Harinamamrita Vyakaranam Guidebook

Table of contents :
.43. a-dvayam i-dvaye e - when a-dvaya is followed by i-dvaya, it joins with i-dvaya and becomes e |
.45. å-dvaye ar kåñëa + åddhiù ( (45) kåñëarddhiù
.47. ÿ-dvaye al - when a-dvaya is followed by ÿ-dvaya, it joins with ÿ-dvaya and becomes al |
.48. e-dvaye ai - when a-dvaya is followed by e-dvaya, it joins with e-dvaya and becomes ai |
kåñëa + eka-näthaù ( (48) kåñëaika-näthaù
.49. o-dvaye au - when a-dvaya is followed by o-dvaya, it joins with o-dvaya and becomes au |
kåñëa + odanam ( (49) kåñëaudanam
.51. u-dvayaà vaù - U-dvaya becomes v when a sarveçvara follows |
madhu + ariù ( (51) madhv-ariù
.53. ÿ-dvayaà laù - when a sarveçvara follows, ÿ-dvaya becomes l.
.54. e ay, ai äy - when a sarveçvara follows, e becomes ay and ai becomes äy |
kåñëe + utkarñaù ( (54) kåñëay utkarñaù "kåñëa’s eminence"
.55. o av, au äv - when a sarveçvara follows, o becomes av and au becomes äv |
viñëo + iha ( (55) viñëav iha
.56. e-obhyäm asya haro viñëupadänte - a-räma is deleted when it comes after an e or o that is at the end of a viñëupada |
hare + atra ( (56) hare ’tra
.57. ay-ädénäà ya-vayor vä - the y and v of ay and so on [äy, av, äv] are optionally [always] deleted when they are at the end of a viñëupada.
.58. teñäà na sandhir nityam - words that have lost their y or v do not undergo further sandhi.
kåñëa utkarñaù (57) ( (58) kåñëa + utkarñaù
.59. o-rämäntänäm anantänäà cävyayänäà sarveçvare - [kevala] avyayas that end in o-räma or that are anantas do not undergo sandhi when a sarveçvara follows.
.62. hariveëau hariveëur vä - a viñëudäsa at the end of a viñëupada optionally [always] becomes a hariveëu when a hariveëu follows.
jagat + näthaù ( (62) jagan-näthaù or (61) jagad-näthaù/ kåñëa-gup + ïuìuve ( (62) kåñëa-gum ïuìuve or (61) kåñëa-gub ïuìuve.
.63. yädava-mätre harikamalam - a viñëudäsa becomes a harikamala when any yädava follows.
.64. tataù çaç cho vä - Ça-räma that comes after a viñëudäsa [ta-räma] can optionally become cha-räma.
su-väk + çauriù ( (63, 64) su-väk chauriù or su-väk çauriù/ ap + çäyé ( (63, 64) ap-chäyé or ap-çäyé.
.65. ho harighoñaù - ha-räma that comes after a viñëudäsa can optionally [always] become a harighoña.
väk + hareù ( (61) väg + hareù ( (65) väg ghareù or väg hareù/ ac + halau ( (61) aj + halau ( (65) aj-jhalau or aj-halau.
.67. taç ca çe - ta-räma becomes ca-räma when ça-räma follows. tat + çaureù ( (67, 63) tac + çaureù ( (64) tac chaureù or tac çaureù.
bhagavän + calati ( (68) bhagaväàç calati or bhagav ä* ç calati/ bhagavän + öékate ( (68) bhagaväàñ öékate or bhagav ä* ñ öékate.
bhagavän + çüraù ( (71, 63) bhagaväïc çüraù or (70) bhagaväï çüraù | then, in the case where ça-räma becomes cha-räma by tataù çaç cho vä (64): bhagaväïc çüraù ( (64) bhagaväïc chüraù
.72. mo viñëucakraà viñëujane ma-räma at the end of a viñëupada becomes viñëucakra when a viñëujana follows
kåñëam + smarati ( (72) kåñëaà smarati
.74. dviù sarveçvara-mäträc chaù - cha-räma is reduplicated when it comes after any sarveçvara |
kåñëa + chatram ( (74) kåñëa-chchatram ( (63) kåñëa-cchatram
.80. äd a-räma-gopälayor ur nityam - a viñëusarga that comes after a-räma always becomes u-räma when a-räma or a gopäla follows |
.82. eña-sa-paro viñëujane a viñëusarga coming after eña or sa is deleted when a viñëujana follows | eñaù kåñëaù ( (82) eña kåñëaù
.83. ra éçvarät sarveçvara-gopälayoù after an éçvara, viñëusarga becomes ra-räma when a sarveçvara or gopäla follows |
hareù + idam ( (83) harer idam | hariù + gacchati ( (83) harir gacchati
.86. ro re lopyaù, pürvaç ca trivikramaù ra-räma is deleted when ra-räma follows, and the vämana before it becomes trivikrama |
283. parapadäni kartari the parapada pratyayas are applied after a dhätu in kartari prayoga |
Only the ätmapada prathama-puruña eka-vacana is applied after a dhätu in bhäve prayoga |
295. ata ä is ta-thayoù after a, ä changes to i when t or th follow. bhü + äte ( (293) bhü + ya[k] + äte ( (294, 295) bhü + ya + ite ( (43) bhüyete "they two are being obtained"
297. ata i[ö] yusi I[ö] is inserted after a when yus follows. bhü + yus ( (288) bhü + [ç]a[p] + yus ( (289) bho + a + yus ( (55) bhava + yus ( (297) bhava + i[ö] + yus ( bhava + iyus ( (43) bhaveyus ( (93) bhaveyuù
298. ato yäma iyam Yäm is replaced by iyam when it comes after a.
bhü + yäm ( (288) bhü + [ç]a[p] + yäm ( (289) bho + a + yäm ( (55) bhava + yäm ( (298) bhava + iyam ( (43) bhaveyam
bhü + ta ( (306) a[t] + bhü + ta ( (313) a[t] + bhü + i[ë] + ta ( (314) abhau + i[ë] + ta ( (51) abhäv + i[ë] + ta ( (315) abhävi "he was obtained"
bhü + dhvam ( (306, 307) a[t] + bhü + s[i] + dhvam ( (316) a[t] + bhü + i[ö] + s[i] + dhvam ( (289) a + bho + i + s + dhvam ( (55) a + bhav + i + s + dhvam ( (319) abhavidhvam ( (320, 321) abhaviòhvam or abhavidhvam "you all were obtained"
326. pürvo naraù the first part of the reduplication is called nara |
327. paro näräyaëaù the second part of the reduplication is called näräyaëa |
the harikhaòga of a nara changes to harikamala, and the harighoña of a nara changes to harigadä | ex. in 328
330. na i[ö] ya-sarveçvarayoù I[ö] is not inserted when y or a sarveçvara follow. bhü + atus ( (330, 311) bhüv + atus ( (322, 323) bhü + bhüv + atus ( (328) bha + bhüv + atus ( (329) babhüvatus ( (93) babhüvatuù "they two were" .
a laghu uddhava takes govinda when a pratyaya follows | cit + ti[p] ( (288) cit + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] ( (333) cetati
356. kå-så-bhå-vå-stu-dru-sru-çrubhyaù evädhokñaja-mätre neö, anyebhyas tu aniòbhyaù api i[ö]
when an adhokñaja pratyaya follows, only the following dhätus don’t take i[ö]. all other dhätus take i[ö], even if they are aniö.
[òu]kå[ï], kå[ï], så, så, bhå[ï], [òu]bhå[ï], vå[ì], vå[ï], ñöu[ï], dru, sru, çru ñidh[ü] ( (346) sidh[ü] ( sidh[ü] + tha[l] ( (356, 316) sidh + i[ö] + tha[l] ( (322, 323) si + sidh + i[ö] + tha[l] ( (333, 108) siñedhitha
gad + ta ( (306, 313) a[t] + gad + i[ë] + ta ( (358) agäd + i[ë] + ta ( (315) agädi
aö + d[ip] ( (360) äö + d[ip] ( (306, 307, 316) a[t] + äö + i[ö] + s[i] + d[ip] ( (42) äö + i[ö] + s[i] + d[ip] ( (334) äö + i[ö] + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] ( (335) äö + i[ö] + é[ö] + d[ip] ( (42) äöéd ( (185) äöét
375. narasya vämanaù the nara becomes vämana. äch[i] ( (344, 160, 175) äïch ( äïch + [ë]a[l] ( (330, 322, 323) ä + äïch + a ( (375) a + äïch + a ( (361) ä + äïch + a ( (362) änäïcha
378. vad[a]-vraj[a]yor våñëéndraù sau parapade vad[a] and vraj[a] take våñëéndra when s[i] which is followed by a parapada pratyaya follows. vraj + d[ip] ( (306, 307, 316) a[t] + vraj + i[ö] + s[i] + d[ip] ( (334) avraj + i[ö] + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] (...
382. saàyukta-[ç]n[u]où ca the u of [ç]nu also changes to uv when a sarveçvara follows, provided the n of [ç]nu is in sat-saìga.
386. sahaja-a-rämavataç ca tädåçät i[ö] vä thali when tha[l] follows, i[ö] is also optionally inserted after a sahajäniö dhätu that has an original a-räma.
yam + ti[p] ( (288) yam + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] ( (399) yachati ( (74) yachchati ( (63) yacchati
422. arti-sat-saìga-ädi-åt-antayoù govindaù ya[k]-kämapäla-yayor ya[ì]i ca

Citation preview

sütra-päöhaù saàjïä-sandhi-prakaraëa

1. näräyaëäd udbhüto ’yaà varëa-kramaù 2. taträdau caturdaça sarveçvaräù 3. daça daçävatäräù 4. teñäà dvau dväv ekätmakau 5. pürvo vämanaù 6. paras trivikramaù 7. a-ä-varjitäù sarveçvarä éçvaräù 8. daçävatärä éçäù 9. a-ä-i-é-u-ü anantäù 10. i-é-u-ü catuù-sanäù 11. u-ü-å-è catur-bhujäù 12. e-ai-o-au catur-vyühäù 13. aà iti viñëu-cakram

.

s$avaeeRrìr"A:

@

d"zAAvataAr"A:

@A

@

w

@A

wR

o

w

O

wR

o

[% O

\# [%

la{ \#

la| la{

W la|

.

.

.

Wk(Atmak($aE vaAmana:

@

@

@A

w

o

[%

w

wR

o

O

[%

\#

la{

la|

w

we

@ae

la{

.

.

.

"i‡aiva‚(ma: wRìr"A:

@A

w

wR

wr

O

o

\#

O

la|

[%

\#

la{

la|

.

.

.

wzAA:

w

@nantaA:

wR

o

O

@

@A

[%

w

\#

wR

o

O

.

.

.

14. a* iti viñëu-cäpaù 15. aù iti viñëu-sargaù 16. kädayo viñëu-janäù 17. te mäntäù païca païca viñëu-vargäù 18. ka-ca-öa-ta-pä hari-kamaläni 19. kha-cha-öha-tha-phä hari-khaògäù 20. ga-ja-òa-da-bä hari-gadäù 21. gha-jha-òha-dha-bhä hari-ghoñäù 22. ìa-ïa-ëa-na-mä hari-veëavaù 23. ta etad-varjitä viñëu-däsäù 24. ya-ra-la-vä hari-miträëi 25. ça-ña-sa-hä hari-goträëi 26. ça-ña-säù çaurayaù 27. viñëudäsa-harigoträëi vaiñëaväù 28. harigadä-harighoña-hariveëu-harimiträëi haç ca gopäläù 29. yädavä anye 30. çauri-varjitäs tu sätvatäù 31. vämano laghuù 32. trivikramo guruù 33. sat-saìgät pürvo vämano ’pi guruù sänusväraç ca dérghaç ca visargé ca gurur bhavet varëa-saàyoga-pürvaç ca tathä pädäntago ’pi vä 34. mithaù-saàlagno viñëujanaù sat-saìga-saàjïaù 35. varëa-svarüpe rämaù ` 36. tad-ädi-dvaye dvayam 37. ädeço viriïciù 38. ägamo viñëuù 39. lopo haraù .

catau:s$anaA:

w

wR

o

catauBauRjaA:

o

O

[%

\#

catauvyaRUh"A:

W

WE

@ae

@aE

O

.

.

.

.

ivaSNAud"as$aA:

.

.

.

.

.

d"

Da

P

ba

Ba Ha

Q&

x"

X#

NA

ta

Ta

d"

Da

na

pa

P(

ba

Ba

ma

ya

r"

la

va

zA

Sa

s$a

h"

h"ir"vaenava:

x~

Ha

NA

na

ivaSNAujanaA:

h"ir"ima‡aAiNA

ya

r"

la

va

h"ir"gAAe‡aAiNA

zA

Sa

s$a

h"

Sa

s$a

zAAEr"ya:

gAaepaAlaA: ya

zA

k(

Ka

gA

Ga

ca

C$

ja

Ja

q%

Q&

x"

X#

ta

Ta

d"

Da

pa

P(

ba

Ba

zA

Sa

s$a

h"

gA

Ga

x~

ja

Ja

Ha

x"

X#

NA

d"

Da

na

ba

Ba

ma

r"

la

va

yaAd"vaA:

h

s$aAtvataA:

1. näma-karaëaà saàjïä "a saàjïä-sütra creates a name". 2. aniyame niyama-käriëé paribhäñä "a paribhäñä-sütra creates a regulation where there wasn’t any". 3. kartavyenopadeço vidhiù "a vidhi-sütra is an injunction that has to be followed". 4. bahutra präptau saìkocanaà niyamaù "a niyama-sütra is a restriction where a rule would otherwise apply to many things". 5. anya-tulyatva-vidhänam atideçaù "an atideça-sütra ordains similarity to another" 6. uttara-prakaraëa-vyäpy adhikäraù "an adhikära-sütra pervades the following section".

Ta

pa

q

.

40. süträëi ñaò-vidhäni “saàjïä ca paribhäñä ca / vidhir niyama eva ca atideço ’dhikäraç ca / ñaò-vidhaà sütra-lakñaëam”

ta

x~

.

.

X#

Ja

.

“taträdarçana-mätra-hetur haraù. ätyantika-laya-hetur mahäharaù”

x"

Ga

vaESNAvaA:

.

Q

ja

.

.

q%

gA

.

.

Ja

C$

.

.

Ga

ja

Ka

.

.

gA

C

ca

.

.

Ka

ca

k

.

.

k(

k(

Ka

ca

C$

q

Q

ta

Ta

pa

P(

zA

Sa

k(

Ka

ca

C$

q

Q

ta

Ta

pa

P(

s$a

la{

ma

la|

@aE

WE

@ae

@aE

sarveçvara-sandhiù

41. sarva-prakaraëa-vyäpé varëa-mätra-nimittakaù värëo vikäraù sandhiù syäd viñayäpekñakaù kvacit .

prakaraëa—sections (divisions of grammar like nämas, dhätus, and so on); vyäpé—pervading; varëa-mätra—a mere varëa; nimittakaù—whose cause; värëaù—relating to a varëa; vikäraù—transformation; syät—is; viñaya—domain, scope, sphere of influence or activity; apekñakaù—depending on.

sandhi pervades all prakaraëas. It is the transformation of a varëa, and it is only caused by a varëa. sometimes sandhi depends on a particular viñaya.

42. daçävatära ekätmake militvä trivikramaù 43. a-dvayam i-dvaye e - when a-dvaya is followed by i-dvaya, it joins with i-dvaya and becomes e | 44. u-dvaye o “käryiëä hanyate käryé / käryaà käryeëa hanyate nimittaà ca nimittena / yac cheñam anuvartate “ 45. å-dvaye ar kåñëa + åddhiù → (45) kåñëarddhiù 46. å-dvayä-dvayayor (sandhir vä vämanaç ca vä) åti - Å-dvaya and a-dvaya only optionally undergo sandhi when å-räma follows. and,

.

.

.

.

.

as a further option, they can become vämana (but only if sandhi is not done) |

srañöå åñabhaù → (46) srañöå åñabhaù or (42) srañöèñabhaù yädava åñabhaù → (46) yädava åñabhaù or (45) yädavarñabhaù mälä åñabhasya → (46) mälä åñabhasya or mäla åñabhasya, or (45) mälarñabhasya

47. ÿ-dvaye al - when a-dvaya is followed by ÿ-dvaya, it joins with ÿ-dvaya and becomes al | 48. e-dvaye ai - when a-dvaya is followed by e-dvaya, it joins with e-dvaya and becomes ai |

.

.

kåñëa + eka-näthaù → (48) kåñëaika-näthaù kåñëa + aiçvaryam → (48) kåñëaiçvaryam

49. o-dvaye au - when a-dvaya is followed by o-dvaya, it joins with o-dvaya and becomes au |

.

kåñëa + odanam → (49) kåñëaudanam kåñëa aunnatyam → (49) kåñëaunnatyam

50. / wã"yamaeva ya: s$avaerìre" / - I-dvaya becomes y when a sarveçvara follows | .

hari + äsanam → (50) hary-äsanam dadhi + upendrasya → (50) dadhy upendrasya

51. u-dvayaà vaù - U-dvaya becomes v when a sarveçvara follows |

.

madhu + ariù → (51) madhv-ariù

52. å-dvayaà raù - Å-dvaya becomes r when a sarveçvara follows |

.

räma-bhrätå + udayaù → (52) räma-bhrätr-udayaù

53. ÿ-dvayaà laù - when a sarveçvara follows, ÿ-dvaya becomes l. 54. e ay, ai äy - when a sarveçvara follows, e becomes ay and ai becomes äy |

.

.

kåñëe + utkarñaù → (54) kåñëay utkarñaù "kåñëa’s eminence" gopyai + äsanam → (54) gopyäy äsanam

55. o av, au äv - when a sarveçvara follows, o becomes av and au becomes äv |

.

viñëo + iha → (55) viñëav iha kåñëau + atra → (55) kåñëäv atra

56. e-obhyäm asya haro viñëupadänte - a-räma is deleted when it comes after an e or o that is at the end of a viñëupada |

.

hare + atra → (56) hare ’tra viñëo + atra → (56) viñëo ’tra

57. ay-ädénäà ya-vayor vä - the y and v of ay and so on [äy, av, äv] are optionally [always] deleted when they are at the end of a viñëupada.

.

gopyäy äsanam (54) → (57) gopyäy äsanam or gopyä äsanam viñëav iha (55) → (57) viñëav iha or viñëa iha

58. teñäà na sandhir nityam - words that have lost their y or v do not undergo further sandhi.

.

kåñëa utkarñaù (57) → (58) kåñëa + utkarñaù

59. o-rämäntänäm anantänäà cävyayänäà sarveçvare - [kevala] avyayas that end in o-räma or that are anantas do not undergo sandhi

.

when a sarveçvara follows.

no + acyutaù → (59) no acyutaù. [atho, aho, äho, utäho, o, no, bho, haàho, ho]

“läkñaëika-pratipadoktayoù pratipadoktasyaiva grahaëam “

"Out of what is indirectly expressed (läkñaëika) and what is directly expressed (pratipadokta), only that which is directly expressed is accepted". 60. éd-üd-etäà dvi-vacanasya maëévädi-varjam - an é, ü, or e that belongs to dvi-vacana does not undergo sandhi when a sarveçvara follows. the maëévädis are an exception to this rule. “maëé bhäryä-paté caiva “maëé "two jewels", bhäryä-paté "husband and wife.", dam-paté "h. and w.", dam-paté rodasé tathä rodasé "heaven and earth", väsasé "upper garment and lower garment", jamväsasé jam-paté caivam paté "h. and w.", jäyä-paté "h. and w.".” iva jäyä-paté tathä ’’ .

s[u] am [ö]ä [ì]e [ì]as[i] [ì]as [ì]i s[u]

au au bhyäm bhyäm bhyäm os os au

[j]as [ç]as bhis bhyas bhyas äm su[p] [j]as

kåñëa-sthäna (mf) + [ç]i

päëòaväù/ yadu/ våñëi/ buddha

bhagavat (N)/ MF s[u] au [j]as am au [ç]as [ö]ä bhyäm bhis [ì]e bhyäm bhyas [ì]as[i] bhyäm bhyas [ì]as os äm [ì]i os su[p] s[u] au [j]as

taddhita sarveçvare/ ya

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

viñëujana-sandhiù .

61. viñëudäso viñëupadänte harighoñe ca harigadä - a viñëudäsa at the end of a viñëupada becomes a harigadä, but a viñëudäsa that is

not at the end of a viñëupada only becomes a harigadä if a harighoña follows. “sthäne sadåçatamaù “ - “the replacement should be that which is most similar in regard to place of pronunciation”. väk + acyutasya → (61) väg acyutasya/ ñaö + gopikäù → (61) ñaò-gopikäù/ bhagavat + icchä → (61) bhagavad-icchä/ kakubh + viñëoù → (61) kakub viñëoù

62. hariveëau hariveëur vä - a viñëudäsa at the end of a viñëupada optionally [always] becomes a hariveëu when a hariveëu follows.

.

jagat + näthaù → (62) jagan-näthaù or (61) jagad-näthaù/ kåñëa-gup + ïuìuve → (62) kåñëa-gum ïuìuve or (61) kåñëa-gub ïuìuve.

63. yädava-mätre harikamalam - a viñëudäsa becomes a harikamala when any yädava follows.

.

väk kåñëasya → (63) väk kåñëasya. [this sütra is to prevent the sütra 61 when the viñaya is viñëupadänta.]

64. tataù çaç cho vä - Ça-räma that comes after a viñëudäsa [ta-räma] can optionally become cha-räma.

.

65. ho

.

su-väk + çauriù → (63, 64) su-väk chauriù or su-väk çauriù/ ap + çäyé → (63, 64) ap-chäyé or ap-çäyé. these days we see that ça-räma only really changes to cha-räma when it comes after ta-räma. harighoñaù - ha-räma that comes after a viñëudäsa can optionally [always] become a harighoña. väk + hareù → (61) väg + hareù → (65) väg ghareù or väg hareù/ ac + halau → (61) aj + halau → (65) aj-jhalau or aj-halau. ñaö + hareù → (61) ñaò + hareù → (65) ñaò-òhareù or ñaò-hareù/ tat + halinaù → (61) tad + halinaù → (65) tad dhalinaù or tad halinaù. kakubh + harasya → (61) kakub + harasya → (65) kakub bharasya or kakub harasya.

66. da-tau para-varëau la-ca-öa-vargeñu nityam da-räma and ta-räma always change to the following varëa when la-räma, ca-varga, or öa-varga follows | tad + lakñmé-pateù → (66) tal lakñmé-pateù/ tat + catur-bhujasya → (66, 63) tac catur-bhujasya. kaàsa-jit + chädayati → (66) kaàsa-jich chädayati → (63) kaàsa-jic chädayati/ tat + janärdanasya → (66) taj janärdanasya. kaàsa-jit + jhaìkäraù → (66) kaàsa-jijh jhaìkäraù → (61) kaàsa-jij jhaìkäraù/ tad + ïa-rämaù → (66) taï-ïa-rämaù. kaàsa-jit + öékate → (66, 63) kaàsa-jiö öékate/ kaàsa-jit + òhaukate → (66) kaàsa-jiòh òhaukate → (61) kaàsa-jiò òhaukate. 67. taç ca çe - ta-räma becomes ca-räma when ça-räma follows. tat + çaureù → (67, 63) tac + çaureù → (64) tac chaureù or tac çaureù. 68. no ’ntaç ca-chayoù ça-rämaù, öa-öhayoù ña-rämaù, ta-thayoù sa-rämaù, viñëucakra-pürvo viñëucäpa-pürvo vä - na-räma at the end of a viñëupada becomes ça-räma when ca-räma or cha-räma follows, ña-räma when öa-räma or öha-räma follows, and sa-räma when ta-räma or tha-räma follows. and that ça-räma, ña-räma, or sa-räma is preceded either by a viñëucakra [not used] or a viñëucäpa. .

.

.

bhagavän + calati → (68) bhagaväàç calati or bhagavä* ç calati/

bhagavän + öékate → (68) bhagaväàñ öékate or bhagavä* ñ öékate.

69. le la-räma eva - na-räma at the end of a viñëupada becomes la-räma when la-räma follows | bhagavän + léläyate → (69) bhagavä*l

.

léläyate

70. ja-jha-ïa-ça-rämeñu ïa-rämaù na-räma at the end of a viñëupada becomes ïa-räma when ja-räma, jha-räma, ïa-räma, or ça-räma follows | bhagavän + çüraù → (70) bhagaväï çüraù 71 . çe cänto vä - when ça-räma follows, na-räma at the end of a viñëupada optionally becomes ïa-räma followed by ca-räma (ïc). bhagavän + çüraù → (71, 63) bhagaväïc çüraù or (70) bhagaväï çüraù | then, in the case where ça-räma becomes cha-räma by tataù çaç cho vä (64): bhagaväïc çüraù → (64) bhagaväïc chüraù 72. mo viñëucakraà viñëujane ma-räma at the end of a viñëupada becomes viñëucakra when a viñëujana follows kåñëam + smarati → (72) kåñëaà smarati 73. viñëucakrasya hariveëur viñëuvarge, viñëupadäntasya tu vä - viñëucakra becomes a hariveëu of the same varga as the following varëa when a viñëuvarga follows | but this is optional for a viñëucakra situated at the end of a viñëupada | kåñëam + kértayati → (72) kåñëaà kértayati → (73) kåñëaà kértayati or kåñëaì kértayati kåñëam + bhajati → (72) kåñëaà bhajati → (73) kåñëaà bhajati or kåñëam bhajati saàsäram + tarati → (72) saàsäraà tarati → (73) saàsäraà tarati or saàsäran tarati 74. dviù sarveçvara-mäträc chaù - cha-räma is reduplicated when it comes after any sarveçvara | kåñëa + chatram → (74) kåñëa-chchatram → (63) kåñëa-cchatram 75. viñëupadäntät trivikramäd vä – cha-räma is optionally reduplicated when it comes after a trivikrama situated at the end of a viñëupada | yamunä + chäyä → (75) yamunä-chäyä or yamunä-chchäyä → (63) yamunä-cchäyä 76. vämanät ìa-ëa-nä dviù sarveçvare - ìa-räma, ëa-räma, and na-räma, situated at the end of a viñëupada, are reduplicated when they come after a vämana and a sarveçvara follows | paryaì + anantaù → (76) paryaìì anantaù | sugaë + anantaù → (76) sugaëë anantaù | kurvan + asti → (76) kurvann asti 77. [not used] ra-rämät (viñëujane viñëujano vä), sarveçvare tu harigotraà vinä a viñëujana that comes after ra-räma can optionally be reduplicated when a viñëujana follows | and when a sarveçvara follows, a viñëujana, except a harigotra, that comes after ra-räma can also optionally be reduplicated | kärñëyam → (77) kärññëyam or kärñëyam/ hary-äsanam (example from våtti 50) → (77) haryy-äsanam or haryäsanam "hari’s seat" 78. viñëujanäd viñëudäsasyädarçanaà sa-varge viñëudäse - a viñëudäsa that comes after a viñëujana optionally disappears when a viñëudäsa of the same varga follows | bhagaväïc chüraù (example from våtti 71) → (78) bhagaväïc chüraù or bhagaväï chüraù

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

viñëusarga-sandhiù

79. (viñëusargaù) ca-chayoù ça-rämaù, öa-öhayoù ña-rämaù, ta-thayoù sa rämaù viñëusarga becomes ça-räma when ca-räma or cha-

.

räma follows, ña-räma when öa-räma or öha-räma follows, and sa-räma when ta-räma or tha-räma follows | 80. äd a-räma-gopälayor ur nityam - a viñëusarga that comes after a-räma always becomes u-räma when a-räma or a gopäla follows | kåñëaù + atra → (80) kåñëa + u + atra → (44) kåñëo + atra → (56) kåñëo ’tra kåñëaù + gacchati → (80) kåñëa + u + gacchati → (44) kåñëo gacchati 81. a-dvaya-bho-bhago-aghobhyo lopyaù (sarveçvara-gopälayoù), sarveçvare tu yaç ca, na ca lope sandhiù a viñëusarga that comes after a-dvaya or after bho, bhago, or agho is deleted when a sarveçvara or gopäla follows | [out of use] but when a sarveçvara follows, it can also become ya-räma | when the viñëusarga is deleted, there is no further sandhi | kåñëäù + gacchanti → (81) kåñëä gacchanti 82. eña-sa-paro viñëujane a viñëusarga coming after eña or sa is deleted when a viñëujana follows | eñaù kåñëaù → (82) eña kåñëaù 83. ra éçvarät sarveçvara-gopälayoù after an éçvara, viñëusarga becomes ra-räma when a sarveçvara or gopäla follows | hareù + idam → (83) harer idam | hariù + gacchati → (83) harir gacchati 84. anéçvaräd api ra-räma-jaù regardless of whether it comes after an éçvara or not, a viñëusarga born of ra-räma becomes ra-räma when a sarveçvara or gopäla follows | prätaù + atra → (84) prätar atra | prätar, svar, antar, punar, gér, bhrätar 85. ahno viñëusargasya ro rätri-rüpa-rathantaräd anyeñu - the viñëusarga of the word ahan becomes ra-räma when something other [i.e. sarveçvara or gopäla] than the words rätri, rüpa, and rathantara follows | .

.

.

.

.

.

ahaù-gaëaù → (85) ahar-gaëaù/ ahaù + rätriù → (80) aha + u + rätriù → (44) aho-rätriù “eka-deça-vikåtam ananya-vat” “that which is deficient in one place is not considered a different thing” ahaù + rätraù → (80) aha + u + rätraù → (44) aho-rätraù 86. ro re lopyaù, pürvaç ca trivikramaù ra-räma is deleted when ra-räma follows, and the vämana before it becomes trivikrama | bhrätaù + rämänujaà paçya → (84) bhrätar + rämänujaà paçya → (86) bhrätä rämänujaà paçya hariù + rädhä-priyaù → (83) harir + rädhä-priyaù → (86) haré rädhä-priyaù

.

näma-prakaraëa. sarveçvaräntäù puruñottama-liìgäù .

87. 88. 89. 90.

.

.

.

.

adhätu-viñëubhaktikam arthavan näma any word that has meaning, except for the dhätus and the viñëubhaktis, is called näma | prakåtiù pürvä the first part (of a viñëupada) is called prakåti [base, the original word to which suffixes are added] | pratyayaù paraù the second part (of a viñëupada) is called pratyaya [suffix] | tatra nämnaù s[u] au [j]as, am au [ç]as, [ö]ä bhyäm bhis, [ì]e bhyäm bhyas, [ì]as[i] bhyäm bhyas, [ì]as os äm, [ì]i os su[p] -

among a näma and a dhätu, the following viñëubhaktis are applied after a näma: su, au, jas, am, au, ças, öä, bhyäm, bhis, ìe, bhyäm, bhyas, ìasi, bhyäm, bhyas, ìas, os, äm, ìi, os, and sup. 91. tatra ja-öa-ça-ìa-pä itaù, uç ca soù, ìaser iç ca among the viñëubhaktis, j, ö, ç, ì, and p are indicatory letters (its). as also the u of su and the i of ìasi. 92. viñëubhakti-siddhaà viñëu-padam that which is formed by the application of a viñëubhakti is called a viñëupada. 93. sa-ra-rämayor viñëusargo viñëupadänte sa-räma and ra-räma become viñëusarga when the viñaya is viñëupadänta. kåñëa + s[u] → kåñëaù 94. daçävatäräd am-[ç]asor a-räma-haraù - when am or [ç]as come after a daçävatära their a-räma is deleted. .

.

.

.

kåñëa + am → (94) kåñëa + m → kåñëam

sütre pratyaya-rüpa-nimittäd anyasya haro ’pi mahäharaù

hara of something other than a nimitta in the form of a pratyaya in a sütra is also considered a mahähara. 95. daçävatärasya trivikramaù [ç]asi, tasmät so naù puàsi - Daçävatära becomes trivikrama when [ç]as follows. after that, the s of [ç]as becomes n provided the viñaya is the masculine gender. kåñëa + [ç]as → (94) kåñëa + s → (95) kåñëä + s → kåñëä + n → kåñëän 96. a-rämäntaù kåñëa-saàjïaù any näma ending in a-räma is called kåñëa. 97. kåñëät [ö]ä inaù after a kåñëa, [ö]ä is replaced by ina. kåñëa + [ö]ä → (97) kåñëa + ina → (43) kåñëena 98. kåñëasya trivikramo gopäle the final a of a kåñëa becomes trivikrama when a gopäla follows. kåñëa + bhyäm → kåñëäbhyäm . eka-varëa-vidhir ante pravartate a rule that is in reference to a single varëa is applied at the end. 99. kåñëät bhisa ais after a kåñëa, bhis is replaced by ais. kåñëa + bhis → (99) kåñëa + ais → (48) kåñëais → (93) kåñëaiù

.

.

.

.

.

100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. .

.

.

.

.

.

/ k{(snaatxe~yar: / after a kåñëa, [ì]e is replaced by ya. kåñëa + [ì]e → (100) kåñëa + ya → (98) kåñëä + ya → kåñëäya kåñëasya e vaiñëave bahutve In bahu-vacana, the final a of a kåñëa becomes e when a vaiñëava follows. kåñëa+bhyas→ (101) kåñëe+bhyas → (93) kåñëebhyaù kåñëät ìaser ät after a kåñëa, [ì]as[i] is replaced by ät. kåñëa + [ì]as[i] → (102) kåñëa + ät → (42) kåñëät kåñëät ìasaù sya after a kåñëa, [ì]as is replaced by sya. kåñëa + [ì]as → (103) kåñëa + sya → kåñëasya kåñëasya e osi the final a of a kåñëa becomes e when os follows. kåñëa + os → (104) kåñëe + os → (54) kåñëay + os → (93) kåñëayoù vämana-gopé-rädhäbhyo n[uö] ämi the ägama n[uö] is inserted after a vämana, gopé, or rädhä when äm follows. kåñëa + äm → (105) kåñëa + n[uö] + äm → kåñëa + näm → (107) kåñëä + näm → kåñëänäm .

öid-ägamaù para-sambandhé, kid-ägamaù pürva-sambandhé an ägama which has the indicatory letter ö is connected with the following element, and an ägama which has the indicatory letter k is connected with the previous element. 106. tatra öin-mitau sarvaträgamau çnamaà vinä, ug-anta-kic ca In that regard, things that have the indicatory letter ö or m are always ägamas, with the exception of [ç]na[m], and something that has the indicatory letter k and ends in uk is also an ägama. 107. vämanasya trivikramo nämi, nå-çabdasya tu vä, na tiså-catasroù a vämana becomes trivikrama when näm follows. But the å of nå only optionally becomes trivikrama when näm follows, and the å of tiså and cataså doesn’t become trivikrama when näm follows. .

.

kåñëa + äm → (105) kåñëa + n[uö] + äm → kåñëa + näm → (107) kåñëä + näm → kåñëänäm

108. éçvara-harimitra-ka-ìebhyaù pratyaya-viriïci-sasya ño, n[um]-viñëusarga-vyavadhäne ’pi, na tu viñëupadädy-anta-säténäm

.

after an éçvara, harimitra, k, or ì, the s of a pratyaya or viriïci becomes ñ. this is the case even when n[um] or viñëusarga intervenes. But s at the beginning or end of a viñëupada and the s of sät[i] don’t become ña-räma. kåñëa + su[p] → (101) kåñëe + su → (108) kåñëe + ñu → kåñëeñu 109. sambodhane s[u]r buddha-saàjïaù In sambodhana, s[u] is called buddha. 110. e-o-vämanebhyo buddhasyädarçanam Buddha disappears after e, o, or vämana. .

.

111. ra-ña-å-dvayebhyo nasya ëaù, sarveçvara-ha-ya-va-ka-varga-pa-varga-vyavadhäne ’pi, samäna-viñëupade, na tu viñëupadäntasya after r, ñ, or å-dvaya, a n situated in the same viñëupada as them becomes ë. this is the case even when sarveçvara, h, y, v, .

ka-varga, or pa-varga intervenes. But n situated at the end of viñëupada doesn’t become ë.

räma + [ç]as → (94) räma + s → (95) rämä + s → rämä + n → rämän / räma + [ö]ä → (97) räma + ina → (43) rämena → (111) rämeëa viñëucakra has the quality of a sarveçvara (see våtti 267), the change to ë by sütra 111 takes place even when a viñëucakra intervenes.

Båhat 273. na-varja-ta-varga-sthasya nasya na ëatvam na-räma which is in sat-saìga with any member of ta-varga except na-räma doesn’t change to ëa-räma (by sütra 111). ... rundha → (Båhat 273) rundha 112. ças-ädayo yadu-saàjïäù the viñëubhaktis beginning with [ç]as are called yadus. the endings of the vocative case are not yadus. .

113. atra päda danta mäsa yüña ity eteñäà pad dat mäs yüñan ity ete viriïcayo yaduñu vä

.

In this connection, the words päda, danta, mäsa, and yüña can optionally be replaced by pad, dat, mäs, and yüñan when a yadu follows.

yathä-saìkhyam anudeçaù samänäm

a rule involving an equal number of elements should take place according to the order of enumeration”.

114. ä-räma-haro yadu-sarveçvare, na tv äpaù Ä-räma is deleted when a yadu beginning with a sarveçvara follows. But the ä-räma of

.

ä[p] doesn’t get deleted. viçva-pä + [ç]as → (114) viçva-pas → (93) viçva-paù 115. i-u-rämänto hari-saàjïaù any näma ending in i-räma or u-räma is called hari. 116. harita au pürva-savarëaù after a hari, au becomes the same varëa as the previous one. hari + au → (116) hari + i → (42) haré .

.

117. i-dvayasya e, u-dvayasya o, å-dvayasya ar, ÿ-dvayasya al govinda-saàjïaù

.

the replacement of i-dvaya with e, u-dvaya with o, å-dvaya with ar, and ÿ-dvaya with al is called govinda.

118. ìito våñëi-saàjïäù sv-ädis that have the indicatory letter ì are called våñëis [[ì]e, [ì]as[i], [ì]as, [ì]i].

.

119. harer govindo jasi våñëiñu buddhe ca a hari takes govinda when [j]as, the våñëis, or buddha follows. hari + [j]as → (119) hare + as → (54, 93) harayaù 120. haritañ öä nä, na tu lakñmyäm after a hari, [ö]ä is replaced by nä, but not in lakñmé-liìga. hari + [ö]ä → (120) harinä → (111) hariëä 121. e-obhyäà ìasi-ìasor a-räma-haraù after e or o, the a-räma of [ì]as[i] and [ì]as is deleted. hari + [ì]as[i] → (119) hare+as → (121) hares → (93) hareù 122. harito ìer [ì]i auc after a hari, [ì]i is replaced by au[c]. 123. antya-sarveçvarädi-varëäù saàsära-saàjïäù the varëas beginning with the final sarveçvara are called saàsära. 124. saàsärasya haraç citi the saàsära is deleted when a pratyaya which has the indicatory letter c follows.

.

.

.

.

.

.

hari + [ì]i → (122) hari + au[c] → (124) harau

125. tres trayo nämi svärthe the word tri is replaced by traya when näm follows, provided its own meaning is predominant.

.

tri + äm → (105) tri + n[uö] + äm → tri + näm → (125) traya + näm → (107) trayänäm → (111) trayäëäm

126. ña-nänta-saìkhyätaù kateç ca jas-çasor mahäharaù svärthe there is mahähara of [j]as and [ç]as when they come after a numeral

.

ending in ñ or n, or after the word kati, provided the meaning of these words is predominant.

127. å-räma-sakhibhyäm uçanas purudaàças anehas ity etebhyaç ca sor äc, buddhaà vinä after å-räma and the words sakhi, uçanas, purudaàças, and anehas, s[u] is replaced by ä[c], with the exception of buddha, which is not replaced by ä[c].

sakhi + s[u] → (127) sakhi + ä[c] → (124) sakhä the phrase “after å-räma” really means “after a word ending in å-räma.

128. a-dvayasya ä, i-dvayasya ai, u-dvayasya au, å-dvayasya är, ÿ-dvayasya äl våñëéndra-saàjïaù, e-o-sthäne ai au ca the replacement of a-dvaya with ä, i-dvaya with ai, u-dvaya with au, å-dvaya with är, ÿ-dvaya with äl, e with ai, and o with au is called våñëéndra. s[u], au, [j]as, am, and au.

129. sv-ädayaù païca päëòaväù the first five sv-ädis are called päëòavas.

130. sakhyur våñëéndraù su-varjaà päëòaveñu the word sakhi takes våñëéndra when any päëòava except s[u] follows. sakhi+au → (130) sakhai+au→(54) sakhäyau

131. na sakhir hari-saàjïañ öädau, patis tv asamäse the word sakhi is not called hari when any viñëubhakti from [ö]ä onwards follows, nor is the word pati, provided it is not in a samäsa when the words sakhi and pati are not called hari, they don’t follow sütras 120-122, nor sütra 119 when the våñëis follow. 132. khya-tyäbhyäà ìasi-ìasor us after (words ending in) khi, khé, ti, or té, [ì]as[i] and [ì]as are replaced by us. sakhi + [ì]as[i] → (132) sakhi + us → (50) sakhyus → (93) sakhyuù . this rule only applies in the masculine gender.

133. sakhi-patibhyäà ìer [ì]i au after the words sakhi and pati, [ì]i is replaced by au. sakhi + [ì]i → (133) sakhi + au → (50) sakhyau 134. dhätor éd-ütor iy-uvau sarveçvare bahulam kåñëa-çré + [j]as → (134) kåñëa-çriyas → (93) kåñëa-çriyaù . the é or ü of a dhätu changes to iy or uv when a viñëubhakti beginning with a sarveçvara follows. But this rule is bahula.

135. né-rädhäbhyäà ìer äm after the word né or after a rädhä, [ì]i is replaced by äm. viçva-né + [ì]i → (135) viçva-né + äm → (bahulam, 50) viçva-nyäm 136. å-rämasya govindaù päëòaveñu [ì]au ca Å-räma takes govinda when the päëòavas or [ì]i follows. pitå+au→(136) pitarau 137. å-rämato ìasi-ìasor asya uc after å-räma, the a of [ì]as[i] and [ì]as is replaced by u[c]. pitå + [ì]as[i] → (137) pitå+u[c]+s→(124) pitus→(93) pituù 138. rädhä-viñëujanäbhyäm é[p]aù ca trivikramät sor haraù s[u] is deleted when it comes after a rädhä, a viñëujana, or a word ending in an é[p] which is trivikrama | pitå + s[u] → (136) pitar + s[u] → (138) pitar → (93) pitaù 139. svaså-tål-tån-pratyayäntänäà våñëéndraù su-varjaà päëòaveñu Both the word svaså and words ending in the kåt pratyayas tå[l] or tå[n] undergo våñëéndra when any päëòava except s[u] follows.

kartärau kartäraù. kartäram kartärau. yaduñu pitå-vat. he kartaù.

neñöå-tvañöå-tå-çabdäntäs tål-tånn-antä budhair matäù. pitå-mätå-bhrätå-yätå-jämätå-duhitèr vinä

the words neñöå and tvañöå and words ending with tå, except the words pitå, mätå, bhrätå, yätå, jämätå, and duhitå, are considered by learned persons as ending in tå[l] or tå[n].

140. räya ä sa-bhoù the ai of the word rai becomes ä-räma when any viñëubhakti beginning with sa-räma or bha-räma follows. kåñëa-rai + s[u] → (140) kåñëa-räs → (93) kåñëa-räù

141. o au päëòaveñu O-räma becomes au-räma when the päëòavas follow. go + s[u] → (141) gaus → (93) gauù 142. o ä am-çasor, na ca so naù O-räma becomes ä-räma when am or [ç]as follows, and the s of [ç]as doesn’t become n by sütra 95. go + [ç]as → (142) gä + as → (94) gäs → (93) gäù

sarva-vidhibhyo haro, harät sarveçvarädeço balavän

“a hara is stronger than all the rules (vidhis), but the substitution of a sarveçvara is stronger than a hara”

sarveçvaräntä lakñmé-liìgäù

143. tatra ä[p]-anta-lakñmé rädhä-saàjïä among the feminine words ending in a sarveçvara, a feminine word ending in ä[p] is called rädhä | 144. rädhä-brahmabhyäm au é after a rädhä or brahma, au is replaced by é | rädhä + au → (144) rädhä + é → (43) rädhe 145. rädhäyä e öausor buddhe ca the final ä of a rädhä becomes e when [ö]ä, os or buddha follows | rädhä + [ö]ä → (145) rädhe + [ö]ä → (54) rädhayä 146. rädhäto yäp våñëiñu when the våñëis follow, yä[p] is inserted after a rädhä | 147. ambädénäà gopyäç ca vämano buddhe (ambädis: ambä, akkä, allä, appä, and abbä, which all mean “mother" Both the final varëa of the ambädis and the final varëa of a gopé become vämana when buddha follows | ambä + s[u] → (147) amba + s[u] → (110) amba

148. jaräyä jaras vä sarveçvare the word jarä is optionally replaced by jaras when a viñëubhakti beginning with a sarveçvara follows.

varëena vidhau tad-antasya käryaà syän nämnä tu kvacit “in a vidhi-sütra, a grammatical operation prescribed in reference to a particular varëa also applies to something ending in that varëa, but a grammatical operation prescribed in reference to a particular näma only sometimes applies to something ending in that näma” nirdiçyamänänäm ädeçinäm ädeçäù

substitutes only replace originals that are directly mentioned |

149. atra niçä-näsikayor niç-nasäv ädeçau yaduñu vä väcyau in this connection, the words niçä and näsikä are optionally replaced by niç and nas respectively when the yadus follow. niçä + [ç]as → (149) niças → (93) niçaù

150. / h"ir"ta @apvaa va{isnasau laºmyaam , inatyam gaaepyaa: / ä[p] is optionally applied after a hari in the feminine gender when the våñëis follow, but it is always applied after a gopé when the våñëis follow | bhakti + [ì]e → bhakti + ä[p] + [ì]e → (50) bhaktyä + e → (48) bhaktyai viriïcir läkñaëikatvaà sahate kvacin na viñëuù “a viriïci may sometimes defy the rule of läkñaëika | but a viñëu may not” 151. lakñmé-sthayos tri-caturos tiså-cataså viñëubhaktau when the words tri and catur are used in the feminine gender, they are replaced by tiså and cataså respectively, provided a viñëubhakti follows | tri + [j]as → (151) tiså + as → (152) tisras (93) tisraù

154.

152. tiså-catasro raù sarveçvare the å of the words tiså and cataså becomes r when a viñëubhakti beginning with a sarveçvara follows | [151] 153. é-ü-lakñmér gopé-saàjïä a feminine word ending in é or ü is called gopé | avé-tantré-taré-lakñméhré-dhé-çréëäm uëädiëä çabdänäà tu bhavaty eñäà su-lopo na kadäcana

avé "a woman in her courses", tantré "the string of a véëä", taré "a boat", lakñmé "prosperity, beauty, the goddess of fortune", hré "shyness", dhé "intelligence", and çré "prosperity, beauty, the goddess of fortune"; uë-ädinä—characterized as uëädis; çabdänäm—of the words; kadäcana—ever.

but the uëädi words avé, tantré, taré, lakñmé, hré, dhé, and çré never undergo deletion of s[u] |

155. stré-bhruvor iy-uvau sarveçvare, striyä am-çasor vä the é and ü of the words stré and bhrü become iy and uv respectively when a viñëubhakti beginning with a sarveçvara follows, but this change is optional for the word stré when the viñëubhaktis am or [ç]as follow. stré + au → (155) striyau

viriïcito viñëur balavän

a viñëu is stronger than a viriïci |

156. ney-uv-sthänaà gopé, striyaà vinä, våñëiñv ämi ca vä any word ending in é or ü, except stré, which undergoes a change to iy or uv is not called gopé. But when the våñëis follow or when äm follows, such a word is optionally called gopé |

sarveçvaräntä brahma-liìgäù 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162.

brahma-kåñëät sor am after a brahma-kåñëa, s[u] is replaced by am | gokula + s[u] → (157) gokula + am → (94) gokulam brahmato jas-çasoù çiù after a brahma, [j]as and [ç]as are replaced by [ç]i. çit sarvasya the indicatory letter ç replaces the entire original | sarveçvara-vaiñëaväntayor nuà çau words ending in a sarveçvara or vaiñëava take the ägama n[um] when [ç]i follows | antya-sarveçvarät paraà mitaù sthänam the place of insertion for anything that has the indicatory letter m is after the final sarveçvara | antyät pürva-varëaù uddhava-saàjïaù the varëa which comes before the last varëa is called uddhava | abrahma-päëòaväù çiç ca kåñëa-sthäna-saàjïäù the päëòavas, except when they are in brahma-liìga, and [ç]i are called kåñëasthäna |

163. nänta-dhätu-varjita-sänta-sat-saìga-mahad-apäm uddhavasya trivikramaù kåñëasthäne, buddhaà vinä the uddhava of words ending in na-räma and words, except for dhätus, in which there is a sat-saìga ending in sa-räma, as well as the uddhava of the words mahat[u] and ap becomes trivikrama when any kåñëasthäna except buddha follows | gokula + [j]as → (158) gokula + [ç]i → (159) gokula + n[um] + i → (160) gokulan + i → (163) gokulän + i → gokuläni

164. hådayasya håd yaduñu vä, çérñasya çérñan vety eke the word hådaya is optionally replaced by håd when the yadus follow. and some say the word çérña is optionally replaced by çérñan when the yadus follow |

165. aviñëupadäntasya nasya masya ca viñëucakraà vaiñëave na-räma or ma-räma not at the end of a viñëupada become viñëucakra when a vaiñëava follows | … nirjaras + [ç]i → (159, 160) nirjara + n[um] + s + [ç]i → nirjarans + i → (163) nirjaräns + i → (165) nirjaräàsi 166. brahmataù [except one ending in a-räma] sv-amor mahäharaù after a brahma, the viñëubhaktis s[u] and am undergo mahähara | this rule doesn’t go back 167. brahmeçäntän nuk sarveçvare, na tv ämi the ägama n[uk] is inserted after a brahma that ends in an éça when any viñëubhakti beginning with a sarveçvara, except äm, follows | dadhi + au → (144) dadhi + é → (167) dadhi + n[uk] + é → dadhin + é → dadhiné 168. dadhi-asthi-sakthi-akñi-çabdänäm i-rämasya an öädi-sarveçvare the i of the words dadhi, asthi, sakthi, and akñi is replaced by an when any viñëubhakti beginning with a sarveçvara, from [ö]ä onwards, follows | 169. akåñëasthäna-sarveçvaro bhagavat-saàjïaù, taddhite yaç ca any sv-ädi that is not a kåñëasthäna and that begins with a sarveçvara is called bhagavat. similarly, any taddhita pratyaya that begins with a sarveçvara or ya-räma is also called bhagavat | 170. va-ma-sat-saìga-hénasya anaù a-räma-haro bhagavati, na tu ye, é-ìyos tu vä the a of the an portion of a word ending in an is deleted when a bhagavat follows, provided the an portion isn’t preceded by a sat-saìga containing v or m. however, the a of the an portion is not deleted when a taddhita pratyaya beginning with y follows, and it is only optionally deleted when é or [ì]i follow | dadhi + [ö]ä → (168) dadhan + ä → (170) dadhn + ä → dadhnä 171. brahmaëo govindo vä buddhe a brahma optionally takes govinda when buddha follows | dadhi + s[u] →→ I) dadhe II) dadhi

172. brahmänta-trivikramasya vämanaù

a trivikrama at the end of a brahma becomes vämana | viçva-né + s[u] → (172) viçva-ni + s[u] → (166) viçva-ni

173. e-ai-sthäne i-rämaù, o-au-sthäne u-rämo vämanaù syät the vämana for e and ai is i-räma, and the vämana for o and au is u-räma |

kåñëa-rai + s[u] → (172, 173) kåñëa-ri + s[u] → (166) kåñëa-ri

viñëujanäntäù puruñottama-liìgäù 174. acaç caturbhuja-anubandhänäà ca n[um] kåñëasthäne [this sutra is only for nämas] when a kåñëasthäna follows, the ägama n[um] is applied to words ending in ac and words that have a caturbhuja as their indicatory letter | 175. ta-vargasya ca-vargaù ca-varga-yoge when ta-varga [before or after] is conjoined with ca-varga, ta-varga changes to ca-varga | 176. sat-saìgäntasya haraù viñëupadänte the final viñëujana in a sat-saìga is deleted when it is at the end of a viñëupada | 177. ca-vargasya ka-vargo viñëupadänte, vaiñëave tv asa-varge Ca-varga changes to ka-varga when it is at the end of a viñëupada or when a vaiñëava of a different varga follows. pratyac + s[u] → (174,160) pratya+n[um]+c+s[u]→(138) pratyanc→(175) pratyaïc→(176) pratyaï→(177) pratyaì

178. aco ’-räma-haro bhagavati, pürvasya trivikramaç ca

the a of ac is deleted when a bhagavat follows, and the preceding varëa becomes trivikrama | nimittäpäye naimittikasyäpy apäyaù when the cause disappears, the effect also disappears | 179. pürvasya viñëupada-vattvaà svädi-taddhitayor aya-sarveçvarädyoù when a sv-ädi or taddhita pratyaya that doesn’t begin with y or sarveçvara follows, the prakåti is treated as if it were a viñëupada | div + bhyäm → (179, 214) di + u + bhyäm → (50) dyubhyäm 180. tiryacas tiraçcir udaca udécir bhagavati when a bhagavat follows, the word tiryac is replaced by tiraçc[i], and the word udac is replaced by udéc[i] | tiryac + [ç]as → (180) tiraçc[i] + as → (93) tiraçcaù 181. sasya çaù ca-varga-yoge when sa-räma [before or after] is conjoined with ca-varga, sa-räma changes to ça-räma |

182. cha-ço räj-yaj-bhräj-parivräj-såj-måj-bhrasj-vraçcäà ca ño viñëupadänte vaiñëave ca the final ch and ç of a dhätu, and the final varëa of the dhätus räj, yaj, bhräj, parivräj, såj, måj, bhrasj, and vraçc change to ñ when the viñaya is viñëupadänta or when a vaiñëava follows | see 183,185

183. s-koù sat-saìgädyor haro viñëupadänte vaiñëave ca an s or k at the beginning of a sat-saìga is deleted when the viñaya is

viñëupadänta or when a vaiñëava follows | daitya-våçc + bhyäm → (179, 182) daitya-våsñ + bhyäm → (179, 183) daitya-våñ + bhyäm → (179, 184) daitya-våòbhyäm

184. ñasya òo viñëupadänte harighoñe ca Ñ becomes ò when the viñaya is viñëupadänta or when a harighoña follows | see↙ or ↖ 185. viñëudäsasya harikamalaà vä viräme a viñëudäsa optionally becomes a harikamala when there is viräma | yadu-räj + s[u] → (138) yadu-räj → (182) yadu-räñ → (184) yadu-räò → (185) yadu-räö or yadu-räò

186. sraj diç dåç åtvij uñëih dadhåñ anudaka-pürva-spåç tädåç ity-ädénäà ko viñëupadänte the final varëa of the words sraj, diç, dåç, åtvij, uñëih, dadhåñ, spåç not in samäsa with the word udaka, tädåç, and so on changes to k when the viñaya is viñëupadänta |

ity-ädénäà = édåç "like this", kédåç "like what?", amüdåç "like that", sadåç "like that", anyädåç "like something else", and so on |

åtvij + s[u] → (138) åtvij → (186) åtvik → (61) åtvig → (185) åtvik or åtvig

187. at[u]-as-anta-uddhavasya trivikramaù buddha-varjita-sau, dhätuà vinä the uddhava of words ending in at[u] or as, except dhätus, become trivikrama when s[u] follows, but not when buddha follows | bhagavat[u] + s[u] → (187) bhagavät + s[u] → (174, 160) bhagavä + n[um] + t + s[u] → (138) bhagavänt → (176) bhagavän 188. päc-chabdasya vämano bhagavati the word päd becomes vämana when a bhagavat follows | su-päd + [ç]as → (188) su-padas → (93) supadaù viriïcito viñëur balavän, viñëutaù sarva-viriïciù a viñëu is stronger than a viriïci, but a sarva-viriïci "the replacement of a whole

word" is stronger than a viñëu |

189. ja-varja-harigadäder eka-sarveçvarasya dhätor harighoñäntasyädau harighoñatvaà viñëupadänte sa-dhvoç ca

191.

If a dhätu has the following three characteristics, then its initial varëa changes to a harighoña when the viñaya is viñëupadänta or when s or dhv follows: (i) begins with a harigadä other than j, (ii) has only one sarveçvara, and (iii) ends with a harighoña | kåñëa-budh + s[u] → (138) kåñëa-budh → (189) kåñëa-bhudh → (61) kåñëa-bhud → (185) kåñëa-bhut or kåñëa-bhud 190. nämäntasya nasya haro viñëupadänte buddhaà vinä the final n of a näma is deleted when the viñaya is viñëupadänta, except in the sambodhana eka-vacana. räjan + s[u] → (163) räjän + s[u] → (138) räjän → (190) räjä the va of the words çvan, yuvan, and maghavan is replaced by u when a bhagavat çvan yuvan maghavan ity eñäà follows | but this doesn’t happen when a taddhita pratyaya other than é[p] vasya ur bhagavati follows. nor does it apply to the word yuvati | éb-varjita-taddhite tu na yuvatéty etad-varjam çvan + [ö]ä → (191) çunä

192. dhäto ra-va-präg-id-utos trivikramo ra-vato viñëujane, na kura-chura-näma-dhätünäà, na ca taddhita-ye the i or u of a dhätu becomes trivikrama when they come before r or v, provided there is a viñëujana after the r or v | but this doesn’t happen when a taddhita pratyaya beginning with y follows. nor also do the i or u of kur, chur[a] or a näma-dhätu become trivikrama |

pratidivan + [ç]as → (170) pratidivn + as → (192) pratidévnas → (93) pratidévnaù

193. pathin mathin åbhukñinn ity eñäà nasya haraù sau the final n of the words pathin, mathin, and åbhukñin is deleted when s[u] follows. pathin + s[u] → (193) pathi + s[u] → (194) pathä + s[u] → pa + n[uk] + thä + s[u] → (165) paàthäs → (73) panthäs → (93) panthäù

194. pathy-ädénäm i-rämasya-ä-rämaù kåñëasthäne, thät pürvaà nuk ca the i-räma of the words pathin, mathin, and åbhukñin changes to ä-räma when a kåñëasthäna follows, and the ägama n[uk] is inserted before the th of the words pathin and mathin | see 193

195. pathy-ädénäà saàsära-haro bhagavati the saàsära of the words pathin, mathin, and åbhukñin is deleted when a bhagavat follows | pathin + [ç]as → (195) pathas → (93) pathaù

196. in han püñan aryaman ity eñäm uddhavasya trivikramaù su-çyor eva the uddhava of words ending in in and the uddhava of the

words han, püñan, and aryaman becomes trivikrama only when s[u] or [ç]i follow. çärìgin + s[u] → (196) çärìgén + s[u] → (138) çärìgén → (190) çärìgé

197. hano hasya gho [ë]in-nayoù when ëit or n follow, the h of han changes to gh. this sütra applies only to dhätus.

kaàsa-han + [ç]as → (170) kaàsa-hn + as → (197) kaàsa-ghn + as → (93) kaàsa-ghnaù 198. ra-ña-nänta-saìkhyäbhyo nuò ämi svärthe the ägama n[uö] is inserted after numerals ending in r, ñ, or n when äm follows, provided their own meaning is predominant. païcan + äm → (198) païcan + n[uö] + äm → païcan + näm → (199) païcän + näm → (179, 190) païcänäm 199. näntoddhavasya [of numeral] trivikramo nämi the uddhava of a numeral ending in n becomes trivikrama when näm follows. see ↖

200. / @í"na @a ivasnauBai·(sau vaa / the final n of añöan optionally becomes ä when any viñëubhakti follows.

añöan + [j]as → (two options by 200):

I) (the change to ä is done) añöa + ä + [j]as → (42) añöä + [j]as → (201) añöä + au[ç] → (49) añöau II) (the change to ä isn’t done, 126) añöan → (190) añöa 201. tasmät jas-çasor auç svärthe after that, [j]as and [ç]as are replaced by au[ç], provided the meaning of the word añöan is predominant.

202. catur-anaòuhor äm kåñëasthäne, buddhe tv am the words catur and anaòuh take the ägama ä[m] when a kåñëasthäna follows, but when buddha follows, they take the ägama a[m]. catur + [j]as → (202, 160) catu + ä[m] + r + as → (51) catväras → (93) catväraù

203. ra-rämasya na viñëusargaù supi

ra-räma doesn’t change to viñëusarga by sütra 93 when su[p] follows. catur + su[p] → (179, 203) catursu → (108) caturñu

204. nityaà hariveëu-vidhiù pratyaya-hariveëau the rule of hariveëu is always applied when a hariveëu that is part of a pratyaya follows. ñañ + äm → (198) ñañ + n[uö] + äm → ñañ + näm → (179, 184) ñaò + näm → (204) ñaë + näm → (179, 205) ñaëëäm

205. ñät parasya öa-varga-yuktasya ca ta-vargasya öa-vargaù, na tu viñëupadäntäö öa-vargäd anäm-navati-nagaréëäm when ta-varga comes after ñ or is conjoined with öa-varga, it changes to öa-varga. But when ta-varga comes after öa-varga which is at the end of a viñëupada, it doesn’t change to öa-varga, with the exception of näm, navati, and nagaré. see ↑

206. sajuñ äçiñ ity anayor is-us-anta-dhätoç ca ro viñëupadänte, tasya viñëusargaç ca supi the final varëa of the words sajuñ and äçiñ and the final varëa of dhätus ending in is or us change to r when the viñaya is viñëupadänta, and that r changes to viñëusarga when su[p] follows. äçiñ + su[p] → (179, 206) äçir + su → (179, 207) äçér + su → (206) äçéùsu → (108) äçéùñu 207. ir-ur-anta-dhätor uddhavasya trivikramo viñëupadänte the uddhava of a dhätu ending in ir or ur becomes trivikrama when the viñaya is viñëupadänta. sajuñ + su[p] → (179, 206) sajur + su → (179, 207) sajür + su → (206) sajüùsu → (108) sajüùñu 208. dhvaàsu-sraàsu-vasv-anaòuhäà do viñëupadänte the final varëa of dhvans[u], srans[u], vas[u], and anaòuh changes to d when the viñaya is viñëupadänta. vaikuëöha-dhvas + s[u] → (138) vaikuëöha-dhvas → (208) vaikuëöha-dhvad → (185) vaikuëöha-dhvat or vaikuëöha-dhvad

209. vasor vasya ur bhagavati

the va of vas[u] is replaced by u when a bhagavat follows. vidvas[u] + [ç]as → (209) vidus + as → (108) viduñas → (93) viduñaù

210. puàsaù pumasuù kåñëasthäne the word puàs is replaced by pumas[u] when a kåñëasthäna follows.

puàs + s[u] → (210) pumas[u] + s[u] → (174, 160) puma + n[um] + s + s[u] → pumans + s[u] → (163) pumäns + s[u] → (138) pumäns → (176) pumän

211. hasya òhaù, naho dhaù, dädes tu dhätor ghaù, druha-muha-naça-snuha-snihäà vä viñëupadänte vaiñëave ca when the viñaya is viñëupadänta or when a vaiñëava follows, the final h of a dhätu becomes òh. But the final h of the dhätu nah becomes dh, the final h of a dhätu beginning with d becomes gh, and the final varëa of the dhätus druh, muh, naç, snuh, and snih optionally becomes gh(else òh). go-duh + s[u] → (138) go-duh → (211) go-dugh → (189) go-dhugh → (61) go-dhug → (185) go-dhuk or go-dhug

viñëujanäntä lakñmé-liìgäù 212. apo do bhe the p of ap changes to d when bh follows. ap + bhis → (212) adbhis → (93) adbhiù 213. diva au sau the v of div changes to au when s[u] follows. div + s[u] → (213) di + au + s[u] → (50) dyaus → (93) dyauù 214. diva ur viñëupadänte the v of div changes to u when the viñaya is viñëupadänta. div + bhyäm → (179, 214) di + u + bhyäm → (50) dyubhyäm

viñëujanäntä brahma-liìgäù

215. nasya haro vä brahmaëi buddhe

In the neuter gender, n is optionally deleted in the sambodhana eka-vacana.

216. ahno viñëusargo viñëupadänte, na samäse puàséti väcyam

the n of ahan changes to viñëusarga when the viñaya is viñëupadänta, but not when ahan is in samäsa in the masculine gender.

viçeñya-viçeñaëädi-vivekaù 217. tatra kåñëädi-çabdäù saàjïä-viçeñädau niyata-puruñottamädayaù within the three genders, the words kåñëa and so on are proper names and so on and are always masculine and so on.

218. saìkhyädi-çabdäs tu väcya-liìgäù But words like numerals and so on share the gender of the substantive. 219. samänädhikaraëa-viçeñaëa-rüpä viçeñya-liìga-viñëubhakti-vacanäni bhajante samänädhikaraëa-viçeñaëas share the liìga, viñëubhakti, and vacana of the viçeñya.

220. jäti-guëa-kriyä-dvärä yasya viçeñaù kathyate tad viçeñyaù, yena tasya viçeñaù kathyate tad viçeñaëam that whose distinguishing feature is described by means of a jäti, guëa, or kriyä is called viçeñya, and that by which the distinguishing feature of the viçeñya is described is called viçeñaëa | 221. kecic chabdä viçeñaëatve ’pi sva-liìgaà na tyajanti some words, even though viçeñaëas, don’t give up their own gender |

222. kvacid bahünäà viçeñaëatve ’py ekatvam sometimes a word is used in eka-vacana, even though it is the viçeñaëa of something that is in bahu-vacana |

223. viàçati-ädyäù sadä ekatve anävåttau

the numerals from viàçati onwards are always used in eka-vacana except when they are multiplied |

atha kåñëanäma-prakaraëam

224. sarvädéni kåñëa-nämäni the words sarva and so on are called kåñëanämas [pronouns] |

225. kåñëanäma-kåñëato jasaù çéù after a kåñëanäma that is a kåñëa, [j]as is replaced by [ç]é | sarva + [j]as → (225) sarva + [ç]é → (43) sarve 226. kåñëanäma-kåñëato ìeù smai after a kåñëanäma that is a kåñëa, [ì]e is replaced by smai | sarva + [ì]e → (226) sarva + smai → sarvasmai 227. kåñëanäma-kåñëato ìaseù smät after a kåñëanäma that is a kåñëa, [ì]as[i] is replaced by smät | sarva + [ì]as[i] → (227) sarva + smät → sarvasmät

228. kåñëanäma-kåñëa-rädhäbhyäà suò ämi when äm follows, s[uö] is inserted after a kåñëanäma that is a kåñëa or rädhä | sarva + äm → (228) sarva + s[uö] + äm → sarva + säm → (101) sarvesäm → (108) sarveñäm

229. kåñëanäma-kåñëato ìeù smin after a kåñëanäma that is a kåñëa, [ì]i is replaced by smin | sarva + [ì]i → (229) sarva + smin → sarvasmin 230. sarvädiù kåñëanämäkhyo gauëa-saàjïe vinä bhavet the words sarva and so on are called kåñëanämas, but not when their meaning is secondary or when they are used as names. therefore the word sarva is not a kåñëanäma in the following examples: 1) ati-sarväya - unto he who surpasses all. 2) dåñöa-sarväya - unto he who has seen all. 3) sarväya - unto someone of the name sarva.

231. pürvädi ca vyavasthäyäà saptakaà kåñëanämakam the seven words beginning with pürva are kåñëanämas only when they signify direction, part, or time. pürva, para, avara, dakñiëa, uttara, apara, adhara.

232. samo ’tulye kåñëanäma the word sama is a kåñëanäma when it does not mean “equal.” 233. svam ajïäti-dhanähvaye the word sva is a kåñëanäma when it does not mean “relative” or “riches.” 234. antaro bähya-paridhänéyayor, na tv asau puri the word antara is a kåñëanäma only when it means “outer” or “an undergarment.” But, even if the word antara means “outer,” it is not a kåñëanäma if it used in reference to a city. 235. pürvädéni nava kåñëanämäni jasi vä the nine words beginning with pürva are optionally kåñëanämas when [j]as follows. pürva, para, avara, dakñiëa, uttara, apara, adhara, sva, antara.

236. pürvädibhyo navabhyaù smät-sminau vä

after the nine words beginning with pürva, smät and smin are optional. see list in 235.

237. prathama-carama-tayäyälpärdha-katipaya-nemäù kåñëanämäni jasi vä the following words are optionally kåñëanämas when [j]as follows: prathama, carama, words ending in the taddhita pratyayas taya and aya, alpa, ardha, katipaya, and nema.

238. tad-ädi-saptänäà saàsärasyä-rämaù sv-ädau, dasya ca maù, tad-ädes taù saù sau when a sv-ädi follows, the saàsära of the tad-ädis changes to a-räma, and their da-räma changes to ma-räma. when s[u] follows, their ta-räma also changes to sa-räma. = when sv-ädi

follows, the saàsära of the tad-ädis changes to a-räma, the da-räma of idam and adas changes to ma-räma, and, when s[u] follows, the ta-räma of tad and etad changes to sa-räma.

239. idamo ’yaà sau, iyaà tu lakñmyäm when s[u] follows, idam is replaced by ayam in the masculine gender and iyam in the feminine gender. idam + s[u] → (239) ayam + s[u] → (138) ayam

240. idamo ’nañ öausoù Idam is replaced by ana when [ö]ä and os follow. idam + [ö]ä → (240) ana + [ö]ä → (97) ana + ina → (43) anena 241. vaiñëave tv aç when a vaiñëava follows, idam is replaced by a[ç]. idam + bhyäm → (241) a[ç] + bhyäm → (98) ä + bhyäm → äbhyäm 242. idam-adobhyäà nais after the words idam and adas, bhis is not replaced by ais. idam + bhis → (241) a[ç] + bhis → (242, 101) ebhis → (93) ebhiù

243. etad-idamor enaù kathitänukathane dvitéyä-öaussu when there is kathitänukathana and dvitéya, [ö]ä, or os follow, etad and idam are replaced by ena. etad or idam + am → (243) ena + am → (94) enam

244. adaso dasya saù sau, sor auc the d of adas changes to s when s[u] follows, then s[u] becomes au[c]. adas + s[u] → (238) ada + s[u] → (244) asa + s[u] → asa + au[c] → (124) asau 245. ado-mät parasya sarveçvarasya u ü yatheñöa-siddhi a sarveçvara that comes after the m of adas either becomes u or ü, depending on whether that sarveçvara is a vämana or a trivikrama. adas + au → (238) ada + au → ama + au → (49) amau → (245) amü

246. adasa eta é bahutve

the e of adas changes to é in the plural. adas + [j]as → (238) ada + [j]as → ama + [j]as → (225) ama + [ç]é → (43) ame →(246) amé

247. na dver maù the d of dvi doesn’t change to m. dvi + au → (238, 247) dva + au → (49) dvau 248. yuñmad-asmados tvam-aham-ädayaù sv-ädinä saha the nipätas beginning with tvam and aham simultaneously replace yuñmad and asmad and the sv-ädi that comes after them. the simultaneous replacement of both the prakåti and the pratyaya is called a nipäta. 249. viñëupadäd vä, anvädeçe tu nityam the words viñëupadät vä and anvädeçe tu nityam are to be supplied in the subsequent sütras.

250. / yausmaana, yausmaByam yausmaak(imatyaesaam vas$a, , @smaanasmaByamasmaak(imatyaesaam nas$a. /

when yuñmän, yuñmabhyam, and yuñmäkam come after a viñëupada, they are optionally replaced by vas, but they are always replaced by vas when there is anvädeça. similarly, when asmän, asmabhyam, and asmäkam come after a viñëupada, they are optionally replaced by nas, but they are always replaced by nas when there is anvädeça. harir yuñmän avatu or harir vo ’vatu "may hari protect you all". harir asmän avatu, atho nas tad-bhaktäù kåpayantu "may hari protect us all. (then) may his devotees show us mercy".

251. tubhyaà-tavayos te, mahyaà-mamayor me

when tubhyam and tava come after a viñëupada, they are optionally replaced by te, but they are always replaced by te when there is anvädeça. similarly, when mahyam and mama come after a viñëupada, they are optionally replaced by me, but they are always replaced by me when there is anvädeça. haris tubhyaà rocatäm or haris te rocatäm "may hari please you". harir mama or harir me "hari is mine". haris tubhyaà rocatäm, atho haris te prema dadätu "may hari please you. (then) may hari give you prema". 252. tväà mäà tvä mä when tväm comes after a viñëupada, it is optionally replaced by tvä, but it is always replaced by tvä when there is anvädeça. similarly, when mäm comes after a viñëupada, it is optionally replaced by mä, but it is always replaced by mä when there is anvädeça. haris tväà pätu, atho haris tvä paçyatu "may hari protect you. (then) may hari see you".

253. yuñmad-asmad-viñëupadayor väà-nau dvitéyä-caturthé-ñañöhé-dvitve, na tu samäse, na te väkyädau çloka-pädädau ca when the declined forms of yuñmad and asmad come after a viñëupada, they are optionally replaced, in the dvi-vacana of dvitéyä, caturthé, or ñañöhé, by väm and nau respectively, but they are always replaced by väm and nau respectively when there is anvädeça. however, the viriïcis mentioned in sütras 250 to 253 are not applicable in compounds. nor are they applicable at the beginning of a sentence or at the beginning of a quarter of a verse. harir yuväà pätu or harir väà pätu "may hari protect you both". harir yuväà rakñatu, atho harir väà paçyatu "may hari protect you both. (then) may hari see you both". 254. kimaù ko viñëubhaktau kim is replaced by ka when a viñëubhakti follows. kim + s[u] → (254) ka + s[u] → kas → (93) kaù 255. kåñëanäma-rädhätaù syäp våñëiñu, pürvasya ca vämanaù when the våñëis follow, the ägama syä[p] is inserted after a kåñëanäma that is a rädhä, and the preceding varëa becomes vämana. sarvä + [ì]e → (255) sarvä + syä[p] + e → sarvasyä + e → (48) sarvasyai 256. anyädibhyas tuk sv-amor brahmaëi In the neuter gender, when s[u] or am follow, t[uk] is inserted after the words anya and so on. anyädis: 11 words beginning with anya, minus the word ekatara: anya, anyatara, tatara, tatama, yatara, yatama, katara, katama, ekatara, ekatama, itrara.

anya + s[u] → (256) anya + t[uk] + s[u] → anyat + s[u] → (166) anyat → (61) anyad → (185) anyat or anyad

257. dvitéyaikatve kathitänukathane idam-etador enad-ädeço brahmaëi väcyaù in the neuter gender, in the second case singular, the words idam and etad are replaced by enat, provided there is kathitänukathana | etad or idam + am → (257) enat + am → (166) enat → (61) enad → (185) enat or enad

258. avyayät sv-äder mahäharaù after an avyaya, all the sv-ädis undergo mahähara | 259. svar-ädi ca-ädi vat-ädi-taddhitaù [k]tvä ma-antaù ca kåt avyayam the following are avyayas: (i) the words svar and so on, (ii) the words ca and so on, (iii) words which end in the taddhita pratyayas vat[i] and so on, and (iv) words which end in the kåt pratyaya [k]tvä or a kåt pratyaya which ends in m | 1053. a-i-dvayasya haro bhagavati the final a-dvaya or i-dvaya of a word is deleted when a bhagavat pratyaya follows | 1081. kåñëäd äp Ä[p] is applied after a kåñëa in the feminine gender |

Äkhyäta-prakaraëam

260. bhü-sanantädyä dhätavaù bhü and so on and san-anta and so on are called dhätus | 261. dhätoù the word dhätoù is to be supplied in the subsequent sütras | 262. tatra präyo vartamäna-käle tib-ädayo ’ñöädaçäcyuta-nämänaù the eighteen pratyayas beginning with ti[p] are generally applied after a dhätu in the present tense, and they are called acyuta |

263. vidhi-sambhävanädau yäd-ädayo vidhi-nämänaù the eighteen pratyayas beginning with yät are applied after a dhätu when vidhi, sambhävanä, and so on are understood, and they are called vidhi | 264. äçéù-preraëädau tub-ädayo vidhätå-nämänaù the eighteen pratyayas beginning with tu[p] are applied after a dhätu when äçiñ, preraëa, and so on are understood, and they are called vidhätä | 265. anadyatana-bhüte dib-ädayo bhüteçvara-nämänaù the eighteen pratyayas beginning with d[ip] are applied after a dhätu in the past tense which is not of the same day, and they are called bhüteçvara |

266. bhüte dib-ädayo bhüteça-nämänaù

the same eighteen pratyayas beginning with d[ip] are applied after a dhätu in the past tense, and they are called bhüteça |

267. parokña-bhüte ëal-ädayo ’dhokñaja-nämänaù the eighteen pratyayas beginning with [ë]a[l] are applied after a dhätu in the past tense which was not witnessed by the speaker, and they are called adhokñaja |

268. äçiñi yät yästäm ity-ädayaù käma-päla-nämänaù the eighteen pratyayas beginning with yät and yästäm are applied after a dhätu when äçiñ is understood, and they are called kämapäla |

269. arhärthe ’nadyatana-bhaviñyati ca tädayo bäla-kalki-nämänaù the eighteen pratyayas beginning with tä are applied after a dhätu in the sense of arha or in the future tense which is not of the same day, and they are called bälakalki |

270. bhaviñyat-käle syaty-ädayaù kalki-nämänaù

the eighteen pratyayas beginning with syati are applied after a dhätu in the future tense, and they are called kalki |

271. säkäìkñaà yatra kriyätikramo nirdiçyate, tatra kärya-käraëayoù syad-ädikä ajita-nämäno bhüte bhaviñyati ca when non-accomplishment of the action is indicated in such a way that a complement is required and the relationship of cause and effect is understood, the eighteen pratyayas beginning with syat are applied after a dhätu in the past tense or future tense, and they are called ajita | 272. pit påthuù a pratyaya that comes after a dhätu and has the indicatory letter p is called påthu | 273. ëin nåsiàhaù a pratyaya that comes after a dhätu and has the indicatory letter ë is called nåsimha | 274. kit kapilaù a pratyaya that comes after a dhätu and has the indicatory letter k is called kapila | 331 kämapäla-parapadaà kapilaù the kämapäla parapada pratyayas are kapila. 337 asaàyogäd alid-adhokñajaù kapilaù adhokñaja pratyayas which don’t have the indicatory letter l are kapila if they are applied after a dhätu which doesn’t end in a sat-saìga 338 svaïjer vä after ñvanj[a], adhokñaja pratyayas which don’t have the indicatory letter l are optionally kapila. 355 å-dvayäd viñëujanänteçoddhaväc ca vaiñëavädi-si-kämapälau kapiläv ätmapade, games tu vä

when an ätmapada pratyaya comes after a dhätu ending in å-dvaya or after a dhätu that ends in a viñëujana and has an éça as its uddhava, s[i] and kämapäla which begin with a vaiñëava are kapila. But when an ätmapada pratyaya comes after gam[ÿ], s[i] and kämapäla which begin with a vaiñëava are optionally kapila. 444. éça-samépäd viñëujanäd aniö san kapilaù aniö sa[n] is kapila when it comes after a viñëujana preceded by an éça.445. éçäc ca aniö sa[n] is also kapila when it comes after an éça |

275. ìin nirguëaù a pratyaya that comes after a dhätu and has the indicatory letter ì is called nirguëa | 276. kic ca ìic ca kaàsäriù a pratyaya that comes after a dhätu and has the indicatory letter k or ì is called kaàsäri = kapila and nirguëa are also called kaàsäri. bhü + yät → (330, 331, 276, 294) bhüyät "may he be"

277. 278. 279. 280.

çit çivaù a pratyaya that comes after a dhätu and has the indicatory letter ç is called çiva | tib-ädi-nava-navänäà pürva-pürväëi para-pada-saàjïäni the first nine pratyayas of each group of tib-ädis are called parapada | uttarottaräëy ätma-pada-saàjïakäni the other nine pratyayas of each group of tib-ädis are called ätmapada | navakeñu tréëi tréëi prathama-madhyamottama-puruña-saàjïakäni

Each group of nine pratyayas is divided into groups of three called prathama-puruña, madhyama-puruña, and uttama-puruña respectively |

281. acyutädayaù païca çivaç ca kåñëa-dhätukäù

the çiva pratyayas and the five groups of tib-ädis beginning with acyuta are called kåñëa-dhätukas |

282. anye pratyayä räma-dhätukäù all other pratyayas that are applied after a dhätu are called räma-dhätukas | 283. parapadäni kartari the parapada pratyayas are applied after a dhätu in kartari prayoga | 284. ätmapadibhya ätmapadäni ìitaç ca kartari the ätmapada pratyayas are applied after ätmapadé dhätus and dhätus which have the indicatory letter ì in kartari prayoga |

285. ubhayapadibhya ubhayapadäni ïitaç ca kartari both parapada and ätmapada pratyayas are applied after ubhayapadé dhätus and dhätus which have the indicatory letter ï in kartari prayoga |

286. ätmapadäny eva karmaëi Only the ätmapada pratyayas are applied after a dhätu in karmaëi prayoga | 287. ätmapada-prathama-puruñaika-vacanam eva bhäve Only the ätmapada prathama-puruña eka-vacana is applied after a dhätu in bhäve prayoga |

Bhv-ädi-parapada-prakriyä (the 1st class of primary dhätus)

288. çap kåñëa-dhätuke [ç]a[p] is applied after a dhätu when a kåñëa-dhätuka follows | see. 290 289. dhätor antasya govindaù pratyaye the final varëa of a dhätu takes govinda when a pratyaya follows | 290. apåthu-kåñëa-dhätuko nirguëaù any kåñëa-dhätuka that is not påthu is nirguëa | çru + anti → (288) çru + [ç]a[p] + anti→ (429) çå + [ç]nu + anti → (290, 294, 51) çånvanti → (111) çåëvanti

291. a-räma-haraù e-ayoù aviñëupadänte | (left) a-räma is deleted when e or a follow, provided the viñaya is not viñëupadänta | bhü + anti → (288) bhü + [ç]a[p] + anti → (289) bho + a + anti → (55) bhava + anti → (291) bhavanti

292. a ä va-moù a changes to ä when v or m follow. … → (288) bhü + [ç]a[p] + mi[p] → (289) bho + a + mi → (55) bhava + mi → (292) bhavämi 293. ya[k] kåñëa-dhätuke bhäva-karmaëoù In bhäve prayoga and karmaëi prayoga, ya[k] is applied after a dhätu when a kåñëa-dhätuka follows. 294. éçasya na govinda-våñëéndrau kaàsäriñu an éça doesn’t take govinda or våñëéndra when a kaàsäri pratyaya follows. bhü + te → (293) bhü + ya[k] + te → (294) bhüyate

295. ata ä is ta-thayoù after a, ä changes to i when t or th follow. bhü + äte → (293) bhü + ya[k] + äte → (294, 295) bhü + ya + ite → (43) bhüyete "they two are being obtained"

296. ato yä iù after a, yä changes to i. bhü + yät → (288) bhü + [ç]a[p] + yät → (289) bho + a + yät → (55) bhava + yät → (296) bhava + it → (43) bhavet 297. ata i[ö] yusi I[ö] is inserted after a when yus follows. bhü + yus → (288) bhü + [ç]a[p] + yus → (289) bho + a + yus → (55) bhava + yus → (297) bhava + i[ö] + yus → bhava + iyus → (43) bhaveyus → (93) bhaveyuù

298. ato yäma iyam Yäm is replaced by iyam when it comes after a.

bhü + yäm → (288) bhü + [ç]a[p] + yäm → (289) bho + a + yäm → (55) bhava + yäm → (298) bhava + iyam → (43) bhaveyam

299. tu[p]-hyos tät[aì] äçiñi vä sarvatra In all cases tu[p] and hi can optionally be replaced by tät[aì], provided äçiñ [vidhätä] is understood. bhü + tu[p] → (299) bhü + tät[aì] → (288) bhü + [ç]a[p] + tät[aì] → (289) bho + a + tät → (55) bhavatät "may he be / let him be"

300. / @taae he"hr"r": / after a, hi is deleted.

bhü + hi → (288) bhü + [ç]a[p] + hi → (289) bho + a + hi→ (55) bhava + hi → (300) bhava "may you be / Be"

301. pra-ädaya upendra-saàjïä dhätu-yoge, te ca präk when pra and so on are combined with a dhätu, they are called upendras, and they are applied before the dhätu. pra-paräpa-sam-anv-ava-nir-dur-abhivy-adhi-süd-ati-ni-prati-pary-apayaù upa äì iti viàçatir eña sakhe upasarga-vidhiù kathitaù kavinä

1) pra "forward, away, before" 2) parä "away, back, towards" 3) apa "away, improper" 4) sam "together with, very, thoroughly" 5) anu "after, behind, along, by the side" 6) ava "away, off, down" 7) nir "away from, without" 8) dur "hard, difficult, bad" 9) abhi "to, towards, to express intensity" 10) vi "to express separation, disjunction, or the reverse of an action" 11) adhi "over, above, fully" 12) su "well, thoroughly, very, beautifully" 13) ud "up, upwards, upon, over, out from" 14) ati "very, extremely, over" 15) ni "down, under, below" 16) prati "towards, in the direction of, back again, upon" 17) pari "round, about, further, opposite to, extremely" 18) api "near, over, towards, up to" 19) upa "towards, near to, under, down" 20) ä[ì] "near, towards, all around, pervading, and the opposite sense before verbs of motion"

302. pürvokta-nimittatve saty eva ñatva-ëatve the changes to ñ or ë prescribed in other rules can only take place when those things previously described in sütras 108 and 111 are the nimittas. 303. upendräë ëopadeçasya ëatvam after an upendra, the original ë of a ëopadeça dhätu is re-established. pra + ëad → (366) pra + nad → pra + nad + ti[p] → (288) pra + nad + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → pranadati → (367, 303) praëadati 304. hinu-ménä-äni[p]äà ca after an upendra the n of hinu, ménä, and äni[p] also changes to ë. pra + bhü + äni[p] → (288) pra + bhü + [ç]a[p] + äni[p] → (289) pra + bho + a + äni → (51) pra + bhava + äni → (42) prabhaväni → (304) prabhaväëi

305. va-mädayas te tv acyutäder eva, na anyasya the v, m, and so on are accepted only in relation to the acyutädis, and not to anything else. 306. dhätoù pürvam a[t] bhüteçvara-bhüteçäjiteñu a[t] is inserted before a dhätu when a bhüteçvara, bhüteça, or ajita pratyaya follows. bhü + d[ip] → (288) bhü + [ç]a[p] + d[ip] → (306) a[t] + bhü + [ç]a[p] + d[ip] → (289) a + bho + a + d → (55) abhavad → (185) abhavat

307. s[i]r bhüteçe s[i] is applied after a dhätu when a bhüteça pratyaya follows. bhü + d[ip] → (306) a[t] + bhü + d[ip] → (307) a[t] + bhü + s[i] + d[ip] → (308) a + bhü + d → (310, 185) abhüt "he was" i[ë]-sthä-pibati-dämodara-bhübhyaù ser mahäharaù parapade after i[ë], ñöhä, pä, the dämodaras, and bhü, s[i] undergoes mahähara if it is followed by a parapada pratyaya.

bhü + täm → (306) a[t] + bhü + täm → (307) a[t] + bhü + s[i] + täm → (308) a + bhü + täm → (310) abhütäm "they two were"

309. dä[p]-dai[p]-dé[ì]o vinä dä-dhä dämodara-saàjïäù Dhätus which have the form of dä or dhä are called dämodaras, except for dä[p], dai[p], and dé[ì]. dä[ë] däne, 1P, to give; de[ì] pälane, 1a, to protect; [òu]dä[ï] däne, 3U, to give; do avakhaëòane, 4P, to break into pieces, destroy; dhe[ö] päne, 1P, to suck, drink; [òu]dhä[ï] dhäraëa-poñaëayoù, 3U, to hold; to maintain. 310. bhuvo na govindaù s[i]-luki Bhü doesn’t take govinda when s[i] undergoes mahähara. bhü + s[ip] → (306) a[t] + bhü + s[ip] → (307) a[t] + bhü + s[i] + s[ip] → (308) a + bhü + s → (310, 93) abhüù "you were" 311. bhuvo bhüv bhüteçädhokñaja-sarveçvare Bhü is replaced by bhüv when a bhüteça or adhokñaja pratyaya beginning with a sarveçvara follows. bhü + [p]am → (306) a[t] + bhü + [p]am → (307) a[t] + bhü + s[i] + [p]am → (308) a + bhü + am → (310, 311) abhüvam 312. a[t]-pratiñedho mä-mäsma-yoge when there is yoga with mä[ì] or mä sma, a[t] cannot be applied before a dhätu. for example, mä bhavän bhüt "you must not be" and mä sma bhavän bhüt "you must not be"

313. i[ë] bhüteça-te bhäva-karmaëoù In bhäve prayoga and karmaëi prayoga, i[ë] is applied after a dhätu when the bhüteça pratyaya ta

follows. bhü + ta → (306) a[t] + bhü + ta → (313) a[t] + bhü + i[ë] + ta → (314) abhau + i[ë] + ta (55) abhäv + i[ë] + ta → (315) abhävi "[the act of] being was [done]" 314. antasya våñëéndro nåsiàhe the final varëa takes våñëéndra when a nåsiàha pratyaya follows. bhü + ta → (306) a[t] + bhü + ta → (313) a[t] + bhü + i[ë] + ta → (314) abhau + i[ë] + ta → (51) abhäv + i[ë] + ta → (315) abhävi "he was obtained" 315. i[ë]as taù haraù after i[ë], ta is deleted. cit + ta → (306, 313) a[t] + cit + i[ë] + ta → (333) acet + i[ë] + ta → (315) aceti 316. i[ö] räma-dhätuke I[ö] is inserted after a dhätu when a räma-dhätuka follows. bhü + ätäm → (306, 307) a[t] + bhü + s[i] + ätäm → (316) a[t] + bhü + i[ö] + s[i] + ätäm → (289) a + bho + i + s + ätäm → (55, 108) abhaviñätäm "they two were obtained"

317. a-räma-anya-varëät ante-antäm-antänäà nasya haraù when ante, antäm, or anta come after a varëa other than a-räma, their n is deleted. bhü + anta → (306, 307) a[t] + bhü + s[i] + anta → (316) a[t] + bhü + i[ö] + s[i] + anta → (289) a + bho + i + s + anta → (55) abhav + i + s + anta → (317) abhavisata → (108) abhaviñata "they were obtained" 318. çé[ì]o r[uö] ca (when the n of ante, antäm, or anta is deleted), r[uö] is inserted after çé[ì]. çé + ante → (513) çe + ante → (288, 477, 317) çe + ate → (318) çe + r[uö] + ate → çerate 319. sasya haro dhe s is deleted when dh follows. bhü + dhvam → (306, 307) a[t] + bhü + s[i] + dhvam → (316) a[t] + bhü + i[ö] + s[i] + dhvam → (289) a + bho + i + s + dhvam → (55) a + bhav + i + s + dhvam → (319) abhavidhvam → (320, 321) abhaviòhvam or abhavidhvam "you all were obtained" 320. éçvara-harimitra-ha-kärebhyaù sédhvaà-bhüteçädhokñajänäà dhasya òhaù

after an éçvara, harimitra, or ha-räma, the dh of sédhvam (kämapäla), dhvam (bhüteça), and dhve (adhokñaja) changes to òh. Ex. in 319 321. i[ö]-vyavadhäne tu vä But this change is optional when i[ö] intervenes. Ex. in 319 322. dhätor dvir-vacanam adhokñaja-sa[n]n-a[ì]-ya[ì]ñu a dhätu is reduplicated when adhokñaja, sa[n], a[ì], or ya[ì] follow. bhü + us → (330, 311) bhüv + us → (322, 323) bhü + bhüv + us → (328) bha + bhüv + us → (329) babhüvus → (93) babhüvuù (they were)

323. sarveçvara-paryantasyädi-bhägasya anarasya dvir-vacanam It is the initial portion of a dhätu, as far as the first sarveçvara, that is reduplicated. But this initial portion cannot be a nara. Ex. in 322

324. sarveçvaräditve tu sat-saìgädi-na-ba-da-ra-varjasya anya-bhägasya

But, if the dhätu begins with a sarveçvara, it is the other portion of a dhätu, as far as the second sarveçvara but not including n, b, d, or r which are at the beginning of a sat-saìga, that is reduplicated. But this portion cannot be a nara.

arc → (569) arc + [ë]i → (260) arc + [ë]i + d[ip] → (360) ärc + [ë]i + d[ip] → (306, 434, 330) a[t] + ärc + [ë]i + a[ì] + d[ip] → (322, 324) a + är + ci + c + [ë]i + a[ì] + d[ip] → (42) är + ci + c + [ë]i + a[ì] + d[ip] → (449, 185) ärcicat

325. sa[n]-ya[ì]os tu tat-sambandhinaù sarveçvarasya ca

But, if the dhätu begins with a sarveçvara and the pratyayas sa[n] or ya[ì] follow, it is both the other portion of a dhätu, excluding n, b, d, or r which are at the beginning of a sat-saìga, and the sarveçvara belonging to sa[n] or ya[ì] that are reduplicated. ubj → (578) ubj + sa[n] → (316) ubj + i[ö] + sa[n] → (322, 325) ub + ji + j + i[ö] + sa[n] → (108) ubjijiña → (260) ubjijiña + ti[p] → (288) ubjijiña + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → (291, 420) ubjijiñati "he wants to make straight" … aö + ya[ì] → (330, 322, 325) a + öya + ö + ya[ì] → … / … prati + é + sa[n] → (322, 325) prati + é + sa + sa[n] → … < of prati + i[ë]> 326. pürvo naraù the first part of the reduplication is called nara | 327. paro näräyaëaù the second part of the reduplication is called näräyaëa | 328. bhü-narasya bhaù adhokñaje the nara bhü is replaced by bha when an adhokñaja pratyaya follows | bhü + us → (330, 311) bhüv + us → (322, 323) bhü + bhüv + us → (328) bha + bhüv + us → (329) babhüvus → (93) babhüvuù "they were"

329. harikhaògasya harikamalaà, harighoñasya harigadä narasya

the harikhaòga of a nara changes to harikamala, and the harighoña of a nara changes to harigadä | ex. in 328 330. na i[ö] ya-sarveçvarayoù I[ö] is not inserted when y or a sarveçvara follow. bhü + atus → (330, 311) bhüv + atus → (322, 323) bhü + bhüv + atus → (328) bha + bhüv + atus → (329) babhüvatus → (93) babhüvatuù "they two were" . 331. kämapäla-parapadaà kapilaù the kämapäla parapada pratyayas are kapila. bhü + yät → (330, 331, 276, 294) bhüyät "may he be"

332. dvy-akñara-dhätor antaù pürvaç ca sarveçvaraù sa-viñëucäpaù, jägå-kathädi-varjam

If a dhätu has two syllables, its initial or final sarveçvara is sa-viñëucäpa. But jägå and the kathädis are exceptions to this rule.

333. laghüddhavasya govindaù

a laghu uddhava takes govinda when a pratyaya follows | cit + ti[p] → (288) cit + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → (333) cetati 334. a[s]ti-s[i]bhyäm é[ö] d[ip]-s[ip]où é[ö] is inserted after as[a] or s[i] when d[ip] or s[ip] follow | cit + d[ip] → (306, 307, 316) a[t] + cit + i[ö] + s[i] + d[ip] → (333) acet + i[ö] + s[i] + d[ip] → (334) acet + i[ö] + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (335) acet + i[ö] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (42, 185) acetét

335. i[ö]aù s[i]-lopa é[ö]i s[i] is deleted when it comes between i[ö] and é[ö] | see ex. in 334 336. s[i]-näräyaëa-vettibhyaù ana us after s[i], näräyaëa, or vid[a], an is replaced by us | cit + an → (306, 307, 316) a[t] + cit + i[ö] + s[i] + an → (333) acet + i[ö] + s[i] + an → (336) acet + i[ö] + s[i] + us → (108) acetiñus → (93) acetiñuù 337. asaàyogät alid-adhokñajaù kapilaù adhokñaja pratyayas which don’t have the indicatory letter l are kapila if they are applied after a dhätu which doesn’t end in a sat-saìga. cit + atus → (330, 322, 323) ci + cit + atus → (337, 294, 93) cicitatuù 338. svaïjer vä after ñvanj[a], adhokñaja pratyayas which don’t have the indicatory letter l are optionally kapila | 339. a-räma-harasya nimittam a-rämaù pürva-vat ca a-räma causes the deletion of the previous a-räma, but then it is treated as if it were that previous a-räma. sphuö + ante → (293) sphuö + ya[k] + ante → (330, 294, 291) sphuö + y + ante → (339) sphuöyante 340. [ir]-anubandhän [ì]aù vä bhüteça-parapade when a bhüteça parapada pratyaya follows, [ì]a is optionally applied after a dhätu that has the anubandha ir | sphuö[ir] + d[ip] → (306) a[t] + sphuö[ir] + d[ip] → (two opt. by 340): I) ([ì]a is applied by 340, 330) a[t] + sphuö + [ì]a + d[ip] → (294, 185) asphuöat . II) (s[i] is applied as usual by 307, 316) a[t] + sphuö + i[ö] + s[i] + d[ip] → (333) asphoö + i[ö] +s[i] + d[ip] → (334) asphoö + i[ö] + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (335) asphoö + i[ö] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (42) asphoöéd → (185) asphoöét . 341. nara-viñëujanänäm ädiù çiñyate only the first viñëujana of a nara remains | kñi + [ë]a[l] → (330, 314) kñai + a → (54) kñäy + a → (322, 323, the våñëéndra ai and the replacement äy are sthäni-vat by 373) kñi + kñäy + a → (341) ki + kñäy + a → (345) cikñäya 342. çauri-çiraskas tu sätvataù but if the first viñëujana of a nara is a çauri and the second a sätvata, only the sätvata remains | sphuö + [ë]a[l] → (330, 322, 323) sphu + sphuö + [ë]a[l] → (342) phu + sphuö + [ë]a[l] → (329) pu + sphuö + [ë]a[l] → (333) pusphoöa 343. an-[i]-räma-itäà viñëujana-antänäm uddhava-na-räma-haraù kaàsärau dhätus which end in a viñëujana and don’t have the indicatory letter i lose their uddhava n when a kaàsäri pratyaya follows | manth + yät → (330, 331, 343) mathyät 344. [i]-rämed-dhätor n[um] a dhätu that has the indicatory letter i takes n[um] | kuth[i] → (344, 160) ku + n[um] + th → (165) kuàth → (73, 288) kunth + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → kunthati dhätus like dåç[ir] dosn’t take n[um] because only kevala i-räma is accepted there | 345. ka-varga-narasya ca-vargaù the ka-varga of a nara changes to ca-varga. kuth[i] → (344, 160) ku + n[um] + th → (165) kuàth → (73) kunth → kunth + [ë]a[l] → (330, 322, 323) ku + kunth + a → (345) cukuntha

346. dhätu-ädeù ñaù saù

the initial ñ of a dhätu changes to s. ñidh → (346) sidh → sidh+ ti[p] → (288) sidh + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → (333) sedhati .

347. sarveçvara-dantya-parä dhätor ädi-säù ñopadeçäù any initial s which belongs to a dhätu and is followed by a sarveçvara or dental varëa is ñopadeça | this sütra and the next two sütras are given so that one may recognize which of the dhätus that begin with s originally begin with ñ in the dhätu-päöha

348. svañk[a]-svida-svad[a]-svaïj[a]-svap[a]-smi[ì]äà ca the initial s of the following dhätus is also ñopadeça: svañk[a], [ïi]svid[ä] (1a, 4P), svad[a], svanj[a], [ïi]svap[a], smi[ì] | any other initial s that is followed by v cannot be ñopadeça

349. såp[ÿ]-så-stå[ï]-såj[a]-stè[ï]-styä-süca-sütra-stana-saìgräma-sära-säma-sabhäja-sek[å]-stena-stoma-varjam as an exception to sütra 347, the initial s of the following dhätus is not ñopadeça: såp[ÿ], så (1P, 3P), stå[ï], såj[a] (4a, 6P), stè[ï], styai, süca, sütra, stana, saìgräma, sära, säma, sabhäja, sek[å], stena, stoma. + svå, svan[a], svara, sväd[a], svard[a]

350../ opaen‰"ad"ipa saaepade"zasya satvam ¸(icata, / sometimes, even after an upendra, a ñopadeça s changes to ñ. ni + ñidh → (346) ni + sidh →

ni + sidh + ti[p] → (288) ni + sidh + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → (333) nisedhati → (347, 350) niñedhati one should understand that, due to the restriction (302), the upendra must end with a nimitta in the form of an éçvara or harimitra for this rule to be applicable. the change to ñ takes place even if a[t] intervenes. 351. [svå]svarati-[ñ]sü[ì]ti-[ñ]sü[ì]yati-dhü[ï]-[ü]t-itaù i[ö] vä after svå, ñü[ì] (süti), ñü[ì] (süyati), dhü[ï], and after dhätus that have the indicatory letter ü, i[ö] is optional. ñidh[ü] → (346) sidh[ü] → sidh[ü] + d[ip] → (306, 307) a[t] + sidh[ü] + s[i] + d[ip] → (2 opt. by 351):

I) (i[ö] is inserted by 316) asidh + i[ö] + s[i] + d[ip] → (333) asedh + i[ö] + s[i] + d[ip] → (334) asedh + i[ö] + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (335) asedh + i[ö] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (42) asedhéd → (185) asedhét; II) (i[ö] is not inserted, 352) asaidh + s[i] + d[ip] → (334) asaidh + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (63, 185) asaitsét

352. viñëujanäntänäm aniöäà våñëéndraù sau parapade aniö dhätus which end in a viñëujana take våñëéndra when s[i] which is followed by a parapada pratyaya follows. see 351

353. vämana-vaiñëaväbhyäà ser haro vaiñëave, na tv iöaù

s[i] is deleted when it comes after a vämana or vaiñëava and a vaiñëava follows. But s[i] is not deleted when it comes after i[ö]. see 354 354. harighoñät ta-thor dhaù dhä-varjam t and th change to dh after any harighoña except the dh of dhä. ñidh[ü] → (346) sidh[ü] → sidh[ü] + täm → (306, 307) a[t] + sidh[ü] + s[i] + täm → (two options by 351):

II) (i[ö] is not inserted, 352) asaidh + s[i] + täm → (353) asaidh + täm → (354) asaidh + dhäm → (61) asaiddhäm

355. å-dvayät viñëujana-anta-éça-uddhavät ca vaiñëava-ädi-si-kämapälau kapilau ätmapade, gameù tu vä

when an ätmapada pratyaya comes after a dhätu ending in å-dvaya or after a dhätu that ends in a viñëujana and has an éça as its uddhava, s[i] and kämapäla which begin with a vaiñëava are kapila. But when an ätmapada pratyaya comes after gam[ÿ], s[i] and kämapäla which begin with a vaiñëava are optionally kapila. ñidh[ü] → (346) sidh[ü] → sidh[ü] + ätäm → (306, 307) a[t] + sidh[ü] + s[i] + ätäm→ (two opt. by 351): II) (i[ö] is not inserted, 355, 294, 63) asitsätäm

356. kå-så-bhå-vå-stu-dru-sru-çrubhyaù evädhokñaja-mätre neö, anyebhyas tu aniòbhyaù api i[ö] when an adhokñaja pratyaya follows, only the following dhätus don’t take i[ö]. all other dhätus take i[ö], even if they are aniö. [òu]kå[ï], kå[ï], så, så, bhå[ï], [òu]bhå[ï], vå[ì], vå[ï], ñöu[ï], dru, sru, çru ñidh[ü] → (346) sidh[ü] → sidh[ü] + tha[l] → (356, 316) sidh + i[ö] + tha[l] → (322, 323) si + sidh + i[ö] + tha[l] → (333, 108) siñedhitha 357. viñëujanäder laghor a-rämasya våñëéndra iò-ädau sau vä parapade If a dhätu begins with a viñëujana, its laghu a-räma can optionally take våñëéndra when s[i] which begins with i[ö] follows, provided s[i] is itself followed by a parapada pratyaya. But the laghu a-räma doesn’t take våñëéndra if another sarveçvara is intervening. gad + d[ip] → (306, 307, 316) a[t] + gad + i[ö] + s[i] + d[ip] → (two opt. by 357): I) (the laghu a-räma takes våñëéndra) agäd + i[ö] + s[i] + d[ip] → (334) agäd + i[ö] + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (335) agäd + i[ö] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (42, 185) agädét; II) (the laghu a-räma doesn’t take våñëéndra) (334) agad + i[ö] + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (335) agad + i[ö] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (42, 185) agadét 358. uddhava-a-rämasya våñëéndro nåsiàhe uddhava a-räma takes våñëéndra when a nåsiàha pratyaya follows | gad + ta → (306, 313) a[t] + gad + i[ë] + ta → (358) agäd + i[ë] + ta → (315) agädi 359. uttama-[ë]a[l] nåsiàha-kärya-karo vä the uttama-puruña [ë]a[l] only optionally causes the nåsiàha-käryas to take place. gad + [ë]a[l] → (330, 322, 323) ga + gad + [ë]a[l] → (345) ja + gad + [ë]a[l] → (two options by 359): I) (it causes the nåsiàha-käryas, 358) jagäda ; II) (it doesn’t cause the nåsiàha-käryas) jagada 360. sarveçvara-ädeù våñëéndraù a[t]-prasaìga-mätre a dhätu that begins with a sarveçvara takes våñëéndra whenever a[t] is applicable. aö + d[ip] → (360) äö + d[ip] → (306, 307, 316) a[t] + äö + i[ö] + s[i] + d[ip] → (42) äö + i[ö] + s[i] + d[ip] → (334) äö + i[ö] + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (335) äö + i[ö] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (42) äöéd → (185) äöét 361. nara-ädeù a-rämasya trivikramaù the initial a-räma of a nara becomes trivikrama. aö + [ë]a[l] → (330, 322, 323) a + aö + [ë]a[l] → (361) ä + aö + [ë]a[l] → (358) ä + äöa → (42) äöa 362. tasmät (after the trivikrama ä-räma made by the previous sütra) n[uö] dvi-viñëujana-dhätau and n[uö] is inserted after this trivikrama ä when a dhätu that has two (or more) viñëujanas follows. ard + [ë]a[l] → (330, 322, 323) a + ard + a → (361) ä + ard + a → (362) änarda - adh. pa. 1.1

363. ädeça-héna-nara-ädi-akñarasya dhätor asaàyukta-viñëujana-madhyasya-a-rämasya etvaà nara-adarçanaà ca kapilädhokñaje seö-thali ca If a dhätu has the following two characteristics, then its medial a changes to e and its nara disappears when a

kapila adhokñaja pratyaya or tha[l] with i[ö] follows: (i) the initial varëa of its nara hasn’t undergone any replacements (by 329, 345 or 470), and (ii) it has two viñëujanas that are not part of a sat-saìga. rad + atus → (330, 322, 323) ra + rad + atus → (337, 363, 93) redatuù 364. tè-phala-bhaj[a]-trapäà ca the medial a of the following dhätus also changes to e when a kapila adhokñaja pratyaya or tha[l] with i[ö] follows, and after that their nara disappears: tè, phal[a], [ïi]phal[ä], bhaj[a], trap[üñ] tè + atus → (330, 424) tar + atus → (322, 323, 373) tè + tar + atus → (364, 93) teratuù

365. jè-bhram[u]-trasa-phaëädénäà hiàsärtha-rädhaç ca vä the medial vowel of the following dhätus also optionally changes to e when a kapila adhokñaja pratyaya or tha[l] with i[ö] follows, and after that their nara disappears: jè, jè[ñ], bhram[u] (1P, 4P), tras[é] (1P, 4P), phaë[a], syam[u], svan[a], räj[å], [öu]bhräj[å], [öu]bhräç[å], [öu]bhläç[å], apa + rädh[a] (4P, 5P). räj + atus → (330, 322, 323) rä + räj + atus → (337, two opt. by 365): I) (the change to e and so on takes place) rä + rej + atus → rejatus → (93) rejatuù II) (the change to e and so on doesn’t takes place, 375) raräjatus → (93) raräjatuù 366. dhätv-äder ëo naù the initial ë of a dhätu changes to n. 367. sarve na-ädayaù ëopadeçä nè-nåti-nardi-nand[i]-nakki-näthi-nädhi-naöi-varjam all dhätus beginning with n are ëopadeças. however, the following dhätus are exceptions to this rule: nè, nåt[é], nard[a], [öu]nad[i], nakk[a], näth[å],nädh[å], naö[a], naö[a] 368. åcch[a]-varjita-guru-éçvara-ädeù äm adhokñaje Äm is applied after any dhätu, except åcch[a], which begins with an éçvara that is guru when an adhokñaja pratyaya follows. id[i] → (344, 160, 165, 73) ind → ind + [ë]a[l] → (368) ind + äm + [ë]a[l] → (330, 369) indäm + kå + [ë]a[l] → (330, 322, 323) indäm + kå + kå + [ë]a[l] → (345) indäm + cå + kå + [ë]a[l] → (371) indäm + ca + kå + [ë]a[l] → (314) indäm + cakära → (165) indäà + cakära → I) (73) indäïcakära; or II) (372) indäàcakära 369. ämaù kå-bhü-as[a]tayaù anuprayujyante the dhätus [òu]kå[ï], bhü, or as[a] are added after äm. see 368

370. [òu]kå[ï]aù äm-anta-dhätu-vat parapadädi

In kartari prayoga, the dhätu [òu]kå[ï] takes the parapada endings and so on according to the dhätu ending in äm.

371. nara-å-rämasya-a-rämaù the å-räma of a nara changes to a-räma. see 368 372. ämaù masya hariveëu-vidhir vä the m of äm only optionally follows the rule of hariveëu. see 368 373. dvir-vacana-nimitta-sarveçvare para-mätre sati yaù sarveçvarasyädeçaù sa sthäni-vad dvir-vacane eva kartavye when a sarveçvara which causes reduplication follows, the replacement of a sarveçvara is treated like the original. But this is only the case when reduplication is being done. id[i] → (344, 160, 165, 73) ind → ind + atus → (368) ind + äm + atus → (330, 369) indäm + kå + atus → (330, 337, 294, 52) indäm + kr + atus → (322, 323, 373) indäm + kå + kr + atus → (345) indäm + cå + kr + atus → (371) indäm + ca + kr + atus → (165) indäà + cakratus → (73, 93) indäïcakratuù 374. nara-it-utoù iy-uväv ekätmaka-itara-sarveçvare the i and u of a nara change to iy and uv respectively when a sarveçvara other than their ekätmaka follows. ukh + [ë]a[l] → (330, 333) okh + a → (322, 323, 373) u + okh + a → (374) uvokha 375. narasya vämanaù the nara becomes vämana. äch[i] → (344, 160, 175) äïch → äïch + [ë]a[l] → (330, 322, 323) ä + äïch + a → (375) a + äïch + a → (361) ä + äïch + a → (362) änäïcha 376. sasya jo je, na tu vaiñëave s changes to j when j follows, but not when a j that is followed by a vaiñëava follows. ñasj → (346) sasj → sasj + ti[p] → (288) sasj + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → (376) sajjati

377. ças[u]-dad[a]-va-räma-ädénäà govinda-a-rämasya ca na etva-ädi Ças[u], dad[a], dhätus beginning with v, and dhätus whose medial a is a product of govinda don’t undergo the change to e and loss of nara prescribed in sütra 363. vaj + atus → (330, 337, 322, 323) va + vaj + atus → (377, 93) vavajatuù

378. vad[a]-vraj[a]yor våñëéndraù sau parapade vad[a] and vraj[a] take våñëéndra when s[i] which is followed by a parapada pratyaya

follows. vraj + d[ip] → (306, 307, 316) a[t] + vraj + i[ö] + s[i] + d[ip] → (334) avraj + i[ö] + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (378) avräj + i[ö] + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (335) avräj + i[ö] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (42) avräjéd → (185) avräjét 379. ajer vé [gh]a[ë]aà vinä räma-dhätuke aj[a] is replaced by vé when any räma-dhätuka except the kåt pratyaya [gh]a[ë] follows. aj + te → (293) aj + ya[k] + te → (330, 379) véyate 380. éçäntasya våñëéndraù sau parapade Dhätus which end in an éça take våñëéndra when s[i] which is followed by a parapada pratyaya follows. aj + d[ip] → (307) aj + s[i] + d[ip] → (379) vé + s[i] + d[ip] → (306, aniö) a[t] + vé + s[i] + d[ip] → (380) avai + s[i] + d[ip] → (334) avai + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (108, 185) avaiñét

381. dhätoù catuùsanasya iy-uvau sarveçvare the final catuùsana of a dhätu changes to iy or uv when a sarveçvara follows. kñi + atus → (330, 337, 294, 381) kñiy + atus → (322, 323, 373) kñi + kñiy + atus → (341) ki + kñiy + atus → (345, 93) cikñiyatuù

våtti—the changes to iy, uv, y, and v prescribed in sütras 381 to 384 only take place where govinda and våñëéndra are not applicable.

382. saàyukta-[ç]n[u]où ca the u of [ç]nu also changes to uv when a sarveçvara follows, provided the n of [ç]nu is in sat-saìga. aç + äte → (288, 544) aç + [ç]nu + äte → (290, 294, 382) açnuväte

383. asaàyoga-pürvasya aneka-sarveçvarasya i-dvayasya tu yaù But the final i or é of a dhätu that has more than one sarveçvara

changes to y when a sarveçvara follows, provided the i or é doesn’t come after a sat-saìga. aj + atus → (379) vé + atus → (330, 337, 294, 383) vy + atus → (322, 323, 373) vé + vy + atus → (375) vi + vy + atus → (93) vivyatuù 384. eti[i]-huvor ya-vau [sarveçvara-]kåñëa-dhätuka eva the i of i[ë] changes to y and the u of hu changes to v when a sarveçvara follows, but only if that sarveçvara is part of a kåñëa-dhätuka. i + anti → (288, 477, 290, 294, 384) yanti dhätu-pratirüpädeças tad-dhätu-vat-prayogo vaktavyaù a replacement that is similar in form to a particular dhätu is treated like that dhätu 385. sarveçvaräntät sahajäniöa i[ö] vä tha[l]i when tha[l] follows, i[ö] is optionally inserted after a sahajäniö dhätu that ends in a sarveçvara. aj + tha[l] → (379) vé + tha[l] → (two opt. by 385): I) (i[ö] is applied) vé + i[ö] + tha[l] → (289) ve + i[ö] + tha[l] → (54) vay + i[ö] + tha[l] → (322, 323, the govinda e and the replacement ay are sthäni-vat by 373) vé + vay + i[ö] + tha[l] → (375) II) (i[ö] is not applied) vé + tha[l] → (289) ve + tha[l] → (322, 323) ve + ve + tha[l] → (375, 173) vivetha

386. sahaja-a-rämavataç ca tädåçät i[ö] vä thali

when tha[l] follows, i[ö] is also optionally inserted after a sahajäniö dhätu that has an original a-räma.

tap + tha[l] → (two options by 386): I) (i[ö] is applied) tap + i[ö] + tha[l] → (322, 323) ta + tap + itha → (363) ta + tep + itha → tepitha II) (i[ö] is not applied) tap + tha[l] → (322, 323) ta + tap + tha → tataptha 387. såji-dåçibhyäà ca when tha[l] follows, i[ö] is also optionally inserted after the dhätus såj[a] and dåç[ir]. dåç + tha[l] → (two options by 387): I) (i[ö] is inserted) dåç + i[ö] + tha[l] → (333) darç + itha → (322, 323, 373) då + darç + itha → (371) dadarçitha II) (i[ö] is not inserted, 441) då + a[m] + ç + tha[l] → (52) draç + tha → (322, 323) dra + draç + tha → (341) da + draç + tha → (182) dadrañtha → (205) dadrañöha 388. atti[ad[a]]-arti[å]-vå[ï]-vye[ï]bhyo nityam I[ö] is always inserted after the following dhätus when tha[l] follows: ad[a], å, vå[ï], vye[ï].

å + tha[l] → (388) å + i[ö] + tha[l] → (289) ar + itha → (322, 323, 373) å + ar + itha → (371) a + ar + itha → (361) ä + ar + itha → (42) äritha

389. å-rämät tu nityaà neö if dhätu has only one sarveçvara But i[ö] is never applied after a sahajäniö dhätu ending in å-räma when tha[l] follows. små + tha[l] → (389, 424) smar + tha[l] → (322, 323, 373) små + smar + tha[l] → (341) så + smar + tha[l] → (371) sasmartha, 2.1 390. vämanasya trivikramaù kåt-kåñëa-dhätuka-itara-ya-pratyaye the final vämana of a dhätu changes to trivikrama when any pratyaya beginning with y, except a kåt or kåñëa-dhätuka, follows. kñi + te → (293) kñi + ya[k] + te → (kñi is aniö by verse 1, 294, 390) kñéyate 391. ha-ma-ya-anta-kñaëa-çvas[a]-çvénäm e-räma-itaù ca na våñëéndraù sa-iöi sau parapade kñaë[u], çvas[a], [öu][o]çvi, dhätus that end in h, m, or y, and dhätus that have the indicatory letter e — all of these don’t take våñëéndra when s[i] with i[ö] follows, provided there is a parapada pratyaya after s[i]. lag + d[ip] → (306, 307, 316) a[t] + lag + i[ö] + s[i] + d[ip] → (391) alag + i[ö] + s[i] + d[ip] → (334) alag + i[ö] + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (335) alag + i[ö] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (42) alagéd → (185) alagét 392. gup[ü]-dhüp[a]-vicchi-paëi-panibhya äyaù the pratyaya äya is applied after the dhätus gup[ü], dhüp[a], vicch[a], paë[a], and pan[a]. gup → (392) gup + äya → (333) gopäya → (gopäya is a new dhätu by 260) gopäya + ti[p] → (288) gopäya + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → (291) gopäyati

san-kyan-kyaìaç ca kämyaç ca | kyaì-artha-kvip ca ëis tathä | kaëòv-ädi-yak tathaiväya | éyaì yaì syuù san-ädayaù

the san-ädis are the pratyayas sa[n], [k]ya[n], [k]ya[ì], kämya, [k]vi[p] which has the sense of [k]ya[ì], [ë]i, ya[k] that is applied after the words kaëòü and so on, äya, éya[ì], and ya[ì]. 393. a-räma-haro räma-dhätuke a-räma is deleted when a räma-dhätuka follows. gup → (392) gup + äya → (333) gopäya → (260) gopäya + te → (293) gopäya + ya[k] + te → (393) gopäyyate 394. äya éya[ì] kamer [ë]i[ì] ca räma-dhätuke tu vä But äya, éya[ì], and the [ë]i[ì] that is applied after kam[u] are optional when a räma-dhätuka follows. (äya is not applied by 394) gup + te → (293) gup + ya[k] + te → (330, 294) gupyate bhävini bhüta-vad upacäraù

something that is just about to happen is treated as if it has already happened. Éya[ì] is a svärtha-pratyaya.

395. aneka-sarveçvara-käsibhyäm äm adhokñaje when an adhokñaja pratyaya follows, äm is applied after käs[å] and after a dhätu that has more than one sarveçvara. gup → (two options by 394): I) (äya is applied) gup + äya → (333) gopäya → (260) gopäya + [ë]a[l] → (395) gopäya + äm + [ë]a[l] → (393) gopäy + äm + [ë]a[l] → (330, 369) gopäyäm + kå + [ë]a[l] → (330, 314) gopäyäm + kär + a → (322, 323, 373) gopäyäm + kå + kär + a → (345) gopäyäm + cå + kär + a → (371) gopäyäm + ca + kär + a → (165) gopäyäà + cakära → (73) gopäyäïcakära; II) (äya is not applied) gup + [ë]a[l] → (330, 333) gop + a → (322, 323, 373) gu + gop + a → (345) jugopa 396. ñöhivv-äcam[u]-klamäà trivikramaù çive the vämana of the dhätus ñöhiv[u], ä[ì] + cam[u], and klam[u] becomes trivikrama when a çiva pratyaya follows. ä + cam + ti[p] → (288) ä + cam + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → (396) äcämati

397. jan[i]-vadhyor ma-antänäà ca an-äcami-ami-kami-vami-yami-rami-nami-gamäà na våñëéndra i[ë]i [nåsiàha-] kåti ca

Jan[é], vadh[a], and dhätus ending in m don’t take våñëéndra when i[ë] or a kåt pratyaya follows. But the following dhätus are exceptions to this: ä[ì] + cam[u], am[a], kam[u], [öu]vam[a], yam[u], ram[u], ëam[a], gam[ÿ]. klam + ta → (306, 313) a[t] + klam + i[ë] + ta → (397) aklam + i[ë] + ta → (315) aklami 398. kramas trivikramaù parapade çive the a of kram[u] becomes trivikrama when a çiva pratyaya which is followed by a parapada pratyaya follows. kram + ti[p] → (288) kram + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → (398) krämati 399. iñ[u]-gami-yamäà chaù çive the final varëa of iñ[u], gam[ÿ], and yam[u] changes to ch when a çiva pratyaya follows. yam + ti[p] → (288) yam + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → (399) yachati → (74) yachchati → (63) yacchati

400 / yama r"ma nama @a-r"ama @ntaeBya: s$auik$$ $q%aE s$aaE par"pade" / s[uk] and i[ö] are inserted after yam[u], ram[u], ëam[a] and dhätus ending in ä-räma when s[i] which is followed by a parapada pratyaya follows. yam + d[ip] → (306, 307, aniö (6)) a[t] + yam + s[i] + d[ip] → (400) ayam + s[uk] + i[ö] + s[i] + d[ip] → (334) ayams + i[ö] + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (335) ayams + i[ö] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (42) ayamséd → (165, 185) ayaàsét

401. nämadhätu-ñöyai-ñvañk[a]-ñöhiväà satva-natva-niñedhaù näma-dhätus and the dhätus ñöyai, ñvañk[a], and ñöhiv[u] do not follow dhätv-ädeù ñaù saù (346) and dhätv-äder ëo naù (366). ñöhiv + ti[p] → (401) ñöhiv + ti[p] → (288) ñöhiv + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → (396) ñöhévati

402. jeù tu[p]-antvoù ti-anté after ji, tu[p] and antu are replaced by ti[p] and anti.

ji + tu[p] → (402) ji + ti → (288) ji + [ç]a[p] + ti → (289) je + a + ti → (54) jayati

403. jer giù sa[n]-adhokñajayoù, ceù kir vä when sa[n] or an adhokñaja pratyaya follows, ji is replaced by gi, and ci[ï] is optionally replaced by ki. ji + [ë]a[l] → (403) gi + [ë]a[l] → (330, 314) gai + a → (54) gäy + a → (322,323,373) gi + gäy + a → (345) jigäya

404. kåñ-spåç-måç-tåp-dåp-såpaù s[i]r vä s[i] is optionally applied after the following dhätus: kåñ[a], spåç[a], måç[a], tåp[a], dåp[a], såp[ÿ].

kåñ + d[ip] → (306, 404, aniö) a[t] + kåñ + s[i] + d[ip] → (352) akärñ + s[i] + d[ip] → (334) akärñ + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (405, 108, 185) akärkñét

405. ña-òhoù kaù se Ñ and òh change to k when s follows. see 404 406. å-räma-uddhava-sahajäniöaù a[m] vä vaiñëava-ädäu akapile sahajäniö dhätus that have å-räma as their uddhava optionally take a[m] when a non-kapila pratyaya beginning with a vaiñëava follows. kåñ + d[ip] → (306, 404, aniö by verse 7) a[t] + kåñ + s[i] + d[ip] → (406, 160) a[t] + kå + a[m] + ñ + s[i] + d[ip] → (52) a[t] + krañ + s[i] + d[ip] → (352) akräñ + s[i] + d[ip] → (334) akräñ + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (405, 108, 185) akräkñét the following is a list of the dhätus that follow this rule: tåp[a], såp[ÿ], dåp[a], kåñ[a] (1P, 6U), måç[a], spåç[a]

407. éça-uddhavät aniöaù harigotra-antät sa[k] bhüteçe dåçià vinä

sa[k] is applied after any aniö dhätu, except dåç[ir], which ends in a harigotra and has an éça as its uddhava when a bhüteça pratyaya follows. kåñ + d[ip] → (306, 407, aniö by verse 7) a[t] + kåñ + sa[k] + d[ip] → (294, 405) akåksad → (108, 185) akåkñat 408. sa[k]aù anta-haraù sarveçvare the a of sa[k] is deleted when a sarveçvara follows. kåñ + ätäm → (306, 407, aniö) a[t] + kåñ + sa[k] + ätäm → (294, 405, 108) akåk + sa + ätäm → (408) akåkñätäm 409. iñ[u]-sah[a]-lubh[a]-ruñ[a]-riñ[a] i[ö] vä te I[ö] is only optionally inserted after the following dhätus when a räma-dhätuka beginning with ta-räma follows: iñ[u], ñah[a], lubh[a] (4P, 6P), ruñ[a] (1P, 4P), riñ[a] (1P, 4P). ruñ + tä → (two opt. by 409): I) (i[ö] is inserted) ruñ + i[ö] + tä → (333) roñitä; II) (i[ö] is not inserted, 333) roñtä → (205) roñöä 410. uñ[a]-vetti-jägåbhya äm adhokñaje vä when an adhokñaja pratyaya follows, äm is optionally applied after uñ[a], vid[a], and jägå.

uñ + [ë]a[l] → (two opt. by 410): I) (äm is applied) uñ + äm + [ë]a[l] → (333) oñäm + [ë]a[l] → (330, 369) oñäm + bhü + [ë]a[l] → (330, 311) oñäm + bhüv + a → (322, 323) oñäm + bhü + bhüv + a → (328) oñäm + bha + bhüv + a → (329) oñäm + babhüva → (165) oñäà + babhüva → (73) oñämbabhüva; II) (äm is not applied) (330, 333) oñ + a → (322, 323, 373) u + oñ + a → (374) uvoña

411. òhasya haro òhe, pürvasya trivikramaç ca Òh is deleted when another òh follows, and the previous varëa becomes trivikrama. mih + tä → (mih is aniö by verse 8, 333) meh + tä → (211) meòh + tä → (354) meòh + dhä → (205) meòh + òhä → (411) meòhä

412. caturvyühäntänäm ä-rämänta-päöhaù a-çive when the viñaya is a non-çiva pratyaya, dhätus ending in a caturvyüha become dhätus

that end in an original ä-räma. glai → (412) glä → glä + te → (293) glä + ya[k] + te → (glä is aniö by verse 1) gläyate 413. äto y[uk] i[ë]i nåsiàha-kåti ca Y[uk] is inserted after ä-räma when i[ë] or a nåsimha kåt pratyaya follows. glai → (412) glä → glä + ta → (306, 313) a[t] + glä + i[ë] + ta → (413) aglä + y[uk] + i[ë] + ta → (315) agläyi 414. ä-rämät [ë]a[l]a auù after ä-räma, [ë]a[l] is replaced by au. glai → (412) glä → glä + [ë]a[l] → (414) glä + au → (330, 322, 323) glä + glä + au → (341) gä + glä + au → (345) jä + glä + au → (375) ja + glä + au → (49) jaglau 415. ä-räma-haraù kaàsäri-sarveçvara-räma-dhätuke i[ö]i usi ca Ä-räma is deleted when i[ö], us, or a kaàsäri räma-dhätuka beginning with a sarveçvara follows. glai → (412) glä → glä + atus → (330, 337, 415) gl + atus → (322, 323, 373) glä + gl + atus → (341) gä + gl + atus → (345) jä + gl + atus → (375) ja + gl + atus → (93) jaglatuù

416. sat-saìgäder äta e-rämaù kapila-kämapäle vä

the final ä of a dhätu that begins with a sat-saìga optionally changes to e when a kapila kämapäla pratyaya follows. glai → (412) glä → glä + yät → (glä is aniö by verse 1, 331, two options by 416): I) (ä changes to e) gleyät; II) (ä doesn’t change to e) gläyät 417. dämodara-mä-sthä-gä-pibati-jahäti-syaténäm é-rämo viñëujana-räma-dhätuka-kaàsärau when a kaàsäri räma-dhätuka beginning with a viñëujana follows, the final varëa of the dämodaras and the following dhätus changes to é-räma: mä, mä[ì], mä[ì], me[ì], ñöhä, gai, gä[ì], pä, [o]hä[k], ño. gai → (412) gä → gä + te → (293) gä + ya[k] + te → (gä is aniö by verse 1, 417,) géyate 418. dämodarädénäm e-rämaù kapila-kämapäle when a kapila kämapäla pratyaya follows, the final varëa of the dhätus mentioned in the previous sütra changes to e-räma. gai → (412) gä → gä + yät → (gä is aniö by verse 1, 331, 418) geyät

419. paù pibaù, ghraù jighraù, dhmaù dhamaù, sthas tiñöhaù, mnaù manaù, dä[ë]aù yacchaù, dåçeù paçyaù, arter åcchaù, sarter javärthasya dhävaù, çadeù çéyaù, sadeù sédaù çive the following changes take place when a çiva pratyaya follows: pä → piba; ghrä →

jighra; dhmä → dhama; sthä → tiñöha; mnä → mana; dä[ë] → yaccha; dåç[ir] → paçya; å → åccha; så (only in the sense of moving quickly) dhäva; çad[ÿ] → çéya; sad[ÿ] → séda. pä + ti[p] → (288) pä + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → (419) piba + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → (291, 420) pibati 420. anta-hare na govinda-våñëéndrau govinda and våñëéndra do not take place when the final varëa of a dhätu is deleted | see 419 421. udaù sthä-stambhoù sasya haraù after ud, the s of sthä and stanbh[u] is deleted. ud + ñöhä → (346) ud + sthä → ud + sthä + te → (293) ud + sthä + ya[k] + te → (sthä is aniö by verse 1, 417, 294) ud + sthéyate → (421) ud + théyate → (63) utthéyate

422. arti-sat-saìga-ädi-åt-antayoù govindaù ya[k]-kämapäla-yayor ya[ì]i ca

the dhätu å and dhätus ending in å that begin with a sat-saìga take govinda when ya[k], ya[ì], or the y of a kämapäla pratyaya follows | små + te → (293) små + ya[k] + te → (små is aniö by verse 1, 422) smaryate 423. è-räma-vå[ï][ì]-sat-saìga-ädi-åt-antebhyaù i[ö] vä s[i]-[or]-kämapälayor ätmapade I[ö] is optionally inserted after dhätus ending in è, after the dhätus vå[ï] and vå[ì], and after dhätus ending in å that begin with a sat-saìga when s[i] or a kämapäla pratyaya follows, provided the viñaya is an ätmapada pratyaya | små + ätäm → (306, 307) a[t] + små + s[i] + ätäm → (two options by 423): I) (i[ö] is inserted) a[t] + små + i[ö] + s[i] + ätäm → (289) asmarisätäm → (108) asmariñätäm; II) (i[ö] is not inserted, 355, 294, 108) asmåñätäm 424. sat-saìga-ädi-åt-antasya åccheù è-räma-antänäà ca govindaù adhokñaja-mätre, na tu våñëéndre Åcch[a], dhätus ending in è, and dhätus ending in å that begin with a sat-saìga take govinda when any adhokñaja pratyaya follows, but not if våñëéndra is applicable | små + atus → (330, 424) smar + atus → (322, 323, 373) små + smar + atus → (341) så + smar + atus → (371, 93) sasmaratuù 425. å-räma-hanibhyäm i[ö] sye svarateç ca I[ö] is inserted after han[a], svå and dhätus ending in å when sya follows | små + syati → (425) små + i[ö] + syati → (289) smarisyati → (108) smariñyati

426. å-rämasya riù [ç]a-ya[k]-kämapäla-yeñu, na ca trivikramaù Å-räma changes to ri when [ç]a, ya[k], or the y of a kämapäla pratyaya follows, and the trivikrama which would usually take place by sütra 390 doesn’t take place. så + te → (293) så + ya[k] + te → (så is aniö by verse 1, 426) sriyate this sütra is only applied when arti-sat-saìgädy-åd-antayor govindo yak-kämapäla-yayor yaìi ca (422) is not applicable 427. sarti[så]-çästi-artibhyaù [ì]aù bhüteçe kartari In kartari prayoga, [ì]a is applied after the dhätus så, çäs[u], and å when a bhüteça pratyaya follows | så + d[ip] → (306, 427, så is aniö by verse 1) a[t] + så + [ì]a + d[ip] → (428) asarad → (185) asarat

428. å-dvayänta-dåçyor govindo [ì]e dåç[ir] and dhätus ending in å-dvaya take govinda when [ì]a follows | see. 427 429. çruvaù [ç]a[p]aù [ç]nus tasya çåç ca [ç]a[p] is replaced by [ç]nu when it comes after çru, and çru is replaced by çå |

çru + anti → (288) çru + [ç]a[p] + anti→ (429) çå + [ç]nu + anti → (290, 294, 51) çånvanti → (111) çåëvanti

430. u-çnvor govindaù the vikaraëas u and [ç]nu take govinda |

çru + mi[p] → (288) çru + [ç]a[p] + mi[p] → (429) çå + [ç]nu + mi[p] → (430) çånomi → (111) çåëomi

431. asaàyoga-pürvasya pratyaya-u-rämasya haro vä nirguëa-va-moù the u-räma of a pratyaya is optionally deleted when the v or m

of a nirguëa pratyaya follows, provided the u-räma is not preceded by a sat-saìga. çru + vas → (288) çru + [ç]a[p] + vas → (429) çå + [ç]nu + vas → (290, two opt. by 431): I) (u-räma is deleted) çånvas → (111, 93) çåëvaù; II) (294, 111, 93) çåëuvaù 432. karotes tu nityaà ye ca but the u-räma of a pratyaya which comes after the dhätu [òu]kå[ï] is always deleted when the v or m of a nirguëa pratyaya follows and when y follows. kå + vas → (553) kå + u + vas → (289) kar + u + vas → (290, 294, 557) kur + u + vas → (432, 93) kurvaù

433. u-rämät pratyayät asaàyoga-pürvät her haraù hi is deleted when it comes after the u-räma of a pratyaya, provided the u-räma is not preceded by a sat-saìga. çru + hi → (288) çru + [ç]a[p] + hi → (429) çå + [ç]nu + hi → (290, 294, 433) çånu → (111) çåëu 434. ëi-çri-dru-sru-kamibhyaù a[ì] bhüteçe kartari a[ì] is applied after the ëy-anta-dhätus and after çri[ï], dru, sru, and kam[u] when a bhüteça pratyaya follows in kartari prayoga. sru + d[ip] → (306, 434, sru is aniö by verse 1) a[t] + sru + a[ì] + d[ip] → (381) a[t] + sruv + a[ì] + d[ip] → (322, 323, 373) a + sru + sruv + a + d → (341) a + su + sruv + a + d → (185) asusruvat 435. puñädi-dyutädi-[ÿ]t-itaù [ì]aù bhüteçe parapade [Ì]a is applied after the puñ-ädis, dyut-ädis, and dhätus which have the indicatory letter ÿ when a bhüteça parapada pratyaya follows. gam + d[ip] → (306, 435, aniö) a[t] + gam + [ì]a + d[ip] → (185) agamat

436. hariveëu-anta-sahajäniöäà tan[u]-kñaë[u]-kñië[u]-tåë[u]-van[u]-manünäm api hariveëu-haro vaiñëavädi-kaàsärau

when a kaàsäri pratyaya that begins with a vaiñëava follows, the hariveëu of the sahajäniö dhätus which end in a hariveëu is deleted, and the hariveëu of the following dhätus is also deleted: tan[u], kñaë[u], kñië[u], tåë[u], van[u], man[u] | gam + anta → (306, 307, gam is aniö by verse 6) a[t] + gam + s[i] + anta → (355, 436) aga + s + anta → (317) agasata

437. gama-han[a]-jana-khana-ghasäm uddhavädarçanaà kaàsäri-sarveçvare [ì]aà vinä

the uddhava of gam[ÿ], han[a], jan[é], khan[u], and ghas[ÿ] disappears when any kaàsäri sarveçvara, except [ì]a, follows | gam + us → (330, 337, 437) gm + us → (322, 323, 373) ga + gm + us → (345, 93) jagmuù 438. gamer i[ö] sa-rämädi-räma-dhätuke, nätmapade I[ö] is inserted after gam[ÿ] when a räma-dhätuka beginning with sa-räma follows, but not if the räma-dhätuka is an ätmapada pratyaya. gam + syati → (438) gam + i[ö] + syati → (108) gamiñyati 439. è-rämasya ir kaàsärau è-räma is replaced by ir when a kaàsäri pratyaya follows | tè + te → (293) tè + ya[k] + te→ (330, 439) tir + ya[k] + te→ (192) téryate 440. danç[a]-ranj[a]-ñanj[a]-svanjäà nasya haraù [ç]a[p]i the n of danç[a], ranj[a], ñanj[a], and ñvanj[a] is deleted when [ç]a[p] follows. ñanj → (346) sanj → sanj + ti[p] → (288) sanj + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → (440) sajati 441. såji-dåçor a[m] akapila-vaiñëave såj[a] and dåç[ir] take a[m] when a non-kapila pratyaya beginning with a vaiñëava follows.

dåç[ir] + d[ip] → (306, 307, aniö) a[t] + dåç + s[i] + d[ip] → (441, 160) a[t] + då + a[m] + ç + s[i] + d[ip] → (52) a[t] + draç + s[i] + d[ip] → (352) adräç + s[i] + d[ip] → (334) adräç + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (182) adräñ + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (405) adräkséd → (108, 185) adräkñét

442. gup-tij-kidbhyaù sa[n] only when they convey particular meanings sa[n] is applied after gup[a], tij[a], and kit[a] kit → (442) kit +

sa[n] → (443, 444, 294, 322, 323) ki + kit + sa[n] → (345) cikitsa → (cikitsa is a new dhätu by 260) cikitsa + ti[p] → (288) cikitsa + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → (291) cikitsati gupo badhaç ca nindäyäà/ kñamäyäà san bhavet tijaù. sandehe ruk-pratékäre/ kito mäno vicäraëe sa[n] is only applied after gup[a] and badh[a] when the sense is nindä "despising", after tij[a] when the sense is kñamä (forgiveness), after kit[a] when the sense is sandeha "doubt" or ruk-pratékära "curing a disease", and after män[a] when the sense is vicäraëa "investigation". 443. na iö svärthe sani in 442, 456; but iö in 578 if dhätu is not aniö. I[ö] is not applied when sa[n] which conveys the dhätu’s own meaning follows. ↖ 444. éça-samépät viñëujanät aniö sa[n] kapilaù aniö sa[n] is kapila when it comes after a viñëujana preceded by an éça. see 442 this rule applies both to svärtha sa[n] and icchärtha sa[n] when they are aniö. 445. éçäc ca aniö sa[n] is also kapila when it comes after an éça. bhü → (578) bhü + sa[n] → (579, 445, 294, 322, 323) bhü + bhü + sa[n] → (329) bü + bhü + sa[n] → (375) bu + bhü + sa[n] → (108) bubhüña → (260) bubhüña + ti[p] → (288) bubhüña + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → (291) bubhüñati "he desires to be" 446. pürva-dhätu-vat sanaù parapadädi san-anta-dhätus take parapada endings and so on according to the original dhätu from which they are formed. example 442. 447. åter éya[ì] Éya[ì] is applied after the sautra-dhätu åt[a]. åt → (447) åt + éya[ì] → (330, 294) åtéya → (åtéya is a new dhätu by 260) åtéya + te → (288) åtéya + [ç]a[p] + te → (291) åtéyate

Bhv-ädi-ätmapada-prakriyä

448. kamer [ë]i[ì] the pratyaya [ë]i[ì] is applied after the dhätu kam[u] | kam → (448) kam + [ë]i[ì] → (358) kämi → (kämi is a new dhätu by 260) kämi + te → (288) kämi + [ç]a[p] + te → (289) käme + a + te → (54) kämayate "he desires"

449. [ë]eù haraù aniö-ädau räma-dhätuke [ë]i is deleted when a räma-dhätuka which doesn’t begin with i[ö] follows | kam → (two options by 394): I) ([ë]i[ì] is applied) kam + [ë]i[ì] → (358) kämi → (kämi is a new dhätu by 260) kämi + te → (293) kämi + ya[k] + te → (330, 449) kämyate; II) ([ë]i[ì] isn’t applied) kam + te → (293) kam + ya[k] + te → (330) kamyate

450. açäs[u]-åt-ita uddhavasya vämanaù a[ì]-pare [ë]au… the uddhava of any dhätu, except çäs[u] and dhätus that have the

indicatory letter å, becomes vämana when [ë]i which is followed by a[ì] follows | kam → (two options by 394): I) ([ë]i[ì] is applied) kam + [ë]i[ì] → (358) käm + [ë]i[ì] → (kämi is a new dhätu by 260) käm + [ë]i[ì] + ta → (306, 434, 330) a[t] + käm + [ë]i[ì] + a[ì] + ta → (322, 323, 373) a + ka + käm + [ë]i[ì] + a[ì] + ta → (450) a[t] + ka + kam + [ë]i[ì] + a[ì] + ta → (345) a + ca + kam + [ë]i[ì] + a[ì] + ta → (451, 452) a + ci + kam + [ë]i[ì] + a[ì] + ta → (453) a + cé + kam + [ë]i[ì] + a[ì] + ta → (449) acékamata; II) ([ë]i[ì] isn’t applied) kam + ta → (306, 434, 330) a[t] + kam + a[ì] + ta → (322, 323) a + ka + kam + a[ì] + ta → (345) acakamata 451. laghu-yukta-dhätu-akñara-parasya narasya sa[n]-nimitta-käryam a[ì]-pare [ë]au… If the nara is followed by a syllable belonging to the dhätu and that syllable is possessed of a laghu, then, when [ë]i which is followed by a[ì] follows, the nara undergoes the same change that happens when sa[n] follows (the a-räma of a nara changes to i-räma, see 452). for example see 450. 452. nara-a-rämasya i-rämaù sa[n]i the a-räma of a nara changes to i-räma when sa[n] follows. see 450. 453. tat-parasya [451] nara-laghoù trivikramaù a[ì]-pare [ë]au… the laghu of a nara becomes trivikrama when [ë]i which is followed by a[ì] follows, provided the laghu is followed by a syllable belonging to the dhätu and that syllable is itself possessed of a laghu. see 450. 454. a[ì]-pare [ë]au, na tu daçävatära-adarçane (sütras 450, 451, and 453 are only applied) when [ë]i which is followed by a[ì] follows. But they are not applied when there is disappearance of a daçävatära.

uddhava-saàjïasya å-dvayasya år vä aì-pare ëau

Uddhava å-dvaya optionally becomes å when [ë]i which is followed by a[ì] follows.

455. [ë]er na hara äm anta älu äyya itnu iñëu ity eñu [Ë]i is not deleted when äm, anta, älu, äyya, itnu, or iñëu follow.

kam → ([ë]i[ì] is applied by 394) kam + [ë]i[ì] → (358) kämi → (260) kämi + e → (395) kämi + äm + e → (330, 369) kämi + äm + kå + e → (330, 455, 289) käme + äm + kå + e → (54) kämayäm + kå + e → (337, 294, 52) kämayäm + kr + e → (322, 323, 373) kämayäm + kå + kr + e → (345) kämayäm + cå + kr + e → (371) kämayäm + ca + kr + e → (165) kämayäà + cakre → (73) kämayäïcakre 456. män[a]-badh[a]-dän[a]-çän[a]bhyaù sa[n]n, é-rämaç ca narasya sa[n] is applied after män[a], badh[a], dän[a], and çän[a], and the final varëa of the nara changes to é-räma. män → (456) män + sa[n] → (443, 322, 323) mä + män + sa[n] → (456) mémänsa → (165) mémäàsa → (260) mémäàsa + te → (288) mémäàsa + [ç]a[p] + te → (291) mémäàsate "he investigates" 457. rabhi-labhor n[uà] [ç]a[p]-adhokñaja-varjita-sarveçvare rabh[a] and [òu]labh[añ] take n[um] when any pratyaya beginning with a sarveçvara, except [ç]a[p] or an adhokñaja pratyaya, follows. ä + rabh + ta → (306, 313) ä + a[t] + rabh + i[ë] + ta → (457, 160) ä + a[t] + ra + n[um] + bh + i[ë] + ta → (165) ä + araàbh + i[ë] + ta → (73) ä + arambh + i[ë] + ta → (315, 42) ärambhi 458. labheù n[uà] [ë]am[u]-i[ë]or vä, sa-upendrasya tu nityam [Òu]labh[añ] optionally takes n[um] when [ë]am[u] or i[ë] follow. But if it is with an upendra it always takes n[um] when [ë]am[u] or i[ë] follow. labh + ta → (306, 313) a[t] + labh + i[ë] + ta → (2 opt. by 458): I) (n[um] is applied, 160) a[t] + la + n[um] + bh + i[ë] + ta → (165) alaàbh + i[ë] + ta → (73) alambh + i[ë] + ta → (315) alambhi; II) (n[um] is not applied, 358) aläbh + i[ë] + ta → (315) aläbhi 459. dyut-ädibhyaù parapadaà vä bhüteçe the parapada endings are optionally applied after the dyut-ädis when the viñaya is a bhüteça pratyaya. dyut → (two opt. by 459): I) (parapada endings) dyut + d[ip] → (306, 435, 330) a[t] + dyut + [ì]a + d[ip] → (185) adyutat; II) (ätmapada endings) dyut + ta → (306, 307, 316) a[t] + dyut + i[ö] + s[i] + ta → (333, 108) adyotiñta → (205) adyotiñöa 460. våt-ädibhyaù parapadaà vä sya-sa[n]où Parapada endings are optionally applied after the våt-ädis when the viñaya is sya or sa[n]. våt → (2 opt. by 460): I) (pa.) våt + syati → (461, 333) vartsyati; II) (ät.) våt + syate → (316) våt + i[ö] + syate → (333, 108) vartiñyate 461. våt[u]-vådh[u]-çådh[u]-syand[ü]bhyo na i[ö] sa-räme ätmapada-abhäve In the case that the ätmapada endings are not applied, i[ö] is not inserted after the dhätus våt[u], vådh[u], çådh[u], and syand[ü] when a pratyaya beginning with sa-räma follows. see 460. 462. kåper å ÿ the å of kåp[ü] changes to ÿ. kåp → (462) kÿp → kÿp + te → (288) kÿp + [ç]a[p] + te → (333) kalpate

463. sa-para-sarveçvara-ya-va-räëäm i-u-å-rämädeçaù saìkarñaëa-saàjïaù

when y, v, and r along with their following sarveçvara are replaced by i, u, and å respectively, this replacement is called saìkarñaëa. i y + the following sarveçvara → u v + the following sarveçvara → å r + the following sarveçvara → 464. vyathaù narasya saìkarñaëaù adhokñaje, punar na saìkarñaëaù the nara of vyath[a] takes saìkarñaëa when an adhokñaja pratyaya follows, but it doesn’t take saìkarñaëa a second time. vyath + e → (330, 322, 323) vya + vyath + e → (464) vivyathe

Bhv-ädi-miçra-prakriyä

465. sahi-vahor a-rämasya o-rämaù òha-lope the a of ñah[a] and vah[a] changes to o when òh is deleted. ñah (346) sah → sah + tä → (2 opt. by 409) I) (yes i[ö]) sahitä; II) (no i[ö], 211) saòh + tä → (354) saòh + dhä → (205) saòh + òhä → (411) saòhä → (465) soòhä

466. jana-khana-sanäm ä-rämaù vä kaàsäri-ye the final varëa of jan[é], jan[a], khan[u], and ñaë[u] optionally changes to ä when a

kaàsäri pratyaya beginning with y follows. khan + te → (293) khan + ya[k] + te → (330, two opt. by 466): I) (the change to ä is done) kha + ä + ya[k] + te → (42) khäyate; II) (the change to ä is not done) khanyate 467. vaiñëavädyoù kaàsäri-sa[n]or nityam But the final varëa of jan[é], jan[a], khan[u], and ñaë[u] always changes to ä when a kaàsäri pratyaya beginning with a vaiñëava or sa[n] that begins with a vaiñëava follows. ñan → (346) san → san + ta → (306, 307) a[t] + san + s[i] + ta → (two opt. by 554): I) (s[i] undergoes mahähara) a[t] + san + ta → (290, 294, 467) a + sa + ä + ta → (42) asäta; II) (s[i] doesn’t undergo mahähara, 316) a[t] + san + i[ö] + s[i] + ta → (108) asaniñta → (205) asaniñöa 468. goha o ü sarveçvare the o of goh changes to ü when a pratyaya beginning with a sarveçvara follows. guh + ti[p] → (288) guh + [ç]a[p] + ti[p] → (333) goh + a + ti[p] → (468) gühati

469. duh[a]-lih[a]-dih[a]-guhebhyaù sa[k]o haro vä dantya[ta, tha, da, dha, na, sa, va]-ädi-ätmapade

after duh[a], lih[a], dih[a], or guh[ü], sa[k] is optionally deleted when an ätmapada pratyaya beginning with a dental varëa follows. guh[ü] + ta → (306, two opt. by 351): II) (i[ö] is not inserted, 407) a[t] + guh + sa[k] + ta → (294, two options by 469): i) (sa[k] is deleted) a + guh + ta → (211) aguòh + ta → (354) aguòh + dha → (205) aguòh + òha → (411) agüòha; ii) (sa[k] is not deleted, 211) aguòh + sa[k] + ta → (189) aghuòh + sa[k] + ta → (405) aghuksata → (108) aghukñata 470. hasya jo narasya the h of a nara changes to j. hå + [ë]a[l] → (330, 314) här + a → (322, 323, 373) hå + här + a → (470) jå + här + a → (371) jahära 471. vaci-svapi-yaj-ädénäà saìkarñaëaù kapile vac[a], [ïi]ñvap[a], and the yaj-ädis take saìkarñaëa when a kapila pratyaya follows. yaj + ta → (293) yaj + ya[k] + ta → (471) ij + ya + ta → (360) aij + ya + ta → (306) a[t] + aij + ya + ta (48) aijyata

yajo vapo vahaç caiva / veï-vyeïau hvayatis tathä vad-vasau çvayatiç caiva / navaite syur yaj-ädayaù

yaj[a] deva-püjä-saìgati-karaëa-däneñu, 1U, to worship, sacrifice; to meet; to give; [òu]vap[a] béja-tantu-santäne, 1U, to sow; vah[a] präpaëe, 1U, to bear, lead, carry;

ve[ï] tantu-santäne, 1U, to weave, sew, compose; vye[ï] saàvaraëe, 1U, to cover, close; hve[ï] spardhäyäà çabde ca, 1U, to vie with, challenge; to call; vad[a] yaktäyäà väci, 1P, to speak, say, tell; vas[a] niväse, 1P, to dwell, live, stay; [öu][o]çvi gati-våddhyoù, 1P, to go, move; to grow.

472. vacy-ädénäà grah-ädénäà ca narasya saìkarñaëaù adhokñaje [a-kapile] the nara of the vacy-ädis and grah-ädis takes saìkarñaëa when an adhokñaja pratyaya follows. yaj + [ë]a[l] → (330, 358) yäj + a → (322, 323, 373) ya + yäj + a → (472) iyäja

473. grahi-jyä-vay[i]-vyadhi-vaçi-vyaci-vraçci-pracchi-bhrasjénäà saìkarñaëaù kaàsärau

the following dhätus (grah-ädis) take saìkarñaëa when a kaàsäri pratyaya follows: grah[a] upädäne, 9U to accept, take; jyä vayo-hänau, 9P to grow old; vay[i] (the replacement of ve[ï]) to weave, sew, compose; vyadh[a] täòane, 4P to pierce, wound; vaç[a] käntau, 2P to desire; vyac[a] vyäjé-karaëe, 6P to deceive; [o]vraçc[ü] chedane, 6P to cut; pracch[a] jïépsäyäm, 6P to ask, question; bhrasj[a] päke, 6U to roast, fry. vaç + tas → (288, 477, 290, 473) uç + tas → (182) uñtas → (205) uñöas → (93) uñöaù 474. hveo nara-näräyaëayoù saìkarñaëaù näma-dhätuà vinä Both the nara and näräyaëa of hve[ï] take saìkarñaëa, but not when hve[ï] is part of a näma-dhätu. hve → (412) hvä → hvä + [ë]a[l] → (330, 474) hu + [ë]a[l] → (314) hau + a → (55) häv + a → (322, 323, 373) hu + häv + a → (470) juhäva 475. vasi-ghasyoù ñaù the s of vas[a] and ghas[ÿ] changes to ñ vas + te → (293) vas + ya[k] + te → (471) us + ya + te → (475) uñyate 476. sasya taù sa-räma-ädi-räma-dhätuke s changes to t when a räma-dhätuka beginning with sa-räma follows. vas + d[ip] → (306, 307, aniö by v. 8) a[t] + vas + s[i] + d[ip] → (352) aväs + s[i] + d[ip] → (334) aväs + s[i] + é[ö] + d[ip] → (476, 185) avätsét

ad-ädiù (the 2nd class of primary dhätus)

477. ad-ädeù çapaù mahäharaù [ç]a[p] undergoes mahähara when it comes after an ad-ädi-dhätu |

ad + tas → (288) ad + [ç]a[p] + tas → (477) ad + tas → (63, 93) attaù