Hebrew Grammar [Bilingual ed.] 1423203070, 9781423203070

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‫ֲדיׁשה‬ ָ ‫ • ִע ְברִית ח‬The Basics of Hebrew Pronunciation & Alphabet

‫ ָא ֶל ְפּבֵית‬The Hebrew Alphabet n Like

all Semitic languages, Hebrew is written and read from right to left, on a horizontal line n There are no capital letters n There are 22 letters, plus 4 derived, for a total of 26, each letter representing a consonant, though four letters also function as vowels: ‫א‬, ‫ה‬, ‫ ו‬and ‫י‬ n Only six letters change shape in absolute final form n Vowel signs are placed beneath, above or to the side of each letter n Letters are never joined together because each letter stands alone n Written forms, not shown here, are known as German or cursive script; printed forms are known as Ashuri or square script, used in books, magazines, newspapers and any printed documents n Each letter has also a numerical value

Foreign Sounds Not Found in Hebrew

‫ ג׳‬stands for the soft sound of ‫ ג‬g, as in gel: ‫“ ג׳ֹורְג׳‬George,” ‫“ ג׳נס‬jeans” ‫ ז׳‬stands for the soft sound dji /ž/, as in measure: ‫“ זַ׳ן־ז׳ק‬Jean-Jacques” ‫ צ׳‬stands for the sound tch /č/, as in chore: ‫“ צַ׳ ְרלִי צַ׳ ְּפלִין‬Charlie Chaplin” Vowel Signs n There n Most

are 12 vowels: 5 short and 7 long vowel signs are placed below the consonant

Short Vowels

(Patah): [as in manicure] a short horizontal line below the consonant: ‫ַא‬ (Seghol): [as in let] 3 dots forming an equilateral triangle placed below the consonant: ‫א‬ ֶ n i (Hiriq): [as in pit] 1 dot below the consonant: ‫א‬ ִ n o (Qamas Qatan): [as in cola] like a small letter T placed below the consonant: ‫ָא‬ n u (Qubbus): [as in nut] 3 dots positioned diagonally below the consonant: ‫א‬ ֻ n a n e

Long Vowels

(Qamas): [as in father] like a small letter T placed below the consonant: ‫ָא‬ (Tsereh): [as in prey] 2 horizontal dots below the consonant: ‫א‬ ֵ n ē (Tsereh): [as in prey] 2 horizontal dots below the consonant followed by the letter ‫( י‬yohd): ‫אֵי‬ n ī (Hirq): [as in marine] 1 dot below the consonant followed by the letter ‫( י‬yohd): ‫ִי‬ ‫א‬ n ō (Holam): [as in oh!] 1 dot above the letter ‫( ֹו‬vahv): ‫אֹו‬ n ō (Holam): [as in oh!] 1 dot over the left-hand corner of the consonant: ֹ‫א‬ n ū (Shuruq): [as in astute] 1 dot in the middle of the letter ‫( ּו‬vahv): ‫ּו‬ n ā n ē

Dagesh Forte ‫חזָק‬ ָ

‫ ָּדגֵׁש‬Dagesh Lene ‫ָּדגֵׁש קַל‬

dagesh is a point placed inside a letter indicates that the consonant in which it occurs has been doubled and that it should

n The n It

be pronounced doubled: ‫ֶר‬ ‫ ַה ֵּספ‬/hasséfer/ “the book”

dagesh can be placed in all letters except the gutturals: because this letter cannot be doubled

n This

‫ע‬, ‫ח‬, ‫ה‬, ‫ א‬and ‫ר‬

‫( ָּדגֵש‬dagesh forte) n The dagesh can also be inserted in the letters ‫ת‬, ‫פ‬, ‫כ‬, ‫ד‬, ‫ ג‬and ‫ב‬, to indicate the n This

type of dagesh is called ‫חוָק‬ ָ

difference between the spirant (prolonged) and aspirate (pronounced with an “h” sound) renderings of these letters: ‫ִת‬ ‫ ַּבי‬/bā’it/ “house”; ‫ ָכּל‬/kāl/ “all, every.”

n This

type of dagesh is called ‫ַל‬ ‫ק‬

‫( דָּגׁש‬dagesh lene)

1

Isolated Final Numerical Meaning Form Form Value

Sound/Phonetic Symbol



aleph /a/ [Amish] beht /b/ [boat] veht /v/ [vet] gee-mel /g/ [good] dah-let /d/ [door] heh /h/ [house] vahv /v/ [victory] zah-yin /z/ [zoo] heht /h/ [Pesah] teht /t/ [Toy] yohd /j/ [yet] — /i/ [meet] kahf /k/ [key] khahf /kh/ [chutzpah] lah-med /l/ [low] mem /m/ [month] nun /n/ [nose] sah-mekh /s/ [sun] ah-yin /’/ [law officer] peh /p/ [poor] feh /f/ [faith] tsah-dee /ts/ [pots] kof /q/ [coke] rehsh /r/ [rose] sheen /š/ [shoe] seen /s/ [sun] tav /t/ [toy]

‫ * א‬ 1 ‫ ** בּ‬ 2 ‫ *** ב‬ ‫ ** ג‬ 3 ‫ ** ד‬ 4 ‫ ה‬ 5 ‫ ו‬ 6 ‫ ז‬ 7 ‫ ח‬ 8 ‫ ט‬ 9 ‫ י‬ 10 ‫ ** כּ‬ 20 ‫ ך *** כ‬ 30 ‫ ל‬ ‫ ם מ‬ 40 ‫ נ‬ ‫ ן‬ 50 ‫ ס‬ 60 ‫ ע‬ 70 ‫ ** פּ‬ 80 ‫ ף *** פ‬ ‫ ץ צ‬ 90 ‫ ק‬ 100 ‫ ר‬ 200 ‫ שׁ‬ 300 ‫ *** שׂ‬ ‫ ּת ** ת‬ 400

ox house house camel door window hook weapon fence snake hand palm (hand) palm (hand) ox-goad water fish prop eye mouth mouth fish-hook back of head head tooth tooth sign

* Always silent at the end of a word; at the beginning or in the middle of a word, it can be pronounced as /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, or /u/, depending on the vowel sign that accompanies it [see below] ** These consonants, ‫ד‬, ‫ג‬, ‫בּ‬, ‫כּ‬, ‫פּ‬, ‫ ת‬also known as BeGaD KeFaT, can also be written without a dot, known as a dagesh; however, when they occur at the beginning of a word, they retain the dagesh; in contemporary spoken Hebrew, gee-mel ‫ ּג‬and dah-let ‫( ּד‬with or without a dot [‫ ג‬and ‫ )]ד‬are pronounced as if they did not have the dot; the other consonants, though, are pronounced more harshly when accompanied by the dot: b, k, p, t without the dot become v, kh, f, th; in Modern Standard Hebrew, ‫ ת‬and ‫ ּת‬are pronounced as t /t/ *** Derived form

Mappiq ‫ּה‬

mappiq is a dot found in the final heh ‫ ּה‬to indicate that it should be read as a consonant: ‫ָּה‬ ‫ סּוס‬/sūsāh/ “her horse” vs. ‫ סּוסָה‬/sūsa/ “mare”; ‫ ַא ְר ָצּה‬/’aretsáh/ “her land” vs. ‫ַא ְר ָצה‬

n The

/’aretsa/ “to the land”

Syllables

and a vowel form a typical Hebrew syllable: ‫ ל‬/l/ +ָ /ā/ => ‫ל‬ ָ /lā/; ‫ י‬/y/ + ‫ ּו‬/ū/ => ‫ יּו‬/yū/ n A syllable is “closed” if it ends with a silent vowel (a consonant without a vowel): ‫ֵן‬ ‫ ּב‬/bēn/ “son”; ‫ ֵכּן‬/kēn/ “yes” n A consonant

Pronunciation & Alphabet (continued )

The Sheva Sign

n Most

sheva is a sign, not a vowel n It is made of 2 dots placed in a straight vertical line ְ and positioned below a letter to show the total absence of vowel in a word: ‫ֶת‬ ‫“ ּבֵית ְּכנֶס‬synagogue” n It is omitted at the end of a word n The

n Exceptions: n There

n Vocal

‫ ך‬and occasionally also ‫ ּת‬can take a sheva at the end of word: ‫“ לְֵך‬go!” ‫“ ַא ְּת‬you” (f. s.)

are two types of sheva, vocal and silent Sheva: Occurs at the beginning of a word, a syllable following a closed vowel, and following a

long vowel; it is pronounced as the English e /∂/ (schwa) in nice: ‫ָן‬ ‫ש ְכח‬ ַׁ “forgetful”; ‫־מרּו‬ ְ ‫ִׁש‬ ְ ‫“ י‬there is myrrh”; ‫ָם‬ ‫“ ְּבנֵי ָאד‬humanity” n Silent Sheva: Occurs in closed syllables and at the end of a word: ‫ְּכֹון‬ ‫“ ַּדר‬passport”; ‫“ ַּכעְַך‬bagel” n Instead of a sheva, the letters ‫א‬, ‫ה‬, ‫ ח‬and ‫ ע‬take the following signs: n Hataph Qamas: [as in dough]: ‫א‬ ֳ [a combination of a Qamas + a Sheva] ‫“ אֳונִיּיָה‬ship” n Hataph Patah: [as in lard]: ‫א‬ ֲ [a combination of a Patah + a Sheva] ‫“ עֲבֹודָה‬work, job”

abstract names that denote a state or a

quality only have the plural form: ‫ִים‬ ‫“ ָּפנ‬face”;

‫ישרִים‬ ָׁ “rectitude”; ‫“ נְעּורִים‬youth” ‫“ אֱלֹוהִים‬God”; ‫“ ַחּיִים‬life”; ‫אֳדֹנַי‬

n The words

“Lord” also have no plural form are masculine nouns with feminine

n There

plural endings and vice versa: ‫“ ָאב‬father”

‫“ ָאבֹות‬fathers”; ‫ישה‬ ָׁ ‫“ ִא‬woman/ ‫ָׁשים‬ ִ ‫“ נ‬women/wives”; ‫שנָה‬ ָׁ and ‫ׁשנִים‬ ָ “year” → ‫שנֹות‬ ָׁ “years;” ‫“ ִמּלָה‬word” → ‫ּים‬ ‫“ ִמ ִל‬words” →

wife” →

Dual

Nouns, Adjectives & Pronouns

dual is used with things and people that give the idea of duality—it is not used to refer to the number two (2) n It is used with double organs of the body as well as for things that come in pairs: ‫ִים‬ ‫יָ ַדי‬ “hands”; ‫ִם‬ ‫“ ַרְג ַלי‬feet”; ‫“ ָאֹוזְנַייִם‬ears”; ‫ש ָפ ַתיִם‬ ְׂ “lips”; ‫“ נַ ֲע ַליִם‬shoes” n Exceptions: ‫ִם‬ ‫“ ַמי‬water” and ‫ש ַמיִם‬ ָ “sky” are not used in the singular, and so the ending ‫ יִם‬is not dual but a regular plural form n The dual is not used with verbs, pronouns or adjectives

m. = masculine; f. = feminine; s. = singular; pl. = plural

Some Irregular Plurals

n Hataph

Seghol: [as in hen]: ‫א‬ ֱ [a combination of a Seghol + a Sheva] ‫“ אֱלֹוהִים‬God”

Roots

words are divided into families, called roots a root is made of three consonants, strong letters (also known as radicals), that give the idea of something n A root of three consonants is called triliteral n In most dictionaries words should be looked up according to their root, NOT alphabetically n By adding letters and vowels to the beginning, middle or end of the root, new words are created, all related to the basic idea n Hebrew n Usually

Indefinite Article “A/An”; “Some” ‫ָד‬ ‫( ֶאח‬m.) & ‫( ַאחַת‬f.) n “A/an”

n exception: n There

is expressed by either the number one:

‫( ֶאחָד‬m.) and ‫( ַאחַת‬f.): ‫“ אִיׁש ֶאחָד‬a man”; ‫ִישּׁה ַאחַת‬ ָ ‫“ א‬a woman” n Or by nothing: ‫ֶר‬ ‫“ ֵספ‬a book” or “book”; ‫“ ּדֹוד‬an uncle” or “uncle”; ‫ֶב‬ ‫(“ ֶער‬an) evening” n The plural equivalent is “some”: ‫ָה‬ ‫“ עּוג‬a cake”; ‫“ עּוגֹות‬some cakes” Definite Article ‫ה‬ ַ “The” n The

definite article, “the,” is expressed by the

letter ‫ה‬ ַ , which is attached to the noun as a prefix:

‫“ הַּמֹורֶה‬the teacher”

n The

first letter following the article is strengthened by taking a dot (dagesh) n If the first letter of the noun to which it is attached has a dot (dagesh) it is omitted n The letter ‫ה‬ ַ becomes ‫ ָה‬if it precedes words beginning with ‫ א ע ר‬and becomes ‫ה‬ ֶ if it precedes the sounds ‫ה‬ ֶ , ‫ָח‬, ‫ ָכ‬and ‫ם‬

‫ׁשד‬ ַ “breast” (m.)

are also nouns that have no special ending: ‫ָד‬ ‫“ י‬hand”; ‫“ אֵם‬mother”; ‫“ אֹוזֶן‬ear”

‫“ ַליְלָה‬night” (m.); ‫שירּות‬ ֵׁ “service” (m.); ‫ֶה‬ ‫ׂשד‬ ָ “field”; ‫“ ַּביִת‬house” (m.)

n Some

exceptions:

n Cities,

towns, geographical areas and countries

‫“ לִיסּבֹון‬Lisbon”; ‫“ ּפֹורטּוגָל‬Portugal”; ‫“ ֵתּל ָאבִיב‬Tel Aviv”; ‫ְרּוש ַליִם‬ ָׁ ‫“ י‬Jerusalem”; ‫ִש ָר ֵאל‬ ְׂ ‫“ י‬Israel”; ‫“ ָקנָדָה‬Canada”; ‫“ אִי ַטלְיה‬Italy”; ‫ַאּׁשּור‬ “Assyria”; ‫ָה‬ ‫“ אֹוסטרַלי‬Australia” n Nouns ending in ‫ ֶה‬and ‫ ִ י‬are usually are usually feminine:

masculine, especially those that designate males, people, angels, months of the Hebrew year, and

‫ְמיָהּו‬ ְ ‫“ יִר‬Jeremiah”; ‫“ יְהּודֶה‬Judah”; ‫“ נִיצָן‬Nissan”; ‫“ ֵלוִי‬Levi”; ‫“ ַמלְָאְך‬angel”; ‫“ ַהנִילּוס‬the Nile”; ‫ִׂש ָראֵל‬ ְ ‫“ ֶארֶץ י‬Israel” rivers:

The Plural ‫ּים‬ ‫ַר ִב‬

gender of a noun is determined by the singular form Masculine & Feminine Nouns n The plural of masculine nouns and adjectives n Most nouns are stressed on the last syllable is usually formed by dropping any ‫ ֶה‬or ‫י‬ n There is no special form to indicate the masculine ending and by adding ‫ ים‬to the singular: ‫ֶר‬ ‫ֵספ‬ n Words indicating males are masculine: ‫“ ָאב‬father” “book” → ‫ִים‬ ‫“ ְס ָפר‬books”; ‫“ יְהּודִי‬Jew” → n The feminine is generally formed by adding the ‫“ יְהּודִים‬Jews”

‫זָכָר‬

‫נְ ֵקבָה‬

suffix ‫ָ ה‬to the masculine noun: ‫ְמיד‬ ִ ‫“ ַּתל‬student”

(m.); ‫ָה‬ ‫“ ַּת ְלמִיד‬student” (f.) n Usually nouns ending in either

‫ ָה‬or ‫ת‬

are

feminine by nature: ‫ִית‬ ‫“ ַטל‬talith” (prayer shawl);

‫“ פִּיצָה‬pizza;” ‫“ ּתֹורָה‬law”; ‫“ ַר ֶּכבֶת‬train”

n Body

organs that come in pairs or multiple parts are usually feminine, including ‫ָׁשֹון‬ ‫“ ל‬tongue” and ‫ֶן‬ ‫“ ֶּבט‬belly”

n The

n The

plural of feminine nouns and adjectives is

‫ָה‬or ‫ ת‬and adding ‫ֹות‬: ‫“ ּכִי ָפּה‬skullcap” → ‫“ ּכִיפֹות‬skullcaps”; ‫“ טִירָה‬castle” → ‫“ טִירֹות‬castles” n There are exceptions: ‫ָן‬ ‫“ ׁשּו ְלח‬table” (m.) → ‫“ ׁשּו ְלחָנֹות‬tables” (m. pl.); ‫ׁשנָה‬ ָ “year” (f.) → ‫ִים‬ ‫שנ‬ ָׁ “years” (f. pl.) usually formed by dropping

2

n The

‫ ַבּת‬daughter → ‫ ּבָנֹות‬daughters ‫ ָהאֱלֹוהִים‬God (pl.) ‫ אִיׁש‬man → ‫ָׁשים‬ ִ ‫ ֲאנ‬men/people ‫ ַרחֲמִים‬mercy (m. pl.) ‫ ּבֵן‬son → ‫ ָּבנִים‬sons ‫ ַחיִּים‬life (m. pl.) ‫ ַמיִם‬water (m. pl.) ‫ִישּׁה‬ ָ ‫ א‬wife/woman → ‫ָשים‬ ִׁ ‫ נ‬wives/women ‫ ָּפנִים‬face (m./f. pl.) ‫ׁש ַמיִם‬ ָ sky (m. pl.) ‫ ׁשּוק‬market → ‫ׁשוָקִים‬ ְ markets ‫ ׁשֹור‬ox → ‫ׁשוָרִים‬ ְ oxen ‫ ּגָלּות‬Diaspora (f.) → ‫ ָגּלֻּיֹות‬Diasporas (f.) ‫ חֲנּות‬store/shop (f.) → ‫ ֲחנֻּיֹות‬stores/shops (f.) The Adjective ‫ּתֹוַאר‬

‫ׁשם‬ ֶ

n An adjective usually follows the noun it modifies

and must always agree with it in gender and number n All adjectives have four (4) forms: • masculine singular • masculine plural • feminine singular • feminine plural n The masculine singular is the basic form; all other forms (masculine plural and feminine singular and/or plural) have different forms n The ending of the feminine singular is usually ‫ ָה‬: ‫“ ַּתלְמִידֶה טובָה‬a good student”;

‫“ ַה ַּתלְמִיד הַּטוב‬the good student”

n If

the noun is definite (i.e., if it is preceded by the article) the adjective must also have the article: ‫ָן‬ ‫“ ַהיֶלֶד ַה ָקט‬the little the child” → “the little child”; ‫ָדֹול‬ ‫ַהגּ‬

‫“ ַה ֶּמלְֶך‬the great the ‫“ ָהאִיׁש‬the

king” → “the great king”; ‫ֵן‬ ‫ַהזָּק‬ man the old” → “the old man”

n If

the noun is definite and the adjective is not, the adjective serves as a predicate (direct object): ‫ֶה‬ ‫“ ַהּסֵפר יָפ‬the book beautiful” → “the book is beautiful” n When it functions as a direct object, it precedes the noun and it does not have the article: ‫ִים‬ ‫“ גָדֹול ָהאֱלֹוה‬God is great”; ‫ִי‬ ‫“ טוב ָה ְס ָפ ַרד‬the Sephardic man is good” n When it refers to masculine and feminine nouns, the adjective must go in the masculine form: ‫“ ֻחֹו ִקּים ּו ִמ ְצֹות טֹובִים‬good laws and commandments” n With collective nouns (people, Earth), the adjective goes in the plural: ‫ִיים‬ ‫“ ּכָל הָָארֶץ ּבֹכ‬the entire earth shall cry”; ‫“ ָר ִבּים עַם הָָארֶץ‬man on earth is numerous” → “there are many people in the world” Simple form of the adjective:

‫ ִים‬m.pl. ‫ ָה‬f.s. ‫ ֹות‬f.pl.

‫“ טֹוב‬good” (m.s.) ‫ טֹובִים‬ ‫ טֹובָה‬ ‫ טֹובֹות‬

Adjectives with the suffix

‫ ִים‬m.pl. ‫ ת‬f.s. ‫ ֹות‬f.pl.

‫ ֶה‬lose this ending before they add

‫ ִים‬m. pl. ‫“ נָאִים‬handsome” ‫ ָה‬f. s. ‫“ נָָאה‬pretty” ‫ ֹות‬f. pl. ‫“ נָאֹות‬pretty”

‫“ ְמׁשּונִים‬odd” ‫“ ְמׁשּונָה‬odd” ‫“ ְמׁשּונֹות‬odd”

Other adjectives are formed with: n The

‫ ִבגְרי הַּקרֶׁש‬garments of

‫ּבִּנּויִים‬

‫ זֶה‬this (m.) with the article: ‫ ַהּזֶה‬ ‫ זאת‬this (f.) with the article: ‫ הַּזאת‬ ‫ הּוא‬that (m.) with the article: ‫ הַהּוא‬ ‫ הִיא‬that (f.) with the article: ‫ ַההִיא‬ ‫ אֹותֹו‬that/the same (m. s.) ‫ ָּכזֶה‬such/a kind of (m. s.) ‫ אֹותָה‬that/the same (f. s.) ‫ ָכּזּו‬or ‫ ָכּזאת‬or ‫ ָכּזֹו‬such/a kind of (f. s.) n Demonstratives

Plural

these ‫ּה‬ ‫ ֵא ֶל‬with the article: ‫ָה ֵאּלֶה‬ these ‫ּה‬ ‫ ֵא ֶל‬with the article: ‫ָה ֵאּלֶה‬

those (m.) ‫ֵם‬ ‫ ה‬with the article: ‫ָההֵם‬ those (f.) ‫ֵן‬ ‫ ה‬with the article: ‫ָההֵן‬

those/the same ones (m. pl.) ‫ָם‬ ‫אֹות‬ such (m. pl.) ‫ֶה‬ ‫ ָּכ ֵאל‬or ‫ָּכאֵלּו‬

those/the same ones (f. pl.) ‫ָן‬ ‫אֹות‬

such (f. pl.) ‫ֶה‬ ‫ ָּכ ֵאל‬or ‫ָּכאֵלּו‬

are used as adjectives and pronouns:

‫“ ָהאִיׁש ַהזֶה‬this man”; ‫זֶה אִיׁש‬

“this is a man” n In

the presence of another adjective, it is always placed last: “the student the good this” →

“this good student” ‫ּה‬ ֶ‫ַהז‬

n As

‫ַה ַּתלְמִיד הַּטוב‬

a pronoun: “this man” → “this is a man” ‫ִיׁש‬ ‫א‬

‫זֶה‬

Interrogative Pronouns: ?‫ִי‬ ‫“ מ‬Who?” ?‫“ מַה‬Which?” “Which One?” “What?” front of the letters

‫א‬, ‫ה‬, ‫ח‬, ‫צ‬, and ‫ר‬, ?‫ מַה‬becomes ?‫מָה‬: ?‫“ מָה ָראִייתָה‬what

have you seen?”

‫ ָח‬, ‫ ֳח‬, ‫ ָע‬, and ‫ ָה‬, ?‫ מַה‬becomes ?‫מֶה‬: ?‫ָשׂיתִי‬ ִ ‫“ מֶה ע‬what did I ‫“ מֶה‬which sin did I commit?” n Sometimes it is joined to the following word, though losing the ‫ה‬: ?‫ֶה‬ ‫[ ַמּז‬instead of ‫]מַה זֶה‬ n In

front of the letters

do?”; ?‫ִי‬ ‫ָחטָאת‬ “what is this?”

?‫“ מִי‬who?” and ?‫“ מַה‬which? which one? what?” are also used as indefinite pronouns, thus translating: “everyone who/that, all those who/that, everything that”; ‫ֵא‬ ‫“ מִי יָר‬all those

n

who are afraid”

Relative Pronouns: ‫ֲשר‬ ֶׁ ‫“ א‬Who, Whom, Which, That” n There

construct case (possessive “of ”; also see Construct

Case in the next column):

Singular

n In

‫“ ָדתִי‬religious” (m.s.) ‫ַמי‬ ִ ‫“ י‬marine” (m.s.) ‫ ָד ִתיִים‬ ‫ַמיִים‬ ִ‫י‬ ‫ ָדתִית‬ ‫ַמית‬ ִ‫י‬ ‫ ָדתִיֹות‬ ‫ַמיֹות‬ ִ‫י‬

Adjectives ending in the following suffixes:



‫ִי‬

‫“ רַע‬bad” (m.s.) ‫ַרעִים‬ ‫ַרעָה‬ ‫רַעֹות‬

Demonstratives ‫רֹומזִים‬ ְ

is only one form: ‫ֲשר‬ ֶׁ ‫“ א‬who”: ‫ַה ַּביִת‬

‫ֲשר ָהלְַך אֶל‬ ֶׁ ‫“ ָהאִיׁש א‬the man who went

to the house”; ‫ֶר‬ ‫ֲשר ַּב ֵּספ‬ ֶׁ ‫ַשּׁירִים א‬ ִ ‫“ ה‬the songs that are in the book” forms “to whom,” “with whom,” etc., are rendered by adding a suffix to a noun, verb or

n The

‫ֲשר אמַר‬ ֶׁ ‫“ ָהאִיׁש א‬the man with whom I speak/am speaking”; ‫חם‬ ֶ ‫שר נָ ָת ְּתי לֹו ָה ֶל‬ ֶׁ ‫“ ָה ִאיׁש ֲא‬the man to whom I gave/have given a loaf of bread”; force” → “God’s strong voice” ‫ֲשר ֵמ ַכ ֵרתֶם‬ ֶׁ ‫“ אתִי א‬to me whom you sold [something]” n Periphrases (roundabouts) using the words ‫ּן‬ ‫“ ֵב‬son,” ‫ אִיׁש‬n ‫ֲשר‬ ֶׁ ‫ א‬can also be used to express the meaning “in which,” thus translating the idea of time “man,” ‫ַל‬ ‫“ ַּבע‬lord of ”: ‫“ אִיׁש ּדְברִים‬a man of words” → and place: ‫ֲשר בֹו ְפרִי עֵץ‬ ֶׁ ‫“ א‬in which there is fruit of a tree” “an eloquent man”; ‫ַיל‬ ‫“ ּבֵן ח‬son of strength” → “a robust The Construct Case ‫צירוף סמיכות‬ man”; ‫ָה‬ ‫שנ‬ ָׁ ‫“ ַא ְב ַרהָם ֶבּן מְַאת‬Abraham was son of 100 n The construct case translates the possessive “of,” similar to the formation of possession years” => “Abraham was 100 years old”; ‫עוֶל‬ ָ ‫“ בֶן‬son of in English: “the book of Sarah” → “Sarah’s book”; ‫“ ּבֵית ְּכנֶסֶת‬house of assembly” → injustice” → “unjust”; ‫ִית‬ ‫“ ַּב ֲעלֵי ְּבר‬lords of alliance” → “synagogue” n The definite article ‫ ה‬is placed only in front of the word denoting the possessed thing: “allied” ‫“ סּוס ַה ֶּמל‬horse of the king” [the king’s horse] n Juxtapositions: ‫מת‬ ֶ ‫ֲמרִים ֶא‬ ָ ‫“ א‬words of truth” => “true/ n ‫ְֶך‬ The noun in the construct case never takes the definite article—it is implied: truthful” ‫ַשּׁירִים‬ ִ ‫ׁשיר ה‬ ִ “Song of the Songs” → “The Songs of Songs”; ‫“ ֵספֶר הַּתֹורָה‬book of holiness” => “holy garments”

n Prepositions:

‫“ קֹול יְהֹווה ַבּּכֹוח‬the voice of God with

Segholate Nouns n These

are the nouns stressed on the next-to-last syllable,

usually with

ֶ

(a seghol) as their last vowel:

‫ ֵספֶר‬/séfer/

“book”; ‫ֶן‬ ‫ צֹופ‬/tsófen/ “code”; ‫ ֶּפרַח‬/pérakh/ “flower” n There

is a stress change in the plural, the first vowel is

ָ: ‫ ֵספֶר‬/ séfer/ “book” → ‫ ְס ֶפרִים‬/sfraím/ “books”; ‫ׁשבַח‬ ֶ /shévakh/ “praise” → ‫ִים‬ ‫שבח‬ ֶׁ /shvakhím/ “praises”; ‫ׂש ְמלָה‬ ִ /símlah/ “women’s dress” → smalót/ ‫שׂמָלֹות‬ ִ “women’s dresses”; ‫ֶב‬ ‫ ֶּכל‬/kélev/ “dog” → ‫ ְּכ ָלבִים‬/ klavím/ “dogs”; ‫ֶל‬ ‫ ֶּדג‬/dégel/ “flag” → ‫ ְּדָגלִים‬/degalím/ “flags” lost, and the second vowel becomes a Qamas (long ā)

preposition: ‫ָיו‬ ‫ֶאל‬

the Torah” → “the book of the Torah, the Law” noun in the construct case loses the stress, which is transferred to the noun that determines it: ‫ֶך‬ ‫ַּמל‬ ֶ ‫“ ְדבַר ה‬word of the king” [the king’s word] (instead of ‫) ָדבָר‬ n The expression ‫ִים‬ ‫“ ַא ֲהבַת ָהאֱלֹוה‬love of God” means both “the love of God for humankind” as well as “the love of the creatures for God” n Segholate nouns in the construct case of plural nouns maintain their original vowels: n The

‫“ ַמ ְלכֵי ָהָארֶץ‬kings of the Earth” (instead of ‫) ֶמ ְלכֵי‬ can also be used in front of prepositions: ‫ּה‬ ‫יֹושבֵי ָב‬ ְ

n It

“the inhabitants in it” → “its inhabitants” n In addition, it can be used in relative clauses, with or without ‫ֲשר‬ ֶׁ ‫א‬: “the city where David encamped” ‫דוִד‬ ָ ‫ִק ְריָה ָחנָה‬ n More than one noun can be in the construct case: “vases of gold and silver” → “gold and silver vases” ‫ֶף‬ ‫ְּכלֵי זָהָב וָ ֶכס‬ 3

Nouns, Adjectives & Pronouns (continued ) n Feminine

nouns in the construct case change the final ‫ ָה‬into ‫ַת‬:

‫“ ּתְמּונַת ָהאִיׁש‬the picture of the man”

plural nouns and nouns with a dual plural ending in ‫ִים‬ change to ‫ ֵי‬before they are used in the construct case: ‫ָם‬ ‫ַחיֵּי ָהע‬ “the life of the people”; ‫ָם‬ ‫“ עֵינֵי ִמ ְרי‬the eyes of Miriam” → “Miriam’s eyes”

n Masculine

Personal Subject Pronouns

‫ׁשמות הַּנּוף‬ ְ

(*) The feminine plural forms ‫ּן‬ ‫“( ַא ֶת‬you” f. pl.) and ‫ הֵן‬or ‫“( ֵהנָּה‬they” f.) are commonly used in formal speech, being substituted by their masculine counterparts in colloquial speech (**) Used to refer back to a particular noun: ?‫ִיא‬ ‫אֵיפה ה‬, ‫ַה ִפּיצָה? נּו‬ “the pizza (f.)? where is it (f. s.)?” ?‫ֵיפה הּוא‬ ‫א‬, ‫“ ַהסְווֶדֶר? נּו‬the sweater (m.)? where is it?”

Possessives & Pronominal Suffixes for Plural Nouns

preposition ‫של‬ ֶׁ “of” is used to form the possessive form: ‫של ָדוִד‬ ֶׁ ‫ַב ֵּספֶר‬ “the book of David” → “David’s book” n Possessives follow the noun n The article ‫ה‬ ַ is added to the first noun: ‫ׁשלִי‬ ֶ ‫“ ַה ֶּכלֶב‬my dog” [“the dog of me”] n The pronominal suffixes are the same for all nouns in the plural n The

‫ ֲאנַחְנּו‬we ‫ ֲאנִי‬I ‫ ַא ֶתּם‬you (m. pl.) ‫ ַאּתָה‬you (m. s.) ‫ ַא ֶתּן‬you (f.)* ‫ ַא ְּת‬you (f. s.) ‫ הֵם‬they (m. pl) ‫ הּוא‬he ‫ הּוא‬it (m. s.)** ‫ הֵן‬or ‫ ֵהנָּה‬they (f.)* ‫ הִיא‬she ‫ הִיא‬it (f. s.)** n Personal

subject pronouns are used instead of the present tense of the verb “to be” or to emphasize the subject or the verb of the sentence: ‫ּה‬ ‫“ טֹוב ַא ָת‬you are good”; ‫“ ָגּם הּוא ָחכָם‬he also

Possessives

Pronominal Suffixes for Plural Nouns

‫ש ִלּי‬ ֶׁ my (of me) ‫ש ָלּנּו‬ ֶׁ our ּ‫ ֵינו‬our ‫ ַי‬my ֶ your (m.) ‫ׁש ָּלבֶם‬ ֶ your (m.pl.) ‫ ֵיֶכם‬your (m.pl.) ‫ ֶי‬your (m.s.) is intelligent”; ‫ּם‬ ‫“ ָלכֶם ַא ֶת‬really to you (m. pl.)”; ‫ָאמ ְרתִי‬ ַ ‫ׁש ְלָּך ֲאנִי‬ “it was I who said that” ‫ש ָלְּך‬ ֶׁ your (f.) ‫ש ָּלבֶן‬ ֶׁ your (f.pl.) ‫ ֵיכֶן‬your (f.pl.) ‫ ַיְִך‬your (f.s.) n The third person singular can also translate the idea of being: ‫ׁשּלֹו‬ ֶ his ‫ש ָּלהֶם‬ ֶׁ their (m.pl.) ‫ ֵיהֶם‬their (m.pl.) ‫ ָיו‬his/its ‫“ ַאּתָה הּוא ָהאֱלֹוהִים‬you are God” n With the article ‫ה‬ ַ , the third person singular and plural have a ‫ש ָלּּה‬ ֶׁ her ‫ש ָּלהֶן‬ ֶׁ their (f.pl.) ‫ ֵיהֶן‬their (f.pl.) ‫ ֶי ָה‬her/its demonstrative meaning (this/these/that/those): ‫ַהּוא‬ ‫“ סִּפּורֶינּו הַּיֹום ה‬our stories”, ‫ׁשירַי‬ ִ “my songs”, ‫“ ְס ָפרַי‬my books” “that day” CONJUNCTIONS & PREPOSITIONS The Conjunction “And”

ְ‫ו‬

is expressed by the letter ְ‫ו‬, which is always attached as a prefix to the following word:

n It

‫“ ּדֹוד וְדֹודָה‬an uncle and an aunt”; ‫יֹום וְַליְלָה‬ “day and night”; ‫ֶל‬ ‫“ יָד וֶָרג‬a hand and a foot”

n If

the first letter of the noun to which it is attached has a dot (dagesh) it is omitted: ‫ִיד‬ ‫מֹורֶה וְ ַתלְמ‬ “a teacher and a student” n In front of a stressed syllable, it bears a ָ (qamas): ‫“ וָ ָמ ְתנּו‬and we shall die” n In front of a Hataph it takes its semivowel: ‫ִי‬ ‫וַ ֲאנ‬ “and I” n It becomes ‫ ּו‬in front of ‫ ּב ב ּפ פ מ ו‬and

of consonants with a ְ (sheva): ‫ּושלמה‬ ְׁ “and Solomon”; ‫ְעה‬ ‫“ ּו ַפר‬and Pharaoh”; ‫ּובַנֹות‬ “and the daughters”; ‫ְֶך‬ ‫“ ּו ֶמל‬and the king” n In front of ְ ‫( י‬yod with a sheva) it becomes ִ‫ו‬ and the yod loses the vowel ‫י‬: ‫ָה‬ ‫“ וִיהּוד‬and Judah” n In Modern Standard Hebrew ְ ‫ ו‬is pronounced ְ‫ו‬ regardless of its environment

front of a Hataph, it takes the vowel of the Hataph: ‫ַל‬ ‫“ ֶל ֱאכ‬in order to eat”; ‫“ ַב ֲארִי‬as a lion” they are followed by the article, they receive its vowel and the article is deleted: ‫“ ָלאִיׁש‬to the man” [‫ ל‬+ ‫ ֶה‬+ ‫“ ֶּב ָערִים ;]אִיׁש‬in the cities” [‫ ב‬+ ‫ ָה‬+ ‫“ ַּב ֵּספֶר ;] ָערִים‬in the book” [‫ֶר‬ ‫ ֵספ‬+ ‫ ַה‬+ ‫] ְּב‬

n In

n When

Unattached/Simple Prepositions

‫ אֶל‬to, at, in the direction of ‫ עַל‬because, on, about ‫ עַד‬close/near to/until ‫ ַאחַר‬after, beyond, behind (of) ‫ ַּתחַת‬under ‫ ָסבִיב‬around ‫ְמעַן‬ ַ ‫ ל‬because of ‫ ַבעֲבּור‬because of/for ‫( ֵּביִן‬in) between, among ‫ ְּבלִי‬without ‫ ְכּמֹו‬like, as ‫ ִל ְפנְי‬before, in front of, ago ‫ מּול‬opposite, in front of, across from ‫ עַל יַדֵי‬or ‫ עַל יַד‬by, near, next to Prepositions ‫מן‬ ִ [“From”] ‫“[ עִם‬With”] ‫“[ אֵת‬With”/“Near”]

‫ ִמן‬is usually linked with a hyphen (makef ) to the words that follow: ‫“ ִמן־הָָארֶץ‬from the

n

earth/land”

the ‫ ן‬is assimilated to the following word, thus it is reduplicated with a dagesh: ‫ִּמׁשה‬ ֶ ‫“ מ‬from Moses” n When ‫ֶת‬ ‫א‬, ‫ ִמן‬, and ‫ ְל‬are declined with the pronominal suffixes, they form the following

n Sometimes

pronouns [also see Pronouns, pages 2-4]:

‫ אֶת‬ ‫ ְל‬ ‫ִמן‬ ‫ אִיּתִי‬me/with me ‫ לִי‬me/to me ‫ִּמּנִי‬ ֶ ‫ מ‬from me ‫ אִיּתְָך‬you/with you (m. s.) ‫ לְָך‬you/to you (m. s.) ‫ִּמָך‬ ְ ‫ מ‬from you ‫ אִי ָתְּך‬you/with you (f. s.) ‫ לְָך‬you/to you (f. s.) ‫ִּמְך‬ ֵ ‫ מ‬from you Prepositions ‫“[ ּב‬In”/“With”] ‫ב‬ ְ [“As”] ‫ אִיּתֹו ְל‬him/with him/it ‫ לֹו‬him/to him/it ‫ִמּנּו‬ ֶּ ‫ מ‬from him/it [“To”/“For”/“Against”/“Because”] ‫ אִיּתָּה‬her/with her/it ‫ לָּה‬her/to her/it ‫ּמּמנָּה‬ ֶ from her/it n Prepositions are always prefixed to the word ‫ אִי ִּתנּו‬us/with us ‫ לָנּו‬us/to us ‫ִּמּנּו‬ ֶ ‫מ‬/‫ ֵמאִי ָּתנּו‬from us n The vocalization is usually a sheva: ‫ב‬ ְּ ‫ְל ְב‬ ‫ אִי ְּתכֶם‬you/with you (m. pl.) ‫ ָלכֶם‬you/to you (f. pl.) ‫ ִמּכֶם‬from you ‫“ ְּב ֶחדֶר‬in a room”; ‫יוׁשב ְּב ַביִת יָפֶה‬ ֵ ‫ אֶי ְתכֶן יֹוסֵף‬you/with you (f. pl.) ‫ ָלכֶן‬you/to you (f. pl.) ‫ ִמּכֶן‬from you “Joseph lives in a beautiful house”; ‫ַן‬ ‫“ ְּבג‬at ‫ ָאיֹוּתָם‬them/with them (m. pl.) ‫ ָלהֶם‬them/to them (m. pl.) ‫ ֵמהֶם‬from them home”; ‫ִם‬ ‫“ ְּב ַמי‬with water”; ‫מׁשה ּכֹותֵב ְּבעֵט‬ ֶ ‫ איֹו ָתן‬them/with them (f. pl.) ‫ ָלהֶן‬them/to them (f. pl.) ‫ ֵמהֶן‬from them “Moses writes with a pen”; ‫ְָך‬ ‫“ ל‬to you”; ‫“ בְאֹויֵב‬as n The declension of ‫ ְל‬is also the equivalent of the verb “to have” an enemy”; ‫ִיׁש‬ ‫“ ְלא‬to/for a man”; ‫“ ְבּיֹום‬in a day” n ‫“ לִי ֵספֶר‬I have a book” → “to me book” n If the following word starts with a sheva, it gets n Usually, ‫ל‬ ְ found in conjunction with the word ‫“ יֵׁש‬there is/there are” an i (Hiriq), thus originating a closed syllable: n ‫ֶב‬ ‫“ יֵׁש לְַאחֲרן ֶּכל‬Aaron has a dog” → “There is to Aaron a dog” ‫“ ִּב ְדבַר‬in the name of”; ‫“ ּבִמְכֹונִית‬by car” n The negative is formed by the word ‫ אֵין‬followed by ‫ ְל‬: ‫“ אֵין לְַאחֲרן ֶּכלֶב‬Aaron does not have a dog” → “there is no to Aaron dog” 4

Verbs Present Tense of the Verb “To Be” n The

verb “to be” is not used after the personal pronouns: am a rabbi” → ‫ַב‬ ‫“ ֲאנִי ר‬I rabbi” n “They (m. pl.) are from Portugal” → ‫ָל‬ ‫הֵם מּפֹורטּוג‬ “They from Portugal” n “Joseph is a teacher” ‫ֶה‬ ‫“ → יֹוסֵף מֹור‬Joseph teacher” n “I

The Present Tense ‫חֹוח‬ n Verbs

‫זְ ַמן‬

are conjugated in a way that is similar to the creation of new words adding letters and vowels to the root—prefixes, infixes and suffixes determine the tense, person and gender of the verb form n The basic form of the verb is the third person masculine singular of the simple past, which is found in dictionaries next to the meaning n Only a few verbs (e.g., ‫“ קּום‬to exist”; ‫ּין‬ ‫“ ִב‬to understand”) are listed in the infinitive form n Verbs can be primitive or derived

‫“ ָקטַל‬to kill” and ‫שלַח‬ ָׁ “to send” are primitive because

n

other nouns are formed from their roots

‫שרֵׁש‬ ֵׁ “to uproot” is derived, as it comes from the word ׁ‫“ ׁש ֶרש‬root”

n

are divided between regular (strong) and weak, depending upon the frequency with which they follow the

n Verbs

conjugation of the verb ‫ָל‬ ‫“ ָקט‬to kill,” which was chosen as an example (model verb) because none of its consonants are altered during the entire conjugation n Weak verbs are those in which one of the three letters of the root changes during the conjugation n Weak verbs contain one or more of the weak consonants: ‫י‬, ‫ו‬, ‫ ה‬and ‫א‬, or have ‫ נ‬in the initial position n Like all Semitic languages, Hebrew has different verb forms: a simple form and derived/augmented forms simple form is known as ‫ַל‬ ‫ ק‬QAL “light, easy”: it is simple in morphology (changes) and it conveys the idea of

n The

‫“ ָּכתַב‬to write,” ‫“ ְּכתִיבָה‬writing,” ‫“ ְּכתִיב‬spelling,” ‫“ ִמ ְכּתָבה‬letter,” ‫“ ַה ְכ ָּתבָה‬dictation” a simple action, e.g.,

derived forms add to the basic idea of QAL, such as intensity, repetition, etc.; from the QAL, all the other derived forms are constructed, by either changing or doubling the vowels, by adding prefixes or by doubling one or two radicals n There are seven forms/patterns for each Hebrew verb, known as ‫ִים‬ ‫ ִּבנְיָינ‬binyanim (buildings); each form/pattern changes the meaning of the verb n The

n Using

as an example ‫ַל‬ ‫“ ָקט‬to kill” the other forms are:

1. QAL: ‫ַל‬ ‫“ ָקט‬to kill” (basic form)

2. Niph’al: ‫ַל‬ ‫“ נִ ְקט‬to kill oneself” or “to be killed” (reflexive or passive form) 3. Pi’el: ‫ּל‬ ‫“ ִק ֵט‬to kill violently” (intensive action, repetition, cause) 4. Pu’al: ‫ּל‬ ‫“ ֻק ַט‬to be killed violently” (passive form of Pi’el)

5. Hiph’il: ‫ּיל‬ ‫“ ִה ְק ִט‬to have someone killed” (to cause something/someone to do something)

6. Hoph’al: ‫ִל‬ ‫“ ָה ְקט‬to be sent to kill someone” (passive form of Hiph’il)

7. Hitpa’el: ‫ּל‬ ‫“ ִה ְת ַק ֵט‬to kill oneself violently” (reflexive form of Pi’el) n All verbs form the present tense with suffixes that are also used for nouns/adjectives n Usually the personal pronoun or a noun precedes the verb form n This verb form translates: “I go, I am going, I do go”

Model conjugation for all regular verbs: Suffixes: m. s. zero m. pl. ‫ִם‬ ‫י‬ f. s. ‫ ָה‬or ‫ ֶת‬f. pl. ‫ֹות‬



‫“ ָהלְָך‬To Go” ‫ ֲאנַחְנּו הֹו ְלכִים‬we go ‫ ֲאנִי הֹולְֵך‬I go (m.) ‫ ֲאנַחְנּו הֹולְכֹות‬we go (f.) ‫ ֲאנִי הֹו ֶלכֶת‬I go (f.) ‫ ַא ֶתּם הֹו ְלכִים‬you go (m. pl.) ‫ ַאּתָה הֹולְֵך‬you go (m. s.) ‫ ַא ֶתּן הֹולְכֹות‬you go (f.) ‫ ַא ְּת הֹו ֶלכֶת‬you go (f. s.) ‫ הֵם הֹו ְלכִים‬they go (m. pl.) ‫ הּוא הֹולְֵך‬he/it goes ‫ הֵן הֹולְכֹות‬or ‫ ֵהנָּה‬they go (f.) ‫ הִיא הֹו ֶלכֶת‬she/it goes ‫“ ָהאִיׁש עֹובֵד‬the man works/is working” ‫“ ֲאנַחְנּו אֹו ְכלִים‬we (m.) eat/are eating” ‫עֹומדֹות‬ ְ ‫“ הַּמֹורֹות‬the teachers (f.) stand/are standing” The Past Tense ‫ָר‬ ‫ה ָעב‬

is only one tense to denote past actions: ‫ִי‬ ‫ָאמ ְרּת‬ ַ “I said, I have said, I did say, I had said” n The past is formed by adding suffixes to the basic root n These suffixes indicate the person, gender and number; therefore, the use of the personal pronouns is not necessary n The negative used with the past tense is: ‫“ לא‬no/not” n The basic form of the verb is the third person masculine singular of the verb in the past tense, the simplest of all verbal forms n There

Model conjugation for all regular verbs that keep their three-root letters in all verbal forms:

‫“ ָּכתַב‬To Write” ‫ ֲאנַחְנּו ָּכ ַתבְנּו‬we wrote ‫ ַא ֶתּם ְּכ ַת ְבּתֶם‬you wrote (m. pl.) ‫ ַא ֶתּן ְּכ ַת ְבּתֶן‬you wrote (f.) ‫ הֵם ְּכתְבּו‬they wrote (m. pl.) ‫ הֵן ָּכתְבּו‬or ‫ ֵהנָּה‬they wrote (f.)

‫ ָּכ ַת ְבּתִי‬ ‫ ָּכ ַת ְב ָּת‬ ‫ ָּכ ַת ְב ְּת‬ ‫ ָּכתַב‬ ‫ ָּכ ְתבָה‬

The Future or Imperfect Tense ‫ִיד‬ ‫ה ָעת‬

‫ ֲאנִי‬I wrote ‫ ַאּתָה‬you wrote (m. s.) ‫ ַא ְּת‬you wrote (f. s.) ‫ הּוא‬he wrote ‫ הִיא‬she wrote

n This

tense is formed by adding prefixes and/or suffixes to the main root Model conjugation for all regular verbs that keep their three-root letters in all verbal forms:

‫ׁשמַר‬ ָ “To Keep” ‫ִשמר‬ ְׁ ‫ ֲאנַחְנּו נ‬we shall keep ‫ִש ְמרּו‬ ְׁ ‫ ַא ֶתּם ּת‬you will keep (m. pl.) ‫ִשמ ָרנָה‬ ְׁ ‫ ַא ֶתּן ּת‬you will keep (f. p.) ‫ִש ְמרּו‬ ְׁ ‫ הֵם י‬they will keep (m. pl.) ‫ִשמ ְרנָה‬ ְׁ ‫ הֵן ּת‬or ‫ ֵהנָּה‬they will keep (f. pl.(

‫ֶׁשמר‬ ְ ‫ ֲאנִי א‬I shall keep ‫ִשמר‬ ְׁ ‫ ַאּתָה ּת‬you will keep (m. s.) ‫ִׁש ְמרִי‬ ְ ‫ ַא ְּת ּת‬you will keep (f. s.) ‫ִׁשמר‬ ְ ‫ הּוא י‬he will keep ‫ִׁשמר‬ ְ ‫ הִיא ּת‬she will keep

n The

second person m. s. and the third person f. s. are always identical; so are the second and third person f. pl. verb endings

The Negative ‫ ַאל‬+ The Future or Imperfect Tense => Negative Imperative

‫ ַאל‬antecedes the future/imperfect tense, it translates the negative imperative: “do not!/don’t!” n To negate a sentence in the future, use ‫ל ֹ א‬: ‫ֶת‬ ‫“ ַאל ְּתסְגֹור אֶת ַה ֶּדל‬do not n When

‫“ לא תסגור אֶת ַה ֶּדלֶת ָמחָר‬you shall not shut the door tomorrow!” ‫ַׂש‬ ‫“ ַאל ּתע‬don’t do it!” ‫ֲשׂה‬ ֶ ‫“ ל ֹ א ַתע‬you shall not do it!” shut the door!”

The Imperative ‫ִיּוּוי‬ ‫צ‬

Imperative is formed by dropping the prefix ‫ּת‬ ִ from the second person s. and pl. of the future tense:

n The

‫ש ְמרּו‬ ְׁ ‫ ַא ֶתּם‬you, keep! (m. pl.) ‫שמר‬ ְׁ ‫ ַאּתָה‬you, keep! (m. s.) ‫שמ ָרנָה‬ ְׁ ‫ ַא ֶתּן‬you, keep! (f. pl.) ‫ׁש ְמרִי‬ ְ ‫ ַא ְּת‬you, keep! (f. s.) 5

Verbs (continued )

The Infinitive ‫שם־הפועל‬ n Except

+‫ל‬

Masculine

for passive verbs, all verbs have the infinitive form n The construct infinitive is invariable: it can have prefixes and suffixes attached to it, but it is always introduced by the letter ‫ל‬ n Verbs with ‫ י‬as their first letter drop it before adding ‫ ל‬and a ‫ ת‬is placed at the end of the word: ‫ַת‬ ‫“ ָל ַדע‬to know”; ‫“ לָרּוץ‬to run” same happens to the root ‫“ הלְך‬go” → ‫ֶת‬ ‫“ ל ֶלכ‬to go,” which is used as an impersonal form of imperative, especially when addressed to no one (abstract idea), to children, animals and/or groups of people (i.e., friends, soldiers and students) n It also translates the expression “in order to”: ‫ְּתב‬ ‫“ ִלכ‬in order to write” n The

Biblical Hebrew, the infinitive could also be followed by

either the future or the past tense:

½ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

The Infinitive Absolute n In

0

‫“ זָכֹור זָ ַכ ְרּתִי‬I really

remembered!”

The Direct Object Particle ‫ֶת‬ ‫ א‬or ‫אֵת‬ n It

12 13 14 15

is used every time the direct object of the verb is explicitly defined, known or implied: ‫ֵאל‬ ‫ִש ָמע‬ ְׁ ‫ַא ְב ָרהָם רָָאה אֶת י‬ “Abraham saw Ishmael”; Ishmael is the direct object n If there is more than one direct object in a sentence, ‫ֶת‬ ‫א‬ must be repeated before each noun:

16



20

‫“ ַאהֲרן ָלקַח אֶת ַה ֵּספֶר וְאֶת הַחֹו ֶברֶת‬Aaron took the book and the pamphlet”

‫ֲאנִי אֹוהֵב אֶת לִיסּבֹון ואֶת ֶּב ְרלִין‬

“I love Lisbon

and Berlin”

Numbers Cardinal Numbers n Most

17 18 19 21 22 23 24

‫ִמ ְספָרים יְסודיִּים‬

numbers have two (2) forms: masculine and feminine n The feminine form, not the masculine, is used for counting, calculating and telephone numbers n Numbers 1 through 10 agree with the noun they describe n Numbers 3 to 10 take the f. ending ‫ ה‬when they refer to masculine nouns; therefore, they appear as feminine in the masculine column n Numbers usually precede the noun, except for the number one (both masculine and feminine forms); in biblical Hebrew, numbers may follow the noun n As adjectives, numerals are masculine and feminine n Numbers 11 through 19 have masculine and feminine forms, though colloquially only the masculine forms are used n The numbers 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 do not have separate masculine and feminine forms n Starting with 21, compound numbers are connected to each other by the conjunction “and”: ְ‫ו‬, ַ‫ו‬, or ‫ ;ּו‬therefore, they have a masculine and a feminine form n Numbers 30 to 90 are formed by the plural form of their corresponding units: 10-20, 3-30, 4-40, 5-50, 6-60, 7-70, 8-80, 9-90 n Hundreds and thousands also have only one form

credits Author: Joseph Levi, Ph.D. Price: U.S. $5.95 ISBN-13: 978-142320586-9 ISBN-10: 142320586-3

25 26 27 28 29 30 40 50

‫*** ֶאפֶס‬ ‫*** ֲחצִי‬ ‫* ֶאחָד‬ ‫שנַיִם‬ ְׁ [‫**]שנֵי‬ ְׁ ‫לש ה‬ ָׁ ‫ש‬ ְׁ ‫ַא ְר ָּבעָה‬ ‫שּה‬ ָ ‫ֲמ‬ ִ‫ח‬ ‫שּׁה‬ ָ‫ש‬ ִׁ ‫ש ְבעָה‬ ִׁ ‫שמֹונָה‬ ְׁ ‫ּשעָה‬ ְׁ ‫ִת‬ ‫ֲשרָה‬ ָׂ ‫ע‬ ‫ָשׂר‬ ָ ‫ַאחַד ע‬ ‫ָשׂר‬ ָ ‫ׁשנְים ע‬ ְ ‫ָשׂר‬ ָ ‫לשה ע‬ ָׁ ‫ש‬ ְׁ ‫ָשׂר‬ ָ ‫ַא ְר ָּבעָה ע‬ ‫ָשׂר‬ ָ ‫שּׁה ע‬ ָ ‫ֲמ‬ ִ‫ח‬ ‫ָשׂר‬ ָ ‫שּׁה ע‬ ָ‫ש‬ ִׁ ‫ָשׂר‬ ָ ‫ש ְבעָה ע‬ ִׁ ‫ָשׂר‬ ָ ‫שמֹונָה ע‬ ְׁ ‫ָשר‬ ָ ‫ִשעָה ע‬ ְׁ ‫ּת‬ ‫ֶשרִים‬ ְׂ ‫***ע‬ ‫ֶשרִים וְַאחַד‬ ְׂ ‫ע‬ ‫ְשנַיִם‬ ְׁ ‫ֶשרִים ו‬ ְׂ ‫ע‬ ‫לשה‬ ָׁ ‫ְש‬ ְׁ ‫ֶׂשרִים ו‬ ְ‫ע‬ ‫ֶׂשרִים וְַא ְר ָּבעָה‬ ְ‫ע‬ ‫שּה‬ ָ ‫ֲמ‬ ִ ‫ֶׂשרִים וְח‬ ְ‫ע‬ ‫שּׁה‬ ָ ‫ְש‬ ִׁ ‫ֶשרִים ו‬ ְׂ ‫ע‬ ‫ְש ְבעֶה‬ ִׁ ‫ֶשרִים ו‬ ְׂ ‫ע‬ ‫ְשמֹונָה‬ ְׁ ‫ֶשרִים ו‬ ְׂ ‫ע‬ ‫ּשעָה‬ ְׁ ‫ֶׂשרִים וְ ִת‬ ְ‫ע‬ ‫לֹוׁשים‬ ִ ‫ש‬ ְׁ ‫ַא ְר ָּבעִים‬ ‫ישים‬ ִׁ ‫ֲמ‬ ִ‫ח‬

Ordinal Numbers n There

Feminine

Masculine

Feminine

‫שּׁשים‬ ִׁ 70 ‫ש ְבעִים‬ ִׁ 80 ‫שמֹונִים‬ ְׁ ‫*ַאחַת‬ 90 ‫ּשעִים‬ ְׁ ‫ִת‬ ‫ש ַּתיִם‬ ְׁ [‫**]ש ֵתּי‬ ְׁ 100 ‫***)מֵאֹות( ֵמָאה‬ ‫שלׁש‬ ָׁ ‫ַא ְרּבַע‬ 200 ‫ָמא ַתיִים‬ 300 ‫ָמׁש‬ ֵ‫ח‬ ‫שלֹוׁש ֵמאֹות‬ ְׁ 400 ‫שׁש‬ ֵׁ ‫ַא ְרּבַע ֵמאֹות‬ 500 ‫שבַע‬ ֶׁ ‫ֲמׁש ֵמאֹות‬ ֵ‫ח‬ 600 ‫שמֹונֶה‬ ְׁ ‫ׁש־מאֹות‬ ֵ ‫ש‬ ֵׁ 700 ‫ּשע‬ ַׁ ‫ֵת‬ ‫שבַע ֵמאֹות‬ ְׁ 800 ‫ֶשׂר‬ ֶ‫ע‬ ‫ׁשמֹונֶה ֵמאֹות‬ ְ 900 ‫ֶשרֵה‬ ְׂ ‫ַאחַת ע‬ ‫ּׁשע ֵמאֹות‬ ַ ‫ְת‬ 1,000 ‫ֶף‬ ‫ֶשרֵה‬ ְׂ ‫ש ֵתּים ע‬ ְׁ ‫***) ֲא ָלפִים( ֶאל‬ ‫ֶשרֵה‬ ְׂ ‫שלׁש ע‬ ְׁ 2,000 ‫פיִים‬ ַּ ‫ַא ְל‬ ‫ֶשרֵה‬ ְׂ ‫ַא ְר ַבּע ע‬ 3,000 ‫ִים‬ ‫לֹושת ֲא ָלפ‬ ֶׁ ‫ש‬ ְׁ ‫ֶשרֵה‬ ְׂ ‫ֲמׁש ע‬ ֵ‫ח‬ 4,000 ‫ִים‬ ‫ַא ְר ַּבעַת ֲא ָלפ‬ ‫ֶשרֵה‬ ְׂ ‫שׁש ע‬ ֵׁ 5,000 ‫ִים‬ ‫שת ֲא ָלפ‬ ֶׁ ‫ֲמ‬ ֵ‫ח‬ ‫ֶשרֵה‬ ְׂ ‫שבֵע ע‬ ְׁ 6,000 ‫ִים‬ ‫שת ֲא ָלפ‬ ֶׁ ‫ש‬ ֵׁ ‫ֶׂשרֵה‬ ְ ‫שמֹונֶה ע‬ ְׁ 7,000 ‫ִים‬ ‫ש ְבעַת ֲא ָלפ‬ ִׁ ‫ֶׂשרֵה‬ ְ ‫ּשע ע‬ ַׁ ‫ְת‬ 8,000 ‫ִים‬ ‫ׁשמֹונַת ֲא ָלפ‬ ְ 9,000 ‫ִים‬ ‫ּשעַת ֲא ָלפ‬ ְׁ ‫ִת‬ ‫ֶׂשרִים וְַאחַת‬ ְ‫ע‬ 10,000/myriad ‫ִים‬ ‫ֲשרֶת ֲא ָלפ‬ ֶׂ ‫ ע‬or ‫ָה‬ ‫ב‬ ‫ב‬ ָ ‫ר‬ ְ (‫ָבֹות‬ ‫ב‬ ‫ר‬ ְ ) [only one form] ‫ְשּתַים‬ ְׁ ‫ֶׂשרִים ו‬ ְ‫ע‬ ‫ְשלׁש‬ ָׁ ‫ֶׂשרִים ו‬ ְ ‫ ע‬1,000,000 ‫)מִילְיֹונִים( ִמלְיֹון‬ ‫ֶׂשרִים וְַא ְרּבַה‬ ְ ‫[ ע‬only one form] ‫ָמׁש‬ ֵ ‫ֶׂשרִים וְח‬ ְ ‫ ע‬1,000,000,000 ‫[ מִיְליַארְד‬only one form] * See Indefinite Article “A/An,” ‫ְשׁש‬ ֵׁ ‫ֶשרִים ו‬ ְׂ ‫ע‬ “Some,” page 2 ‫ְשבַע‬ ֶׁ ‫ֶשרִים ו‬ ְׂ ‫ע‬ ** ‫שנֵי‬ ְׁ (m.) and ‫ש ֵתּי‬ ְׁ (f.) are used ‫ְׁשמֹונֶה‬ ְ ‫ֶׂשרִים ו‬ ְ‫ע‬ when the number two (2) is followed by a noun; ‫שנַיִם‬ ְׁ (m.) and ‫ש ַּתיִם‬ ְׁ ‫ּשע‬ ַׁ ‫ֶׂשרִים וְ ֵת‬ ְ‫ע‬ 60

(f.) are used when the number two (2) appears separately or if not followed by a noun *** Only one form

‫ִמ ְספָרים סידוריים‬

are only ordinal forms for 1 through 10; for all other numbers, the cardinal forms are used n Ordinals can precede or follow the object referred to (i.e., being numbered) n The feminine forms are used to express fractions: ¼ ‫ִית‬ ‫ְרבִיע‬ Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine th 1st 6 ‫רִאׁשֹון‬ ‫רִאׁשֹוּנָה‬ ‫שּׁי‬ ִ ‫ׁש‬ ִ ‫שּׁית‬ ִ ‫ׁש‬ ִ 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

‫ׁשנִי‬ ְ ‫ִישי‬ ִׁ ‫של‬ ְׁ ‫ְרבִיעִי‬ ‫ישי‬ ִׁ ‫ֲמ‬ ִ‫ח‬

‫שנִית‬ ְׁ ‫ִישית‬ ִׁ ‫של‬ ְׁ ‫ְרבִיעִית‬ ‫ישּׁית‬ ִ ‫ֲמ‬ ִ‫ח‬

7th 8th 9th

10th

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‫שבִיעִי‬ ְׁ ‫שמִינִי‬ ְׁ ‫ּׁשיעִי‬ ִ ‫ְת‬ ‫ֲׂשירִי‬ ִ‫ע‬

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NOTE TO STUDENT: This QuickStudy® Guide is intended as an outline only, and as such, cannot include every aspect of this subject. It is intended for use as a supplement for course work and textbooks, not as a replacement for them. Some entries may vary due to differences in regional dialects. BarCharts, Inc., its writers and editors are not responsible or liable for the use or misuse of the information contained in this booklet. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. ©2008 barcharts inc. Boca Raton, FL 1008

6

‫ׁשבִיעִית‬ ְ ‫ׁשמִינִית‬ ְ ‫ּׁשיעִית‬ ִ ‫ְת‬ ‫ֲׂשירִית‬ ִ‫ע‬