and rounded head – and best separated by voice
005a BNSA.indd 423
forages low to mid levels, sallies to foliage, occasionally to air
19/9/06 12:41:55
PLATE 204: MOURNERS, ATTILAS AND RUFOUS PIHA
1
Bright-rumped Attila 19cm; LT; R; f/r
2
p. 514
Cinnamon Attila 20cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 513
3
Ochraceous Attila 22cm; T; R; u/r VU
p. 513
?
4
Dull-capped Attila 22cm; T; R; lf
5
p. 514
Rufous-tailed Attila 18cm; T-S; A; u
p. 513
6
p. 514
p. 515
9
p. 557
Citron-bellied Attila 20.5cm; T; R; lf/r
b a
7
Rufous Piha 23-24cm; T; R; lc/u
8
p. 540
Rufous Mourner 20cm; T; R; u/r
tends to sit more angled than Rufous Phia inside wet and humid forests
Speckled Mourner 19-20cm; T; R; u/r
griseigula yellow tufts on sides not easily seen
adult utters a wolf whistle
softly barred
furtive and difficult to find
from larger Rufous Piha by flatter head, slimmer body and darker wings
a) rosenbergi
b) holerythra
8 Rufous Mourner Rhytipterna holerythra
juvenile black wingbars spots on body
9 Speckled Mourner Laniocera rufescens
424 005a BNSA.indd 424
19/9/06 12:41:57
1 Bright-rumped Attila Attila spadiceus
more often heard than seen
rare rufous morph
see vol. 1 for details of 5 subspecies
rare grey morph humid forests and mature second growth
fairly typical olive morph likes to perch in hiding, singing merrily
highly variable, see vol. 1 for details
VU 3 Ochraceous Attila
4 Dull-capped Attila
Attila torridus 2 Cinnamon Attila Attila cinnamomeus red eyes
Attila bolivianus
pale eyes
nattereri likes cocoa plantations
marshy forests with palms
swampy areas, boggy islands on larger rivers
mangroves
tends to sit quietly hidden and then sings persistently
usually in pairs often sits quietly, lifting tail now and then
from Rufous Mourner by round head and fuller upperbody
5 Rufous-tailed Attila Attila phoenicurus 6 Citron-bellied Attila Attila citriniventris uniformcolour
note pale chin
pale mandible rufous darker rump than Citronbellied
note divided breast
ochraceous, no divided effect
canopy and mid-levels both inside forest and also borders and clearings
005a BNSA.indd 425
more erect posture than Rufous Mourner
7 Rufous Piha Lipaugus unirufus
this cotinga shown here for comparison (see also Plate 214)
19/9/06 12:42:00
PLATE 205: FLYCATCHERS 4 a a a
b
a
a
1
Swainson’s Flycatcher 19.5-21cm; T-S; R/A; lc/u p. 517
2
Rufous Flycatcher 18cm; T; no confirmed records; p. 516
3
Venezuelan Flycatcher 18-18.5cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 517
a
b
4
Brown-crested Flycatcher 20cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 519
5
Dusky-capped Flycatcher 16-17cm; T-P; R; f p. 516
6
Short-crested Flycatcher 18-19cm; T; R; c/lu p. 518
a b
7
Panama Flycatcher 18-19cm; T; R; f
1
3
p. 518
4
8
Sooty-crowned Flycatcher 18-19cm; T-S; R; u/r p. 519
5
9
Sirystes 18-19cm; T; R; u/s
p. 516
frequently nods head and raises crest
fond of várzea and riparian forest
swainsoni venezuelensis tyrannulus tuberculifer
6b
6a
7
8
b) albocinereus usually forages in pairs
a) albogriseus ferox
brunnescens panamensis phaeocephalus
9 Sirystes Sirystes sibilator
undertail-coverts and undertail coloration of Myiarchus flycatchers
426 005a BNSA.indd 426
19/9/06 12:42:02
1 Swainson’s Flycatcher Myiarchus swainsoni
2 Rufous Flycatcher
b) phaeonotus
Myiarchus semirufus
a) swainsoni hypothetical (possible in extreme S Ecuador) often joins mixed flocks
see vol. 1 for details of juveniles and all subspecies
no rufous edges
dark underside no pale edges
dry areas, thorny scrub, cultivated fields etc.
5 Dusky-capped
4 Brown-crested Flycatcher
Flycatcher Myiarchus tuberculifer
Myiarchus tyrannulus
3 Venezuelan Flycatcher Myiarchus venezuelensis
crest looks really black
will sally to ground bill large and heavy
melancholy and sadsounding contact calls lots of rufous in wings and tail
partially open areas and edge of humid forest
frequently perches in open sunlit spot to sally out for insects
very vocal smaller than other Myiarchus no rufous
gives a short prrt trill; at dawn gives a longer and louder call
005a BNSA.indd 427
Myiarchus panamensis
Myiarchus ferox
forages alone or in pairs
panamensis
b) ferox
runs along ground like a thrush
juvenile
usually warm-coloured undertail-coverts
7 Panama Flycatcher
6 Short-crested Flycatcher a) brunnescens
likes plantations along rivers
calm or even lethargic
borders of mangroves, fairly dry forests and dry scrub
8 Sooty-crowned Flycatcher Myiarchus phaeocephalus
19/9/06 12:42:05
PLATE 206: FLYCATCHERS 5
1
p. 518
2
Apical Flycatcher 18-19cm; T-Te; R; lf
p. 519
3
White-throated Kingbird 21cm; T; R/A; s/r p. 520
5
Tropical Kingbird 22cm; T-S; R; c
p. 520
6
Pale-edged Flycatcher 18-20cm; T-Te; R; lc/u
Great Crested Flycatcher 20cm; T; B; u p. 519
?
4
Snowy-throated Kingbird 19cm; T; R; f p. 520
?
7
Grey Kingbird 23cm; T; R/B; lc
p. 522
8
Eastern Kingbird 22cm; T; B; u
p. 522
?
9
Crowned Slaty Flycatcher 18cm; T-S; A; f p. 523
high perch at forest edge
1
1
2
3
juvenile sedate, may seem lethargic
adult austral migrant, March to September
juvenile
adult
9 Crowned Slaty Flycatcher Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus
undertail-coverts and undertail coloration of Myiarchus flycatchers
428 005a BNSA.indd 428
19/9/06 12:42:07
1 Pale-edged Flycatcher
2 Apical Flycatcher 3 Great Crested Myiarchus apicalis
Myiarchus cephalotes caribbaeus
Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus
occasionally sallies to ground
borders and clearings of montane forest
pale edges large, has rufous in wings and tail
adult juvenile white tips
4 White-throated Kingbird Tyrannus albogularis
very pale undertail
mostly in canopy
6 Snowy-throated Kingbird Tyrannus niveigularis
5 Tropical Kingbird long heavy Tyrannus melancholicus
very fond of Mauritia Palm, along rivers and savannas clear
bill
not white
olive wash on breast usually solitary semi-desert scrub dry open areas with scattered trees forages from high exposed perch all day long
nearly square cut tail
8 Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus
7 Grey Kingbird
Tyrannus dominicensis
forages in bushes and canopy for fruits and berries
juvenile
adult residents usually alone or in pairs migrants in small bands
005a BNSA.indd 429
white tips
partially open areas, including parks and gardens
usually in transit from N America to further south, Sept-Oct, and going back north, March–May
19/9/06 12:42:11
PLATE 207: FLYCATCHERS 6
1
2
Fork-tailed Flycatcher 28cm (including 10cm tail of F); T-S; R/A/; lc/f p. 521
Variegated Flycatcher 18cm; T; R/A; lf/u
p. 522
3
Piratic Flycatcher 15cm; T; R/A?; lc-u b b
a
a
4
Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher 20cm; T-S; B; u/r p. 526
5
p. 528
Dusky-chested Flycatcher 14-15cm; T; R; lf/r p. 528
a
6
Streaked Flycatcher 22cm; T-S; R/A; f/u
p. 525
male has concealed red patch
?
7
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher 35cm (including ±18cm tail); T-S; B; r p. 521
perches low, most often seen on roadside fences and wires
immature
F
adult
F
adult
straggler from USA to Pacific Coast
unconfirmed sightings only showing variation between adults, female is paler and lacks concealed coronal pach
7 Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus forficatus
430 005a BNSA.indd 430
19/9/06 12:42:13
1 Fork-tailed Flycatcher monachus
2 Variegated Flycatcher
Tyrannus savana
Empidonomus varius
juvenile is similar but lacks yellow on crown, and is unsteaked below
residents usually alone; migrants usually in small flocks
3 Piratic Flycatcher Legatus leucophaius
eyebrow very clear
adult juvenile
a) varius
b) rufinus
resident
readily mobs passing raptors
usually in open grassland, pastures and ranches
migrant
from Piratic Flycatcher by rufous in tail
4 Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher
Myiodynastes luteiventris
adult
mostly frugivorous
juvenile sings endlessly from a high exposed perch
from Streaked Flycatcher by yellow infusion of upperparts
6 Streaked Flycatcher
V-form of streaks across breast
Myiodynastes maculatus
feeds mostly on fruit and berries
austral migrant
5 Dusky-chested Flycatcher
usually in canopy, noisy
a) solitarius
Myiozetetes luteiventris
race tyrannus is darker, less pure grey on back note lack of white on head
boreal migrant, both transient to further south, and over-wintering resident Oct–Apr
large heavy bill
b) tobagensis resident
adult
juvenile
much darker than Piratic Flycatcher
005a BNSA.indd 431
large and distinctive but much variation between races (see vol. 1 for details of 6 subspecies)
residents prefer more humid habitats; migrant visitors are more inclined to drier areas
19/9/06 12:42:16
PLATE 208: FLYCATCHERS 7 b
a b
a
1
Boat-billed Flycatcher 23cm; T-S; R; f
p. 523
2
Great Kiskadee 22cm; T-S; R; c
p. 529
3
p. 527
5
Lesser Kiskadee 17-18cm; T; R; c
p. 528
6
Rusty-margined Flycatcher 16.5-17cm; T-S; R; c p. 526
b a
4
Social Flycatcher 16.5-17cm; T; R; c
White-bearded Flycatcher 16.5cm; LT; R; lf p. 529
6 White-bearded Flycatcher Phelpsia inornata
5 Lesser Kiskadee Philohydor lictor
long thin bill
no coronal patch
head distinctly larger than 3 or 4; small bill and full ‘beard’
likes lower levels, often over water
usually sits still and quiet in lowest branches, dives to ground to catch insects
open areas with scattered trees, scrub and forest edge
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1 Boat-billed Flycatcher
singly or in pairs usually in canopy in dry woodland
Megarhynchus pitangua pitangua bill is very broad
2 Great Kiskadee
Pitangus sulphuratus
very vocal juvenile similar plumage to Boat-billed Flycatcher
adult
juvenile
calls a continual complaining kee we we we
ubiquitous, noisy and very apparent
generally less rufescent than Great Kiskadee
3 Rusty-margined Flycatcher Myiozetetes cayanensis
crown patch orange, usually hidden
omnivorous, will even catch fish like a kingfisher
calls an onomatopoeic kis-ka-dee!
a) sulphuratus b) rufipennis
see vol. 1 for details of all races and juveniles
4 Social Flycatcher Myiozetetes similis
bolder and more noisy than Rusty-margined Flycatcher
see vol. 1 for details of all races and juveniles
margins on wings never rufous
rufous margins on wings thin
b) rufipennis a) hellmayri plaintive, sad-sounding call easy to recognise
a) similis often in exuberant small bands
006 BNSA.indd 433
wing bars and dusky cheeks
b) columbianus
19/9/06 12:55:00
PLATE 209: FLYCATCHERS 8
1
Yellow-throated Flycatcher 16.5cm; T; R; lc/r p. 524
2
White-ringed Flycatcher 16.5cm; T; R; u p. 524
3
4
Golden-crowned Flycatcher 19-20cm; T-Te; R; c/lu p. 525
5
Lemon-browed Flycatcher 16cm; T-S; R; u p. 524
6
7
Sulphury Flycatcher 20cm; T; R; lf/r
p. 523
8
Baird’s Flycatcher 23cm; T; R; u
Three-striped Flycatcher 16cm; T; R; r p. 524
Grey-capped Flycatcher 16.5-17cm; T; R; lc
p. 527
p. 525
perches in open on exposed wires or perches
looks like a dark kingbird but is smaller-headed and smaller-billed
hides away to sing mostly in Mauritia stands and edges of humid forest
usually near water
7 Sulphury Flycatcher Tyrannopsis sulphurea
dry open areas, from scrub to parks and gardens
8 Baird’s Flycatcher Myisdynastes bairdii
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2 White-ringed Flycatcher Conopias albovittatus
1 Yellow-throated Flycatcher Conopias parvus
borders of wet and humid forests
always in canopy
3 Three-striped Flycatcher Conopias trivirgatus berlepschi
always active high in canopy
juvenile
adult
juvenile pairs or small family groups
adult forest borders and along rivers in lowlands
5 Lemon-browed Flycatcher Conopias cinchoneti
yellow
icterophrys
4 Golden-crowned Flycatcher Myiodynastes chrysocephalus
montane forest, mainly in canopy
cinerascens
dark nape
6 Grey-capped Flycatcher Myiozetetes granadensis
very vocal, consistently raucous
obscurior often near water
usually in pairs or groups – noisy
adult
occasionally joins mixed feeding flocks
juvenile
adult
juvenile
noisier and more energetic than Social Flycatcher
from Social Flycatcher by grey head and short superciliary (see Plate 208)
006 BNSA.indd 435
19/9/06 12:55:05
PLATE 210: SHARPBILL AND FRUITEATERS 1
b a
1
Sharpbill 15-17cm; UT-S; R; r/r
b
4
p. 530
2
p. 535
Elegant Mourner 17-18cm; T; R; r
p. 559
3
Barred Fruiteater 22-23cm; S-Te; R; lf/u
p. 532
a
Red-banded Fruiteater 16-17.5cm; S; R; lf/u
5
Scaled Fruiteater 19-20.5cm; UT-S; R; u/r p. 535
red crest mostly concealed, paler in females
humid forests on mountain slopes
phelpsi forages actively and acrobatically in upper levels
1 Sharpbill Oxyruncus cristatus
often joins mixed flocks pries into bunches of dead leaves dark bill, pale eyes
yellow collar heavy scaling pattern
5 Scaled Fruiteater Ampelioides tschudii
regularly found with mixed-species feeding flocks in canopy
makes an audible rattling noise with wings in flight
white tips to black tails
436 006 BNSA.indd 436
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2 Elegant Mourner Laniisoma elegans
a) buckleyi
F F
C
C
juvenile
b) venezuelense
3 Barred Fruiteater Pipreola arcuata
brown eyes, brown bill forages mid-levels to canopy, often with Green-and-black Fruiteater
pale brown eyes
quiet and elusive, seldom joins mixed flocks
F
C
immature distinctive barring in all plumages
humid montane forest and edges
C
juvenile
note bright red legs and feet
tawny buff streaks yellowish streaks
4 Red-banded Fruiteater
orange eyes
Pipreola whitelyi
often forages with mixed-species flocks
F F F
immature
C
a) whitelyi b) kathleenae
006 BNSA.indd 437
a) whitelyi
juvenile
blacker stripes
C
b) kathleenae
wet montane and cloud forests where branches overgrown with epiphytes and mosses, on upper slopes of tepuis
19/9/06 12:55:10
PLATE 211: FRUITEATERS 2
c b d
?
a
1
Green-and-black Fruiteater 19-20cm; UT-Te; R; lc/u p. 532
2
Fiery-throated Fruiteater 12-13cm; UT; R; r NT p. 534
b c
4
Orange-breasted Fruiteater 18cm; S; R; lc/r p. 533 c
a
Handsome Fruiteater 16-17.5cm; S; R; c/f
mid-levels to subcanopy, often joins mixed flocks of canopy birds
Black-chested Fruiteater 17-18cm; S; R; u/r p. 533
a
5
Golden-breasted Fruiteater 16.5-17.5cm; S; R; f p. 533
6
Scarlet-breasted Fruiteater 15-16.5cm; S; R; lf/u p. 534
b
7
c
3
p. 534
dark green yellow chin and red bib distinctive
humid montane and cloud forests all males have black chins and olive legs
c) formosa
F
immature
F squamipectus
6 Scarlet-breasted Fruiteater Pipreola frontalis
large white tips
joins mixed flocks as they pass by
C b) rubidior
F C
C
generally forages in lower to midlevels
F F
sits quietly and moves sluggishly and so easy to overlook
juvenile
C a) pariae Handsome Fruiteater 7 Pipreola formosa
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1 Green-and-black Fruiteater
C
Pipreola riefferii
d) occidentalis
c) melanolaema
immature
full yellow collar
wet cloud forests yellow collar
brown eyes
F
F red legs
a) confusa
pale spots to wingcoverts
F F
note pale flesh coloured legs and feet
juvenile
b) riefferii no white tips to tertials
quiet, elusive, seems lazy and slow sometimes joins mixed flocks
C
4 Orange-breasted Fruiteater
C
Pipreola jucunda
narrow black band
slow and quiet, occasionally with mixed flocks
2 Fiery-throated Fruiteater NT
may have a green band across breast
Pipreola chlorolepidota
thin white tips to tertials
red bib
3 Black-chested Fruiteater
F
Pipreola lubomirskii
yellow chin
no yellow collar
distinct black hood
F
mossy, epiphyteovergrown, foggy cloud forest and borders
C uniform green
small
C
forages low to midlevels, often joins mixed-species flocks; gathers at fruit trees
forages alone or pairs only occasionally in small groups
F grey legs
C
humid montane, cloud forests
5 Golden-breasted Fruiteater Pipreola aureopectus
generally forages in mid-levels to canopy
yellow collar
orange-yellow brownish-yellow
joins mixed flocks as they pass by
brown
F F C
F b) decora
c) aureopectus
juvenile
a) festiva
006 BNSA.indd 439
19/9/06 12:55:14
PLATE 212: COTINGAS AND PURPLETUFTS
1
Black-necked Red Cotinga F22cm, C24cm; LT; R; u/r p. 536
2
Guianan Red Cotinga F22cm, C24cm; LT; R; lc/r p. 537
3
Red-crested Cotinga 21-23cm; S-Te; R; f/u
p. 531
?
a b
5
4
Chestnut-crested Cotinga 20-23cm; S; R; r p. 531
Buff-throated Purpletuft 9.5cm; T; no confirmed records p. 558
6
Dusky Purpletuft 11.5-12; T; R; u/r
p. 559
?
7
White-browed Purpletuft 11-12cm; T; R; u p. 558
10
8
Chestnut-bellied Cotinga 20-21.5cm; P; R; lf/r VU p. 531
9
Purple-throated Cotinga 16.5-18.5cm; T; R; u/r p. 541
glossy plumage looks and feels like it is lacquered
Pompadour Cotinga 19-20.5cm; T-LS; R; f/u p. 541
white wings seem almost transparent in flight
males do not join mixed-species flocks, but juveniles and females do
F
definitive adult
F
juvenile
forages alone, very quietly, may gather in groups in a fruiting tree
second year
third year
sits quietly and calmly on an exposed perch
note progression of male plumages and ages of birds
10 Pompadour Cotinga
Xipholena punicea
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1 Black-necked Red Cotinga
2 Guianan Red Cotinga
feathers of forehead grow forwards
Phoenicircus nigricollis
feathers of forehead grow forwards
Phoenicircus carnifex does not join mixed flocks
females larger than males
both species noisy when foraging
C F
females larger than males
C
feeds only on berries and small fruits
F often gather at fruit trees
4 Chestnut-crested Cotinga
3 Red-crested Cotinga
Ampelion rufaxilla
Ampelion rubrocristatus
crest usually laid back, when erected fans sideways
from humid montane forests to gardens with patches of trees
crest usually flat but can be raised like a fan
white streaks sexes alike
adult
5 Buff-throated Purpletuft
a) antioquiae
Iodopleura pipra
juvenile white spots underneath tail show in flight
F
race rufaxilla (b) smaller, with chestnut much paler
7 White-browed Purpletuft Iodopleura isabellae
6 Dusky Purpletuft Iodopleura fusca
isabellae
C
F F
8 Chestnut-bellied Cotinga VU Doliornis remseni
C
C
9 Purple-throated Cotinga both sexes have crests that are seldom raised
dark red eyes
Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema white looks like a bar
forages midlevels to canopy, often in groups
C sits still and quiet on tree tops
006 BNSA.indd 441
F
F female tail is longer and feathers more pointed at the tips than males
C
19/9/06 12:55:20
PLATE 213: COTINGAS AND BELLBIRDS
1
p. 537
2
3
4
p. 537
5
6
Blue Cotinga 18-20cm; T; R; u/r
Plum-throated Cotinga 19-20cm; T; R; f/u
Purple-breasted Cotinga 18-19cm; T; R; u/r p. 538
White Bellbird F28-29cm, C27cm; T; R; lf/u p. 538
Spangled Cotinga 20-20.5cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 538
Black-tipped Cotinga F24-25cm, C23.5-24cm; T; R; lf/r p. 542
7
Bearded Bellbird F27-29cm, C26-27cm; UT-S; R; u p. 539
moist to humid forests on mountain and tepui slopes
note progression of male plumages, and ages of the birds
males have permanent territories and call year-round
forages alone in mid-levels and canopy swallowing large fruits whole
juvenile
F F F
fourth year
third year
first year
F
C adult
second year
carnobarba
7 Bearded Bellbird Procnias averano
442 006 BNSA.indd 442
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2 Purple-breasted Cotinga
often perches in exposed spots e.g. dead branches on tree tops
Cotinga cotinga
the blue cotingas have a distinct undulating jizz in flight
purplish throat
buffy throat
brown throat
1 Blue Cotinga Cotinga nattererii
black eye-rings, dark eyes
often sits for long periods, quietly, maybe on top of canopy
F
F
C
juvenile
female has dull cinnamon underwing-coverts
F
female has crisp clean scaling on underparts
intermediate
adult
male has all black underwing
yellow eyes
4 Plum-throated Cotinga Cotinga maynana
C
black underwingcoverts
cinnamon underwingcoverts
3 Spangled Cotinga
male has extensive white in underwing
female has soft indistinct scaling on underparts
brown eyes
these two species often found together in fruiting trees
Cotinga cayana
F
C
female has bright cinnamon undertail-coverts show well in flight
F C
juvenile
adult
F
intermediate
male has a little white in underwing
female has dull cinnamon underwing-coverts
6 Black-tipped Cotinga Carpodectes hopkei
5 White Bellbird Procnias albus
may gather in groups up to a dozen birds on a fruiting tree
conspicuous during breeding season – otherwise obscure
uniform olivegreen
C males may perch on a high exposed spot in early morning
C F forages alone in canopy and subcanopy, females may gather in fruiting trees
006 BNSA.indd 443
F
broad rounded wings show well in flight
19/9/06 12:55:25
PLATE 214: PIHAS AND CAPUCHINBIRDS
b
1
Grey-tailed Piha 23-24cm; T; R; u/c
p. 541
a
2
Olivaceous Piha 23-25cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 541
3
Dusky Piha 33cm; S-Te; R; u/r
p. 539
a b
4
p. 539
5
p. 540
7
p. 540
8
p. 544
Chestnut-capped Piha 24-25cm; S; R; lf/r
Rose-collared Piha 22-23cm; S; R; c/f
Screaming Piha 24-28cm; T; R; c
Capuchinbird 34-36cm; T-LS; R; lc/f
6
Rufous Piha 23-24cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 540
distinctive profile forages alone in canopy and subcanopy; swallows fruit whole...
...sits quietly for long periods – regurgitating the fruit seeds
8 Capuchinbird
Perissocephalus tricolor
humid lowland forests and along slopes of tepuis
444 006 BNSA.indd 444
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1 Grey-tailed Piha 2 Olivaceous Piha Snowornis subalaris
Lipaugus fuscocinereus
a) cryptolophus
both species seldom join mixed flocks
grey underparts
3 Dusky Piha
Snowornis cryptolophus
usually forages alone in canopy, but also joins mixed canopy feeding flocks
sexes alike
yellowish below
F female lacks crown patch
race mindoensis (b) slightly smaller
sometimes flies back and forth between trees, calling
4 Chestnut-capped Piha Lipaugus weberi
5 Screaming Piha
chestnut patch duller, smaller
Lipaugus vociferans
similar Greyish Mourner (pl. 203) is usually found in mixed flocks
usually forages alone but does join mixed-species canopy flocks
adult juvenile all have rounded heads and plump bodies
6 Rufous Piha
rarely in mixed flocks, usually forages alone
adult juvenile
7 Rose-collared Piha
Lipaugus unirufus
sits still for long periods
Lipaugus streptophorus
full collar usually seen in small groups at fruiting trees
magenta Rufous Mourner (pl. 204) is very similar but is slimmer and has flat head
006 BNSA.indd 445
cinnamon
a) unirufus
b) castaneotinctus
C
F wet tepui slopes
19/9/06 12:55:29
PLATE 215: FRUITCROWS
?
b
?
?
2
1
Bare-necked Fruitcrow F34-38cm, C30-34cm; T; R; lc/u p. 542
c
a
?
3
Red-ruffed Fruitcrow F43-46cm, C38cm; UT-LS; R; u/r p. 543
Purple-throated Fruitcrow 28-30cm; T; R; c/lu p. 543
?
4
Crimson Fruitcrow 33-36cm; T; R; u/r
p. 543 feathers of head, nape and breast glistening, lanceolate plumage
highly insectivorous
canopy and subcanopy humid forets
juvenile purple throat may appear black in poor light
F
C
4 Crimson Fruitcrow F forages in noisy, active, agitated groups, calling continually
C broad wings, bounding flight
Haematoderus militaris
frequently vibrates tail when perched
3 Purple-throated Fruitcrow Querula purpurata
446 006 BNSA.indd 446
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may be seen crossing open areas and above forest in distinctive undualting flight with ‘rowing’ action of wings
1 Bare-necked Fruitcrow Gymnoderus foetidus
colour of eyes varies from grey to dark red
silvery wings very conspicuous in flight invariably near water esp. large rivers
neck appears thin as it runs and hops along branches, like a toucan
F juvenile
C a) granadensis
clear grey edges to feathers
2 Red-ruffed Fruitcrow Pyroderus scutatus
c) orenocensis
c) orenocensis
c) orenocensis dusky bill in females
C
C
juvenile
grey bill in males
a) granadensis very red
mottled brown
b) occidentalis
F some brown spots
F heavy undulating flight fairly solid brown
flies through the forest, not above it
brown eyes
a) granadensis
F juvenile
006 BNSA.indd 447
19/9/06 12:55:34
PLATE 216: UMBRELLABIRDS AND COCKS-OF-THE-ROCK
1
2
Amazonian Umbrellabird F50-51cm, C42-46cm; T; R; lf/r p. 544
a
Long-wattled Umbrellabird F41-51cm, C36-46cm; UT-S; R; u/r VU p. 544
b
3
Guianan Cock-of-the-Rock 28-32cm; T-LS; R; lc/f p. 535 forages mid-level to canopy, alone or in very loose groups
humid forests on hillsides on tepui slopes by rocky walls, often near waterfalls
4
Andean Cock-of-the-Rock 30-32cm; UT-S; R; lf/u p. 536
quiet when away from leks
3 Guianan Cock-of-the-Rock
F
Rupicola rupicola
C F juvenile
shady ravines, forested and mossy mountain sides, gorges and waterfalls
may be seen in flight crossing gorges and ravines
a) sanguinolentus
b) aequatorialis
F F forages alone but groups gather in fruiting trees
C
C
4 Andean Cock-of-the-Rock Rupicola peruvianus
448 006 BNSA.indd 448
19/9/06 12:55:37
1 Amazonian Umbrellabird Cephalopterus ornatus
top of crest falls forward wary and watchful, will sit in foliage watching an observer
black shafts crest may be lowered forward
forages in canopy and subcanopy alone, pairs, or groups up to eight or more
conspicuous white shafts
wattle extended up to 15cm long, usually held against body, esp. in flight
C
2 Long-wattled Umbrellabird VU Cephalopterus penduliger
crest swept up and back
F
crest leans forward over bill
usually forages alone in canopy and subcanopy, flies in undulating jizz, woodpecker-like brown eyes
humid and wet montane forests, occasionally seen on an exposed perch on solitary tree in a clearing
C wattle can be extended to 30cm in length, is held against body in flight
F
white underwings show in flight
crest of male may be lowered over the bill or held straight up; it is laid back in flight
006 BNSA.indd 449
19/9/06 12:55:39
PLATE 217: MANAKINS 1
b
1
Crimson-hooded Manakin 11.5cm; T; R; lc/f p. 553
2
p. 553
3
Blue-rumped Manakin 7.5-7.6cm; UT-LS; R; lf/r p. 549
6
Red-capped Manakin 10cm; T; R; lc/f
a
Wire-tailed Manakin 11.5-11.8cm; T; R; lc/f
p. 553
c c
b
c
a
4
Golden-headed Manakin 9.5cm; T; R; lc/f p. 554 b e
d
5
White-throated Manakin 9-10cm; T; R; c p. 546
c c
a males sit quietly within their territories, calling at intervals; females and immatures gather at fruiting trees and shrubs at lower levels
7
White-crowned Manakin 9-10cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 552
b) bolivari
a) pipra
F F
adult
F
immature
F
C
juvenile
c) coracina d) unica
e) minima
F
F
F C
7 White-crowned Manakin Dixiphia pipra
450 006 BNSA.indd 450
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1 Crimson-hooded Manakin
2 Red-capped Manakin
males tend to stay in their territories calling; females and young birds go in search of fruiting Ficus
Pipra aureola
aureola
Pipra mentalis
minor
F F
F
3 Wire-tailed
dark legs
C
juvenile
C
eyes pale brown Manakin
Pipra filicauda
a) filicauda
eyes white
usually at lower levels, forages from perches and sallies, may rise to canopy in large tree
b) subpallida
F F
quiet and easily overlooked unless male is calling
immature
F
4 Golden-headed Manakin a) berlepschi
C
F
immature
Pipra erythrocephala
c) erythrocephala
variants
F b) flammiceps
typically quiet and easy to overlook, esp. females and young birds foraging; males gather loosely in permanent groups, but 5–12m from ground
F
salmon legs
F
F F
F
immature
5 Blue-rumped Manakin Lepidothrix isidorei
6 White-throated Manakin
forages in upper levels, sallying for insects and fruit
isidorei
C
F
immature
Corapipo gutturalis
solitary, foraging in small fruiting trees at forest edge
F F humid forests on slopes of tepuis and nearby serranias
C
006 BNSA.indd 451
F
immature
C
19/9/06 12:55:43
PLATE 218: MANAKINS 2 a c b
a
d
?
c
1
b
p. 548
2
p. 550
3
Blue-backed Manakin 12.5-13cm; LT; R; lc/r
p. 550
Golden-winged Manakin 10.5-11cm; S; R; f/u p. 546
5
p. 554
6
White-fronted Manakin 9cm; LT; S; R; c
p. 548
Blue-crowned Manakin 9-10cm; T; R; lc/f
c a
Lance-tailed Manakin 13-13.5cm; T; R; c
d
7
b
4
?
Orange-bellied Manakin 9-9.5cm; UT-LS; R; f p. 549
Scarlet-horned Manakin 12.5cm; UT-S; R; f
tepui endemic; wet forests or lower slopes
5 Scarlet-horned Manakin Pipra cornuta
F C
pale orange
sallies and hovers to take fruits
6 White-fronted Manakin
7 Orange-bellied Manakin
Lepidothrix serena
sallies for insects and fruits, particularly berries of Melastomaceae
F
Lepidothrix suavissima
common in dense forest
not only in tepuis but also in lowlands
forages restlessly in understorey and at borders
F
C solitary
joins passing flocks briefly but does not travel with them
C
452 006 BNSA.indd 452
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sallies to fruits and insects in small understorey bushes and trees
a) caquetae
1 Blue-crowned Manakin
often joins mixed-species foraging parties
Lepidothrix coronata b) carbonata
c) coronata
d) minuscula
tends to sit still and call
F
C
F
F
immature
F
F
2 Lance-tailed Manakin
solitary
Chiroxiphia lanceolata
reacts very actively to call of Pygmy Owl
F
very shy and furtive when foraging in thick undergrowth, not shy at lek
F
adult
immature
F
juvenile
C
3 Blue-backed Manakin Chiroxiphia pareola
local in moist and deciduous forest, humid terra firme and bushy second growth
shy and easily disturbed
F
c) pareola
juvenile
a) atlantica
c) pareola
F b) napensis
calls frequently during early rains
C
F F
F
immature
4 Golden-winged Manakin Masius chrysopterus
a) coronulatus
b) chrysopterus
a) coronulatus
F F forages in small groups and often in mixed flocks at all levels
F c) bellus
006 BNSA.indd 453
variant from E. Co.
F d) pax
b) chrysopterus
b) chrysopterus
immature
d) pax C
F immature
19/9/06 12:55:48
PLATE 219: MANAKINS 3 g
b h
a
e
a
f b
d
c
1
White-bearded Manakin 10.5-11cm; T; R; c/f p. 550
4
White-ruffed Manakin 9.5cm; T; R; u
p. 547
2
Golden-collared Manakin 10.5cm; T; R; lc p. 549
5
White-bibbed Manakin 9.5cm; T; R; lf/u
3
‘Orange-collared Manakin’ 10.5cm; T; R; lc p. 549
p. 547
favours dense undergrowth; sallies upwards
4 and 5 usually treated as a single species (see vol. 1)
F
C
4 White-ruffed Manakin Corapipo altera
often seen foraging in small groups of adults and young birds
F
F
immature
C
5 White-bibbed Manakin Corapipo leucorrhoa
454 006 BNSA.indd 454
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1 White-bearded Manakin
a) flaveolus
b) abditivus
F
inconspicuous in dense undergrowth, usually solitary when foraging, occasionally several together in a well-fruited tree
Manacus manacus
firecracker sounds indicate lek
F
c) leucochlamys
d) manacus
F
F
F
g) trinitatis
f) umbrosus
F
F
e) interior
h) bangsi
C
F
C
2 Golden-collared Manakin Manacus vitellinus
generally quiet and inconspicuous in understorey, solitary
vitellinus
these two races are usually treated with Golden-collared Manakin, but may be part of a separate species, M. aurantiacus
F
C
3 ‘Orange-collared Manakin’ b) viridiventris
Manacus (v.) aurantiacus
a) milleri
F
006 BNSA.indd 455
C
F
C
19/9/06 12:55:52
PLATE 220: MANAKINS 4 c a b
1
Club-winged Manakin 10-10.5cm; T-LS; R; f/u p. 547
4
Tiny Tyrant-Manakin 8-8.5cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 546
2
Striped Manakin 8.5-9cm; T-LS; R; lf/u
p. 547
3
5
Dwarf Tyrant-Manakin 8-9cm; T; R; c/f
p. 545
6
Fiery-capped Manakin 9.5cm; T; R; u
p. 548
Saffron-crested Tyrant-Manakin 13.5cm; T; R; u p. 545
orange-crowned variant
7
Yellow-headed Manakin 12.5cm; S; R; u/r NT
p. 551
eye colour variable to pale orange
8
Pale-bellied Tyrant-Manakin 14cm; T; R; u p. 545
genus Neopelma formerly placed in the Tyrannidae
usually solitary, forages for insects in thin underbrush
6 Saffron-crested Tyrant-Manakin
hover-gleans for small fruits
Neopelma chrysocephalum
NT 7 Yellow-headed Manakin
Xenopipo flavicapilla
8 Pale-bellied Tyrant-Manakin
white underwing-coverts
Neopelma pallescens
pale brown eyes usually solitary but joins mixed flocks
adult
juvenile juvenile
F
C
likes heavy vine tangles in deciduous and gallery forests
456 006 BNSA.indd 456
19/9/06 12:55:54
1 Club-winged Manakin Machaeropterus deliciosus
usually at edges of lower levels of montane forest
F
C a) obscurostriatus
orange eyes
F
usually inside forest but occasionally seen sallying for insects and fruits at borders
b) aureopectus
2 Striped Manakin Machaeropterus regulus
C
note eye colours
c) zulianus
F
F
F
C
immature
F
immature
C
3 Fiery-capped Manakin
Machaeropterus pyrocephalus pallidiceps fruiting trees, particularly melastomes
solitary
5 Dwarf Tyrant-Manakin 4 Tiny Tyrant-Manakin F
F
immature
Tyranneutes virescens
C
Tyranneutes stolzmanni solitary
pale eyes
dark eyes
F C calls all day long; midstorey to canopy genus Tyranneutes formerly placed in the Tyrannidae
006 BNSA.indd 457
shy, skulking, sits still for long periods but calls persistently
19/9/06 12:55:56
PLATE 221: MANAKINS 5 c
b
1
Jet Manakin 12cm; UT-S; R; u
p. 551
a
2
Green Manakin 12cm; T; R; f/u
p. 551
3
Black Manakin 12.5cm; T; R; r
p. 552 d
b
d
a c
4
Olive Manakin 13.5cm; UT-S; R; lf
p. 551
7
Yellow-crowned Manakin 14-14.5cm; T; R; lf/s p. 552
5
Broad-billed Sapayoa 14-15cm; T; R; u/r
p. 566
6
Wing-barred Piprites 13-14cm; T; R; lf/r
p. 566
8
Orange-crowned Manakin 14cm; T; R; u/r p. 552
display flight through forest, calling loudly
7 Yellow-crowned Manakin Heterocercus flavivertex
F C often sits still, overlooking water
juvenile
very actively sallies for insects, occasionally perch-gleaning, then sits still for periods; strongly defends territiory
usually found along or near black-water rivers, streams
8 Orange-crowned Manakin Heterocercus aurantiivertex
F
C
sallies for small Ficus fruits
458 006 BNSA.indd 458
19/9/06 12:55:58
1 Jet Manakin Xenopipo unicolor
humid montane forest
2 Green Manakin Xenopipo holochlora
white underwingcoverts
undergrowth inside foothill montane forest
a) holochlora
b) litae c) suffusa
very poorly known
F C
3 Black Manakin Xenopipo atronitens
pale eye
black underwingcoverts
4 Olive Manakin Xenopipo uniformis
joins mixed feeding flocks
solitary on humid slopes of tepuis
white underwingcoverts
F
5 Broad-billed Sapayoa
C
Sapayoa aenigma
sallies for insects, berries; joins mixed flocks
6 Wing-barred Piprites
often with understorey mixed flocks particularly Myrmotherula antwrens
Piprites chloris
sallies and perch-gleans
a) antioquiae F b) perijana
sits quietly. looking around
C c) tschudii presumed hybrid tschudii x chlorion from S Venezuela
d) chlorion
F F perch-gleans inects in mid-storey and subcanopy
C looks like a flycatcher or vireo
006 BNSA.indd 459
19/9/06 12:56:00
PLATE 222: BECARDS 1
c b
?
1
Green-backed Becard 14.5-15cm; T-S; R; u
2
p. 560
a
Yellow-cheeked Becard 14.5-15cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 560 b
3
Cinnamon Becard 14-14.8cm; T; R; c/f
a
b
p. 561
b
c
c
a
4
Chestnut-crowned Becard 14-14.5cm; T-S; R; lc/r p. 561
a
c?
b
a
5
b
White-winged Becard 15cm; T; R; c
p. 561
a) meridionalis
6
Barred Becard 12.5-13cm; S-P; lf/u
often in canopy, borders; joins mixed-species flocks
p. 560
b) versicolor
a
F
7
One-coloured Becard 16-17cm; T; R; lc/s
p. 564
C
6 Barred Becard Pachyramphus versicolor
F
F
C
juvenile
may raise feathers into a bushy crest
b) canescens
a) homochrous
F
F
adult
adult
F
immature
F
juvenile
both deciduous and humid forests, clearings, borders, open secondary forest, scrub with scattered trees
C
adult
7 One-coloured Becard Pachyramphus homochrous
460 006 BNSA.indd 460
19/9/06 12:56:02
2 Yellow-cheeked Becard
1 Green-backed Becard Pachyramphus viridis
Pachyramphus xanthogenys xanthogenys
usually in feeding flocks
griseigularis
borders and clearings; seldom in mixed flocks
F
F old
C
F
young
C
3 Cinnamon Becard
light woodland; scattered trees
Pachyramphus cinnamomeus
c) magdalenae
a) badius
4 Chestnut-crowned Becard Pachyramphus castaneus
no overlap between these two species
a) intermedius
b) cinnamomeus
b) parui
not in foraging flocks, usually in pairs in canopy or higher levels
c) saturatus
forages in higher levels and canopy, but often perches on exposed branch
5 White-winged Becard (see vol. 1 for all 6 races)
b) cinereiventris
F
006 BNSA.indd 461
c) dorsalis
F
immature
F
immature
F
juvenile
C usually in feeding flocks, may seem sluggish
variety of habitats from várzea and riverine to plantations
a) tristis
adult
F
F
Pachyramphus polychopterus
F
juvenile
C adult
19/9/06 12:56:04
PLATE 223: BECARDS 2
?
a
b
1
p. 562
2
4
p. 564
5
Black-and-white Becard 13-14cm; T-S; R; f/u
Slaty Becard 14cm; T; R; u/r EN
2 Glossy-backed Becard Glossy-backed Becard 13-14cm; T; R; u/r p. 563
Pink-throated Becard 16-17cm; T; R; lf/r
3
p. 563
6
p. 565
Black-capped Becard 13-14cm; T; R; f/u
p. 565
Crested Becard 18-19cm; T; R; r
b) major
a) duidae a
b
always near water
7
Várzea Schiffornis 15cm; T; R; u a a
p. 556 c
grey morph
b
7 Várzea Schiffornis Schiffornis major
8
rufous morph
Thrush-like Schiffornis 15.5-16.5cm; T; R; lc/u p. 557
c) olivacea
a) stenhorhyncha terra firme forest
b) amazona
adult
adult juvenile adult
juvenile
8 Thrush-like Schiffornis Schiffornis turdina 462 006 BNSA.indd 462
19/9/06 12:56:07
1 Black-and-white Becard may join foraging flocks
Pachyramphus albogriseus
a) albogriseus
open habitats, borders, scrub
b) guayaquilensis
2 Glossy-backed Becard Pachyramphus surinamus
usually in tree tops very difficult to see, but also in clearings and borders
F
F
C
C
3 Black-capped Becard
F
Pachyramphus marginatus
C
joins feeding flocks
nanus
juvenile
EN 4 Slaty Becard
Pachyramphus spodiurus
F F C
5 Pink-throated Becard Pachyramphus minor
juvenile usually in terra firme forest, seldom along borders
F
C deciduous woodland,clearings
6 Crested Becard Pachyramphus validus
audax
F
C
humid to moist forest, both terra firme and várzea; joins feeding flocks
006 BNSA.indd 463
F juvenile
C
usually forages high up, singly or in pairs, only occasionally in mixed flocks
19/9/06 12:56:09
PLATE 224: TITYRAS AND XENOPSARIS
a c
a
b ?
?
Black-crowned Tityra 18-19cm; T; R; u
p. 556
? b
1
Cinereous Becard 13-14cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 564
2
4
Black-tailed Tityra 20-22cm; T; R; c/f
p. 555
Masked Tityra 20-21cm; T; R; c
p. 555
3
5
White-naped Xenopsaris 12.5-13cm; T; R; u p. 559
humid forest and woodland, gallery forest, plantations etc.; often sits out on exposed branches
F
note streaking
C
4 Black-tailed Tityra Tityra cayana cayana
juvenile
juvenile
isolated trees on savanna and farmland, usually in or near watered areas
F C minor
5 White-naped Xenopsaris Xenopsaris albinucha
464 006 BNSA.indd 464
19/9/06 12:56:11
singly or in pairs, seldom with mixed flocks
1 Cinereous Becard
F
C
F
F
F
mostly dry forest and farmland
Pachyramphus rufus
rufus
C
b) fortis Masked Tityra 2 Tityra semifasciata
a) columbiana
c) nigriceps
F
canopy of humid forest and secondary woodland, clearings and plantations with tall trees
C
immature
3 Black-crowned Tityra Tityra inquisitor
b) erythrogenys
note black bills
a) albitorques
F
may join mixed feeding flocks in fruiting trees
F C C
006 BNSA.indd 465
canopy, clearings with scattered tall trees, along borders
female variants
C
19/9/06 12:56:13
PLATE 225: PEPPERSHRIKES AND SHRIKE-VIREOS a
b b
c
a
a
b
d e
1
Rufous-browed Peppershrike 14.5-16cm; T-Te; R; c/f p. 567
2
Black-billed Peppershrike 14.5-15cm; S-Te; R; lf/u p. 567
3
Yellow-browed Shrike-Vireo 13.5-14cm; T; R; lf/u p. 568
a a
b
?
b
c
?
b
4
d
b
a
Slaty-capped Shrike-Vireo 14-15cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 568
5
Brown-capped Vireo 12-13cm; T-S; R; c/f
p. 571
5 Brown-capped Vireo Vireo leucophrys
darker brown cap white eyebrow diagnostic
a) mirandae b) leucophrys juvenile
c) josephae d) disjunctus
usually in canopy alone or in mixedspecies flocks
e) ‘dissors’ (now synonymous with disjunctus)
466 006 BNSA.indd 466
19/9/06 12:56:14
1 Rufous-browed Peppershrike
forages in canopy and lower at edges
Cyclarhis gujanensis a) gujanensis
calls continually
2 Black-billed Peppershrike
b) flavipectus
Cyclarhis nigrirostris
a) nigrirostris
b) atrirostris
d) virenticeps c) parvus often joins mixedspecies flocks
calls continually
3 Yellow-browed Shrike-Vireo Vireolanius eximius a) eximius a) eximius e) contrerasi
only occasionally in mixed-species flocks
a) eximius b) mutabilis
juvenile
4 Slaty-capped Shrike-Vireo Vireolanius leucotis
very often in mixed canopy flocks calls tirelessly
a) mikettae
b) leucotis b) leucotis
b) leucotis works slowly across canopy in wet, often mossy forests
usually detected by continual calling
006 BNSA.indd 467
juvenile
very often in mixedspecies feeding flocks
19/9/06 12:56:16
PLATE 226: vireoS a c e
f e
g
a e d
d
a e
h
h b Red-eyed Vireo 14-15cm; T; R/B/A; c/f p. 569
1
2
a,b,c
Yellow-throated Vireo 14-14.5cm; T-S; B; lc/r p. 568 c a,b c d a,b
?
?
4
Yellow-green Vireo 14-15cm; T-S; B; f/u
a,b
6
p. 570
Philadelphia Vireo 12cm; T-S; B/V; r
?
5
p. 569
b
?
p. 569
3
Black-whiskered Vireo 14-16cm; T; R/B; u/r
p. 570
Chocó Vireo 10cm; UT-LS; R; lf EN
forages unobtrusively mid-levels to canopy sometimes in mixed flocks
7
Olivaceous Greenlet 40–51 cm; M/V+ u/r NT p. 574 EN 6 Chocó Vireo
7 Olivaceous Greenlet Hylophilus olivaceus
moist humid forest edges and wide variety of habitats, including plantations and disturbed areas
Vireo masteri
steeply sloping terrain in undisturbed cloud forest, esp. areas rich in palms, epiphytes, ferns and mosses
b) altiloquus c) bonairensis
sits motionless in dense canopy
perch-gleans, sallies and occasionally hover-gleans
d) barbadensis a) barbatulus
breeding resident on offshore islands, casual on mainland – note differences of facial markings
5 Black-whiskered Vireo Vireo altiloquus
468 006 BNSA.indd 468
19/9/06 12:56:19
wide variey of habitats,
migrant races often in small groups are invariably quiet, residents call and sing
1 Red-eyed Vireo favours canopies Vireo olivaceus
a) vividior
b) pectoralis
both austral and boreal migrants may occur in areas where resident breeding birds are migrants not given letters on map
c) tobagensis
d) chivi e) olivaceus
dull
austral migrant
f) caucae
boreal migrant
slightly buffy
g) griseobarbatus h) solimoensis juvenile
4 Yellow-green Vireo Vireo flavoviridis
migrants from Central America often forage with Red-eyed Vireos
2 Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons
uncommon boreal migrant
fresh plumage
forages leisurely in or below canopy, joins mixedspecies flocks
a) flavoviridis worn plumage
3 Philadelphia Vireo Vireo philadelphicus
b) forreri
boreal vagrant bill all dark
yellow variable
c) insulanus
006 BNSA.indd 469
19/9/06 12:56:21
PLATE 227: greenlets
b
a
?
?
?
?
?
1
Lemon-chested Greenlet 12-13cm; T; R; lf/u p. 571
2
p. 571
3
p. 572
5
p. 572
6
p. 572
p. 573
9
Grey-chested Greenlet 12cm; T; R; c/f
Buff-cheeked Greenlet 11.5-12cm; T; R; c/f
?
4
Ashy-headed Greenlet 12cm; T; R; lf
p. 572
Tepui Greenlet 12cm; T-S; R; lc/u c
d
Brown-headed Greenlet 11.5cm; T; R; u
b a
b a
7
Dusky-capped Greenlet 11.5-12cm; T; R; c/f
8
p. 573
Scrub Greenlet 11.5cm; T; R; lc/f
b
b
c a
a
10
Lesser Greenlet 9.5-10cm; T; R; lc/u
Rufous-naped Greenlet 12-12.5cm; T-S; R; u/r
a
b
11
p. 574
a) saturatus
p. 573
c
12
Tawny-crowned Greenlet 11.5cm; T; R; f/u p. 574 fond of scrub, from forests to second growth, scrub by clearings to plantations and gardens
Golden-fronted Greenlet 11.4-12cm; T; R; lc/u p. 573
Olivaceous Greenlet Hylophilus olivaceus see plate 226
b) aurantiifrons c) helvinus
juvenile
12 Golden-fronted Greenlet
Hylophilus aurantiifrons
470 006 BNSA.indd 470
19/9/06 12:56:23
2 Grey-chested Greenlet
1 Lemon-chested Greenlet
forages on outermost slender branches and stems of canopy
usually in mixed flocks
Hylophilus muscicapinus muscicapinus
mostly in canopy but lower at forest edges
adult
adult
a) griseiventris
3 Buff-cheeked Greenlet
Hylophilus semicinereus
Hylophilus thoracicus
invariably with mixed canopy flocks
juvenile
yellow on breast diagnostic
5 Tepui Greenlet
juvenile
Hylophilus sclateri
viridiceps
b) aemulus
agile on outer stems; usually in mixed canopy flocks
4 Ashy-headed Greenlet Hylophilus pectoralis
forages actively in canopy of moist, humid forests, but occasionally to mid-levels
calls attention to itself by persistent calling
6 Brown-headed Greenlet
a) acuticauda
mostly in swamp forest
Hylophilus brunneiceps brunneiceps
b) insularis
8 Scrub Greenlet
Hylophilus flavipes Dusky-capped Greenlet 7 Hylophilus hypoxanthus
mostly sand soil forest in black-water areas, forages at all levels
c) flavipes
a) fuscicapillus
9 Rufous-naped Greenlet Hylophilus semibrunneus
often with flocks of tanagers in canopy
d) galbanus
a scrub greenlet, often in dry, semi-deciduous woodland and scrubby areas
11 Tawny-crowned Greenlet
b) hypoxanthus
Hylophilus ochraceiceps
pale eyes
10 Lesser Greenlet
pale eyes
Hylophilus decurtatus a) minor
b) darienensis
warbler-like groups forage in mid-storey to canopy, occasionally with mixed flocks
006 BNSA.indd 471
mostly forest canopy, often in mixed flocks
dark eyes
a) bulunensis
b) ferrugineifrons usually in dark undergrowth of understorey, almost always in mixed flocks
c) luteifrons
19/9/06 12:56:25
PLATE 228: JAYS
1
Beautiful Jay 27cm; T-Te; R; u/r NT p. 576
4
Violaceous Jay 33-37cm; T; R; lc/f
p. 576
2
Turquoise Jay 30-34cm; Te-P; R; f
5
Azure-naped Jay 33.5-36cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 575
3
Black-collared Jay 30-34cm; S-P; R; f/r
p. 575
p. 576
6
Black-chested Jay 35.5cm; T; R; lc
p. 577
b c a a
7
Cayenne Jay 33cm; T; R; f
p. 577
8
White-tailed Jay 35.5cm; T; R; u
p. 577
9
Green Jay 30cm; T-Te; R; lc
p. 577
small parties in lower levels of forests in foothills and mountain sides
a) yncas
yellow outer edges to tail are very apparent when bird flies within dark forest
b) cyanodorsalis
c) guatemalensis
despite bright colours usually heard first – calls continually a variety of calls, some quite peculiar
9 Green Jay Cyanocorax yncas
472 006 BNSA.indd 472
19/9/06 12:56:27
2 Turquoise Jay
NT 1 Beautiful Jay
armillata
Cyanolyca turcosa
Cyanolyca pulchra
adult
juvenile
3 Black-collared Jay Cyanolyca armillata
race quindiuna in Ecuador is larger with greenish tone on body, wings and tail
juvenile duller and browntoned
longer tail than Turquoise Jay singly or
in pairs 4 Violaceous Jay
told from Black-collared Jay by slightly contrasting pale, milky forecrown
Cyanocorax violaceus
violaceus
6 Black-chested Jay Cyanocorax affinis
usually in noisy groups
affinis
usually within forest at upper levels
juvenile from any other jays in range by white belly
5 Azure-naped Jay adult Cyanocorax heilprini
pale eye
mostly in riverine forests, in fairly open parts
juvenile adult sandy soil forests
7 Cayenne Jay
white tips
Cyanocorax cayanus
white tip certain discriminator from Violaceous Jay
juvenile
juvenile
small groups
8 White-tailed Jay Cyanocorax mystacalis
adult mainly semi-deciduous dry forest and open mesquite-dominated forest
adult
calls a fast metallic chuk-chuk
glides across open spaces white tips
006 BNSA.indd 473
white edges and tips, tail appears almost all white in flight
19/9/06 12:56:30
PLATE 229: SWALLOWS AND MARTINS 1
1
Tree Swallow 6Tree Swallow 13-15cm; T-P; B; s/r
2
p. 579
Mangrove Swallow 11-12cm; LT; R; lf/u
p. 579
3
Tumbes Swallow 11.5-13cm; LT; R; lf/u
p. 579
?
4
7
8
5
White-winged Swallow 13.5-14cm; LT; R/A; c/f p. 579
Brown-bellied Swallow 13.5-14cm; Te-P; R; c/f p. 583
a
10
b ?
p. 580
Blue-and-white Swallow 12-13.5cm; T-P; R/A; c p. 583
6
Violet-green Swallow 11.5-14cm; T-S; B; s/r
p. 580
9
Pale-footed Swallow 11.5-12.5cm; US-P; R; lf/u p. 583
?
White-thighed Swallow 10.5-13cm; T; R; lc/r
Chilean Swallow 12-13.5cm; T; A; r/s
?
p. 584 rump appears paler than back
fast, erratic bat-like flight pattern is diagnostic
white thighs are diagnostic
forages in pairs or small groups, often circling very low
usually near water but may be over forest canopy
b) griseiventris
a) minima
10 White-thighed Swallow
Neochelidon tibialis
474 006 BNSA.indd 474
19/9/06 12:56:32
1 Tree Swallow
2 Mangrove Swallow
white eye line
Tachycineta bicolor
Tachycineta albilinea
rump dark normally flies low in rapid direct flight
3 Tumbes Swallow Tachycineta stolzmanni
no white
juvenile rump dark
usually near water
mostly at sea level along or near coast
5 Chilean Swallow Tachycineta meyeni
scrub farmland, lagoons not generally near water
4 White-winged Swallow Tachycineta albiventer
6 Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta thalassina
undoubtedly accidental
line down centre of rump
white on wing is diagnostic seldom away from water
more white on face than Mangrove Swallow
8 Blue-and-white Swallow Notiochelidon cyanoleuca
often near humans and will nest readily in dry stone walls, bridges, buildings, etc
rivers, lakes and flooded llanos
7 Brown-bellied Swallow Notiochelidon murina
adult
meridensis
vagrant from Central America
9 Pale-footed Swallow
montane up to tree level
Notiochelidon flavipes
adult
flight fast and direct, often much back-tracking
juvenile
juvenile often forages around grazing cattle often around farms and human habitation
006 BNSA.indd 475
race patagonica is austral migrant (Mar–Oct), has whitish mottling on underwing-coverts
up to treeline, cloud forest, and elfin forest
19/9/06 12:56:35
PLATE 230: SWALLOWS AND MARTINS 2
? ?
1
Grey-breasted Martin 16-19cm; T-LS; R/A; c
p. 582
2
a,b
?
Caribbean Martin 17-19cm; T; R/B; f
p. 581
3
Brown-chested Martin 16-19cm; T-LS; R/A; c/f p. 580
?
?
Southern Martin 17-20.5cm; T-LS; A; r
7
Cuban Martin 18-19.5cm; T; B?; r
?
?
?
4
a,b
p. 582
5
Purple Martin 18-20cm; T-P; B; lc/u
p. 581
6
Sinaloa Martin 17-18.5cm; T; B?; r DD p. 581
p. 582
non-breeding ranges of Caribbean Martin, Sinaloa Martin and Cuban Martin not known, possibly all inland in South America
476 006 BNSA.indd 476
19/9/06 12:56:36
2 Caribbean Martin Progne dominicensis
usually near water; long glides in circles, short bursts of flapping
1 Grey-breasted Martin Progne chalybea
grey of throat graduates to belly
3 Brown-chested Martin Progne tapera
juvenile
often near human habitation
mostly white belly and pale undertailcoverts
often near water
a) tapera
adult
extensive brown down centre of belly
often flies quite high in loose flocks
broad bar across breast diagnostic
4 Southern Martin Progne elegans
5 Purple Martin
b) fusca
Progne subis
female is uniformly dark below note pale collar
slightly longer tail than Purple Martin
juvenile boreal migrant, transients through region
duller head and darker below than female DD 6 Sinaloa Martin
Progne sinaloae
7 Cuban Martin Progne cryptoleuca
glides with short bursts of flapping
boreal migrant not confirmed for region
006 BNSA.indd 477
accidental
tail slightly more forked and longer than Purple Martin
19/9/06 12:56:39
PLATE 231: SWALLOWS AND MARTINS 3
1
White-banded Swallow 14.5-15cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 584
2
4
Cliff Swallow 13-15cm; T-Te; B; lc
p. 586
5
p. 585
7
Tawny-headed Swallow 12cm; T-LS; R; lf
Black-collared Swallow 14-15cm; LT; R; lf/u
roosts in mangroves, marshes and sugar cane
open areas
slower flight with twisting and turning
Riparia riparia
Northern Rough-winged Swallow 12.5-14.5cm; T-Te; B/V; r p. 585
tawny throat
adult
flight rapid and direct
Southern has clean white undertail-coverts
Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis
8 Bank Swallow/Sand Martin
p. 586
9
9 Northern Rough-winged from juvenile Stelgidopteryx by breast band
p. 587
southernmost populations probably winter in northern South America rump lighter than back
uniform with back
often roosts in reed beds
Barn Swallow 14-18cm; T-Te; B; c
Bank Swallow/Sand Martin 12cm; LT; B; c/f p. 578
Southern Rough-winged Swallow 13-13.5cm; T-S; R/A; f/c p. 585
Cave Swallow 13cm; T-S; B/V; r
6
p. 584
8
10
3
Chestnut-collared Swallow 12cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 586
juvenile
10 Southern Rough-winged Swallow
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis
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2 Chestnut-collared Swallow
Petrochelidon rufocollaris aequatorialis
1 White-banded Swallow
cavicola
Atticora fasciata
adult
white breastband diagnostic
adult zig-zag flights low over water
3 Cave Swallow Petrochelidon fulva
white throat and chestnut breast band
juvenile
fond of water but may be seen anywhere
pallida
race rufocollaris may reach SW Ecuador during post-breeding dispersal
4 Cliff Swallow
adult
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
usually along forest-bordered rivers and forest streams
5 Black-collared Swallow
adult
Atticora melanoleuca
juvenile
pyrrhonota fast squeaky twittering
juvenile boreal migrant that transits through the region, a few overwinter in Ecuador
long forked tail
juvenile
adult
complete collar across throat
along rivers and larger streams with rapids, white water and waterfalls
6 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica erythrogaster
rufous on head diagnostic
adult long streamers and white ovals
adult incomplete collar
juvenile open and semi-open areas
006 BNSA.indd 479
7 Tawny-headed Swallow Alopochelidon fucata
usually forages low over terrain or water
immature commonest boreal migrant swallow; often roosts in large numbers in sugar cane and joins roosting flocks of Dickcissels
19/9/06 12:56:44
PLATE 232: WRENS 1 a
c b
b d
e
1
Bicoloured Wren 20-22cm; T; R; lc/f
a a
p. 587
2
Band-backed Wren 18.5-20.5cm; T; R; lf/u p. 589
3
Thrush-like Wren 20-20.5cm; T; R; c/f a c
p. 588
b
4
White-headed Wren 18.5-19cm; T; R; u
p. 588
5
Fasciated Wren 19cm; T-LS; R; c/f
p. 589
6
Stripe-backed Wren 17.5-18cm; T; R; c/f
p. 589
all have pale yellowish eyes
juvenile
a) nuchalis
adult noisy and conspicuous bands of 6–8 birds
juvenile
b) brevipennis
arid and semi-arid habitats, dry woodlands with Bombax, croplands, ranches, gardens etc.
c) pardus adult
pallescens
5 Fasciated Wren Campylorhynchus fasciatus
noisy and conspicuous in small to large groups at all levels
6 Stripe-backed Wren Campylorhynchus nuchalis
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1 Bicoloured Wren Campylorhynchus griseus
a) minor
long bill and tail, discreet barring
d) griseus
curious and noisy, forages at all levels, including ground
e) pallidus b) bicolor
c) albicilius adult
3 Thrush-like Wren Campylorhynchus turdinus
c) albicilius juvenile
small groups discreet in dense tangles up high, not easy to see
perches upright to sing, often in duet
2 Band-backed Wren Campylorhynchus zonatus
a) hypostictus
a) brevirostris
juvenile
b) aenigmaticus
a) brevirostris
sudden explosive duets call attention
not in mixed flocks
adult
4 White-headed Wren b) curvirostris
forages in groups of up to 12 birds, all levels, sometimes joins mixed-species flocks
Campylorhynchus albobrunneus harterti
adult
usually in small groups in epiphyte-rich tangles in upper storey; occasionally follows mixed flocks
006 BNSA.indd 481
juvenile
19/9/06 12:56:48
PLATE 233: WRENS 2 b c
g
a b
f
d
e
a
1
Grey-mantled Wren 12-13cm; UT-S; R; lf/r
p. 590
2
Bar-winged Wood Wren NT 11cm; LS; R; lf p. 601
3
Grey-breasted Wood Wren 10-11.5cm; UT-Te; R; c p. 600
c
b
4
Munchique Wood Wren 11.5cm; Te; R; r
p. 601
a
d a
?
5
White-breasted Wood Wren 10-11.5cm; T; R; c/f p. 600
b
6
Sharpe’s Wren 16cm; S-P; R; lf/u
p. 590
a b habits and habitat preferences similar to Rufous Wren, but at lower elevations
c
7
Rufous Wren 16.5-18cm; Te-P; R; lc/u p. 590
b) olivascens
a) bogotensis
best separation is by voice, both have extensive vocabularies; repeated phrases are longer from Sharpe’s Wren, shorter from Rufous Wren
6 Sharpe’s Wren Cinnycerthia olivascens
b) unirufa 7 Rufous Wren
variations of head pattern
Cinnycerthia unirufa
juvenile
a) chakei adult
c) unibrunnea
forages in flocks of up to 20 birds in dense undergrowth near the ground
dense, humid to wet cloud and mossy forests and edges, esp. Chusquea bamboo
482 006 BNSA.indd 482
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NT 2 Bar-winged Wood Wren
1 Grey-mantled Wren
Henicorhina leucoptera
Odontorchilus branickii
wingbar cocks and twitches tail
a) branickii
adult
no clear division
adult juvenile
contrasting dark wings
4 Munchique Wood Wren Henicorhina negreti
extremely wet cloud forest, scarred with landslides and treefalls
b) minor forages among lichens, mosses and epiphytes on branches and canopy
very responsive to playback
juvenile
5 White-breasted Wood Wren adult
Henicorhina leucosticta a) hauxwelli
3 Grey-breasted Wood Wren Henicorhina leucophrys c) venezuelensis juvenile
responds well to playback
b) inornata e) leucophrys
d) tamae
c) albilateralis g) bangsi
f) brunneiceps
b) sanluisensis
a) meridana
adult
d) leucosticta
adult
adult juvenile
borders and edges, often along streams and in overgrown clearings
006 BNSA.indd 483
juvenile juvenile
humid wet forests, edges, dense undergrowth in treefalls and ravines
19/9/06 12:56:52
PLATE 234: WRENS 3
d
a
b c
1
Apolinar’s Marsh Wren 12-13cm; US-P; R; r EN p. 591
2
Páramo Wren 10cm; P; R; f
p. 592 b
a
3
Tepui Wren 12-13cm; S-Te; R; lc
p. 599
a
c b
4
Santa Marta Wren 11.5cm; P; R; u c b
7
p. 599
a
5
Southern House Wren 11-12.5cm; T-P; R; c/lu p. 598
6
Mountain Wren 9-11cm; S-P; R; lc/u
p. 599
c c
Sedge Wren 9-11.5cm; T-P; R; lc
p. 591
note differences in tail bars subtle eyebrow
a) tamae
b) tolimae
7 Sedge Wren Cistothorus platensis
c) alticola
adult
juvenile
wide range from Tropical to Páramo zones, wet grassy areas with sedges and scattered bushes, Swallenchloa bamboo bogs, etc.
484 006 BNSA.indd 484
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2 Páramo Wren Cistothorus meridae
responds well to playback
3 Tepui Wren Troglodytes rufulus a) fulvigularis
1 Apolinar’s Marsh Wren
adult
Cistothorus apolinari degraded bars
pale eyebrow
b) duidae adult
juvenile boggy, grassy areas, mosses, bromeliads, etc
adult
4 Santa Marta Wren
b) duidae
Troglodytes monticola
adult
retiring and wary, timberline and sheltered areas on páramo
juvenile
reedbeds with sedges and cattails, swamps, marshes
c) wetmorei juvenile
adult
5 Southern House Wren Troglodytes musculus a) atopus
juvenile
c) wetmorei
adult
b) tobagensis
6 Mountain Wren Troglodytes solstitialis a) solstitialis
d) yavii
juvenile
c) albicans
d) yavii
adult
adult
b) solitarius
adult juvenile
juvenile humid to wet cloud and elfin forest, stunted woodlands and bamboo, fairly bold
006 BNSA.indd 485
juvenile
conspicuous and confident, hopping over mossy rocks, fallen logs and through low vegetation on slopes of tepuis
19/9/06 12:56:56
PLATE 235: WRENS 4 b
c a
b a
1
2
Rufous-and-white Wren 14.5-16.5cm; T-LS; R; c/f p. 597
d
a b
4
Bay Wren 14.5-14.7cm; T-LS; R; c p. 596 a c
Superciliated Wren 14.5cm; T; R; f/u
p. 598
3
Niceforo’s Wren 14.5-15cm; UT; R; r CR p. 597
b
5
Whiskered Wren 15.5-16cm; T-Te; R; lf/u p. 593
very retiring, a real skulker, dense undergrowth of edges, borders, treefalls and clearings, often in Heliconia thickets almost every pumage except a few juveniles show ‘whiskers’
a) ruficaudatus
juvenile
juvenile adult
c) consobrinus
adult
b) amaurogaster d) mystacalis see vol. 1 for details of all 8 races
5 Whiskered Wren Thryothorus mystacalis
486 006 BNSA.indd 486
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1 Rufous-and-white Wren Thryothorus rufalbus
adult
adult
a) minlosi
juvenile
b) cumanensis
juvenile
CR 3 Niceforo’s Wren
Thryothorus nicefori
2 Bay Wren Thryothorus nigricapillus
a) nigricapillus
b) connectens
c) schottii
4 Superciliated Wren Thryothorus superciliaris
a) superciliaris treefall clearings, edges, especially low-lying tangles and Heliconia thickets near watercourses
b) baroni
006 BNSA.indd 487
19/9/06 12:57:00
PLATE 236: WRENS 5 c a
b b
a
d
Southern Nightingale-Wren 11cm; T; R; c/f p. 602 a e ? c e b d b
4
Buff-breasted Wren 14-14.5cm; LT; R; lc/u
a) zuliensis
2
b
c
b
e
1
d
Flutist Wren 11.5cm; T; R; f
a
c
p. 602
3
Wing-banded Wren 11.5cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 603
p. 597
see vol. 1 for details of all 9 subspecies in region
wide variety of habitats from dry deciduous woodlands to mangrove forests, always showing an affinity for water
c) hypoleucus
rarely joins mixed-species flocks
e) albipectus juvenile
b) bogotensis d) venezuelanus
adult
adult
d) venezuelanus d) venezuelanus
juvenile juvenile
northern West Zulia
Barinas, south of the Andes
4 Buff-breasted Wren Thryothorus leucotis
488 006 BNSA.indd 488
19/9/06 12:57:01
1 Southern Nightingale-Wren Microcerculus marginatus
a) marginatus
adult
obscurely scaled
b) squamulatus
scaling
brown barring
juvenile white spots on wings
adult
d) taeniatus
juvenile
e) occidentalis
c) corrasus
obscurely scaled
black and white spots on wings
2 Flutist Wren
unmistakable profile and voice, dense undergrowth and vine tangles in wooded ravines and alongside mountain steams, very retiring and wary
Microcerculus ustulatus
a) lunatipectus
d) obscurus
c) ustulatus
voice like a piccolo, melancholic and slow
juvenile
b) duidae
d) obscurus
likes dark tangled recesses into which it disappears, very retiring
dense humid to wet forests on slopes of tepuis, esp. mossy forest
adult
3 Wing-banded Wren Microcerculus bambla
a) bambla
c) albigularis
b) caurensis
c) albigularis
note bold and weak wingbars
juvenile
wet understorey of humid forests, preferably rich in rotting logs where it searches for invertebrates and small frogs, etc.
006 BNSA.indd 489
adult
19/9/06 12:57:03
PLATE 237: WRENS 6
a
b
b
1
Speckle-breasted Wren 13-14cm; T-LS; R; lc/f
a
a
p. 595
a
2
Stripe-throated Wren 12-13cm; T; R; u
d
b a
b
4
Rufous-breasted Wren 14cm; T-LS; R; c/f
p. 595
e
5
both terra firme and várzea, esp. near water
3
Coraya Wren 14.5cm; T; R; c/f
c
p. 594
usually in dense undergrowth from near ground to mid-storey
pairs or groups will join mixed flocks
a) caurensis
Plain-tailed Wren 16-16.5cm; UT-P; R; lc/u p. 593
f
d
e
c
p. 596
b
from Neblina
d) obscurus b) griseipectus
a) caurensis grey variant
c) coraya a) caurensis
e) barrowcloughianus
brown variant
a) caurensis
f) ridgwayi
f) ridgwayi
adult variants juvenile
juvenile adult
5 Coraya Wren Thryothorus coraya
490 006 BNSA.indd 490
19/9/06 12:57:05
1 Speckle-breasted Wren a) columbianus
Thryothorus sclateri
confiding and often bold; near ground to mid-storey
2 Stripe-throated Wren Thryothorus leucopogon
a) leucopogon b) paucimaculatus
barred wings and back
golden eyes
b) grisescens
3 Plain-tailed Wren
dense undergrowth at forest edges, often in mixed flocks
Thryothorus euophrys
responds well to playback
a) euophrys
4 Rufous-breasted Wren
Thryothorus rutilus a) laetus b) longipes b) interior
c) intensus adult grey mask
b) longipes
dense undergrowth, esp. recently disturbed areas such as landslides
juvenile
d) hypospodius
clearings overgrown with Chusquea bamboo
e) rutilus
e) rutilus adult forages actively from understorey to subcanopy, often in mixed-species flocks, sometimes follows army ants
006 BNSA.indd 491
juvenile
scrubby thickets and vine tangles
19/9/06 12:57:07
PLATE 238: WRENS 7 AND DONACOBIUS a
c b d
b
1
Sooty-headed Wren 14.5-15cm; T-LS; R; lc/u p. 592
a
2
Black-bellied Wren 15cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 592
3
Song Wren 13cm; T; R; lf b
c
a
4
Chestnut-breasted Wren 13.5-15cm; T-Te; R; lf/u p. 603
a) atricapilla
?
5
Musician Wren 12.5-13cm; T; R; f/lu
p. 603
a
b c
? p. 604
vestigial white eyebrow
6
Black-capped Donacobius 21.5-22cm; T; R; c/f p. 606
noisy and demonstrably territorial in marshes and over water with many water plants, usually pairs or family trios
b) brachyptera
juvenile
adult
c) nigrodorsalis
6 Black-capped Donacobius Donacobius atricapilla
492 006 BNSA.indd 492
19/9/06 12:57:08
2 Black-bellied Wren
1 Sooty-headed Wren
Thryothorus fasciatoventris
Thryothorus spadix spadix
usually in pairs
a) fasciatoventris
b) albigularis
adult
juvenile
retiring and wary, forages all levels but prefers interior of dense tangles
adult
juvenile
4 Chestnut-breasted Wren
forages close to ground, searching in dead leaves; cloud forest
Cyphorhinus thoracicus
haunting beautiful song
dichrous
3 Song Wren Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus
a) phaeocephalus
skulks on or near ground, leaf-litter in tangled undergrowth
c) lawrencei b) propinquus d) chocoanus
often around rotting logs and the piles of leaf-litter under the sides
rare variant, most often occurs in race lawrencei
5 Musician Wren Cyphorhinus arada
c) urbanoi
a) salvini
juvenile
b) arada
c) urbanoi amazing song, responds well to playback, but soon moves on after spotting the source!
006 BNSA.indd 493
adult
habits same as congeners
19/9/06 12:57:10
PLATE 239: GNATCATCHERS AND GNATWRENS b
e c
f a
b
?
1
Tropical Gnatcatcher 11-12.7cm, T; R; c/f
a
d
?
p. 605
2
Guianan Gnatcatcher 11cm; LT; R; u/r
p. 606
3
Slate-throated Gnatcatcher 10.2-11cm; T; R; u/r p. 606
b d
?
a
4
b
c
?
a
?
Collared Gnatwren 10.5-11cm; T; R; lc/r
p. 604
e
e
d b
c
5
Tawny-faced Gnatwren 10.2-10.5cm; T; R; lc/u p. 605
b) magdalenae
a) cinereiventris
?
a
6
Long-billed Gnatwren 12-13.2cm; T-S; R; c/f
c
p. 605
c) hormotus
joins mixedspecies flocks in humid to wet forests and mature second growth
5 Tawny-faced Gnatwren Microbates cinereiventris
a) duidae
b) rufiventris
seldom joins mixed flocks, usually higher than other gnatwrens
c) albiventris d) sanctaemartae
6 Long-billed Gnatwren see vol. 1 for descriptions Ramphocaenus melanurus
of all seven races
e) trinitatis
less forest-based but prefers arboreal vine tangles
494 006 BNSA.indd 494
19/9/06 12:57:12
1 Tropical Gnatcatcher Polioptila plumbea
b) anteocularis
c) innotata
subcanopy and canopy, often with mixed-species canopy flocks
d) plumbea
a) bilineata
e) plumbeiceps
f) daguae
juvenile
contrasting black cap and white below
2 Guianan Gnatcatcher Polioptila guianensis
a) guianensis b) facilis
3 Slate-throated Gnatcatcher Polioptila schistaceigula
often cocks and wags tail
throat variation
4 Collared Gnatwren
rather wary and often low down in understorey
Microbates collaris
adult
a) collaris
b) paraguensis juvenile
d) columbianus
immature
joins mixedspecies flocks
006 BNSA.indd 495
c) torquatus
inside humid terra firme forest, lower vines and tangled undergrowth
19/9/06 12:57:14
PLATE 240: WAGTAIL, PIPITS, LARK, WAXWING AND DIPPER
1
White Wagtail 16.5-19cm; T; V; r
p. 624
2
Horned Lark 15cm; Te; R; u
3
p. 578
Yellowish Pipit 13-13.5cm; T; R; c/f
p. 624
b a
b
a
a
4
Páramo Pipit 15cm; Te-P; R; c/f
p. 624
5
Cedar Waxwing 18cm; T-S; B/V; r
6
p. 608
White-capped Dipper 15cm; T-P; R; f
p. 607
rare vagrant, takes small fruits and berries avidly
fast running water with boulders
forages in vegetation by water as well as in the water
adult
juvenile
juvenile
a) leuconotus
b) rivularis
5 Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum
adult adult bobs and flicks wings
6 White-capped Dipper Cinclus leucocephalus
496 006 BNSA.indd 496
19/9/06 12:57:17
1 White Wagtail
a) alba
Motacilla alba
b) ocularis runs and walks on open ground bobbing head, wagging tail up and down
usually near water or wetland, bogs, etc, but visits lawns (subspecies in region not confirmed)
not on páramos
2 Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris
usually forages on open ground – barren fields, short-grass pastures
peregrina
3 Yellowish Pipit Anthus lutescens
lutescens
juvenile
4 Páramo Pipit Anthus bogotensis
juvenile
b) meridae
adult
a) bogotensis juvenile
forages on open barren ground to pastures and seasonally flooded grassland, prefers short stubbly grass
adult forages on open ground, bogs to farmland, often where short and bunch grasses are mixed
006 BNSA.indd 497
19/9/06 12:57:19
PLATE 241: WHEATEAR AND THRUSHES 1
1
Northern Wheatear 16cm; T; B/V; r
p. 608
2
Varied Solitaire 16-18cm; UT-S; R; lf/u
p. 609
3
Andean Solitaire 16.5-18cm; UT-Te; R; c/f p. 609 b a
4
Black Solitaire 23cm; T-LS; R; lf/u
p. 610
5
Pale-eyed Thrush 18-22cm; UT-S; R; u/r
p. 614
6
Rufous-brown Solitaire 20.5-21cm; T; R; lf/r
p. 609
1 Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe
favours open areas with scattered bushes
note upright posture, may be almost vertical
498 006 BNSA.indd 498
19/9/06 12:57:20
2 Varied Solitaire
3 Andean Solitaire
Myadestes coloratus
Myadestes ralloides
juvenile greyish underparts
easiest to see when following army ants or in fruit trees
venezuelensis
flit away quietly when disturbed
juvenile
juvenile solitaires tend to sit more upright than do Turdus thrushes
adult
adult tail tipped white
usually remains hidden in dense undergrowth
4 Black Solitaire Entomodestes coracinus
red eyes
5 Pale-eyed Thrush Turdus leucops
juvenile
likes wooded ravines note pale eyes likes edges and clearings in mossy rainforest
adult white on outer tail notices in flight
a) chubbi
b) gularis
no wing markings on adults
juvenile adult
immature
adult
likes wet, mossy montane forest on slopes of mountains and tepuis
very retiring and wary, arboreal, often found in fruit trees with other frugivores, but does not join mixed flocks
6 Rufous-brown Solitaire Cichlopsis leucogenys
006 BNSA.indd 499
19/9/06 12:57:23
PLATE 242: THRUSHES 2 a
b c
a,b
a
a
?
a
1
Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush 15.5-17cm; T-S; R; lc/f p. 610
2
Veery 17-19.5cm; T; B; u/r
p. 611
3
Grey-cheeked Thrush 16-19.5cm; T; B; u/r
a b
4
Spotted Nightingale-Thrush 16.5-19cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 611
7
Wood Thrush 19.5-21.5cm; T; B; r
? c
?
5
p. 612
6
Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush 17.5-19.5cm; UT-Te; R; lc/u p. 611
Swainson’s Thrush 16-19.5cm; T-Te; B; c/f
p. 612
p. 613
clear eye-ring
joins mixed-species flocks and follows ant swarms
retiring and wary, usually forages alone in trees
rufous-brown
heavily spotted flanks
frequently flicks wings
swainsoni
6 Swainson’s Thrush Catharus ustulatus
7 Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina
500 006 BNSA.indd 500
19/9/06 12:57:25
2 Veery
1 Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush Catharus aurantiirostris
Catharus fuscescens
may follow ant swarms
a) phaeoplurus
a) fuscescens
retiring and wary
boreal migrant, transient through the region weak breast spots joins migratory flocks with other thrushes
juvenile
adult
b) birchalli
greyish lores and partial eye-ring
c) aurantiirostris
sings from low perch inside a thicket
b) salicicola
4 Spotted Nightingale-Thrush Catharus dryas
3 Grey-cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus
mossy cloud forests esp. near streams and in ravines
maculatus dark eyes
greyish cheeks
minimus
often in damp areas, retiring and wary in undergrowth
juvenile adult 1st year small groups work through undergrowth and leaf-litter, will also follow ant swarms
5 Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush Catharus fuscater
note pale eyes
flicks wings constantly
occasionally ventures into clearings and along paths at dawn
juvenile
a) sanctaemartae
006 BNSA.indd 501
b) opertaneus c) fuscater
19/9/06 12:57:28
PLATE 243: THRUSHES 3 b a
c
d
1
p. 613
2
White-necked Thrush 20.5-24cm; T-LS; R; f/u p. 621
5
Yellow-legged Thrush 19-22cm; T-S; R; f
Chestnut-bellied Thrush 23-25cm; S; R; lf/u
p. 617
3
Plumbeous-backed Thrush 23-24cm; T; R; lc/u p. 616
b
a
4
Marañón Thrush 21.5-23cm; UT-S; R; c/f p. 617 usually in drier areas
forages apparently unwarily in ploughed fields and open agricultural areas
lives in dark undergrowth and understorey, only venturing to edges and clearings occasionally
b) phaeopygoides juvenile
note intensity of white
a) phaeopygus adult juvenile
5 Marañón Thrush Turdus maranonicus
adult Ecuadorian race more rufous above, pale grey below, bill black
adult
very retiring and wary
4 White-necked Thrush Turdus albicollis
502 006 BNSA.indd 502
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d) polionota
a) venezuelensis
1 Yellow-legged Thrush
b) melanopleura
Turdus flavipes
b) melanopleura
note yellow bill, eyering, legs and feet
c) xanthoscela
usually in midstorey to canopy
edges and clearings, in humid rainforests, but also plantations and gardens
immature
dark morph from Margarita and Trinidad
often found in fruiting trees
juvenile
juvenile
d) polionota
retiring and wary, forages alone or in pairs
a) venezuelensis
juvenile
d) polionota b) melanopleura a) venezuelensis
b) melanopleura
3 Plumbeous-backed Thrush Turdus reevei
orange eye-ring
likes wet and mossy cloud forests particularly on steep hillsides
pale blue eyes diagnostic
sometimes forages on ground often gathers in numbers in fruiting trees
juvenile
juvenile
generally shy and retiring
2 Chestnut-bellied Thrush Turdus fulviventris 006 BNSA.indd 503
adult often in scrub, dry ravines, roadsides and fallow fields near forests
19/9/06 12:57:34
PLATE 244: THRUSHES 4 b
a c
a c
b
1
Glossy-black Thrush 23-25.5cm; UT-Te; R; f
p. 615
2
Chiguanco Thrush 26-28cm; UT-P; R; lc/u p. 614
3
p. 614
equally at home in wild ravines or on lawns and gardens
a) clarus
yellow bill and yellow eye-ring
Great Thrush 28-33cm; S-P; R; c
eye does not show bright red in the field
adult juvenile adult
b) quindio
c) gigas
immature
adult immature yellow legs very noticeable as it flies along hillsides
c) gigas
flicks tail upwards when landing, running along the ground
3 Great Thrush Turdus fuscater
504 006 BNSA.indd 504
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c) fuscobrunneus
1 Glossy-black Thrush Turdus serranus
a) atrocericeus
retiring, wary and somewhat secretive; seldom seen in the open
b) cumanensis
arboreal, seldom seen on ground, often in fruit trees
humid and wet forests, occasionally in dry deciduous forest in south-east Ecuador
juvenile
immature
2 Chiguanco Thrush Turdus chiguanco
wide range of eye colour often stands erect with protruding breast and drooping wings
conradi
often near water; likes ravines with streams
yellow bill, legs and feet
adult
immature
juvenile
often near human habitation, forages on ground, bold and unafraid
006 BNSA.indd 505
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PLATE 245: THRUSHES 5 e a d
c
a
b
1
Black-hooded Thrush 23-24cm; UT-Te; R; f
p. 616
4
Pale-breasted Thrush 23-27cm; T-LS; R; lc/f
p. 617
b
c
2
Black-billed Thrush 21.5-24cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 618
3
Andean Slaty Thrush 19-23cm; T-S; R; u
p. 616
4 Pale-breasted Thrush Turdus leucomelas
likes semi-open and disturbed habitats and readily settles around human habitations
juvenile
3 Andean Slaty Thrush Turdus nigriceps nigriceps
very regularly patterned
albiventer
adult
forages from ground to canopy, occasionally on open ground
eye may be reddish
juvenile
juvenile
arboreal, very wary and retiring
favours areas along streams in shady ravines
506 006 BNSA.indd 506
19/9/06 12:57:41
1 Black-hooded Thrush
see vol. 1 for details of all seven subspecies
Turdus olivater
immature
a) olivater
juvenile
juvenile
c) roraimae
b) duidae forages from ground to canopy, bold and apparently unwary
from humid primary forest to open woodland and plantations, even in fields
may gather in groups in fruiting trees
d) caucae
e) sanctaemartae
b) arthuri
2 Black-billed Thrush Turdus ignobilis
see vol. 1 for details of all subspecies
a) goodfellowi
c) murinus
often on lawns and in gardens in human habitations
from humid forests and tops of some tepuis to light woodlands and plantations
adult juvenile forages from ground to canopy, often in fruiting trees
006 BNSA.indd 507
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PLATE 246: THRUSHES 6
1
p. 620
2
p. 621
3
4
Clay-coloured Thrush 23-26.5cm; T-Te; R; lf/u p. 620
5
p. 619
6
7
8
p. 618
Bare-eyed Thrush 23-24cm; T-LS; R; lc/u
Cocoa Thrush 21.5-24cm; T-LS; R; lf/u p. 619
Dagua Thrush 21.5-23cm; T; R; lf/u
Hauxwell’s Thrush 23cm; LT; R; u/r
Lawrence’s Thrush 21.5-23cm; LT; R; lf/u
Ecuadorian Thrush 21.5-23cm; T-LS; R; lf/u p. 620
Pale-vented Thrush 21.5-23cm; T-LS; R; u/r p. 619
8 Lawrence’s Thrush Turdus lawrencii
adult
7 Cocoa Thrush Turdus fumigatus
adult
usually near water, swamps, streams, but often in open areas of all kinds
juvenile often forages in leaf-litter on ground – and in fruit trees
juvenile distinct dark and pale streaks on throat
juvenile shivers tail upon landing
olive-yellow legs and feet
adult
extraordinary mimic
along streams in seasonally flooded forest
508 006 BNSA.indd 508
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large fleshy eye-ring
1 Bare-eyed Thrush Turdus nudigenis
2 Dagua Thrush Turdus daguae
apparently unwary, foraging in trees, rarely on ground
often in gardens and on lawns, but shy
sings all day
juvenile
adult
juvenile
adult mews like a cat
orange eye-ring
likes cultivated areas, plantations etc.
3 Ecuadorian Thrush Turdus maculirostris
4 Clay-coloured Thrush Turdus grayi
forages from ground to canopy; likes cultivated areas – orchards, plantations
retiring and wary
juvenile juvenile
adult
sometimes roosts in small flocks
likes damp areas and semi-open land with scattered trees
adult
6 Pale-vented Thrush 5 Hauxwell’s Thrush Turdus hauxwelli
retiring and wary usually keeps inside thickets
Turdus obsoletus
fairly arboreal, seldom on ground in leaf-litter
usually inside forests, seldom at edge
sings from inside thick cover
juvenile grey legs and feet usually near water, forested river islands and gallery forests
006 BNSA.indd 509
contrasting white undertail-coverts
adult
19/9/06 12:57:49
PLATE 247: MOCKINGBIRDS, THRASHERS AND CATBIRD d e
d
c
b
b
b
a ?
1
Tropical Mockingbird 23-25.5cm; T-Te; R; c/f p. 622
4
Pearly-eyed Thrasher 27-30cm; T; R; r
p. 623
2
Chalk-browed Mockingbird 23.5-26cm; T; R; c/f p. 622
5
Brown Thrasher 25-29cm; T; B/V; r
p. 623
3
Long-tailed Mockingbird 26-29.5cm; T; R; lc/f p. 622
6
Grey Catbird 20-22cm; T-S; B/V; r
p. 621
skulks on or near the ground in scrub, understorey and edges
juvenile favours dense shrubs and thickets, skulking quietly
adult
rufum
5 Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum
5 Grey Catbird Dumetella carolinensis
510 006 BNSA.indd 510
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1 Tropical Mockingbird Mimus gilvus
a) gilvus
b) melanopterus
juvenile
runs, stops with head up still for a moment.....
d) rostratus
c) tobagensis e) tolimensis semi-open habitats from savanna to parkland, ranches to gardens
distinctive facial pattern
2 Chalk-browed Mockingbird Mimus saturninus
adult
3 Long-tailed Mockingbird Mimus longicaudatus
swampy habitats
b) albogriseus
a) platensis
juvenile
(Isla de la Plata)
juvenile desert and coastal scrub, farmland, towns and gardens hops along ground with raised tail; glides long distances close to ground
4 Pearly-eyed Thrasher bonairensis
Margarops fuscatus
noisy and conspicuous; forages at all levels; from mangroves to towns
006 BNSA.indd 511
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PLATE 248: TANAGERS 1
? ?
Black-faced Tanager 17-19cm; T-S; R; lf/u
1
p. 625
2
White-rumped Tanager 16-16.5cm; T; R; lf
p. 625
5
4
Black-and-white Tanager 16-16.5cm; T-S; R; u/r NT p. 626
Red-billed Pied Tanager 17cm; T; R; f
p. 626
3
Magpie Tanager 25.5-29cm; T; R; c/f
6
White-capped Tanager 23-24cm; S-Te; R; u/r
p. 626
p. 627
7
Grass-green Tanager 20-20.5cm; S-Te; R; c/f p. 626 noisy and conspicuous, travels in groups or small flocks like a troop of jays
sometimes joins mixed-species flocks
juvenile has almost black throat
perches in the open for long periods
usually in wet mossy cloud forests, often with thick undergrowth mixed with bamboo
immature
forages at all levels, will join mixed flocks
6 White-capped Tanager
Sericossypha albocristata
riefferii
7 Grass-green Tanager Chlorornis riefferii
512 006a BNSA.indd 512
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1 Black-faced Tanager
Schistochlamys melanopis
2 Black-and-white Tanager NT
Conothraupis speculigera
aterrima
forages in shrubbery and mid-levels inside forest
often perches on an exposed branch high up to look around
red eyes
may forage in open in grasses and weeds
adult
males sing from high perches
immature stout black bill with pale base
juvenile juvenile looks like a saltator – check facial pattern
juvenile
3 Magpie Tanager
Cissopis leverianus
likes gallery forest and riparian thickets
leverianus
often seen along forest edges and clearings
noisy and conspicuous in mixed-species flocks
adult
often sits for long periods on an isolated high perch
often wags its tail
juvenile
5 Red-billed Pied Tanager Lamprospiza melanoleuca
4 White-rumped Tanager Cypsnagra hirundinacea
usually in pairs; sometimes associates with Yellow-green Grosbeak
usually heard before seen
pallidigula pairs and small groups
adult
from swamps to dry areas
juvenile pairs duet from low treetops
006a BNSA.indd 513
usually in canopy but comes lower in fruiting trees
juvenile female lacks black scallops on back
juvenile
19/9/06 13:09:17
PLATE 249: Bush TanagerS b d
c e
a
f
f Common Bush Tanager 13-14.5cm; T-S; R; c
1
p. 676
2
Pirre Bush Tanager 15cm; T; R; lf
p. 677
3
Tacarcuna Bush Tanager 13-14cm; T; R; lf p. 677
a
b
b
a
4
Dusky-bellied Bush Tanager 14-15cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 677
b
6
8
Short-billed Bush Tanager 14-14.7cm; S; R; lf/u p. 677
Ashy-throated Bush Tanager 13-14cm; T-Te; R; lf/u p. 678
a
7
5
Yellow-throated Bush Tanager 15cm; T; R; c/f p. 678
Yellow-green Bush Tanager 14-14.5cm; T; R; lc VU p. 678
9 Grey-hooded Bush Tanager Cnemoscopus rubrirostris
9
Grey-hooded Bush Tanager 15-17cm; S-P; R; lc/f p. 627
seldom alone, usually in pairs or small groups, often in mixed flocks
rubrirostris
constantly wags tail
distinctive jizz, as it creeps along branches from trunk towards outer foliage
514 006a BNSA.indd 514
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1 Common Bush Tanager
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus
2 Pirre Bush Tanager
Chlorospingus inornatus
usually inside forests
constantly flicks tail sideways and flashes white underwings
likes dense vine-tangles mid-storey and stands of bamboo in elfin forest
3 Tacarcuna Bush Tanager Chlorospingus tacarcunae
a) jacqueti
b) falconensis
travels in small flocks in understorey like Common Bush Tanager
active, noisy and social, leader in mixed flocks
4 Dusky-bellied Bush Tanager
Chlorospingus semifuscus
c) flavopectus
very active and noisy
travels in small flocks
d) venezuelanus
often joins mixedspecies flocks
a) livingstoni
e) nigriceps
usually forest interior
b) semifuscus
f) phaeocephalus details of all 11 races in vol. 1
5 Short-billed Bush Tanager Chlorospingus parvirostris
olive lores
huallagae usually at higher elevations than Yellow-throated Bush Tanager
active at all levels
7 Yellow-throated Bush Tanager Chlorospingus flavigularis
humid mossy forests esp. along mountain streams
6 Ashy-throated Bush Tanager Chlorospingus canigularis
all-grey, dark eyes often along mountain streams and adjacent clearings
white postocular
b) conspicillatus
a) signatus
pale grey lores, brownish eyes
8 Yellow-green Bush Tanager VU pale eyes
Chlorospingus flavovirens
often in mixedspecies flocks
a) flavigularis
b) marginatus
006a BNSA.indd 515
active and noisy mostly mid-storey to canopy
19/9/06 13:09:21
PLATE 250: HEMISPINGUSES
b c
a a
1
Grey-capped Hemispingus 14cm; S-Te; R; lf NT p. 628
d Superciliaried Hemispingus 13-14cm; Te-P; R; c/u p. 628
2
d
b
3
Black-capped Hemispingus 15-18cm; Te-P; R; c/f p. 627
c
a
4
Slaty-backed Hemispingus 13-15cm; Te; R; lc VU p. 629
7
Western Hemispingus 14cm; S-Te; R; r
p. 629
5
Oleaginous Hemispingus 13-15cm; S-Te; R; f p. 628
8
poorly known forages within forests, favours dense tangles of undergrowth
Piura Hemispingus 14cm; S-Te; R; u
p. 629
7 Western Hemispingus Hemispingus ochraceus
6
Black-headed Hemispingus 14-15cm; Te-P; R; lc/u p. 630
9
Black-eared Hemispingus 14cm; S-Te; R; r p. 629
ochraceus
8 Piura Hemispingus Hemispingus piurae
associated with dense undergrowth of Chusquea bamboo
favours dense thickets esp. Chusquea bamboo and Dryopteris ferns
melanotis
9 Black-eared Hemispingus Hemispingus melanotis
piurae
often joins mixedspecies groups
usually forages in pairs, seldom joins mixed flocks
516 006a BNSA.indd 516
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1 Grey-capped Hemispingus NT Hemispingus reyi
occasionally in flocks up to 20 birds
2 Superciliaried Hemispingus
Hemispingus superciliaris
mostly in canopy, joins mixed flocks
wet, mossy forests esp. with groves of Chusquea bamboo
yellow eyebrow
blackish face
white
a) nigrifrons
pale cheeks
b) chrysophrys
3 Black-capped Hemispingus
Hemispingus atropileus atropileus
c) superciliaris
forages restlessly in small flocks dense undergrowth
d) maculifrons
4 Slaty-backed Hemispingus Hemispingus goeringi
wet, humid cloud forest, dense shrubbery edges, liking for Chusquea bamboo
VU
forages restlessly in flocks of up to 10 or more birds
forages on ground, in grass, at forest edge at dawn
often found near treeline, near bamboo stands
forages on or near ground in dense forest undergrowth
6 Black-headed Hemispingus Hemispingus verticalis
line runs through crown to nape
5 Oleaginous Hemispingus
Hemispingus frontalis
b) flavidorsalis
a) frontalis
often near treeline, alder and bamboo stands duller
usually stays within forest
c) iteratus
adult
juvenile
d) hanieli mid-storey to canopy forages actively often with jerky movements
adult
vocalises frequently
juvenile
lower to mid-storey
often twitches and flicks tail
006a BNSA.indd 517
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PLATE 251: TANAGERS 2
b a
c
d
1
Fulvous-headed Tanager 12-13cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 630
2
Rufous-chested Tanager 12-13cm; S-P; R; lf/r
p. 631
3
Buff-bellied Tanager 12.5-13cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 630
a
c
? ?
4
Orange-headed Tanager 14cm; T; R; lc/u p. 631
5
Guira Tanager 13-14cm; T; R; f/u
e
d
b
a b
p. 631
f
6
Yellow-backed Tanager 12.7-13cm; T; R; f/u
p. 632
?
7
Scarlet-and-white Tanager 12-13cm; T; R; lf/u p. 632
8
Black-and-yellow Tanager 12cm; T; R; r p. 632
7 Scarlet-and-white Tanager Chrysothlypis salmoni often perches upright
9 Hooded Tanager
Nemosia pileata
likes open trees with light foliage
hypoleuca
ocularis
Chrysothlypis chrysomelas
pale eyes and distinctive supraloral mark
female like female Yellowbacked Tanager but lighter and brighter
8 Black-and-yellow Tanager
p. 633
favours dense scrub on ridges and steep canyons
probes hanging branches of dead leves
Hooded Tanager 12-13.5cm; T; R; lc/u
often joins mixed flocks
9
likes semi-open moist semi-deciduous forests
continually vocalises
518 006a BNSA.indd 518
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1 Fulvous-headed Tanager Thlypopsis fulviceps
2 Rufous-chested Tanager
ornata
Thlypopsis ornata
females have paler throat
adult
a) intensa juvenile
3 Buff-bellied Tanager Thlypopsis inornata
alone or in pairs, often joins mixedspecies flocks
b) obscuriceps
female has duller more olive crown and nape
c) meridensis adult
4 Orange-headed Tanager
d) fulviceps
Thlypopsis sordida
juvenile dense thickets and vine tangles, Chusquea bamboo, clearings, open woodlands
5 Guira Tanager forages restlessly
Hemithraupis guira
juvenile
orinocensis stubby second growth prefers rivers and ravines, mostly near gound, may forage in grass
adult
6 Yellow-backed Tanager Hemithraupis flavicollis
juvenile
a) guirina
continually active, often in open scrub and grassland
d) ornata
b) nigrigula
c) albigularis
river islands
b) peruana
immature
forages in small flocks in outer canopy
e) hellmayri
f) aurigularis
a) flavicollis f) aurigularis
immature
immature
006a BNSA.indd 519
in flocks, may be up to 20 birds, also joins mixed flocks
f) aurigularis
mainly in humid terra firme, várzea but occasionally in lighter woodland e.g. plantations
19/9/06 13:09:30
PLATE 252: TANAGERS 3
1
Olive Tanager 17cm; T; R; lc
p. 634
2
Ochre-breasted Tanager 17-18.5cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 635
b
4
Rosy Thrush-Tanager 19-20cm; T-S; R; lc/u b
Carmiol’s Tanager 16-17cm; T; R; lc
p. 634
a
5
Lemon-spectacled Tanager 17cm; T-S; R; lc/f p. 634
3
p. 633
6
Dusky-faced Tanager 18cm; T; R; c/f
p. 633
c
a
7
Olive-backed Tanager 18.5-19.5cm; T-S; R; lc p. 634
8
Grey-headed Tanager 16-18.5cm; T; R; lf/r
p. 635 female White-shouldered Tanager (pl. 254) smaller and lacks crest
very often follows army ants
pairs or groups in dense understorey
a) penicillata
b) cristata
c) affinis
likes swampy forests, Mauritia groves, mangroves, riparian woodlands
juvenile
8 Grey-headed Tanager Eucometis penicillata
520 006a BNSA.indd 520
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1 Olive Tanager
Chlorothraupis frenata
2 Ochre-breasted Tanager Chlorothraupis stolzmanni dugandi
forages rapidly and noisily in flocks of up to 20
interior of wet forests, sometimes to subcanopy
3 Carmiol’s Tanager
Chlorothraupis carmioli
lutescens noisy and quick-moving in vine-tangled understorey
4 Lemon-spectacled Tanager
Chlorothraupis olivacea
spectacles
adult
see vol. 1 for taxonomy of Chlorothraupis and Mitrospingus
small groups in dense undergrowth
juvenile
especially along streams
5 Rosy Thrush-Tanager Rhodinocichla rosea
a) rosea
6 Dusky-faced Tanager
b) beebei
constantly twitches wings and tails
forages on or very near ground
Mitrospingus cassinii
cassinii
usually in undergrowth often with Tawny-crested Tanager (pl. 254)
swamps, streams, wet places
immature
7 Olive-backed Tanager
sings from cover
Mitrospingus oleagineus
usually in small groups up to 6 or 7
juvenile female like adult but duller in gardens in towns and cities but keeps well inside cover, often heard but seldom seen
oleagineus
adult juvenile forages sluggishly and quietly
006a BNSA.indd 521
dense second growth on white sandy soil
19/9/06 13:09:34
PLATE 253: TANAGERS 4
a
b
1
Crowned Ant Tanager 17-19cm; T; R; lc/r
p. 675
2
Red-throated Ant Tanager 18-20cm; T; R; u p. 675
3
Crested Ant Tanager 19cm; T-S; R; lf
p. 676
a
b
?
4
b
a
Fulvous Shrike-Tanager 15-18cm; T; R; c/f
p. 635
5
Sooty Ant Tanager 19-20cm; T; R; lf/r NT p. 676
Scarlet-browed Tanager 17-18cm; T; R; lf/u
6 Scarlet-browed Tanager
7
6
Rufous-crested Tanager 15-16.5cm; T-Te; R; lf/r p. 636
Heterospingus xanthopygius
p. 636
often perches motionless on exposed branch of tree crown moves rapidly while foraging; often joins mixed flocks
a) xanthopygius
mostly in canopy
all have black bills, legs and feet
b) berliozi
7 Rufous-crested Tanager Creurgops verticalis
crest seldom raised
occasionally alone but usually in mixedspecies flocks
juvenile
forages in a deliberate manner
522 006a BNSA.indd 522
19/9/06 13:09:37
1 Crowned Ant Tanager
see vol. 1 for details of 6 subspecies
Habia rubica
flicks wings and cocks tail when alarmed
wary and retiring, usually in dense undergrowth
see vol. 1 for taxonomic changes to Habia genus
ravines, river edges
a) crissalis
2 Red-throated Ant Tanager
Habia fuscicauda
small flocks in dense undergrowth
b) rhodinolaema
juveniles like female but darker
erythrolaema
usually in pairs or loose groups
3 Crested Ant Tanager
juvenile similar
Habia cristata
tangles and dense cover, esp. ravines and mountain streams
4 Fulvous Shrike-Tanager
noisy
Lanio fulvus
sits rather upright on larger branches
usually within forests juvenile is rufouscinnamon
5 Sooty Ant Tanager NT Habia gutturalis
a) fulvus
dense growth along streams and landslides
b) peruvianus
immature
forages noisily just below canopy; will follow mixed-species flocks sallying to catch disturbed invertebrates
noisy when foraging
006a BNSA.indd 523
19/9/06 13:09:39
PLATE 254: TANAGERS 5
b
c c c
d
a
?
e
1
?
Flame-crested Tanager 15-16.5cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 636
2
3
White-shouldered Tanager 13-14cm; T; R; c/lu p. 637
White-lined Tanager 17-19cm; T; R; c/lr
p. 638
b a
?
4
Fulvous-crested Tanager 15-17cm; T; R; lf/u p. 637
5
Yellow-crested Tanager 15cm; T; V?; r
6
p. 638
Red-shouldered Tanager 15-16cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 638 light woodland, scrubby edges, rocky outcrops
shoulder marking mostly concealed when perched
7
Tawny-crested Tanager 14-14.5cm; T; R; c/f
p. 637
6 Red-shouldered Tanager Tachyphonus phoenicius
usually forages low
apparently stays part of a single mixedspecies flock within a fixed territory
juvenile
bar is diagnostic, variable in width
under to lower mid-storey
juvenile
usually in flocks 8–20, sometimes joins mixed flocks
note combination of yellow throat and orange undertail-coverts
5 Yellow-crested Tanager Tachyphonus rufiventer
7 Tawny-crested Tanager Tachyphonus delatrii
524 006a BNSA.indd 524
19/9/06 13:09:42
1 Flame-crested Tanager Tachyphonus cristatus
2 White-shouldered Tanager
usually forages midstorey to canopy
almost always in mixedspecies flocks
c) intercedens
a) cristatellus
from Imataca & Alta Cuyuni, Venezuela
bill black
Tachyphonus luctuosus
c) intercedens
often flicks wings
from Essequibo, Guiana
juvenile
b) orenocensis
d) cristatus
large white patch, also white underwing-coverts
c) intercedens
immature
from Gran Sabana, Venezuela sometimes perches rather upright
preference for dense vegetation
often joins mixed-species flocks
4 Fulvous-crested Tanager
e) fallax
3 White-lined Tanager Tachyphonus rufus
Tachyphonus surinamus
a) brevipes
white line usually concealed when perched
two-tone bill
also white underwingcoverts
harlequin plumage of immature very variable
b) surinamus
immature
mostly mid-storey usually lower than Flame-crested Tanager
juvenile
immature sandy soil forests and tropical humid forest
almost invariably forage in pairs
006a BNSA.indd 525
19/9/06 13:09:45
PLATE 255: TANAGERS 6
?
?
?
1
2
Summer Tanager 16.5-18cm; T-S; B; lf/u p. 679
Red-hooded Tanager 17-19cm; S-Te; R; u/r
p. 680
3
Lowland Hepatic Tanager 18cm; T-Te; R; f p. 679
b ? c a
4
5
White-winged Tanager 13-14.5cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 680
Scarlet Tanager 16-18cm; T; B; lf/u
forages in deliberate manner
usually in pairs
p. 680
6
Highland Hepatic Tanager 18cm; T-S; R; f/s p. 679
two-tone bill
b) haemalea
a) lutea uniform below
often in mixed flocks
juvenile
c) faceta
always in forests
juvenile
mostly in canopy
6 Highland Hepatic Tanager Piranga lutea
526 006a BNSA.indd 526
19/9/06 13:09:47
1 Summer Tanager
Piranga rubra
pale bill
2 Red-hooded Tanager
Piranga rubriceps
rubra
yellow shoulder and red hood diagnostic seems to forage sluggishly
more rosy
mostly in canopy
immature
humid to wet open forests and edges
juvenile
immature
female ranges from orange infusion on underparts to near uniform cinnamon
4 White-winged Tanager Piranga leucoptera
double white wingbars diagnostic
venezuelae
olive flammulations
3 Lowland Hepatic Tanager Piranga flava
juvenile
grey lores not easy to see
macconnelli
pale throat
usually in canopy occasionally lower to ground
epiphyteladen cloud forest
immature
plantations, disturbed habitat
edges of moist forests, light woodland, riverine habitats, orchards, gardens and parks
5 Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea
often seems to forage lethargically
usually alone or in pairs
maybe in flocks on passage in spring
may have orange tinge to underparts
variety of open, lightly wooded habitats
often in pairs or with mixed flocks
winter
breeding
moulting
006a BNSA.indd 527
immature
forages at all levels, usually high up
19/9/06 13:09:50
PLATE 256: TANAGERS 7
1
Flame-rumped Tanager 18-18.5cm; T-S; R; f/c
p. 640
2
Lemon-rumped Tanager 18-18.5cm; T-S; R; f/c
3 Western Tanager
Piranga ludoviciana
p. 641
3
Western Tanager 17cm; T; V; r
p. 681
greyish back
grey morph
non-breeding
breeding
accidental vagrant on Bonaire
open woodland, shrubbery, open spaces with scattered trees and bushes
528 006a BNSA.indd 528
19/9/06 13:09:51
1 Flame-rumped Tanager
significant variation of rump colour, usually red
Ramphocelus flammigerus
often forages alone but frequently in groups male often sits in the open with rump fluffed out
second growth, woodland edges plantations, gardens
variation on females
juvenile
juvenile see vol. 1 for comments on taxonomy of these two species
2 Lemon-rumped Tanager Ramphocelus icteronotus
pale base when resting constantly jerks tail and often flicks wings forages noisily in bands
note that all have silvery blue-grey bills, legs and feet
immature
joins mixed groups in fruiting trees
juvenile
006a BNSA.indd 529
19/9/06 13:09:54
PLATE 257: TANAGERS 8
b
1
p. 638
2
Masked Crimson Tanager 17-19cm; T; R; f p. 639
5
Vermilion Tanager 17-18cm; T-S; R; lf/r
?
7
3
Silver-beaked Tanager 16-18cm; T; R; c
p. 639
?
4
Crimson-backed Tanager 16-18cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 639
a
Gold-ringed Tanager 16cm; S; R; lc/r EN
Moss-backed Tanager 15-16cm; T-S; R; c/lu
p. 645
6
Golden-chested Tanager 15-16cm; T; R; lf/r p. 644
8
p. 645
Black-and-gold Tanager 15-16cm; T-S; R; lc EN p. 644
forages in sluggish manner, hops along branch like a barbet
5 Moss-backed Tanager EN Bangsia edwardsi
hops along branches like a barbet, facing left, then right with each hop
humid to wet, mossy and dense cloud forests on steep ridges
6 Golden-chested Tanager Bangsia rothschildi
usually alone or in pairs at all levels
/juvenile
7 Gold-ringed Tanager EN Bangsia aureocincta
8 Black-and-gold Tanager Bangsia melanochlamys
530 006a BNSA.indd 530
19/9/06 13:09:56
1 Vermilion Tanager
Calochaetes coccineus
canopy, humid mossy cloud forest
almost always joins mixed-species flocks
3 Silver-beaked Tanager Ramphocelus carbo
often flicks wings and tail
2 Crimson-backed Tanager
bright silvery bill on all males
Ramphocelus dimidiatus
second growth, plantations, gardens
dimidiatus shrubby edges, cultivations, plantations and gardens
a) capitalis
forages actively and noisily
pairs; sometimes in mixed flocks
b) venezuelensis
immature
4 Masked Crimson Tanager Ramphocelus nigrogularis
juvenile
forages noisily pairs or small flocks
usually forages low in forest edge undergrowth
most roost in large flocks white base to lower mandible on these species is a strong field mark
usually low, but goes high for Erythrina in blossom
shrubby edges of várzea, along streams, usually near water
006a BNSA.indd 531
19/9/06 13:09:58
PLATE 258: TANAGERS 8 c d
d
a
c
a
c
1
Blue-grey Tanager 16-18cm; T-S; R; c
b b
b
a
b
d
p. 642
2
p. 643
3
p. 644
5
p. 642
6
Blue-capped Tanager 16-19cm; S-Te; R; lc/u
Palm Tanager 16.5-19cm; T; R; c
p. 642
?
4
Blue-backed Tanager 17cm; T; R; u/r
Glaucous Tanager 16-17cm; T; R; lf/u
gallery forest, mature second growth to parks and gardens
bill dark
Blue-and-yellow Tanager 16.5-17cm; T-Te; R; lf/u p. 643
usually in pairs or small groups
mostly dry areas
adult
darwinii
juvenile
5 Glaucous Tanager
Thraupis glaucocolpa
groups gather in fruiting trees
6 Blue-and-yellow Tanager Thraupis bonariensis
532 006a BNSA.indd 532
19/9/06 13:10:00
1 Blue-grey Tanager Thraupis episcopus
2 Blue-capped Tanager
Thraupis cyanocephala
see vol. 1 for details of all 8 subspecies
see vol. 1 for details of 9 subspecies
note different shoulder colours
b) buesingi
a) subcinerea all levels, mostly high
a) caerulea
noisy unless alone
black
b) mediana c) cyanocephala
c) nesophilus d) olivicyanea
d) cana mid-levels to canopy, wide variety of habitats
juvenile
juvenile
usually in pairs or family groups
numerous in fruiting trees
3 Palm Tanager
Thraupis palmarum
often joins aggregations at fruiting trees forages noisily, frequently bickering
pairs or small groups
disturbed habitats, roadsides, orchards, gardens, plantations, etc.
4 Blue-backed Tanager Cyanicterus cyanicterus
orange eyes
tall humid forests
forages for insects on undersides of palm leaves
a) violilavata b) melanoptera
juvenile
usually forages in canopy
006a BNSA.indd 533
immature
noisy and usually heard before seen, often in pairs
fond of Cecropia fruits
19/9/06 13:10:03
PLATE 259: MOUNTAIN TANAGERS
a b
1
4
5
Hooded Mountain Tanager 21-23cm; S-Te; R; f p. 645
Orange-throated Tanager 17-18cm; T; R; u/r VU p. 646
2
Black-chested Mountain Tanager 18-22cm; Te-P; R; u/r p. 645
3
Masked Mountain Tanager 20-21.5cm; Te-P; R; lf/r VU p. 646
Scarlet-bellied Mountain Tanager 16-19cm; Te-P; R; lc/u p. 647
see vol. 1 for details of all 8 subspecies
b a
d
e) venezuelanus
c
juvenile
6
Lacrimose Mountain Tanager 17-19cm; S-P; R; c/f p. 647
adult
7
Black-chinned Mountain Tanager 18-18.5cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 648
d) victorini
c) baezae
8
Santa Marta Mountain Tanager 18-18.5cm; S-Te; R; c/f p. 646
b) cyanopterus d b
c
a Blue-winged Mountain Tanager 16-18cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 647
9
e
typically forages in small groups, moving along branches to outermost fringes
a) somptuosus
9 Blue-winged Mountain Tanager Anisognathus somptuosus
534 006a BNSA.indd 534
19/9/06 13:10:05
1 Hooded Mountain Tanager Buthraupis montana venezuelae may travel in
red eyes
2 Black-chested Mountain Tanager Buthraupis eximia
forages quietly and high up, seldom in mixed-species flocks
flocks of up to 25 birds usually in high canopies
a) eximia brown eyes
black thighs
b) chloronota
yellow thighs
3 Masked Mountain Tanager VU Buthraupis wetmorei
4 Orange-throated Tanager
forages slowly and quietly, usually in low cover
Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron VU
usually in canopy forages in moss and epiphytes along larger limbs
5 Scarlet-bellied Mountain Tanager Anisognathus igniventris
6 Lacrimose Mountain Tanager Anisognathus lacrymosus
wet cloud and mossy forests, elfin, dwarf and Polylepis to clearings and pastures
see vol. 1 for details of all 7 subspecies
adult
juvenile
a) tamae
7 Black-chinned Mountain Tanager
8 Santa Marta Mountain Tanager
Anisognathus notabilis
b) melanops
pauses during foraging to sit and rest rather upright; typically forages along branches from base to outer stems
c) palpebrosus Anisognathus melanogenys
d) intensus
006a BNSA.indd 535
edges and clearings, second-growth woodland
forages actively, with quick movements
19/9/06 13:10:08
PLATE 260: TANAGERS 10
b
1
Purplish-mantled Tanager 14-16cm; S; R; lf/u NT p. 648
a
2
Golden-crowned Tanager 16.5-18cm; Te-P; R; f/u p. 649
3
Yellow-throated Tanager 15-16cm; T-S; R; f/r p. 648
b a a
4
Fawn-breasted Tanager 13-15cm; T-S; R; lf/u
p. 649
5
Buff-breasted Mountain Tanager 18-20cm; S-P; R; lf/u p. 649
6 Black-backed Bush Tanager Urothraupis stolzmanni
6
Black-backed Bush Tanager 15-16cm; P; R; lc/u p. 675
536 006a BNSA.indd 536
19/9/06 13:10:09
1 Purplish-mantled Tanager NT
Iridosornis porphyrocephalus
2 Golden-crowned Tanager
Iridosornis rufivertex
forages in dense undergrowth and tangled thickets
often joins mixed-species flocks
a) caeruleoventris
adult humid mossy cloud forests
3 Yellow-throated Tanager Iridosornis analis
juvenile
a) rufivertex
eyes dark red
horizontal posture typical when active
usually alone or in pairs occasionally in mixed-species flocks
4 Fawn-breasted Tanager Pipraeidea melanonota
usually in lower growth occasionally in canopy
venezuelensis
5 Buff-breasted Mountain Tanager Dubusia taeniata
note considerable variation of plumage in both sexes
juvenile
note distinctive extended eyebrows heard before seen
often sits quietly on exposed perch for long periods, then sallies out
b) carrikeri wet mossy forests to brushy patches in some areas, favours Chusquea bamboo
a) taeniata
006a BNSA.indd 537
forages in a rather deliberate and sluggish manner
19/9/06 13:10:12
PLATE 261: TANAGERS 11
?
1
Glistening-green Tanager 12.5-13.5cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 656
b
2
3
5
6
Orange-eared Tanager 12-13.5cm; T-S; R; lc/f p. 657
Multicoloured Tanager 12-13cm; T-S; R; lf/u VU p. 657
a
c
4
Turquoise Tanager 12-14cm; T; R; c/f
p. 657
Blue-whiskered Tanager 13-13.5cm; T; R; lf/r NT p. 658
Plain-coloured Tanager 12-12.2cm; T; R; u
p. 657
b a c
7
Grey-and-gold Tanager 14.5-15cm; T; R; f/u
p. 658
?
8
Paradise Tanager 12-14cm; T; R; c/lu
p. 658
9
Emerald Tanager 12-13cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 659
?
10
Green-and-gold Tanager 12-14cm; T; R; lc/u p. 659
searches along mosscovered limbs forages at all levels, usually in canopy
often with Paradise Tanager in mixed-species flocks, forages at all levels
often in mixedspecies flocks
9 Emerald Tanager Tangara florida
venezuelana
10 Green-and-gold Tanager
Tangara schrankii
juvenile
538 006a BNSA.indd 538
19/9/06 13:10:14
1 Glistening-green Tanager
2 Orange-eared Tanager
Chlorochrysa phoenicotis
Chlorochrysa calliparaea
very wet mossy and cloud forests, gleans outer foliage
usually in mixed flocks
humid to wet mossy forests
3 Multicoloured Tanager Chlorochrysa nitidissima
VU
juvenile
regularly in isolated large trees in clearings or close to forest
4 Turquoise Tanager
Tangara mexicana
open woodland, river islands, plantations, parks and gardens
humid to wet mossy forest and wedges, also isolated trees nearby
5 Blue-whiskered Tanager
forages actively and noisily in groups of up to 10 or so, in canopy; rarely in mixed-species flocks
Tangara johannae
NT
usually in pairs in canopy
a) lateralis
juvenile
b) media adult
b) media
c) boliviana
humid to wet edges, clearings, landslides etc.
juvenile
6 Plain-coloured Tanager
Tangara inornata
7 Grey-and-gold Tanager Tangara palmeri
often flicks wings and tail
adult
noisy and quickmoving, sometimes in mixed flocks
juvenile
8 Paradise Tanager Tangara chilensis
juvenile
humid to very wet forests, edges, often on very steep hillsides, and in isolated trees
a) coelicolor
variety of habitats from forests to plantations and scattered trees in pastures
forages in large numbers, flocks may be 20 strong
adult
b) paradisea c) chilensis
006a BNSA.indd 539
usually in canopy, sometimes in mixed flocks
juvenile
19/9/06 13:10:17
PLATE 262: TANAGERS 12
?
a
b
1
Golden-eared Tanager 14cm; T-S; R; f/u
p. 660
2
Saffron-crowned Tanager 12.5-13.5cm; T-S; R; f/lr p. 660
3
Spotted Tanager 11-13cm; T; R; f/u
p. 661
a b
b
a ?
c a
b
?
4
p. 661
5
7
p. 662
8
Yellow-bellied Tanager 11-12.7cm; T; R; lf/u
Dotted Tanager 11-11.5cm; T; R; f/u b
Speckled Tanager 12-13.5cm; T-S; R; lc/f
Rufous-throated Tanager 12cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 662
a
Flame-faced Tanager 14-15cm; T-S; R, f
p. 660
9
Silver-throated Tanager 13-13.5cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 660 see vol. 1 for details of 7 subspecies
note ear patches
c
10
Golden Tanager 13-14cm; T-S; R; c
6
humid to wet mossy forests and shrubby edges, often in groups
d
e
p. 661
b) aurulenta p. 659
a) arthus
noisy and active, often in mixed-species flocks
juvenile
juvenile
juvenile
c) goodsoni
icterocephala
9 Silver-throated Tanager Tangara icterocephala
d) sclateri
e) occidentalis
10 Golden Tanager
Tangara arthus
540 006a BNSA.indd 540
19/9/06 13:10:19
1 Golden-eared Tanager
Tangara chrysotis
very active in small groups, often joins mixed-species flocks
juvenile
2 Saffron-crowned Tanager
Tangara xanthocephala
3 Spotted Tanager
Tangara punctata
venusta
may be in large groups, often in mixed canopy flocks
note greyish background to breast
usually in canopy, often in mixedspecies flocks
a) punctata
adult
juvenile
5 Speckled Tanager Tangara guttata
4 Yellow-bellied Tanager Tangara xanthogastra
humid terra firme and várzea, canopy, mixed flocks
b) zamorae
1 for details see vol. of all 5 subspecies
terra firme forests in Amazonia, mossy forests in Andes
from humid forest to light woodland, plantations, to isolated shrubs and trees nearby
a) xanthogastra
a) chrysophrys
7 Dotted Tanager Tangara varia
b) bogotensis mossy, melastome-dominated second growth on sandy soil on slopes of tepuis
b) phelpsi
6 Flame-faced Tanager Tangara parzudakii
a) lunigera
race guttata (c) with white background on chest and belly is diagnostic in field
almost always in mixed-species flocks
almost invariably in mixed-species flocks
8 Rufous-throated Tanager Tangara rufigula
adult adult
b) parzudakii forages in a lethargic manner along mossy limbs and in tufts of lichen
006a BNSA.indd 541
in canopy of wet mossy cloud forests, favouring irregular formation with small clearings on steep slopes
juvenile
19/9/06 13:10:22
PLATE 263: TANAGERS 13
c b
d f
e
a
1
Bay-headed Tanager 12-14cm; T-S; R; c/lu
4
Scrub Tanager 14cm; T-Te; R; c/f
2
3
5
6
p. 662
p. 663
Rufous-winged Tanager 12-13.2cm; T; R; f/u p. 663
Burnished-buff Tanager 13-14cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 663
Rufous-cheeked Tanager 12-13cm; T-LS; R; u p. 664
Metallic-green Tanager 11.5-13cm; T-S; R; lc/r p. 664
b b c
7
Blue-browed Tanager 11-12.2cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 664
a
8
Golden-naped Tanager 11.5-13cm; T-S; R; f/u
p. 664
a) taylori b) ruficervix
humid to wet forests, edges, second growth, also isolated trees and bushes nearby
often in mixedspecies flocks
8 Golden-naped Tanager Tangara ruficervix
c) leucotis
juvenile
542 006a BNSA.indd 542
19/9/06 13:10:24
1 Bay-headed Tanager Tangara gyrola
2 Rufous-winged Tanager Tangara lavinia lavinia
humid to wet forests, edges and second growth
a) catharinae quite active and noisy when foraging
b) nupera forages high but comes lower for fruiting shrubs and trees; usually on bare branches
c) deleticia
d) toddi
3 Rufous-cheeked Tanager Tangara rufigenis
wet forests and edges especially in disturbed or landslide areas, with much Melastomeaceae
e) gyrola
4 Scrub Tanager
Tangara vitriolina
Tangara cayana
behaviour and habitat similar to Burnished-buff Tanager
juvenile
most common in terra firme forests
5 Burnished-buff Tanager
usually in mixed-species feeding flocks
f) parva
juvenile
cayana
6 Metallic-green Tanager Tangara labradorides
labradorides
humid forest edges, clearings and pastures
variations
7 Blue-browed Tanager Tangara cyanotis
lutleyi
small groups in canopy, sometimes in mixed flocks
juvenile
drier semi-open habitats with scattered trees and shrubs, groves, parks, gardens etc.
006a BNSA.indd 543
humid to wet mossy forests and edges, wooded ravines
19/9/06 13:10:27
PLATE 264: TANAGERS 14
d
c b
a
1
Blue-necked Tanager 12-13cm; T-S; R; c/lu
p. 665
2
p. 666
5
Masked Tanager 12-13cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 665
3
Blue-and-black Tanager 12.5-14cm; Te-P; R; u/f p. 666
a b
4
Beryl-spangled Tanager 12-13cm; T-Te; R; c/f
Golden-hooded Tanager 12-13cm; T; R; lc/u p. 665
6
Opal-crowned Tanager 14-14.7cm; T; R; f/r
p. 668
a b
7
Green-naped Tanager 12cm; S; R; r NT
8
p. 666
Opal-rumped Tanager 12-14.5cm; T; R; lc/u
8 Opal-rumped Tanager Tangara velia
p. 668
forages in groups of up to 15 or so birds, and often joins mixed-species feeding flocks
juvenile
a) velia
b) iridina
mostly in humid terra firme and várzea forests and edges but visits trees in clearings and out in the open nearby; more often on thinner outer branches
544 006a BNSA.indd 544
19/9/06 13:10:29
1 Blue-necked Tanager
Tangara cyanicollis
2 Masked Tanager
Tangara nigrocincta
joins feeding aggregations in fruiting trees
male distinctly more lustrous and lilaceous on head; black breast may reach belly
forages actively and noisily at all levels
a) cyanopygia
b) caeruleocephala
semi-open habitats, humid forest edges to plantations and cultivations
c) granadensis
juvenile
4 Beryl-spangled Tanager Tangara nigroviridis
d) hannahiae juvenile
forages warily among outer stems, favouring hanging branches
immature essentially a nonforest bird
a) nigroviridis
3 Blue-and-black Tanager Tangara vassorii
vassorii b) cyanescens often in small flocks or mixedspecies flocks
broken humid to wet forests and elfin forests, mature melastome – dominated second growth, and pastures with scattered trees
juvenile
5 Golden-hooded Tanager Tangara larvata
fanny semi-open habitats from light woodland to pastures and gardens
juvenile adult
6 Opal-crowned Tanager Tangara callophrys
juvenile
7 Green-naped Tanager NT Tangara fucosa
where sympatric it often forages with Opalrumped Tanager, but on inner, thicker branches
006a BNSA.indd 545
rare vagrant from Panamá likely to be seen in feeding aggregations in fruiting trees
19/9/06 13:10:32
PLATE 265: TANAGERS 15
1
a
4
2
Black-capped Tanager 13-13.5cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 667
Black-headed Tanager 13-14cm; T-S; R; lc/u
Straw-backed Tanager 13cm; T-S; R; r
p. 667
3
p. 673
Silvery Tanager 12.5-13cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 667
b
5
p. 667
Tit-like Dacnis 12-14cm; T-P; R; lf
6
Swallow Tanager 14-15cm; S; R; c/lu
5 Tit-like Dacnis
Xenodacnis parina
p. 674
bella
7
Plushcap 13-14 cm; S-P; R; u/lf
p. 674 low shrubby woodland dominated by Gynoxys shrubs and trees, also in Polylepis groves and cloud forest edges
6 Swallow Tanager Tersina viridis
occidentalis
juvenile
sallies from high exposed branches, flight swift and swallow-like, non-breeding foraging flocks may contain 100 birds or so!
7 Plushcap
Catamblyrhynchus diadema
federalis
immature
nests in cavities on cliff faces and sides of banks
usually in pairs or with mixedspecies feeding flocks – and almost exclusively in Chusquea bamboo
546 006a BNSA.indd 546
19/9/06 13:10:35
1 Black-capped Tanager Tangara heinei
usually forages in pairs or small groups, seldom seen in mixed flocks or in feeding aggregations; generally heard before seen
full adult
second year
mid-storey to canopy, seldom inside forest, second growth, pastures with trees etc.
first year
2 Straw-backed Tanager canopy and edges of humid montane forests
Tangara argyrofenges
pairs, small flocks, joins mixed-species flocks
3 Silvery Tanager
Tangara viridicollis
fulvigula
from humid forest and dwarf cloud forest to wooded ravines and trees and shrubbery, in clearings and near woodland
b) whitelyi
4 Black-headed Tanager Tangara cyanoptera
a) cyanoptera
forages actively mid-storey to canopy, small groups – may join mixed flocks
immature
wet forests, stunted, mossy, melastome-dominated second growth on tepuis
006a BNSA.indd 547
juvenile
19/9/06 13:10:38
PLATE 266: DACNISES AND BANANAQUIT b a
1
Turquoise Dacnis 11-11.4cm; T-S; R; r VU p. 669
4
g
m
k
p. 670
3
Black-faced Dacnis 11-11.5cm; T; R; f/u
p. 669
Viridian Dacnis 10-11.5cm; T; R; r NT p. 671
6
Scarlet-breasted Dacnis 12cm; T; R; u/r
p. 671
Yellow-bellied Dacnis 11-13cm; T; R; f/u
p. 669
5
p. 683
8
White-bellied Dacnis 10-11.7cm; T; R; r a n h e bc o m
2
j
l i
d f
7
Bananaquit 10cm; T; R; c
Scarlet-thighed Dacnis 12-12.2cm; T; R; lf/r
p. 670
9
Blue Dacnis 11-12.7cm; T; R; c/f
p. 670
humid to very wet edges, second growth, plantations, etc
juvenile
immature
fuliginata
8 Scarlet-thighed Dacnis Dacnis venusta
9 Blue Dacnis
Dacnis cayana
forages restlessly, often joins mixedspecies flocks
548 006a BNSA.indd 548
19/9/06 13:10:41
1 Turquoise Dacnis VU Dacnis hartlaubi
3 Black-faced Dacnis
Dacnis lineata
2 Yellow-bellied Dacnis
Dacnis flaviventer
a) lineata
b) egregia
may be separate species: Yellow-tufted Dacnis
forages in a sluggish manner, mostly in canopy
4 White-bellied Dacnis Dacnis albiventris
usually alone or in pairs; often favours forest and edges along rivers and on river islands
5 Viridian Dacnis Dacnis viguieri
6 Scarlet-breasted Dacnis Dacnis berlepschi
often joins mixed flocks
may follow canopy flocks, forages in outer edges of canopy
7 Bananaquit
Coereba flaveola
a) laurae
tends to keep within high treetops
humid to very wet forests, cloud forests, edges, mature second growth
in some areas comes to tables to steal sugar and other goodies
k) montana
f) intermedia
l) columbiana b) melanornis
g) bolivari
h) obscura adult
m) luteola adult
c) lowii
i) minima
juvenile
n) bonairensis juvenile
adult juvenile
d) roraimae
fearless and ubiquitous
006a BNSA.indd 549
e) uropygialis
j) guianensis
builds nests for dormitories
o) ferryi pecks holes in base of flowers to get at nectar
19/9/06 13:10:44
PLATE 267: HONEYCREEPERS
a e
? ?
1
Green Honeycreeper 14cm; S; R; c/f a b c d
c
p. 671
b
2
4
Short-billed Honeycreeper 9-10.7cm; T; R; f/r p. 672
3
Red-legged Honeycreeper 11.5-13cm; T; R; lc/r p. 673
b
Purple Honeycreeper 10-11.4cm; T; R; lc/u
b
p. 672
5
Shining Honeycreeper 10-11.4cm; T; R; r
d d
c
a c
b
c
b
b
b
p. 672
a
6
Golden-collared Honeycreeper 11-12cm; T-S; R; lf/r p. 668
forages in groups, often in mixed feeding flocks
a) aureinucha b) pulcherrimus
6 Golden-collared Honeycreeper Iridophanes pulcherrimus
very humid forests, clearings, edges
550 006a BNSA.indd 550
19/9/06 13:10:45
1 Green Honeycreeper Chlorophanes spiza
2 Short-billed Honeycreeper Cyanerpes nitidus
edges and second growth, forages restlessly
b) subtropicalis
c) caerulescens
pink legs
juvenile
3 Red-legged Honeycreeper Cyanerpes cyaneus
a) spiza
habits much as Purple Honeycreeper, flocks invade coffee plantations to feed in flowering Erythrina
see vol. 1 for details of all 8 subspecies
b) eximus
c) tobagensis
a) cyaneus
juvenile flicks wings constantly, forages restlessly with quick movements
d) dispar
often aggressive to other birds when in mixed-species flocks
e) pacificus
a) longirostris
b) caeruleus
intermediate
4 Purple Honeycreeper Cyanerpes caeruleus
immature
d) chocoanus
5 Shining Honeycreeper Cyanerpes lucidus
similar habits to Purple Honeycreeper
isthmicus
c) microrhynchus
juvenile
may forage in large flocks, at all levels, joins feeding aggregations in flowering Erythrina trees
yellow legs
006a BNSA.indd 551
19/9/06 13:10:48
PLATE 268: CONEBILLS a c
b
b a
d
1
Capped Conebill 13-13.5cm; UT-Te; R; lc/r p. 651
2
White-eared Conebill 9.5-10.2cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 650
3
Chestnut-vented Conebill 10.2cm; T; R; u p. 650
c a b
4
Bicoloured Conebill 10.2-11.5cm; LT; R; f/r
p. 650
5
Rufous-browed Conebill 12-12.5cm; Te-P; R; lf/u p. 651
6
Blue-backed Conebill 12-13cm; Te-P; R; c/lu
p. 651
light montane woodland, Polylepis, fields, gardens to páramo
7
Giant Conebill 16.5cm; Te-P; R; u/r NT p. 652
often alone, occasionally in mixed flocks
8
juvenile
Cinereous Conebill 10.5-12.5cm; T-P; R; f/u p. 651 at or above treeline
fraseri immature
8 Cinereous Conebill
Conirostrum cinereum
adult
shows varying amounts of white on face
adult
7 Giant Conebill NT Oreomanes fraseri
forages on Polylepis trunks and branches; scales off bark in search of insects
552 006a BNSA.indd 552
19/9/06 13:10:52
1 Capped Conebill
Conirostrum albifrons
a) cyanonotum
2 White-eared Conebill Conirostrum leucogenys
conspicuous, white ears
cyanochroum
c) centralandium
mid-storey to canopy; in small groups or mixed flocks
immature
d) atrocyaneum
creeps along branches actively wags tail
b) albifrons
often in mixedspecies flocks
immature
dry open lowland woodlands, plantations, gallery forest, etc
4 Bicoloured Conebill Conirostrum bicolor
rarely in mixedspecies flocks
3 Chestnut-vented Conebill Conirostrum speciosum
lowland,woodlands and scrub
in pairs, often in mixed flocks or small groups
a) amazonum
mid-storey to canopy, but lower at edges, second growth
forages actively and quickly in canopy
b) guaricola
6 Blue-backed Conebill
Conirostrum sitticolor
gallery forest
young birds duller more greyish above
a) sitticolor
5 Rufous-browed Conebill Conirostrum rufum
b) intermedium
montane forest edges, second growth to treeline
006a BNSA.indd 553
juvenile duller and paler below
c) pallidus
forages at all levels, almost always with mixed-species flocks
19/9/06 13:10:55
PLATE 269: FLOWERPIERCERS 1 a
b
1
2
3
5
6
White-sided Flowerpiercer 12.2-13.2cm; S-Te; R; lc/u p. 653
Glossy Flowerpiercer 14-14.5cm; S-P; R; lc/u p. 654
Venezuelan Flowerpiercer 12.7-14cm; S-P; R; r EN p. 653
c b a
4
Black Flowerpiercer 13-14cm; S-P; R; f/lc
p. 654
Deep-blue Flowerpiercer 11.4-13cm; S; R; c/u p. 655 c
Indigo Flowerpiercer 11-11.5cm; T-S; R; lc/r
p. 655
d
b a
7
Bluish Flowerpiercer 12.5-16cm; S-Te; R; lc/u p. 655
8
Masked Flowerpiercer 13.5-15cm; S-P; R; c/f
b) cyanea
p. 656
a) dispar
8 Masked Flowerpiercer Diglossa cyanea
full mask, bright red eyes
b) cyanea juvenile
c) obscura
d) tovarensis
d) tovarensis
juvenile from singles to small flocks, often joins mixed-species flocks
wide variety of habitats, all levels, but more often higher
554 006a BNSA.indd 554
19/9/06 13:10:58
a) federalis
1 White-sided Flowerpiercer
2 Glossy Flowerpiercer
Diglossa albilatera forages singly and in groups, occasionally joins mixed-species flocks
white sides noticeable when flicks wings
Diglossa lafresnayii lafresnayii
a) federalis
b) albilatera
dense thickets, edges of humid, cloud, elfin and stunted mossy forests to overgrown pastures and gardens
b) albilatera
3 Venezuelan Flowerpiercer Diglossa venezuelensis
EN
b) albilatera
descends to lower elevations in peak of rainy season
immature
4 Black Flowerpiercer Diglossa humeralis
immature
singly or in pairs, all levels
wide variety of habitats
a) aterrima
b) humeralis
forages actively and quickly
5 Deep-blue Flowerpiercer Diglossa glauca
golden eyes, black forehead; almost always in mixed-species flocks
c) nocticolor tyrianthina usually low down but may be high up in a flowering tre
6 Indigo Flowerpiercer
Diglossa indigotica
7 Bluish Flowerpiercer Diglossa caerulescens ginesi often in mixed flocks, very active and quick
006a BNSA.indd 555
often in mixedspecies flocks
adult
small mask, red eyes
juvenile
very wet mossy forests, edges
19/9/06 13:11:00
PLATE 270: FLOWERPIERCERS 2 e
c b
a d
1
Rusty Flowerpiercer 11-13cm; S-P; R; lf/u
p. 652
2
3
Coal-black Flowerpiercer 12.5-13.5cm; Te-P; R; lc/u p. 654
Black-throated Flowerpiercer 15cm; US-P; R; lu/r p. 653
a
a
c
b
b
4
Chestnut-bellied Flowerpiercer 14-15cm; Te-P; R; s EN p. 653
5
Scaled Flowerpiercer 13-14cm; S; R; f/c
p. 654
6
Greater Flowerpiercer 16.5-17.3cm; S; R; c/u
p. 655
low brushy forests on slopes of tepuis and surrounding country
hitchcocki
adult
6 Greater Flowerpiercer Diglossa major
immature
slopes and summits of tepuis
a) gilliardi
b) major
juvenile
usually in pairs or small groups
5 Scaled Flowerpiercer Diglossa duidae
b) major
usually in treetops but comes low for flowering trees, occasionally in mixed flocks
556
c) disjuncta juvenile
1 Rusty Flowerpiercer
a) dorbignyi
very active and quick, sometimes in small flocks rarely joins mixed-species parties
b) mandeli
old adult
similar range of plumages with each race
Diglossa sittoides
c) hyperythra
young adult
d) decorata
immature
e) coelestis
juvenile
females of all races similar
e) coelestis
2 Coal-black Flowerpiercer Diglossa gloriosa
3 Black-throated Flowerpiercer Diglossa brunneiventris
vuilleumieri
adult shrubby woodland
immature
a) boyleyi
b) gloriosissima juvenile
adult
b) gloriosissima dry and rather open habitat, forest edges to gardens occasionally in mixed flocks
adult
near timberline at edge of páramos, semi-humid to humid montane scrub
juvenile
4 Chestnut-bellied Flowerpiercer EN Diglossa gloriosissima
006a BNSA.indd 557
19/9/06 13:11:05
PLATE 271: SPARROWS 1 c
d
b f
e
g
h
a
i
1
Rufous-collared Sparrow 13.5-18cm; T-P; R; c p. 684
2
Tumbes Sparrow 14.5cm; T; R; lc/u
3
p. 686
Lincoln’s Sparrow 14cm; S; V; r
a
b ?
b
4
White-throated Sparrow 17cm; T-LS; B/V; r p. 685 c
Grasshopper Sparrow 11.5cm; T-S; R; r
c
6
p. 685
?
a
Yellow-browed Sparrow 13cm; T; R; c
7 Grassland Sparrow
? a
Ammodramus humeralis
p. 686
a) colombiana
b both species sit on exposed perch or fence to sing
7
5
p. 684
Grassland Sparrow 13cm; T-LS; R; c
p. 685
6 Yellow-browed Sparrow
Ammodramus aurifrons
5 Grasshopper Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum
a) aurifrons
a) colombiana
b) apurensis b) humeralis
keeps low to ground and runs about mouse-like
juvenile
a) caribaeus
juvenile
c) pallidus
open scrub
adult
b) apurensis
yellow eyebrow
b) caucae
adult
b) apurensis
yellow only before eye
immature rapid zigzag flight when flushed
will not run across open ground
adult voice a double bzee-bzee
b) caucae c) tenebrosus
runs across open ground between clumps of grass
juvenile difficult to flush in tall grass
often near human habitation
558 006a BNSA.indd 558
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1 Rufous-collared Sparrow
inside dense or never continuous woodland
Zonotrichia capensis
a) capensis
b) venezuelae
b) venezuelae
distinctive black spot, rufous collar
c) insularis
adult
juvenile
d) costaricensis
e) roraimae
g) perezchinchillae
f) macconnelli
g) perezchinchillae h) inaccessibilis
juvenile
variety of habitats from grassy scrub to burned savannah, urban gardens to edges of montane woodland
adult juveniles of smaller races, a to e, all much like juvenile venezuelae
unafraid of man, hopping around gardens and tents with equal confidence
juveniles of larger, darker races f to i, are generally darker
2 Tumbes Sparrow
Aimophila stolzmanni
forages on ground, usually close to cover
no spots or patches
3 Lincoln’s Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii
bicoloured bill
all white below
4 White-throated Sparrow
rufous eyebrow
Zonotrichia albicollis
note solid grey cheeks
fawn cheeks
woody and shrubby areas creeps about quietly, mouse-like
006a BNSA.indd 559
tan-stripe morph 1st winter
white-stripe morph adult
19/9/06 13:11:09
PLATE 272: FINCHES
1
p. 687
2
p. 687
3
p. 687
4
p. 689
5
p. 689
6
p. 688
Ash-breasted Sierra Finch 11cm; T-P; R; c/f p. 688
8
p. 688
Pileated Finch 13.5cm; T; R; lc/f
Slaty Finch 12.5cm; UT-S; R; u/c
7
Red-crested Finch 13cm; T; R; u/r
Collared Warbling Finch 13.5cm; T; R; lc/u
Band-tailed Sierra Finch 14.5cm; T-P; R; u pale bill
pairs, small groups, occasionally large flocks
Crimson Finch 11cm; T; R; c
Plumbeous Sierra Finch 15cm; Te-P; R; lf
immature has darker streaks below grassy páramo
white bib
juvenile
adult
ocularis
7 Ash-breasted Sierra Finch
Phrygilus plebejus
crouches low and still before flushing
white in tail only noticeable in flight male frequently flicks wings sideways
6 Plumbeous Sierra Finch Phrygilus unicolor
white eye-ring, yellow bill
nivarius
bipartitus
8 Band-tailed Sierra Finch Phrygilus alaudinus
560 006a BNSA.indd 560
19/9/06 13:11:11
1 Pileated Finch
Coryphospingus pileatus
crest may be mostly concealed
2 Red-crested Finch
brevicaudatus
white eye-ring
Coryphospingus cucullatus
cucullatus
male may sing from exposed perch
forages alone or in loose pairs
white eye-ring
male sings from within foliage
juvenile
close to or on ground within cover
3 Crimson Finch
Rhodospingus cruentus
forages in pairs low down or on ground in thickets, scrub
agricultural areas, open grassy country
dry scrub, light woodland
smaller, finer bills than seedeaters
immature
4 Slaty Finch
Haplospiza rustica
juvenile
5 Collared Warbling Finch Poospiza hispaniolensis
forages in pairs, small groups within foliage and on ground
particularly associated with Chusquea bamboo
006a BNSA.indd 561
white on outertail shows well in flight
usually forages on ground or in low undergrowth
19/9/06 13:11:13
PLATE 273: YELLOW FINCHES AND GRASS FINCHES
b
1
Stripe-tailed Yellow Finch 12cm; T-Te; R; lf p. 690
2
a
3
Orange-fronted Yellow Finch 11-12cm; T; R; lc p. 690
Grassland Yellow Finch 12-13cm; T-P; R; lf/u
p. 691
a a b
4
Sulphur-throated Yellow Finch 12cm; T; R; r p. 691
7
Duida Grass Finch 22cm; T-S; R; r NT
b) apurensis
b Saffron Finch 14cm; T; R; c/f
5
6
p. 690
Wedge-tailed Grass Finch 19cm; T-S; R; f p. 691
p. 692
a) sphenurus when flushed, flies short distance then drops into grass
fairly uniform
juvenile usually hidden in metre-high grasses
birds sing mostly at dawn and dusk from exposed perch
shorter, less pointed
6 Wedge-tailed Grass Finch Emberizoides herbicola
7 Duida Grass Finch NT Emberizoides duidae
562 006a BNSA.indd 562
19/9/06 13:11:15
1 Stripe-tailed Yellow Finch
Sicalis citrina
2 Orange-fronted Yellow Finch
browni
Sicalis columbiana
open grassland, pastures, scrub
columbiana
orange front can show boldly
wandering flocks when not breeding
forages on ground olive-yellow back
juvenile
often forages with other grassland finches
juvenile white spots on inner webs show in flight
pairs stay close within territory
4 Sulphur-throated Yellow Finch Sicalis taczanowskii
3 Grassland Yellow Finch Sicalis luteola
touch of yellow
a) luteola
heavy bill
b) bogotensis
juvenile
forages on ground in flocks, rise up en masse when disturbed, wheel and swirl before flying away
wide open semi-desert
sometimes feeds on growing grass but more often forages on ground
lowland birds, open wet areas, especially ricegrowing country
bicoloured bill
from farms to cities
b) valida
5 Saffron Finch Sicalis flaveola
apparently confiding and fearless but very wary of man
a) flaveola
juvenile
juvenile
immature
immature
006a BNSA.indd 563
juvenile has less yellow than immature female
joins wandering flocks when not breeding
forages on ground in close pairs also family groups
fond of overgrown lawns in parks and gardens
19/9/06 13:11:17
PLATE 274: GRASSQUITS
1
Yellow-faced Grassquit 10cm; T-S; R; c/r
p. 681
4
Dull-coloured Grassquit 10.5cm; UT-S; R; s
p. 681
2
Black-faced Grassquit 10cm; T-S; R; lf/u
p. 682
3
Sooty Grassquit 11.5cm; T-S; R; u
p. 682
564 006a BNSA.indd 564
19/9/06 13:11:18
1 Yellow-faced Grassquit Tiaris olivaceus
pusillus
2 Black-faced Grassquit
Tiaris bicolor
omissa
young male in first year
usually in dry habitat
note range of black in males
old male
usually in humid habitat
unicoloured
from pastures to open grassland and marshes
3 Sooty Grassquit
Tiaris fuliginosus
wide variety of feeding habits from nectar, buds and small leaves, insects to seeds
pale base to bill deep olive-green gloss
quite greenish back
dull and nondescript juvenile indistinguishable from female in the field
bicoloured bill
4 Dull-coloured Grassquit Tiaris obscurus
larger and bulkier than Black-faced Grassquit, similar feeding habits
juvenile
grassy areas in montane forest assciated with bamboo
juveniles alike
bicoloured bill dull brown
usually within cover and retiring but males sing boldly from tall exposed grass stem
006a BNSA.indd 565
19/9/06 13:11:20
PLATE 275: SEEDEATERS 1 a b
p. 694
2
p. 694
3
4
White-bellied Seedeater 12cm; T; R; lr p. 698
5
p. 696
6
7
1
Grey Seedeater 10cm; T; R; lc
Lesson’s Seedeater 10cm; T; intertropical migrant; lc/r p. 696
Ring-necked Seedeater 10cm; T-LS; R; f
Lined Seedeater 10cm; T; A; f/u
Plumbeous Seedeater 10.5cm; T; R; lf
p. 693
Double-collared Seedeater 11.5cm; T-S; A; r p. 698
8
Slate-coloured Seedeater 10.5-12cm; T; R; u/r p. 692
travels in flocks flying high over forest looking for flowering or seeding bamboo
eye-ring may be just crescent beneath eye
juvenile males do not have white speculum on primaries
adult
flocks visit fields of Panicum maximum and rice fields
note emergence of orange under bill
immature
juvenile
all dark bill
pale cinnamon undertail-coverts
orange bill
olive-citron morph
white bib variable
old adult
normal (grey) morph
normal (grey) morph
intermediate rather nomadic when not breeding
8 Slate-coloured Seedeater Sporophila schistacea
female very similar to juvenile
566 006a BNSA.indd 566
19/9/06 13:11:22
1 Grey Seedeater
Sporophila intermedia yellow bill a) intermedia
Sporophila insularis
grassy areas in more shrubby, lightly wooded country
white on neck and wing-coverts variable
white band on rump diagnostic but not easy to see
not in woodland
2 Ring-necked Seedeater
adult
open grasslands and areas where grass abundant
first year
1st basic
immature
juvenile and female like Grey Seedeater
3 Plumbeous Seedeater Sporophila plumbea
black bill and white on face
bicoloured bill
b) bogotensis
juvenile
4 White-bellied Seedeater Sporophila leucoptera
cinereola
horn-coloured bill
juvenile
all-white
5 Lined Seedeater Sporophila lineola
open grassland and savanna
clean white usually in colonies
males only known to sing at extreme east of range
7 Lesson’s Seedeater
Sipaliwini savanna
6 Double-collared Seedeater Sporophila caerulescens
Sporophila bouvronides
small white dots may form a row or line; disappear with second moult
non-breeding austral migrant
yungae
definitive
bicoloured bill
1st year
006a BNSA.indd 567
non-breeding migrant, does not sing here
breeding migrant male sings frequently
uniformly pale
19/9/06 13:11:25
PLATE 276: SEEDEATERS 2
b
a
1
p. 695
2
4
p. 695
Caquetá Seedeater 10cm; T; R; f
Wing-barred Seedeater 1cm; T; R; lc/r
Black-and-white Seedeater 11cm; T-Te; R; lc/r p. 697
5
Drab Seedeater 11cm; T-S; R; u/r
p. 699
3
p. 695
6
p. 698
Variable Seedeater 10cm; T; R; c
Parrot-billed Seedeater 11cm; T; R; f
a a
b
7
Yellow-bellied Seedeater 10.5cm; T-S; R; lc p. 697
favours riparian and marshy habitats, but ranges from gardens to Amazonian swamps pale bluish bill
a) nigricollis
b) vivida
a) nigricollis a) nigricollis
no white wing speculum
‘roraimae’ a) nigricollis
immature
forages in pairs, or small groups, small flocks when not breeding
juvenile
variant within range of nigricollis
7 Yellow-bellied Seedeater Sporophila nigricollis
568 006a BNSA.indd 568
19/9/06 13:11:26
1 Caquetá Seedeater
Sporophila murallae
2 Black-and-white Seedeater
Sporophila luctuosa
altitudinal migrant, breeding at higher elevations pale blue bill note wing bars
intermediate male usually mistaken for female
definitive
white crescent under eye is variable, may be missing
female like female Variable Seedeater
clearings, forest edges, roadsides, scrub and grassland
2nd year
3 Variable Seedeater
female has white speculum
Sporophila corvina
a) ophthalmica juvenile
b) hicksii
4 Wing-barred Seedeater
Sporophila americana
heavy bill
americana
usually in flocks
grey rump
any open area with grass and weeds marshes and coastal wetlands, tall grass, reeds and sedges
5 Drab Seedeater
Sporophila simplex
wingbars quite noticeable – whiter in older males
6 Parrot-billed Seedeater Sporophila peruviana
devronis
black bib increases in size with age massive bill
arid scrub to riverine habitats
buffy edges wear off forages on open ground with others, also searches for insects in foliage
006a BNSA.indd 569
young male shows black spots in bib at ten weeks old
juvenile
19/9/06 13:11:29
PLATE 277: SEEDEATERS 3
?
2
1
Chestnut-throated Seedeater 10.5-12cm; T; R; f p. 700
Tumaco Seedeater 10.5-12cm; T; R; r CR p. 701
3
Chestnut-bellied Seedeater 10cm; T; R; c p. 700
?
4
Capped Seedeater 9cm; T; R; lc
5
p. 699
Rufous-rumped Seedeater 10cm; T; ?A/V; r p. 700
6
Ruddy-breasted Seedeater 9.5cm; T; R; c/lr p. 699
b
a
7
8
Chestnut-bellied Seed Finch 13cm; T; R; f/u p. 702
Thick-billed Seed Finch 2.5cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 703
9
Great-billed Seed Finch 16.5cm; T; R; r
p. 702
marshes female like female Greatbilled
10
Black-billed Seed Finch 16.5cm; T; R; r
female much darker and richer brown than other females
11
p. 702
Large-billed Seed Finch 14.5cm; T; R; lf/r
bill lined and matt
bill smooth
p. 701 and glossy
note different bill colours by age and sex
10 Black-billed Seed Finch
usually singly or occasionally in pairs
both sexes have joint aerial display and both sing
Oryzoborus atrirostris
Moriche swamp
marshes and wet grassland
magnirostris
9 Great-billed Seed Finch Oryzoborus maximiliani
marshlands and watered areas with sedges, reeds and tall grass
juvenile
11 Large-billed Seed Finch
Oryzoborus crassirostris
570 006a BNSA.indd 570
19/9/06 13:11:31
white at base of all remiges like a band of white across entire wing in flight (see vol. 1)
1 Chestnut-throated Seedeater
Sporophila telasco
male loses bib in post-breeding moult
2 Tumaco Seedeater
white at base of all remiges like a band of white across entire wing in flight (see vol. 1)
Sporophila insulata
see vol. 1 for notes on the integrity of this species note female has white wing speculum
concealed white at base of tail might show 1st year female in flight has white speculum
concealed white at base of tail might show in flight
juvenile
4 Capped Seedeater 3 Chestnut-bellied Seedeater Sporophila castaneiventris
2nd year
Sporophila bouvreuil bouvreuil
1st year
/juvenile 5 Rufous-rumped Seedeater Sporophila hypochroma
male defends territory with much singing when breeding, female seldom seen
1st year
1st year
does not reach the region, inadvertently listed for Guyana by Snyder
found in marshy grassland of Sipaliwini savanna
6 Ruddy-breasted Seedeater
2nd year
several different types or morphs of adult males as well as progression of colour with age
1st year always near water wandering flocks when not breeding
brown type juvenile
grey type
7 Chestnut-bellied Seed Finch Oryzoborus angolensis
white on male may be bar-like in flight males sing near or in vicinity of water or wet grassland
1st year
young males do not have white wing speculums
bill of juvenile dark brown
usually forages alone but occasionally joins mixed groups
juvenile female like female Chestnut-bellied but paler
may have black on undertailcoverts
immature
large flocks in wet grassland wander during non-breeding
forest borders, grassy clearings to open grassland
8 Thick-billed Seed Finch Oryzoborus funereus
006a BNSA.indd 571
Sporophila minuta minuta
19/9/06 13:11:34
PLATE 278: SEEDEATERS 4
b b
a
a
a b
1
Páramo Seedeater 13cm; Te-P; R; f/u
2
p. 705
Plain-coloured Seedeater 12-13cm; Te-P; R; f/u p. 705
3
Band-tailed Seedeater 2-13.5cm; S-Te; R; c/lu p. 704
?
4
White-naped Seedeater 13cm; T; R; lc
5
p. 704
Cinereous Finch 16.5cm; T; ?A/V?; r
white collar separates from any Sporophila
p. 689
usually in understorey of whitesand forests and tall grasses at edge of woodland
fairly confident, does not flee easily
intermediate male like female but with black patches
4 White-naped Seedeater Dolospingus fringilloides
regularly perches on telegraph poles and roadside fences
wanders coastal desert scrub
5 Cinereous Finch Piezorhina cinerea
572 006a BNSA.indd 572
19/9/06 13:11:36
1 Páramo Seedeater
Catamenia homochroa
Catamenia inornata
b) mucuchiesi
no white in wings or tail
a) duncani
birds from Neblina darker at every stage
a) minor
Seedeater 2 Plain-coloured
in Brocchinia scrub
usually forages in separate groups or flocks of its own and occasionally joins mixed flocks
a) duncani
breeding Neblina
breeding Bolívar
juvenile
open scrub, Polylepsis and Espeletia páramos
2nd year open summits of tepuis, males pop up onto rocks to sing
breeding
b) homochroa
2nd year
a) schistaceifrons
humid páramo shubbery, elfin forest, edge of cloud forest in Venezuela
juvenile
often near irrigation ditches and streams
b) soderstromi
breeding
breeding
1st year
fresh
juvenile
open areas with grasses, weeds, scattered low bushes and trees
worn
shy, keeps to cover when disturbed
juvenile
3 Band-tailed Seedeater Catamenia analis
006a BNSA.indd 573
bamboo specialist – Chusquea and Swallenochloa spp. all along Andes
pale grey below
white in wings and tail concealed when perched
19/9/06 13:11:38
PLATE 279: SPARROWS 2
e d
a
a
a
b
b
b
c
1
Orange-billed Sparrow 15-16cm; T; R; f/u
p. 706
2
Pectoral Sparrow 15cm; T; R; f
p. 706
3
Golden-winged Sparrow 15cm; T-LS; R; f p. 706 a
b c a
b Black-capped Sparrow 15cm; T; R; f
4
p. 707
5
Tocuyo Sparrow 13cm; T; R; u
p. 707
6
Black-striped Sparrow 16.5cm; T-LS; R; f/u
favours dry to arid woodland and scrub
5 Tocuyo Sparrow
Arremonops tocuyensis
on or near ground
male sings from a concealed perch
juvenile
on the ground underneath cover or in undergrowth up to 2m
p. 707
singly or pairs
adult
juvenile
6 Black-striped Sparrow Arremonops conirostris
immature
b) striaticeps
juvenile
a) conirostris
adult
adult light woodland, agricultural areas, hedgerows, forest edges etc.
c) umbrinus
usually forages in well-spaced pairs
574 006a BNSA.indd 574
19/9/06 13:11:40
1 Orange-billed Sparrow Arremon aurantiirostris
3 Golden-winged Sparrow Arremon schlegeli
2 Pectoral Sparrow Arremon taciturnus
note variation of bill coloration
b) canidorsum
showing first signs of adult plumage
juvenile
juvenile
all black head
juvenile
a) erythrorhynchus
b) spectabilis
a) axillaris
c) santarosae
clean separation from black to grey on nape
a) schlegeli
forages at all levels as well as ground
black bill
d) occidentalis
b) taciturnus
4 Black-capped Sparrow
immature
e) strictocollaris
Arremon abeillei
pale feet and legs
a) abeillei
b) taciturnus
pale feet and legs
note different widths of breast bands
retiring and unobtrusive forages quietly amongst leaf-litter
from Arabapo usually in leaf-litter in poorly lit undergrowth, always inside forest
b) nigriceps
pale feet and legs
006a BNSA.indd 575
19/9/06 13:11:42
PLATE 280: Brush FinchES 1 a d
a b
g
e
f
b c
1
Yellow-throated Brush Finch 18cm; UT-S; R; f p. 710
c a
p. 710
3
White-rimmed Brush Finch 18cm; Te; R; r p. 711
6
Pale-naped Brush Finch 18cm; S-P; R; f
Rufous-naped Brush Finch 17cm; S-Te; R; lc p. 711
d b
4
2
Slaty Brush Finch 18cm; S-Te; R; c/lu
often joins mixedspecies groups pairs and small groups
4 Slaty Brush Finch
Atlapetes schistaceus
p. 712
5
Tanager Finch 20cm; S; R; r VU
p. 710
a) schistaceus
restless and shy
adult
b) tamae
juvenile
c) fumidus d) castaneifrons juvenile
juvenile
juvenile
adult
adult
adult
edges and clearings not inside continuous forest
5 White-rimmed Brush Finch Atlapetes leucopis
6 Tanager Finch VU
Oreothraupis arremonops
576 006a BNSA.indd 576
19/9/06 13:11:45
1 Yellow-throated Brush Finch Atlapetes gutturalis
2 Pale-naped Brush Finch
Atlapetes pallidinucha
pale grey line
often joins mixedspecies flocks
wing bar
a) pallidinucha
white line
juvenile
juvenile
adult adult
unique combination
adult
usually in thick undergrowth sometimes on ground
3 Rufous-naped Brush Finch Atlapetes latinuchus
b) papallactae
juvenile
pairs and small groups forage in undergrowth, often forages on ground
a) phelpsi
juvenile
d) elaeoprorus
black forehead
adult yellow spot
c) latinuchus
b) comptus e) caucae
no spot
dark legs and feet
all black
h) yariguierum
white wing speculum only on some races and different size in each
006a BNSA.indd 577
thin yellow line
f) simplex
g) spodionotus note that first year adults are duller and paler than birds shown above
forages in undergrowth to mid-storey as well as on the ground
19/9/06 13:11:47
PLATE 281: Brush FinchES 2
1
Santa Marta Brush Finch 17cm; S-Te; R; lc p. 711
b
Moustached Brush Finch 17.5cm; UT-S; R; f p. 712
7
Yellow-headed Brush Finch 18cm; UT-S; R; r EN p. 711
3
Dusky-headed Brush Finch 18cm; S; R; lc NT p. 712
a
4
2
White-headed Brush Finch 16cm; T; R; lf/u p. 713
5
Tricoloured Brush Finch 18cm; T-LS; R; f
p. 712
8
Bay-crowned Brush Finch 16-17cm; T-Te; R; lf/r p. 713
6
Pale-headed Brush Finch 16cm; UT-LS; R; r CR p. 714
9
b a c
White-winged Brush Finch 16cm; T-Te; R; lf p. 713
brown eyes pairs and small groups forage restlessly in undergrowth and lower levels
juvenile
a) dresseri three adults showing how white face can vary significantly in this race
c) paynteri eyering
a) dresseri
eyes red
9 White-winged Brush Finch Atlapetes leucopterus
b) leucopterus
large wing speculum
578 006a BNSA.indd 578
19/9/06 13:11:49
1 Santa Marta Brush Finch
Atlapetes melanocephalus
2 Yellow-headed Brush Finch EN
Atlapetes flaviceps
usually conspicuous
silvery ear patches
head may be more yellowish
often in mixedspecies groups fairly arboreal, usually in pairs
arboreal, less often on the ground
juvenile red eyes
4 Moustached Brush Finch Atlapetes albofrenatus
adult
second growth and light woodlands, orchards, plantations
usually sings at dawn
3 Dusky-headed Brush Finch NT Atlapetes fuscoolivaceus
a) meridae
red eyes
juvenile
yellow
juvenile adult
adult forages actively in pairs and small groups
arboreal
forages restlessly in trees and bushes, fairly easy to see occasionally with mixed-species flocks
5 Tricoloured Brush Finch Atlapetes tricolor crassus
dense thickets of arid scrub
Atlapetes pallidiceps
juvenile has dark brow and cheeks
arboreal lower growth of wet mossy cloud forest does not mix with other species
Atlapetes albiceps
entirely white below
adult olive wash
7 White-headed Brush Finch
8 Bay-crowned Brush Finch Atlapetes seebohmi
loose pairs come together frequently
a) celicae close pairs or small groups
arboreal, seldom on ground
006a BNSA.indd 579
b) albofrenatus
6 Pale-headed Brush Finch CR
juvenile
large white speculum
white
b) simonsi
only lowland brush finch
19/9/06 13:11:52
PLATE 282: Brush FinchES 3
f
d a
e
e
c
f
b
a
c
d
b
1
Tepui Brush Finch 18cm; T-S; R; c
p. 714
2
Ochre-breasted Brush Finch 18cm; S-P; R; lf p. 714
2 Ochre-breasted Brush Finch Atlapetes semirufus
forages quietly in small groups seldom with mixed-species flocks
b) denisei
adult
a) benedettii
immature juvenile
juvenile
c) semirufus
adult
d) zimmeri tolerant of light disturbance of habitat
f) albigula
juvenile
adult
e) majusculus note different colours of bill with different races
legs and feet pale
580 006a BNSA.indd 580
19/9/06 13:11:54
1 Tepui Brush Finch
Atlapetes personatus
b) jugularis
a) parui juvenile
adult often joins mixedspecies flocks
showing signs of rufous
pairs and small groups may join together
c) personatus
d) collaris juvenile juvenile adult
adult mostly within dense undergrowth and usually at forest edge; quite curious
e) duidae f) paraquensis
juvenile
recently fledged
immature
immature
adult adult legs and feet dark
006a BNSA.indd 581
19/9/06 13:11:56
PLATE 283: Brush FinchES 4 AND CARDINALS b
d c
c
a
b
e a
1
Chestnut-capped Brush Finch 19cm; T-Te; R; f p. 708
2
Stripe-headed Brush Finch 19cm; S-Te; R; f/u p. 709
3
Black-headed Brush Finch 19cm; T; R; u p. 708
?
4
Sooty-faced Finch 18cm; T-S; R; r
5
Olive Finch 15cm; T-S; R; u/r
p. 709
6
Masked Cardinal 16cm; T; R; c
p. 715
humid mossy montane forest
?
?
7
p. 709
Red-capped Cardinal 16cm; T; R; c/f
usually skulks singly in undergrowth but is curious and may come forward
p. 715
adult
3 Black-headed Brush Finch Buarremon atricapillus
juvenile
6 Masked Cardinal
Paroaria nigrogenis
7 Red-capped Cardinal Paroaria gularis
close to water, forages on floating plants
black band see vol. 1 for taxonomy of these two species
black bib
immature adult
adult
wet savannas, edges of gallery forest near water
immature juvenile both have similar habits and habitat
juvenile
582 006a BNSA.indd 582
19/9/06 13:11:58
2 Stripe-headed Brush Finch
Buarremon torquatus
1 Chestnut-capped Brush Finch
Buarremon brunneinucha
singly or loose pairs in leaf-litter
lurker and skulker but quite curious and may come forward
a) inornatus
a) phygas
near borders and edges of humid montane forest
orangeedged chestnut
adult
b) allinornatus
juvenile
b) phaeopleurus
dark legs and feet
c) larensis
adult juvenile
d) perijanus
c) frontalis
juvenile
e) assimilis Táchira
c) frontalis Trujillo
3 white spots
no bar
immature
forages in undergrowth and on ground in poorly lit areas and easy to overlook
clear bicoloured bill
Yaracuy
Lysurus crassirostris
juvenile white moustache diagnostic
juvenile
no white supraloral
immature
4 Sooty-faced Finch
tangled and deep undergrowth often in ravines and near water
juvenile
c) frontalis
sometimes in mixed-species flocks
adult
c) frontalis
adult
5 Olive Finch
Lysurus castaneiceps
does not join mixed flocks
responds well to playback
tangled heavy undergrowth often near water
sometimes in small groups
juvenile adult
006a BNSA.indd 583
pale legs and feet
19/9/06 13:12:00
PLATE 284: GROSBEAKS AND CARDINALS
1
p. 716
2
Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak 16.5cm; T; R; u/r p. 718
5
Dickcissel 15cm; T; B; lc
4
Rose-breasted Grosbeak 18cm; T-S; B; u/r p. 717
Vermilion Cardinal 20cm; T; R; f
p. 718
3
Black-headed Grosbeak 18cm; S-Te; B/V; r
p. 717
6
Red-and-black Grosbeak 20cm; T; R; lf/r p. 718
b
c
a
7
Yellow-green Grosbeak 16.5cm; T; R; lc/u
p. 718
8
Golden-bellied Grosbeak 20cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 716
b) uropygialis
9
Black-backed Grosbeak 22cm; T-Te; R; lf/r
a) crissalis
a) crissalis
immature
p. 717
note different wing patterns
bicoloured bill
white spots on tertials and tail coverts wear away, leaving all black
fresh plumage
forages at all levels, ground to tree tops; usually seen on tree top singing
laubmanni
8 Golden-bellied Grosbeak Pheucticus chrysogaster
9 Black-backed Grosbeak Pheucticus aureoventris
c) meridensis
b) uropygialis
584 006a BNSA.indd 584
19/9/06 13:12:04
1 Dickcissel
Spiza americana
scatters over rice and sorghum fields to feed
2 Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Pheucticus ludovicianus ludovicianus
usually seen foraging in subcanopy and canopy boreal migrant – Oct-Apr
forms enormous flocks that roost in sugarcane
immature singly or in pairs, often in mixed flocks
immature
4 Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak Parkerthraustes humeralis
bicoloured bill
female more buffy below
adult
immature and adult winter
3 Black-headed
maculatus
immature
Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus
loose pairs
7 Yellow-green
Grosbeak Caryothraustes canadensis
6 Red-and-black Grosbeak Periporphyrus erythromelas
noisy groups travel through treetops
canadensis
usually within forest
juvenile
wary, but sings often sits on top of thorn tree for panoramic surveillance
5 Vermilion Cardinal
Cardinalis phoeniceus
006a BNSA.indd 585
forages restlessly, travelling all over large territory
19/9/06 13:12:07
PLATE 285: SALTATORS
a b
1
Slate-coloured Grosbeak 20cm; T; R; f p. 719
2
Black-cowled Saltator 22cm; T-S; R; u
p. 721
3
p. 719
p. 720
6
p. 721
Buff-throated Saltator 20cm; T-S; R; c/f
a
b
c
4
Streaked Saltator 20cm; T-S; R; c
p. 721
5
Greyish Saltator 20cm; T; R; c/f
Masked Saltator 6 Masked Saltator 21.5cm; S-Te; R; r NT
b a
a
b
7
Black-winged Saltator 20cm; T-S; R; f/u
p. 719
8
Orinoco Saltator 19cm; T; R; f
p. 720
a) atripennis
a) orenocensis
curving and irregular shaped eyebrow
thin long eyebrow
b) rufescens
b) caniceps
usually in pairs – sings duets
territorial – responds well to playback sometimes in noisy groups
open country with scattered trees mid-level to canopy of dense forest
7 Black-winged Saltator Saltator atripennis
8 Orinoco Saltator
Saltator orenocensis
586 006a BNSA.indd 586
19/9/06 13:12:09
1 Slate-coloured Grosbeak Saltator grossus a) grossus
2 Black-cowled Saltator
Saltator nigriceps
maintains large territory
pairs – often noisy: joins mixed-species flocks
fond of high vine tangles, upper and mid-levels
3 Buff-throated Saltator Saltator maximus
vertical
juvenile
white terminal spots on undersurface
4 Streaked Saltator
Saltator striatipectus perstriatus
eye-ring retiring, often in canopy
eye-ring
juvenile of race b) saturatus lacks throat spot
5 Greyish Saltator
Saltator coerulescens
juvenile
adult
maximus
a) olivascens grey
b) plumbeus
usually in pairs forages at all levels
usually on montane slopes
juvenile
often in gardens
adult
red on bill variable
c) brewsteri
lateral yellow
inconspicuous, sings continually from same tree
wary, retiring: often associated with Chusquea bamboo
adult
often in gardens
006a BNSA.indd 587
juvenile
6 Masked Saltator NT Saltator cinctus
19/9/06 13:12:12
PLATE 286: SEEDEATERS 5 ?
b a
1
Blue-black Grosbeak 16cm; T; R; f/u
p. 721
2
p. 703
3
p. 704
4
Ultramarine Grosbeak 15cm; T; R; f/lc
p. 722
5
p. 722
6
p. 722
7
p. 692
Blue-black Grassquit 10cm; T; R; c
Blue Seedeater 12.5cm; T-S; R; r
Indigo Bunting 13.5cm; T-S; B; r
Carrizal Seedeater 12cm; T; R; r DD
Blue Grosbeak 16cm; T; B/V; r
male conspicuous clinging to top of stem of tall grass continual display, male rises into the air, flicks wings to show white flash and drops back
rich blue gloss in sunlight females and juveniles usually within grass and scrub
juvenile
7 Blue-black Grassquit Volatinia jacarina
after postnuptial moult
breeding
588 006a BNSA.indd 588
19/9/06 13:12:13
culmen almost straight
a) rothschildii
paler mandible
1 Blue-black Grosbeak
Cyanocompsa cyanoides
b) cyanoides
Cyanocompsa juveniles resemble the females; males go through a patchy and irregular period apparently embracing two moults
uniform
4 Ultramarine Grosbeak
usually in pairs forages within dark undergrowth of humid forest
Cyanocompsa brissonii minor
curved culmen
almost uniform
bill all black
3 Carrizal Seedeater DD
Amaurospiza carrizalensis
male sings from high exposed branch
2 Blue Seedeater
Amaurospiza concolor
males very vocal and territorial when breeding
aequatorialis
paler below
only known from spiny Guadua bamboo on now submerged Carrizal Island
5 Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea
usually in pairs or small groups in the upper tangles of Chusquea bamboo
not so shy, often in more open areas, sometimes seen in full view on top of a bush
6 Blue Grosbeak
Passerina caerulea
boreal migrant – Oct-Mar
favours dense growth often forages near ground
wingbars
boreal migrant – Oct-Mar winter plumage blue irregular but constant
blue on wings
forages on grassy ground or in weeds and may be confused with grassquits
006a BNSA.indd 589
wingbars
open shrubby and scrubby areas
winter plumage
19/9/06 13:12:15
PLATE 287: WARBLERS 1 a
b
1
Northern Parula 10-12cm; T; B/V; r
p. 724
2
4
Blackburian Warbler 12-13cm; T-Te; B; c/f
p. 728
Tennessee Warbler 11-12cm; T-Te; B; c
5
Blue-winged Warbler 11-12cm; T-LS; B; r
p. 724
3
p. 723
6
Tropical Parula 10.2-11.4cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 724
Golden-winged Warbler 11-12cm; S-Te; B; f/r
white on tail shows well as birds fan tail regularly
Golden-winged x Blue-winged Warbler hybrids are known in F1, F2 and probably F3; they were originally described as separate species
p. 723
often in canopy, usually higher than Blue-winged Warbler
‘Vermivora leucobronchialis’ ‘Brewster’s Warbler’
solitary and territorial but occasionally joins flocks
5 Blue-winged Warbler Vermivora pinus
large yellow patch on wing-coverts often joins mixedspecies flocks
6 Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera
‘Vermivora leucobronchialis’
tends to forage in mid-levels, partial to second-growth woodland
‘Vermivora lawrencii’ ‘Lawrence’s Warbler’
large white patch on wing-coverts
590 007 BNSA.indd 590
19/9/06 14:21:04
1 Northern Parula two white Parula americana
lines
tends to forage among outermost, thinnest branches
usually forages singly and alone but occasionally joins mixed flocks
2 Tennessee Warbler
note development of bands on breast
Vermivora peregrina
3 Tropical Parula Parula pitiayumi
no broken eye-ring
bands
juvenile
juvenile
first-winter may defend territory of flowering tree eg. Erythrina
not often found in humid regions
a) elegans
face may get stained with pollen
b) roraimae
from vireos by white crissum and thin bill
usually forages in pairs or small groups, gleans undersides of leaves, often on thinnest outermost branches
often joins species groups when large amounts of flowers in bloom
4 Blackburnian Warbler Dendroica fusca
first-winter
no bands often found along streams in dry forest
frequently cocks tail but does not bob it up and down, often droops wings
November
November
March
February
first-winter forages at all levels but mostly in canopy
favours mature forests more than most warblers often joins foraging flocks
007 BNSA.indd 591
19/9/06 14:21:07
PLATE 288: WARBLERS 2
1
Black-throated Green Warbler 12-13cm; T-Te; B; r p. 728 b
a
2
Townsend’s Warbler 12-13cm; T-Te; B/V; r a
p. 728
3
Yellow-throated Warbler 12.5-14cm; T; B/V; r p. 728 d c
a, b a a
4
4
4
Black-throated Blue Warbler 12-13cm; T-S; B/V; r p. 727
6
b) auduboni
b
?
p. 726
‘Mangrove Warbler’ 11.4-13cm; LT; R; lc
5
a
a
‘Northern Yellow Warbler’ 11.4-12.5cm; T-Te; B; c/f p. 725
Yellow-rumped Warbler 13.5-14.5cm; Te-P; B/V; r p. 727
‘Golden Warbler’ 11.4-13cm; LT; R; c
frequently holds wings partly open
p. 725
gregarious joins single species and mixed-species flocks
a) coronata
juvenile
first fall
often forages on ground in open areas (not far from trees)
second fall
fall
a) caerulescens
likes flowering Agave
spring white patch on wings with no wingbars diagnostic
fall
spring
b) cairnsi
fall
spring
males tend to forage high in canopy, females lower in understorey
5 Black-throated Blue Warbler Dendroica caerulescens
spring yellow partial patch on sides distinctive
6 Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata
592 007 BNSA.indd 592
19/9/06 14:21:09
1 Black-throated Green Warbler
spring
forages at all levels
Dendroica virens
Dendroica townsendi
paler, more yellowish-green crown than Townsend’s
fall
2 Townsend’s Warbler
spring montane pine, oak and cloud forests
fall
cloud forest, pine, oak and coniferous woodland
fall
usually forages alone, lower levels than Townsend’s
3 Yellow-throated Warbler
Dendroica dominica albilora
creeps up and down trunks and underneath branches like a nuthatch
creeps along branches usually forages high with slow, deliberate movements
females and juveniles similar but duller, with buffy tinge on flanks
‘Mangrove Warbler’ erithachorides group juveniles distinct from other races by white belly
fairly solitary and territorial, most common on offshore islands, occasionally in bushes near mangroves on mainland
‘Golden Warbler’ petechia group
often among mangrove roots and on mud at low tide
spring
juvenile
4 Yellow Warbler a) cienagae Dendroica petechia
‘Northern Yellow Warbler’ aestiva group
juvenile
immature
forages at any height but usually low, fairly solitary and territorial, only occasionally joining mixed flocks
first-fall winter
non-breeding
a) paraguanae
a) aestiva
b) aurifrons c) rufopileata
juvenile
juvenile
b) morcomi
b) chrysendata male has chestnut head, resident coastal central America and northern South America
007 BNSA.indd 593
male has yellow head, boreal migrant from North America and north Central America
d) obscura
male has chestnut crown, resident on West Indies and north coast of Venezuela
19/9/06 14:21:12
PLATE 289: WARBLERS 3
1
Magnolia Warbler 12-13cm; T-LS; B/V; r
p. 726
2
4
Cape May Warbler 12-13cm; T-LS; B/V; r
p. 727
5
7
Bay-breasted Warbler 13-14cm; T; B; c/f
3
Prarie Warbler 11.5-12cm; T-LS; B/V; r p. 729
Blackpoll Warbler 13-14cm; T; B; lc/r
p. 730
Prothonotary Warbler 13-14cm; LT; B; lc/r
6
Chestnut-sided Warbler 12-13cm; T-LS; B; r
p. 730 moves slowly and deliberately
rare straggler
p. 732
p. 726
bobs tail up and down, frequently, but slowly
first fall
first fall
second fall
first fall
first spring
spring
frequently flicks tail showing flash of white
adult first spring spring
6 Chestnut-sided Warbler Dendroica pensylvanica
forages with tail cocked and wings drooped
adult spring
perch-gleans from upper surfaces of leaves
7 Bay-breasted Warbler Dendroica castanea
594 007 BNSA.indd 594
19/9/06 14:21:14
esp. fond of flowering Agave
1 Magnolia Warbler
Dendroica discolor
relatively open habitats
Dendroica magnolia
first fall
usually in lowlands
2 Prairie Warbler
frequently pumps tail up and down
first-fall spring
first fall
3 Prothonotary Warbler
spring
Protonotaria citrea
second fall
blue-grey
spring
often seen foraging around fallen trees, rotting trunks, and edges of pools
yellow rump in all plumages
juvenile
adult
fall
frequently spreads tail showing white spots
occasionally joins mixed flocks
adult
5 Blackpoll Warbler Dendroica striata
4 Cape May Warbler feeds particularly on Dendroica tigrina nectar and fruits
first fall
first fall
second fall
will defend good source of food
first fall
first spring
fall
spring
black crown, chestnut cheeks
particularly fond of Erythrina in bloom
007 BNSA.indd 595
spring
usually forages singly; does not join mixed flocks
spring
frequently bobs tail up and down
19/9/06 14:21:17
PLATE 290: WARBLERS 4
?
1
Black-and-white Warbler 12-13cm; T-S; B; f/r p. 731
4
Swainson’s Warbler 13-14cm; LT; B/V; r
2
American Redstart 12.5-13cm; T-LS; B; lc/r p. 731
3
Worm-eating Warbler 13-14cm; T-LS; B/V; r
p. 732
p. 732
5
p. 735
6
Connecticut Warbler 14-15cm; LT; B; u/r
p. 734
p. 733
8
p. 733
9
Ovenbird 13-15cm; T-LS; B; r
p. 733
Mourning Warbler 13-14cm; T; B; lf/r
?
7
Northern Waterthrush 13-15cm; T-S; B; c/lr
Louisiana Waterthrush 13.5-15.5cm; T-S; B; r
likes wooded, slow-moving streams, still waters and even just damp boggy areas
yellow
northern type
7 Northern Waterthrush
white
Seiurus noveboracensis
western type supercilium tapers at end
bobs tail more rapidly dusky pink likes fast flowing, clearwater streams within montane woodland
likes shady dense undergrowth with plentiful leaf-litter
prominent eye-ring
bobs tail more slowly bright pink
8 Louisiana Waterthrush Seiurus motacilla
supercilium flared at end
constantly bobs head and cocks tail
9 Ovenbird
much whiter than waterthrushes
Seiurus aurocapilla
596 007 BNSA.indd 596
19/9/06 14:21:19
1 Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia
females and immatures join mixed-species flocks
distinct pattern of white on wing
2 American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla
juvenile
first fall
spring adult
adult
usually solitary and fearless
first fall
adult fall
spring adult
creeps up and down trunks and under branches like a nuthatch
4 Swainson’s Warbler
and territorial, 3 Worm-eating Warbler solitary but occasionally joins
Helmitheros vermivorum
Lymnothlypis swainsonii
mixed flocks
normal ‘adult’ morph
males defend territory
constantly fans tail and flicks wings
locally in mangroves, wooded gardens
olive morph
cinnamon ‘juvenile’ morph
grey morph forages on ground in leaf-litter solitary and territorial
searches clusters of dead leaves in trees
forages secretively in dense undergrowth in leaf-litter
5 Mourning Warbler Oporornis philadelphia
6 Connecticut Warbler Oporornis agilis
complete eye-ring in all plumages
first fall
spring
fall
first spring
spring
first fall
007 BNSA.indd 597
skulks in dense undergrowth
often near water, likes river islands
walks on ground, does not hop
fall bobs tail and head as it walks
19/9/06 14:21:22
PLATE 291: WARBLERS 5
1
p. 737
4
p. 734
7
p. 735
Wilson’s Warbler 12cm; T; B/V; r
Kentucky Warbler 13-13.5cm; T; B; r
Common Yellowthroat 11.5-13cm; T; B; r
2
Canada Warbler 11.5-13.5cm; T-Te; B; c/s p. 737
5
Masked Yellowthroat 14cm; T-S; R; f/s
3
p. 736
6
p. 736
Olive-crowned Yellowthroat 13.5cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 735
8
Hooded Warbler 13-14cm; T; B; r
Black-lored Yellowthroat 13-14cm; T-S; R; f/u p. 736
9
Palm Warbler 12.5-14cm; T-LS; B/V; r p. 729
10 Cerulean Warbler
10
Cerulean Warbler 11-12cm; UT-S; B; lf/r p. 730
often seen in towns and villages
constantly pumps tail up and down
juvenile
Dendroica cerulea
mostly in primary evergreen forests, mainly mid-storey to canopy
first fall
early fall
spring
late fall
fall
palmarum
spring
9 Palm Warbler Dendroica palmarum
forages on open ground
spring
strong bars
598 007 BNSA.indd 598
19/9/06 14:21:25
2 Canada Warbler Wilsonia canadensis
1 Wilson’s Warbler Wilsonia pusilla
fall
first-year
spring fall
3 Hooded Warbler Wilsonia citrina
spring
first year
6 Black-lored Yellowthroat 4 Kentucky Warbler Oporornis formosus
Geothlypis auricularis
adult
fall
5 Masked Yellowthroat Geothlypis aequinoctialis
often forages in pairs in shrubbery, can be seen at edges and in clearings
spring
immature
juvenile
fall
solitary and territorial
spring tail usually cocked and often flicked
likes damp areas and near water
gleans from undersides of leaves
often cocks tail almost vertically
very restless in dense cover, but will climb a vertical stem for a lookout
7 Common Yellowthroat
Geothlypis trichas trichas
wren-like demeanour
favours drier habitats
immature
male sits on exposed perch to sing keeps to dense cover
forages close to or on ground in dense vegetation
007 BNSA.indd 599
Geothlypis semiflava semiflava
often near water
first-year
8 Olive-crowned Yellowthroat
first-year
first-year
19/9/06 14:21:27
PLATE 292: WARBLERS 6 b b
a
a c
c
1
Tepui Redstart 13-13.5cm; S; R; c
p. 738
2
p. 737
3
Golden-fronted Redstart 13-14cm; S-P; R; c p. 739
Slate-throated Redstart 12-14cm; T-Te; R; c/f
Saffron-breasted Redstart 13-13.5cm; UT-LS; R; l c NT p. 738
a
b
4
5
6
7
8
9
Paria Redstart 12.7-13cm; UT; R; u EN p. 738
White-fronted Redstart 13-14cm; Te-P; R; c/f NT p. 739
Spectacled Redstart 13-14.5cm; US-P; R; c/f p. 739
White-faced Redstart 13cm; UT-S; R; lf
p. 738
Yellow-crowned Redstart 12.5-14cm; S-Te; R; ?lf p. 740
?
10
Rose-breasted Chat 12-13cm; T; R; f/u
p. 746
10 Rose-breasted Chat
Granatellus pelzelni pelzelni
in pairs – very territorial
juvenile
bobs tail upwards
perches horizontally usually with wings dropped, tail cocked and lightly fanned (see vol. 1)
very fond of vine tangles, overgrown treefalls
600 007 BNSA.indd 600
19/9/06 14:21:29
2 Slate-throated Redstart Myioborus miniatus
often in mixedspecies flocks
mid to high levels
forehead black
juvenile
1 Tepui Redstart Myioborus castaneocapillus
3 Saffron-breasted Redstart NT Myioborus cardonai
a) verticalis
does not droop wings often
a) castaneocapillus
juvenile
b) pallidiventris
juvenile
adult
c) subsimilis
usually inside forest but occasionally at edges
adult forages very actively and restlessly
b) duidae
active low to mid-levels
EN 4 Paria Redstart
Myioborus pariae
constantly drops wings and flashes tail
immature
c) maguirei adult
6 White-faced Redstart Myioborus albifacies
cocks and fans tail low to mid levels
usually forages in higher levels; male sings from high exposed perch
juvenile
5 Golden-fronted Redstart Myioborus ornatus 7 White-fronted Redstart
adult
juvenile
Myioborus albifrons
rain and cloud forests
a) ornatus
juvenile constantly flitting tail and wings
b) chrysops joins mixed flocks
forages very actively, restless
usually forages in higher levels; male sings from high exposed perch in territory defence
8 Spectacled Redstart Myioborus melanocephalus
adult
9 Yellow-crowned Redstart Myioborus flavivertex
ruficoronatus juvenile hyperactive: all levels, mostly up high
juvenile
adult adult constantly flitting wings and tail
007 BNSA.indd 601
often in mixed flocks
constantly calls and wags tail
lighter montane and cloud forests
19/9/06 14:21:32
PLATE 293: WARBLERS 7
b
a
a b
1
c
2
Citrine Warbler 14-14.5cm; Te-P; R; f/u p. 741
Russet-crowned Warbler 14-15cm; S-Te; R; c/f p. 743 b d
a
4
Three-banded Warbler 12.5cm; S-Te; R; lf/u
10
Two-banded Warbler 13.5-14cm; T-LS; R; lf
p. 744
Grey-headed Warbler 14cm; S; R; ?u/r EN
8
9
Golden-crowned Warbler 12-13cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 743
6
Pirre Warbler 13-13.5cm; S; R; lf/u EN p. 744
11
p. 740
Golden-bellied Warbler 13cm; T; R; f/lc
often flicks tail downwards, climbs vertical stems
White-lored Warbler 13.5-14.2cm; T-S; R; lf NT p. 743
Flavescent Warbler 14-14.5cm; T; R; lc/f
forages from understorey to subcanopy often in mixed flocks likes undisturbed understorey and bamboo
roraimae
chlorophrys
10 Two-banded Warbler
11 Golden-bellied Warbler
Basileuterus bivittatus
p. 745
p. 740
usually in pairs, near watercourses
p. 742
c
5
Santa Marta Warbler 14-14.5cm; US-Te; R; lc/r NT p. 742
7
3
Basileuterus chrysogaster
602 007 BNSA.indd 602
19/9/06 14:21:34
1 Citrine Warbler Basileuterus luteoviridis
superciliary stops at eye
a) luteoviridis
EN 3 Grey-headed Warbler
Basileuterus griseiceps
see vol. 1 for details of other subspecies
juvenile
very acrobatic
joins mixedspecies flocks prefers forest understorey dominated by Clusia
adult
juvenile
b) richardsoni
2 Russet-crowned Warbler
adult
Basileuterus coronatus a) regulus
dense undergrowth of forests, esp. near treeline
likes tangled vines
in pairs or with mixed-species b) flocks
forages low early in day moves up to higher levels later in day
juvenile
5 Golden-crowned Warbler Basileuterus culicivorus
a) cabanisi orientalis juvenile
c) castaneiceps b) indignus
NT 4 Santa Marta Warbler
Basileuterus basilicus
(a) and (b) sometimes split as Cabanis’s Warbler
distinctive head pattern
juvenile
dense undergrowth and thick edges
adult fresh plumage
likes dense understorey of wide variety of forest and edges
7 Three-banded Warbler Basileuterus trifasciatus
adult
often flicks wings ands cocks tail
9 Flavescent Warbler
associated with Chusquea bamboo
6 White-lored
Basileuterus flaveolus
NT Warbler
Basileuterus conspicillatus
often in riparian thickets in dry forests
EN 8 Pirre Warbler
juvenile
Basileuterus ignotus
adult
007 BNSA.indd 603
d) olivascens
pale cheeks and black triangle on sides of neck
frequent along streams, gullies
forages actively in lower levels
c) segrex
likes edges of humid forests, shade, coffee plantations
sometimes with Pirre Bush Tanager
fond of undergrowth of elfin forests
continually pumps tail up and down, spreading slightly on downwards pump; often on ground, turning leaves, dense thickets to loose woodland to open areas
19/9/06 14:21:37
PLATE 294: WARBLERS 8
1
Black-crested Warbler 12.5-14.5cm; S-P; R; c/f p. 741
2
3
Grey-throated Warbler 14-14.5cm; UT-S; R; u/r NT p. 742
Pale-legged Warbler 13-14cm; S-Te; ?R; r d
Rufous-capped Warbler 12-13cm; T-LS; R; f
a Grey-and-gold Warbler 14cm; T; R; lf
River Warbler 13.5-14cm; T; R; f
p. 744
5
p. 740
p. 745
8
p. 745
b c
e
a
f
b
4
p. 741
6
g
Three-striped Warbler 12-13cm; UT-S; R; c/f
p. 744
a
c
b
7
Buff-rumped Warbler 13.5cm; T; R; lc/u
a) motacilla
tails of juveniles follow racial patterns
7 Buff-rumped Warbler Basileuterus fulvicauda
juvenile
likes muddy tracks and puddles
b) fulvicauda
c) semicervina
defends territory year-round
8 River Warbler Basileuterus rivularis mesoleuca
continually swings tail from side to side
always near water, mostly rivers, streams
terrestrial, forages on ground over fallen and rotten logs
prefers slow-moving water and swampy areas
juvenile body horizontal, continually opening and closing tail runs throughout heavy undergrowth
adults showing individual variation
more often heard than seen
604 007 BNSA.indd 604
19/9/06 14:21:40
1 Black-crested Warbler Basileuterus nigrocristatus
3 Pale-legged Warbler Basileuterus signatus
usually keeps to deep cover
juvenile
see vol. 1 for possibility of this species being excluded
juvenile
adult
forages lower than most congeners
edges of all kinds of forest and Chusquea bamboo
adult superciliary extends back
NT 2 Grey-throated Warbler
Basileuterus cinereicollis
undisturbed understorey, forages lower than Citrine Warbler (pl. 293)
likes steep slopes with tangled vegetation overgrown landslides
usually near water
4 Rufous-capped Warbler Basileuterus rufifrons
mesochrysus
Colombia
often along watercourses
5 Grey-and-gold Warbler Basileuterus fraseri
forages from ground to mid-levels
juvenile Venezuela
frequently holds tail cocked
forages alone or in pairs
a) fraseri
juvenile
b) ochraceicrista
moves slowly with much scanning
likes stream gullies in dry areas
usually stays within cover
6 Three-striped Warbler Basileuterus tristriatus
often with Common Bush Tanager (pl. 249)
flicks tail frequently and twists body side to side
b) bessereri
likes second growth mixed with bamboo
e) auricularis
a) meridanus
f) daedalus
juvenile
a) meridanus
forages in small to large chattering flocks
007 BNSA.indd 605
d) tacarcunae
c) pariae g) baezae
19/9/06 14:21:43
PLATE 295: OROPENDOLAS 1 b ? a
1
Casqued Oropendola 36-38cm, 28-30; T; R; u/r p. 747
3
2
Crested Oropendola 41-48cm, 30-38cm; T; R; lc/u p. 747 a d
Green Oropendola 43-51cm, 35-38cm; T; R; lf/r p. 747
b e
4
Olive Oropendola 47-53cm, 41-43cm; T; R; lf/u p. 748
c Russet-backed Oropendola 44-49cm, 34-38cm; T-S; R; lc p. 748
5
nest colonies in large isolated tree
a) oleagineus a) oleagineus in Amazonian basin favours riparian habitats esp. river islands
b) neglectus
juvenile
different outer edges on tail by race
c) alfredi
d) salmoni
e) angustifrons
5 Russet-backed Oropendola
tail is like that of salmoni
Psarocolius angustifrons 606
007 BNSA.indd 606
19/9/06 14:21:45
juvenile has dark eyes
1 Casqued Oropendola Psarocolius oseryi
nest colonies often in large trees reaching out over forest rivers
inside forests
colony is in tall solitary tree well separated from forest
2 Crested Oropendola Psarocolius decumanus
a) decumanus
fairly open areas, agriculture, parks
b) insularis crest of female
two-tone bill
3 Green Oropendola shorter Psarocolius viridis
colony usually in tall trees within forest
noisy, often joins mixed flocks with other oropendolas
female may have brown eyes
juvenile
two-tone bill
graduated
adult
clean division
olive outer edge
4 Olive Oropendola Psarocolius yuracares yuracares mostly inside forests, occasionally edges, openings no olive outer edge
007 BNSA.indd 607
19/9/06 14:21:48
PLATE 296: OROPENDOLAS 2 AND CACIQUES
1
2
3
4
5
6
Chestnut-headed Oropendola 34-36cm, 27-28cm; T; R; lf/r p. 748
Black Oropendola 44-48cm, 38-41cm; T; R; lc/u p. 749
Band-tailed Oropendola 32-34.5cm, 23-26cm; T; R; r p. 749
Red-rumped Cacique 25-29.5cm,20-24cm; T; R; c p. 750
Baudó Oropendola 44-46cm, 38-41cm; T; R; r EN p. 749
Subtropical Cacique 28-30.5cm, 25-25.5cm; T-S; R; lf/u p. 751
red rumps usually hidden when perched
7
Scarlet-rumped Cacique 23-27cm, 20.5-23cm; S; R; lc/u p. 751
pacificus
shorter red patch than Redrumped Cacique
7 Scarlet-rumped Cacique
/juvenile
Cacicus microrhynchus
often joins mixed-species flocks
6 Subtropical Cacique
/juvenile
semi-open humid forests and mature second growth rich in epiphytes
Cacicus uropygialis
608 007 BNSA.indd 608
19/9/06 14:21:51
1 Chestnut-headed Oropendola
large shield
Psarocolius wagleri ridgwayi
2 Band-tailed Oropendola sky blue eyes Ocyalus latirostris
often in mixed flocks with other oropendolas and caciques noisy in canopy and mid-storey
two-tone bill not easy to see
várzea and swampy forests, along rivers and river islands
broad black tip EN 3 Baudó Oropendola
often in mixed flocks with Chestnut-headed Oropendola
Psarocolius cassini all-black bill
pink cheek
immature
4 Black Oropendola Psarocolius guatimozinus
narrow yellow tip blue cheek
usually in canopy all yellow sides not sandy-soil forests, riverine tall semiopen trees
all yellow sides mostly along edges of wet or riverine forests usually nests along rivers
juvenile undescribed
brown eyes
5 Red-rumped Cacique Cacicus haemorrhous haemorrhous red usually hidden when perched
juvenile
often rests in trees leaning out over water
more forest-based than most caciques
007 BNSA.indd 609
smaller and duller but has pale eyes
19/9/06 14:21:53
PLATE 297: CACIQUES AND ORIOLES
b
a
1
2
Yellow-rumped Cacique 21.5-25cm, 21-23cm; T; R; lf/u p. 750
3
Solitary Cacique 27-28cm, 23-24cm; T; R; f/u p. 752
Mountain Cacique 27-30.5cm, 23-23.5cm; S-Te; R; lf/u p. 751
?
4
Ecuadorian Cacique 23-23.5, 19-20cm; T; R; lf/r p. 751
6
5
Yellow-billed Cacique 21.5-25cm, 21-23cm; T-Te; R; lf/u p. 752
Moriche Oriole 20.5-22cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 753
?
7
Epaulet Oriole 40–51 cm; M/V+ u/r NT p. 754
6 Moriche Oriole
Icterus chrysocephalus
always breeds in crowns of Mauritia palms
7 Epaulet Oriole slightly curved
juvenile
NT
Icterus cayanensis
open and semi-open woodlands
juvenile adult
forages all levels but mostly in canopy
adult mostly in groves of Mauritia palms, marshes and bogs but also forest alongside wetland
often jerks tail
forages quietly
610 007 BNSA.indd 610
19/9/06 14:21:55
1 Yellow-rumped Cacique Cacicus cela
2 Solitary Cacique
eyes pale blue
Cacicus solitarius
less yellow on wing
usually nests in a solitary tree
nests solitarily juvenile duller with distinctly brown remiges
b) vitellinus
river islands tends to skulk and stay within cover, usually low, near water
juvenile
3 Mountain Cacique Cacicus chrysonotus
a) cela
leucoramphus
adult very noisy, forages at all levels
often joins mixedspecies flocks of caciques and oropendolas
often in tall stands of Chusquea bamboo
never far from contiguous forest
juvenile
4 Ecuadorian Cacique Cacicus sclateri
usually forages at higher level than Solitary Cacique various forests, often in plantations
5 Yellow-billed Cacique Amblycercus holosericeus
juvenile
australis
adult
riparian thickets, Chusquea bamboo
usually forages in dense undergrowth, but goes higher to reach flowers
007 BNSA.indd 611
adult
juvenile
19/9/06 14:21:58
PLATE 298: ORIOLES a
a
b b
1
Yellow-tailed Oriole 21.5-23cm; T-LS; R; c/f p. 755
2
Yellow-backed Oriole 21.5-22cm; T-S; R; f/u p. 754
3
Yellow Oriole 20.5-21cm; T; R; c/f
p. 754
?
?
4
p. 755
7
p. 756
Orange-crowned Oriole 19-20.5cm; T; R; lf/u
Orchard Oriole 15-17cm; T-S; B; u/r
5
White-edged Oriole 20.5cm; T; R; lf/u
p. 756
6
Baltimore Oriole 17.5-20cm; T-S; B; lc/r p. 756
searches hanging bundles of dead leaves
defends feeding territory which has nectar-producing flowers
gathers in numbers at roosts
juvenile three wingbars
cultivations, esp. banana palntations
juvenile
all have dark eyes
juvenile
immature
light deciduous forest open area with scattered trees, agricultural and suburban
much smaller than Troupial
galbula 6 Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula
forages from understorey to canopy
spurius
7 Orchard Oriole Icterus spurius
612 007 BNSA.indd 612
19/9/06 14:22:01
1 Yellow-tailed Oriole Icterus mesomelas
forages at all levels, favours dense undergrowth
a) carrikeri
b) taczanowskii
juvenile
a) carrikeri
2 Yellow-backed Oriole Icterus chrysater
pairs will duet
fans and flicks tail in flight
giraudii
riparian, swampy habitats, marshes, bamboo, plantations
yellow edges to tail
light woodland, clear areas with scattered trees
juvenile all-black or almost all black wings
3 Yellow Oriole
Icterus nigrogularis white edges of wings
b) nigrogularis
juvenile
orange is variable
forages at all levels
white tips to tail variable and not easy to see
mosses, bromeliads, epiphytes in upper reaches
often visits bird feeders and flowering trees in gardens
b) nigrogularis
sometimes joins mixedspecies flocks
drier areas, semi-open plantations, orchards, parks
a) helioeides
4 Orange-crowned Oriole Icterus auricapillus
5 White-edged Oriole Icterus graceannae
mostly in canopy
diagnostic triangular white patch on tertials
juvenile
forages alone or in pairs at all levels, dry areas, riparian thickets in dry coastal areas
intense orange large
adult
open deciduous woodlands, orchards, plantations, etc.
007 BNSA.indd 613
all-black wing has yellow shoulder
immature white edges to tail
adult
19/9/06 14:22:04
PLATE 299: BLACKBIRDS AND TROUPIALS
1
Red-winged Blackbird 22cm; LT; B/V; r
p. 758
2
3
Yellow-hooded Blackbird 17-18.5, 16-16.5cm; T; R; c/f p. 757
Pale-eyed Blackbird 20.5cm; T; R; r
p. 757
? ? ?
4
Chestnut-capped Blackbird 18.5cm; T; R; c/lr p. 758 b ? c
Oriole Blackbird 28-30.5cm, 26.5cm; T; R; c/lu p. 757
6
Orange-backed Troupial 22-23.5cm; T; R; lf/u p. 753
a
7
5
Troupial 23-27cm; T; R; c/lu
p. 753
visits feeding tables and even hanging bird feeders
a) icterus
extended white patch on all races
b) ridgwayi c) metae
juvenile juvenile juvenile adult adult adult
7 Troupial usually in open areas, Icterus icterus
parklands, cultivations, gardens, orchards, open deciduous forest
juveniles all washed out yellow
intensity of orange slightly variable on all races
614 007 BNSA.indd 614
19/9/06 14:22:06
1 Red-winged Blackbird
2 Yellow-hooded Blackbird
Agelaius phoeniceus
Chrysomus icterocephalus icterocephalus tall wet
marshes and coastal wetlands, sedges and reed beds
grassland usually in flocks
wet open land, marshes, reed beds, rice fields
juvenile
adult
roosts in flocks in sugarcane fields
3 Pale-eyed Blackbird Chrysomus xanthophthalmus
marsh and wetlands, heavy emergent plants
4 Chestnut-capped Blackbird Chrysomus ruficapillus
pale eyes
frontalis marshes and reed beds, tall wet grasslands, rice fields
juvenile streaked below
juvenile buffy
reedbeds and bushes surrounding water
immature
5 Oriole Blackbird Gymnomystax mexicanus
walks sedately as it forages on ground, all levels
occasionally away from water
black cap distinctive
marshy and grassy habitats near water, moist pastures, agriculture, parks, gardens, etc.
6 Orange-backed Troupial Icterus croconotus croconotus
juvenile
adult pairs or trios (one youngster)
007 BNSA.indd 615
várzea and other humid lowland forest rare on terra firme
white patch half size of Troupial’s
juvenile adult riverine habitats
19/9/06 14:22:09
PLATE 300: GRACKLES
?
1
2
4
5
Red-bellied Grackle 30-31.5cm, 27cm; T-S; R; r EN p. 759
Scrub Blackbird 24cm, 23cm; T-S; R; c/f p. 760
3
Mountain Grackle 28-30cm, 26-28cm; S-Te; R; r CR p. 760
Velvet-fronted Grackle 20.3-23.5cm, 19-21cm; T; R; lf/u p. 759
6
Golden-tufted Grackle 28cm, 22-25.5cm; T-LS; R; lf/u p. 760
Great-tailed Grackle 43-46cm, 32-34cm; LT; R; lc/f p. 761
7
Carib Grackle 24.5-27.5cm, 20.5-23cm; T; R; lc/f p. 761
616 007 BNSA.indd 616
19/9/06 14:22:10
CR 2 Mountain Grackle
EN 1 Red-bellied Grackle
Macroagelaius subalaris
Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster
adult
juvenile
sometimes joins mixed flocks with large tanagers, jays, caciques, etc.
humid montane forests and edges, but also plantations (e.g. maize)
long and slim, chestnut epaulets diagnsotic
humid montane foerest
4 Scrub Blackbird Dives warszewiczi warszewiczi
female and juvenile duller; calls frequently often forages alone
3 Velvet-fronted Grackle Lampropsar tanagrinus guianensis
forages on ground, often near cattle
arid coastal lowland
calls constantly
humid forest edges near water riverine habitats and mangroves
5 Golden-tufted Grackle Macroagelaius imthurni
variety of forests and woodlands
golden axillary tufts show in flight
noisy and conspicuous in canopy
6 Great-tailed Grackle
Quiscalus mexicanus peruvianus
always in large groups, maybe to 25 birds
juvenile has brown eyes and streaks below
coastal
7 Carib Grackle
Quiscalus lugubris
may roost in large flocks in mangroves
usually forages on ground noisy communal roosts
struts about with tail cocked
open areas, agriculture, parks, gardens, open woodlands, farms
007 BNSA.indd 617
19/9/06 14:22:13
PLATE 301: COWBIRDS, MEADOWLARKS AMD BOBOLINK
?
1
Shiny Cowbird 18-22cm, 17-19cm; T-S; R; c p. 761
4
p. 758
7
p. 759
Red-breasted Blackbird 19cm; T-S; R; lc/u
Peruvian Meadowlark 20.5-21cm; T-S; R; c
2
Bronzed Cowbird 18.5-20cm; LT; R; r
p. 762
5
Bobolink 17-18cm; T; B; lf
p. 763
3
Giant Cowbird 35-38cm, 28-33cm; T-S; R; lc/u p. 762
6
Eastern Meadowlark 21.5-24cm; T-P; R; f
p. 759
all meadowlarks sit on prominent exposed perches looking around and singing
moist open habitats with grass and grass litter
open dry habitats, fields, cultivation, green areas in arid country often perches on telegraph poles and wires
juvenile
distinctive eyebrows
juvenile flocks in winter
meridionalis
flies with rapid shallow beats of downcurved wngs, alternating with glides
6 Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna
pale underwings visible in flight
bellicosa 7 Peruvian Meadowlark Sturnella bellicosa
618 007 BNSA.indd 618
19/9/06 14:22:16
1 Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis
riparius
often a pest in maize and rice fields
2 Bronzed Cowbird
Molothrus aeneus armenti
has noisy communal roosts; usually in reedbeds
juvenile
juvenile
generally dry areas
red eyes
walks with tail cocked
open and disturbed areas, plantations, riparian thickets, urban areas, etc.
purple gloss
often in mixed flocks with other cowbirds, blackbirds etc.
3 Giant Cowbird Scaphidura oryzivora
female has pale yellow eyes, male orange eyes variable
classic humped posture
forages from canopy to ground
usually near colonies of oropendolas and caciques
Erythrina blossom a favourite
pest in maize and rice fields
5 Bobolink
Dolichonyx oryzivorus
4 Red-breasted Blackbird Sturnella militaris
seldom seen boreal migrant, flies over region, best time Apr-May
militaris
non-breeding birds roost in flocks
juvenile reddish tinge
007 BNSA.indd 619
may descend for rice fields
breast band
open moist savannas, pastures, rice fields forages on ground
wary and retiring
note bright markings above, all black below
19/9/06 14:22:19
PLATE 302: SISKINS 1
a b
1
Andean Siskin 9.5-11cm; S-P; R; lf/r
p. 763
2
Lesser Goldfinch 10-105cm; T-Te; R; lc/r p. 766
3
Yellow-faced Siskin 10cm; T; R?; r VU
p. 764
?
4
Red Siskin 10-11cm; T-LS; R; r EN p. 764
EN 4 Red Siskin
Carduelis cucullata
birds usually indicated by presence of a look-out male on a tall stem of grass or top of a bush
forages alone, in pairs or small groups
will forage and travel in flocks semi-open deciduous woodlands and open grassland scattered with shrubs, weeds and trees
immature
juvenile
620 007 BNSA.indd 620
19/9/06 14:22:20
b) nigricauda
1 Andean Siskin
Carduelis spinescens
usually found in páramos with Espeletia in the dry season
fresh
joins mixed flocks of finches
females and juveniles lack cap
mostly forages on or near ground often in small groups
a) spinescens open woodlands, páramos with scrub, open hillsides
in fresh plumage yellowish edges to wing-coverts
worn
2 Lesser Goldfinch Carduelis psaltria
fresh
juvenile
worn
fresh
juvenile
all levels but most common on weeds and grass
usually forages in flocks from few to 50 or more
columbiana
immature
juvenile first moult
juvenile open woodlands, scrub, pastures with shrubs, parks and gardens
VU 3 Yellow-faced Siskin
Carduelis yarrellii
open scrub and shrubby grassland, farms, plantations, open woodland
clear yellow body
007 BNSA.indd 621
juvenile
19/9/06 14:22:23
PLATE 303: SISKINS 2
a b
c Hooded Siskin 10-11.5cm; T-P; R; lc/r p. 765
1
2
Olivaceous Siskin 10-11cm; T-Te; R; lf/u
p. 766
3
Yellow-bellied Siskin 10-11.5cm; T-Te; R; lf/r p. 766
4
Saffron Siskin 10-11cm; T; R; lf/u VU p. 765
from humid forests to plantations, slopes with scattered trees, farmland
forages at all levels but usually high up black bill
rare in open spaces
white
xanthogastra
fresh
juvenile
juvenile moult
3 Yellow-bellied Siskin Carduelis xanthogastra
open woodland, scrubby open land, cultivation, pastures, parks, gardens smallholdings and gardens
small groups to flocks
takes flight readily
all levels but often on and near ground
VU 4 Saffron Siskin
juvenile
Carduelis siemiradzkii
622 007 BNSA.indd 622
19/9/06 14:22:25
1 Hooded Siskin Carduelis magellanica
a) longirostris
forages restlessly, moving quickly, readily takes flight
often considerably sized flocks foraging through shrubs and on ground
black bill
full throat squared
note very small yellow base to tail
immature moulting
fresh
c) paula
b) capitalis
juvenile
fresh
worn
worn
greener
green rump and uppertailcoverts
brighter rump and uppertailcoverts
shorter hood deep throat rounded
whitish
yellow base about a third of tail length
pale grey
yellow reaching halfway down (compare to tail of Olivaceous Siskin)
fairly open woodlands, edges, open ground, cultivations, plantations, parks and gardens
2 Olivaceous Siskin Carduelis olivacea
open scattered woodland
black bill
usually in canopy of montane forests, sometimes at edges
rarely comes to ground
seldom away from forest
007 BNSA.indd 623
note different habitat from Hooded Siskin
juvenile
19/9/06 14:22:28
PLATE 304: EUPHONIAS 1
a
b ?
?
?
1
Plumbeous Euphonia 9.5cm; T; R; lc/r
?
2
p. 767
Purple-throated Euphonia 9-10cm; T; R; f/r p. 767
3
Orange-crowned Euphonia 10cm; T; R; lf/u p. 768 a
b
c
4
5
p. 768
6
7
8
p. 771
9
Velvet-fronted Euphonia 9-10cm; T; R; u p. 768
Golden-bellied Euphonia 10-11.5cm; T; R; c/lu p. 771
Trinidad Euphonia 9.5-10cm; T; R; c/lu
Bronze-green Euphonia 9-10cm; T-S; R; lf/u
Thick-billed Euphonia 10-11.5cm; T-S; R; c/lu p. 769
Tawny-capped Euphonia 11-12cm; T; R; u? p. 772
a b
10
11
Fulvous-vented Euphonia 9-11cm; T; R; lf/u p. 770
often forages quite low; often in mixed-species flocks
Violaceous Euphonia 10-11.5cm; T; R; c
a) fulvicrissa
p. 769
no white undertail
gallery forests to plantations and trees in open savanna
rodwayi
11 Violaceous Euphonia
Euphonia violacea
Fulvous-vented Euphonia 10 Euphonia fulvicrissa
b) purpuraescens
624 007 BNSA.indd 624
19/9/06 14:22:31
1 Plumbeous Euphonia Euphonia plumbea
scrubby open woodland, scrub around boulders in white sandy soil areas
also in humid forest
2 Purple-throated Euphonia
3 Orange-crowned
Euphonia chlorotica b) chlorotica a) cyanophora
Euphonia Euphonia saturata
4 Velvet-fronted Euphonia Euphonia concinna
forages noisily in tree tops, open forest, thickets and scrub
often with mixed-species flocks from broken forest on steep hillsides to parks and gardens
5 Trinidad Euphonia Euphonia trinitatis
no white undertail
often in canopy with mistletoe and associates with Golden-bellied Euphonia
light woodland, arid scrub, cultivated agricultural areas forest edges
juvenile
white breast is diagnostic
subdued white
a) crassirostris
6 Thick-billed Euphonia Euphonia laniirostris
b) melanura
alone or small groups usually in tree tops
c) hypoxantha
heavy bill
immature no white
subdued white
no white
7 Golden-bellied Euphonia Euphonia chrysopasta
usually high up in tall terra firme and várzea forest esp. where mistletoe is plentiful
Euphonia mesochrysa
humid forests and edges occasionally in isolated trees in adjacent open
mesochrysa
9 Tawny-capped Euphonia Euphonia anneae rufivertex
humid forests, edges and second growth
007 BNSA.indd 625
nitida
8 Bronze-green Euphonia
white
19/9/06 14:22:34
PLATE 305: EUPHONIAS 2 AND CHLOROPHONIAS a a b c
?
d b
1
Golden-sided Euphonia 11-11.5cm; T; R; f/r
p. 772
2
Orange-bellied Euphonia 9-11cm; T-S; R; c p. 772
b
4
Finsch’s Euphonia 9-10.2cm; T; R; lf/r
p. 769
Golden-rumped Euphonia 10.5-11cm; T-S; R; lf/r p. 770
a
5
3
White-vented Euphonia 9-10.2cm; T; R; f/r
p. 771
6
Chestnut-breasted Chlorophonia 11.7-12cm; S-P; R; u/r p. 773
c b a
7
Rufous-bellied Euphonia 10-11.5cm; T; R; lc/u p. 772
8
Yellow-collared Chlorophonia 10-10.2cm; T-S; R; f/r p. 773
seldom joins mixed-species flocks but may forage in large flocks of its own, with dozens of birds
9
Blue-naped Chlorophonia 10.5-11.5cm; T-S; R; lf/r p. 773
a) roraimae usually in canopy, sometimes joins mixed flocks
b) longipennis
8 Yellow-collared Chlorophonia Chlorophonia flavirostris
juvenile
c) minuscula
forages in rather sluggish manner
9 Blue-naped Chlorophonia Chlorophonia cyanea
626 007 BNSA.indd 626
19/9/06 14:22:37
2 Orange-bellied Euphonia Euphonia xanthogaster
a) exsul
c) chocoensis d) brevirostris
1 Golden-sided Euphonia Euphonia cayennensis
usually high up but comes lower for fruiting trees, from humid forests to plantations and edges, but intolerant of disturbance
3 Golden-rumped Euphonia Euphonia cyanocephala
b) badissima
4 Finsch’s Euphonia Euphonia finschi
shrubby forest borders and mixed edge habitats, open woodlands, gallery forest
a) cyanocephala
not found in continuous forest, rarely joins mixed flocks
usually forages fairly low looking for fruits and berries but also joins mixed flocks at all levels
b) insignis
5 White-vented Euphonia Euphonia minuta
b) humilis
a) minuta
juvenile
heads - variations
6 Chestnut-breasted Chlorophonia Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys
often wags or twitches partly spread tail, showing white spots
forages slowly in epiphyte-laden canopy, lower at forest edges
often in mixed flocks
7 Rufous-bellied Euphonia Euphonia rufiventris
carnegie
007 BNSA.indd 627
variant from Táchira, Venezuela
usually in upper levels; often with mixed-species feeding flocks
19/9/06 14:22:40
PLATE 306: EXOTICS
1
p. 774
2
Tricoloured Munia 11cm; T; I; lc/u
p. 774
3
4
p. 776
5
Vitelline Masked Weaver 14cm; T; I; lr
p. 776
6
7
p. 777
8
p. 623
9
Common Waxbill 10cm; T; I; lc
Village Weaver 15cm; T; I; lu
House Sparrow 15cm; T-S; I; lu
European Starling 20cm; T-S; I; lu
Chestnut Munia 11cm; T; I; u
p. 775
Java Sparrow 13-14cm; T; I; lu (VU in Indonesia) p. 775
Northern Red Bishop 11cm; T; I; lr
p. 777
grassy areas by light woodland
franciscanus
9 Northern Red Bishop Euplectes franciscanus
bright blue base
bill may be darker
breeding juvenile non-breeding
juvenile may be ‘patchy’ as it moults into non-breeding plumage
8 European Starling Sturnus vulgaris
628 007 BNSA.indd 628
19/9/06 14:22:42
3 Chestnut Munia Lonchura atricapilla
2 Tricoloured Munia Lonchura malacca
1 Common Waxbill
juvenile as Tricoloured Munia
Estrilda astrild
in ricegrowing areas: flies in undulating flocks
adult rice growing areas, small flocks
adult juvenile preference for marshy or wet areas with sedges, tall grasses
juvenile forages in small flocks
adult
juvenile
open grassland and grassy areas
5 Vitelline Masked Weaver Ploceus vitellinus vitellinus
breeding
4 Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus cucullatus
(breeding female bill not so swollen)
usually around human habitation
VU 6 Java Sparrow
Lonchura oryzivora
forages singly or in pairs, based in small colonies; non-breeding male and juvenile look like female
male defends nest territory year round
highly sociable, based in nesting colonies
nonbreeding male and juvenile look like female
adult
breeding
7 House Sparrow
Passer domesticus
non-breeding
juveniles may wander in flocks
juvenile
007 BNSA.indd 629
usually around human habitation, forages on the ground
19/9/06 14:22:45
INDEX All entries refer to Plate numbers, not pages. abeillei, Arremon 279 aburri, Aburria 9 Aburria 9 Accipiter 29, 31, 32 accipitrinus, Deroptyus 77 Acestrura 110 Acropternis 183 Actitis 54 acuta, Anas 5 acuticaudata, Aratinga 70 acutipennis, Chordeiles 85 acutipennis, Pseudocolapteryx 192 Adelomyia 101 adusta, Roraimia 142 Aegolius 81 aenea, Chloroceryle 115 aeneus, Glaucis 91 aeneus, Molothrus 301 aenigma, Sapayoa 221 aequatorialis, Androdon 94 aequatorialis, Momotus 116 aequinoctialis, Buteogallus 33, 34 aequinoctialis, Geothlypis 291 aequinoctialis, Procellaria 15 Aeronautes 90 aethereus, Nyctibius 86 aethereus, Phaethon 18 aethiops, Thamnophilus 157 affinis, Aythya 4, 7 affinis, Cyanocorax 228 affinis, Veniliornis 134 agami, Agamia 23 Agamia 23 Agelaius 299 agilis, Anairetes 192 agilis, Oporornis 290 Aglaeactis 103 Aglaiocercus 111 Agriornis 201 Aimophila 271 ajaja, Platalea 25 alaudinus, Phrygilus 272 alba, Ardea 22 alba, Calidris 55 alba, Gygis 60 alba, Motacilla 240 alba, Tyto 81 Albatross, Black-browed 14 Black-footed 14 Waved 14 Yellow-nosed 14 alberti, Crax 12 albescens, Synallaxis 141 albicaudatus, Buteo 34, 35 albiceps, Atlapetes 281 albiceps, Elaenia 190 albicollis, Leucopternis 29, 32 albicollis, Nyctidromus 86 albicollis, Porzana 45 albicollis, Turdus 243 albicollis, Zonotrichia 271 albifacies, Myioborus 292 albifrons, Anser 6 albifrons, Conirostrum 268 albifrons, Myioborus 292
albifrons, Pithys 170 albigula, Buteo 36, 37 albigularis, Laterallus 44 albigularis, Sclerurus 148 albigularis, Synallaxis 141 albilatera, Diglossa 269 albilinea, Tachycineta 229 albilora, Muscisaxicola 202 albinucha, Xenopsaris 224 albipectus, Pyrrhura 72 albirostris, Galbula 118 albitarsis, Ciccaba 84 albiventer, Tachycineta 229 albiventris, Dacnis 266 albobrunneus, Campylorhynchus 232 albocristata, Sericossypha 248 albofrenatus, Atlapetes 281 albogriseus, Pachyramphus 223 albogularis, Contopus 199 albogularis, Megascops 82 albogularis, Tyrannus 206 albolineatus, Lepidocolaptes 152 albonotatus, Buteo 37, 38 albovittatus, Conopias 209 albus, Eudocimus 24 albus, Procnias 213 alcyon, Megaceryle 115 alector, Crax 12 alexandrinus, Charadrius 50 alice, Chlorostilbon 97 alinae, Eriocnemis 107 alixii, Clytoctantes 159 alleni, Grallaria 176 alnorum, Empidonax 198 Alopochelidon 231 alpestris, Eremophila 240 alpina, Calidris 55 alpinus, Muscisaxicola 202 altera, Corapipo 219 alticola, Amazilia 100 altiloquus, Vireo 226 altipetens, Anas 5, 7 amabilis, Amazilia 100 amaurocephalus, Leptopogon 184 Amaurolimnas 44 Amaurospiza 286 Amazilia 99, 100 amazilia, Amazilia 100 Amazon, Blue-cheeked 77 Festive 76 Mealy 77 Orange-winged 77 Red-lored 77 Scaly-naped 77 Yellow-crowned 77 Yellow-shouldered 77 Amazona 76, 77 amazona, Chloroceryle 115 Amazonetta 4 amazonica, Amazona 77 amazonicus, Thamnophilus 158 amazonina, Hapalopsittaca 73 ambigua, Myrmotherula 160 ambiguus, Ara 68 ambiguus, Ramphastos 129
Amblycercus 297 americana, Anas 5, 7 americana, Chloroceryle 115 americana, Fulica 47 americana, Mycteria 25 americana, Parula 287 americana, Recurvirostra 51 americana, Spiza 284 americana, Sporophila 276 americanus, Coccyzus 79 americanus, Ibycter 41 americanus, Numenius 53 amethysticollis, Heliangelus 106 amethystina, Calliphlox 110 Ammodramus 271 Ampelioides 210 Ampelion 212 Anabacerthia 146 anabatinus, Thamnistes 158 Anabazenops 147 anaethetus, Onychoprion 60 Anairetes 192 analis, Catamenia 278 analis, Formicarius 172 analis, Iridosornis 260 Anas 5, 7 Ancistrops 143 andicola, Agriornis 201 andicola, Leptasthenura 142 Andigena 126 andina, Gallinago 52 andinus, Podiceps 13 andium, Anas 5, 7 andrei, Chaetura 89 andrei, Taeniotriccus 185 Androdon 94 angolensis, Oryzoborus 277 angustifrons, Psarocolius 295 angustirostris, Lepidocolaptes 152 Anhima 4 Anhinga 20 anhinga, Anhinga 20 ani, Crotophaga 80 Ani, Greater 80 Groove-billed 80 Smooth-billed 80 Anisognathus 259, 259 anneae, Euphonia 304 Anous 60 Anser 6 Antbird, Amazonas 166 Ash-breasted 166 Banded 167 Bare-crowned 167 Bicoloured 170 Black 165 Black-and-white 167 Black-chinned 166 Black-faced 166 Black-headed 166 Black-throated 169 Blackish 165 Caura 166 Chestnut-backed 168 Chestnut-crested 170
630 008 BNSA.indd 630
19/9/06 14:34:53
Dot-backed 171 Dull-mantled 168 Dusky 165 Esmeraldas 169 Ferruginous-backed 168 Grey 165 Grey-bellied 169 Grey-headed 169 Hairy-crested 170 Immaculate 169 Jet 165 Long-tailed 163 Lunulated 170 Northern Chestnut-tailed 169 Ocellated 170 Parker’s 165 Plumbeous 169 Rio Branco 165 Roraiman 166 Rufous-throated 170 Scale-backed 171 Silvered 167 Slate-coloured 166 Sooty 169 Spot-backed 171 Spot-winged 166 Spotted 171 Striated 163 Stub-tailed 168 Warbling 167 White-bellied 168 White-browed 166 White-masked 170 White-plumed 170 White-shouldered 168 Willis’s 165 Wing-banded 167 Yapacana 169 Yellow-browed 167 Anthocephala 101 anthonyi, Caprimulgus 87 anthophilus, Phaethornis 92 anthracinus, Buteogallus 33, 34 Anthracothorax 95 Anthus 240 antillarum, Sternula 62 antisianus, Pharomachrus 114 antisiensis, Cranioleuca 145 Antpipit, Ringed 186 Antpitta, Bicoloured 176 Black-crowned 174 Brown-banded 178 Chestnut-crowned 178 Chestnut-naped 177 Crescent-faced 179 Cundinamarca 176 Giant 174 Great 174 Grey-naped 177 Hooded 179 Jocotoco 178 Moustached 176 Ochre-breasted 179 Ochre-striped 176 Peruvian 179 Plain-backed 175 Rufous 177 Rufous-crowned 173 Rusty-breasted 179
Santa Marta 176 Scaled 175 Scallop-breasted 179 Slate-crowned 179 Spotted 177 Streak-chested 177 Táchira 176 Tawny 177 Tepui 178 Thicket 177 Thrush-like 178 Undulated 174 Variegated 175 Watkins’s 176 White-bellied 176 White-lored 179 Yellow-breasted 176 Antshrike, Amazonian 158 Band-tailed 155 Bar-crested 156 Barred 156 Black 156 Black-backed 155 Black-capped 157 Black-crested 155 Black-throated 154 Blackish-grey 157 Castelnau’s 157 Chapman’s 156 Cinereous 159 Cocha 156 Collared 155 Dusky-throated 159 Eastern Slaty 158 Fasciated 154 Great 154 Lined 156 Mouse-coloured 157 Pearly 158 Russet 158 Speckled 158 Spot-winged 158 Streak-backed 158 Undulated 154 Uniform 157 Western Slaty 158 White-shouldered 157 Antthrush, Barred 173 Black-faced 172 Black-headed 172 Rufous-breasted 172 Rufous-capped 172 Schwartz’s 173 Short-tailed 173 Striated 173 Antvireo, Bicoloured 159 Plain 159 Spot-crowned 159 White-streaked 159 Antwren, Amazonian Streaked 160 Ancient 163 Ash-winged 164 Brown-backed 162 Brown-bellied 161 Checker-throated 162 Cherrie’s 160 Chestnut-shouldered 164 Dot-winged 164 Dugand’s 163
Foothill 161 Grey 162 Guianan Streaked 160 Leaden 162 Long-winged 162 Moustached 160 Ornate 161 Pacific 160 Plain-throated 160 Plain-winged 161 Pygmy 160 Río Suno 162 Roraiman 163 Rufous-bellied 160 Rufous-rumped 164 Rufous-tailed 161 Rufous-winged 163 Rusty-backed 164 Slaty 162 Spot-backed 163 Spot-tailed 163 Stipple-throated 161 Stripe-chested 160 Todd’s 163 White-eyed 162 White-flanked 161 White-fringed 164 Yellow-breasted 163 Yellow-throated 160 ANUROLIMNAS 44 Aphanotriccus 198 Aphriza 56 apicalis, Myiarchus 206 apolinari, Cistothorus 234 aquila, Eutoxeres 93 Ara 68, 69 Araçari, Black-necked 127 Chestnut-eared 127 Collared 127 Green 127 Ivory-billed 127 Lettered 127 Many-banded 127 Pale-mandibled 127 Stripe-billed 127 aracari, Pteroglossus 127 arada, Cyphorhinus 238 Aramides 46 Aramus 24 ararauna, Ara 68 Aratinga 70, 71 arcuata, Pipreola 210 Ardea 21, 22 ardesiaca, Fulica 47 ardesiacus, Thamnomanes 159 Arenaria 56 arenarum, Sublegatus 189 argyrofenges, Tangara 265 argyrotis, Penelope 10 armata, Merganetta 4 armillata, Cyanolyca 228 Arremon 279 Arremonops 279 arremonops, Oreothraupis 280 arthus, Tangara 262 Arundinicola 202 asiatica, Zenaida 64 Asio 84 assimilis, Myrmotherula 162
631 008 BNSA.indd 631
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assimilis, Puffinus 16 assimilis, Tolmomyias 195 Asthenes 140 astreans, Chaetocercus 110 astrild, Estrilda 306 Asturina 34 Atalotriccus 192 ater, Daptrius 41 Athene 81 Atlapetes 280–282 atra, Monasa 122 atratus, Coragyps 26 atratus, Scytalopus 181 atricapilla, Donacobius 238 atricapilla, Lonchura 306 atricapillus, Buarremon 283 atricapillus, Myiornis 192 atricaudus, Myiobius 196 atricilla, Larus 59 atrifrons, Odontophorus 8 atrimentalis, Phaethornis 93 atrinucha, Thamnophilus 158 atripennis, Saltator 285 atrirostris, Oryzoborus 277 atronitens, Xenopipo 221 atropileus, Hemispingus 250 atrothorax, Myrmeciza 169 Attagis 52 Atticora 231 Attila 204 Attila, Bright-rumped 204 Cinnamon 204 Citron-bellied 204 Dull-capped 204 Ochraceous 204 Rufous-tailed 204 audax, Aphanotriccus 198 augusti, Phaethornis 92 Aulacorhynchus 125 aura, Cathartes 26 aurantiaca, Metopothrix 143 aurantiacus, Manacus 219 aurantiifrons, Hylophilus 227 aurantiirostris, Arremon 279 aurantiirostris, Catharus 242 aurantiivertex, Heterocercus 221 aurantioatrocristatus, Griseotyrannus 206 auratus, Capito 123 aurea, Aratinga 71 aureliae, Haplophaedia 107 aureocincta, Bangsia 257 aureola, Pipra 217 aureopectus, Pipreola 211 aureoventris, Pheucticus 284 aurescens, Heliodoxa 101 aureus, Jacamerops 118 auricapillus, Icterus 298 auriceps, Pharomachrus 114 auricularis, Geothlypis 291 auriculata, Zenaida 64 aurifrons, Ammodramus 271 aurifrons, Picumnus 131 aurita, Conopophaga 180 auritus, Heliothryx 109 auritus, Phalacrocorax 20 aurocapilla, Seiurus 290 aurovirens, Capito 124 Automolus 147, 148 autumnalis, Amazona 77
autumnalis, Dendrocygna 6 averano, Procnias 213 Avocet, American 51 Avocetbill, Mountain 109 Avocettula 95 Awlbill, Fiery-tailed 95 axillaris, Aramides 46 axillaris, Herpsilochmus 163 axillaris, Myrmotherula 161 Aythya 4, 7 azara, Pteroglossus 127 azarae, Synallaxis 141 baeri, Leucippus 99 bahamensis, Anas 5, 7 bairdii, Calidris 55 bairdii, Myiodynastes 209 bambla, Microcerculus 236 Bananaquit 266 bangsi, Grallaria 176 Bangsia 257 barbadensis, Amazona 77 barbata, Penelope 10 barbatus, Myiobius 196 Barbet, Black-spotted 123 Five-coloured 123 Gilded 123 Lemon-throated 123 Orange-fronted 124 Red-headed 123 Scarlet-crowned 124 Spot-crowned 124 Toucan 124 White-mantled 124 Barbtail, Roraiman 142 Rusty-winged 142 Spotted 142 White-throated 142 Barbthroat, Band-tailed 91 Sooty 91 White-tailed 91 Bare-eye, Argus 171 Black-spotted 171 Reddish-winged 171 baroni, Metallura 215 barrabandi, Pionopsitta 75 barringeri, Phlegopsis 171 barroti, Heliothryx 109 bartletti, Crypturellus 3 Bartramia 53 Baryphthengus 116 Basileuterus 293, 294 basilicus, Basileuterus 293 batavicus, Touit 74 Becard, Barred 222 Black-and-white 223 Black-capped 223 Chestnut-crowned 222 Cinereous 224 Cinnamon 222 Crested 223 Glossy-backed 223 Green-backed 222 One-coloured 222 Pink-throated 223 Slaty 223 White-winged 222 Yellow-cheeked 222 behni, Myrmotherula 161 belcheri, Larus 58
bella, Goethalsia 99 Bellbird, Bearded 213 White 213 bellicosa, Sturnella 301 benjamini, Urosticte 107 Bentbill, Northern 193 Southern 193 berlepschi, Aglaiocercus 111 berlepschi, Chaetocercus 110 berlepschi, Crypturellus 2 berlepschi, Dacnis 266 berlepschi, Myrmeciza 168 Berlepschia 143 bernardi, Sakesphorus 155 bicinctus, Hypnelus 120 bicolor, Accipiter 29, 32 bicolor, Conirostrum 268 bicolor, Dendrocygna 6 bicolor, Tachycineta 229 bicolor, Tiaris 274 bidentatus, Harpagus 27, 29 Bishop, Northern Red 306 bistriatus, Burhinus 49 Bittern, Least 24 Pinnated 23 Stripe-backed 24 bivittatus, Basileuterus 293 Blackbird, Chestnut-capped 299 Oriole 299 Pale-eyed 299 Red-breasted 301 Red-winged 299 Scrub 300 Yellow-hooded 299 Blossomcrown 101 Bobolink 301 Bobwhite, Crested 7 bogotensis, Anthus 240 Boissonneaua 105 boissonneautii, Pseudocolaptes 143 bolivianus, Attila 204 bombus, Acestrura 110 Bombycilla 240 bonapartei, Coeligena 104 bonapartei, Nothocercus 1 bonariensis, Molothrus 301 bonariensis, Thraupis 258 Booby, Blue-footed 19 Brown 19 Masked 19 Nazca 19 Peruvian 19 Red-footed 19 borealis, Numenius 53 Botaurus 23 bougainvillii, Phalacrocorax 20 bougueri, Urochroa 103 bourcieri, Phaethornis 92 bourcierii, Eubucco 123 bouvreuil, Sporophila 277 bouvronides, Sporophila 275 Brachygalba 117 brachyura, Chaetura 89 brachyura, Myrmotherula 160 brachyura, Synallaxis 139 brachyurus, Buteo 36, 37 brachyurus, Graydidascalus 73 bracteatus, Nyctibius 86 branickii, Leptosittaca 69
632 008 BNSA.indd 632
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branickii, Odontorchilus 233 brasilianum, Glaucidium 83 brasilianus, Phalacrocorax 20 brasiliensis, Amazonetta 4 brevicauda, Muscigralla 202 brevirostris, Crypturellus 3 brevirostris, Rhynchocyclus 194 brevis, Ramphastos 128 Brilliant, Black-throated 102 Empress 102 Fawn-breasted 101 Green-crowned 102 Pink-throated 102 Velvet-browed 102 Violet-fronted 101 brissonii, Cyanocompsa 286 Brotogeris 73 brunnea, Nonnula 121 brunneicapillus, Ornithion 188 brunneiceps, Hylophilus 227 brunneinucha, Buarremon 283 brunneiventris, Diglossa 270 brunnescens, Premnoplex 142 Buarremon 283, 283 Bubo 84 Bubulcus 22 Bucco 119 buckleyi, Columbina 65 buckleyi, Micrastur 42 buffoni, Circus 30 buffonii, Chalybura 101 bulleri, Puffinus 16 Bulweria 16 bulwerii, Bulweria 16 Bunting, Indigo 286 Burhinus 49 burmeisteri, Phyllomyias 187 burrovianus, Cathartes 26 Busarellus 34, 35 Bushbird, Black 159 Recurve-billed 159 Buteo 34–38 Buteogallus 33–35 Buthraupis 19 Butorides 23 Buzzard-Eagle, Black-chested 33, 34 cachinnans, Herpetotheres 41 Cacicus 296 Cacique, Ecuadorian 297 Mountain 297 Red-rumped 296 Scarlet-rumped 296 Solitary 297 Subtropical 296 Yellow-billed 297 Yellow-rumped 297 caerulea, Egretta 21, 22 caerulea, Passerina 286 caeruleiceps, Pyrrhura 71 caerulescens, Anser 6 caerulescens, Dendroica 288 caerulescens, Diglossa 269 caerulescens, Geranospiza 28 caerulescens, Sporophila 275 caeruleus, Cyanerpes 267 caesius, Thamnomanes 159 caica, Pionopsitta 75 Cairina 6
cajanea, Aramides 46 Calidris 55, 56 californicus, Larus 58 caligatus, Trogon 112 callinota, Terenura 164 calliparae, Chlorochrysa 261 Calliphlox 110 calliptera, Pyrrhura 72 callonotus, Veniliornis 134 callophrys, Tangara 264 CalochAetes 257 Calonectris 16 calopterus, Aramides 46 calopterus, Mecocerculus 191 calopterus, Poecilotriccus 185 calorhynchus, Aulacorhynchus 125 campanisona, Chamaeza 173 campanisona, Myrmothera 178 Campephilus 137 campestris, Colaptes 136 Camptostoma 188 Campylopterus 94, 95 Campylorhamphus 153 Campylorhynchus 232 canadensis, Caryothraustes 284 canadensis, Sakesphorus 155 canadensis, Wilsonia 291 Canastero, Many-striped 140 Streak-backed 140 candei, Synallaxis 139 candidus, Melanerpes 133 caniceps, Myiopagis 188 canigularis, Chlorospingus 249 cantator, Hypocnemis 167 canus, Scytalopus 182 canutus, Calidris 56 capense, Daption 15 capensis, Bucco 119 capensis, Zonotrichia 271 capitalis, Poecilotriccus 185 Capito 123, 124 Caprimulgus 87 Capsiempis 189 Capuchinbird 214 caracae, Scytalopus 182 Caracara 41 Caracara, Black 41 Carunculated 41 Mountain 41 Northern 41 Red-throated 41 Yellow-headed 41 carbo, Ramphocelus 257 carbonaria, Cercomacra 165 Cardinal, Masked 283 Red-capped 283 Vermilion 284 Cardinalis 284 cardonai, Myioborus 292 Carduelis 302, 303 caribaea, Fulica 47 caripensis, Steatornis 85 carmioli, Chlorothraupis 252 carneipes, Puffinus 16 carnifex, Phoenicircus 212 carolina, Porzana 45 carolinensis, Anas 5, 7 carolinensis, Caprimulgus 87 carolinensis, Dumetella 247
Carpodectes 213 carrizalensis, Amaurospiza 286 carunculatus, Phalcoboenus 41 casiquiare, Crypturellus 3 caspia, Hydroprogne 61 cassini, Leptotila 66 cassini, Psarocolius 296 cassini, Veniliornis 134 cassinii, Mitrospingus 252 castanea, Dendroica 289 castanea, Hapaloptila 121 castanea, Myrmeciza 169 castanea, Synallaxis 141 castaneiceps, Anurolimnas 44 castaneiceps, Conopophaga 180 castaneiceps, Lysurus 283 castaneiventris, Amazilia 100 castaneiventris, Sporophila 277 castaneocapillus, Myioborus 292 castaneus, Pachyramphus 222 castaneus, Pithys 170 castanotis, Pteroglossus 127 castelnau, Picumnus 132 castro, Oceanodroma 17 Catamblyrhynchus 265 Catamenia 278 Catbird, Grey 247 Cathartes 26 Catharus 242 Catoptrophorus 56 caudacutus, Sclerurus 148 caudata, Drymophila 163 caudata, Inezia 191 caudatus, Theristicus 24 caurensis, Schistocichla 166 cayana, Cotinga 213 cayana, Dacnis 266 cayana, Piaya 78 cayana, Tangara 263 cayana, Tityra 224 cayanensis, Icterus 297 cayanensis, Leptodon 27, 29 cayanensis, Myiozetetes 208 cayanus, Cyanocorax 228 cayanus, Vanellus 49 cayennensis, Caprimulgus 87 cayennensis, Euphonia 305 cayennensis, Mesembrinibis 24 cayennensis, Panyptila 90 cayennensis, Patagioenas 63 cedrorum, Bombycilla 240 cela, Cacicus 297 Celeus 136 centralis, Megascops 82 Cephalopterus 216 cephalotes, Myiarchus 206 Cercibis 24 Cercomacra 165 certhia, Dendrocolaptes 150 Certhiaxis 144, 145 cerulea, Dendroica 291 Chachalaca, Chestnut-winged 9 Colombian 9 Grey-headed 9 Little 9 Rufous-headed 9 Rufous-vented 9 Speckled 9 Chaetocercus 110
633 008 BNSA.indd 633
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Chaetura 89, 90 chalcopterus, Pionus 76 Chalcostigma 215 chalcothorax, Galbula 117 chalybea, Progne 230 chalybeus, Lophornis 96 Chalybura 101 Chamaepetes 10 Chamaeza 173 chapmani, Chaetura 89 chapmani, Phylloscartes 193 Charadrius 50 Chat, Rose-breasted 292 Chat-Tyrant, Brown-backed 200 Crowned 200 Jelski’s 200 Rufous-breasted 200 Slaty-backed 200 White-browed 200 Yellow-bellied 200 Chauna 4 chavaria, Chauna 4 Chelidoptera 122 cheriway, Caracara 41 cherriei, Cypseloides 88 cherriei, Myrmotherula 160 cherriei, Synallaxis 140 cherriei, Thripophaga 145 chihi, Plegadis 24 chiguanco, Turdus 244 chilensis, Phoenicopterus 25 chilensis, Stercorarius 57 chilensis, Tangara 261 chilensis, Vanellus 50 chimachima, Milvago 41 chimborazo, Oreotrochilus 103 chionopectus, Amazilia 99 chionurus, Trogon 112 chiriquensis, Elaenia 190 Chiroxiphia 218 Chlidonias 60 Chlorestes 97 chloris, Piprites 221 chlorocercus, Leucippus 99 Chloroceryle 115 Chlorochrysa 261 chlorolepidota, Pipreola 211 Chlorophanes 267 Chlorophonia 305 Chlorophonia, Blue-naped 305 Chestnut-breasted 305 Yellow-collared 305 chloropterus, Ara 68 chloropus, Gallinula 47 chlororhynchos, Thalassarche 14 Chlorornis 248 Chlorospingus 249 Chlorostilbon 97 Chlorothraupis 252 chlorotica, Euphonia 304 chocoensis, Scytalopus 183 chocoensis, Veniliornis 134 choliba, Megascops 81 Chondrohierax 27, 29 Chordeiles 85 chrysater, Icterus 298 chrysauchen, Melanerpes 133 chrysocephalum, Neopelma 220 chrysocephalus, Icterus 297
chrysocephalus, Myiodynastes 209 chrysochloros, Piculus 135 chrysocrotaphum, Todirostrum 185 chrysogaster, Basileuterus 293 chrysogaster, Pheucticus 284 Chrysolampis 96 chrysomelas, Chrysothlypis 251 Chrysomus 299 chrysonotus, Cacicus 297 chrysopasta, Euphonia 304 chrysops, Zimmerius 187 chrysoptera, Brotogeris 73 chrysoptera, Vermivora 287 chrysopterus, Masius 218 Chrysothlypis 251 chrysotis, Tangara 262 Chrysuronia 98 chthonia, Grallaria 176 Chuck-will’s-widow 87 chunchotambo, Xiphorhynchus 151 Ciccaba 84 Cichlopsis 241 Ciconia 25 cinchoneti, Conopias 209 Cinclodes 138 Cinclodes, Bar-winged 138 Stout-billed 138 Cinclus 240 cincta, Dichrozona 167 cinctus, Rhynchortyx 7 cinctus, Saltator 285 cinerascens, Cercomacra 165 cinerea, Ardea 21 cinerea, Piezorhina 278 cinerea, Serpophaga 191 cinereicapilla, Zimmerius 187 cinereiceps, Ortalis 9 cinereiceps, Phyllomyias 187 cinereicollis, Basileuterus 294 cinereigulare, Oncostoma 193 cinereiventris, Chaetura 90 cinereiventris, Microbates 239 cinereum, Conirostrum 268 cinereum, Todirostrum 185 cinereus, Circus 30 cinereus, Coccyzus 79 cinereus, Contopus 199 cinereus, Crypturellus 2 cinereus, Xenus 54 cinereus, Xolmis 201 cinnamomea, Neopipo 196 cinnamomea, Synallaxis 140 cinnamomeipectus, Hemitriccus 186 cinnamomeiventris, Ochthoeca 200 cinnamomeus, Attila 204 cinnamomeus, Certhiaxis 144 cinnamomeus, Pachyramphus 222 cinnamomeus, Picumnus 131 cinnamomeus, Pyrrhomyias 196 Cinnycerthia 233 Circus 30 cirratus, Picumnus 132 cirrocephalus, Larus 59 Cissopis 248 Cistothorus 234 citrea, Protonotaria 289 citreolaemus, Ramphastos 128 citrina, Sicalis 273 citrina, Wilsonia 291
citriniventris, Attila 204 clamator, Asio 84 Claravis 65 clarisse, Heliangelus 106 clarkii, Megascops 82 climacocerca, Hydropsalis 86 clypeata, Anas 5, 7 Clytoctantes 159 Cnemarchus 201 Cnemoscopus 249 Cnemotriccus 198 Cnipodectes 194 coccineus, Calochaetes 257 Coccyzus 79 cochlearius, Cochlearius 23 Cock-of-the-Rock, Andean 216 Guianan 216 cocoi, Ardea 21 coelestis, Aglaiocercus 111 coelestis, Forpus 74 Coeligena 104, 105 coeligena, Coeligena 104 Coereba 266 coeruleogularis, Lepidopyga 97 coerulescens, Saltator 285 Colaptes 134, 136 Colibri 95 Colinus 7 collaris, Accipiter 31 collaris, Aythya 4, 7 collaris, Charadrius 50 collaris, Microbates 239 collaris, Trogon 113 colma, Formicarius 172 colombiana, Neocrex 45 colombianus, Megascops 82 colombica, Thalurania 98 Colonia 203 colonus, Colonia 203 coloratus, Myadestes 241 columbarius, Falco 43 columbianus, Ortalis 9 columbiana, Sicalis 273 columbianus, Odontophorus 8 Columbina 65 comptus, Trogon 112 concinna, Euphonia 304 concolor, Amaurolimnas 44 concolor, Amaurospiza 286 condamini, Eutoxeres 93 Condor, Andean 26 Conebill, Bicoloured 268 Blue-backed 268 Capped 268 Chestnut-vented 268 Cinereous 268 Giant 268 Rufous-browed 268 White-eared 268 conirostris, Arremonops 279 Conirostrum 268 Conopias 209 Conopophaga 180 Conothraupis 248 conoveri, Leptotila 66 conspicillatus, Basileuterus 293 conspicillatus, Forpus 74 Contopus 198, 199 conversii, Popelairia 96
634 008 BNSA.indd 634
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cooperi, Contopus 198 cooperii, Accipiter 31 Coot, American 47 Caribbean 47 Slate-coloured 47 Coquette, Festive 96 Peacock 96 Racket-tailed 96 Rufous-crested 96 Spangled 96 Tufted 96 cora, Thaumastura 111 coracinus, Entomodestes 241 Coragyps 26 Corapipo 217 coraya, Thryothorus 237 corensis, Patagioenas 63 Cormorant, Double-crested 20 Guanay 20 Neotropic 20 cornuta, Anhima 4 cornuta, Pipra 218 cornutus, Heliactin 110 coronata, Dendroica 288 coronata, Lepidothrix 218 coronatus, Basileuterus 293 coronatus, Onychorhynchus 194 coronatus, Platyrinchus 195 Coronet, Buff-tailed 105 Chestnut-breasted 105 Velvet-purple 105 coruscans, Colibri 95 corvina, Sporophila 276 coryi, Schizoeaca 142 Coryphospingus 272 Corythopis 186 Cotinga 213 Cotinga, Black-necked Red 212 Black-tipped 213 Blue 213 Chestnut-bellied 212 Chestnut-crested 212 Guianan Red 212 Plum-throated 213 Pompadour 212 Purple-breasted 213 Purple-throated 212 Red-crested 212 Spangled 213 cotinga, Cotinga 213 Coturnicops 44 Cowbird, Bronzed 301 Giant 301 Shiny 301 Crake, Ash-throated 45 Black-banded 44 Chestnut-headed 44 Colombian 45 Grey-breasted 44 Ocellated 44 Paint-billed 45 Rufous-sided 44 Russet-crowned 44 Rusty-flanked 44 Speckled 44 Uniform 44 White-throated 44 Yellow-breasted 45 Cranioleuca 144, 145
crassirostris, Lysurus 283 crassirostris, Oryzoborus 277 Crax 11, 12 Creagrus 59 creatopus, Puffinus 16 crepitans, Psophia 48 Crescentchest, Elegant 181 Marañón 181 Creurgops 253 crinitus, Myiarchus 206 cristata, Elaenia 190 cristata, Habia 253 cristata, Lophostrix 81 cristata, Rhegmatorhina 170 cristatus, Colinus 7 cristatus, Oxyruncus 210 cristatus, Tachyphonus 254 croconotus, Icterus 299 Crotophaga 80 cruentatus, Melanerpes 133 cruentus, Rhodospingus 272 cruziana, Columbina 65 cryptoleuca, Progne 230 cryptoleucus, Thamnophilus 157 cryptolophus, Snowornis 214 cryptoxanthus, Myiophobus 197 CRYPTURELLUS 2, 3 cryptus, Cypseloides 88 Cuckoo, Ash-coloured 79 Banded Ground 80 Black-bellied 78 Black-billed 79 Dark-billed 79 Dwarf 79 Grey-capped 79 Guira 80 Little 78 Mangrove 79 Pavonine 78 Pearly-breasted 79 Pheasant 78 Red-billed Ground 80 Rufous-vented Ground 80 Rufous-winged Ground 80 Squirrel 78 Striped 79 Yellow-billed 79 cucullata, Carduelis 302 cucullata, Grallaricula 179 cucullatus, Coryphospingus 272 cucullatus, Ploceus 306 culicivorus, Basileuterus 293 culminatus, Ramphastos 128 cumanensis, Pipile 9 cunicularia, Athene 81 cupreicauda, Amazilia 100 cupreoventris, Eriocnemis 107 cupripennis, Aglaeactis 103 Curassow, Black 12 Blue-billed 12 Great 11 Helmeted 11 Lesser Razor-billed 11 Nocturnal 10 Razor-billed 11 Salvin’s 11 Wattled 12 Yellow-knobbed 12 Curlew, Eskimo 53
Long-billed 53 curtata, Cranioleuca 145 curucui, Trogon 113 curvirostris, Nothoprocta 3 cuvieri, Ramphastos 130 cuvierii, Phaeochroa 94 cyanea, Chlorophonia 305 cyanea, Diglossa 269 cyanea, Passerina 286 Cyanerpes 267 cyanescens, Galbula 118 cyaneus, Circus 30 cyaneus, Cyanerpes 267 cyanicollis, Tangara 264 Cyanicterus 258 cyanicterus, Cyanicterus 258 cyanifrons, Amazilia 100 cyanocephala, Euphonia 305 cyanocephala, Thraupis 258 Cyanocompsa 286 Cyanocorax 228 cyanoides, Cyanocompsa 286 cyanoleuca, Notiochelidon 229 Cyanolyca 228 cyanopectus, Sternoclyta 102 cyanoptera, Anas 5, 7 cyanoptera, Brotogeris 73 cyanoptera, Tangara 265 cyanopterus, Pterophanes 103 cyanotis, Tangara 263 cyanus, Hylocharis 98 Cyclarhis 225 Cymbilaimus 154 Cyphorhinus 238 Cypseloides 88 Cypsnagra 248 Dacnis 266 Dacnis, Black-faced 266 Blue 266 Scarlet-breasted 266 Scarlet-thighed 266 Tit-like 265 Turquoise 266 Viridian 266 White-bellied 266 Yellow-bellied 266 Yellow-tufted 266 dactylatra, Sula 19 daguae, Turdus 246 Damophila 98 Daption 15 Daptrius 41 daubentoni, Crax 12 dayi, Elaenia 190 dea, Galbula 117 Deconychura 149 decumanus, Psarocolius 295 decurtatus, Hylophilus 227 deiroleucus, Falco 43 delatrii, Tachyphonus 254 delattrei, Lophornis 96 delawarensis, Larus 58 delicata, Gallinago 52 deliciosus, Machaeropterus 220 delphinae, Colibri 95 demissa, Cranioleuca 145 Dendrexetastes 150 Dendrocincla 149 Dendrocolaptes 150
635 008 BNSA.indd 635
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Dendrocygna 6 Dendroica 287–289 derbianus, Aulacorhynchus 125 derbyi, Eriocnemis 107 Deroptyus 77 desolata, Pachyptila 15 devillei, Drymophila 163 diadema, Catamblyrhynchus 265 diadema, Ochthoeca 200 dialeucos, Odontophorus 8 Dichrozona 167 Dickcissel 284 Diglossa 269, 270 dignissima, Grallaria 176 dignus, Veniliornis 134 dilectissimus, Touit 74 dimidiatus, Ramphocelus 257 diodon, Harpagus 27, 29 diomedea, Calonectris 16 Diopsittaca 69 Dipper, White-capped 240 discors, Anas 5, 7 Discosura 96 disjuncta, Myrmeciza 169 discolor, Dendroica 289 distans, Amazilia 99 Dives 300 dives, Hylopezus 177 Dixiphia 217 doliatus, Thamnophilus 156 Dolichonyx 301 Doliornis 212 Dolospingus 278 domesticus, Passer 306 dominica, Dendroica 288 dominica, Pluvialis 49 dominicanus, Larus 58 dominicensis, Progne 230 dominicensis, Tyrannus 206 dominicus, Nomonyx 4 dominicus, Tachybaptus 13 Donacobius 238 Donacobius, Black-capped 238 Doradito, Crested 192 Subtropical 192 dorsale, Ramphomicron 108 dorsalis, Anabazenops 147 dorsimaculatus, Herpsilochmus 163 Doryfera 94 Dotterel, Tawny-throated 49 dougallii, Sterna 62 Dove, Black-winged Ground 65 Blue Ground 65 Caribbean 66 Common Ground 65 Croaking Ground 65 Eared 64 Ecuadorian Ground 65 Grey-chested 66 Grey-fronted 66 Grey-headed 66 Maroon-chested Ground 65 Mourning 64 Ochre-bellied 66 Pacific 64 Pallid 66 Picui Ground 65 Plain-breasted Ground 65 Ruddy Ground 65
Scaled 65 Tolima 66 White-tipped 66 White-winged 64 Dowitcher, Long-billed 54 Short-billed 54 Dromococcyx 78 dryas, Catharus 242 Drymophila 163 Dryocopus 137 Dubusia 260 Duck, Andean 4 Black-bellied Whistling 6 Comb 6 Fulvous Whistling 6 Masked 4 Muscovy 6 Ring-necked 4, 7 Torrent 4 White-faced Whistling 6 dufresniana, Amazona 77 dugandi, Herpsilochmus 163 duidae, Campylopterus 94 duidae, Crypturellus 3 duidae, Diglossa 270 duidae, Emberizoides 273 Dumetella 247 Dunlin 55 Dysithamnus 159 Eagle, Bald 40 Black-and-chestnut 39, 40 Crested 39, 40 Harpy 39, 40 Solitary 34 ecaudatus, Myiornis 192 edward, Amazilia 101 edwardsi, Bangsia 257 egregia, Chaetura 89 egregia, Pyrrhura 72 Egret, Cattle 22 Great 22 Little 22 Reddish 21, 22 Snowy 22 Egretta 21, 22 ElAenia 189, 190 Elaenia, Brownish 190 Caribbean 189 Foothill 188 Forest 188 Great 190 Greenish 188 Grey 188 Highland 190 Large 189 Lesser 190 Mottle-backed 190 Mountain 190 Pacific 189 Plain-crested 190 Rufous-crowned 190 Sierran 190 Slaty 190 Small-billed 190 White-crested 190 Yellow-bellied 189 Yellow-crowned 189 Elanoides 28, 29 Elanus 28, 29
elatus, Tyrannulus 188 Electron 116 elegans, Celeus 136 elegans, Laniisoma 210 elegans, Melanopareia 181 elegans, Progne 230 elegans, Thalasseus 61 elegans, Xiphorhynchus 152 eliciae, Hylocharis 98 Emberizoides 273 Emerald, Andean 100 Blue-tailed 97 Chiribiquete 97 Coppery 97 Glittering-throated 99 Green-tailed 97 Narrow-tailed 97 Plain-bellied 100 Red-billed 97 Sapphire-spangled 99 Short-tailed 97 Táchira 99 Versicoloured 99 West Andean 97 White-chested 99 emma, Pyrrhura 71 Empidonax 198 Empidonomus 207 Ensifera 103 ensifera, Ensifera 103 ensipennis, Campylopterus 94 Entomodestes 241 eos, Coeligena 104 episcopus, Thraupis 258 Eremophila 240 Eriocnemis 107 erythrocephala, Pipra 217 erythrocephalus, Hylocryptus 148 erythrocercum, Philydor 144 erythrogenys, Aratinga 70 erythromelas, Periporphyrus 284 erythrophthalma, Netta 4, 7 erythrops, Cranioleuca 145 erythrops, Neocrex 45 erythrops, Odontophorus 8 erythroptera, Ortalis 9 erythroptera, Phlegopsis 171 erythropterum, Philydor 146 erythropthalmus, Coccyzus 79 erythropus, Crypturellus 2 erythropus, Tringa 54 erythropygius, Cnemarchus 201 erythropygius, Pteroglossus 127 erythropygius, Xiphorhynchus 152 erythrura, Myrmotherula 161 erythrurus, Terenotriccus 196 estella, Oreotrochilus 103 Estrilda 306 Eubucco 123 Eucometis 252 Eudocimus 24 euleri, Coccyzus 79 euleri, Lathrotriccus 198 euophrys, Thryothorus 237 Eupetomena 94 Euphonia 304, 305 Euphonia, Bronze-green 304 Finsch’s 305 Fulvous-vented 304
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Golden-bellied 304 Golden-rumped 305 Golden-sided 305 Orange-bellied 305 Orange-crowned 304 Plumbeous 304 Purple-throated 30 Rufous-bellied 305 Tawny-capped 304 Thick-billed 304 Trinidad 304 Velvet-fronted 304 Violaceous 304 White-vented 305 Euplectes 306 eurygnathus, Thalasseus 62 euryptera, Opisthoprora 109 EurYpyga 48 Euscarthmus 191 Eutoxeres 93 excelsa, Grallaria 174 excelsior, Cinclodes 138 exilis, Ixobrychus 24 exilis, Laterallus 44 exilis, Picumnus 131 eximia, Buthraupis 259 eximius, Vireolanius 225 exortis, Heliangelus 106 exsul, Myrmeciza 168 Fairy, Black-eared 109 Purple-crowned 109 falcatus, Campylopterus 94 falcinelllus, Plegadis 24 Falco 43 Falcon, Aplomado 43 Barred Forest 42 Bat 43 Buckley’s Forest 42 Collared Forest 42 Laughing 41 Lined Forest 42 Orange-breasted 43 Peregrine 43 Plumbeous Forest 42 Slaty-backed Forest 42 fallax, Leucippus 99 fanny, Myrtis 110 fannyi, Thalurania 98 farinosa, Amazona 77 fasciata, Atticora 231 fasciata, Patagioenas 63 fasciatoventris, Thryothorus 238 fasciatum, Tigrisoma 23 fasciatus, Anurolimnas 44 fasciatus, Campylorhynchus 232 fasciatus, Myiophobus 197 fedoa, Limosa 53 femoralis, Falco 43 ferox, Myiarchus 205 ferruginea, Calidris 55 ferruginea, Hirundinea 196 ferruginea, Myrmeciza 168 ferruginea, Oxyura 4 ferrugineifrons, Bolborhynchus 72 ferrugineipectus, Grallaricula 179 festiva, Amazona 76 filicauda, Pipra 217 fimbriata, Amazilia 99 Finch, Ash-breasted Sierra 272
Band-tailed Sierra 272 Bay-crowned Brush 281 Black-billed Seed 277 Black-headed Brush 283 Chestnut-bellied Seed 277 Chestnut-capped Brush 283 Cinereous 278 Collared Warbling 272 Crimson 272 Duida Grass 273 Dusky-headed Brush 281 Grassland Yellow 273 Great-billed Seed 277 Large-billed Seed 277 Moustached Brush 281 Ochre-breasted Brush 282 Olive 283 Orange-fronted Yellow 273 Pale-headed Brush 281 Pale-naped Brush 280 Pileated 272 Plumbeous Sierra 272 Red-crested 272 Rufous-naped Brush 280 Saffron 273 Santa Marta Brush 281 Slaty 272 Slaty Brush 280 Sooty-faced 283 Stripe-headed Brush 283 Stripe-tailed Yellow 273 Sulphur-throated Yellow 273 Tanager 280 Tepui Brush 282 Thick-billed Seed 277 Tricoloured Brush 281 Wedge-tailed Grass 273 White-headed Brush 281 White-rimmed Brush 280 White-winged Brush 281 Yellow-headed Brush 281 Yellow-throated Brush 280 finschi, Euphonia 305 Fire-eye, White-backed 165 fjeldsaai, Myrmotherula 162 Flamingo, Chilean 25 Greater 25 flammeus, Asio 84 flammigerus, Ramphocelus 256 flammulata, Asthenes 140 flammulatus, Thripadectes 147 Flatbill, Dusky-tailed 194 Eye-ringed 194 Fulvous-breasted 194 Large-headed 194 Olivaceous 194 Pacific 194 Rufous-tailed 194 flava, Piranga 255 flaveola, Capsiempis 189 flaveola, Coereba 266 flaveola, Sicalis 273 flaveolus, Basileuterus 293 flavescens, Boissonneaua 105 flavicans, Myiophobus 197 flavicapilla, Xenopipo 220 flaviceps, Atlapetes 281 flavicollis, Hemithraupis 251 flavifrons, Vireo 226
flavigula, Piculus 135 flavigularis, Chlorospingus 249 flavigularis, Platyrinchus 195 flavipes, Hylophilus 227 flavipes, Notiochelidon 229 flavipes, Tringa 54 flavipes, Turdus 243 flavirostris, Chlorophonia 305 flavirostris, Grallaricula 179 flavirostris, Monasa 122 flavirostris, Porphyrula 47 flaviventer, Dacnis 266 flaviventer, Porzana 45 flaviventris, Phylloscartes 193 flaviventris, Tolmomyias 195 flavivertex, Heterocercus 221 flavivertex, Myioborus 292 flavivertex, Myiopagis 189 flavogaster, Elaenia 189 flavotincta, Grallaria 176 flavovirens, Chlorospingus 249 flavoviridis, Vireo 226 flavus, Celeus 136 Flicker, Andean 136 Campo 136 floriceps, Anthocephala 101 florida, Tangara 261 Florisuga 95 Flowerpiercer, Black 269 Black-throated 270 Bluish 269 Chestnut-bellied 270 Coal-black 270 Deep-blue 269 Glossy 269 Greater 270 Indigo 269 Masked 269 Rusty 270 Scaled 270 Venezuelan 269 White-sided 269 fluviatilis, Muscisaxicola 202 Fluvicola 202 Flycatcher, Acadian 198 Alder 198 Amazonian Royal 194 Amazonian Scrub 189 Apical 206 Baird’s 209 Black-billed 198 Black-tailed 196 Boat-billed 208 Bran-coloured 197 Brown-crested 205 Cinnamon 196 Cliff 196 Crowned Slaty 206 Dusky-capped 205 Dusky-chested 207 Euler’s 198 Flavescent 197 Fork-tailed 207 Fuscous 198 Golden-crowned 209 Great Crested 206 Grey-breasted 198 Grey-capped 209 Grey-crowned 195
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Handsome 197 Lemon-browed 209 McConnell’s 184 Northern Royal 194 Northern Scrub 189 Ochre-bellied 184 Olive-chested 197 Olive-sided 198 Olive-striped 184 Olive Tufted 199 Orange-banded 197 Orange-crested 197 Orange-eyed 195 Ornate 196 Pacific Royal 194 Pale-edged 206 Panama 205 Piratic 207 Roraiman 197 Ruddy-tailed 196 Rufous 205 Rufous-breasted 184 Rusty-margined 208 Scissor-tailed 207 Sepia-capped 184 Short-crested 205 Slaty-capped 184 Social 208 Sooty-crowned 205 Streak-necked 184 Streaked 207 Suiriri 189 Sulphur-bellied 207 Sulphur-rumped 196 Sulphury 209 Swainson’s 205 Tawny-breasted 196 Three-striped 209 Tufted 199 Variegated 207 Venezuelan 205 Vermilion 198 Whiskered 196 White-bearded 208 White-ringed 209 Willow 198 Yellow-breasted 195 Yellow-margined 195 Yellow-olive 195 Yellow-throated 209 foetidus, Gymnoderus 215 Foliage-gleaner, Brown-rumped 147 Buff-browed 146 Buff-fronted 146 Buff-throated 147 Chestnut-crowned 148 Chestnut-winged 146 Cinnamon-rumped 144 Dusky-cheeked 147 Guttulated 146 Henna-hooded 148 Lineated 146 Montane 146 Olive-backed 147 Ruddy 147 Rufous-necked 146 Rufous-rumped 144 Rufous-tailed 144
Scaly throated 146 Slaty-winged 146 White-throated 148 forficatus, Elanoides 28, 29 forficatus, Tyrannus 207 Formicarius 172 Formicivora 164 formicivorus, Melanerpes 133 formosa, Pipreola 211 formosus, Oporornis 291 Forpus 74 fortis, Myrmeciza 169 franciae, Amazilia 100 franciscanus, Euplectes 306 frantzii, Elaenia 190 fraseri, Oreomanes 268 fraseri, Basileuterus 294 Frederickena 154 Fregata 18 Fregatta 17 frenata, Chlorothraupis 252 frenata, Geotrygon 67 Frigatebird, Great 18 Magnificent 18 fringilloides, Dolospingus 278 frontalis, Hemispingus 250 frontalis, Nonnula 121 frontalis, Ochthoeca 200 frontalis, Pipreola 211 Fruitcrow, Bare-necked 215 Crimson 215 Purple-throated 215 Red-ruffed 215 Fruiteater, Barred 210 Black-chested 211 Fiery-throated 211 Golden-breasted 211 Green-and-black 211 Handsome 211 Orange-breasted 211 Red-banded 210 Scaled 210 Scarlet-breasted 211 fucata, Alopochelidon 231 fucosa, Tangara 264 fuertesi, Hapalopsittaca 73 fulgidus, Pharomachrus 114 Fulica 47 fulica, Heliornis 48 fulicarius, Phalaropus 56 fuliginosa, Dendrocincla 149 fuliginosa, Schizoeaca 142 fuliginosus, Tiaris 274 Fulmar, Southern 15 Fulmarus 15 fulva, Petrochelidon 231 fulva, Pluvialis 49 fulviventris, Myrmotherula 162 fulvicauda, Basileuterus 294 fulviceps, Thlypopsis 251 fulvicrissa, Euphonia 304 fulvipectus, Rhynchocyclus 194 fulviventris, Hylopezus 179 fulviventris, Turdus 243 fulvogularis, Malacoptila 120 fulvus, Lanio 253 fumicolor, Ochthoeca 200 fumifrons, Poecilotriccus 185 fumigatus, Contopus 199
fumigatus, Myiotheretes 201 fumigatus, Turdus 246 fumigatus, Veniliornis 134 funereus, Oryzoborus 277 furcata, Tachornis 90 furcata, Thalurania 98 furcatus, Creagrus 59 furcifer, Heliomaster 109 Furnarius 138 fusca, Dendroica 287 fusca, Iodopleura 212 fusca, Malacoptila 120 fuscater, Catharus 242 fuscater, Turdus 244 fuscatus, Cnemotriccus 198 fuscatus, Margarops 247 fuscatus, Onychoprion 60 fuscescens, Catharus 242 fuscicauda, Ramphotrigon 194 fuscicauda, Habia 253 fuscicauda, Scytalopus 182 fusciceps, Thripophaga 145 fuscicollis, Calidris 55 fuscipenne, Philydor 146 fuscocinereus, Lipaugus 214 fuscoolivaceus, Atlapetes 281 fuscorufa, Synallaxis 139 fuscus, Cinclodes 138 fuscus, Larus 58 fuscus, Pionus 76 gaimardii, Myiopagis 188 Galbalcyrhynchus 117 Galbula 117 galbula, Galbula 118 galbula, Icterus 298 galeatus, Lophotriccus 192 Gallinago 52 Gallinula 47 Gallinule, Azure 47 Purple 47 Spot-flanked 47 Gampsonyx 27, 29 garrula, Ortalis 9 garzetta, Egretta 22 gayi, Attagis 52 Gelochelidon 61 gentryi, Herpsilochmus 163 geoffroyi, Neomorphus 80 geoffroyi, Schistes 109 georgica, Anas 5, 7 Geositta 138 Geothlypis 291 Geotrygon 67 Geranoaetus 33, 34 Geranospiza 28 gibsoni, Chlorostilbon 97 gigantea, Grallaria 174 giganteus, Macronectes 14 gigas, Elaenia 190 gigas, Patagona 103 gilvicollis, Micrastur 42 gilvus, Mimus 247 glacialoides, Fulmarus 15 glareola, Tringa 54 glauca, Diglossa 269 Glaucidium 83 Glaucis 91 glaucocolpa, Thraupis 258 globulosa, Crax 12
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gloriosa, Diglossa 270 gloriosissima, Diglossa 270 Glyphorynchus 149 Gnatcatcher, Guianan 239 Slate-throated 239 Tropical 239 Gnateater, Ash-throated 180 Chestnut-belted 180 Chestnut-crowned 180 Gnatwren, Collared 239 Long-billed 239 Tawny-faced 239 godini, Eriocnemis 107 Godwit, Bar-tailed 53 Black-tailed 53 Hudsonian 53 Marbled 53 goeringi, Brachygalba 117 goeringi, Hemispingus 250 Goethalsia 99 Goldenthroat, Green-tailed 99 Tepui 99 White-tailed 99 Goldfinch, Lesser 302 goldmani, Geotrygon 67 Goldmania 98 goodsoni, Patagioenas 64 Goose, Greater White-fronted 6 Orinoco 6 Snow 6 goudoti, Lepidopyga 97 goudotii, Chamaepetes 10 graceannae, Icterus 298 gracilipes, Zimmerius 187 gracilis, Oceanites 17 Grackle, Carib 300 Golden-tufted 300 Great-tailed 300 Mountain 300 Red-bellied 300 Velvet-fronted 300 Grallaria 174-178 grallaria, Fregatta 17 Grallaricula 179 grammicus, Celeus 136 granadensis, Hemitriccus 186 granadensis, Myiozetetes 209 granadensis,