HDL and LDL Cholesterol : Physiology and Clinical Significance [1 ed.] 9781608767281, 9781607417675

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Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved. Pagano, Irwin S., and Nathan B. Strait. HDL and LDL Cholesterol : Physiology and Clinical Significance, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved. Pagano, Irwin S., and Nathan B. Strait. HDL and LDL Cholesterol : Physiology and Clinical Significance, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

Biochemistry Research Trends Series

HDL AND LDL CHOLESTEROL: PHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services.

Pagano, Irwin S., and Nathan B. Strait. HDL and LDL Cholesterol : Physiology and Clinical Significance, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

Biochemistry Research Trends Series Glycolysis: Regulation, Processes and Diseases Paul N. Lithaw (Editor) 2009. ISBN: 978-1-60741-103-1

Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

HDL and LDL Cholesterol: Physiology and Clinical Significance Irwin S. Pagano and Nathan B. Strait (Editors) 2009. ISBN: 978-1-60741-767-5

Pagano, Irwin S., and Nathan B. Strait. HDL and LDL Cholesterol : Physiology and Clinical Significance, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

Biochemistry Research Trends Series

HDL AND LDL CHOLESTEROL: PHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

IRWIN S. PAGANO AND

NATHAN B. STRAIT

Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

EDITORS

Nova Biomedical Books New York

Pagano, Irwin S., and Nathan B. Strait. HDL and LDL Cholesterol : Physiology and Clinical Significance, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

Copyright © 2009 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication.

Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data HDL and LDL cholesterol physiology and clinical significance / [edited by] Irwin S. Pagano and Nathan B. Strait. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-60876-728-1 (E-Book) 1. High density lipoproteins--Physiological effect. 2. High density lipoproteins-Pathophysiology. 3. Low density lipoproteins--Physiological effect. 4. Low density lipoproteins-Pathophysiology. I. Pagano, Irwin S. II. Strait, Nathan B. [DNLM: 1. Cholesterol, HDL--physiology. 2. Cholesterol, LDL--physiology. 3. Hypercholesterolemia--prevention & control. QU 95 H431 2009] QP99.3.L52H45 2009 572'.68--dc22 2009018710

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Ô New York

Pagano, Irwin S., and Nathan B. Strait. HDL and LDL Cholesterol : Physiology and Clinical Significance, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

Contents Preface Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3

vii Cost-Effectiveness of Pharmacological Therapies to Reduce LDLCholesterol Levels Pedro Plans-Rubió Mechanisms for Oxidative Modification of LDL by Cigarette Smoking: New Insight into Potential Implications for Atherosclerosis Yu Yamaguchi, Jun Haginaka and Masaru Kunitomo Selective LDL Apheresis Reduced on Plasma Concentrations of Adhesion Molecules Kouichi Utsumi, Kae Ueda and Yasuo Katayama

1

25

57

Chapter 4

Pleiotropic Effects of Atorvastatin on Vascular Injury in Diabetes Sho-ichi Yamagishi, Kazuo Nakamura, Takanori Matsui, Seiji Ueda, Kei Fukami and Seiya Okuda

65

Chapter 5

Antibodies to Oxidatively Modified LDL and Atherosclerosis Ulrike Resch and Franz Tatzber

75

Chapter 6

Overview of Longevity-Associated Mitochondrial DNA 5178 C/A Polymorphism and a Discussion of its Modulation of the Effects of Habitual Smoking on Serum Total and LDL Cholesterol Levels in Middle-aged Japanese Men Akatsuki Kokaze, Mamoru Ishikawa, Naomi Matsunaga, Masao Yoshida, Ryuji Makita, Masao Satoh, Koji Teruya, Kanako Sekiguchi, Yumi Masuda, Matsuko Harada, Yoshiko Uchida and Yutaka Takashima

Chapter 7

Cholesterol-HDL Levels and Functionality of the HDL Particle, Its Anti-Inflammatory/Antioxidant Properties M. Fitó, M. Grau, J. Marrugat and M.I. Covas

Pagano, Irwin S., and Nathan B. Strait. HDL and LDL Cholesterol : Physiology and Clinical Significance, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

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113

vi

Contents

Chapter 8

The Role of HDL-Associated Enzymes in Bovine Reproduction Romana Turk

Chapter 9

HDL Physicochemical Characteristics as Determinants of Their Plasma Concentrations: What We Have Learned from Thiazolidinediones Oscar Pérez-Méndez, J. Elizabeth Carreón-Torres, Martha Franco and Marco Antonio Juárez-Oropeza

145

High-Density Lipoproteins and Coronary Heart Disease HDLs: A Heterogeneous and Multi-Functional Lipoprotein Class Bela F. Asztalos and Katalin V. Horvath

171

Chapter 10

Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Index

Pagano, Irwin S., and Nathan B. Strait. HDL and LDL Cholesterol : Physiology and Clinical Significance, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central,

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Copyright © 2009. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Preface Cholesterol is a soft, waxy substance found among the lipids (fats) in the bloodstream and in all your body's cells. It is transported to and from the cells by special carriers called lipoproteins. This book focuses on the two main types of lipoproteins- low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). LDL is the major cholesterol carrier in the blood. If too much LDL cholesterol circulates in the blood, it can cause atherosclerosis and/or clotting. HDL is known as "good cholesterol" because a high HDL level seems to protect against a heart attack. About one-third to one-fourth of blood cholesterol is carried by HDL. This book focuses on ways to reduce LDL-cholesterol levels, and therefore reduce the risk of serious health problems. Other factors that affect cholesterol levels, such as cigarette smoking and diabetes, are looked at as well. Different treatments, such as pharmacological therapies for high or low cholesterol levels are also examined. Chapter 1 - Background: The third report of the NCEP on prevention and control of hypercholesterolemia in adults (ATP-III) identified low LDL-cholesterol as the primary target for cholesterol-lowering therapy. The ATP-III recommended cholesterol-lowering therapies in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes or other cardiovascular disease (or 10-year risk of CHD >20 %) with LDL-cholesterol levels ≥130 mg/dl and in persons without CHD with LDL-cholesterol levels ≥190 mg/dl or with LDL-cholesterol levels ≥130 mg/dl and two or more CHD risk factors. Objective: To review the cost-effectiveness of recommended pharmacological treatments to reduce LDL-cholesterol in different populations groups. Results: Statins are the most cost-effective drugs to reduce LDL-cholesterol. The costeffectiveness of using statins for the primary prevention of CHD ranges from $ 30,000 to $ 1,000,000 per LYG and from $ 50,000 to $ 700,000 per QALY depending on age, gender and presence other cardiovascular risk factors and drug costs. Cost-effectiveness of primary prevention is